Summary of Nominations for the 

Third Contaminant Candidate List 
Office of Water (4607M) 

EPA 815-R-09-011 

August 2009 

www.epa.gov/safewater 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA 815-R-09-011 

Summary of Nominations August 2009 

Table of Contents 

1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 Requesting Nominations........................................................................................................ 2

3.0 Nominated Contaminants ..................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Chemical Nominations ........................................................................................................ 4 

3.1.1 Additional Analysis of Nominated Chemical Contaminants........................................ 5 

3.2 Microbial Nominations........................................................................................................ 7 

4.0 References............................................................................................................................... 8

5.0 Appendices.............................................................................................................................. 9

Appendix 1. Chemical Contaminants Nominated ................................................................ A1-1 

Appendix 2. Microbial Contaminants Nominated................................................................ A2-1 

Appendix 3. Chemicals Nominated and CCL 3 Process Status ........................................... A3-1 

Appendix 4. References Provided Through Nominations.................................................... A4-1 

Table of Exhibits 

Exhibit 1. Nominated Groups of Chemicals................................................................................... 4 

Exhibit 2. Chemicals on the Draft CCL 3 that Were Included in Nominations. ............................ 6 

Exhibit 3. Pathogens on the Draft CCL 3 that Were Included in Nominations.............................. 7 

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 

ARS Alternate Crops and Systems (ARS) 

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 

CADW Canadian Drinking Water Quality 

CAS RN Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 

CCL Contaminant Candidate List 

CCL 3 EPA’s third Contaminant Candidate List 

CCOHS Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety 

CCRIS Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System 

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

CDPR California Department of Pesticide Regulation 

CEDI/ADI Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake/Acceptable Daily Intake 

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 

CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability 

Information System 

CESARS Chemical Evaluation Search and Retrieval System 

CICADs Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents 

CPH Classification of Pesticides by Hazard 

CUS/IUR Chemical update system/inventory update rule 

DSSTox Distributed Structure Searchable Toxicity Public Database Network 

EAFUS Everything Added to Food in the United States 

EFDB Environmental Fate Databases 

EMAP Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program 

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 

FDA United States Food and Drug Administration 

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 

GAP Genetic Activity Profiles 

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GRAS Generally Regarded As Safe 

HA Health Advisories 

HEAST Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables 

HEDS Human Exposure Database System 

HPV High Production Volume 

HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank 

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer 

ICR Information Collection Rule 

ILO International Labor Organization 

IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety 

IRIS Integrated Risk Information System 

IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals 

ITER International Toxicity Estimates for Risk 

JECFA Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives 

JMPR Joint Meeting On Pesticide Residues 

LCSS Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries 

MPR Maximum Permissible Risk 

MRL Minimal risk levels (from ATSDR); or, Minimum reporting level, for 

analytical data 

N Number of samples 

NAS National Academies of Sciences 

NAWQA National water quality assessment (USGS program) 

NCEA National Center for Environment Assessment 

NCFAP National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy 

NCOD National contaminant occurrence database 

NDWAC National Drinking Water Advisory Council 

NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (CDC) 

NHATS National Human Adipose Tissue Survey 

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

NIRS National Inorganic and Radionuclide Survey 

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NLM National Library of Medicine 

NOES National Occupational Exposure Survey 

NREC National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants 

NRC National Research Council 

NSF National Sanitary Foundation 

NSI National Sediment Inventory 

NTP National Toxicology Program 

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 

OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment 

OPP Office of Pesticide Programs 

OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 

PAFA Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives 

PAN Pesticide Action Network 

PBT Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Profiler 

PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls 

PCCL Preliminary Contaminant Candidate List 

PCS Permit Compliance System 

PDP Pesticide Data Program 

PEAC Palm Top Emergency Action for Chemicals 

PELs Permissible Exposure Limits 

PPIS Pesticide Product Information System 

PPMP Pesticide pilot monitoring program 

RAIS Risk Assessment Information System 

REDDs Reregistration Eligibility Decision Documents 

RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances 

SCLP Superfund Contract Laboratory Program 

SDWIS Safe Drinking Water Information System 

SIDS Screening Information Data Sets 

SRC Syracuse Research Corporation 

SRD Source Ranking Database 

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SRS Substances Registry System 

STORET STOrage and RETrieval 

TEAM Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Study 

TERA Toxicology Excellence in Risk Assessment 

TOPKAT The Open Practical Knowledge Acquisition Toolkit 

TRI Toxics Release Inventory 

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act 

TSCATS Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions 

UCM Unregulated contaminant monitoring 

UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation 

UCMR 1 First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation 

UCMR 2 Second Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation 

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme 

URCIS Unregulated Contaminant Information System 

US United States of America 

USDA United States Department of Agriculture 

USGS United States Geological Survey 

WERF Water Environment Research Foundation 

WHO World Health Organization 

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1.0 Introduction 

Every five years the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to 

publish a list of contaminants (1) that are currently unregulated, (2) that are known or anticipated 

to occur in public water systems, and (3) which may require regulations under the Safe Drinking 

Water Act (SDWA). This list is known as the Contaminant Candidate List or CCL. SDWA 

section 1412(b)(1) requires that in the development of the CCL, EPA consider specific data 

sources and include the scientific community. EPA must evaluate substances identified in section

101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 

(CERCLA) of 1980 and substances registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, 

Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). SDWA also requires the Agency to consider the 

National Contaminant Occurrence Database established under section 1445(g) of SDWA. 

SDWA directs the Agency to consult with the scientific community, including the Science 

Advisory Board (SAB). In addition, it directs the Agency to consider the health effects and 

occurrence information for unregulated contaminants to identify those contaminants that present 

the greatest public health concern related to exposure from drinking water. 

 

EPA interprets the criterion that contaminants are known or anticipated to occur in public water 

systems broadly. In evaluating this criterion, EPA considers not only public water system

monitoring data, but also data on concentrations in ambient surface and ground waters, releases 

to the environment (e.g., Toxics Release Inventory), and production. While such data may not 

establish conclusively that contaminants are known to occur in public water systems, EPA 

believes these data are sufficient to anticipate that contaminants may occur in public water 

systems and support their inclusion on the CCL. The Agency considered adverse health effects 

that may pose a greater risk to life stages and other sensitive groups which represent a 

meaningful portion of the population. Adverse health effects associated with infants, children, 

pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with a history of serious illness were evaluated. In 

selecting contaminants for the CCL 3, each of the above requirements was met. 

SDWA section 1412(b)(1) also requires EPA to determine whether to regulate at least five 

contaminants from the CCL every five years. SDWA specifies that EPA shall regulate a 

contaminant if the Administrator determines that: 

• The contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of persons; 

• The contaminant is known to occur, or there is a substantial likelihood that the contaminant 

will occur in public water systems with a frequency and at levels of public health 

concern; and 

• In the sole judgment of the Administrator, regulation of such contaminant presents a 

meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water 

systems. 

Once contaminants have been placed on the CCL, EPA identifies if there are any additional data 

needs or if there are sufficient information to make a regulatory determination. EPA interprets 

these criteria for regulatory determination as more rigorous than what is used to place 

contaminants on the CCL. 

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EPA developed a multi-step approach to select contaminants for the third CCL (CCL 3), which 

includes the following key steps: 

(1) The identification of a broad universe of potential drinking water contaminants 

(CCL 3 Universe); 

(2) A screening process that uses straightforward screening criteria, based on a 

contaminant’s potential to occur in public water systems and thereby pose a 

potential public health concern, to narrow the universe of contaminants to a 

Preliminary-CCL (PCCL); and 

(3) A structured classification process (e.g., a prototype classification algorithm 

model) that objectively compares data and information as a tool and is evaluated 

along with expert judgment to develop a CCL from the PCCL. 

Steps 1, 2, and 3 in the process are described in other support documents: Final CCL 3 

Chemicals: Identifying the Universe (USEPA, 2009a); Final CCL 3 Chemicals: Screening to a 

PCCL (USEPA, 2009b), and Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of 

the PCCL to the CCL (USEPA, 2009c) 

As part of the process to develop the third Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 3) EPA published a 

Federal Register notice (71 FR 60704 (USEPA, 2006)) requesting the public to submit 

nominations for chemical and microbial contaminants that should be considered for CCL 3. This 

document describes EPA’s request for contaminant nominations, summarizes the nominations 

received by EPA, describes EPA’s analysis of the nominated contaminants, and reports on their 

status for the draft and final CCL 3. The specific contaminants nominated are listed in the 

appendices to this document. Appendix 1 lists the chemical nominations, provides the 

nominating individual or organization, and describes the rationale for the nomination. Appendix 

2 provides similar information for the microbial contaminants. Appendix 3 lists the chemicals 

nominated and the result of the CCL process for that contaminant. Appendix 4 lists the 

references cited by the individual or organization nominating the contaminant. More detailed 

information on the specific contaminants or steps in the CCL process are available on the EPA 

Web site (www.epa.gov/safewater) and in the CCL 3 support documents cited in this report and 

that are available in the docket (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-2007-1189; all documents in the 

docket are listed on http://www.regulations.gov). 

2.0 Requesting Nominations 

The Agency sought nominations for contaminants for CCL 3 by framing the Safe Drinking 

Water Act requirements in a series of questions to document the anticipated or known occurrence 

in public water systems and the adverse health effects of potential contaminants. The Agency 

requested that the public respond to these questions and provide the documentation and rationale 

for including a contaminant for consideration in the CCL 3 process. The questions posed to the 

public were: 

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• What are the contaminant’s name, CAS number, and/or common synonym (if 

applicable)? 

• What factors make this contaminant a priority for the CCL 3 process? EPA provided 

examples of factors the public should consider. The examples included: widespread 

occurrence; anticipated toxicity to humans; potentially harmful effects to susceptible 

populations (e.g., children, elderly and immunocompromised); potentially 

contaminated source water (surface or ground water), and/or finished water; releases 

to air, land, and/or water; contaminants manufactured in large quantities with a 

potential to occur in source waters. 

• What are the significant health effects and occurrence data available, which you 

believe supports the CCL requirement(s)? To include a contaminant on the CCL 

SDWA requires that a contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of 

persons and is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems. 

Nominations were received via the EPA Web site and written submissions. The Agency 

compiled the information from the nominations process to identify the contaminants 

nominated, the rationale for the nomination, and to compare the supporting data submitted to 

information already gathered by EPA. Where new information was of sufficient quality, that 

information was used in the analysis following the CCL 3 protocols, to select the draft and 

final CCL 3. 

3.0 Nominated Contaminants 

The nominations process identified 150 chemical and 24 microbial individual contaminants 

submitted by 11 organizations and individuals. EPA received four general types of nominations: 

− groups of chemicals/compounds, 

− specific individual chemicals, 

− genera or groups of organisms, and 

− specific individual organisms. 

The Agency did not require nominators to provide their name or an affiliated organization. One 

nominator remained anonymous while providing documentation and rationale for the 

contaminants. The organizations that nominated contaminants were: 

− American Society of Microbiology (ASM), 

− American Water Works Association (AWWA), 

− Association of Metropolitan Water Authorities (AMWA), 

− Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA), 

− Mothers Against Acanthamoeba Disease 

− Natural Resources Defense Council, (NRDC), 

− Riverkeepers 

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− State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 

− State of New York Department of Health, 

− State of Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 

3.1 Chemical Nominations 

Several organizations and individuals nominated broad groups representing classes of chemicals 

(e.g., pharmaceuticals). Some of the nominated groups were quite large and lacked a common 

mechanism to aggregate health effects or occurrence information across the group. Contaminants 

were often nominated by more than one individual or organization. There was overlap among 

nominated groups, and also among specific compounds nominated within groups. For example, 

perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its salts were nominated as a group, while another 

nomination specified PFOA, perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanoic acid 

(PFBA). The Agency considered such groups and mixtures in its deliberations of the CCL 3 

process but to be able to evaluate CCL 3 occurrence and health effects factors (e.g., potential to 

occur in a PWS; actual or potential adverse health effects), required linking of data to specific 

individual contaminants rather than groups of contaminants. Where sufficient data and 

information were available, specific contaminants from the groups nominated were considered 

individually in the CCL process. Exhibit 1 summarizes the 23 chemical groups nominated and 

which organizations nominated them. 

Exhibit 1. Nominated Groups of Chemicals 

Group Nominator (s)

Phthalates ASDWA; NRDC

TPH-total petroleum hydrocarbons ASDWA 

Unregulated aromatic hydrocarbons ASDWA

Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) NRDC 

Fuel oxygenates OH NYD

Solvent Stabilizers NYDOH 

PFOA and its salts; perfluorinated compounds ASDWA; NJDEP 

Unregulated pesticides ASDWA 

Herbicides and their environmental degradation products Herbicides, OH NYD

as a broad class, and specifically (“including but not limited to..”) 

acetanilide degradates. 

Cyanobacterial toxins ASDWA, AWWA 

Microcystins ASDWA

Disinfection by-products NYDOH; AWWA (see 

w) belo

Nitrosamines/NMOR AWWA; AMWA

Aggregate of MX related halofuranones AWWA 

Haloacetaldehydes AWWA

Halonitrimethanes/ Halopicrins AWWA 

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) OH NYD

Pharmaceuticals NYDOH; Riverkeepers

Antibiotics Riverkeepers

Antimicrobials in Personal Care Products OHNYD

Steroids/hormones Riverkeepers

Endocrine disruptors ASDWA 

Human Biomonitoring Databases NYDOH 

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3.1.1 Additional Analysis of Nominated Chemical Contaminants 

EPA compiled the information submitted with the nominations and compared it to the 

information that EPA had already gathered as part of the CCL 3 process. The Agency then used 

the best available information to select the CCL 3. Appendix 3 summarizes the data provided in 

the nominations and how those contaminants progressed through the CCL 3 process. A total of 

150 specific chemicals were identified among the received nominations. (Note, perchlorate was 

nominated using both the CASRN for perchlorate and the CASRN for ammonium perchlorate; 

hence effectively, there were 149 chemicals.) Eight of the nominated chemicals are currently 

regulated in PWSs and therefore are not included in the CCL 3 process. Most of the chemicals 

identified through the nominations process were already being considered by EPA for listing 

based on the data EPA collected for the CCL 3 Universe (see Appendix 3). 

Using the criteria developed to identify the CCL 3 Universe included 113 of the nominated 

substances (USEPA, 2009a). Eighty-three chemicals had data available for screening from the 

Universe to the PCCL (USEPA, 2009b) and 29 passed screening and were modeled for 

consideration for the CCL (USEPA, 2009c). Sixteen chemicals on the draft CCL 3 list were also 

nominated (thirteen chemicals plus 3 cyanobacterial toxins), listed in Exhibit 2. 

The Agency evaluated the nominations to identify contaminants not previously considered for 

the CCL 3 and new pertinent information provided by the public. Nominated contaminants were 

evaluated to identify and compare supporting information provided with that being used in the 

CCL 3 process. No new data sources (e.g., databases) were identified in the nominations process 

(see USEPA, 2009a). The nominations did identify individual, recently published, specialized 

studies from scientific literature whose data were subsequently incorporated in the CCL 3 

evaluation process. These supplemental data provided with the nominations were used to screen 

the nominated chemicals from the universe and/or score the attributes for those that passed the 

screen using the CCL 3 process protocols (see USEPA, 2009b). The scored contaminants were 

then processed through the classification models and the post-model evaluations (see USEPA, 

2009c). Those contaminants that were included on the final CCL 3 demonstrated adverse health 

effects and a potential to occur in PWSs. 

Some of the data provided with the nominations allowed EPA to evaluate new or revised health 

effects or occurrence scores for PCCL contaminants. Of note, the newly identified data allowed 

three contaminants, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, metolachlor oxanilic acid, and Nnitrosodimethylamine, to be scored and added to the draft CCL 3. Data for other contaminants 

resulted in scores similar to prior scores, or lower scores, or the data were insufficient for 

scoring. 

The draft CCL 3 was published on February 21, 2008 (73 FR 9628, USEPA 2008). EPA 

provided information and sought comment on the draft list, its efforts to expand and strengthen 

the underlying CCL listing process, and EPA's efforts to improve the contaminant selection 

process for future CCLs. 

EPA received comments, including additional data to consider, from 177 individuals or

organizations on the draft CCL 3 (see USEPA, 2009c and USEPA, 2009d). The EPA SAB and 

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its Drinking Water Committee also reviewed the draft CCL 3 during 2008, and provided an 

Advisory to the EPA Administrator (USEPA, 2009e). 

EPA evaluated all the data and information on chemical contaminants provided by commenters 

and collected by the Agency after the draft CCL 3 was published. EPA used the CCL 3 process 

described above (and in the cited support documents) to evaluate data that became available after 

the publication of the draft CCL 3 (see USEPA, 2009c). The Agency added contaminants to the 

Universe, adjusted the contaminants that passed through to the PCCL based on these new data 

and reevaluated the PCCL using the CCL 3 protocols as described. In sum, 27 chemicals are on 

the final CCL 3 that were included in nominations. These are listed in Exhibit 2. 

Appendix 3 summarizes EPA’s analysis of the 150 chemical contaminants that were nominated. 

Each contaminant is identified by Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number and name. 

Literature references provided by the nominators are listed and the chemicals CCL 3 status is 

summarized. 

Exhibit 2. Chemicals on the Final CCL 3 Included in Nominations. 

Contaminant Type

1,2,3-Trichloropropane Paint ingredient 

1,4-Dioxane Solvent 

Perchlorate Propellant; explosive; industrial chemical 

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) Industrial chemical; consumer products; PPCP 

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Industrial chemical; consumer products; PPCP 

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) DBP 

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) DBP 

N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA) DBP 

alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) Former pesticide 

Metolachlor Pesticide 

Metolachlor ESA Pesticide degradate 

Metolachlor OA Pesticide degradate 

Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) Pesticide degradate 

Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA) Pesticide degradate 

Microcystin LR Naturally occurring cyanotoxin 

Anatoxin a Naturally occurring cyanotoxin 

Cylindrospermopsin Naturally occurring cyanotoxin 

Erythromycin Antibiotic; PPCP 

17alpha-estradiol Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Equilenin Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Equilin Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Estradiol (17-beta estradiol) Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Estriol Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Estrone Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Ethinyl Estradiol (17-alpha ethynyl estradiol) Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

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Contaminant Type

Mestranol Estrogenic hormone; PPCP 

Norethindrone (19-Norethisterone) Progesteronic hormone; PPCP 

3.2 Microbial Nominations 

As noted, 24 microbial contaminants were nominated by the public. Twenty-two of the microbes 

were already included in the CCL 3 Microbial Universe for evaluation in the CCL 3 process. The 

two additional pathogens nominated were Methylobacterium (with two species) and Mimivirus. 

These were added to the CCL 3 Microbial Universe (USEPA, 2009f). The microbial nominations 

were subjected to the CCL 3 criteria. Accompanying support documents in the docket describe 

the screening to a PCCL (USEPA, 2009g) and selecting the draft and final CCL (USEPA, 

2009h). These documents also discuss the specific contaminants in more detail. The list of 

microorganisms nominated is provided in Appendix 2. The pathogens that are on the final CCL 3 

that were included in the nominations are listed in Exhibit 3. 

Exhibit 3. Pathogens on the Final CCL 3 Included 

in Nominations 

Pathogen 

Adenovirus 

Caliciviruses 

Campylobacter jejuni 

Enterovirus 

Escherichia coli (0157) 

Helicobacter pylori 

Hepatitis A virus 

Legionella pneumophila 

Mycobacterium avium 

Naegleria fowleri 

Salmonella enterica 

Shigella sonnei 

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4.0 References 

USEPA, 2006. Request for Nominations of Drinking Water Contaminants for the Contaminant 

Candidate List; Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 71. No. 199, p. 60704, October 16, 2006. 

USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 – Draft Notice. Federal Register. 

Vol. 72. No. 35. p.9628. February 21, 2008. 

USEPA. 2009a. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Identifying the Universe. EPA 

815-R-09-006. August 2009. 

USEPA. 2009b. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Screening to a PCCL. EPA 815-

R-09-007. August 2009.

USEPA. 2009c. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of PCCL to the 

CCL. EPA 815-R-09-008. August 2009. 

USEPA. 2009d. Final Comment Response Document for the Third Drinking Water Contaminant 

Candidate List 3 Categorized Public Comments. EPA 815-R-09-010. August 2009. 

USEPA. 2009e. SAB Advisory on EPA’s Draft Third Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate 

List (CCL 3). EPA-SAB-09-011. January 2009. 

USEPA. 2009f. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Identifying the Universe. EPA 

815-R-09-004. August 2009. 

USEPA. 2009g. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: Screening to the PCCL. EPA 

815-R-09-005. August 2009. 

USEPA. 2009h. Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Microbes: PCCL to CCL Process. EPA 

815-R-09-009. Final. August 2009.

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5.0 Appendices 

The appendices that follow provide tabulated summaries that present a list of the chemical and 

microbial contaminants nominated for consideration in CCL 3, a summary of the rational and 

information the public provided when they nominated the contaminant, and a summary of EPA’s 

consideration of the contaminants and their resultant progression and status in the CCL 3 

process. All of the contaminants and information were reviewed to determine if health effects 

and occurrence information were available and if that information could be used by the Agency 

to evaluate if it could anticipate that the contaminant may have adverse health effects, whether it 

may occur in public water systems and may require regulation under SDWA. Appendix 1 and 2 

lists the chemical and microbial nominations, respectively. They provide the nominating 

individual or organization and describe the rationale for the nomination. Appendix 3 lists the 

chemicals nominated, provides the references cited by the public, summarizes the types of health 

effects and occurrence data provided, and indicates the result of the CCL process for that

contaminant. Appendix 4 provides the bibliographic references and citations provided by the 

individual or organizations. More detailed information on the specific contaminants or steps in 

the CCL 3 process are available in the CCL 3 support documents cited in this report and the 

individual contaminant information sheets that are in the docket. 

