p. 1 

# OAR Box 1828 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



### Document

Number: 

# 293 ) IV-A- 3 Docket Number: 

# A-83-2 7

Printed 11/12/200811:12:58AM Sheet 293 of 325P. 2 «*T3!at«^.«2e* t

•-• : • • • ^ •••^'r-j. >\\:>^.;«! i : s^ i


# . 1 ••••:J& '

••:: : .H--'o'xV"i S J £>::* $

.:ra 5 * C D

r i ; "iT I H i y:\-r. ,:-£

. ,vy S ^.••^•^•i^fcij-j* . >'. . :v v >,*r-V**' ' •'

• > •: • r i-^»»«SSi.4 ;

..i* •*-i\ r - * f c EM S RP0£ R 

### cTM B 

# A-83-2 7

IV-A- 3



# a^a^^r

j M « ! ' • » 1 Pit. i *»... ' «=? •3 = ^ «»? •


### Thir dInteri m

Report : Continuou s Sulfu r Dioxid e Monitorin g a t Stea m

Generator s

Vo l urn s I : Summar y

o f Result s

Marc h197 9 TE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y

Offic e o f Ai ran d Wast e Managemen t Offic e o f Ai rQualit yPlannin g an d Standard s Emissio n Measuremen t Branc h Researc h Triangl e Park . Nort h Carolin aP. 3

EM B ReDor t Mo . 77SPP23 C Marc h15 , 197 9
AI RPOLLUTIO N

EMISSIO N

TES T

Thir d Interi m

Repor t Continuou s Sulfu r Dioxid e Monitorin q a t

Steam Generator s Volum e I - Summar y

o f Result s

W . E . Kell y

an d P . R . Westli n Emissio nMeasuremen t Branc h C . B . Sedma n Industria l Studie s Branc h

Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y Offic e o f Ai r Oualit y Plannin g an

d Standard s Emissio nStandard s an d Engineerin g Divisio n Researc hTrianal e Park , Nort hCarolin a 2771 1P. 4

TABL E O F CONTENT S Lis t o f Fiqure s Lis t o f Table s Summar y o f Result s Section s Pag e No . i i i 1 I . INTRODUCTIO N

AN D DESCRIPTIO N

O F TES T SITE S 2 A . Introductio n2 B . Descriptio no f Tes t Site s 3 1 . Shawne e 1O

A an d 10 B FG D Prototypes , Tennesse e Valle y Authority , Paducah , Kentuck y

3 2 . Lawrenc e Uni t No . 4 , Kansa s Powe r an d Ligh t Company , Lawrence , Kansa s 3 II . DAT A

GATHERIN GAN D REDUCTIO N 7 A . Dat a Gatherin g System s 7 1 . Shawne e 10 A

an d 10 B FG D Prototypes , Tennesse e Valle y Authority , Paducah , Kentuck y

7 2 . Lawrenc e Uni t No . 4 , Kansa s Powe r an d L i an t Company , Lawrence , Kansa s 9 8 . Dat a Reductio nProcedure s 1 1 III . OAT A

ANALYSI S 1 5 A . Dat a Calculatio nAssumption s 1 5 B . Dat a Availabilit y 1 5 C . Statistica l Analyse s 1 7 IV . RECOMMENDATION S AN D CONCLUSION S 2 4LIS T O F FIGURE S P. 5

Figur e I- l 1- 2 I I- l 11- 2 III- l III- 2 111- 3 III- 4 III- 5 III- 6 Shawne e 10 A andlOB Scrubbe r Ga s Flow Lawrenc e No . 4 Scrubbe r Ga s Flo w Instrumen t System

Schematic , Shawne e 10 A an d 10 B Instrumen t Syste m

Schematic , Lawrenc e No . 4 Probabilit y

vs . Lo g Inle t SO - i - Shawne e Ventur i Probabilit y

vs . Lo o Outle t SOp - Shawne e Ventur i Probabilit y

Lo g Percen t SO p Emitte d - Shawne e Ventur i Probabilit y

vs . Lo g Inle t SO- . - Lawrenc e No . 4 Probabilit y

vs . Log Outle t SO p - Lawrenc e No . 4 Probabilit y

vs . Log Percen t SO p Emitte d - Lawrenc e No . 4 Pag e No . 4 5 8 1 0 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3P. 6

LIS T O F TABLE S
Tabl e Pag e II- 1 Analyze r Soecification s fo r Lawrenc e No . 4 l l III- l Categorizatio no f Oat a 1 5



### nP. 7

TABL E O F CONTENT S Lis t o f Figure s Lis t o f Table s Summar y o f Result s Section s I . INTRODUCTIO N

AN D DESCRIPTIO N

O F TES T SITE S A . Introductio n B . Descriptio no f Tes t Site s Pag e No . i i i 1 2 2 3 1 . Shawne e 10 A

an d10 B FG D Prototypes , Tennesse e Valle y Authority , Paducah , Kentuck y

3 2 . Lawrenc e Uni t No . 4 , Kansa s Powe r an dLigh t Company , Lawrence , Kansa s 3 II . DAT A

GATHERIN GAN D REDUCTIO N 7 A . Dat a Gatherin g System s 7 1 . Shawne e 1O

A an d10 B FG D Prototypes , Tennesse e Valle y Authority , Paducah , Kentuck y

7 2 . Lawrenc e Uni t No . 4 , Kansa s Powe r an dLioh t Company , Lawrence , Kansa s 9 8 . Dat a Reductio nProcedure s 1 1 III . DAT A

ANALYSI S 1 5 A . Dat a Calculatio nAssumption s 1 5 B . Dat a Availabilit y

1 5 C . Statistica l Analyse s 1 7 IV . RECOMMENDATION S AN D CONCLUSION S 2 4LIS T O F FIGURE S P. 8

Figur e

• 1 [- 2 [- 1 [-2 :i- i :i- 2 :i- 3 :i- 4 1- 5 

### :n- 6 Shawne e lO

A andlOB Scrubbe r Ga s Flow Lawrenc e No . 4 Scrubbe r Ga s Flo w Instrumen t System

