FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

May 29, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT M. FRIEDLAND,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

TIC - THE INDUSTRIAL COMPANY;

GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS INC.,

f/k/a Geoservices, Inc.,

Defendants - Appellees.

-----------------------------------

UNISYS CORPORATION, a Delaware

corporation,

Amicus Curiae.

No. 08-1042

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

(D. Ct. No. 1:04-CV-01263-REB-KLM)

Perry L. Glantz (John D. Fognani and Fritz W. Ganz, with him on the briefs),

Fognani & Faught, PLLC, Denver, Colorado, appearing for Appellant.

Terence M. Ridley, Wheeler Trigg Kennedy, LLP, Denver, Colorado, and Colin

C. Deihl, Faegre & Benson, LLP, Denver, Colorado (Lamar F. Jost, Wheeler

Trigg Kennedy, LLP, Denver, Colorado; Delmar R. Ehrich and Bruce Jones,

Faegre & Benson LLP, Denver, Colorado, with them on the brief), appearing for

appellees.

Raymond B. Ludwiszewski, Peter E. Seley, and Michael K. Murphy, Gibson,

Dunn & Crutcher, LLP, Washington, DC, filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of
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Unisys Corporation.

Before TACHA, BALDOCK, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.

TACHA, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff-appellant Robert M. Friedland filed this contribution action

pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

Liability Act (“CERCLA”) § 113(f), 42 U.S.C. § 9613(f), against defendantsappellees The Industrial Company (“TIC”) and GeoSyntec Consultants Inc.

(“GeoSyntec”). The district court entered summary judgment in favor of the

defendants-appellees based on its determination that Mr. Friedland has already

recouped all of his recoverable costs from other entities and therefore has no

damages to recover in this case. Mr. Friedland appeals. We have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM.

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Friedland is a former director and president of Summitville

Consolidated Mining Company, Inc. (“SCMCI”). From about 1984 to 1992,

SCMCI operated a large gold mine facility in the Summitville Mining District

near Del Norte, Colorado (“the Summitville mine”). TIC helped construct the

Summitville mine. GeoSyntec provided quality assurance regarding the mine’s

heap leaching system, a process in which a cyanide solution is sprayed on gold-
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bearing ore to precipitate the gold. 

In December 1992, SCMCI declared bankruptcy and abandoned the mine. 

That same month, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”)

took over management of the Summitville mine and instituted response actions to

address actual or threatened releases of contaminated water from the mine into the

environment. In 1996, after an investigation of numerous potentially responsible

parties (“PRPs”), the United States and the State of Colorado sued Mr. Friedland

under CERCLA § 107, 42 U.S.C. § 9607, to recover their response costs. As part

of that lawsuit (“the cost-recovery action”), Mr. Friedland filed a third-party

contribution complaint under CERCLA § 113, 42 U.S.C. § 9613, against twelve

separate PRPs, including an entity called Industrial Constructors Corp. (“ICC”). 

He did not name TIC or GeoSyntec in that complaint. In December 2000, Mr.

Friedland settled the claims brought against him by the United States and

Colorado for $20,723,181. Mr. Friedland spent approximately $28 million on

legal fees in the cost-recovery action.

Prior to that settlement, Mr. Friedland initiated at least two lawsuits

relevant to this appeal. In 1999, he sued ICC and United States Fidelity &

Guaranty Company (“USF&G”) in Montana state court. ICC had performed work

on the Summitville mine from 1987–1990 and was contractually bound to

indemnify SCMCI against losses caused by ICC, and to reimburse SCMCI for

settlements it had to pay as a result of those losses. USF&G had issued insurance
1

The amount of this sum is subject to a confidentiality agreement and was

filed under seal with this court.

2

As with the ICC settlement, the amount of the USF&G settlement is

subject to a confidentiality agreement and was filed under seal with this court.

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policies covering Mr. Friedland and ICC for the contractual liabilities undertaken

by ICC. In his complaint, Mr. Friedland contended that ICC was obligated to pay

all of his costs of defense, investigation, and legal liabilities, including all sums

spent in settlement, in connection with the cost-recovery action. He further

claimed that USF&G was obligated under the insurance policies it had issued to

provide a defense and indemnification for the claims raised in the cost-recovery

action. 