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A1-1 

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

96184 1,2,3-Trichloropropane NJDEP Mutagenic; caused benign and malignant tumors in multiple organs 

in rats and mice in an NTP bioassay. B2 Probable human 

carcinogen; slope factor = 7 1/(mg/kg-d). NJ health-based drinking 

water guidance value = 0.005 ug/L; 1999 based on slope factor of 

7/mg-kg-day [benign and malignant tumors in rats]. (NJDEP)

NJ study: Detected in excess of health-based drinking water 

guidance value in 30 of 2,640 private wells and 11 of 

approximately 260 community water systems between 1999 and 

2004 in NJ SOC Waiver Program sampling. Used as a solvent 

and degreaser, an impurity in nematodicides and soil fumigants. 

(NJDEP)

123911 1,4-dioxane AWWA, USEPA 

Region 3

Used as a stabilizer in TCE, but considered more toxic. Masked in 

sampling with AA due to it's similarlity to TCE, when TCE is stripped 

off it remains in the finished water. This is an emerging 

contaminant. we've issued one Emergency Order at a CERCLA 

site to protect a water system. (EPA Region 3) 

Liver and kidney are target organs. Animal studies indicate liver 

and nasal cancer. IARC: Possibly carcinogenic. EPA: take 

immediate action of levels exceed 600 ug/L. New York State: MCL 

= 50 ug/L. California has action level of 3 ug/L. (NYDOH)

One CERCLA remediation site known- Bally site in PA, others 

may be associated with and TCE site. (EPA Region 3)

Stable, persistent, mobile in the environment. Not effectively 

removed from water using technology designed to remove the 

solvent to which it is added as a stabilizer. (NYDOH)

611596 1,7-Dimethylxanthine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. Combining 

selected OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

57910 17a-estradiol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

57636 17a-ethynyl estradiol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

50282 17b-estradiol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

None provided
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A1-2 

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

68224 19-norethisterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

90120 1-methylnaphthalene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and 

ATSDR. (ASDWA)

Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in 

water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). 

Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

91576 2-methylnaphthalene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and 

ATSDR. (ASDWA)

Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in 

water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). 

Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

80057 4,4'-(1-

Methylethylidene)bisphenol 

(Bisphenol A)

NRDC Bisphenol A is a monomer used as the building block of 

polycarbonate plastics and other plastics including epoxy resins. 

BPA is found in a wide variety of everyday consumer products, such 

as the coating of food and drink packaging, dental sealants, baby 

bottles, water bottles, microwave ovenware and eating utensils. As 

these products age, the polycarbonate polymer breaks down, 

releasing the BPA monomer. BPA is produced at over one million 

pounds per year and is frequently found in the environment. BPA 

releases to the environment in the U.S. totaled 1.4 million pounds in 

2004, including 3,538 pounds released directly to water and 

132,262 pounds released to the air. 

A number of recent studies have revealed that early life exposures 

to low-doses of BPA result in adverse effects later in life. The 

developing fetus is especially vulnerable. Although many of these 

studies were done in laboratory animals, the exposures were at 

environmentally relevant concentrations.

• In rats, in utero exposure to BPA causes long-term effects on 

development of mammary tissue, causing preneoplastic lesions, 

increased susceptibility to cancer and increased sensitivity to a 

chemical known to cause breast cancer. , 

• Perinatal exposure to low levels of BPA causes precancerous 

prostate lesions (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) in rats. The 

effect appears to result from the failure in exposed animals of a 

gene to become hypermethylated as the rats age. 

• Experiments with mice reveal that chronic adult exposure to BPA 

causes insulin resistance, a common problem in humans that can 

lead to Type II diabetes and heart disease. 

BPA is a water contaminant. A study in Germany found BPA in 

surface water (0.0005 to 0.41 ug/L), in sewage effluents (0.018 

to 0.702 ug/L), in sediments (0.01 to 0.19 mg/kg) and in sewage 

sludge (0.004 to 1.363mg/kg dw). Cousins et al. (2002) 

reviewed previously published monitoring data for the United 

States and found a median reported water concentration of 0.5 

ug/l (below the detection limit of the studies) and a 90th 

percentile of 4.4 ug/l. The same study also suggested a half-life 

for BPA of 4.5 days in surface water, indicating that BPA can be 

transported hundreds of kilometers in rivers before levels fall 

below detection limits. 
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CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

• BPA has been shown to cause aneuploidy in mouse oocytes. 

Meiotic aneuploidy is the most common cause of miscarriage in 

women. 

• In a small prospective study, researchers in Japan found women 

with a history of repeated spontaneous miscarriages had higher 

levels of BPA. The researchers found evidence of aneuploidy in 

several of the miscarried fetuses in concordance with previous 

studies showing BPA causes meiotic aneuploidy. 

• BPA lowers sperm count in adult rats even at extremely low levels. 

15972608 Alachlor NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

142363539 Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

171262172 Alachlor oxanilic acid NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

18559949 Albuterol Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. Combining 

selected OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

116063 Aldicarb NRDC, AWWA Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic 

effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is 

acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic 

or carcinogenic. [AWWA]

'Aldicarb is an N-methyl carbamate insecticide that causes 

reversible red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase inhibition. This 

pesticide is classified as Toxicity Category 1 because of its high 

toxicity through all routes of exposure (oral, dermal and inhalation). 

Symptoms of acute aldicarb exposure observed in animal studies 

include decreased motor activity, lacrimation, tremors, salivation, 

pinpoint pupils, and decreased grip strength. A rat study by 

EPA/ORD demonstrated that young animals are more susceptible 

to aldicarb-induced brain cholinesterase inhibition than adults. 

A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and 

insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by 

biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It 

is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently 

found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and 

aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in 

groundwater. [AWWA]

'EPA placed aldicarb under Special Review in 1984 due to 

concerns about groundwater contamination. Aldicarb 

degradation in groundwater is slow. This chemical is persistent 

and mobile in soil, and degrades in the environment to aldicarb 

sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone, both of which are cholinesterase 

inhibitors. In 1991 EPA established MCLs of 0.003 ppb for 
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Although it is generally believed that acute high level exposure to 

aldicarb will not cause chronic health effects, one case study by 

Grendon et al. (1994) in Washington State documented long-term 

health problems in men and sheep resulting from a single poisoning 

incident. 

EPA has not assessed the risks of chronic exposure to aldicarb in 

its 2006 Revised Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA). The 

Agency reasoned that since cholinesterase inhibition due to aldicarb 

exposure is reversed in less than 24 hours, such an assessment is 

unnecessary and chronic exposure can be treated as a series of 

acute exposures. However, EPA mentioned in the Revised HRA 

that effects such as pale kidneys and hydroceles in the oviducts 

occurred in dams in a developmental study, symptoms that suggest 

chronic damage not seen in acute single-exposure cases. In 

addition, some studies suggest that chronic exposure to aldicarb 

may have longer-term effects on the immune and nervous systems. 

Fiore et al (2006) analyzed immune function in two groups of 

women, one exposed to aldicarb at environmental concentrations in 

groundwater at levels below 61 ppb (23 subjects), and an 

unexposed group (27 subjects). No women in either group had 

known reasons for immune problems. The researchers found a 

significant association between aldicarb exposure and abnormalities 

in T-cell subset ratios. Hajoui et al. (1992) also found changes in 

the percentages of certain T-cell subsets after subchronic, but not 

chronic exposure. The results of a rat study by Smulders et al. 

(2003) suggest that exposure to carbamates such as aldicarb may 

also lead to chronic changes in the nervous system resulting from 

the inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A similar 

study of the carbamates fenoxycarb, carbaryl, and S-ethyl N,Ndipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), which have the same mechanism of 

action, showed that increasing the pesticide dose or the length of 

exposure reduced the rate of reversal of acetylcholine receptor 

inhibition. Therefore, two mechanisms, cholinesterase inhibition 

and acetylcholine receptor inhibition may lead to chronic 

neurotoxicity from exposure to carbamate pesticides such as 

aldicarb. This raises concerns about chronic low-level exposure 

such as may result from aldicarb contamination of drinking water. 

[NRDC]

aldicarb, 0.004 ppb for aldicarb sulfoxide and 0.002 ppb for 

aldicarb sulfone, but these MCLs never went into effect. Instead, 

EPA issued a 7 ppb health advisory for each of the aldicarb 

species and for combined aldicarb residues.

EPA based its drinking water risk assessment in the HRA on the 

highest aldicarb concentrations in groundwater found in eight 

regions where aldicarb was used. The concentrations ranged 

from 0 to 24 ppb. The region with no aldicarb detections was 

removed from the analysis. Surface water concentrations, on the 

other hand, were derived from models for lack of sufficient 

monitoring data.

Acute dietary exposure estimates from food alone exceeded the 

level of concern for children 1 to 2 years old (159% of the acute 

Population Adjusted Dose, or aPAD), and children 3 to 5 years 

old (129% aPAD), so that any additional exposures from 

drinking water would increase these risks of concern. The 

highest exposure from groundwater calculated for the regions 

where this pesticide was detected was 945% aPAD for the 95th 

percentile of the most exposed population sub-group. For the 

general U.S. population and other sub-groups, exposure ranged 

from 20% aPAD to 393% aPAD. 

It is clear from EPA’s own analysis that aldicarb is a water 

contaminant that poses 

health risks of concern at levels found in food and drinking 

water. Given that food 

exposure alone exceeds levels of concern for children, drinking 

water exposure 

creates an additional unacceptable risk. EPA must move to 

establish a protective

MCL for aldicarb. [NRDC]
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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

1646884 aldicarb sulfone AWWA Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic 

effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is 

acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic 

or carcinogenic. 

A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and 

insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by 

biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It 

is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently 

found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and 

aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in 

groundwater

1646873 aldicarb sulfoxide AWWA Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic 

effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is 

acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic 

or carcinogenic. 

A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and 

insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by 

biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It 

is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently 

found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and 

aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in 

groundwater

319846 Alpha-HCH AWWA Can cause respitory difficulty, skin irritation, skin senitization scabis 

and pediculosis

Component of benzene hexachloride a former insecticide. 

Degradeded more rapidly under anaerobic conditions. 

Hydrolysis half life ranges between 92 to 71 hours in natural 

waters (but may be even slower). A Canadian study found levels 

in finished water. 

7790989 Ammonium Perchlorate NRDC Interferes with function of the thyroid; blocks iodide uptake into the 

gland. Causes neurodevelopmental deficits (detailed in comments). 

Several studies demonstrate human exposure and toxic effects 

(Blount et al., 2006; Brechner et al., 2000; Schwartz et al, 2001). 

Studies indicate that DWEL of 24.5 ppb is inadequate. (NRDC)

Widespread contamination may be exposing millions to 

perchlorate throughout the country. Detected in PWSs of 26 

states and two territories under UCMR 1. Detections range from 

4 - 420 ppb; mean = 10 ppb. Major state studies performed in 

Arizona, California, Massachusetts and Texas. EPA lists 109 

sites of known perchlorate releases in 29 states. U.S. 

Government Accountability Office report (May 2005) lists 

perchlorate release sites and detections in PWSs and private 

wells. [18 refs in text] (NRDC)
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CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

64285069 Anatoxin-a ASDWA, 

AWWA

A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the 

uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to 

humans (factor 10), when considering the observed species 

(human–animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile 

(Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic 

dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it 

appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for 

drinking water with 1.0 μg MC-LR/l should provide for sufficient 

protection of the consumer. In contrast, the application of guidance 

values for BGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided as the 

TDIs of infants and children, as well as adult consumers, are readily 

exceeded due to repeated contamination of BGAS and consumer 

dependent variation in daily BGAS consumption. (AWWA)

Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public 

health concerns. (ASDWA)

Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and 

treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help 

to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)

1912249 Atrazine NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

86500 Azinphos-methyl NRDC This organophosphate pesticide is classified as toxicity category 1 

for oral exposure. Exposure to azinphos-methyl causes plasma, red 

blood cell and brain cholinesterase inhibition, with symptoms 

including headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, anxiety, muscle 

tremors and weakness. Studies by Souza et al. (2004, 2005) found 

that azinphos-methyl affected human placental enzymatic activity, 

which may have adverse consequences for fetal development. , 

Exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) such as azinphosmethyl has been associated with lower performance on 

neurobehavioral tests in exposed adults. Children are more 

vulnerable than adults to the neurotoxic effects of OPs and may 

suffer developmental effects from low-level chronic exposures. 

Azinphos-methyl has a high potential to pollute surface waters 

due to runoff and spray drift. , Data on environmental 

concentrations of azinphos-methyl in the United States are 

limited, but studies in South Africa suggest that under certain 

conditions azinphos-methyl may also reach high concentrations 

(40 ppb) in groundwater. 

EPA indicated in its drinking water assessment in the Interim 

Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) document for azinphosmethyl that the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of 

this pesticide in surface water is 16 ppb at typical application 

rates in peaches. This concentration is over three times the 

acute drinking water level of comparison (DWLOC) the agency 

calculated for infants less than a year old (5 ppb), and over twice 

the DWLOC for children 1-6 years (6 ppb). The highest annual 

mean concentrations in surface water according to monitoring 

data and EPA models ranged from 0.27 ppb to 7.2 ppb. The 

latter concentration exceeds the chronic DWLOC the agency 

calculated for infants less than a year old (7 ppb).

While EPA argued in the IRED that the phase-out of the peach 

use will eliminate 

drinking water risks of concern, EPA is still allowing the use of 
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

azinphos-methyl on

apples (the most frequently treated crop) at application rates

equal to or higher than

those for peaches (1.0-1.5 lb ai/A per application, 4.5 lb ai/A per 

year maximum on apples vs. 1.125 lbs ai/A per application, 4.5 

lbs ai/A per year maximum on peaches). 

Furthermore, the total amount of azinphos-methyl used on 

apples (890,000 lb active ingredient) is over seven times the 

amount used on peaches (120,000 lb). 

Therefore, the EPA assessment indicates that azinphos-methyl 

poses a risk to drinking water supplies. While EPA has issued a 

four-year limited registration for azinphos-methyl use on apples 

and seven other crops, the Agency has stated that these 

registrations may be extended, thus creating the need to 

regulate azinphos-methyl as a drinking water contaminant.

25057890 Bentazone AWWA Long term studies have not indicated a carcinogenic potential Broad specturm herbicide used on a variety of crops - very 

mobile in soils and moderately persistent in the environement

85687 Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) NRDC, ASDWA BBP is used as a plasticizer for PVC and other plastics. End uses 

include PVC floorings and wall coverings, expanded leather, PVC 

foams, films, sealing and adhesive systems. BBP is a high 

production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million 

pounds per year. 

BBP is an anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor with developmental 

and reproductive toxicities. Post-pubertal and adult exposures in rat 

studies are without apparent effects except at high doses, however, 

exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely affect 

development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include 

a cluster of outcomes that has been called “phthalate syndrome” 

and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs, 

retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital distance 

(AGD), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DINP 

does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely 

mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. , 

In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between 

exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for 

anti-androgen exposure, anogenital distance. Although this 

endpoint is well-recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard 

measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a 

common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the 

researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the 

phthalate metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl 

There are multiple studies showing BBP detections in surface 

waters: 

•Canada: up to 1 ug/l (ENVIRODAT 1993) 

•Mississippi River south of St. Louis: up to 2.4 ug/l (Gledhill et al. 

1980)

•Lake Scandarello, Italy: up to 6.6 ug/l (Vitali et al. 1997)

•Rhine River and its tributaries: up to 5.2 ug/l (ECPI 1996)

•Inflow and outflow from sewage treatment plants in Sweden 

and Norway: up to 2.4 ug/l and 0.58 ug/l, respectively (ECPPI 

1996, NIWR 1996)

The full extent of BBP contamination of water in the U.S. is not 

known, but the fact that it is present at detectable levels in 

surface waters indicates the need for EPA to conduct water 

monitoring studies and to take appropriate regulatory action. 

(NRDC)

Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

phthalate (MBzP), mono butylphthalate (MBP) and monoisobutyl 

phthalate (MiBP) were significantly associated with reduced AGD 

and ano-genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants. 

(NRDC)

CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)

98136993 bromochloroacetaldehyde AWWA This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in 

concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except 

monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied 

yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

5589968 bromochloroacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine 

and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters 

(Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

83463621 Bromochloroacetonitrile AWWA None provided - None provided

26482315 bromochloronitromethane AWWA This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

71133147 bromodichloroacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine 

and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters 

(Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)
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CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

918014 bromodichloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

563702 bromonitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

1689845 Bromoxynil AWWA RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.02. Developmental or reproductive toxin, 

moderate acute (PAN)

Occurrence (0.046 ppb 95%ile)

6804075 Carbadox Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. Some 

antibiotics are suspected carcinogens. (Mackie et al, 2006; Health 

Canada 2001)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

298464 Carbamazepine NYDOH Emerging contaminant of possible health concern. (NYDOH) NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in nearly every 

WWTP effluent sample. Kolpin, et al, 2002 reported similar 

findings. Mobile and stable in the environment. (NYDOH)

63252 Carbaryl NRDC, AWWA Known carcinogenic. 10-6 cancer risk 40 μg/L. Primary exposure 

route is through ingestion (WHO report). [AWWA]

'This N-methyl carbamate pesticide is a neurotoxic 

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a “likely” carcinogen according to 

the Office of Pesticide Programs Cancer Assessment Review 

Committee. The systemic effects of carbaryl include headache, 

dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, 

and sweating. Effects may also include loss of appetite, weakness, 

weight loss, and general malaise. Carbaryl is particularly toxic to the 

developing nervous system of fetuses, infants, and young children. 

Exposure to elevated levels of carbaryl may cause developmental 

neurotoxicity and “significant changes in some of the morphometric 

measurements of the brain”. [NRDC]

In the referenced USGS report detected at concentrations above 

0.1 μg/L with frequencies of ~1% in agricultural streams and ~15 

% in urban streams and at concentrations below 0.1μg/L with 

frequencies of ~10% in agricultural streams and ~50 % in urban 

streams

Solubility: 120 mg/L half-life: 17 days in soil & 11 days in water 

annual use 9 million lbs. [AWWA]

'Approximately 3.9 million pounds of carbaryl active ingredient 

are used annually in the U.S. When EPA issued its Revised Risk 

Assessment for carbaryl in 2003, its water assessment did not 

consider non-agricultural sources of carbaryl, which constitute a 

total of 40% of carbaryl use by weight, and which are the 

dominant sources of surface water carbaryl pollution. Despite 

ignoring non-agricultural uses, the carbaryl health risk 

assessment in the Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision 

(IRED) found that acute surface water risks presuming 

maximum label application rates exceeded the drinking water 

level of concern (DWLOC) for children and the general 

population when combined with estimated food exposures. U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (USGS 

NAWQA) monitoring data presented in the carbaryl assessment 
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CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

demonstrated that streams draining urban areas had both higher 

concentrations of carbaryl and more frequent detections, when 

compared with streams draining agricultural or mixed land use 

areas. It is clear that contamination of water is predominantly 

from non-agriculture uses of carbaryl, and that by not 

considering these uses, the Agency dramatically underestimated 

the amount of carbaryl in drinking water (Estimated 

Environmental Concentration, or EEC), which is likely to be twotimes higher than EPA estimates. Twenty-one (21) percent of 

surface water samples in the NAWQA database contained 

detectable levels of carbaryl. EPA discussed in its IRED the 

limitations of existing monitoring data:“Carbaryl is fairly mobile, 

but is not likely to persist or accumulate in the environment. As 

such, it is difficult for monitoring studies to detect peak 

concentrations that can occur. EPA determined that currently 

available monitoring studies for carbaryl are limited in this 

regard, and did not use them to define peak values for carbaryl.” 

As a result of these data limitations, EPA used models to 

estimate drinking water EECs for currently registered uses in the 

carbaryl IRED. The Agency reported that the acute drinking 

water EECs ranged from 23 to 410 ppb for acute exposure, and 

from 1.3 to 23 ppb for chronic exposure, which exceeded the 

acute DWLOC for children 1-2 years old (7.4 ppb) and for the 

general population (200 ppb). This is especially concerning, 

given that these calculations are likely to underestimate risk by 

excluding non-agricultural uses of carbaryl, which comprise 40% 

of total carbaryl used. Therefore, it is likely that actual EEC’s 

are even higher, possibly 40% higher, than what the Agency 

calculates. The high toxicity of carbaryl, coupled with the high 

exceedances of acceptable levels in drinking water, make this 

level of risk to infants and children unacceptably high. Given the 

limitations in the monitoring data that the Agency has 

acknowledged, and the fact that the highest EEC estimated by 

EPA models was 55 times the acute DWLOC for children 1 to 2 

years old, it is clear that carbaryl presents risks of concern from 

drinking water exposure and should be regulated as a drinking 

water contaminant by establishing an MCL. [NRDC]

16887006 Chloride Riverkeeper Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat; 

drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper)

Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water 

from direct or snowmelt run-off and release from surface soils 

and/or wind-borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the 

Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in 

conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)
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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

1794849 chloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

1897456 Chlorothalonil AWWA None provided Fungicide used on a variety of crops. Can be degraded both 

aerobically and anaerobically with half-lives ranging between .2 - 

9 days

Chlorothalonil has been identified in groundwater in 2 US states.

2921882 Chlorpyrifos NRDC, AWWA Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide used at approximately 

21-24 million pounds active ingredient (a.i.) annually in the United 

States. Most chlorpyrifos is used in agriculture on crops such as 

corn and cotton, but other uses include golf courses, road medians, 

food processing plants, manufacturing plants, ship holds, railroad 

boxcars, and non-structural wood treatments. Chlorpyrifos is applied 

aerially, by chemigation, groundboom, hand wand, airblast sprayer, 

and other methods. 