Schematic , Shawne e 10 A an d10 B Instrumen t System

Schematic , Lawrenc e No . 4 Probabilit y

vs . LoqInle t SO - i - Shawne e Ventur i Probabilit y

vs . Lo o Outle t S0 - Probabilit y

Lo g Percen t SO - 'Emitte d - Shawne e Ventur i Shawne e Ventur i Probabilit y

vs . Lo g Inle t SO - - Lawrenc e No . 4 Probabilit y

vs . Lo g Outle t SO - - Lawrenc e No . 4 Probabilit y

vs . Log Percen t SO - Emitte d- Lawrenc e No . 4 Pag e No . 4 5 8 1 0 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3P. 9

LIS T O F TABLE S
Tabl e Pag e II- l Analyze r Soecification s fo r Lawrenc e No . 4 n III- l Categorizatio no f Oat a 1 6

i iP.1 0

SUMMARYO F RESULT S SO - monitorin g a t th e Shawne e FG D tes t facilit y

an d Lawrenc e No . 4 stea m generato r o f Kansa s Powe r an d Ligh t Compan

y wa s performe d b

y EP A wit h emphasi s upo nobtainin g 3 0 continuou s day s o f SO - data , usin g monitor s certifie d accordin g t o procedure s inth e Octobe r 6 , 1975 , Federa l Register . At th e Shawne e site , a ventur i scrubbe r usin g limeston e wit hadipi c aci d additiv e wa s monitore dfo r 4 9 continuou s day s wit hth e existin g on-sit e SOp monitorin g system . Du e t o some monitorin g problems , 3 1 day s dat a wer e obtaine d (6 3 percen t reliability ) whic hshowe d averag e SO - emission s o f 0.2 2 lb/1 0 Bt uan

dSOpemissio nreductio no f 96. 1 percent . EP A use da mobil e samplin g vant o obtai nSO - dat a fro m th e Lawrenc e No . 4 FGD unit , a ventur i scrubbe r wit hlimeston e applie d t o combustio no f low-sulfu r coal . Fo r th e 2 2 day s o f continuou s scrubbe r operatio n(wit htw o period s o f interruptio ndu e t o samplin g pum p failures) , th e SO - monitor s wer e 8 6 percen t reliable , measurin g averag e SO - emission s o f 0.0 3 lb/1 0 Bt uan d 96. 6 Dercen t SO - remova l fo r 2 2 days . Th e relativ e variabilit y i noutle t emission s fro

m bot hsource s wa s significantl y highe r tha nfo r previou s tests , du e t o th e lo

w absolut e value s o f th e data .P.1 1

I INTRODUCTIO N

AN D DESCRIPTIO N

OF TES T SITE S A . Introductio n Thi s repor t summarize s th e result s o f th e lates t EP A effort s t o monito r SO pemission s an

dSO premova l efficiencie s fro m coal-fire dutilit y

stea m generator s usin g flu e ga s desulfurizatio n(FGD ) systems . Previou s report s 77SPP23 A an dB describe dactivitie s a t seve nFG D site s onboiler s firin g hig h(3- 5 percent ) sulfu r coal s usin g lime/limeston e scrubbers . I nth e system s describe dbelow , result s ar e presente dfo r SO - monitorin g a t a low-sulfu r coal-fire dboile r usin g a limeston e FGD system anda high-sulfu r coa l boile r usin g adipi c aci dinjectio nint o a limeston e FGD system . Al l instrumentatio nan

dorocedure s followe dhav e bee npreviousl y discusse din th e earlie r reports . A noteworthy

exceptio nherei nwa s th e mobil e va nequippe d wit hfluorescenc e analyzer s fo r sulfu r dioxid e an dpolarographic/paramegneti c analyzer s fo r oxyge na t th e Lawrenc e tes t site , describe dinSectio nI I A o f thi s report . A t bot hinstallations , SO - andOpconcentration s wer e measure dupstream anddownstrea m

o f th e FGD system

usin g continuou s instrumenta l monitors . Copie s o f boile r operatio nlog s andFG D system operatio nlog s wer e obtaine dt o documen t proces s operatin g condition s durin g th e monitorin g periods . A s i nal l cases , th e instrument s use dt o generat e dat a hav e bee nsubjecte d t o th e appropriat e tes t procedure s (Federa l Register , Vol . 40:194 , Octobe r 6 , 1975 ) t o assur e accurac y o f al l dat a reporte dherein .P.1 2

B . Descriptio no f Tes t Site s 1 . Shawne e FG D Prototypes , Tennesse e Valle y Authorit y Th e Shawne e Powe r Station , operate db y th e Tennesse e Valle y Authorit y (TVA) , i s a coal-fire dstea m generatio nstatio nhavin g 1 0 turbines , eac h serve db y a boile r an

dstack . A

portio no f th e exhaus t gase s fro m on e o f thes e stack s i s directe dfo r us e wit hthre e pilo t plan t scal e we t scrubber s system s - a ventur i wit ha spra y towe r afte r absorber , a turbulen t contac t absorbe r (TCA) , anda marbl e bedabsorber . Testin g wa s performe donth e venturi/spra y

towe r usin g limestone enhance dwit hadipi c aci dan dth e TC A usin g lime only . Thi s repor t describe s th e tes t an dresult s fo r th e venturi/spra y adipi c aci denhance dlimeston e system . Th e ventur i system

wa s manufacture db

y Chemica l Constructio nCompany i nth e lat e 1960' s an

d contain s anadjustabl e throa t whic hpermit s contro l an dvariatio no f pressur e drop . N o desig nperformanc e dat a ar e available . Figur e I- l i s th e proces s flow diagram fo r th e Shawne e ventur i system . Fo r thi s test , limeston e an dadipi c ad dwer e adde dt o th e scrubbe r effluen t hol dtan k wit hadipi c aci dconcentration s maintaine da t 150 0 part s pe r millio nvolum e durin g th e entir e tes t period . 2 . Lawrenc e Uni t No . 4 , Kansa s Powe r an dLigh t Compan

y Th e Lawrenc e No . 4 stea m generatin g uni t i s rate da t 12 5 megawat t electrica l outpu t andburn s low-sulfu r Wyomin g coa l wit hanaverag e heatin g valu e o f 10,00 0 Btu/hr , sulfu r conten t o f 0. 5 percen t an das hconten t o f 9. 8 percent . Th e FG D system consist s o f two 5 0 percen t capacit y scrubbe r module s o f a Combustio nEngineerin g - Be dScrubber/Spra y Towe r two-stag e system a s show ninFigur e 1-2 . Pulverize dlimeston e slurr y contact s th e1 FUE L OI L >-»f"REHEATE R |FLU E GAS^O-®- , VENTUR I SCRUBBE R i '— ' ~<NAKEUPWATER l FA N V_*_V . ATATA " A A A " ATATA " ATAT A •* - 