Approximately nine months after Mr. Friedland, the United States, and

Colorado reached the $20,723,181 settlement agreement in the cost-recovery

action, Mr. Friedland and ICC entered into a confidential settlement agreement as

to Mr. Friedland’s third-party CERCLA contribution claim and to the claims he

raised in the Montana state proceeding. ICC agreed to pay a certain sum1

 to Mr.

Friedland and further agreed (because ICC had filed for bankruptcy) to assign him

the rights to all insurance claims ICC might have against USF&G. With all

claims against ICC resolved, Mr. Friedland amended his Montana state complaint

to name only USF&G as a defendant. USF&G subsequently settled that suit for a

specific dollar amount in December 2002.2

In the second lawsuit relevant to this appeal, in June 2002 Mr. Friedland
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sued The Travelers Indemnity Company (“Travelers”) in Colorado state court for

“a declaration that Travelers is fully obligated to pay the costs of investigation,

defense, and liability that Mr. Friedland has incurred in connection with the legal

actions brought against him claiming or asserting property damage and other

alleged injuries at the Summitville Mine Site.” Mr. Friedland alleged that he was

a named insured under a Travelers liability policy covering sums he was legally

obligated to pay because of property damage, as well as costs he incurred to

defend himself. Mr. Friedland and Travelers settled the suit in October 2005.

Mr. Friedland initiated this CERCLA contribution action against TIC and

GeoSyntec in June 2004. In response to an interrogatory during discovery, Mr.

Friedland stated that he sought contribution for the $20,723,181 he agreed to pay

to settle the cost-recovery action brought against him by the United States and

Colorado. He also stated that he had already recovered more than that amount

from other sources, including the USF&G and Travelers settlements. As a result

of this disclosure, the defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that

because Mr. Friedland had already recovered from others amounts exceeding the

payment he made to the United States and Colorado, he has no damages and no

right to contribution under CERCLA § 113(f) as a matter of law. Mr. Friedland

advanced two theories in response. He contended that the collateral source rule

prohibits crediting the defendants in the amount of the settlement money he

received from USF&G and Travelers. Alternatively, he urged the district court to
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allocate the settlement money to his $28 million defense costs, rather than the

$20,723,181 settlement amount. In this way, Mr. Friedland argued that he still

has recoverable damages. The district court rejected both arguments and granted

the motion. Mr. Friedland maintains the same two positions on appeal. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Collateral Source Rule

Derived from the common law, the collateral source rule posits that

“[p]ayments made to or benefits conferred on the injured party from other sources

are not credited against the tortfeasor’s liability, although they cover all or a part

of the harm for which the tortfeasor is liable.” Restatement (Second) of Torts §

920A(2) & cmt. d (1979). The rule thus permits an injured plaintiff to recover

more than the damages he has suffered as the result of an injury:

the common law did not require setoffs against damage awards.

Rather, plaintiffs were allowed to recover the full damages awarded

against defendants even though the plaintiffs also received

compensation from collateral sources. This principle of double

recovery, known as the collateral source rule, provided that

compensation or indemnity received by an injured party from a

collateral source, wholly independent of the wrongdoer and to which

he has not contributed, will not diminish the damages otherwise

recoverable from the wrongdoer. . . . Subject to . . . limited

exceptions, courts would not reduce a judgment because the plaintiff

had received compensation from a collateral source even if the result

was that the plaintiff recovered twice for a single loss.

The purpose of the collateral source rule was to prevent the

defendant from receiving credit for such compensation and thereby

reduce the amount payable as damages to the injured party. To the

extent that either party received a windfall, it was considered more

just that the benefit be realized by the plaintiff in the form of double
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recovery rather than by the tortfeasor in the form of reduced liability. 

Van Waters & Rogers, Inc. v. Keelan, 840 P.2d 1070, 1074 (Colo. 1992)

(quotations and citations omitted). See also Green v. Denver & Rio Grande W.

R.R. Co., 59 F.3d 1029, 1032 (10th Cir. 1995) (“The rationale for the rule is [that]

. . . public policy favors giving the plaintiff a double recovery rather than

allowing a wrongdoer to enjoy reduced liability simply because the plaintiff

received compensation from an independent source.”). Thus, courts have applied

the rule when the injured plaintiff has been compensated by, for example, social

security disability payments or unemployment compensation, see id., or by the

plaintiff’s insurance. See Miera v. Dairyland Ins. Co., 143 F.3d 1337, 1341 (10th

Cir. 1998).

