In the 

United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 16‐1401

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

LISA A. LEWIS,

Defendant‐Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Wisconsin.

No. 13‐CR‐219 — William C. Griesbach, Chief Judge.

____________________

ARGUED SEPTEMBER 8, 2016 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 16, 2016

____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and KANNE and HAMILTON, Cir‐

cuit Judges.

KANNE, Circuit Judge. Over a seven‐year period, Lisa A.

Lewis embezzled more than $2 million from twelve people

who were 75 to 92 years old. Pursuant to a plea agreement,

she pled guilty to one count of wire fraud in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1343, and the government agreed to a specific sen‐

tencing guidelines calculation. The government also agreed to
2 No. 16‐1401

recommend no more than ten years’ imprisonment at her sen‐

tencing hearing.    

At the first sentencing hearing, the district court sentenced

Lewis to fifteen years’ imprisonment. Shortly thereafter, we

decided United States v. Thompson, 777 F.3d 368 (7th Cir. 2015).

Lewis appealed raising only the issue of her supervised‐re‐

lease conditions. In light of Thompson, we remanded for resen‐

tencing. Before the resentencing hearing, Lewis filed a motion

arguing for the first time that the government had breached

the plea agreement. The district court denied the motion and

held that Lewis had waived this argument by failing to raise

it at the first sentencing or on the first appeal. The district

court then sentenced Lewis to the same fifteen‐year term.

On appeal, Lewis now argues that she did not waive her

argument that the government breached the plea agreement.

She reasserts that argument now. Lewis also argues that the

district court erred at sentencing by (1) applying a sentencing

enhancement based on the vulnerability of her victims and (2)

imposing a substantively unreasonable sentence.  

We hold that the district court did not err by refusing to

hear Lewis’s argument, but it did err by not affirmatively ac‐

knowledging that it had the authority to do so. But because

the district court alternatively rejected that argument, and be‐

cause we believe that the argument is meritless, we hold that

the district court’s error is harmless. Finally, we hold that the

district court did not err at sentencing because the vulnerable‐

victim enhancement was properly applied and the district

court’s sentence was substantively reasonable.  
No. 16‐1401 3

I. BACKGROUND

From 2006 until 2013, Lewis fraudulently held herself out

as an account representative with Fidelity Investments to at

least a dozen “investors” whose ages ranged from 75 to 92.

Although she had been a registered broker with the Financial

Industry Regulatory Authority from 1990 until 2006, she was

neither a registered broker nor affiliated with Fidelity Invest‐

ments during this fraudulent scheme. Under the scheme,

Lewis convinced her investors to set up investment accounts

at Fidelity. Unbeknownst to her investors, however, Lewis

opened the accounts as joint accounts, including her name on

each account. This allowed Lewis to transfer funds from the

accounts to her own personal account without her investors’

consent or knowledge. Lewis applied for and received debit

cards associated with some of these accounts. She also forged

some of her investors’ signatures on checks drawn on their

accounts. She used the debit cards and fraudulent checks to

withdraw additional funds from the accounts. Over the

course of this seven‐year scheme, Lewis embezzled more than

$2 million from her victims.

A grand jury indicted Lewis on five counts of wire fraud

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. On March 14, 2014, she pled

guilty to one of those counts pursuant to a plea agreement. In

exchange for Lewis’s guilty plea, the government made sev‐

eral promises. First, the government promised “to recom‐

mend no more than 10 years imprisonment and the maximum

period of supervised release.” (R. 17 at ¶ 24.) Second, the gov‐

ernment agreed to the following sentencing guidelines calcu‐

lation:  

1. A base offense level of 7 under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(a)(1);  
4 No. 16‐1401

2. Specific offense level increases of 16 levels

for the amount of the loss under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(I), 2 levels for an offense in‐

volving 10 or more victims under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(A), and 2 levels for an offense

involving sophisticated means under

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10);  

3. A 2‐level increase for the abuse of a position

of trust under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3;

4. A 4‐level increase for an offense involving a

large number of vulnerable victims under

U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1; and

5. A 3‐level decrease for acceptance of respon‐

sibility under U.S.S.G. §§ 3E1.1(a) and

3E1.1(b).  