# 7 SPRAY TOWE R 

### 6 | LIM E > - -©

- 

# m SCRUBBE R EFFLUEN T HOL D TANK 

### O 

# -Gr ^®~ 1 PROCES S K>—{^) J

SAMPL E POINT S OGA S COMPOSITIO

N ®PARTICULAT E COMPOSITIO N & LOAOIN

G ©SLURR Y O

R SOLID S COMPOSITIO N VACUU M FILTE R

— GA S STREA

M

— LIQUO RSTREAM Figur e I- l Tennesse e Valle y

Authority , Shawne e No . I UPrototyp e Unit : Genera l Proces s Diagram . STAC K 

## 0 DISCHARG E

SETTLIN G I'O.'II

)FLU E GA S > >> > >)) ) SPRA YTOWE R

• EFFLUEN T LIN E Figur e 1- 2 Kansa s Powe r and Light , Lawrenc e No . 4 Operationa l FG D System : Simplifie d Flo

w Diagram .

• •;:» = --•• ! ! <i

iA.-K'i.Wvri' ;P.1 5

flu e ga s inbot hth e ro dscrubber s an

dspra y tower . Overal l SO - remova l i s designe dfo r a minumu m 7 3 percent . A

detaile ddescriptio no f thi s system ma y b e foun dinEPA

600/7-78-058 bpp . 255-276 , "Proceeding s o f th e Symposiu m o nFlu e Ga s Desulfurization , Novembe r 1977 .P.1 6

I I DATA GATHERINGAND REDUCTION A . Dat a Gatherin g System s 1 . Shawne e FGD Prototypes , Tennesse e Valle y Authority , Paducah , Kentucky A schemati c diagram

o f th e monitorin g system use da t eac hmonitorin g locatio na t Shawne e i s show ni nFigur e III-l . Th e sulfu r dioxid e (SOp ) instrumen t a t eac hlocatio ni s a DuPon t 46 0 analyzer . Th e oxyge n(0- ) analyze r i s a Thermo xmode l WD G3 instrument . Th e range s o f th e scrubbe r inle t SOp analyzer s ar e se t a t 0-400 0 pp m SOpand th e range s o f th e tw o scrubbe r outle t SOpanalyzer s ar e 0-100 0 ppm . Th e range s o f 0 - analyze r ar e al l se t a t 0-1 0 percen t 0- . Th e SO - an d0 - probe s tip s ar e locate d a t th e stac k center s wit hth e 0 - rpob e approximatel y on e stac k diamete r upstream o f th e SOp prob e a t eac hlocation . Th e analyzer s operatin g o napproximatel y

8-minut e cycle s durin g whic hstac k ga s concentratio nmeasurement s ar e mad e continuousl y excep t fo r anautomati c 1-minut e backflus hperiod . Concentratio nmeasurement s ar e recorde dcontinuousl y

o nfou r stri pchar t recorder s locate d inth e scrubbe r contro l room . Th e moistur e conten t correctio nfo r th e SOpga s measurement s wa s determine d fro m th e temperatur e measuremen t inth e sampl e ga s strea m immediatel y

followin g th e knock-ou t tra pi nth e analyze r case . Thi s ga s wa s assume d saturate d a t thi s temperature . Th e moistur e conten t correctio nfo r th e 0 - ga s measurement s wa s th e stac k moistur e conten t a s th e 0 - analyzer s measure d a we t ga s stream . Mentio no f a specifi c compan y o r produc t name doe s no t constitut e endorsement b y th e Environmenta l Protectio nAgency .O O S0 2 Prob e



# tzz >
0 2 Prob e
-< - Heate d Teflo n lin e

- ^ Calibratio nga s valv e

0 ? Recorde r S ( 

# u u

P Recon'e r DuPon t analyze r



# - r-=r

Knock-ou t tra p

Figur e 11 —1 Instrumen t Syste m Schematic , Shawnee Powe rStatio nP.1 8

2 . Lawrenc e Uni t No . 4 , Kansa s Powe r and Ligh t Company , Lawrence , Kansa s Th e monitorin g system

use da t Lawrenc e No . 4 consiste d o f a nextraction / conditionin g modul e an da mobil e laborator y whic hhouse d th e analyzers . Thermo Electro nMode l 4 0 pulse dfluorescenc e analyzer s wer e utilize d t o monito r sulfu r dioxid e a t bot hth e inle t an doutle t o f th e sout hscrubber . A Beckma nMode l 74 2 polarographi c analyze r wa s use dt o monito r th e inle t oxyge nconcentratio nwhil e a MS A paramagneti c analyze r wa s utilize d t o monito r outle t concentratio no f oxygen . Figur e I1- 2 contain s a schemati c diagram o f th e sampl e extraction / conditionin g module . Briefly , th e system consist s o f a heate d orob e wit ha 3/ 4 inc hnozzl e oriente dawa y fro m th e ga s flow , a heate d filte r box/pum p boxassembly , a refrigeratio ncoole r and finall y a distributio npane l t o readil y enabl e th e samplin g o f calibratio no r samol e streams . Al l connectin g line s fro

m th e prob e t o th e refrigeratio ncoole r consiste d o f 1/ 2 inc h O.D . Teflo ntubin g wa s used . A 0-1 5 ps i bac k pressur e regulato r wa s place d a t th e end o f th e exhaus t ven t lin e t o caus e a fractio no f th e ga s fro m th e sourc e t o b e transporte dthroug hth e analyzers . Dat a acquisitio nwa s accomplishe d usin g anAccure xAut o Dat a Nin e dat a acquisitio nsystem

wit ha 24-channe l Esterlin e Angu s multipoin t recorde r a s a backu p i ndas e o f Aut o Dat a Nin e failure . Th e extractio nsystem wa s operate d a t a constan t flo w rat e o f approximatel y 1. 5 ft/mi nwit ha constant bac k pressur e o f 5 osi . Al l hea t trace d line s an d heate dboxe s wer e operate da t temperature s ranain g fro m 130° C t o 200°C . 3 Sampl e flow s t o th e oxyge nanalyzer s wer e maintaine d a t 1. 6 f t /h r whil eSuMnllu g for e '==== = ==J9_
si«i > riu w