Turning to the case before us, it is far from clear that this common-law tort

principle applies to claims brought pursuant to CERCLA, a comprehensive federal

statute that addresses liability for environmental cleanup costs. Indeed, the

section of CERCLA that governs contribution actions clarifies that “[s]uch claims

[for contribution] . . . shall be governed by Federal law.” CERCLA § 113(f)(1),

42 U.S.C. § 9613(f)(1). But even assuming that CERCLA generally contemplates

application of the collateral source rule, it is clearly inapplicable in the specific

context of a § 113(f) contribution action by a PRP such as Mr. Friedland. 

CERCLA provides for two types of actions to recoup environmental cleanup

costs: cost-recovery actions under § 107(a), 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a), and contribution
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actions under § 133(f), 42 U.S.C. § 9613(f). Young v. United States, 394 F.3d

858, 862 (10th Cir. 2005). In a contribution action, a person who has settled a

cost-recovery claim with the government (as Mr. Friedland has) may seek

contributions from other PRPs. Sun Co., Inc. v. Browning-Ferris, Inc., 124 F.3d

1187, 1194 (10th Cir. 1997); CERCLA § 113(f)(1), 42 U.S.C. § 9613(f)(1). We

have explained that a claim for contribution is a claim “by and between jointly

and severally liable parties for an appropriate division of the payment one of them

has been compelled to make . . . .” Sun Co., Inc., 124 F.3d at 1190 (quotations

omitted). Thus, a CERCLA contribution action is not a personal injury action by

an innocent plaintiff. Instead, it is a claim between two or more culpable

tortfeasors, and the policy underlying the collateral source rule—to provide the

innocent party with the benefit of any windfall—is simply not advanced in such

cases. 

At least one other federal court has reached the same conclusion on

materially indistinguishable facts. In Basic Management Inc. v. United States,

569 F. Supp. 2d 1106 (D. Nev. 2008), the plaintiffs filed a CERCLA contribution

claim after they agreed to pay $22 million in cleanup costs to the state of Nevada. 

The plaintiffs’ insurance policies, however, covered nearly all of those costs,

leaving the plaintiffs with only a relatively small amount of out-of-pocket

expenses. Id. at 1112. Nonetheless, the plaintiffs argued that the collateral

source rule precluded the defendants from offsetting their CERCLA liability in
3

We are unaware of any court that has applied the collateral source rule to a

claim for contribution, even outside the CERCLA context.

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the amount of the insurance proceeds. Id. at 1123. The court disagreed. 

Distinguishing tort cases in which the collateral source rule applies, the court

explained that “CERCLA contribution actions are not injury actions in which the

injured party is seeking compensation for damages to be made whole again.” Id.

at 1123–24. The court went on:

In other words, Plaintiffs have not been damaged and are not

“entitled” to money as a damaged party; but rather, Plaintiffs can

only receive reimbursement for the costs they expended beyond their

share of actual responsibility for the environmental damage. There is

an actual dollar amount associated with those costs, and in this case,

almost all of those costs have been paid directly by Plaintiffs’

insurers, and without further right of subrogation in the insurers. In

other words, no party or potential party here has incurred a cost as a

PRP for which they could seek “contribution” from another PRP. 

Allowing Plaintiffs to recover those costs “again” from Defendants

would in essence allow Plaintiffs to profit from their own and prior

contamination of the site simply because they are in the subsequent

chain of title. The purpose of the Contribution element of CERCLA

was to reallocate the remedial cost to those who were ultimately

responsible for the pollution, not to provide a windfall recovery for

parties who happen to be in the chain of title. 