This agreed‐upon calculation resulted in a total offense level

of 30. Based on this offense level and Lewis’s criminal history

category of I, Lewis’s guideline range under the plea agree‐

ment was 97 to 121 months.  

The plea agreement also included several important reser‐

vations. First, the agreement provided that “[b]oth parties re‐

serve the right to provide the district court and the probation

office with any and all information which might be pertinent

to the sentencing process ... .” (R. 17 at ¶ 22.) Second, the

agreement provided that “[b]oth parties reserve the right to

make any recommendation regarding any and all factors per‐

tinent to the determination of the sentencing guideline

range ... .” (R. 17 at ¶ 23.) Finally, the agreement acknowl‐

edged that the district court was not bound by the agreement

or by the sentencing guidelines. (R. 17 at ¶ 25.)
No. 16‐1401 5

The probation office then completed a Presentence Inves‐

tigation Report (“PSR”). The probation office’s guideline cal‐

culation included two additional enhancements: (1) a 2‐level

increase forthe use of a means of identification under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(11)(C)(i) and (2) a 2‐level increase for obstruction of

justice under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1. The calculation in the PSR also

included only a 2‐level vulnerable‐victim enhancement under

U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1), rather than the 4‐level enhancement

contemplated in the plea agreement. The probation office

then presented the PSR to Lewis and to the government for

comment. Lewis objected to the additional enhancements.

The government did not object to any of these recommenda‐

tions.

The probation office then asked the government to com‐

ment on Lewis’s objections to the additional enhancements.

The government responded in an email to the PSR preparer.

Regarding the means‐of‐identification enhancement, the gov‐

ernment stated that the “facts outlined in the PSR are accu‐

rately relayed and seem to fit within the parameters of the

guideline enhancement.” (R. 59‐1.) Regarding the obstruc‐

tion‐of‐justice enhancement, the government stated that “the

PSR accurately relays the facts that arguably fall within the

umbrage of the guideline enhancement.” (R. 59‐1.) The final

PSR included the additional enhancements. It also included

several victim impact statements. Based on a calculated total

offense level of 32, Lewis’s guideline range under the PSR was

121 to 151 months.

The government and Lewis both filed sentencing memo‐

randums. Lewis asked for an eight‐year prison term, arguing

that this sentence would have the same deterrent effect as a

ten‐year sentence. The government’s response did not address
6 No. 16‐1401

the guidelines; instead, it emphasized the seriousness of the

offense and recommended a ten‐year sentence.  

At sentencing, the district court once again asked the gov‐

ernment to comment on Lewis’s objections to the additional

enhancements in the PSR. Mindful of the plea agreement, the

government first expressed that it was not advocating for the

additional enhancements. It then repeated the recommenda‐

tions that it had given to the probation office. The district

court followed the PSR and concluded that Lewis’s total of‐

fense level was 32. The government then argued that a 4‐level

vulnerable‐victim enhancement—as contemplated in the plea

agreement—rather than the 2‐level vulnerable‐victim en‐

hancement included in the PSR should apply. The district

court rejected that argument. The court then sentenced Lewis

to fifteen years’ imprisonment, a sentence five years higher

than was contemplated in the plea agreement and twenty‐

nine months higher than the top end of the guideline range

for an offense level of 32.

On January 5, 2015, Lewis appealed only her conditions of

supervised release. In light of our decision in Thompson, 777

F.3d 368, the government and Lewis submitted a joint motion

to vacate the sentence and to remand for resentencing to cor‐

rect the supervised release conditions contained in the origi‐

nal sentencing order. We granted that motion and remanded

for resentencing on March 12, 2015.  