Figur e 11- 2 Schemati c o f Monitorin g System o f Lawrenc e No . 4P.2 0

thos e fo r th e SO - analyzer s wer e no t visuall y maintaine d a s th e analyzer s containe dindividua l samplin g pump s whic hcontrolle d th e analyze r sampl e demand , Al l analyzer s wer e calibrate d dail y a t approximatel y

090 0 wit ha zero , midscal e an

d 9 0 Dercen t o f full-scal e rang e standards. - Dat a wa s collecte d instantaneousl y

a t fiv e minut e interval s b y th e Aut o Dat a Nine . . Thes e dat a printout s als o containe dsecondar y parameter s suc ha s lin e temperatures , coole r temperatures , etc . Prio r t o th e initiatio no f monitoring , a profil e wa s conducte d a t bot h th e inle t an

d outle t t o th e scrubbe r i norde r t o ensur e a homogeneou s ga s stream . At th e completio no f thi s exercise , th e probe s wer e oriente da s clos e t o th e cente r o f th e duc t a s possible . Th e invidivua l analyzer s wer e operate donth e range s show ni nTabl e 1 an

d calibrate d wit hth e typ e o f standar d listed .

TABL E II- l ANALYZE RSPECIFICATION S Analyze r Locatio nRang e Calibratio nStandar d S0 2 /ai r S0 2 /ai r 0 2 /N 2 0 2 /N 2 Th e type s o f dat a tha t wer e collecte d fo r reductio npurpose s were : inle t S0 2 stri pchar t ( 2 Inlets ) inle t 0 2 stri pchar t ( 2 inlets ) outle t S0 2 stri pchar t ( 2 outlets ) outle t 0 2 stri pchar t ( 2 outlets ) TEC O Mode l 4 0 TEC 0 Mode l 4 0 Beckma nMode l 74 2 MS A Paramagnetic . Analyze r B . Dat a Reductio n Inle t Outle t Inle t Outle t Procedure s 0-100 0 pp m 0-10 0 pp

m 0-1 0 % 0-105 5



### 1 1P.2 1

scrubbe r log s (includin g boile r loadan d coa l fee d rate ) instrumen t log s instrumen t calibratio ndat a sheet s manua l tes t result s Th e dat a wer e firs t logge dina s receive d an d the nwer e reviewe d fo r possibl e dat a gaps . Th e chart s wer e the ntranscribe d t o a tabular forma t usin g a stri pchar t dat a digitizer . Th e tabular dat a wer e the nprocesse d throug ha manua l keypunc hoperatio ns o tha t appropriat e scal e factors , moistur e values , proces s data , an ddescriptiv e comment s coul d b e include d prio r t o dat a listing . Th e punche dcard s wer e the nprocesse d b y compute r t o obtai na dat a listin g an

dcalculate dresult s fo r eac h1 5 minut e dat a point . Th e dat a listing s wer e reviewe db

y th e EPA contracto r fo r keypunc ho r othe r transcriptio nerrors . Th e scrubbe r an

dinstrumen t log s wer e reviewe d s o tha t period s o f boile r outage , scrubbe r outage , bypass , startu p o r shutdow ncoul d b e properl y

identifie d an

d code ds o tha t thes e dat a woul dno t b e include d i nth e calculatio no f average s an dsummaries . Afte r dat a editin g wa s completed, averag e summarie s wer e prepared . Average s base do

nth e 15-minut e dat a wer e prepare d fo r consecutiv e 1-hour , 3-hour , 8-hour , and24-hou r intervals . Inorde r t o calculat e a naverag e resul t fo r a singl e interval , i t wa s specifie d tha t a t leas t 7 5 percen t o f th e 15-minut e dat a point s b e availabl e fo r tha t interval . Fo r example , a n 8-hou r averag e coul donl y b e calculate d whe n2 4 o f th e possibl e 3 2 15-minut e dat a point s wer e available . Whe nles s tha n7 5 percen t o f th e dat a wer e availabl e fo r a

ninterval , a naverag e wa s no t calculate d an d blank s wer e entere d i

nth e summar y

printouts . Afte r eac h3 0 day s o f averag e interva l data , a statistica l summar y wa s prepare dt o determin e th e followin g parameter s fo r th e average . 

### 1 2P.2 2



### mea n averag e deviatio n minimu m percen t standar ddeviatio n standar ddeviatio n maximu m rang e Thes e parameter s wer e calculate dassumin g th e dat a wer e normall y distributed . Th e calculatio nprocedure s use dt o conver t th e analyze r output s fo r sulfu r dioxid e an

doxyge nconcentration s t o mas s emissio nfactor s ar e give n i n4 0 CFR6 0 Subpar t D . Thi s procedur e i s know na s th e F-facto r approac han d i s outline dbelow :

F 

### . CF Kv 

### 20. 9 L

### " T^M " x

### 20.9-0 - Wher e E = C = F = K • • 

## ° 2 = M = Emissio nfacto r - lb/millio nBt u S 0 2 

### concentratio n- ppmv , we t basi s Stoichiometri c conversio nfactor , 982 0 dscf/millio nBt ufo r subbituminou s coa l ,- 7 Conversio nfactor , 1.65 9 x1 0 Ib/dsc f pe r ppm v Oxyge nconcentration , percen t b y volume a s measure d Moistur e fractio na s measure d(fo r drie dsamples , M»0 ) Th e sulfu r dioxid e an

doxyge nconcentratio nresult s wer e obtaine db y multiplyin g th e stri pchar t reading s a s a percen t o f scal e b y th e appropriat e calibratio n factor .