Id. at 1124. Thus, the court refused to apply the collateral source rule. Id. at

1125.3

Moreover, permitting a CERCLA contribution-action plaintiff to recoup

more than the response costs he paid out of pocket flies in the face of CERCLA’s

mandate to apportion those costs equitably among liable parties. See CERCLA §

113(f)(1), 42 U.S.C. § 9613(f)(1) (“In resolving contribution claims, the court
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may allocate response costs among liable parties using such equitable factors as

the court determines are appropriate.”). Every federal court that has addressed

the issue has reached the same conclusion, either with or without reference to the

collateral source rule. See, e.g., K.C.1986 Ltd. P’ship v. Reade Mfg., 472 F.3d

1009, 1018 (8th Cir. 2007) (“Because the settlement credits [from other PRPs to

the plaintiff] present a significant allocation factor [under § 9613(f)(1)] . . . the

district court should have exercised its discretion to consider them when

calculating the amount of the judgment.”); Boeing Co. v. Cascade Corp., 207 F.3d

1177, 1189 (9th Cir. 2000) (“[O]ne equitable factor is preventing someone from

recovering for the same harm twice.”); Basic Mgmt. Inc., 569 F. Supp. 2d at 1125

(refusing to apply the collateral source rule because “[e]quity and common sense

. . . dictate that Plaintiffs cannot recover the remediation costs paid for by their

insurance policies.”); Vine St., LLC v. Keeling, 460 F. Supp. 2d 728, 765 (E.D.

Tex. 2006) (refusing to apply the collateral source rule, reasoning that because

“the Court has a broad duty to consider facts bearing on the proper equitable

allocation of response costs, the monies [the plaintiff] has already recovered are

relevant.”); United States v. Davis, 31 F. Supp. 2d 45, 64 (D.R.I. 1998) (“There is

nothing ‘equitable’ about [the] kind of an allocation” that permits the plaintiff “to

recover a portion of the costs for which it already has been or will be

compensated.”); Raytheon Aircraft Co. v. United States, 2007 WL 4300221, at *3

(D. Kan. Dec. 8, 2007) (following K.C.1986, Boeing, Davis, and Vine Street and
4

Mr. Friedland argues that Raytheon Aircraft and Vine Street fail to

distinguish between payments from insurance policies and private settlements

from other PRPs. Although Mr. Friedland is correct that the source of the

payment is relevant to whether the collateral source rule applies, the source of the

payment is not relevant in the context of § 9613(f)(1)’s instruction to allocate

response costs equitably. What matters is that the contribution plaintiff has

recovered some or all of its response costs; the identity of the entity providing the

recovery is irrelevant.

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refusing to apply the collateral source rule).4

The two primary cases Mr. Friedland cites in support of his argument do

not undermine this conclusion. In Louisiana Department of Transportation v.

Kansas City Southern Railway, 846 So.2d 734 (La. 2003), the Louisiana

Department of Transportation and Development (“DOTD”) cleaned up a site that

had been polluted by Kansas City Southern Railway. The federal government

reimbursed the DOTD for approximately 90% of the remediation costs it incurred

cleaning the site. Id. at 736. Thereafter, DOTD sued Kansas City Southern

Railway under the Louisiana Environmental Quality Act (“LEQA”) to recover the

entire cleanup cost. Id. Emphasizing the policy behind the collateral source rule,

id. at 740–44, the Louisiana Supreme Court held that the rule permitted DOTD to

seek the entire cleanup cost from Kansas City Southern Railway rather than only

the 10% it had not recouped from the federal government: “We . . . hold that the

collateral source rule applies in cases arising under the LEQA, at least where a

damaged party is seeking reimbursement only for remediation expenses.” Id. at

740 (emphasis added).
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Similarly, in Town of East Troy v. Soo Line Railroad, 653 F.2d 1123 (7th

Cir. 1980), the town of East Troy cleaned up ground water that had been polluted

by Soo Line Railroad Company. The town paid for the cleanup costs with federal

grant money. Id. at 1126. Thereafter, the town sued Soo Line under a Wisconsin

nuisance statute to recover the full amount of the town’s cleanup costs. Id. The

Seventh Circuit affirmed the district court’s conclusion that under Wisconsin law,

the collateral source rule permitted the town to seek the entire amount of the

cleanup. Id. at 1132.

Louisiana Department of Transportation and Town of East Troy are

distinguishable in at least two significant respects. First, the plaintiffs in those

cases were innocent parties, not PRPs seeking contribution from other PRPs. 