With chlorpyrifos and other developmental neurotoxic chemicals, 

risk to the fetus, infant, and child comes primarily from the timing of 

exposure. Even a very small dose, for even a short duration, during 

a developmental period of vulnerability will result in permanent 

neural dysfunction. There is no demonstrated reliable threshold of 

safety for this highly toxic chemical, as indicated in the IRED, where 

a no-effect level could not be determined for developmental 

neurotoxicity. However, there is demonstrated evidence of 

neuropathology and increased vulnerability of fetuses when 

exposed to chlorpyrifos . EPA has acknowledged this susceptibility 

in the chlorpyrifos Human Health Risk Assessment: 

“In conclusion, the weight of the evidence raises concern for an 

increase in both the sensitivity and susceptibility of the fetus or 

young animal to adverse biochemical, morphological, or behavioral 

alterations from chlorpyrifos treatment during brain development. 

With respect to cholinesterase inhibition, an increase in sensitivity of 

the young compared to adults was seen all along the dose response 

curve, even at relatively low doses.” [NRDC]

Broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. Stronly 

absorbed by soil and does not readily leach from it - persists in 

soil for 60 - 120 days and biodegrades - non-polar nature - has a 

low solubility in water and great tendency to partition from 

aqueous into organic phases.[AWWA]

'Although EPA said in the IRED that the drinking water risk is 

below the level of concern, the Agency noted that there have 

been cases of high levels of drinking water well contamination 

associated with localized applications of chlorpyrifos as a 

subterranean termiticide. This was addressed, EPA said, by 

eliminating all termiticidal uses. However, despite EPA’s 

assertions that only termiticidal use leads to water contamination 

problems, USGS and others have found contamination of 

ground and surface water with chlorpyrifos and its metabolites, 

and EPA’s own modeling shows that it is likely that in certain 

areas of heavy use, chlorpyrifos (and its metabolites) present 

significant water risks. There is no evidence that the water risks 

of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites are limited to termiticidal use.

There is extensive evidence of the potential of chlorpyrifos to 

contaminate surface and groundwater. Combined USGS data 

for state, local, national, and multi-state studies that measured 

chlorpyrifos concentrations in surface water detected the 

pesticide at 7 of 108 (6%) sites sampled. Chlorpyrifos has 

medium runoff potential due to its relatively low water solubility, 

2 mg/L , . A chlorpyrifos flux as a percentage of use of 0.15 has 

been measured in the Minnesota River. Chlorpyrifos is also, of 

course, used in non-agricultural settings, and can thus drift or 

runoff directly into surface water bodies in areas of high 

population density.

Data from the Mid-Continent Pesticide Study show that 

chlorpyrifos was present in the ground water in 4.2% of the wells 

sampled. Chlorpyrifos has been detected in 0.6% of wells 

sampled, according to the U.S. EPA's Pesticides in Ground 
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Water Database. Long (1989) detected chlorpyrifos in the 

ground water of 30% of 56 sites examined beneath pesticide 

mixing and loading facilities in Illinois. The maximum 

concentration detected was 0.5 ppb. 

Water monitoring sample sites are not necessarily correlated 

with chlorpyrifos use sites, and in particular, may miss sites 

where multiple fields are treated with chlorpyrifos resulting in 

pooled runoff into a common water source. In fact, the IRED 

states, “it is not clear that they [monitoring data] represent the 

most vulnerable groundwater where chlorpyrifos is used most 

intensively” (IRED p.18). Monitoring of surface water is likely to 

be subject to the same problem. Levels of chlorpyrifos in pooled 

runoff sites are likely to be many times higher than single field 

sites. Similarly, data collection is not timed to correspond with 

worst-case scenarios, such as closely following chlorpyrifos 

applications, or following large storm runoff events, and thus 

most often misses these highly toxic environmental exposures.

Using the PRZM/EXAMS screening model, EPA estimated that 

90-day average and peak chlorpyrifos concentrations were 6.7 

and 40 ppb respectively. Meanwhile, acute DWLOCs for infants 

less than a year old, children 1-6 years and females 13 to 50 

years ranged from 0.9 to 9 ppb. 

Chronic DWLOCs for these population groups ranged from 0.2 

to 0.72 ppb. 

EPA’s modeling estimates therefore show that chlorpyrifos 

exposure in drinking water has the potential to exposed 

vulnerable groups of the population to unacceptable levels of 

this chemical. [NRDC]

57625 Chlortetracycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

57885 Cholesterol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

85721331 Cipro-floxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

53418 cis-Androsterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

76573 Codeine Riverkeeper None provided The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

360689 Coprostanol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

486566 Cotinine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

143545908 cylindrospermopsin ASDWA, 

AWWA

A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the 

uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to 

humans (factor 10), when considering the observed species 

(human–animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile 

(Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic 

dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it 

appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for 

drinking water with 1.0 μg MC-LR/l should provide for sufficient 

protection of the consumer. In contrast, the application of guidance 

values for BGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided as the

TDIs of infants and children, as well as adult consumers, are readily 

exceeded due to repeated contamination of BGAS and consumer 

dependent variation in daily BGAS consumption.

'Cyanobacteria (algal toxins). Potential severe acute hepatotoxicity 

at low concentrations and possible liver damage. (AWWA)

Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public 

health concerns. (ASDWA)

Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and 

treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help 

to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

67035227 Dehydronifedipine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

1007289 deisopropylatrazine NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

6190654 desethylatrazine NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

84742 Di(n-butyl) phthalate NRDC, ASDWA DBP is an anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor with developmental 

and reproductive toxicities. Post-pubertal and adult exposures in rat 

studies are without apparent effects except at high doses. 

However, exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely 

affect development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects 

include a cluster of outcomes that has been called “phthalate 

syndrome” and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive 

organs, retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital 

distance (AGD), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. 

DBP does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are 

likely mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. 

In humans, Swan et al. found associations between exposure to 

phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for antiandrogen exposure, anogenital distance (AGD). Although this 

endpoint is well-recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard 

measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a 

common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the 

researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DBP 

metabolite, monobutyl phthalate (MBP), were significantly 

associated with reduced AGD and anogenital index (AGI = 

AGD/bodyweight) in male infants.

Other effects noted in animal studies which are not thought to be 

mediated by decreases in testosterone include an increase in fetal 

mortality and changes in the expression of some genes in the 

testes, such as c-kit. Changes in gene expression have been shown 

to occur at very low doses doses that are below those associated 

with the gross anatomical changes noted in phthalate syndrome. 

(NRDC)

CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)

DBP is a plasticizer found in numerous consumer products 

including cosmetics, hair sprays, nail polish, shampoos, lotions, 

and fragrances. DBP also is used as a solvent for oil-soluble 

dyes, insecticides, peroxides, and other organics as an antifoam 

agent as a fiber lubricant in the textile industry as a 

solvent/plasticizer for nitrocellulose lacquers and as epoxy 

resins. 

DBP is produced at over one million pounds per year and there 

is widespread potential for human exposure from discharges to 

water. DBP has been previously detected in drinking water in 

Poland and surface water in Germany. A recent study of water 

in southern California found DBP in raw and finished drinking 

water samples. (NRDC)

Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

3397624 diaminochloro triazine NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

333415 diazinon ASDWA Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health 

Advisory level. (ASDWA)

3039132 dibromoacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in 

concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except 

monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied 

yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

5278955 dibromochloroacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine 

and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters 

(Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

1184890 dibromochloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

598914 dibromonitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

1918009 Dicamba AWWA Slight expected toxicity. Some aquatic plants are highly sensitive to 

dicamba, with EC50 values for sensitive species between 0.1 and 

0.2 ppm toxic to many terrestrial broadleaf and conifer species, less 

toxic to grasses. Based on acute toxicity tests dicamba is classified 

as slightly toxic to experimental mammals. Livestock may graze 

dicamba-treatead areas withtou restriction, unless they are actively 

producing milk. Meat animals must be removed from treated areas 

30 days before slaughter (C&P Press 1998). Based on an acute oral 

LD50 of 2740 mg/kg in rats, the U.S. EPA places dicamba in 

Category III (Rowland 1998). This category is associated with a 

code word of CAUTION that indicates that the compound may be 

harmful if swallowed (US. EPA 1998). 

Herbicide used in the control of annual and perennial broadleaf 

weeds, brush, and vines in rangeland and non-cropland areas. 

Halftimes of dicamba in soil usually are between 1 and 6 weeks 

(Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997).Dicamba was detected in 

0.32% of stream samples and 0.12% of samples from major 

aquifers (USGS 1998) highest level detected was 0.00016 mg/L. 

In an agricultural area where herbicides are used extensively, 

dicamba was found in 17%- 55% of water samples from farm 

ponds and dugout waters (Grover et al. 1997). USGS (1998) 

found dicamba in 0.11%-0.15% of the groundwaters surveyed. 

The maximum level detected was 0.0025 mg/L no apparent 

correlation between the prevalence of dicamba in groundwater 

from agricultural areas (0.11%) compared with non-agricultural 

urban areas (0.35%). Several additional studies summarized in 

SERA (1994b) and studies published in the more recent 

liberatura (Miller et al. 1995, Ritter et al. 1996) report higher 

frequencies of occurrence of dicamba in groundwater from 
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

agricultural areas. Dicamba is relatively volatile, and this process 

may be a significant factor in the dispersion of dicamba in the 

enviroment. 

In a recent review, Majewski and Capel (1995) cite te 

occurrence of dicamba, along 

with several other pesticides in rain water at sites distant from 

any known 

agricultural application.Halftimes of dicamba in soil between 1 

and 6 weeks 

(Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997) at a level of 10 mg/kg in 

sandy loam soil, 

dicamba caused a transient decrease in nitrification after 2 but 

not 3 weeks of 

incubation 

79027 dichloroacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in 

concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except 

monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied 

yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

7119893 dichloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

62737 Dichlorvos (DDVP) NRDC Dichlorvos, or DDVP, is an organophosphate insecticide widely 

used in agriculture. Like other organophosphates, dichlorvos is an 

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. DDVP exposure may cause 

symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle spasms, 

and seizures. According to a 2000 EPA Cancer Assessment review, 

there is suggestive evidence that dichlorvos may cause cancer. 

The National Toxicology Program has stated that there is “clear 

evidence” of carcinogenic activity of dichlorvos in a mice study. 

One study has linked dichlorvos exposure to leukemia in children 

under 15. Another study has also found an association between 

dichlorvos exposure and leukemia in adult men. Furthermore, EPA 

has determined that “dichlorvos has been shown to be a direct 

acting mutagen by common in vitro bacterial genetic toxicity assays 

and in vitro mammalian test systems.” 

Dichlorvos is soluble in water and may enter surface waters in 

runoff. However, no data on its occurrence in surface waters has 

been collected there is also little data on dichlorvos in 

groundwater. Two other pesticides, naled and trichlorfon, 

degrade to dichlorvos in the environment and represent 

additional inputs of dichlorvos to water. However, monitoring 

data on these two pesticides is also very limited. 

Given the lack of monitoring data, EPA used IR-PCA 

PRZM/EXAMS models to 

calculate estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of 

dichlorvos in surface water. The models produced estimates 

that were below the EPA level of concern. However, the 

complete lack of monitoring data raises questions about whether 

an exclusive reliance on modeling results is appropriate for a 

neurotoxic and potentially carcinogenic pesticide such as 

dichlorvos. EPA should collect data monitoring data for 

dichlorvos by requiring such data from the registrants or 

commissioning its own studies to better assess drinking water 

risks and set an MCL if necessary.

115322 Dicofol NRDC Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide used in agriculture, primarily 

on cotton and citrus crops. Approximately 860,000 pounds of active 

ingredient are used every year. Animal studies have found that 

dicofol causes toxicity in the liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, thyroid, 

reproductive organs, heart and stomach. Liver and thyroid effects 

occurred at relatively low doses (100 ppm and 10 ppm, 

respectively). Dicofol is a possible human carcinogen. Dicofol has 

shown endocrine disruptor activity in vivo and in vitro. This chemical 

has been shown to interfere with blastocyst implantation in rats. 

EPA used its SCI-GROW model to estimate dicofol 

concentrations in groundwater and calculated a 90-day average 

peak concentration of 0.069 ppb. An overall mean surface water 

concentration of 0.5 ppb was estimated with the PRZM-EXAMS 

model. Both concentrations were below the Drinking Water 

Levels of Comparison (DWLOCs) for children and the general 

U.S. population for both acute and chronic exposure. However, 

there are some important shortcomings in EPA’s assessment of 

dicofol exposure and risk. The first problem with the assessment 

is related to the way EPA calculated the Reference Dose (RfD). 

EPA is supposed to apply an additional safety factor of 10x to 

the RfD calculation to protect infants and children, who may 

have increased susceptibility to health effects from chemical 

exposures compared to adults. The Agency reduced the FQPA 

safety factor of 10x to 3x based on the lack of increased prenatal or post-natal susceptibility to dicofol in developmental 

toxicity studies. However, EPA stated that a developmental 

neurotoxicity study was necessary because dicofol produced 

neurotoxicity in rats and such a study might identify an endpoint 

for dietary risk. Despite lacking such a study, EPA improperly 

reduced the safety factor to 3x. If the 10x factor had been 
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

applied as mandated by the Food Quality Protection Act, a more 

protective acute RfD of 0.015 mg/kg day-1 would have been 

chosen instead of the 0.05 mg/kg day-1 dose EPA used in its 

assessment. Had EPA applied the 10x safety factor, dicofol 

exposure from food alone would have exceeded the acute RfD 

and the EPA level of concern for all population groups (see 

Table 1). This would have resulted in a DWLOC of zero (0), so 

that any drinking water exposure would have been of concern. 

Table 1. Comparison of acute dietary exposure values from food 

at the 99.9th percentile

Population ~ Exposure (mg/kg/day) ~ % of Acute RfD With 3x 

safety factor* ~ % of Acute RfD With 10x safety factor**

US Population ~ 0.017523 ~ 35%~ 117%

Non-nursing infants (1 year old) ~ 0.044923 ~ 90% ~ 299%

Children (1-6 years old) ~ 0.034919 ~ 70% ~ 233%

Children (7-12 years old) ~ 0.024705 ~ 49% ~ 165%

*With 3x safety factor RfD = 0.05 mg/kg/day

**With 10x safety factor RfD = 0.015 mg/kg/day

The unwarranted reduction of the FQPA safety factor also 

affected the outcome of the chronic dietary exposure 

assessment. As shown in Table 2, if the 10x factor had been 

applied, chronic exposures from food alone for infants and 

children 1 to 6 years old would have exceeded the level of 

concern. Therefore, any drinking water exposure would have 

been of concern as well.

Table 2. Chronic Dietary Food Exposure and Risk Estimate to 

Dicofol (from food alone)

Population ~ Exposure (mg/kg/day) ~ % of Chronic RfD With 3x 

safety factor* ~ % of Chronic RfD With 10x safety factor** 

US Population ~ 0.000076~ 19% ~ 63%

Non-nursing infants (1 year old) ~ 0.000129 ~ 32% ~ 108%

Children (1-6 years old) ~ 0.00015 ~ 38% ~ 125%
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Children (7-12 years old) ~ 0.000104 ~ 26% ~ 87%

*With 3x safety factor RfD = 0.0004 mg/kg/day

**With 10x safety factor RfD = 0.00012 mg/kg/day

Another shortcoming in the EPA assessment is that the Agency 

relied on models to estimate environmental concentrations in 

surface and groundwater, but did not have a robust set of 

monitoring data. EPA should require the collection of surface 

and groundwater monitoring data in areas where dicofol is 

applied. The Agency should use these data to corroborate its 

exposure estimates and make a regulatory determination for 

dicofol under the SDWA.

84662 Diethyl phthalate (DEP) NRDC, ASDWA In animal studies, DEP has been shown to cause increases in 

kidney and liver weight. DEP causes death at high doses. In 

humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between exposure 

to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for antiandrogen exposure, ano-genital distance. Although this endpoint is 

well-recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard measurement 

in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a common birth 

defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers 

found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DEP metabolite, 

monoethyl phthalate (MEP), was significantly associated with 

reduced AGD and ano-genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in 

male infants. MEP has not been associated with the development of 

“phthalate syndrome” in male rats exposed in utero. (NRDC)

CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)

DEP is a plasticizer used in a wide variety of consumer 

products. DEP is used in photographic films, blister packaging, 

toothbrushes, toys, nail polish, fragrances and other cosmetics, 

and pharmaceutical coatings. DEP is a high production volume 

chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million pounds per 

year. DEP has been detected in raw and finished drinking water 

samples in Southern California. ATSDR also reported 

measurable levels of DEP in groundwater and surface waters at 

NPL sites. (NRDC)

Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)

1672464 Digoxigenin Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

20830755 Digoxin Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

28553120 Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) NRDC DINP is a plasticizer used in a number of consumer products 

including building materials such as flooring and wood veneers, 

artificial leather, wires and tubing, and children’s toys. DINP is a 

high production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 

million pounds per year. 

DINP is an anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor with developmental 

The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the 

European Chemicals Bureau has estimated a half life in surface 

water for DINP of 50 days. According to the IHCP, 82 percent of 

any DINP discharged by sewage treatment plants will be 

adsorbed on to sludge, 10 percent will be degraded and 1 

percent will be stripped to air. The remaining 7 percent will be 

released in the effluent. Given the widespread use and high 
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

and reproductive toxicities. Post-pubertal and adult exposures in rat 

studies are without apparent effects except at high doses, however 

exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely affect 

development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include 

a cluster of outcomes that has been called “phthalate syndrome” 

and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs, 

retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital distance 

(AGD), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DINP 

does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely 

mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. , 

In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between 

exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for 

anti-androgen exposure, ano-genital distance. 

Although this endpoint is well-recognized in animal studies, it is not 

a standard 

measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a 

common 

birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers 

found that

prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DINP metabolite, 

monoisobutyl phthalate 

(MiBP), was significantly associated with reduced AGD and anogenital index 

(AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants. 

production volumes of DINP, these releases could pose risks for 

water quality. However, there does not appear to be surface 

water monitoring data for DINP in the United States. EPA should 

attempt to fill this data gap and establish an MCL for DINP if 

appropriate.

108203 diisopropyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. 

(NYDOH)

42399417 Diltiazem Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

564250 Doxy-cycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

76420729 Enalaprilat Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]
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Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

115297 Endosulfan NRDC Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide and acaricide. 

Technical grade endosulfan is made of both alpha and beta 

stereoisomers whose toxicity is manifested through blockage of 

inhibitory GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) gated chloride 

channels, resulting in over-stimulation of the central nervous 

system. Endosulfan is a recognized neurotoxin and endocrine 

disruptor , making even extremely low-dose exposures of very great 

concern, especially to vulnerable populations such as children and 

fetuses.

Endosulfan is similar in its acute oral toxicity to the related 

insecticides aldrin and dieldrin, except that it is slightly more toxic 

than these substances in female laboratory animals. Inhalation of 

endosulfan dust by humans has been associated with slight nausea, 

confusion, excitement, flushing, and dry mouth . Nine employees 

who had been working with 50-percent water-wettable endosulfan 

powder for only a few days had convulsions .

Endosulfan is a significant endocrine disruptor and reproductive 

toxicant. This pesticide increases the rate of testosterone 

breakdown and excretion. In immature rats, endosulfan causes 

significant dose-related decreases in sperm counts, and causes 

sperm deformities at low exposure levels. In fish, endosulfan 

elevates levels of thyroxine and suppresses levels of 

triiodothyronine, probably by inhibiting the conversion of thyroxine to 

T3. The developing brain is potentially most severely affected by 

this pesticide via altered levels of critical neurotransmitters 

such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin the altered 

neurotransmitter levels are associated with deficits in learning and 

memory. 

 

The EPA estimates that 1.4 million pounds of endosulfan are 

applied annually to US crops. According to the EFED risk 

assessment for the RED on endosulfan, monitoring data show 

widespread contamination of surface water. EPA modeled 

surface water contamination and calculated acute estimated 

environmental concentrations ranging from 4.49 ppb to 23.86 

ppb. Chronic EECs ranged from 0.53 ppb to 1.5 ppb. The acute 

and chronic EEC for endosulfan in groundwater was 0.012 ppb. 

EPA concluded in the RED that “residues of endosulfan in 

drinking water are of concern” for acute exposure for infants less 

than one year old and for children 1-6 years old. EPA 

determined that exposure from food alone created risks of 

concern for children 1 to 6 years old and set a DWLOC of zero 

(0) ppb for this population. 

EPA proposed mitigation measures to address risks from 

endosulfan contamination of drinking water (110-foot setbacks 

for ground applications, 3-foot vegetative buffers, and reductions 

in application rates). However, the implementation of required 

mitigation measures to reduce pesticide risks is rarely 

monitored or enforced. Given the risk indicated in the drinking 

water exposure 

assessment, EPA should require more widespread monitoring 

for endosulfan 

and take regulatory action to establish an MCL for endosulfan.

93106606 Enrofloxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

517099 Equilenin Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-22

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

474862 Equilin Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

114078 Erythoromycin-H20 Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

50271 Estriol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

53167 Estrone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

637923 ethyl-tert-butyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. 