1 3P.2 3



### Th e emissio nfacto r wa s calculate dfo r eac hFGD system inle t an doutle t tes t point . Th e sulfu r dioxid e remova l efficienc y fo r a modul e i s calculate dby : Efficienc y

= Ei n

### ^ ou t 

### x10 0 percen t Whe nmor e tha non e inle t and/o r outle t tes t poin t wa s monitored , th e tota l system emissio nfactor s an

dsulfu r dioxid e remova l efficiencie s wer e calculate db y a weighte daverag e procedure . Th e equatio nfo r thi s calculatio nfo r tota l system efficienc y

i s give nby : EF F tota l = EFF A



### (F" A 

### ) + EFFg(Fg ) Where , EFF t Q 

### . j = tota l system

efficienc y EFF . » efficienc y

o f modul e o r modul e se t A F . = fractio no f ga s flow throug hmodul e o r modul e se t A EFF - » efficienc y

o f modul e o r modul e se t B F B 

### = fractio no f ga s flow throug hmodul e o r modul e se t B

1 4III . DATA ANALYSI S A . Dat a Calculatio nAssumption s Inpreviou s SOp monitorin g reports , severa l assumption s wer e mad e du e t o direc t oxyge no r moistur e reading s bein g unavailable , whic hled t o a maximum erro r leve l du e t o th e assumption s o f 3 percen t inemission s an d 0. 5 percen t inpercen t remova l efficiency . Fo r th e dat a t o b e described , no assumption s wer e made . B . Dat a Availabilit y Tabl e III- l show s th e dat a gatherin g breakdow nfo r th e tw

o sites . Th e tota l day s samplin g tim e wa s ascertained , the nth e boile r and scrubbe r dow ntim e wa s subtracte d t o yiel d th e ne t day s availabil e fo r scrubbe r perfonnanc e data . Dat a fo r eac hone-hou r perio d wa s compile d an d 24-hou r period s characterize d a s ful l dat a periods , i.e. , whe nth e boiler/scrubbe r system wa s operabl e 1 8 hour s o r mor e an

d 1 8 hour s o r mor e o f monito r dat a wa s obtaine d withi na calenda r day . A s show ninTabl e III- l th e percentag e dat a availabilit y range d fro

m 63. 3 percen t tota l day s a t Shawne e t o 84. 6 percen t a t Lawrenc e No . 4 fo r overal l efficiency , wher e bot hinle t and outle t dat a wer e available . Compariso no f performanc e a t th e Shawne e sit e t o desig ni s no t possibl e since th e desig nS0 2 remova l fo r adipi c aci d injectio ni s no t know ndu e t o th e limite d operatin g experience . Wha t i s significan t i s tha t th e limestone / adipic aci d ventur i syste m achieve d 96. 1 oercen t S0 2 remova l o nidentica l flu e ga s t o tha t whic hth e lime-TC A FG D system

previousl y

reporte d an88. 6 percen t SO p removal . 

### 1 5TABL E III- l CATEGORIZATIO N O F DAT A

Tota l Day

s Boile r Dow

n Scrubbe r Dow

n cr > Net Ful l Dat a Day

s % Dat a Availabl e Shawne e Ventur i FGD 4 9 0 0 4 9 3 1 63. 3 Lawrenc e FG D 3 7 0 1 1 2 6 2 2 84. 6Compariso no f th e Lawrenc e performanc e t o desig nSOpremova l i s

interestin g i ntha t th e 7 3 percen t desig nfigur e wa s easil y exceede d b

y th e 96. 6 percen t figur e demonstrate ddurin g th e 2 2 day s testing . Thi s i s becaus e a sligh t overdesig no f a lo w sulfu r FGD system

ma y sho w significan t additiona l SO p remova l whe ncompare dt o simila r overdesig no f a highsulfu r FG D application . Anothe r wa y o f statin g thi s i s tha t remova l o f anextr a 5 0 pp m i s ver y significant whe nther e i s onl y 6 0 pp m remaining , a s compare d t o whe n60 0 pp

m remain . Thi s eas e o f scrubbin g lo w sulfu r coal s wa s discusse d inEP A 600/7-78-03 0 b , Marc h1978 , b y Bechte l Corporation . C . Statistica l Analyse s Figure s III-l , JII-2 , an dIII- 3 graphicall y

illustrat e FGD performanc e a t th e Shawne e ventur i sit e usin g limeston e wit hadipi c aci d additive . Figur e III- l show s inle t S0 2 loading s averag e 5. 6 percen t lb/1 0 Bt u wit ha geometri c dispersio n(GD ) o f 1.070 . Figur e III- 2 show s outle t S0 2 emission s averagin g 0.2 2 lb/1 0 Bt uwit ha G D o f 1.518 . Percen t S0 2 emitte d average d 3. 9 percen t (96. 1 percen t S0 2 removal ) fo r th e 3 1 day perio d wit ha GD o f 1.427 . Figure s II1- 4 throug hII1- 6 sho w th e performanc e o f th e Lawrenc e venturi spra y FGD usin g limeston e slurry . Figur e III- 4 show s averag e inle t S0 2 loading s o f 1.0 2 lb/1 0 Btu , whil e Figur e III- 5 show s averag e outle t SOp emission s o f 0.0 3 lb/1 0 Btu . Geometri c dispersion s ar e 1.12 2 an d 2.34 2 fo r inle t and outle t respectively . I nFigur e III- 6 th e percen t S0 2 emitte d i s show nt o b e 3. 4 (96. 6 percen t S0 2 removal ) wit ha GO o f 1.885 . Th e highgeometri c dispersion s occu r fo r bot hsystem s o nth e outle t an

d percen t emission s du e t o th e extrememl y lo w emissio nlevels ; th e magnitud e o f varianc e [e.g. , x(g-1 ) an dx/(g-l) ] i s smalle r tha nfo r previou s result s fro m FGD monitorin g studies . 