On February 1, 2016, Lewis filed a motion with the district

court seeking to reassign her case to a new sentencing judge,

to strike the PSR’s guideline calculation, to strike the govern‐

ment’s sentencing memorandum, and to seal the sentencing

transcript. In that motion, Lewis claimed for the first time that

the government had breached the plea agreement. The district
No. 16‐1401 7

court denied Lewis’s motion, holding that she had waived any

argument regarding a breach of the plea agreement by not

presenting it at the first sentencing hearing or on the first ap‐

peal. The district court also concluded that, even absent a

waiver, Lewis was “not entitled to relief because the govern‐

ment did not breach the plea agreement.” (R. 61 at 5.)  

Before the resentencing hearing, Lewis again filed objec‐

tions to enhancements in the PSR. During resentencing, she

specifically objected to the means‐of‐identification 2‐level en‐

hancement and the vulnerable‐victim enhancement. The dis‐

trict court rejected Lewis’s argument regarding the vulnera‐

ble‐victim enhancement and applied the 2‐level increase con‐

templated in the PSR. The district court accepted Lewis’s ar‐

gument regarding the means‐of‐identification enhancement

and dropped that 2‐level increase. The district court then re‐

calculated Lewis’s guideline range and found that her total of‐

fense level was 30, which, based on her criminal history cate‐

gory of I, resulted in a guideline range of 97 to 121 months.

The district court then resentenced Lewis to the same sen‐

tence of fifteen years’ imprisonment despite the lower offense

level and guideline range.

Lewis now appeals the district court’s denial of her Febru‐

ary 1 motion and the district court’s sentence. Because the

government did not breach the plea agreement and because

the sentence was proper, we agree with the district court.

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, Lewis makes four arguments: (1) the district

court erred when it concluded that Lewis waived her right to

assert that the government had breached the plea agreement

by failing to raise this argument at the original sentencing or
8 No. 16‐1401

on the original appeal; (2) the district court erred when it con‐

cluded that the government did not breach the plea agree‐

ment; (3) the district court erred when it applied the two‐level

vulnerable‐victim enhancement; and (4) the district court’s

sentence of fifteen years’ imprisonment was substantively un‐

reasonable. We first address her arguments regarding the plea

agreement. We then turn to her arguments regarding the dis‐

trict court’s sentence.  

A. Breach of the Plea Agreement

Lewis’s first two arguments on appeal center on the gov‐

ernment’s alleged breach of the plea agreement. The district

court held that Lewis waived any argument regarding the

government’s alleged breach by not raising it at the original

sentencing in the district court or on the original appeal in this

court. Thus, the district court held that this argument was out‐

side the scope of the remand. “We review a district court’s de‐

termination of the scope of remand de novo.” United States v.

Mobley, 833 F.3d 797, 803 (7th Cir. 2016).  

The scope of a remand is determined by our opinion

granting that remand. United States v. Avila, 634 F.3d 958, 961

(7th Cir. 2011). If our opinion “identifies a discrete, particular

error that can be corrected on remand without the need for a

redetermination of other issues, the district court is limited to

correcting that error.” United States v. Parker, 101 F.3d 527, 528

(7th Cir. 1996). On the other hand, if the case is generally re‐

manded for resentencing, “the district court may entertain

new arguments as necessary to effectuate its sentencing in‐

tent, but it is not obligated to consider any new evidence or ar‐

guments beyond that relevant to the issues raised on appeal.”

United States v. Barnes, 660 F.3d 1000, 1007 (7th Cir. 2011) (em‐

phasis added). Thus, when a case is generally remanded, a
No. 16‐1401 9

district court has some discretion as to which—if any—new

arguments it will hear. Id. at 1007–08.

A remand in light of Thompson vacates the entire sentence,

allowing the district court to alter any aspect of that sentence

at resentencing. Thompson, 777 F.3d at 382; see also Mobley, 833

F.3d at 801. As such, a Thompson remand is a “full” or general

remand unless our opinion or the formal mandate granting

the remand includes an explicit limitation. Mobley, 833 F.3d at

801. Following the rationale of Barnes, on a Thompson remand,

a district court may entertain new arguments if it so chooses.