(NYDOH)

2164172 Fluometuron AWWA RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.013. Possible carcinogen slight acute (PAN) Occurrence (0.046 ppb 95%ile (USGS)

54910893 Fluoxintine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

25812300 Gemfibrozil Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

2163680 hydroxyatrazine NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)
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Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-23

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

154212 Lincomycin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

330552 Linuron NRDC Linuron is a urea-based herbicide used primarily on soybeans (79 

percent of usage). It has been shown to cause non-malignant 

testicular and liver tumors in animals. Investigation of the testicular 

tumors revealed that this herbicide acts by blocking the function of 

male androgens. In animals, at relatively low doses, linuron is a 

recognized anti-androgen. This chemical has been shown in 

laboratory studies to decrease male sex organ weights, cause 

testicular atrophy, delay puberty, and increase estrogen levels in 

males. 

About 400,000 pounds of linuron are used in U.S. agriculture 

each year. This herbicide persists for 1-5 months in soil, and has 

been shown to run off of fields into surface and groundwater

supplies. EPA concluded in its Reregistration Eligibility Decision 

(RED) that linuron exceeded the Levels of Concern (LOC) for 

groundwater quality. EPA also expressed “moderate concerns” 

for drinking water supply systems relying on surface water 

sources. 

Several factors in EPA’s drinking water exposure assessment 

raise concerns about groundwater contamination. In the 

groundwater portion of the assessment, data were present for 

only four states: Georgia, Missouri, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In 

Georgia linuron was found in groundwater in concentrations up 

to 5 ppb. EPA later cast doubt on the reliability of the data and 

removed it from consideration in the final RED, basing its 

decision on new information received from the State of Georgia.

Valid groundwater detections in Missouri (up to 1.9 ppb), Virginia 

(up to 1.31 ppb in 4 of 8 wells) and Wisconsin (up to 2.7 ppb) 

may seriously underestimate linuron levels throughout the 

country because these three states are not among the 16-20 

states where linuron is most heavily used. The sixteen states 

listed on page 3 of EPA’s Overview of Linuron Risk Assessment 

appear to account for well over 80% of linuron use in the United 

States, so the complete absence of any data on groundwater in 

any of these states is a critical data gap. The USGS has also 

reported on areas where linuron is most heavily used on a peracre basis. The USGS maps indicate that Indiana, Ohio, 

Michigan, Delaware, and Maryland are heavy use states. These 

states are not among the ones from which groundwater data are 

available. Strangely, only one of these (Michigan) is listed by 

EPA as among heavy use states.

Casting further doubt on EPA’s estimates of the risks of linuron 

in drinking water sources is the fact that the model used for 

surface water assessment was not tested against any data 

whatsoever. The exposure estimates (18 ppb) for infants and 

children exceed EPA’s chronic DWLOC (6 ppb) by three-fold. 

This result is of particular concern in light of the serious flaws in 

the drinking water risk assessment that conspire to 

underestimate the actual risk. EPA admits that “residues of 

linuron and its metabolites in drinking water may represent a 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-24

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

chronic human health risk...” (p. 42). 

Since linuron is not regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act 

water supply systems are not required to sample or analyze for 

it. This is a particular problem because EPA admits that drinking 

water treatment is unlikely to remove linuron and its degradates. 

The Agency must move rapidly to collect more data on linuron in 

water and must make a high priority of regulating linuron under 

the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

121755 Malathion AWWA None provided Commonly used insecticide - log n-octanol-water partition 

coefficient 2.36 - 2.89, solubility in water 145 mg/L at 25 oC. 

WHO states that the presence of malathion in drinking water 

under usual conditions is unlikely to represent a hazard to 

human health and has not proposed a guideline in drinking 

water

7439965 Manganese NRDC At high doses manganese is known to cause neurological damage 

resulting in an illness which closely resembles Parkinson’s disease. 

Somewhat lower doses have been shown to cause subtle 

neurologic problems such as delayed reaction time, tremors, and 

memory impairment. In addition to the neurologic effects, exposure 

may cause respiratory problems such as an increased susceptibility 

to bacterial infections and bronchitis. A recent report of a crosssectional investigation of intellectual function in 142 10-year-old 

children in Bangladesh, who had been consuming well water with 

an average concentration of 793 ppb found that water manganese 

was associated with reduced scores on standardized intelligence 

testing. In the United States, roughly 6% of domestic wells have 

manganese concentrations that exceed 300 ppb. The authors 

concluded that in both Bangladesh and the United States, some 

children are at risk for manganese-induced neurotoxicity from 

drinking contaminated water. In addition, prenatal exposure to 

manganese is associated with delayed psychomotor development in 

children. 

Manganese was included in CCL1, but EPA made the 

determination not to regulate it. However, recent neurological 

and developmentnal data that was not available during the 

assessment of the CCL1 contaminants support the inclusion of 

manganese in CCL3.
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-25

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

93652 Mecoprop ASDWA None provided Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health 

Advisory level. (ASDWA)

72333 Mestranol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

657249 Metformin Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

298000 Methyl parathion AWWA Methyl parathion interferes with the normal way that the nerves and 

brain function. Exposure to very high levels of methyl parathion for a 

short period in air or water may cause death, loss of consciousness, 

dizziness, confusion, headaches, difficult breathing, chest tightness, 

wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, tremors, blurred vision, and 

sweating. Rfd (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.00025.Acute toxicity, 

chlolinestarase inhibitor (PAN)

Methyl parathion is a pesticide used to kill insects on crops. 

Occurrence (0.006 ppb 95%ile and 0.061 max (USGS)

51218452 Metolachlor NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

171118095 Metolachlor ethanesulfonic 

acid

NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

152019733 Metolachlor oxanilic acid NYDOH Co-occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks 

beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. 

(NYDOH)

Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental 

persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water 

supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY 

(SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

101043372 Microcystin LR ASDWA, 

AWWA

Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood to spill into liver tissue. This 

bleeding can lead swiftly to death. (AWWA)

Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public 

health concerns. (ASDWA)

Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and 

treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help 

to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)
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Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-26

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

17157481 monobromoacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in 

concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except 

monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied 

yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

107200 monochloroacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in 

concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except 

monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied 

yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

77439760 MX AWWA, 

NYDOH

High Potential Toxicity. [AWWA]. 

Induces thyroid and bile duct tumors; animal studies indicate 

carcinogenicity. DBP that has been shown to cause advserse health 

outcomes (carcinogenicity) (NYDOH)

Found in Massachusetts drinking water at 4-80 ng/L (Wright, et 

al., 2002). In 12 water treatment plants, representing all 9 EPA 

regions, MX found in finished water at a median concentration of 

20 ng/L and a 75%ile of 60 ng/L. (Krasner, et al., 2006). Found 

in drinking water in Japan, UK, and Finland. (NYDOH)

91203 naphthalene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and 

ATSDR. (ASDWA)

Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in 

water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). 

Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

14797558 nitrate ASDWA, TCEQ Adverse health effects on infants and pregnant or nursing women. 

(TXCEQ, ASDWA)

Issue of chloranimation and nitrification. Texas study indicated 

half of water systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite, 

and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at 

least one sample. (TXCEQ, ASDWA)

14797650 nitrite ASDWA, TCEQ Adverse health effects on infants and pregnant or nursing women. 

(TXCEQ, ASDWA)

Issue of chloranimation and nitrification. Texas study indicated 

half of water systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite, 

and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at 

least one sample. (TXCEQ, ASDWA)

55185 N-Nitrosodiethylamine 

(NDEA)

AMWA, AWWA Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA) This class of non-halogenated disinfection by-products includes 

the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single 

method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent 

nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an 

effluent-impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR 

can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the 

one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)

Disinfection by-product. Occurrence may increase with 

increased chloramination (AMWA)

62759 N-nitrosodimethylamine ASDWA, 

AMWA, AWWA

Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA)

DHHS has determined NDMA "may reasonably anticipated to be a 

human carcinogen." (ASDWA)

This class of non-halogenated disinfection by-products includes 

the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single 

method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent 

nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an 

effluent-impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR 

can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-27

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)

Disinfection by-product.Occurrence may increase with increased 

chloramination (AMWA)

Found in groundwater associated with rocket fuel; may be a 

DBP. (ASDWA)

621647 N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 

(NDPA)

AMWA, AWWA Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA) This class of non-halogenated disinfection by-products includes 

the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single 

method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent 

nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an 

effluent-impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR 

can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the 

one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)

Disinfection by-product.Occurrence may increase with increased 

chloramination. (AMWA)

25154523 Nonylphenol (NP) NRDC An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and 

polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States, 

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to 

wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 

1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured 

human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic 

effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are 

present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM 

for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human 

estrogen receptor has shown similar results. 

Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively 

in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they 

degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which 

persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other 

alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in 

waterways. 

9016459 Nonylphenol ethoxylate 

(NPE)

NRDC These compounds include:

An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and 

polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States, 

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to 

wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 

1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured 

human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic 

effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are 

present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM 

for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human 

estrogen receptor has shown similar results. 

Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively 

in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they 

degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which 

persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other 

alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in 

waterways. 

70458967 Norfloxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 
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Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-28

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

27193288 Octylphenol (OP) NRDC These compounds include:

An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and 

polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States, 

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to 

wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 

1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured 

human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic 

effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are 

present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM 

for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human 

estrogen receptor has shown similar results. 

Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively 

in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they 

degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which 

persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other 

alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in 

waterways. 

9036195 Octylphenol ethoxylate 

(OPE)

NRDC These compounds include:

An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and 

polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States, 

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to 

wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 

1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured 

human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic 

effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are 

present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM 

for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human 

estrogen receptor has shown similar results. 

Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively 

in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they 

degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which 

persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other 

alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in 

waterways. 

79572 Oxytetracycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

Paroxetine metabolite Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

14797730 Perchlorate Anonymous None provided - None provided - 

375224 Perfluorobutanoic acid ASDWA, 

USEPA Region 

3 

Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress

refer to OPPT's PFOA web site

Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included 

with PFOA (AWWA)

Health effects data limited. (ASDWA)

Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in 

numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in 

polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing 

uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity. 

PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all 

three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to 

accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of 

about 4 years. (AWWA)

Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a 

number of states. (ASDWA)
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Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-29

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

335671 Perfluorooctanoic acid ASDWA, 

NJDEP, USEPA 

Region 3

Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress

refer to OPPT's PFOA web site

Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included 

with PFOA (nominator)

EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. (NJDEP)

Health effects data limited. (ASDWA)

Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in 

numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in 

polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing 

uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity. 

PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all 

three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to 

accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of 

about 4 years. (nominator)

2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOA was quantitated 

at 65% of water systems sampled (78% of systems if nonquantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged 

from 0.003 ppb to 0.039 ppb. (NJDEP)

Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a 

number of states. (ASDWA)

1763231 Perfluorooctanoic sulfonate ASDWA, 

NJDEP, USEPA 

Region 3

Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress

refer to OPPT's PFOA web site

Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included 

with PFOA (nominator)

EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. (NJDEP)

Health effects data limited. (ASDWA)

Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in 

numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in 

polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing 

uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity. 

PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all 

three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to 

accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of 

about 4 years. (nominator)

2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOS was quantitated 

at 30% of water systems sampled (57% of systems if nonquantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged 

from 0.0023 ppb to 0.019 ppb. (NJDEP)

Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a 

number of states. (ASDWA)

61949777 Permethrin, trans AWWA IARC classified as group 3 for expected toxicity. No human data 

regarding carcinogenicity and is not genotoxic

Mixture of 4 stereoisomers (trans and cis). Contact insectide 

used for a broad ranges of pests. Water solubility 0.2 mg/L and 

log octanol water partition coefficient 6.5. Surface waters may 

become contaminated when applied directly for mosquito 

control. Soil half-life approx. 28 days.Occurrence 0.006 ppb 

95%ile (USGS). Concentrations as high as 0.8 mg/L have been 

detected in surface water. Levels in drinking water have not 

been reported. WHO has not established a drinking water 

guideline as it is believed to occur below levels of concern
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Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-30

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

732116 Phosmet NRDC Organophosphate. Neurotoxic; causes red blood cell, plasma, 

serum and brain Cholinesterase inhibition; mutagenic. May affect 

fetal development. Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity. NRDC 

disagrees with EPA's determination of a NOAEL as presented in 

IRED. (NRDC)

1.25 M lobs/year applied to apples, peaches, walnuts, almonds 

and pears. Mobile in runoff; has potential to contaminate 

drinking water sources. IRED drinking water assessment based 

on limited monitoring data estimating concentrations from 0.4 to 

140 ppb and basis of PAD are flawed (details in submitted 

comments.) [NRDC]

57830 Progesterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

1610180 prometon ASDWA Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health 

Advisory level. (ASDWA)

114261 Propoxur NRDC None provided - - None provided

129000 pyrene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and 

ATSDR. (ASDWA)

Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in 

water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). 

Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

13233324 Radium 224 AWWA, 

Anonymous

Radium is a class A carcinogen, that is, a demonstrated carcinogen 

in human populations. It is biochemically similar to calcium and 

barium when ingested, and concentrates in bone. The USEPA has 

established a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for radium in 

public drinking water supplies. The MCL is 5 pCi/L for combined 

radium, which is defined as the sum of Ra-226 and Ra-228 (USEPA 

2000a). The MCL for gross alpha-particle activity is 15 pCi/L. 

However, due to its short half life (3.66 days), the concentration of 

Ra-224 is not included in the definition of combined radium as 

posed by USEPA. Because of its short half life, much of the 

ingested Ra-224 decays on bone surfaces, where it may have 

enhanced effectiveness (Mays et al. 1985 Schleien 1992). Reevaluation by USEPA indicates that lifetime cancer risk from 

ingestion of Ra-224 is less than that from ingestion of an equal 

amount of Ra-226 or Ra-228, but greater than that suggested in the 

Mays et al study (USEPA 1999). The concern is that previously 

undetected presence of Ra-224 may pose an additional, 

quantifiable radium health risk that currently is not accounted for by 

the 5-pCi/L MCL for combined radium in drinking water.

Extensive monitoring in the State of New Jersey over the past 

several years has established the presence of unsupported Ra224 as the significant source of the elevated alpha-particle 

radioactivity (Parsa 1998). A follow-up national survey by the 

USEPA and USGS has demonstrated that Ra-224 may be 

present in significant quantities in ground water (Focazio et al. 

2001). Since then, the USEPA has issued a Notice of Data 

Availability (NODA) recommending the gross alpha-particle 

analysis of public water supplies be performed within 48-72 

hours from the sample collection time to capture the 

contributions from Ra-224 (USEPA 2000b). A recent study by 

USGS, NJDEP, and NJDHSS confirms that Ra-224 contributes 

considerable gross alpha-particle activity to drinking water 

produced from the New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer system 

(Szabo et al. 2005). Radium-224 occurrence in drinking water 

should be expected in any area of the country that is 

geologically similar to New Jersey.

'In Final Radionuclides in Water Rule on December 7, 2000 

(USEPA 2000a), USEPA agrees that Ra-224 is a health concern 

and believes that collecting data to determine if Ra-224 is of 

national concern is the appropriate next step for detemining if 

Ra-224 should be regulated separately. It states that “The 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-31

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Agency plans to collect additional occurrence information for Ra224, which may involve coordination with the USGS, and will 

evaluate whether future regulatory action or guidance is 

necessary”.

66357355 Ranitidine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to 

more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining 

selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. 

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

80214831 Roxithromycin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

98105998 Sarafloxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

7440235 Sodium Riverkeeper Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat; 

drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper)

Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water 

from direct or snowmelt run-off and release from surface soils 

and/or wind-borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the 

Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in 

conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)

7647145 Sodium chloride Riverkeeper Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat; 

drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper)

Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water 

from direct or snowmelt run-off and release from surface soils 

and/or wind-borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the 

Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in 

conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)

122112 Sulfadimethoxine Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

127797 Sulfamerazine Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

57681 Sulfamethazine Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

144821 Sulfamethizole Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

723466 Sulfamethoxazole Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-32

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

72140 Sulfathiozole Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

75854 tert-amyl alcohol NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. 

(NYDOH)

919948 tert-amyl ethyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. 

(NYDOH)

994058 tert-amyl methyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS; 

carcinogen. (NYDOH)

Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. 

(NYDOH)

75650 tert-butyl alcohol NYDOH, 

NJDEP

Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH)

Kidney toxicity; kidney tumors in male rats in NTP bioassay. Toxic 

to thyroid and bladder in male and female mice; thyroid tumors in 

male and female mice. Health-based groundwater criterion of 100 

ug/L based on nephropathy in female rats in NTP study; NTP 

LOAEL from kidney study = 175 mg/kg-d; Group C possible human 

carcinogen. Applied UF of 10,000 from LOAEL and 10 for poss. 

carc., assuming RSC of 20% (NJDEP)

NJ Study: Occurs in GW. Octanol enhancer, co-contaminant 

with MTBE, other uses. Detected in 36 out of 3,048 private 

wells. Min: 10 ppb; max: 251 ppb; mean: 67 ppb. (NJDEP)

Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. 

(NYDOH)

58220 Testosterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal 

compounds may pose significant health risks. a human 

contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and 

environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining 

compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose 

an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers]

The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]

60548 Tetracycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

75967 tribromoacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20-50% of total chlorine 

and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters 

(Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

464108 tribromonitromethane 

(bromopicrin)

AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-33

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

52686 Trichlorfon NRDC Neurotoxic; cholinesterase inhibitor. Associated with kidney, lung 

and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Anemia reported; caused a 

statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia. Also 

a developmetnal toxicant. Although a group E carcinogen, NRDC 

feels there is evidence of potential carcinogenicity. (NRDC)

Despite cancelled feed and food crop uses, still approved for 

agricultural uses. Detected in Georgia groundwater in 12 of 179 

wells up to 10 ppb. Highly mobile in soil. RED does not address 

drinking water exposure. (NRDC)

75876 trichloroacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by-products was the third highest in 

concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except 

monochloro- (difficult to analyze) and monobromo-(not studied 

yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

76062 trichloronitromethane 

(chloropicrin)

AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and 

DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1-2 

orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays. 

Their concentration is 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of 

the HAAS.

101202 triclocarban NYDOH Used in high volume; limited data; similar to halogenated biphenyls, 

suggesting potential endocrine, developmental and reproductive 

risk. (NYDOH)

Documented in surface waters and wastewater, but data limited. 

In common use; largely unchanged by wastewater treatment. 

(NYDOH)

55335063 triclopyr ASDWA Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study below EPA 

Health Advisory level. (ASDWA)

3380345 Triclosan NRDC, NYDOH Triclosan is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent that is widely 

used in personal care products such as soaps, toothpastes, 

cosmetics, skin creams and deodorants kitchen accessories such 

as cutting boards and utensils and in textiles such as sportswear, 

shoes and carpets. 

Triclosan is produced at over one million pounds per year. The 

chemical structure of triclosan is similar to other endocrine 

disrupting compounds and potential breakdown products of triclosan 

include dioxins. 

Recently, low levels of triclosan were found to interfere with the 

metamorphosis of frogs. Exposure to as little as 0.15 micrograms/l 

triclosan caused an earlier metamorphosis than normal, with effects 

on the tadpole brain and tail. Triclosan activates the human 

pregnane X receptor (hPXR), which is involved in the enzymatic 

metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics. (NRDC)

Potential endocrine disruptor; structurally similar to polybrominated 

diphenyl ethers, dioxins and furans. There are substantial in vitro 

data on the mammalian pharmacokinetics of triclosan interactions 

Triclosan has been found in wastewater treatment effluent and 

drinking water sources. Triclosan was detected in Louisiana 

sewage treatment plant effluent at 10-21 ng/l. Boyd (2004) 

reported triclosan concentrations of ND – 29 ng/l in two 

stormwater canals in New Orleans. Triclosan has also been 

detected in raw and finished drinking water samples from 

Southern California. (NRDC)

Widespread occurrence in surface water and biota (Kolpin, et 

al., 2002 and others) and some detections in ground water. 

Ubiquitous in Not effectively removed from wastewater by 

conventional treatment. Ubiquitous and used in high volume as 

disinfectant in personal care products. Occurs in plasma and 

human breast milk. (NYDOH)
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A1-34

Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

with molecular and biochemical receptor 

targets. Subchronic and chronic whole animal studies are sparse. 

(NYDOH)

738705 trimethoprim NYDOH, 

Riverkeeper

Emerging contaminant of possible health concern. 25th ranked 

presciption medicine in the US. (NYDOH)

Known or suspected toxicity. [Riverkeepers]

NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in each of four 

WWTP effluent sampled and at high frequency. Detected as 

high as 8,090-37,000 ng/L. USGS detected in groundwater at 

concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 ng/L in Long Island. 

Median NREC concentration 103 ng/L. Relatively stable and 

moderately mobile. (NYDOH)

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. Meets definition of "emerging 

contaminants" because not historically considered contaminant 

but present on a global scale. [Riverkeepers]

1401690 Tylosin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

21411530 Virginiamycin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes 

the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et 

al, 2006)

Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation. 

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates 

widespread exposure. 

81812 Warfarin Riverkeeper None provided The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the 

public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what 

is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. 

[Riverkeepers]
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-1 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

Adenovirus AWWA Although many adenoviruses 

replicate efficiently in the 

intestine, only the enteric 

adenoviruses 40 and 41 have 

been recognized as important 

causes of gastroenteritis in 

children. Adenoviral 

gastroenteritis occurs mostly in 

children under the age of 2, 

particularly during the first year of 

life. Symptoms are watery 

diarrhea and sometimes vomiting. 

Other susceptible populations are 

at risk. 

Over a 1 year period [June 2002-

03] adenoviruses were detected 

in 5.32% of treated drinking water 

and 22.22% of river water 

samples using nested PCR. Most 

of the river samples were 

serotypes 40 and 41 and three 

drinking water samples were 40 

and 41. [van

EPA Notes: This group 

was included on the 

Final CCL 3.