Indeed, the court in Louisiana Department of Transportation specifically limited

its holding to cases in which the plaintiff is the injured party seeking

reimbursement for remediation costs. Second, the causes of action in both cases

arose under state law, not CERCLA. As we explained, CERCLA contribution

actions are governed by federal law and permit the district court to consider

equitable factors in allocating response costs. Those factors include a prior

payment to the contribution plaintiff. Thus, we disagree with Mr. Friedland that

these cases have any bearing on the issue before us and hold that the district court

did not err in refusing to apply the collateral source rule in this CERCLA

contribution action.
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B. Common Damages and Settlement Allocation

Relying on Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp. v. UOP, Inc., 861 F.2d 1197

(10th Cir. 1988) and United States v. Burlington Northern Railroad, 200 F.3d 679

(10th Cir. 1999), Mr. Friedland argues that the district court erred in reducing his

damages by the full amount of the USF&G and Travelers settlements because

those settlements do not represent damages in common with the ones at issue in

this case. We disagree.

In Hess Oil, Hess Oil sued UOP and other defendants after a fire caused

several million dollars in damage to one of Hess Oil’s refineries. 861 F.2d at

1199. Defendants other than UOP settled with Hess Oil for $1.5 million. Id. at

1207. After a jury verdict against UOP, the district court credited it with the $1.5

million settlement and required it to pay only the remaining balance on Hess Oil’s

damages. Id. at 1199, 1206–07. We rejected Hess Oil’s argument on appeal that

UOP was not entitled to a credit. Id. at 1209. We reasoned that under the “one

satisfaction rule,” when the conduct of multiple defendants results in a single

injury with common damages, and one of the defendants settles with the plaintiff,

the amount of the settlement is credited against the amount that may be recovered

from the non-settling defendants. Id. at 1208. We found a single injury and

common damages in that case because the settlement agreement referred to all

damages and all causes of action; it did not expressly apportion damages to

specific claims. Id.
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We reinforced this proposition in Burlington Northern. The United States

sued a wood treatment facility, BIC, to recover cleanup costs on a 64-acre tract of

land. Burlington Northern, 200 F.3d at 681, 683. During the suit, the United

States learned that another company, a predecessor of Burlington Northern

Railroad, had owned 17.5 acres of the tract during the time of the polluting

activities. Id. at 687. Thus, the United States added Burlington as a defendant. 

Id. Thereafter, the court entered summary judgment against the first defendant,

BIC, concluding that it was liable for all response costs for the entire 64-acre

tract. Id. After a bench trial on Burlington’s liability, the court found Burlington

liable only for the costs to clean up the 17.5-acre portion of the tract. Id. at

687–88, 695–96. It reasoned that there were two separate and distinct areas of

contamination in the tract, and that Burlington only owned one of those areas. 

After the judgment, BIC settled with the United States for $10.7 million. Id. at

696. Although the settlement agreement did not allocate cleanup costs between

the two distinct polluted areas, the district court ruled that the harm was divisible

(that is, not common to both defendants) and thus Hess Oil was distinguishable. 

Id. at 698. The court accordingly credited Burlington’s liability with only a

portion—rather then the full amount—of the $10.7 million that the United States

had received from BIC. 

Thus, under Hess Oil and Burlington Northern, if Mr. Friedland’s injury

and the damages he alleges in this lawsuit are the same as those addressed by the
5

We recognize that Hess Oil and Burlington present a different procedural

posture than the one we face in this appeal. Those cases involved a single lawsuit

against multiple defendants, whereas Mr. Friedland recovered in two previous

suits against two different defendants and now seeks contribution against other

defendants. We consider this distinction immaterial. Hess Oil and Burlington

Northern center on the plaintiff’s right to recover only to the extent of his

damages, which is the sole issue in this appeal and which can arise in a variety of

procedural circumstances.

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USF&G and Travelers settlements, then the defendants are entitled to a full credit

in the amount of the settlements.5

 We agree with the district court that this is the

case. Mr. Friedland admitted as much in his responses to the defendants’

interrogatories. When asked to “[i]dentify Your costs, damages, injuries or

expenses arising from or caused by the Cost Recovery Action for which You seek

contribution in the lawsuit,” Mr. Friedland responded:

The “costs, damages, injuries or expenses caused by the Cost

Recovery Action” for which Plaintiff seeks contribution in this

lawsuit are the amounts he paid to settle the CERCLA claims against

him by the State of Colorado and the United States, i.e., $20,288,081,

and the additional response costs Plaintiff incurred when he paid

$435,100 for the Conceptual Remediation Plan [for a total of 

$20,723,181].