Barnes, 660 F.3d at 1007. “The defendant need not have raised

these arguments on appeal; once the case is remanded for a

complete resentencing, the defendant may assert any argu‐

ment she wishes.” Mobley, 833 F.3d at 802. The district court

then “may choose to exercise its discretion in a manner that

does not consider any new evidence or new arguments ...,

and it may choose to impose the exact same sentence as was

imposed at the original sentencing hearing.” Id.  

Here, Lewis could have raised all of her arguments regard‐

ing the government’s alleged breach of the plea agreement at

the first sentencing and then on her first appeal. But she chose

not to raise them. Because we generally remanded this case in

light of Thompson, the district court atresentencing could have

chosen to hear Lewis’s arguments regarding the breached

plea agreement, but it was not obligated to do so. Id. at 801–

02. Therefore, the district court did not err in refusing to hear

Lewis’s newly raised arguments.1 What the court had to do,

                                                 

1 We recognize that the plea agreement still binds the government at re‐

sentencing. Thus, had Lewis alleged that the government breached the

plea agreement in a new or different way at resentencing, the district court
10 No. 16‐1401

however, was “acknowledge that it ha[d] the authority to hear

new arguments, so that we ... know on appeal that it exer‐

cised its discretion in either accepting or rejecting new mate‐

rial.” Id. at 802. Here, the district court did not acknowledge

its authority, and its failure to do so constitutes a mistake of

law. Id. at 803.2 But because the district court also considered

and rejected Lewis’s breach of the plea agreement argument,

and because we agree that the government did not breach the

plea agreement, any error is harmless. See Barnes, 660 F.3d at

1008.  

“An error is harmless if it does not affect a party’s substan‐

tialrights.” Citizensfor Appropriate Rural Roads v. Foxx, 815 F.3d

1068, 1079 (7th Cir. 2016). Substantial rights are those “that af‐

fect the outcome of the case.” United States v. Turner, 836 F.3d

849, 867 (7th Cir. 2016). Therefore, a district court’s failure to

acknowledge that it had the authority to hear a new argu‐

ment—raised for the first time after a Thompson remand—is

harmless if that new argument is meritless and could not have

affected the outcome of the case.  

Here, the district court alternatively considered Lewis’s ar‐

gument regarding the plea agreement and concluded that no

                                                 

would have had to have addressed that argument. That is because Lewis

would not have been able to raise this new or different argument at the

first sentencing. But because all of the alleged breaches she complains

about occurred at or before the first sentencing, and because she could

have raised these arguments at that first sentencing and then on her first

appeal, the district court was not obligated to hear these arguments on

remand.  

2 We also recognize that the district court decided this case before our de‐

cision in Mobley, 833 F.3d 797, and thus could not have been aware of the

specific acknowledgement requirement we announced in that case. None‐

theless, we find that this was an error.  
No. 16‐1401 11

breach occurred. When, as here, there is no dispute as to the

relevant facts, we interpret the plea agreement and review

whether there was a breach de novo. United States v. Malone,

815 F.3d 367, 370 (7th Cir. 2016). “We interpret a plea agree‐

ment using ordinary principles of contract law, ‘though with

an eye to the special public‐interest concerns that arise in this

context.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Munoz, 718 F.3d 726, 729

(7th Cir. 2013)). Accordingly, we give unambiguous terms in

the plea agreement their plain meaning and look to “the par‐

ties’reasonable expectations and construe ambiguities against

the government as the drafter” only when the language is am‐

biguous. Id. Relief for a prosecutor’s breach of a plea agree‐

ment is only actionable if the breach is substantial. Campbell v.

Smith, 770 F.3d 540, 546 (7th Cir. 2014).  

Lewis argues that the government breached the plea

agreement in three major ways: (1) by advocating for addi‐

tional enhancements in its email to the PSR preparer and its

comments to the district court regarding the recommenda‐

tions of the PSR; (2) by failing to advocate in good faith for a

maximum sentence of ten years; and (3) by advocating for the

4‐level vulnerable‐victim enhancement rather than the 2‐level

enhancement contemplated in the PSR. Because none of these

actions constitutes a breach of the plea agreement, we reject

Lewis’s argument.