Yes Yes Yes

Adenovirus 

(enteric serotypes)

ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes

Astrovirus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes

Campylobacter 

jejuni

AWWA Major enteric pathogen: infant 

mortality. C. jejuni infections 

peaks during infancy and again in 

young adults aged 15-44 years. 

Acute self-limited gastrointestinal 

illness, characterized by diarrhea, 

fever, and abdominal cramps. 

However, one in 1000 infections 

may lead to Guillian-Barre 

syndrome. Fluoroquinolone 

resistance has been reported in 

C.jeuni since the 1980s in Europe 

and since 1995 in USA. 

1980-2003 there have been 20 

waterborne Campylobacter 

outbreaks reported, involving 

11,608 cases [Martin et al]. In 

May 2000, E.coli 157:H7 and C. 

jejuni contaminated the drinking 

supply in Walkerton, Ontario. 

Seven people died and over 

2,000 were ill [Holme 2003]

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Coxsackieviruses AWWA Health effects are aseptic 

meningitis, febrile illness, 

vomiting, pleurodynia, respiratory 

illness, myocarditis, possible 

chronic sequelae

Frequently detected in water. 

Common in sewage

EPA Notes: The final 

CCL 3 includes 

enterovirus. The CDC 

includes the 

polioviruses, 

coxsackieviruses, 

echoviruses, and other 

enteroviruses under 

this group. 

Yes

(as 

Enterovirus)

Yes

(as 

Enterovirus)

Yes

(as 

Enterovirus)
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-2 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

Cyanobacteria AWWA A high degree of uncertainty 

remains as to the sufficiency of 

the uncertainty factors applied 

during extrapolation from animals 

to humans (factor 10), when 

considering the observed species 

(human–animal) differences in 

organic anion transporter profile 

(Fischer et al., in press) and 

hence kinetic and dynamic 

dissimilarities (Batista et al., 

2003). Despite these caveats, it 

appears that for the time being, 

the WHO guidance value for 

drinking water with 1.0 μg MCLR/l should provide for sufficient 

protection of the consumer. In 

contrast, the application of 

guidance values for BGAS (Gilroy 

et al., 2000) appears misguided 

as the TDIs of infants and 

children, as well as adult 

consumers, are readily exceeded 

due to repeated contamination of 

BGAS and consumer dependent 

variation in daily BGAS 

consumption

Cyanobacteria (algal toxins). 

Potential severe acute 

hepatotoxicity at low 

concentrations and possible liver 

damage

None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

E. coli (toxigenic) AWWA People have died because of 

waterborne outbreaks with this 

group of organisms. Mortality 

1991-2002 2 deaths

Several outbreaks in the US and 

around the worlk. E. coli 

recovered from 188 drinking 

water sources with 15 were 

pathogenic serotypes. 

References list causes of drinking 

water outbreaks in the United 

States. 1961-1970 4 outbreaks 

and 188 cases 1971-2000 

EPA Notes: E. coli is 

included on the final 

CCL 3. 

Most strains of E. coli 

O157:H7 will not be 

detected by currently 

approved methods 

used for regulatory 

monitoring within the 

Yes Yes Yes Yes
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-3 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

water industry.

Echoviruses AWWA Health effects are aseptic 

meningitis, seizure and coma in 

some children, vomiting, 

respiratory illness, myocarditis. 

Each year in the United States, 

an estimated 30 million non-polio 

enterovirus infections cause 

aseptic meningitis hand, foot, and 

mouth diseases and non-specific 

upper respiratory diseases- the 

most common causes of these 

infections are echoviruses

Common in sewage and also 

detected in treated drinking water

EPA Notes: The final 

CCL 3 includes 

enterovirus. The CDC 

includes the 

polioviruses, 

coxsackieviruses, 

echoviruses, and other 

enteroviruses under 

this group. 

Yes

Encephalitozoon 

hellem

AWWA ibid. ibid. Yes Yes (as 

Microsporidia

) 

Encephalitozoon 

intestinalis 

AWWA The prevalenece of E. bieneusi 

infections among HIV-infected 

patients reached up to 50% 

during the years 1993-2001, 

however the administration of 

antiretroviral therapy can result in 

remission of HIV-associated 

intestinal microsporidiosis. 

Although predominantly 

described among adults suffering 

from immunodeficiency due to 

HIV infection, E. bieneusi 

infections are also reported from 

HIV-naegative patients who were 

immuocompr0mised due to 

underlying disease or therapeutic 

immunosuppression when 

undergoing organ 

transplantation. E. cuniculi, 

persons with exposure to infected 

rabbits have become infected. 

Patients undergoing organ 

transplantation. E. hellum has 

been diagnosed in around 50 HIV 

infected persons. Has also been 

identified on two occasions in 

Detection of E. bieneusi and 

confirmation to the species level 

achieved by PCR and 

subsequent sequence analysisof 

part of the ssrRNA gene in 

surface water but not ground 

water samples. None of the E. 

cuniculi strains found in humans 

have been detected in surface 

water, however, the mouse strain 

was identified by PCR in one of 

50 water samples from 

Switzerland. E. intestinalis has 

been identified by sequence 

analysis of PCR amplicons from 

surface water and ground water 

and from samples of source 

water. Also from species-specific 

PCR in zebra mussels from a 

river.

In addition to the E. 

intestinalis and hellem, 

there are two other 

species that should be 

included in the the 

name of contaminant. 

They are 

Encephalitozoon 

cuniculu and 

Enterocytozoon 

bieneusi. The 

contaminant field was 

truncated at a certain 

length which it did not 

allow to store these two 

other names.

Yes Yes

(as 

Microsporidia

) 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-4 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

nonimmunosuppressed and HIV 

seronegative patients and in fecal 

samples from travelers. 

E.intestinalis is the second most 

prevalent microsporidial species 

infecting HIV-positive patients. 

Has also been identified in HIVnegative travelers.

Enteroviruses 

(includes 

poliovirus, 

echovirus, 

coxsackievirus)

ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes

GWR, LT2 Viruses 

in ground water

ASDWA Viruses can cause a range of 

adverse health effects.Specific 

viruses that may be of concern 

are described in the preambles to 

EPA’s Ground Water Rule (GWR) 

and Long Tej.iii 2 Enhanced 

Surface Water Treatment Rule. 

Viral inactivation is the basis for 

much of the Ground Water Rule. 

However, no nationwide data for 

viral occurrence in drinking water 

wells is available, so it is not 

possible to ascertain the breadth 

of the problem. Many specific 

case studies exist, and these are 

helpful in guiding research. 

However, no broad study linicing 

hyd.rogeologic sensitivity, well 

characteristics, and viral 

presence has been performed. 

Monitoring under the Ground 

Water Rule may provide some 

insight but few systems will do 

actual virus testing in response to 

this rule. More detailed virus 

studies are needed and only 

EPA, through the CCL process, 

has the resources to conduct 

such valuable research.

Viruses may be present in 

aquifers, as demonstrated by 

studies on hydrogeologically 

sensitive wells. Ore recent 

studies have shown the 

possibility of viral contamination 

in wells that are relatively well 

protected from surface water 

intrusion. 

Group
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-5 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

Helicobacter pylori AWWA Helicobacter pylori is the cause of 

60-95% of all peptic ulcers. 

Other gastric disorders including 

chronic gastritis, mucosalassociated lymphoid tissue 

(MALT) lymphoma of the 

digestive tract, and 

adenocarcinoma of the stomach 

have been attributed to H. pylori 

infection (Blaser and Atherton, 

2004). Helicobacter pylori is 

classified as a class I carcinogen 

by the International Association of 

Cancer Registries. 

Hegarty et al. (1999) isolated 

actively respiring H. pylori from 

40% of surface and 65% of 

shallow ground water samples 

tested. H. pylori has also been 

detected in lakes in the Canadian 

artic (McKeown et al. 1999), 

private wells and municipal tap 

water in Sweden (Hulten et al. 

1998), in well water in Japan 

(Horiuchi et al. 2001), and private 

well water samples (Baker and 

Hegarty, 2001). Water source 

was identified as a risk factor of 

H. pylori infection among 

Peruvian children (Klein et al. 

1991) irrespective of 

socioeconomic status. 

Standardized methods for 

detection of Helicobacter from 

water do not exist and negative 

occurrence data may be 

unreliable since low nutrient and 

hyperosmotic conditions can 

induce a rapid viable 

nonculturable state (Percival et 

al., 2004).

EPA Notes: H. Pylori s 

included on the final 

CCL 3

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Hepatitis A virus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

Hepatitis E virus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

Legionella AWWA Legionnaires’ desease, which has 

a high fatality rate, produces 

pneumonia and also affects the 

nervous, gastrointestinal and 

urinary systems

Blackburn et al surveillance 

summary includes drinking waterassociated outbreaks of 

Legionnaires disease (LD) six 

outbreaks of LD occurred during 

2001-2002.In water and the 

environment Legionella require 

the presence of other bacteria or 

protozoa in order to grow. 

However, biofilm may be an area 

where Legionella may multiply.

EPA Notes: 

L.pnuemophilla is 

included on the final 

CCL 3 

Yes Yes Yes Yes
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-6 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

Methylobacteria AWWA Immunocompromised patients. 

Suggested to monitor for the 

Methylobacteria in distribution 

systems in hospital units for 

immunocompromised patients

Isolated from chlorinated and raw 

water supplies: potable water and 

distribution system

Considered an 

emerging pathogen in 

Japan

Yes

Microcystin LR 

(Cyanobacterial 

toxin)

AWWA 'Cyanobacteria toxin that causes 

blood to spill into liver tissue. This 

bleeding can lead swiftly to death.

None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

Mimivirus Anon/ASM At present, Mimivirus has been 

implicated in various cases of 

pneumonia. However, its recent 

discovery has not provided 

sufficient time to fully recognize 

or understand the scope of its 

health effects and risks. Its 

ecology is also uncertain, so it is 

not yet possible to ascertain 

whether it constitutes an 

emerging risk, or how it may 

respond to environmental 

change. The impact of the 

Mimivirus on pneumonia warrants 

further study of it as a CCL 3 

organism.

Mimivirus is a recently discovered

giant virus that infects amoeba. 

The virus was discovered in 

studies of cooling tower water in 

Bradford, England containing the 

free-living amoeba, 

Acanthamoeba polyphaga, which 

was implicated in a pneumonia 

outbreak in 1992. Studies of the 

water revealed a microbe growing 

in the amoebae that resembled 

small Gram-positive cocci. The 

agent has characteristic viral 

morphology, an icohsahedral 

capsid, and contains a doublestranded, circular DNA genome of

about 800 kilobase pairs. The 

agent has a typical virus 

developmental cycle, including an 

eclipse phase, but it resembles a 

bacterium when Gram-stained. It 

has been named Mimivirus for 

Mimicking microbe, and is the 

largest known virus. The ecology 

of Mimivirus is poorly understood, 

but it is apparently associated 

with natural waters containing 

free-living amoeba, and in that 

respect it resembles Legionella 

bacteria in its behavior. 

Genetically similar giant viruses 

have now been discovered to be 

widespread in ocean waters as 

well as freshwater aquatic 

environments, where they play an 

important role in controlling 

Yes
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-7 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

phyto- and bacterioplankton 

populations. Hence, these 

viruses are quite ubiquitous in 

aquatic habitats. Furthermore, 

Mimivirus has been implicated in 

cases of human illness, 

specifically pneumonia. When 

Mimivirus is used as an antigen in 

microimmunofluorescense 

assays, seroconversion has been 

documented in patients with both 

community- and hospital-acquired 

pneumonia. Additionally, 

Mimivirus DNA has been found in 

respiratory samples of patients 

with hospital-acquired 

pneumonia. These data suggest 

that Mimiviruses need to be 

considered as CCL candidates. 

They are waterborne microbes 

and they have been implicated in 

human illness associated with 

water exposure, in a manner and 

natural history similar to that of 

Legionella, an EPA-regulated 

pathogen in drinking water. 

Because little is known about 

Mimivirus and analytical methods 

are available to detect it, it 

deserves consideration and 

further study.

Mycobacterium 

avium complex 

(MAC)

AWWA Human infections due to MAC 

include three principal 

syndromes: cervical 

lymphadenitis in children, 

pulmonary infections in adults, 

and disseminated infection in 

AIDS patients. Mycobacterium 

avium ssp. paratuberculosis has 

also been implicated in human

disease and is suspected of 

causing a human gastrointestinal 

ailment (Crohn’s disease) 

[AWWA]

MAC have been isolated from all 

natural water systems, drinking 

water, distribution systems, and in 

biofilms (Grange et al., 1990 

Pryor et al. 2004 Whan et al. 

2005 Lehtola et al. 2006 Hilborn 

2006). Occurrence has been 

shown to be independent of the 

presence of coliforms or fecal 

coliforms (Whan et al. 2005). 

[AWWA]

EPA Notes: M. avium 

is included on the final 

CCL 3. 

This organization also 

noted: 'MAC are highly 

resistant to disinfection 

(Taylor et al., 2000). 

The organisms are 

capable of persistence 

and replication within 

free-living protists 

(Mura et al. 2006) ### 

Yes Yes Yes
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-8 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

Mura, M., Bull, T., 

Evans, H. SidiBoumedine, K., 

McMinn, L., Rhodes, 

G., Pickup, R., and J. 

Hermon-Taylor. 

Replication and Long 

Term Persistence of 

bovine and human 

strains of 

Mycobacterium avium 

subsp. paratuberculosis 

within Acanthamoeba 

polyphaga. Appl. Env. 

Microbiol. 72:1:854-

859. ### Taylor, R. 

Falkinham, J., Norton, 

C., and M. 

LeChevallier. 2000. 

Chlorine, chloramine, 

chlorine dioxide, and 

ozone susceptibility of 

Mycobacterium avium. 

Appl. Env. Microbiol. 

66:4:1702-1705.

Mycobacterium 

avium complex 

(MAC)

NRDC Mycobacterium Avium Complex 

(MAC) causes lung infections in

immunocompromised individuals. 

Mycobacteria are able to survive 

and grow in aquatic environments 

due to their protective outer 

coating, which also makes them 

resistant to chlorine treatment of 

water. Environmental sources are 

thought to be the main route of 

transmission of these pathogens. 

These bacteria are widely present 

in water sources and can also be 

found in biofilms that form on the 

inside of water pipes. About 20 

to 30 percent of people with AIDS 

become infected with MAC. 

Although adults usually do not get 

MAC disease until their T-cell 

Mycobacteria are able to survive 

and grow in aquatic environments 

due to their protective outer 

coating, which also makes them 

resistant to chlorine treatment of 

water. Environmental sources are 

thought to be the main route of 

transmission of these pathogens. 

These bacteria are widely present 

in water sources and can also be 

found in biofilms that form on the 

inside of water pipes. EPA 

researchers estimate that 

approximately 1500 individuals 

with advanced AIDS ingest tap 

water with detectable 

concentrations of MAC organisms 

each day. [NRDC]

'MAC have been isolated from all

M. avium is included on 

the final CCL 3.

Yes Yes Yes
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-9 

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

count drops below 50, children 

can get it earlier. People with 

disseminated MAC disease 

develop fever, night sweats, 

weight loss, abdominal pain, 

tiredness, and diarrhea. EPA 

researchers estimate that 

approximately 1500 individuals 

with advanced AIDS ingest tap 

water with detectable 

concentrations of MAC organisms 

each day. A related species 

typically considered MAC, 

Mycobacterium avium 

intracellulare, has been listed in 

Contaminant Candidate Lists 

(CCLs) 1 and 2. MAC should be 

included 

again in CCL3. The health effects 

and demonstrated occurrence in 

drinking water of MAC support 

the establishment of an MCL for 

this microbial 

contaminant.[NRDC] 

natural water systems, drinking 

water, distribution systems, and in 

biofilms (Grange et al., 1990 

Pryor et al. 2004 Whan et al. 

2005 Lehtola et al. 2006 Hilborn 

2006). Occurrence has been 

shown to be independent of the 

presence of coliforms or fecal 

coliforms (Whan et al. 2005). 

[AWWA]

Naegleria fowleri Anon/ASM Humans and other mammals 

contact N .fowleri via swimming, 

bathing, or in the case of cattle 

and domesticated animals, 

drinking from or swimming in 

water sources where N. fowleri is 

present. The organism is inhaled 

and travels up the nasal 

passageway to t

Documented cases of PAM have 

been noted worldwide, including 

the United States, England, 

Czechoslovakia, and Mexico. 

The largest number of cases has 

been observed in the United 

States (Cabanes, 2001 Rivera, et 

al, 1993 Kadlec, Cerva, and 

Skvarova, 1978).

EPA Notes: N. Fowleri 

is included on the final 

CCL 3.

This nominator also 

noted :'Humans and 

other mammals contact 

N .fowleri via 

swimming, bathing, or 

in the case of cattle and

domesticated animals, 

drinking from or 

swimming in water 

sources where N. 

fowleri is present. The 

organism is inhaled and 

travels up the nasal 

passageway to the 

ethmoid sinuses. 

Penetration of the 

Yes Yes Yes Yes
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-10

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

mucosa and invasion of 

olfactory nerves is 

followed by movement 

through the cribiform 

plate to brain tissue 

and cerebral spinal 

fluid. Once infected the 

brain tissue produces 

toxins that attempt to 

kill the parasite, but end 

up emulsifying tissue. 

The immune response 

leads to swelling and 

PAM (Marshall, et al, 

1997). N. fowleri is the 

only member of the 

species known to be 

pathogenic to humans. 

Clinical signs of 

infection include 

headache, nausea, 

vomiting, high fever, 

lethargy, coma, 

seizures, and 

eventually death due to

infection and swelling 

of brain tissue 

(Marshall, et al, 1997). 

The average time for 

onset of symptoms is 4 

days. Mean time 

between onset of 

symptoms and death is 

6.4 days (Parija and 

Jaykeerthee, 1999 

Marshall, et al, 1997). 

The short onset period 

and symptoms mimic 

the flu, allergic reaction 

or hangover from 

alcohol. As a result, 

many cases have been 

misdiagnosed or not 

treated in time. 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA-815-R-09-011

Summary of Nominations August 2009

A2-11

Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations 

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial 

Contaminant 

(organism or 

toxin)

Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional 

Information

Universe PCCL Draft 

CCL 

3 

Final CCL 

3 

Norovirus AWWA Infection lasts 12-60 hours and is 

characterized by sudden onset of 

nausea, vomiting, and watery 

diarrhea. Norovirus is highly 

infective and can be of increased 

risk for complications because of 

volume depletion and electrolyte 

disturbances

Yes Yes (as 

Calicivirus)

Norwalk and other 

Caliciviruses

ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

Rotavirus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

Toxoplasma 

gondii

AWWA Infectious in healthy adults are 

usually asymptomatic however, 

severe disease can occur in 

immunocompromised individuals 

and newborns.Wide spectrum of 

clinical disease occurs in 

congenitally infected 

children.Toxoplasmic encephalitis 

[TE] is a serious clinical 

complication in 

immunocompromised patients 

especially AIDS

In certain areas of Brazil, 

approximately 60% of 6-8 year 

old children have antibodies to T 

gondii linked to the ingestion of 

oocysts in a heavily contaminated 

environment with T. gondii 

ooocysts.An outbreak of 

tosoplasmosis in humans of a 

western Canadian city was linked 

epidemiologically to oocyst 

contamination of a municipal 

water supply. Between 2894 and 

7718 persons were considered to 

have acquired T. gondii 

infections. 100 cases of acute 

toxoplasmosis were reported in 

patients 8-63 years of age. 

Although oocysts were not 

identified in the municipal 

reservoir, runoff from soil 

contaminated with feces of 

infected domestic cats or cougars 

was considered the likely 

source.31 infected young army 

recruits on a jungle exercise in 

Panama. Numerous reports exist 

of T. gondii infections in marine 

mammals including sea otters, 

dolphins, seals, whales. 

Severity of health 

effects on children

Yes Yes 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

Summary of Nominations 

A3-1 

Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

Draft 

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96184 1,2,3-

Trichloropropane 

[NJDEP] None Provided. NJ study: Detected in excess of healthbased drinking water guidance value in 

30 of 2,640 private wells and 11 of approximately 260 community water systems between 1999 and 2004 in NJ SOC Waiver Program sampling. [NJDEP] 

Yes Yes 

123911 1,4-Dioxane [NYDOH] [EPA 

Region 3] 

Liver and kidney are target organs. Animal studies indicate liver and nasal cancer. IARC: Possibly carcinogenic. EPA: take immediate action of levels exceed 600 ug/L. New York State: MCL = 50 ug/L. California has action level of 3 ug/L. [NYDOH] 

One CERCLA remediation site knownBally site in PA, others may be associated with and TCE site. [EPA Region 3] 

Yes Yes 

611596 1,7-Dimethylxanthine No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

57910 17a-Estradiol [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 57636 17a-Ethynyl estradiol (Fent et al., 

2006) 

No. Screening Category = Screening Category 1. 

Removal efficiency in sewage plants: influent concentration: 0.003 μg/L, effluent concentration: 0.0004 μg/L, maximum removal: 85% (Fent et al., 2006) 

Yes Yes 

50282 17b-Estradiol [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 68224 19-Norethisterone [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 90120 1-Methylnaphthalene Serdar, D, et al. 

(1999); Diesel fuel widely used and released. [ASDWA] 

None Provided. 5/12 detection frequency from lake water 

(range of concentrations 0.0016 - 0.012 ug/L). Six samples taken at two sampling events for a total of 12 samples. (Serdar et al 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. [ASDWA] 

Yes Yes 

91576 2-Methylnaphthalene Serdar, D, et al. 