And when the defendants asked Mr. Friedland to identify all payments he had

received related to his “costs, damages, injuries or expenses arising from or

caused by the Cost Recovery Action for which You seek contribution in the

lawsuit,”—costs which Mr. Friedland himself had admitted extended only to the

$20,723,181 settlement amount—he disclosed that he had received the USF&G

and Travelers settlements. He further characterized those settlements as resolving
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his “claims for damages he sustained in the Cost Recovery Action,” which we

interpret as referencing the $20,723,181 settlement figure. (Emphasis added.) 

Thus, by Mr. Friedland’s own admissions, the USF&G and Travelers settlements

remedied the $20,723,181 he incurred in settling the cost-recovery action with the

United States and Colorado, and this contribution action reasserts the same injury

and resultant damages.

In an apparent attempt to create divisible harm where it otherwise does not

exist, Mr. Friedland also contended in his interrogatory responses that a

substantial portion of the amounts recovered in the USF&G and Travelers

settlements were attributable to his $28 million in defense costs and not to the

$20,723,181 settlement amount. The USF&G and Travelers settlement

agreements, however, do not expressly or impliedly allocate the settlement money

toward amounts Mr. Friedland paid in settling the underlying litigation on the one

hand and for legal defense costs on the other. In Hess Oil, we held that the

plaintiff’s failure to allocate costs in this manner was fatal to its contention that

the defendant was not entitled to a credit in the settlement amount. Hess Oil, 861

F.2d at 1209 (“If [Hess Oil] wanted to have any particular application of its

settlement with the settling defendants [allocated] towards UOP’s liability, it

should have specifically stipulated in the settlement documents what allocations

of damages were applicable to each cause of action.”).

In the district court, Mr. Friedland’s expert witness submitted an opinion
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concerning which portions of the USF&G and Travelers settlements were paid to

indemnify him and which portions were paid for defense costs. Mr. Friedland

argues that the court rejected that testimony without first performing the

“gatekeeping” function required by Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509

U.S. 579 (1993). See Goebel v. Denver & Rio Grande W. R.R., 215 F.3d 1083,

1087 (10th Cir. 2000) (“[The] gatekeeper function requires the judge to assess

the reasoning and methodology underlying the expert’s opinion, and determine

whether it is scientifically valid and applicable to a particular set of facts.” (citing

Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592)). We disagree. It is apparent from the district court’s

order that it did not refuse to consider the expert opinion based on deficiencies in

the expert’s qualifications or methodology. Rather, the court simply explained

that “[g]iven the silence of the settlement agreements regarding allocation, this

testimony is far too speculative to be admissible and consequently, does not

create a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Friedland v. The Indus. Co.,

2008 WL 185693, at *2 n.4 (D. Colo. Jan. 18, 2008). This was not an abuse of

discretion. See Eastridge Dev. Co. v. Halpert Assocs., Inc., 853 F.2d 772, 782–83

(10th Cir. 1988) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding expert

testimony regarding the allocation of settlement money to particular claims when

the settlement agreement did not contain an express allocation; proposed

testimony was “tentative and speculative”).

Finally, Mr. Friedland suggests that the district court’s conclusion rested on
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the erroneous view that USF&G and Travelers are joint tortfeasors. The district

court pointed out that attorneys’ fees are not recoverable in CERCLA contribution

actions, see 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(4); Key Tronic Corp. v. United States, 511 U.S.

809, 817–19 (1994), and that settling parties should therefore make any variance

from the statute absolutely clear. We agree that this statement is misplaced, as

Mr. Friedland did not sue USF&G and Travelers under CERCLA. A review of

the entire order, however, clarifies that this lone misstatement was harmless. The

district court had already determined that Mr. Friedland’s “claims are not

divisible, and the general rule of [Hess Oil], permitting defendants full credit for

the amount of any settlement, applies in the absence of an express allocation in

the settlement agreements themselves.” Friedland, 2008 WL 185693, at *2. As

we explained, that conclusion is correct, and any further commentary was simply

superfluous.

III. CONCLUSION

The district court correctly concluded that the collateral source rule does

not apply in this CERCLA contribution action. The court also properly

determined that the alleged injury and damages in this lawsuit are the same as

those addressed in the USF&G and Travelers settlements. We therefore AFFIRM

the entry of summary judgment against Mr. Friedland. We GRANT the appellees’

motion to file their response brief under seal and Mr. Friedland’s motion to file

his reply brief under seal.