UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. No. 96-4711

GREGORY SCOTT CORBETT,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.

Terrence W. Boyle, Chief District Judge.

(CR-96-67-BO)

Submitted: January 6, 1998

Decided: January 23, 1998

Before HALL, ERVIN, and WILKINS, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed in part and vacated and remanded in part by unpublished

per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

William Arthur Webb, Federal Public Defender, Gordon Widenhouse,

Assistant Federal Public Defender, Raleigh, North Carolina, for

Appellant. Janice McKenzie Cole, United States Attorney, Anne M.

Hayes, Assistant United States Attorney, Yvonne V. WatfordMcKinney, Assistant United States Attorney, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Gregory Scott Corbett was convicted by a jury of bank robbery in

violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 2113(a), (d) (West 1994 & Supp. 1997),

and of using a semiautomatic assault weapon during and in relationship to a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(c)(1)

(West 1994 & Supp. 1997). The court sentenced Corbett to imprisonment for 57 months for the bank robbery count and 120 months for

the firearm count and also ordered Corbett to pay an assessment of

$100 and restitution in the amount of $28,000. Corbett appeals his

conviction and sentence under § 924(c)(1), asserting that the district

court erred in instructing the jury. Corbett also claims that the district

court erred in failing to make specific factual findings to support its

restitution order. Finding that the district court did not plainly err in

instructing the jury, we affirm Corbett's conviction and sentence.

However, because the court failed to make adequate factual findings

to support its restitution order, we vacate the restitution portion of the

court's order and remand only that portion of the order to the district

court for that court to make the appropriate findings and to impose

restitution accordingly. Additionally, we offer some guidelines on

fashioning appropriate orders under the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1992 (VWPA), 18 U.S.C.A. § 3664(f)(2) (West Supp.

1997).

First, Corbett challenges his conviction and sentence to 120 months

imprisonment for using a semiautomatic weapon in violation of

§ 924(c). Corbett claims that because trial testimony indicated that he

possessed other guns, the district court erred in instructing the jury by

not requiring the jury to unanimously conclude that the firearm used

in the bank robbery was a semiautomatic weapon. Corbett therefore

claims that he is entitled to a new trial. However, Corbett forfeited

appellate review of this issue, other than for plain error, by failing to

raise it before the district court. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S.

 2
725, 733 (1993). Accordingly, this court's review is limited to determining whether the government's conduct "seriously affect[s] the

fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings."

Olano, 507 U.S. at 736 (quoting United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S.

157, 160 (1936)).

The court instructed the jury that the indictment charged Corbett

with "knowingly using and carrying a firearm--an Intertec, model 22

--TEC 22--.22 caliber, 30-round handgun--during and in relation to

a crime of violence . . ., namely bank robbery." Further, the court

instructed that the charge was in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c),

which the court explained, "says . . . whoever during and in relation

to a crime of violence, uses or carries a firearm, may be guilty of an

offense against the United States." We recognize that certain factsettings will necessitate special unanimity instructions as to the identity of the firearm used or carried. See United States v. Alerta, 96 F.3d

1230, 1235 (9th Cir. 1996); United States v. Martinez, 7 F.3d 146,

148 (9th Cir. 1993); United States v. Sims, 975 F.2d 1225, 1235 (6th

Cir. 1992). However, we find that under the facts of this case--where

the indictment only charged the defendant with using and carrying

one firearm--no such instruction was warranted. Cf. Alerta, 96 F.3d

at 1235; Martinez, 7 F.3d at 148; Sims , 975 F.2d at 1235. Accordingly, because we conclude that the district court's instructing of the

jury in this case clearly does not affect substantial rights, we find no

plain error. See Olano, 507 U.S. at 736.

Next, Corbett claims that the district court erred in not making specific factual findings before ordering him to pay restitution. When a

defendant fails to object at sentencing to the calculation of restitution,

the defendant waives appellate review of the restitution orders under

the VWPA except for plain error. See United States v. Castner, 50

F.3d 1267, 1277 (4th Cir. 1995). Sentencing courts must make

explicit findings of fact on each of the factors enumerated in the

VWPA. See United States v. Molen, 9 F.3d 1084, 1086 (4th Cir.

1993); United States v. Bruchey, 810 F.2d 456, 458 (4th Cir. 1987).

The court's findings must connect the amount and type of restitution

ordered to the financial resources, financial needs, and earning ability

of the defendant. See Molen, 9 F.3d at 1086; Bruchey, 810 F.2d at

458-59. Further, a determination that compliance with the order of

restitution will not cause undue hardship to the defendant or his

 3
dependents must be made. See Molen, 9 F.3d at 1086; Bruchey, 810

F.2d at 459. A district court may satisfy this requirement by announcing its findings on the record or adopting adequate proposed findings

contained within a presentence report. See Molen , 9 F.3d at 1086;

United States v. Bailey, 975 F.2d 1028, 1032 (4th Cir. 1992).

Because we find that the district court's restitution order in this

case did not comply with the VWPA, we conclude that the court's

entry of the restitution portion of the order was plain error. See 18

U.S.C.A. § 3664(f)(2) (West Supp. 1997). The district court fixed the

amount of restitution and took into account the victims' losses. The

court, however, failed to make explicit findings regarding Corbett's

financial resources and his future earning ability. See Molen, 9 F.3d

at 1086; Bruchey, 810 F.2d at 458. Thus, because the court below neither articulated on the record specific factual findings with regard to

the factors enumerated in § 3664(f)(2), nor adopted a presentence

report containing adequate findings as to the enumerated factors, we

vacate the restitution order and remand to the district court for that

court to make appropriate findings regarding the order of restitution.

See Molen, 9 F.3d at 1086.

As an assistance on remand, we note that the defendant bears the

burden of establishing his inability to pay restitution. See 18 U.S.C.A.

§ 3664(e); see also Castner, 50 F.3d at 1277 n.9 (4th Cir. 1995) (stating that defendant must show inability to pay restitution by preponderance of evidence). Further, we point out that restitution is only

appropriate in an amount that the defendant can realistically be

expected to pay. See Bailey, 975 F.2d at 1032. Additionally, we note

that the district court may not delegate its judicial function of determining the amount and timing of restitution. See United States v.

Johnson, 48 F.3d 806, 809 (4th Cir. 1995).

For these reasons, we affirm Corbett's conviction and sentence

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). However, we vacate the restitution portion

of the court's order and remand that aspect of the order to the district

court to make the appropriate findings and to assess restitution

accordingly. We decline to comment on the amount of any restitution

ordered. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal

contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court

and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED

AND REMANDED IN PART

 4