(1999) 

None Provided. 5/12 detection frequency from lake water 

(range of concentrations 0.0016 - 0.012 ug/L). Six samples taken at two sampling events for a total of 12 samples. (Serdar et al 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. [ASDWA] 

Yes Yes 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

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A3-2 

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Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

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77439760 3-Chloro-4-

(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanone 

Wright et al 2002; Krasner et al 2006 

None Provided. 27.5 ng/L mean, 79.9 ng/L max (Wright 

et al, 2002)20 ng/L med, 310 ng/L max (Krasner et al, 2006) 

Yes Yes 

80057 4,4'-(1-

Methylethylidene)bisphenol (Bisphenol A) 

In-text reference cited by NRDC: "Cousins et al., 2002". AlonsoMagdalena, et al. 2006. Hunt, et al. 2003P SugiuraOgasawara et al. 2005 Occurrence Data Citations: Biles et al. 1997 Fromme et al 2002 

LOEL 20 ug/kg; effect decrease in testicular weight and daily sperm production in adult rats fed BPA for 6 days and observed for 18 weeks.[Sakaue et al 2001]. LOAEL 100 ug/kg-day for 4 days in mice by oral administration; effect: insulin resistance/ intolerance (cited in AlonsoMagdalena et al., 2006, original source vom Saal and Hughes 2005). LOAEL Rapid nongenomic effect at a subcutaneousdose of 10 μg/kg/day, which produces 2.5-fold increase in plasma insulin and a 20% decrease in blood glucose levels, 30 min after its application; delivering BPA either via injection or through oral intake, induced insulin resistance at doses much lower than the LOAEL used up to now (50 mg/kg/day) (Alonso-Magdalena et al., 2006). BPA conc. of 0.02–0.04 mg/kg body weight/day elicited significant meiotic aneuploidy (Hunt et al., 2003). Elevated serum concentrations of BPA are associated with miscarraige (SugiuraOgasawara et al., 2005). 

Release (U.S) = 1.4 million pounds (2004); 3,538 pounds released directly to water; 132,262 pounds released to the air. [NRDC] Conc. in surface water = 0.0005-0.41 ug/L; [NRDC] Median reported water concentration = 0.5 ug/l (below the detection limit of the studies) and a 90th percentile = 4.4 ug/l (Cousins et al., 2002). Half-life = 4.5 days in surface water; sol.300 g/m3; Log Kow=3.4; HLC (dimensionless) -9.01; HLC 4.03 E-6 Pa m3/mol; Koc 640-930. (Cousins et al., 2002). Production volume = 350 000 t/year (cited in Sugiura-Ogasawara et al., 2005, original sources Biles et al., 1997; Olea et al., 1996; Biles et al., 1999). Conc. in surface water = 0.0005-0.41 mg/L ; Conc. in sewage effluents = 0.018-0.702 mg/L; Conc. in sediments = 0.01-0.19mg/kg; Conc. in sewage sludge = 0.004-1.363 mg/kg dw. (Fromme et al., 2002). 

Yes Yes 

3380345 5-Chloro-2-(2,4-

dichlorophenoxy)-phenol (Triclosan) 

(Boyd et al., 2004); (Halden et al., 2005); (Lorraine et al., 2006); (Latch et al., 2004); (Rule et al., 2005) 

(Triclosan) acts as by inhibiting bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Triclosan is not banned or restricted as with the other organochlorine compounds included in the test set, as the traditional toxicity test indicate a low toxic effect, with an acute oral LD50 of approx. 4000 mg/kg in rat and mouse, Jinno et al., 1997, (Jacobs et al., 2005). 

Triclosan was detected in Louisiana sewage treatment plant effluent at 10-21 ng/l. Boyd (2004) reported triclosan concentrations of ND – 29 ng/l in two stormwater canals in New Orleans. ' Annual loadings of antimicrobials (triclocarbon, TCC and triclosan, TCS) to water resources is as follows: activated sludge treatment plants (39-67%) followed by trickling filters (31-45%), and combined and sanitary sewer 

Yes Yes 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

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A3-3 

Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

Draft 

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overflows(2-7% and 0.2%) respectivley. The water solubility of TCS is 1.97-4.6 mg/L at 25 degrees C. A strong positive linear correlation was observed between TCC and TCS occurrences across all aquatic environments and water types we examined in a concentration range spanning 5 orders of magnitude. Regression analysis of these data resulted in the empirical model: Log10 Crcc = 0.9491 Log10 Crcs (Halden, 2005).  'Triclosan was detected in most canal waters at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. The median triclosan concentration in Lake waters (4.6 ng/l) was lower compared to canal waters (15 and 15.2 ng/l) and contributed to the possible removal degradation process (Boyd, et al. 2004).  'Occurence of triclosan in raw drinking water was as follows: 4 out of 13 sample contained triclosan; mean detected = 0.515 μg/L, MDL = 0.096, range 0.326-0.818 μg/L. Occurence of triclosan in finished drinking water was as follows: 1 out of 15 samples, mean detected = 0.734μg/L, no range, no MDL. Occurence of triclosan in reclaimed wastewater was as follows: 3 out of 6 samples, mean detected = 1.43 μg/L, MDL 0.25 μg/L, range = 0.28-2.11 μg/L, total mean 0.71 μg/L, literature values = 0.04-0.21 μg/L. Average triclosan concentrations (μg/L ) in raw drinking water (RDW), reclaimed water (RW) and wastewater influent (WWI) in the dry season and wet season: RDW dry = 0.73, RDW wet = ND, RW dry = 2.0, RW wet = 0.28, WWI dry = 0.45, WWI wet = 0.30 (Lorraine et al., 2006). In a recent reconnaissance for PPCPs, the USGS detected triclosan in 57% of the 139 streams tested. (Latch et al., 2004). 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

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A3-4 

Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

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Surveys have measured triclosan in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) influents at levels ranging from 0.0062 to 21.9 μg/L. Reported WWTP effluent concentrations range from 0.042 to 22.1 μg/L (Rule, et al., 2005). 

298464 5Hdibenz[b,f]azepine-5-

carboxamide 

Stackelberg et al. 2004; Benotti, et al. 2005; Potency: RTECS; Severity: PEDIAU Pediatrics. (American Academy of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 1034, Evanston, IL 60204) V.1- 1948- Volume(issue)/page/year 73,841,1984; Prevalence/ Magnitude: NREC. 

None Provided. Highest concentration in finished water: 

0.258 ug/l (Stackelberg et al. 2004) Long Island Ground Water Shallow wellmedian concentration in NG/L = 57.9; Shallow well Freq. of Detect (n=20) = 50; Deep-well median conc. (ng/l) = 3.8; Deep well Freq of detect (n=52) = 55.8. Jamaica Bay Conclusions: Measured effluent conc ng/l 65.3; Dynamic Range 66.6; Microbrial Degradation (amount of spike removed in 4 weeks) <5% (Benotti, et al.2005) 

Yes Yes 

15972608 Alachlor Barbash et al 

2001 

None Provided. Detection in ground water at 

concentrations >1 ug/L. (Barbash et al 2001). 

Reg Reg 

142363539 Alachlor 

ethanesulfonic acid 

USGS & NYS DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 

greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

171262172 Alachlor oxanilic acid USGS & NYS 

DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 

greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

18559949 Albuterol No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

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Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

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116063 Aldicarb Fiore et al 1986 

Hajoui et al 1992 Smulders 2003 

Statistically significant negative correlation was noted between household well aldicarb levels (ppb) and T4:T8 ratio values (r = -0.34, P < 0.02). Statistically significant negative correlation was observed between average daily aldicarb ingestion (txg/day) and T4:T8 ratio values (r = -0.30, P < 0.05). When average aldicarb ingestion values (ixg/day) are grouped into three dose categories (no aldicarb, 0.3-10.0 and 10.1 to 48.3 txg/day), this doseresponse trend is evident. Significant positive correlations were noted between average daily aldicarb ingestion (p~g/day) and both the Candida proliferation assays (r = +0.42, P < 0.01) and the Candida stimulation indices (r = +0.37, P < 0.01). No significant correlations were noted for the other antigen or mitogen assays. (Fiore 1986) IC50 > 1 mM. (Smulders 2003) 

More than 1100 wells tested positive for aldicarb residues above 7 ppb in New York's Suffolk County. First detected in Wisconsin groundwater, more than 300 wells have tested positive for aldicarb residues at levels ranging from I to I00 ppb. (Fiore 1986) Detected in well water near potato fields in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes at low levels of up to 6 ppb, exceptionally reaching as high as 30 ppb. (Hajoui et al 1992) 

Reg Reg 

1646884 Aldicarb sulfone USEPA 2000a; 

Mays et al. 1985; Schleien 1992; USEPA 1999; Parsa 1998; Focazio et al. 2001; USEPA 2000b; Szabo et al. 2005 (AWWA) 

Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kg/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic or carcinogenic.  (AWWA) 

Degrades mainly by biodegradations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ratio in groundwater (AWWA) 

Reg Reg 

1646873 Aldicarb sulfoxide Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, 

mg/kg/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effect with both long-term and single-dose administration is acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic or carcinogenic.  (AWWA) 

Degrades mainly by biodegradations and hydrolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ratio in groundwater (AWWA) 

Reg Reg 

319846 Alpha-HCH AWWA. Can cause respiratory difficulty, skin 

irritation, skin senitization scabis and pediculosis. (AWWA) 

Hydrolysis half life ranges between 92 to 71 hours in natural waters (but may be even slower). A Canadian study found levels in finished water. (AWWA) 

Yes Yes 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

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A3-6 

Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

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7790989 Ammonium 

perchlorate 

Blount et al., 2006Brechner et al., 2000Schwartz et al, 2001U.S. Government Accountability Office May 2005[NRDC] 

DWEL of 24.5 ppb is inadequate (Blount et al., 2006; Brechner et al., 2000; Schwartz et al, 2001) 

Detected in PWSs of 26 states and two territories under UCMR 1. Detections range from 4 - 420 ppb; mean = 10 ppb. 109 sites of known perchlorate releases in 29 states (U.S. Government Accountability Office May 2005, [NRDC]) 

Yes Yes 

64285069 Anatoxin-a (Fischer et al., 

in press); (Batista et al., 2003); (Gilroy et al., 2000); (USEPA 2006) [AWWA]; [ASDWA] 

NOAEL 0.5 mg/kg-day (no observed effect); RfD 5x10-4 mg/kg-day (subchronic) (USEPA 2006). WHO guidance value for drinking water 1.0 μg MC-LR/l [AWWA] 

None Provided. Yes Yes 

1912249 Atrazine Barbash et al 

2001 USGS & NYS DEC 1998 

None Provided. Detection in ground water at 

concentrations >1 ug/L. (Barbash et al 2001) Maximum concentrations in well water 1-10 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Reg Reg 

86500 Azinphos-methyl Souza et al 

2004 Dabrowski et al 2005 Rothlein et al 2006 

repro-placental enyzymatic activity. Presence in 66% of the groundwater 

samples analysed (Souza et al 2005) Detected in carpet dust samples from 18 out of 26 farmworkers’ homes (69%) at median concentration of 5.30 μg/g. LO D for AZM is reported as 0.1ug/g (Rothlein et al. 2006) Ambient concentrations: 0.1-1.7 ug/L (Dabrowski 2005) IRED EEC 16 ppb/ 0.27-7.2 ppb high ann mean. Use - apples4X peaches in IRED - COULD NOT FIND THIS IN ORIGINAL REFERENCES 

Yes Yes 

25057890 Bentazone Long term studies have not indicated a 

carcinogenic potential. (AWWA) 

Broad specturm herbicide used on a variety of crops - very mobile in soils and moderately persistent in the environment.(AWWA) 

Yes Yes 
EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: 

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85687 Benzyl butyl 

phthalate (BBP) 

IPCS INCHEM 1999Lorraine et al., 2006 Gray et al. 2000Gray et al. 2006Serda 

Oral LD50 values for rats from 2 to 20 g/kg body weight, weight loss, apathy, leukocytosis, toxic splenitis and degenerative lesions of the central nervous system with congestive encephalopathy, myelin degeneration, and glial proliferation; detected in one sample in Canada at 2.8 μg/litre (IPCS INCHEM 1999)0.75 g severaly alters sexual differentiation in male rat; proposed preliminary PE-TEDs = 1; Reduced pup weight at birth; As infants, males displayed female-like areolas/nipples; 84% of males with malformations; every reproductive organ significantly affected in male offspring (Gray et al. 2000)LDRE/LDHC = 250/750; High-dose AGD effect, % (mg/kg/day) = 25 (750); Hypospadias at high doses (%) = 30; Cryptorchidism at high doses (%) = 50; Epididymal agenesis at high doses (%) = 65 (Gray et al. 2006). 

1) Occurrence and concentrations of BBP in Raw Drinking Water: Occurrences = 2 of 13 samples; MDL = 0.033 μg/L; mean detected = 0.622 μg/L; range = 0.053-1.19 μg/L; total mean = 0.96 μg/L; literature values = 2.95 μg/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrations of BBP in Finished Drinking Water: Occurrence = 5 out of 15 samples; mean = 0.552 μg/L; range = 0.056-0.911; total mean = 0.1184 μg/L; literature values = 0.7. 4) Average BBP concentration in the dry season (August to November) and the wet season (January to June): Raw Drinking Water dry = 0.62 (0.05-1.19) μg/L; Raw Drinking Water Wet = ND; Reclaimed Water Dry = 0.65 μg/L; Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; Wastewater Influent Dry = 3.50 (2.93-4.07); Wastewater Influent Wet = ND (Lorraine et al., 2006).Water sample concentrations: 0.036 ug/L to 0.5 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999)Concentrations in surface waters generally less than 1 μg/L. Manufacturing facilities released 176 tonnes to the environment in 1993, with about 99% released to the atmosphere; Half-life 1-7 days (IPCS INCHEM 1999) Mississippi River south of St. Louis: up to 2.4 ug/l. Environmental levels of BBP averaged less than 1 ug/l. Residues of BBP in Natural Waters: Waukehagn Harbor, IL, 11/8/77, 0.25 ug/l; Waukegean Creek, IL, 11/8/77, 0.23 ug/l; Up. Saginaw River, MI, 11/10/77, 0.43 ug/l; Low. Saginaw River, MI, 11/10/77, 0.43 ug/l; Illinois River, IL, 11/14/77, 0.47 ug/l; Meramec River, MO, 11/14/77, 0.38 ug/l; Missouri River, St. Louis, MO, 11/16/77, 0.2 ug/l; Missouri River, Weldon, MO, 11/16/77, 0.25 ug/l; Mississippi River N. St. Louis, MO, 11/30/77 0.30 ug/l; Misssissippi S St. Louis, MO, 11/30/77, 2.4 ug/l, San Francisco Bay, ND (Gledhill et al. 1980). 

Yes Yes 

98136993 Bromochloroacetalde 

hyde 

[Krasner et al.06] 

None Provided. "sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med, 

20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06] 

5589968 Bromochloroacetic 

acid 

DBP ICR None Provided. 72% det; 2.8 u(m?)g/L med; 41.9 ug/L 

max 

Yes 
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83463621 Bromochloroaceto 

nitrile 

Muellner et al, 2007; DBP ICR 

in vitro data from Muellner et al, 2007 62% Det, 1.00 ug/L med, 13.4 ug/L max 

(DBP ICR) 

Yes Yes 

26482315 Bromochloronitro 

methane 

Plewa2004A; DeAngelo? [EPA Research on HE]; [Krasner et al.06] 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data "sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent. 

med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et al.06] 

71133147 Bromodichloroacetic 

acid 

DBP ICR None Provided. 75% det; med 0; max 32 ug/L Yes 

918014 Bromodichloronitro 

methane 

Plewa2004A Plewa2004A has in vitro data None Provided. Yes Yes 

563702 Bromonitromethane Plewa2004A; 

DeAngelo? [EPA Research on HE] 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data "sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent. 

med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 [Krasner et al.06] 

Yes 

1689845 Bromoxynil http://pmep.cce.

cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24dcaptan/bromoxynil-ext.html

Dogs fed bromoxynil for 90 days at low doses showed unspecified adverse effects at and above 5 mg/kg. In the same type of test, the compound had no observable effect on rats at or below a 16.6 mg/kg/day dose (1). In another study at low doses (up to 50 mg/kg), rats developed no significant abnormalities. In other tests with rats administered low doses (up to 5 mg/kg) for up to two years, there were no significant changes in blood chemistry or in urine. In one documented case of chronic exposure of humans, workers showed symptoms of weight loss, fever, vomiting, headache and urinary problems. Chronic exposure for these four individuals had lasted for about one year. Suspected teratogen, produced birth defects in rats at low oral doses (above 35 mg/kg); compound toxic to mother and fetus at these low doses as well. Toxic effects included abnormal rib formation, and reduced fetal weight. Newborn rabbits had birth defects when bromoxynil was administered to pregnant 

0.046 ppb - 95%ile (AWWA) Yes Yes 
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mothers at doses above 30 mg/kg. In the rabbit, birth defects included changes in bone formation in the skull and hydrocephaly. The available evidence indicates that bromoxynil may pose a teratogenic risk to humans. (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/bromoxynil-ext.html) RfD (EPA, mg/kg/d)=0.02. Developmental or reproductive toxin, moderate acute (PAN) 

63252 Carbaryl USEPA. Interim 

Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Carbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct 22, 2004WHO, USGS (AWWA) 

Primary mode of toxic action is through cholinesterase inhibition (ChEI) after single or multiple exposures; Cancer: Q1* for carbaryl is 8.75 x 10-4 (mg/kg/day)-1; Acute Dietary general population (including infants and children) NOAEL = 1, UF = 100; Chronic Dietary (all populations) LOAEL = 3.1, UF = 300. (USEPA. Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Carbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct 22, 2004)'WHO 10-6 cancer risk 40 μg/L. 

Thus, 10-4 cancer risk is 4,000 ug/L. (AWWA) 

Based on available usage information for the years 1992 through 2001, an annual estimate of total carbaryl domestic usage in agriculture averaged approximately 1.9 million pounds of active ingredient for over 1.3 million acres treated. In 1998, Bayer had estimated approximately 3.9 million pounds total active ingredient sold. The most recent data available to EPA reflects a decline in agricultural usage; carbaryl usage for 2001 was between 1 to 1.5 million pounds active ingredient; Out of 5220 surface water samples analyzed, about 21% (1082) had detections greater than the minimum detection limit (0.063 ppb). The maximum observed concentration for carbaryl in surface water from the non-targeted USGS NAWQA study is 5.5 ppb. Concentrations were low (roughly 0.002 to 0.031 ppb) in raw water and generally lower in treated drinking water; however, the highest concentration detected were in finished drinking water (0.181 ppb); Carbaryl was reported in the raw water of all four community water systems (CWSs) selected to represent impacts from home and garden uses. Concentrations measured in raw water at these sites were low (roughly 0.002 to 0.044 ppb), and detection frequencies ranged from approximately 1 to 20%; In groundwater, US EPA’s Pesticides in Groundwater Database reports carbaryl 

Yes Yes 
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detections in only 0.4% of wells sampled in several states (i.e., California, Missouri, New York, and Rhode Island) as a result of normal agricultural use. Although the maximum concentration detected was 610 ppb in a well in New York, the typical measured concentrations were orders of magnitude lower. The EPA STORET database contains 9389 records showing analysis for carbaryl. Of these, only four reported concentrations above the detection limits, all from one well in Oklahoma in 1988, with concentrations between 0.8 and 1 ppb. In the USGS NAWQA program, 1.1% of groundwater samples recorded results above the detection limit (0.003 ppb), with a maximum concentration of 0.021 ppb. (USEPA. Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Carbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct 22, 2004) 

6804075 Carbodox (Mackie et al, 

2006); 

Carcinogen.[Health Canada] None Provided. Yes Yes 

16887006 Chloride NYCDEP 2004, 

(Kaushal et al., 2005);( Hesig et al., 2000) 

Increases in salinity up to 1000 mg/L can have leathal or sub-lethal effects on aquatic plants and invertebrates and chronic concentrations of chloride as low as 250 mg/L have been recognized as harmful to freshwater life and not potable for humans (Kaushal et al., 2005). 

Surface water: 7.3 - 83.03 mg/L (NYCDEP 2004) In the White Mountains (NH), chloride concentrations in some rural streams now exceed 100 mg/L on a seasonal basis, which is similar to the salt of the Hudson River Estuary. In the Baltimore area, streams with high levels of choloride were associated with impervious surfaces and in many suburban and urban streams now already exceed the maximum limit of 250 mg/L (Kaushal et al., 2005). 

The concentrations of chloride in baseflow streams sampled in this study ranged from 1.8-280 mg/L (Hesig et al., 2000). 

Yes Yes 
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1794849 Chloronitromethane Plewa2004A; 

DeAngelo ??[EPA Research on HE]; [Krasner et al.06] 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data "sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent. 

med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et al.06] 

1897456 Chlorothalonil AWWA. None Provided. half-lives ranging between 0.2 - 9 days 

(AWWA) chronic EEC 1.3 to 23 ppb; mobile, not persistent. 

Yes Yes 

2921882 Chlorpyrifos Makris 1998 

EPA 2000; WHO (AWWA) 

Prenatal: Maternal NOEL 0.1 & LOEL 3 (plasma and RBC ChEI); Fetal NOEL greater than equal to 15 (No developmental toxicity observed (fetal ChEI not assessed). Multi-generation repduction: Parental NOEL 0.1 & LOEL 1.0 (plasma and RBC ChEI; histopathology of adrenal in&s; at 5.0 mg/kg/day: brain ChEI), Offspring NOEL 1.0 & LOEL 5.0 (pup weight and survival decreased; ChEI not assessed in pups). No subchronic neurotoxicity. 28-day human oral c: Acute NOEL 01., UF 10, & RfD 0.01, Chronic NOEL 0.03, UF 10, & RfD 0.003. (Makris 1998) Dev neurotoxin. Classified as "moderately hazardous" and has a recommended drinking water guideline of 30 ppb. (AWWA) 

USGS 6% prev/PRZM/EXAMS est.6.7 ppb. 