### 1 7X r x t £ m j \Q O rN . ^ o u

n o

•s> = r j 3 v O o

— " C M
lf > o 8 3 n O » T c * o p - ^ •

j 1 1 I 1 I i i i • I I ! |

— — 1 " f" ' ' 1 ,999.99989998959080IgureIII-lShawneeVenturi-Llmestone/AdipicAdd-31DaysInletS02

LL . 1 j 

## 1 1 : : I T

. i , i i • i i i * 1

. i i i ' ! 1 i

i
! • 1 I | 1 j

!]' • I ! ' • 1

i ; • I 1- | 1 

# f : I

1 i ; : : 1 i

• ! ; |
i 1 • ! | I 1 1

• : •1 - ' •u ,.—; —I . | I |

•I • ii' : i : " 1 • i

1 • _ 1 _ ' ! - ' •

! • !

- j ! . .

• , • 1

1 1 1 I

... . ,, , , 1 1 I :
1

. , 1,.. . " •'[•" " J . .7. .11..; , •j\j y 1 r — - r " " " il, " ' •
.. . , , 1 1 ' • • I 1 • 1 I

. i

i i

i
i
i

i ; i

• ! | ' ' 1 1 ^^^^^^^ _ i . •J.!"L.'" '

1 | ' ; ill * TTM| J ."mTM . i

. i

! • • . ; i

• i |

' ' i

i; i 

## I

I

I | i 1 1

i i i • • i : i ;

1
, i !

• • i ; ; : i

f :

•

1 I ! ! ^

• '

i " il. i j i : •

!

: • t . . I' : :

i - '
j • •

i

! , . ! ; •: ! • ' ' V JkL > ^ ^ TM T ^ 1 T t i

. i ; — i —

, : i : i

? — m •

. i • i " 1

. .. . . . 1 i 1 1 I 1 i i i

1 1 .
* I 1 1. ' ! • ; i i i

1 1 '=1.070

C O COK j
1 1 I t 1 X C

A

• ' 1 T' l r' T I I !
! l ! , f; , 1 \t • •jT * r^ 1 i'; i i;* ! i . i ^

- r " n ' ! •

1 1

• 1 •

1 L :

'•' • 

### •li - 1 5P

i 1 " r <:

r l ' ll . •

;•• : tl~ l 1 

### I 1 ' 4-J — -r-l — i . ! • I ' • : I i ; i 1

• 1 1 

### i

- • r
| r j i i

. i i i i

.
• i j i i f i , 1

•
, '
'
' ' i 

### " ' 1 ' i .- | i — i i i i . i i * • i i t

' i — i 1

. ! 1 I t ! i • ,
i

i " ! V I '• flJ ! 1 —

f ~ • • 1 i 1 1 i '

. f 1 I ! | O 7 1 C

O ^ v

O I A j a s v o 

### nia q 

### 0L/q i y1 8 

## ' 2 

## o s wiu i 5
8" "yiV i *"*' * *"••»*? R* (I'^iiWi^vVA^, ^ - P.2 8

—3 s o o ps » < £ tf> * * ^ ! 0 f * l £ ii. 3 r i
3 3 M 3 m 3 — Cv l

V O 5 ~ * 3 Cv j ; 

# j r

i k ^ 3 • T9080VO6050Imestone/AdlpicAdd2Emissions

un ffl 8
o i

0 0 ffi ffl ffl
ffl ffl ffi ffl — l o 1 </) • ^ S

_J- > 3 0 J *•> i — c <- » C U 3 » » O a j vt < U > v c < a 3 o rs

- C i — tn cr > C M i 4 ) _. 3 U . 1

1 i 1 " ' .—i —

~ * I 

### -f -
, •i i •- r ! 1 i ! r ~ " ^ i I ' ih :

1 _ — 1 — j 1 

### •1 1 1 ' 1 J—1 —

• 1

•• •1 r

. - • (• • . i« . i : | ! !
- 1 !

• •• i ' |

i » • T""" ] i ! I ,

• ; ! J'J ^— |

' i ! ; , '

! " 1 •' :]> • : I -.• ••\ - 

## 1

1 1
1 i
•1 1 i ' 1 1 > 1 ••• • I

i'i '
I .

- 1 • 1 - 1

•I '• • ! •I . ' i . 1

•| . i - •i J.J JJi ••

• • | ; - ' \- ; . . 1 t

! | 1 i

i 1 :

. l
i •| 1 1

•i
i | :

•1 1 " 1

i i

: . • 1 • •1

•' . :

" : •. 1 : i- i = h. i

— ' ' ' 1 1
•„_. l 1

1 I

• • . t i

. 1
•i I 1
1 1 • 1
' I i

i

•

:'•',' • t ; : •

• ' ' j ., '

•;• ? * ••

i ' .

< .

' • • j; . ii 1 !

; • ! '

.

:
! ' i , l!: : 1 . i

i

j i .

, , i .

;• ; : 1

1 _ J — = ' 1 j

; . • . ] ' • ' [. . . ! • -4 —
•W • i '.-]>••. 1 ! 1 r• ••j ; '!'•' • .... . I

! . : !• •
• ' | !

• •j l ' 1 ' l- ; l i ' " 1 1 

## i 1 

## ' '

. 1

. . .l l 1 '
, • •: :

,•• • i ; :'•' •ii i rr ' C s!.. ' j . I.' i j

^ • ^ •

. ! : .

i ! . : • i I . 1 j . 

# "4 = t i i i i i . i ' ! • — r — 1 f' ; :|: ; - , \ T : • ; •1 \ " i v : "A ' 1 •

i 1 . . j i ; • 1 '

' • . . | . . 1 ' i l
•1 1 - | , " I 1 , : 1 • 1 : _ l _ I i ..•••i,- . •1 ! . . 1 . • : 1 . i. . !•'. ; 

### |i' : 

### l : 

### - TTT-f— • T

. ] ~~. —' i 1 • • ' • : ! • i ; • i .