First, the government did not breach the plea agreement

by emailing the PSR preparer or commenting on the PSR’s rec‐

ommendations at sentencing. In fact, the government explic‐

itly reserved the right to do so in the plea agreement. In the

agreement, the government “reserve[d] the right to provide

the district court and the probation office with any and all infor‐
12 No. 16‐1401

mation which might be pertinent to the sentencing pro‐

cess ... .” (R. 17 at ¶ 22) (emphasis added). The government

also “reserve[d] the right to make any recommendation re‐

garding any and all factors pertinent to the determination of

the sentencing guideline range ... and any other matters not

specifically addressed by this agreement.” (R. 17 at ¶ 23.)  

By offering its recommendations on the additional en‐

hancements provided in the PSR, the government was not ad‐

vocating for those enhancements. Instead, it was merely fol‐

lowing the plea agreement’s terms by providing the district

court and the probation office with pertinent information that

was not addressed in the agreement. Moreover, the govern‐

ment explicitly disclaimed advocacy for those additional en‐

hancements at the sentencing hearing. When the district court

asked the government for a recommendation about the addi‐

tional enhancements in the PSR, the government first re‐

sponded that it was not advocating for those enhancements.

Only then did the government provide its recommendations.

Second, the government did not fail to advocate in good

faith for a maximum sentence of ten years. The plea agree‐

ment bound the government to “recommend no more than 10

years[’] imprisonment ... .” (R. 17 at ¶ 24.) Lewis argues that

once the district court accepted the higher sentencing range

calculated in the PSR—121 to 151 months—the government

had a duty to advocate for a below guidelines sentence. For

Lewis, by continuing to describe her crime as “horrific,”

“egregious,” “aggravated,” “significant,” “dramatic,” and

“tragic,” the government failed to make such a good faith ef‐

fort. We disagree.  
No. 16‐1401 13

As previously mentioned, the plea agreementrequired the

government to argue for no more than ten years’ imprison‐

ment. That is precisely what the government did throughout

the sentencing process. The government repeated its ten‐year

recommendation at the plea hearing, in its sentencing memo‐

randum, and throughout the sentencing hearing. Strong ad‐

vocacy in favor of the maximum sentence contemplated by a

plea agreement does not constitute a breach, especially when

the government reiterates its recommendation and the terms

of the plea agreement throughout the sentencing process. See

United States v. Salazar, 453 F.3d 911, 913–15 (7th Cir. 2006)

(holding that the government did not breach the plea agree‐

ment when it described the defendant as a “cold‐blooded

killer” because the government “did not request a higher sen‐

tence” and “consistently commented that the low‐end Guide‐

lines sentence was appropriate”).

Finally, the government did not breach the plea agreement

by advocating for the 4‐level vulnerable‐victim enhancement

at sentencing. First, the plea agreement, by its terms, permit‐

ted the government to argue for that increase. Moreover, the

government made clear at sentencing that it was advocating

for the 4‐level enhancement “just to make the record com‐

plete.” (R. 42 at 23.) The government did not breach the plea

agreement by reminding the court of the agreement’s terms

and arguing in favor of those terms.

We agree with the district court’s alternative conclusion

that the government did not breach the plea agreement. Be‐

cause this argument is meritless and could not have affected

the outcome of Lewis’s case, the district court’s failure to

acknowledge that it could have considered this argument is

harmless.  
14 No. 16‐1401

B. Sentencing Arguments

Lewis’s final two arguments involve her sentence. We re‐

view a district court’s sentence in two steps. First, we review

the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines for

procedural error. United States v. Mbaye, 827 F.3d 617, 622 (7th

Cir. 2016). “If the decision below is procedurally sound, then

we ask whetherthe resulting sentence is substantively reason‐

able.” Id. (quoting United States v. Warner, 792 F.3d 847, 855

(7th Cir. 2015)). Lewis makes one procedural challenge to her

sentence: that the district court improperly applied the vul‐

nerable‐victim enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1). We

begin with this decision and then turn to the issue of the sub‐

stantive reasonableness of the sentence.  