Yes Yes 

57625 Chlortetracycline (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

57885 Cholesterol [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

85721331 Cipro-floxacin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

53418 cis-Androsterone [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 76573 Codeine No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

360689 Coprostanol [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
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486566 Cotinine No None Provided. None Provided. 

143545908 Cylindrospermopsin (Fischer et al., 

in press); (Batista et al., 2003); (Gilroy et al., 2000) (USEPA 2006); [AWWA]; [ASDWA] 

LOAEL 60ug/kg-day; NOAEL 30 ug/kgday; RfD 3x10-5 mg/kg-day (sub-chronic increased kidney weight) (USEPA 2006). WHO guidance value for drinking water 1.0 μg MC-LR/l [AWWA] 

None Provided. Yes Yes 

67035227 Dehydronifedipine No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

1007289 Deisopropylatrazine USGS & NYS 

DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 1-

10 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

6190654 Desethylatrazine None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
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84742 Di(n-butyl) phthalate Serdar et al. 

1999 Lehmann et al. 2004 Lorraine et al. 2006 Swan et al. 2005 

endocrine disruptor [NRDC] prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan et al. 2005) For rats: LDRE = 50; LDHC = 500. Oral DBP treatments fail to accelerate vaginal opening or induce constant oestrus in the intact female rat. For Rabbits: In rabbits exposed to 400 mg DBP kg/day in utero, (GD 15-29), male offspring exhibited reduced numbers of ejaculated sperm (down 43%), testis weights (at 12 weeks, down 23%) and accesroy sex gland weights (at 12 and 25 weeks down 36% and 25% respectivley). DBP caused an increase from 16% to 30%, p , 0.01 of abnormal sperm were present in 1/17 DBP-treated male rabbits (Gray et al., 2005). Fetal testicular testostorone was significantly reduced at DBP doses> 50 mg/kg/day. Our results establish 50 mg DBP/kg/day as the LOEL and 10 mg DBP/kg/day as the NOAEL for reductions in genes and proteins associated with testosterone production together with reductions in intra-testicular testosterone (Lehmann et al., 2004). 

 1) Occurrence and concentrations of dibutyl phthalate in Raw Drinking Water: Occurrences = 4 of 13 samples; MDL = 1.35 μg/L; mean detected = 5.00 μg/L; range = 1.44-8.34 μg/L; total mean = 1.54 μg/L; literature values = 0.0.12-8.8 μg/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrations of dibutyl phthalate in Finished Drinking Water: Occurrence = 1 out of 15 samples; mean = 2.73 μg/L; range = N/A; total mean = 0.18 μg/L. 3) dibutyl phthalate in Reclaimed Wastewater: Occurrences = 1 of 6 samples; MDL = 2.70 μg/L; mean detected = 3.71 μg/L; range = N/A; total mean = 0.352 μg/L; literature values = N/A. 4) Average dibutyl phthalate concentration in the dry season (August to November) and the wet season (January to June): Raw Drinking Water dry = 5.00 (1.44-8.3) μg/L; Raw Drinking Water Wet = ND; Reclaimed Water Dry = 3.71 μg/L; Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; Wastewater Influent Dry = 7.54; Wastewater Influent Wet = 214.6 (Lorraine et al., 2006). Water sample concentrations: 0.16 ug/L to 0.2 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999) Produced at over one million pounds per year [NRDC] DBP in raw and finished drinking water samples [NRDC] DBP was found in only minor concentrations. Surface water concentrations were from 0.12 to 8.80 ug/l-1 (median = 0.50 ug/l -1) for DBP. Out of 39 sewage works outlet samples, DBP could be measured in 34. A large range, from 0.2 to 10.4 ug/l-1 was seen for outlet levels (Fromme et al., 2000). Mean recoveries (%) from water: 104; RSD = 0.3. Minimum Detectable Quantities (MDQ)and limits of detection of the analytical method (LDM): MDQ = 0.003 ng; LDM for water = 0.006 ug/L (Vitali et al., 1997). 

Yes Yes 
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3397624 Diaminochlorotriazine None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

333415 Diazinon Serdar et al. 

1999 Frans 2004 

None Provided. Concentrations of diazinon above 

recommended maximum concentrations; ambient water samples range from 0.023 - 0.42 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999) Ambient water concentration range: 0.008-0.586 ug/L (Frans 2004) 

Yes Yes 

3039132 Dibromoacetaldehyde [Krasner et 

al.06] 

None Provided. "sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med, 

20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06] 

5278955 Dibromochloroacetic 

acid 

DBP ICR None Provided. 31% Det; 0.00 med; 22 ug/L max Yes 

1184890 Dibromochloronitro 

methane 

Plewa2004A; DeAngelo ??[EPA Research on HE] [Krasner et al.06] 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data "sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent. 

med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et al.06] 

598914 Dibromonitromethane Plewa2004A Plewa2004A has in vitro data None Provided. Yes Yes 
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1918009 Dicamba Rowland 1998; 

USEPA 1998; Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997; USGS 1998; Grover et al. 1997; SERA 1994b; Miller et al. 1995; Ritter et al. 1996; Majewski and Capel 1995. 

EC50 values for sensitive species between 0.1 and 0.2 ppm (ecological value); acute oral LD50 of 2740 mg/kg in rats. (AWWA) 

Dicamba was detected in 0.32% of stream samples and 0.12% of samples from major aquifers (USGS 1998) highest level detected was 0.00016 mg/L. In an agricultural area where herbicides are used extensively, dicamba was found in 17%- 55% of water samples from farm ponds and dugout waters (Grover et al. 1997). USGS (1998) found dicamba in 0.11%-0.15% of the groundwaters surveyed. The maximum level detected was 0.0025 mg/L no apparent correlation between the prevalence of dicamba in groundwater from agricultural areas (0.11%) compared with non-agricultural urban areas (0.35%). Several additional studies summarized in SERA (1994b) and studies published in the more recent liberature (Miller et al. 1995, Ritter et al. 1996) report higher frequencies of occurrence of dicamba in groundwater from agricultural areas. (AWWA) 

Yes Yes 

79027 Dichloroacetaldehyde Krasner et al 

2006 

None Provided. 1 ug/L med, 14 ug/L max (Krasner et al 

2006) 

Yes Yes 

7119893 Dichloronitromethane Plewa2004A; 

DeAngelo ??[EPA Research on HE]; [Krasner et al.06] 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data "sum of halonitromethanes" in effluent. 

med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner et al.06] 
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62737 Dichlorvos (DDVP) Leiss&Savitz 

1995Brown et al. 1990NTP 1995 

Known carcinogen in animals; associated with leukemia in adult men; several cases of childhood leukemia following exposure to dichlorvos. (Leiss & Savitz 1995)Odds Rations (ORs) for leukemia for subjects who ever personally mixed, handled, or applied dichlorvos (for subjects who first mixed, handled, or applied these insecticide at least 20 years before interview): Without latency considerations, significantly elevated risks were seen (OR 2.0), Significantly elevated risks by histological type (without latency considerations) were seen for CLL among persons who ever handled the dichlorvos (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.6; 11 cases) and for CML among farmers who ever handled dichlorvos (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0-10.6; 4 cases); risks were greatest for subjects who handled the insecticide for >10 days/year; ORs for the most frequent users were significantly elevated for dichlorvos (OR 3.8). (Brown et al. 1990)Using more current EPA data than the 2000 USEPA. HED preliminary risk assessment for Dichlorvos.NTP clear evidence 

USDA’s Pesticide Data Program water monitoring data were available and all samples had non-detectable residues (LODs ranged from 6 to 22.5 ppt) and were not considered sufficiently representative; Dichlorvos appears to degrade through aerobic soil metabolism and abiotic hydrolysis, but is secondary to volatilization. Hydrolysis is pH dependant where the half lives were 11 days at pH 5, 5 days at pH 7 and 21 hours at pH 9. (USEPA Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Dichlorvos DDVP 2006) 

Yes Yes 
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115322 Dicofol Hoekstra 

2006Thibaut et al 2004OPP 1998 

The o,p'- and p,p'-substituted isomers of dicofol were found to induce bgalactosidase production and/or transactivation using the yeast-based steroid hormone receptor gene transcription assay; EC50 for activity of p,p'- and (±)-o,p'-dicofol was 4.2x10-6 and 1.6x10-6 M, respectively, which were significantly greater than the EC50 for (+)-17b-estradiol (3.7x10-10 M). Enantiomer-specific activity of o,p'-dicofol with the hER (assumed from bgalactosidase activity) was observed. The b-galactosidase induction by (-)-o,p'-dicofol (EC50: 5.1x10-7 M) was greater than the racemic mixture. (Hoekstra 2006)Dicofol at a concentration of 100 uM significantly inhibited the synthesis of T by 16%; The strongest inhibitor was dicofol, at a concentration of 100 uM led to 90% inhibition; Concerning the synthesis of 5 -DHT, dicofol was the strongest inhibitor (74%). Significantly inhibited T glucuronidation (81% inhibition; IC50 293±11 uM) with no significant effect on E2-UGT (Thibaut et al 2004) 

Since the first-order degradation halflives for dicofol in water is <1–85 days (pH 5–9), it is unlikely that environmental concentrations will meet or exceed the threshold values calculated in this study. (Hoekstra 2006)SciGrow90d avg peak = 0.69; Mean SW = 0.5 ppb 

Yes Yes 
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84662 Diethyl phthalate 

(DEP) 

Serdar et al. 1999 Vitali et.al, 1997Lorraine et al. 2006Swan et al. 

prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan et al. 2005) 

Water sample concentrations: 0.015 ug/L to 0.34 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999). 1) Occurrence and concentrations of DEP in Raw Drinking Water: Occurrences = 2 of 13 samples; MDL = 0.49 μg/L; mean detected = 1.20 μg/L; range = 0.899-1.49 μg/L; total mean = 0.096 μg/L; literature values = 0.16-0.3 μg/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrations of DEPin Finished Drinking Water: Occurrence = 1 out of 15 samples; mean = 2.47 μg/L; range = N/A; total mean = 0.16 μg/L. 3) DEP in Reclaimed Wastewater: Occurrences = 1 of 6 samples; MDL = 0.97 μg/L; mean detected = 2.10 μg/L; range = N/A; total mean = 0.394μg/L; literature values = N/A. 4) Average DEP concentration in the dry season (August to November) and the wet season (January to June): Raw Drinking Water dry = 1.49 μg/L; Raw Drinking Water Wet = 0.90; Reclaimed Water Dry = 2.10 μg/L; Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; Wastewater Influent Dry = 14.8 (6.31-23.7); Wastewater Influent Wet = 7.5 (5.3-9.7) (Lorraine et al., 2006). Mean recoveries (%) from water: 78; RSD = 0.8. Minimum Detectable Quantities (MDQ)and limits of detection of the analytical method (LDM): MDQ = 0.004 ng; LDM for water = 0.008 ug/L (Vitali et al., 1997). 

Yes Yes 

1672464 Digoxigenin No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

20830755 Digoxin No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
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28553120 Diisononyl phthalate 

(DINP) 

Gray et al. 2000 Swan et al. 2005 [NRDC] 

Reduced pregnancy weight gain to gesgational day 21 by 14 grams; 22% of infant males displayed female-like areolas/nipples; 7.7% of males with malformations; maternal treatment (0.75 g/kg/day from GD 14 to day 3 of lactation) significantly increased the incidence of male offpsring with reproductive malformations on an individual (Gray et al. 2000) DINP produced in volumes of over 1 million pounds per year [NRDC] endocrine disruptor [NRDC] prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan et al. 2005) 

The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the European Chemicals Bureau has estimated a half life in surface water for DINP of 50 days. According to the IHCP, 82 percent of any DINP discharged by sewage treatment plants will be adsorbed on to sludge, 10 percent will be degraded and 1 percent will be stripped to air. The remaining 7 percent will be released in the effluent. [NRDC] 

Yes Yes 

108203 Diisopropyl ether [NYDOH] ; 

NEIWPCC, 2001) 

Animal studies have indicated that ethers have toxic effects such as “increased adrenal gland, liver, kidney weights and neurological effects" NEIWPCC, 2001. 

Water solubility(Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = 9000@ 20 degrees C, 2039; Log Kow = 1.52; Henrys Law Kh (atm-m3)/(gmole) = {9.97E-3, 4.77E-3, 5.87E-3}; Henry's Law Dimensionless(h/rt) = {4.045E-1, 1.95E1, 2.399E-1}; Log Koc {1.82, 1.46} NEIWPCC, 2001. 

Yes Yes 

42399417 Diltiazem No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

564250 Doxy-cycline (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

76420729 Enalaprilat No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

115297 Endosulfan Wilson & 

LeBlanc 1998 Sinha et al 1997 

Sinha et al 1991 Lakshmana & Raju 1994 USEPA 2002. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan

Chronic Dietary: NOAEL = 0.6, UF = 100, FQPA SF = 10, LOAEL = 2.9 mg/kg/day based on reduced body weight gain, enlarged kidneys, increased incidences of marked progressive glomerulonephrosis; & blood vessel aneurysms in male rats; Chronic RfD = 0.006 mg/kg/day cPAD = 0.0006 mg/kg/day. Endosulfan is highly toxic following acute oral exposure and moderately toxic following acute inhalation exposure. In rats, oral median 

The STORET data are not reliable enough to enable an accurate quantitative assessment of the endosulfan distribution throughout the U.S., but it does give some insight into where endosulfan is being found. The mean concentration found in this data is 0.17 ppb, with a standard deviation of 0.98 ppb. The 90th percentile value (one in ten year value) was 0.31 ppb and the median value was 0.03 ppb. The Pesticides in Ground Water Database 

Yes Yes 
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lethal doses (LD50 values) are 82 mg/kg (males) and 30 mg/kg (females). Median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) in rats following acute inhalation exposure range from 0.16 to 0.5 mg/L. Endosulfan is considerably less lethal, however, following acute dermal exposure (LD50 is 2.0 g/kg). (USEPA 2002. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan) All female mice exposed to endosulfan survived and appeared normal. Exposure of mice to 7.5 mg/kg/day of endosulfan resulted in an 3.6-fold increase in the rate of urinary elimination of [14C]androgen. Overall, 7.5 mg/kg/day of endosulfan resulted in a 1.6-fold increase in testosterone hydroxylation; however, 16b hydroxylation was increased ;3.3-fold, with lesser effects in 6a and 16a hydroxylation. (Wilson & LeBlanc 1998) A dose dependent reduction in the number of sperm count was recorded in all the group. The percent decrease observed were 39, 62 and 75 % for 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg endosulfan respectively as compared to the control group. A significant elevation in the activities of the enzymes LDH, GGT and G6PDH was recorded in all the treated group in a dose dependent manner (P<0.001). The degree of elevation being maximum in the highest dose group i.e. 10 mg/kg body weight (95.73% for LDH, 50.19% for GGT and 45.43 % for G6PDH) as compared to the control. However, SDH registered a decrease in its activities in a dose (p(O.001) dependent manner, the highest group showing maximum effect (58.94 %) as compared to the controls. (Sinha et al 1997) 

(PGWDB) reports detections of endosulfan, ranging from trace to #20 ppb, in 1.3% of 2410 discrete samples (32 wells). Detections were reported in California, Maine, and Virginia. All sampling was conducted on or before the year 1989. The abbreviated nature of the PGWDB does not capture important factors such as depth of the water table, soil permeability, proximity of crops to wells, usage (application) of the chemical in the years prior to sampling, suitability of the analytical methodology used and/or limits of detection. Endosulfan sulfate was detected in 0.3% of the samples (6 out of 1,969), with detections ranging from < 0.005 to 1.4 ppb. The detections were reported in Indiana and New York. Sampling occurred at or prior to 1990. (USEPA 2002. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Endosulfan) RED EEC = 0.53 -1.5 ppb 
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93106606 Enrofloxacin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

517099 Equilenin [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 474862 Equilin [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 114078 Erythoromycin-H20 (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

50271 Estriol [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 53167 Estrone (Boyd et al., 

2004) 

None Provided. Estrone was detected, but determined 

non-quantifiable in 6 of 7 samples from Lake Pontchartrain. Surrogate standards in ultra-pure water yielded recoveries of 57-67% for estrone-d4. 

Yes 

637923 Ethyl-tert-butyl ether [NYDOH]; 

NEIWPCC, 2001) 

Animal studies have indicated that ethers have toxic effects such as “increased adrenal gland, liver, kidney weights and neurological effects" (NEIWPCC, 2001) 

water solubility (Cs(o)) =~26,000 mg/L'; Log Kow = 1.74; H=2.66E-3 (atm-m3)/(gmole); H/RT=1.087E-1; Log Koc={2.2, 0.95} ; (NEIWPCC). Min. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 0.35 ug/L; Max. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 7,500 ug/L; Median Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 4 ug/L; Mean Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 260 ug/L (Shih et al., 2004). 

Yes Yes 
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2164172 Fluometuron http://www.epa.

gov/iris/subst/0241.htm

http://extoxnet.o

rst.edu/pips/fluometu.htm

EPA, PAN, 

USGS (AWWA)

NOAEL: 250 ppm diet (12.5 mg/kg/day). RfD 1.3E-2 mg/kg/day. 90-Day Feeding - rat: NOEL=7.5 mg/kg/day; LEL=75 mg/kg/day (decrease in body weight and enlarged spleens); no core grade. 90-Day Feeding - dog: NOEL=10 mg/kg/day; LEL=100 mg/kg/day (inflammatory reaction in kidney and liver); no core grade. Teratology - rabbit: Maternal and Fetotoxic NOEL not established; LEL=50 mg/kg/day; minimum for teratogenicity otherwise supplementary. 103-Week Feeding - mouse: NOEL=500 ppm (75 mg/kg/day); LEL=1000 ppm (150 mg/kg/day) (marginal increase in liver tumors); no core grade. (http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0241.htm) RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d) = 0.013. Possible carcinogen. (AWWA) 

Highly persistent in water, half-life of fluometuron in water 110 to 144 weeks; stable at pH values ranging from 1 to 13, at 20 C. However, exposure of 10 ppm aqueous solutions of fluometuron to natural sunlight resulted in 88% decomposition in 3 days, with a half-life of 1.2 days. (http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/fluometu.htm) 0.046 ppb 95%ile (AWWA) 

Yes Yes 

54910893 Fluoxintine No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 25812300 Gemfibrozil No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

2163680 Hydroxyatrazine USGS & NYS 

DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 

0.1 to 1 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

154212 Lincomycin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
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330552 Linuron http://extoxnet.o

rst.edu/pips/linuron.htmUSGS 1992 Pesticide Use MapsCook et al 1993Gray 99

Chronic toxicity: Skin sensitization was seen in guinea pigs repeatedly exposed. Alterations in red blood cells were seen in rats given 2.75 mg/kg/day over 2 years. Anemia was seen in dogs at doses above 6.25 mg/kg/day. Reproductive effects: In a threegeneration study, no reproductive effects were observed at doses of 12.5 mg/kg/day. These data suggest that reproductive effects are unlikely in humans at expected exposure levels. Teratogenic effects: Pregnant rabbits fed high doses of linuron during the sensitive period of pregnancy had normal offspring at doses of up to 25 mg/kg/day, even though maternal weight gain was reduced. In rats, doses of 6.25 mg/kg/day did not produce teratogenic effects. These data suggest that linuron is not likely to cause birth defects. Linuron is either nonmutagenic or slightly mutagenic. Carcinogenic effects: Several animal studies of mice, rats, and dogs have shown that it produces nonmalignant liver and testicular tumors. In these studies, doses of 72.5 mg/kg/day in rats caused testicular adenomas and 180 mg/kg/day in mice caused hepatocellular adenoma. These data are not sufficient to determine linuron's carcinogenicity to humans. Organ toxicity: Rats and dogs fed linuron for 2 years had detectable residues of linuron in their blood, fat, kidney, and spleen, but these did not seem to be associated with adverse effects. Fate in humans and animals: In rats, linuron breaks down completely after passing through the liver. It is thus unlikely to bioaccumulate in mammalian systems. (http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/linuron.htm)Testosterone IC50(nM) 64,000 +/- 11,000. (Cook et al 1993) 

1992 estimated annual agricultural use: 1,920,784 total pounds applied in US. (USGS 1992 Pesticide Use Map)State Monitoring data. SW Est. 18 ppb. 

Yes Yes 
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121755 Malathion WHO, AWWA WHO: the presence of malathion in 

drinking water under usual conditions is unlikely to represent a hazard to human health. (AWWA) 

log n-octanol-water partition coefficient 2.36 - 2.89, solubility in water 145 mg/L at 25 oC (AWWA) 

Yes Yes 

7439965 Manganese Wasserman et 

al. 2006 Tasker et al. 2003 

Investigation of intellectual function in 142 10-year-old children in Bangladesh, who had been consuming well water with an average concentration of 793 ppb found that water manganese was associated with reduced scores on standardized intelligence testing; adverse neurologic effects (Wasserman et al. 2006) 

Roughly 6% of domestic wells have manganese concentrations that exceed 300 ppb; (Wasserman et al. 2006). Mother blood: 6.3 - 151.2 ug/l; cord/newborn blood: 14.9 - 92.9 ug/l; mother hair: 0.10 - 3.24 ug/l; cord/newborn hair: 0.05 - 13.33 ug/l; mother placental: 0.01 - 0.49 ug/l (Tasker et al. 2003) 

Yes Yes 

93652 Mecoprop Serdar et al 

1999 Frans 2004 

None Provided. Ambient water concentrations up to 0.19 

ug/L (Serdar et al 1999) Ambient water concentrations up to 0.69 ug/L (Frans 2004) 

Yes Yes 

72333 Mestranol (Fent et al., 

2006) 

None Provided. "A survey in the U.S.A showed 

that...maximum and median...levels of mestranol were 407 and 74 ng/L, respectively". Detected in 10 of 16 stream samples. (Fent et al,06 citing Kolpin 2002). 