= •1 -

'•• !• •

• 

### 1 " 1 | ! | 1 1 1 1 I

O C in

C M C M C M ( • O «" » l l l l I X o >

. | ' ' \ 1 V 1 \ •^ t •! • ' ' ! . 1 . ' I 1 J ' ' l J : • • •! •

i • i 1 I •i :' . ! ' •

.. . 1 ! ^

•1 • • 1 . " TM • | 1 | ,

1 ^ J 1 \ 1 A ' ! •\ i 1
' 4 \ | ? i ! v 1 ^ \ 1 ; '

i 1 1 i ; ; . 1 •
I

i 1

1 j I I l ( I 1 — 1 1 | ' 1 i | 1

t ! i U_ « — \ f' \ u . \ u * \ D " \ \ « S ' * :

V A 1 V ' \ [ \ \ i \ ! \

i i ; ! • i

1 1 i O ri o N i tv

o 3 ffi X r

vv o u n 3 

### s 3 ni8 Q ot/q i , ( y1 9 O

S iai*n o3 5 o 3

*

_

. 1005001...

Cv j

' 9 ' i n 3

rvj
i n
c
3 r u 

### s
V T 5

• V S 3 ff. _r v i £ if ) « T f > C M — . ffi C O r v u j u n vy r o e g _ , 

# r t ~

< i

• i • " •. — zzz —

-—— — i —estone/AdlpIcAddEmitted.

__ C M o n - 1 < ^ * J-_ J §VenturPercen999999.899Igure111-3Shawnee31Days

8 3 u . |

' j < •

•\- \ 1 ! ; — 1 — h i = • j .• I 1 | •
• 1 ! 1

) • "T " • • 1 ; '
' ! • ' i

! •
. 1 ']'-•' 1 ' • | 

### 1

l i 1 1 1 ! i i — 1 — — 1 — i 1 — 1 —

' ! 

### r

i ,| . i i
i •I • i i i i

) • i ! 1
1 ' |

; • 1 _• i'i ' • - i i i •r -
: 1 .— 1 i

1 i | |

i

• , 1 • . . . 1 ,.!'l . • |

' ' i ' • 1 . | i i .

i

. i l i IM ; | i " i i ! ! ' ' ;

• | •

' 1 | i | | : r '

•
• •i i i • i

. i 1

| i 1

l •

1 ' 1

1

. | • ; I 1 i <

. : i 1 ! 

### 1 '

•:••!.:' •

•1 ! ; : ; i • |

1 1 ! j i I i

—1 

## p , 1

•

1 1 1 ' '

. ] ! '

• :

• - ) ' ' | i 1 < -

i : ;
' ' , ' 1 | ; •

• i 1

•i 1 • i ' • -

' V
- \ J:.\

••' ' •

' •

•

't' l

. , , : • ' ; ! •

• , .

- —

v ' 1 * . ?:' ! j : ;ij ;
|ii ;

. ' 1 \ ,

1 :
, •. i

i

i f

• ' • i " ii 1 ' j ; : :

; ; '
; ; • « !__ _ ^— T i

.

i' h i'\ '

, 

### v 

## V \ V T

: > ' : i l ' -4 — : l i : : r |!'. : 1 1 ! . : | •I' 1 !• •

• ' j X l-J J •'• r .i' > • . - i|' : ; , ! . .

• ,.ii. . •ip- - I- . .' !

. . . ! • •

• •.! • 1 1

ij : •i ! »* * ; ' H; ' 

### !i i

. 1 • 1 ' •I '

• :

•h " • r ..I. - i

i 1 | ! i l ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1

. ,,l , • - 4 — : :

i

• T "~ i -»"-|"--— • t r-^ T 1 v \ ! \ 1 •

.. i

• • -\ - i - ^ * i i i l,.'| . • •_i ^

• •

• | . < ' ' 1 1 •- 1 . ' •J

! - ' • JJ ;.; i i ] •

• • i

• ' ! 

## 1

____ _ 

### .-1 - 

### i i • i i i i , i

i l ! ! •1.427

Oi I I'6.682.3 c o e o i l t t I X IO )

1 . • T i

, . , • , L L TM I I i i
. i ; : . . •\i .

T• ' ^ i

' • . ' ^^'^•^ ^ ———T— " I ••1 i 1 1

' •.{•• • -1 : , 

### 1 1 , | 1 

## 1 : •I '
' \- ' ____J_____ _ " •I i i : • 1 i 1 : | •1 1 ( |

l \ ' 1 \ ' \ . ! \ ! \ i .; ; •i . \ 1 1 i i 

### i i *

i 

### j i

I ; ' 1 l i 1 i1 i I 1 1 | 1 j i i

. 1 | 1 -= i

_ -

_ = irt 4 J . vJ J W - L1 %' lmmll , . '

. 1 1 i 

## 1 V ' • : • \ ! \ > \ * \ : \ j \ i \ ! \ » i | ffl X r v U J if ) v » It C

M — ffi o o r » u a u n » m C M 2 %•pautUJ a Z 0 S ;U33J9f j 2 00.0!0.050.10.20.5125102030405060/0809095989999.899.999.99

•" -1 0

9 8 7 6 5 999 9 99. 9 99. 8 4 6 804 0 9 9 9 8 9 5 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0. 5 0 2 0. 1 0 0 5 0 0 1

c a o r o x i ^ £ 1.. 0 9 8 7 Cvl o c Figur e in- q Lawrenc e 2 2 Day s Inle t S0 2

..._ .

- —

-.-: .

" • '

- - - - "

."'. ' ": " 

# l ^ I I

• " •

T 

# 1 1 

# I 

# I " ' 1

. _ . •L.

..._. ':. . : :

• • • , .

-

----- - • '• ' -

- ?.-'.}.• z.

. .....

.•::. " :_ f • : . - .- V " - - ; "_

;r

_ " ."- " ----•rr^ i
— :.-" : '.V -

— 7. "
^ - .:• ; r

"• : *_• r"^"

----- -

_ . - " • ||rr. - • - • - - - " rm \-5 -

- - lllll"""' : 1111 1 . .

llll l .-*' "
' " |TJ| | "•••" " 

# llll l

- - : •j|U | 

# m i —

- - inn —- iijii —

1 1 :E I : 1 , : h ft . 