1. Vulnerable‐Victim Enhancement

Lewis disputes the district court’s application of the 2‐level

sentencing enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1) based

on the vulnerability of her victims. “We review the district

court’s application of the sentencing guidelines de novo and

its factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Guidry, 817

F.3d 997, 1007–08 (7th Cir. 2016).  

Under U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1), a district court can increase

a defendant’s offense level by two levels “[i]f the defendant

knew or should have known that a victim of the offense was

a vulnerable victim.” The commentary for this section defines

a “vulnerable victim” as a person “who is unusually vulnera‐

ble due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is other‐

wise particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct.”

U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1 cmt. n.2.

Lewis argues that age alone is insufficient to justify appli‐

cation of the enhancement under § 3A1.1(b)(1). In support of
No. 16‐1401 15

her argument, Lewis quotes United States v. Anderson, 349 F.3d

568 (8th Cir. 2003). There, the Eighth Circuit held that “it

would be clear error to impose a § 3A1.1(b)(1) increase simply

because some of the victims of a widespread investment scam

were elderly.” Id. at 572. For Lewis, because “the PSR preparer

and the judge relied entirely upon age, uncoupled with any

vulnerability that per se accompanies old age, to apply the en‐

hancer,” the enhancement was procedurally improper. (Ap‐

pellant’s Br. at 29).

As we have held, “Elderly victims satisfy the requirements

of § 3A1.1(b)(1), especially when their financial investments

and financial security are at issue. The elderly are a frequent

target of scammers and frequently qualify as vulnerable vic‐

tims.” United States v. Iriri, 825 F.3d 351, 352 (7th Cir. 2016) (in‐

ternal citation and quotation marks omitted). But that doesn’t

mean that the enhancement must always be applied when the

victim is elderly. Instead, like the Eighth Circuit, we have held

that “[t]here still must be some link between the vulnerability

and the characteristic in question, here age.” United States v.

Williams, 258 F.3d 669, 673 (7th Cir. 2001). Thus, Lewis is cor‐

rect that age alone can be insufficient to justify the application

of the vulnerable‐victim enhancement. But because the dis‐

trict court did not base the application of the enhancement

solely on the victims’ ages, Lewis’s argument ultimately fails.

Although the district court did base the application of the

vulnerable‐victim enhancement at least in part on the victims’

ages, the court also looked to several other vulnerabilities that

Lewis exploited during the course of her scheme. As the dis‐

trict court noted and the victim impact statements reflect,

Lewis had established long‐term working relationships with
16 No. 16‐1401

at least some of her victims before commencing her fraudu‐

lent scheme. As one victim’s family member stated, Lewis

“[p]os[ed] as a friend and advisor” and methodically did

“things to develop trust over many years.” (R. 21 at 47.) Lewis

“waited until [her victim]’s advanced age, illness and memory

losses after chemotherapy, along with [her victim’s husband]’s

progressive forgetfulness and weakness gave her the oppor‐

tunity to steal their life savings—trying to get every penny of

it.” (R. 21 at 47.)  

Other victims and their family members emphasized

Lewis’s knowledge that her victims lacked basic computer

skills. Finally, as the district court noted at resentencing, at

least one of Lewis’s victims “was in the hospital with colon

cancer when much of the money was taken away.” (R. 77 at

21.) Lewis, who became acutely familiar with her victims by

posing as a friend and advisor for years before and during her

scheme, intentionally chose these people, not merely because

of their ages but also because of their various other vulnera‐

bilities she could readily exploit.  

Lewis further argues that the district court conflated the

vulnerable‐victim enhancement with the abuse‐of‐trust en‐

hancement and double counted the same conduct for pur‐

poses of sentencing. This argument, however, is easily dis‐

missed. We have specifically held that this so‐called “double

counting,” “in the sense that the same conduct is used more

than once to increase a defendant’s guideline range, is gener‐

ally permissible unless the text of the guidelines prohibits it.”