Yes Yes 

657249 Metformin No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 298000 Methyl parathion EPA, PAN, 

USGS (AWWA) 

Interferes with the normal way that the nerves and brain function. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.00025. Chlolinesterase inhibitor (AWWA) 

0.006 ppb 95%ile and 0.061 max (AWWA) 

Yes Yes 

51218452 Metolachlor USGS & NYS 

DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 

greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

171118095 Metolachlor 

ethanesulfonic acid 

USGS & NYS DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 

greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

152019733 Metolachlor oxanilic 

acid 

USGS & NYS DEC 1998 

None Provided. Maximum concentrations in well water 

greater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 
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101043372 Microcystin LR (USEPA 2006) 

[AWWA]; [ASDWA] 

Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood to spill into liver tissue. This bleeding can lead swiftly to death.”[AWWA] NOAEL 3 ug/kg-day (no observed effect); RfD 3x10-6 mg/kg-day (chronic) (USEPA 2006) 

None Provided. Yes Yes 

17157481 monobromoacetalde

hyde 

Krasner et al 2006 (?-not on analyte list) 

None Provided. "sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med, 

20 ug/L max. Incl. Monobromo? [Krasner et al.06] 

Yes 

107200 monochloroacetalde

hyde 

None Provided. "sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med, 

20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06] 

Yes Yes 

91203 Naphthalene (Serdar et al, 

1999); [ASDWA] 

None Provided. 7/12 detection frequency from lake water 

(range of concentrations 0.016 - 0.083 ug/L) Six samples taken at two sampling events for a total of 12 samples. (Serdar et al, 1999); Diesel fuel widely used and released. [ASDWA] 

Yes Yes 

14797558 Nitrate [TXCEQ, 

ASDWA] 

None Provided. Texas study indicated half of water 

systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite, and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at least one sample. [TXCEQ, ASDWA] 

Reg Reg 

14797650 Nitrite [TXCEQ, 

ASDWA] 

None Provided. Texas study indicated half of water 

systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite, and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at least one sample. [TXCEQ, ASDWA] 

Reg Reg 

55185 NNitrosodiethylamine 

(NDEA) 

AMWA; (no useful data in AWWARF Reports 2867 or 2900; other AWWARF reports not yet released) 

Probable human carcinogen [AMWA] None Provided. Yes Yes 
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62759 NNitrosodimethylamine 

(NDMA) 

AMWA nomination, ASDWA nomination, AWWARF Report 2867, AWWARF Report 2900 (other AWWARF reports not yet released) 

Probable human carcinogen [AMWA]. DHHS has determined NDMA "may reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen." [ASDWA] Cancer lowest TD50 = 0.096 mg/kg/day in rat with target organs liver, kidney, lungs, testes and vasculature; also found TD50 of 0.189 mg/kg/day in mouse with target organs liver and nervous system (study by Gold, 2005). Predicted LOAEL = 2.7 mg/kg/day according to TOPKAT model (AWWA Report 2867) 

Found in groundwater associated with rocket fuel [ASDWA] Levels of NDMA found in drinking water are generally below 10 ng/L. Valentine et al 2005 found a median NDMA concentration of 0.0005 ug/L and a max (or 90th %ile?) concentration 0.0011 ug/L in chlorinated water (AWWARF Report 2867). NDMA can be formed by reaction of chloramines with NOM under normal conditions used by chloraminating facilities (AWWARF report 2900). 

Yes Yes 

621647 N-Nitrosodi-npropylamine (NDPA) AWWARF Report 2867 

(no useful data in AWWARF Report 2900; other AWWARF reports not yet released) 

Cancer TD50 in rat = 0.186 mg/kg/day (AWWARF 2867) 

None Provided. Yes Yes 

25154523 Nonylphenol (NP) Occurrence 

Data Citations: Ying, et al. 2002; Gatidou, et al. 2007 

Estrogenic effects are present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM for nonylphenol [NRDC] 

Production Volume = 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs) produced annually (U.S.) [NRDC]Production volume = 500,000 tons produced annually worldwide (cited in Ying et al., 2002, original source Renner, 1997; Sole et al., 2000)Concentration in Sewage Treatment Plants = 0.18– 15.9 ug/L (cited in Ying et al., 2002, original source Naylor et al., 1992). Half-life in river water = 35–58 days (cited in Ying et al., 2002, original source Ekelund et al., 1993).LOD in wastewater + sewage sludge = 0.03 ug/L; LOQ in wastewater + sewage sludge = 0.11 ug/L (Gatidou et al., 2007) NP concentration records for surface waters, (ug/l): 1) Sample number = 14; range= <LOD-1.19; median= 1.52, 2) Sample Number = 5; range = 12-95; median = 48, 3) Sample number = 22; range = 0.077-0.416; median = 0.2, 4) Sample Number = 30 (rivers); range = <0.11-0.64; median = 0.12 (Ying et al. 2002). 

Yes Yes 
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9016459 Nonylphenol 

ethoxylate (NPE) 

Occurrence Data Citations: Ying,et al. {NRDC} 

Estrogenic effects are present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM for nonylphenol [NRDC] 

Production Volume = 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs) produced annually (U.S.) [NRDC] 'Nonylphenol mono ethoxylate concentrations (ug/l for the following records: 1) Sample number = 22; range = 0.056-0.326; median =0.145 2) Sample Number = 30 (rivers) (ug/l) range = <0.06-0.60; median = 0.09 (Ying et al., 2002). Nonphenyl diethylate concentrations for: 1) Sample number = 22; range = 0.038-0.398; median = 0.176. 2) Sample number = 30 (rivers) , range = <0.07-1.2; median = 0.1 (Ying et al. 2002). Nonylphenol Triethyloxylate concentrations for: 1) Sample number = 22; range = 0.026-0.398; median = 0.153. 2) 30 samples (rivers) (ug/l), range = <1.6-14.9; median = 2, 3) Sample number = 14;, range = <LOD-17.8; median = 6.97, (Ying et.al, 2002). 

Yes Yes 

70458967 Norfloxacin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

27193288 Octylphenol (OP) [NRDC], Ying et 

al 2002; Gatidou et al 2006.; NEIWPCC, 2004 

Animal studies have indicated that ethers have toxic effects such as “increased adrenal gland, liver, kidney weights and neurological effect" NEIWPCC, 2001. 

Water solubility (at 20oC) = 12.6 mg/l; log Kow = 4.12; Halflife=8.1-51 days (Ying et al. 2002). Occurance of OP has been widely reported around the world (world data is available). Concentration in surface waters of the USA: In 14 rivers, OP showed a range <LOD - 0.81 (mean of 0.017); In 22 rivers, OP showed a range 0.00156 - 0.007 (mean 0.002) (Ying et al. 2002). Detection in 3 WWTP samples [Gatidou et al] 

Yes Yes 
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9036195 Octylphenol 

ethoxylate (OPE) 

[NRDC], Ying et al 2002; Gatidou et al 2006. 

None Provided. Octylphenol monoethoxylate (OPE1): 

Water solubility (at 20oC) = 8.0 mg/l; log Kow = 4.10 (Ying et al. 2002). Octylphenol diethoxylate (OPE2): Water solubility (at 20oC) = 13.2 mg/l; log Kow = 4.00 (Ying et al. 2002). Octylphenol triethoxylate (OPE3): Water solubility (at 20oC) = 18.4mg/l; log Kow = 3.90 (Ying et al. 2002). Octylphenol tetraethoxylate (OPE4): Water solubility (at 20oC) = 24.5 mg/l; log Kow = 3.90 (Ying et al. 2002). Detection in 3 WWTP samples [Gatidou et al] 

Mix Mix 

79572 Oxytetracycline (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

Paroxetine metabolite 

No None Provided. None Provided. 

14797730 Perchlorate Glinoer, D. 

2001. Rovet, JF. 2002. Haddow, JE, 1999. Allan WC, 2000. Clewell RA, 2003 Kirk AB, 2005 ;Blount BC, 2006 Blount BC, 2006 ;Brechner RJ, 2000 USEPA. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (Jan 2005). USEPA (2004). 

Epi Study in Az determined 6 ppb in drinking water associated with decreased newborn TSH levels. [Brechner et al 2000] 

None Provided. Yes Yes 
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Known perchlorate releases in the US. 

375224 Perfluorobutanoic 

acid 

NJDEP 2006 Statewide survey. Minn; NJ; Ohio; WV 

Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site [nominator. SB note - only says 'nominator' in spreadsheet. Assuming this to be EPA R3]. EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. [NJDEP] 

PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of about 4 years. [nominator, assumed EPA R3] 

Yes Yes 

335671 Perfluorooctanoic 

acid 

NJDEP 2006 Statewide survey. Minn; NJ; Ohio; WV 

Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site [nominator. SB note - only says 'nominator' in spreadsheet. Assuming this to be EPA R3]. EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. [NJDEP] 

PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all three are highly persistent in the environment and appear to accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of about 4 years. [nominator, assumed EPA R3]. 2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOA was quantitated at 65% of water systems sampled (78% of systems if nonquantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged from 0.003 ppb to 0.039 ppb. [NJDEP] 

Yes Yes 

1763231 Perfluorooctanoic 

sulfonate 

NJDEP 2006 Statewide survey. Minn; NJ; Ohio; WV 

Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site [nominator - assumed to be EPA R3]. EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. [NJDEP] 

PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity. PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all three are highly persistent in the environment and appear to accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of about 4 years. [nominator, assumed EPA R3]. 2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOS was quantitated at 30% of water systems sampled (57% of systems if nonquantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged from 0.0023 ppb to 0.019 ppb. [NJDEP] 

Yes Yes 

61949777 Permethrin, trans IARC IARC classified as group 3 Water solubility 0.2 mg/L; log octanol 

water partition coefficient 6.5; Soil halflife approx. 28 days. Occurrence 0.006 ppb 95%ile (USGS). Concentrations as high as 0.8 mg/L have been detected in surface water. (AWWA) 

Yes Yes 
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732116 Phosmet Taylor 1999 

EPA IRED 2001 Raffaelle 1999 

Subchronic oral neurotoxicity study: The LOAEL is 22 ppm (equivalent to 1.5/1.6 mg/kg/day [Male/Female], the LDT), based on dose-related decreases in plasma, RBC, whole blood, and brain cholinesterase activity levels. The NOAEL was not established. In a rat developmental toxicity study , treatmentrelated clinical signs were observed at the 15 mg/kg/day dose level, which consisted of tremors/shaking and subdued behavior. In the mouse carcinogenicity study, convulsions were observed in males at 25 ppm. In a 2-generation reproduction study in rats, tremors were observed at the high-dose level [23.4 mg/kg/day]. In the developmental toxicity study in rabbits, unsteady gait and shaking were observed at 15 mg/kg/day. Maternal Toxicity in Rats: NOAEL 10 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 15 mg/kg/day (decreased body weight gain and food consumption and clinical signs; No developmental toxicity in rats. Maternal Toxicity in Rabbits: NOAEL 5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 15 mg/kg/day (clinical signs and decreased body weight). Developmental Toxicity in Rabbits: NOAEL 5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 15 mg/kg/day (increased incidence of skeletal variations in fetuses). Parental systemic toxicity in rats: NOAEL equal to and less than 1.5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 6.1 (RBC ChEI). Offspring toxicity in rats: NOAEL 1.5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 6.1 mg/kg/day (decreased # of live pups, pup weights, fertility and lactation index). Delayed Neurotoxicity: unsteadiness, subdued behavior, recumbency, salivation; no ataxia; no decreases in brain or spinal cord NTE; brain ChE decreased 63%; no neuropathology. Acute Neurotoxicity NOAEL 4.5 mg/kg LOAEL 22.5 mg/kg, based on cholinesterase inhibition [plasma, RBC, 

EEC 0.4 - 140 ppb Yes Yes 
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brain] and decreased motor activity in both sexes. (Taylor 1999) IRED NOAEL unc. 

57830 Progesterone [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 

1610180 Prometon Frans 

2004USGS & NYS DEC 1998 

None Provided. Ambient water concentrations up to 0.19 

ug/L (Frans 2004)Maximum concentrations in well water 0.1 to 1 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998) 

Yes Yes 

114261 Propoxur None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 129000 Pyrene Serdar, D, et al. 

(1999); [ASDWA] 

None Provided. 6/12 detection frequency from lake water 

(range of concentrations 0.0016 - 0.012 ug/L). Six samples taken at two sampling events for a total of 12 samples. (Serdar et al 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. [ASDWA] 

Yes Yes 

13233324 Radium 224 Mays et al. 

1995 USEPA 2000 Schleien 1992 

Lifetime cancer risk from ingestion less than that from ingestion of an equal amount of Ra-226 or Ra-228, but greater than that suggested in the Mays et al study. Concern that previously undetected presence of Ra-224 may pose an additional, quantifiable radium health risk that currently is not accounted for by the 5-pCi/L MCL for combined radium in drinking water. (USEPA 2000) Because of its short half life, much of the ingested Ra-224 decays on bone surfaces, where it may have enhanced effectiveness (Schleien 1992) 

Extensive monitoring in the NJ over past several years established presence of unsupported Ra-224 as the significant source of the elevated alpha-particle radioactivity (Parsa 1998) Survey by USEPA and USGS demonstrated that Ra-224 may be present in significant quantities in groundwater (Focazio et al. 2001) Study by USGS, NJDEP, and NJDHSS confirms that Ra-224 contributes considerable gross alpha-particle activity to drinking water produced from New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer system (Szabo et al. 2005) Half life of 3.66 days (Mays et al. 1995) 

Reg Reg 

66357355 Ranitidine No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 80214831 Roxithromycin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
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98105998 Sarafloxacin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

7440235 Sodium NYCDEP 2004 None Provided. Surface water: 5.06 - 44.6 mg/L 

(NYCDEP 2004) 

Yes Yes 

7647145 Sodium chloride (Hesig et al., 

2000) 

None Provided. Road salt application rate, in tons per 

mile of roadway per year: Town, county, state roads (2 land) = 3y; Taconic Parkway (4 lane) = 75; Interstate 84 (4 lane) = 298 (Hesig et al., 2000). 

Yes Yes 

122112 Sulfadimethoxine (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

127797 Sulfamerazine (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

57681 Sulfamethazine (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

144821 Sulfamethizole (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

723466 Sulfamethoxazole (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

72140 Sulfathiozole (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

75854 tert-Amyl alcohol No. None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

919948 tert-Amyl ethyl ether [NYDOH] (Shih, 

et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001) 

Animal studies have indicated that ethers have toxic effects such as “increased adrenal gland, liver, kidney effects and neurological effect" NEIWPCC, 2001. 

Med = 20 ug/L; Percent Detects 18.3% in CA leaking UST sites. [Shih et al 2004.] 
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Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

Draft 

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Data 

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117 131 

994058 tert-Amyl methyl 

ether 

New England Water Pollution Control Commission, 2001. Shih et al., 2004 

Animal studies have indicated that ethers have toxic effects such as “increased adrenal gland, liver, and kidney weights and neurological effects” (NEIWPCC, 2001) 

Min. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 0.38 ug/L; Max. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 12,000 ug/L; Mean Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 240 ug/L; Med. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 20 ug/L (Shih et al., 2004) Water solubility (Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = ~20,000; Log Kow = N/A; Henrys Law Kh (atmm3)/(gmole) = 1.27E-3; Henry's Law Dimensionless(h/rt) = 5.191E-2; Log Koc = {2.2, 1.27} (NEIWPCC, 2001). 

Yes Yes 

75650 tert-Butyl alcohol NTP Shih et al., 

2004New England Water Pollution Control Commission, 2001. 

Kidney tumors in male rats (NTP)Thyroid tumors in male and female mice (NTP)Health-based groundwater criterion of 100 ug/L based on nephropathy in female rats (NTP)LOAEL from kidney study = 175 mg/kg-d (NTP)Group C possible human carcinogen (NTP)Applied UF of 10,000 from LOAEL and 10 for poss. carc., assuming RSC of 20% [NJDEP]Animal studies have indicated that ethers have toxic effects such as “increased adrenal gland, liver,and kidney weights and neurological effects”.Tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA), an alcohol, is not considered to be a viable alternative to MtBE giventhat animal studies have produced evidence that it may be a carcinogen (NEIWPCC, 2001) 

Detected in 36 out of 3,048 private wells. Min: 10 ppb; max: 251 ppb; mean: 67 ppb. [NJDEP]Min. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 6 ug/L; Max. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 4.4E-06 ug/L; Mean Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 30,120 ug/L; Med. Conc. detected in GW from leaking USTs = 1,880 ug/L (Shih et al., 2004)Water solubility (Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = infinatley soluble; Log Kow = 0.35; Henrys Law Kh (atm-m3)/(gmole) = {1.175E-5, 1.19E-5, 1.04E-5, 1.47E-5}; Henry's Law Dimensionless(h/rt) = {4.803E-4, 4.864E-4, 4.251E-4, 5.927E4, 4.8E-4}; Log Koc = {1.21, 0.20} (NEIWPCC, 2001). 

Yes Yes 

58220 Testosterone [Riverkeepers] None Provided. None Provided. Yes 60548 Tetracycline (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

75967 Tribromoacetic acid Roberts et al 

2002 (discusses classes only); DBP ICR 

None Provided. 3% Det, 0.00 mg/Lmed, 19.00 mg/L max 

(DBP ICR) 

Yes Yes 

464108 Tribromonitromethane 

(bromopicrin) 

Plewa2004A, Krasner et al, 2006 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data ND med, 5 ug/L max (Krasner et al, 

2006) 

Yes Yes 
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Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

Draft 

Universe 

Data 

Fina

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Data 

117 131 

52686 Trichlorfon EPA IRED, 

1997 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

75876 Trichloroacetaldehyde None Provided. "sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med, 

20 ug/L, max. Incl. Trichloro? [Krasner et al.06] 

Yes Yes 

76062 Trichloronitromethane 

(chloropicrin) 

Plewa2004A; DeAngeloUSEPA (could not identify report); DBP ICR; Krasner et al, 2006 

Plewa2004A has in vitro data 26% Det, 0.50 ug/L med, 13.6 ug/L max 

(DBP ICR); 0.2 ug/L med, 2.0 ug/L max (Krasner et al, 2006) 

Yes Yes 

101202 Triclocarban (Pruden et al, 

2006; Halden et al., 2005) 

None Provided. Annual loadings of antimicrobials 

(triclocarban, TCC and triclosan, TCS) to water resources is as follows: activated sludge treatment plants (39-67%) followed by trickling filters (31-45%), and combined and sanitary sewer overflows(2-7% and 0.2%) respectivley. The magnitude and frequency of TCC contamination (regional) 6750 ng/L, 68%; (predicted nationwide for 1999-2000), 1150 ng/L 60%. 84% of all animicrobial bar soaps sold in the United States contain triclocarban. Approx. 500,000-1,000,000lb (227, 00-454,00 kg) of triclocarban are used in the US every year. The water solubility of triclocarban is is 0.65-1.55 mg/L at 25 degrees C. We estimated nationwide rates of triclocarban in personal care products disposed into wastewater at >330,000 kg/yr. Detectable concentrations of triclocarban were predicted for 49 US streams in 21 states. A strong positive linear correlation was observed between triclocarban and triclosan occurrences across all aquatic environments and water types we examined in a concentration range spanning 5 orders of magnitude. Regression analysis of these data resulted in the empirical model: Log10 Crcc = 0.9491 Log10 Crcs. In this study, estimated concentrations ranged 

Yes Yes 
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Appendix 3: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information 

CASRN Common Name References Cited Supplemental HE DATA provided with Nomination Supplemental OCC DATA provided with Nomination 

Draft 

Universe 

Data 

Fina

Unive

Data 

117 131 

from 9 to 1550 ng/L, with a mean and median of 213 and 109 ng/L, respectivley. In this study, TCC has an overall frequency of detection of 60% (55 of 91 streams total) Triclocarbon is expected to rank in the top 20 in maximum concentration among 96 pharmaceuticals, hormones and organic wastewater contaminants considered. (Halden, 2005). 

55335063 Triclopyr None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

738705 Trimethoprim [NYDOH] 25th ranked prescription medicine in the 

US, (NYDOH). 

NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in each of four WWTP effluent sampled and at high frequency. Detected as high as 8,090-37,000 ng/L. USGS detected in groundwater at concentrations ranging from 0.1-100 ng/L in Long Island. Median NREC concentration 103 ng/L. Relatively stable and moderately mobile (NYDOH). 

Yes Yes 

1401690 Tylosin (Mackie et al, 

2006); [Riverkeepers]; [NYDOH] 

None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 

21411530 Virginiamycin (Mackie et al, 

2006); 

None Provided. None Provided. 

81812 Warfarin No None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes 
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Appendix 4: References

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Association of American Pesticide Control Officials Inc. 1969 as cited in ACGIH 1986/ Ex 1-3, p. 230.

AwwaRF. 2867. Use of Toxicological and Chemical Models to Prioritize DBP Research.

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AwwaRF. 3014. Occurrence and Formation of Nitrogenous Disinfection By-Products.

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Appendix 4: References

Hesig, PM. (2000) Effects of residential and agricultural land uses on the chemical quality of base flow of small streams in the Croton Watershed, southeastern 

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Appendix 4: References

B. May: 38 (2): 317-25. 

Loewy, RM, Carvajal, LG, Novelli, M, Pechen de D'Angelo, AM. (2006) Azinphos methyl residues in shallow groundwater from the fruit production region of 

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