# J l Jiilii . . r + 1 

## I

- 4 —— 

# J \ * j x= 1.0 2 J g - a /1.2 1 "--. •

"" ; ^__.,.--'

- - •

:
:;::-: J .857 = "• , " 

# : 

# IttttttH t 

# J . ' ' :

l i 

## Ili i V : '. '

— " - • • —

-

._ .

— • —• -

. _ . .

._ _.. .

- — •• -

- — •

- - •• -

. . _ —

—

— 1 0 •i 8 1 6 5

0.0 1 0 0 5 0. 1 0. 2 0. 5 1 0 203 0 4 0 506 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 9 5 989 9 99. 8 99. 9 99.9 90 . 1 0 9 9 9 9 99. 9 99. 8 rv^i ; Kimii i n iyjHiI I M«mi»g. « • 4 6 804 0 9 9 9 8 9 5 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 -1 0 3 0 2 0 I O 5 2 1 0. 5 0 2 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 1 9 8 7

o o v o C D

to tu 0 .

_ > o 

## n

•j 8 7 6 5

0.00 1 Figur e 111- 5 Lawrenc e - 2 2 Day s Outle t S0 2 Emission s ,

• — •

- - •:- ;

.':•:' .

—

— - - - •: -

. .. .

- - - • - -

• • - r

• • — -

. _ .

- : -Hr -

" ~ -

—-

.. . -" -

- ^ "- " "- -

- — - - r: -

'". :

-•-.--• •

-.-.-• •

.

.. . . ' y.

JJJJ.

-•:-': .

" • •

~- ~ '. yJF: '. . i\J

- - - • r r

—

• . • ' fit '. ; • WF ' : ~ - : •:;.. : : 

### A. '''". JJJJJ '--.• •JJ-r5 . 51 •yy

- - •

~

— : - • : \

..-: • -; :

r r r 

### ---- - 

### 1

|

- - - j

__d J . . . 

# ' - J ' ; :". :
>•:"'• ' | '• ' zJJ. ~ : ' • J 

## J

- - -. -

: ••'• •

4 ;--- - 

### j -
f ( l —- - - 4 j ••;« ' • -

--- - r1 t - - J + - 

## •- / : 

## ] } ••:: ; 

# ./....-.. --- I

x = 0.03 2 * i 1

-

..... .
-----.- - / g

= V.07 3 _7

, .013 3 " c

J 

# llllll l
:...• : 4 J 

# \ 

# J j j 1 1 : 

# :. . . : r 

# : :.:,1 J .; ; 

# J 

# ; J 

# l l ffiii

; r' . L ( ; > id r I j j : : : . : . -

. : .- -

" : " : ' ' . : ~.~

- :-. —

__ . ..... "'. ' " . -" - ._: _ 4 2

' V

- .;-" .-: "
f-L" -

l -

•••-.- -

. ... . __

-

. _.. .
—

-- -

.... . ._. . . 1

_ . I

—| -_ . J

- —|

- j

. ... . L ---- -

- - — —

—

—

- —

— - 1 0 9 8 7

0.0 1 00 5 0 1 0 2 0. 5 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 9 5 9 8 9 9 99 8 99. 9 9 9 9 9I \ £__htuMt i a tsst . i f i. o M*i' i It . I I . A • 4 b 8U4 U 1 0 9 8 7 6 5

i X

- o a t E u i
< _ OJ o i a i a . 9 9 9 9 99. 9 99. 8 9 9 9 8 9 5 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 Figur e 111- 6 Lawrenc e - 22 Day

s Percen tS0 2 Emitte d . | ^

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 ?

1 —

—

—

—

__ .

— -.-•• •

---- -

- - - - — •

.. . _

—

- - —

- -

- — - ". '

- •J -

- - -- • •

___.. .

- .. .
" . . Z-rf- ' •""': ' rJJ-
'•''J. ::.:

.;•: : : ' :f 5 r. 1 .' . -:.; .
- ~

. . ._ _ ~ !

r .

-• ; _i :

:•: ' - "

— • - . . '. " "

* IL L 

# [

- 

# ||F - ; ||- - 

# |[ - 

# I
llll l j JJI|I

_ " | TT T 1 

### I f 

# iJ Ir J f - ••••••y 

# W llll l' < '-til t 

# 1......

.
r- 4 -•:- - ----rl--: - -



### - 4
: 

### - 4

- 1 4 1 _ ^ 

### -•'•/ ] ,.,t . i 

# •'...:-:.:.Ti .

~ " 1 9 ~

:5 ! Hil l 1 0 5

. _

/ *• ' \ / ' —

—

-.•_• 2 1

—' -

—

—- - -

.'- •
. ~

1 A J . 4 V6.7 5 1. 9 1.88 5

-- - - - 0. 5

•

•

- - - -

---- - 0. 2 0 1 0 0 5

—

• —

—

—-

- - —
«

.. .

- -

- - 

### [ f - • -

_ .

- —

- - 0 0 1

—

—

—

—

—

—

0 0 1 0 0 5 0. 1 0 2 0. 5 1 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 9 5 9 8 9 9 99. 8 99. 9 99.9 9P.3 3

IV . RECOMMENDATION S AND CONCLUSION S 1 . Th e tw

o system s monitore di nthi s repor t illustrat e very lo w emission s achievabl e wit hFG D system s o nlo w sulfu r coa l wit hconventiona l limeston e scrubbin g ando nhig hsulfu r coa l wit hconventiona l limeston e scrubbin g assiste db

y lo w concentration s (150 0 ppm ) o f adipi c acid . 2 . Th e relativ e eas e o f SO 2 remova l fro m lo w sulfu r coa l flu e ga s i s show n b y th e Lawrenc e data , wher e 96. 6 percen t SO 2 i s removed . 3 . Th e benefit s o f adipi c aci dinjectionar e show nb y compariso no f th e system examine dher e compare dt o conventiona l lim e scrubbing , wher e adipi c aci d enhancemen t o f limeston e showe d96. 1 percen t S0 2 remova l compare dt o 88. 6 per cen t measure do.

na paralle l system

wit hlime scrubbin g only .



### 2 4