United States v. Burnett, 805 F.3d 787, 794 (7th Cir. 2015). In

Burnett, we specifically rejected the exact argument Lewis

raises here—that the same conduct cannot be used to justify

imposition of both the vulnerable‐victim enhancement under
No. 16‐1401 17

§ 3A1.1 and the abuse‐of‐trust enhancement under § 3B1.3. Id.

The district court properly applied the vulnerable‐victim en‐

hancement.  

2. Substantive Reasonableness of Lewis’s Sentence

Lewis finally argues that her fifteen‐year sentence, which

is five years longer than the agreed‐upon maximum sentence

in her plea agreement and nearly five years longer than the

upper end of her sentencing guidelines range, is substantively

unreasonable. We review the substantive reasonableness of a

district court’s sentence under a deferential abuse‐of‐discre‐

tion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007);

United States v. Fogle, 825 F.3d 354, 358 (7th Cir. 2016).

There is no presumption that an above‐guidelines sen‐

tence is unreasonable. United States v. Gill, 824 F.3d 653, 665

(7th Cir. 2016). We will uphold an above‐guidelines sentence

“so long as the district court offered an adequate statement of

its reasons, consistent with 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), for imposing

such a sentence.” Id. (quoting United States v. Abebe, 651 F.3d

653, 657 (7th Cir. 2011)). When reviewing the district court’s

reasoning, “we must determine whether the district court of‐

fered justification ‘sufficiently compelling to support the de‐

gree of variance.” United States v. Bradley, 675 F.3d 1021, 1025

(7th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Miller, 601 F.3d 734, 739

(7th Cir. 2010)). In making this determination, we take into ac‐

count that the “sentencing judge is in a superior position to

find facts and judge their import under section 3553(a) in the

individual case.” United States v. Carter, 538 F.3d 784, 791 (7th

Cir. 2008) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).  

Here, the district court provided an adequate statement,

consistent with 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), explaining its reasons for
18 No. 16‐1401

imposing an above‐guidelines sentence. Before announcing

its sentence, the district court reiterated the importance of the

guidelines. It then considered the nature and circumstances

of Lewis’s offense. The district court concluded that Lewis’s

crime was “one of the most serious white collar crimes” it had

ever seen. As such, the court rejected the “abstract mathemat‐

ical calculation” of the guidelines because the guidelines

didn’t reflect the magnitude of Lewis’s offense. (R. 77 at 45.)

Moreover, the district court considered the impact Lewis’s

crime had on her victims and the need to provide restitution

to them. The court further considered “the need for just pun‐

ishment” and determined that “deterrence played a huge role

here because white collar crimes, unlike so many, ... are not

impulsive.” (R. 77 at 47–48.) To send a message that this type

of crime would not be tolerated, the district court chose to im‐

pose an above‐guidelines sentence. Finally, in deciding on an

appropriate sentence, the district court considered the need to

protect the public.  

Lewis argues that the district court failed to adequately

consider certain mitigating factors including that she had a

criminal history category of only I, that she was a nonviolent

offender, and that she expressed genuine remorse at the sen‐

tencing hearing for her actions. A district court can consider

all of these factors when conducting its § 3553 sentencing

analysis; however, the district court has “discretion over how

much weight to give a particular factor.” United States v.

Boroczk, 705 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2013). The district court’s

weighing of the § 3553 factors must fall “within the bounds of

reason,” but “those bounds are wide.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). Here, the district court considered these mit‐

igating factors but decided that the magnitude of her offense
No. 16‐1401 19

outweighed any mitigation and justified an above‐guidelines

sentence.  

We agree with the district court that Lewis’s crime was es‐

pecially damaging to her victims and that the sheer magni‐

tude of her offense coupled with the other § 3553 factors dis‐

cussed by the district court justified an above‐guidelines sen‐

tence. As such, the district court did not abuse its discretion.  

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.