U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook November 2015 1

November 2015

Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO)

Highlights

 North Sea Brent crude oil prices averaged $48/barrel (b) in October, a $1/b increase from 

September. Daily Brent prices have ranged between $45/b and $53/b since the beginning of 

September. Oil price volatility was lower during October than during August and September, 

but it remains elevated compared with levels in recent years. 

 EIA forecasts that Brent crude oil prices will average $54/b in 2015 and $56/b in 2016. The 

2015 forecast price is unchanged from last month’s STEO, and the 2016 forecast price is 

$2/b lower. Forecast West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices average $4/b lower 

than the Brent price in 2015 and $5/b lower in 2016. The current values of futures and 

options contracts for February 2016 delivery (Market Prices and Uncertainty Report) suggest 

the market expects WTI prices to range from $35/b to $66/b (at the 95% confidence 

interval) in February 2016. 

 The monthly average price of U.S. regular retail gasoline was $2.29/gallon (gal) in October, a 

decrease of 8 cents/gal from September and 88 cents/gal lower than in October 2014. EIA 

expects monthly gasoline prices to decline to an average of $2.06/gal in December 2015. EIA 

forecasts U.S. regular gasoline retail prices to average $2.33/gal in 2016.

 EIA estimates that total U.S. crude oil production declined by 40,000 barrels per day (b/d) in 

October compared with September. Crude oil production is forecast to decrease through 

the third quarter of 2016 before growth resumes late in 2016. Projected U.S. crude oil 

production averages 9.3 million b/d in 2015 and 8.8 million b/d in 2016. 

 Natural gas working inventories were 3,929 billion cubic feet (Bcf) on October 30, which 

matches the previous weekly record set November 2, 2012. The October 30 level was 10% 

higher than a year ago and 4% higher than the previous five-year average (2010-14) for that

week. EIA expects the Henry Hub natural gas spot price to average $2.59/million British 

thermal units (MMBtu) this winter (October 2015–March 2016) compared with 

$3.35/MMBtu last winter.

Global Petroleum and Other Liquids

Global petroleum and other liquids production continues to outpace consumption, leading to 

inventory builds throughout the forecast period. Global oil inventory builds in the third quarter 
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of 2015 averaged 1.6 million b/d, down from 2.0 million b/d in the second quarter, which had 

the highest level of inventory builds since the fourth quarter of 2008. The pace of inventory 

builds is expected to slow in the fourth quarter to roughly 1.2 million b/d. In 2016, inventory 

builds are expected to slow further to an average of 0.4 million b/d as global liquids output is 

expected to be unchanged from 2015. The 0.4 million b/d reduction in projected 2016 inventory 

builds from last month’s STEO mostly reflects lower forecast oil production in Canada and the 

United States. 

Global Petroleum and Other Liquids Consumption. EIA estimates global consumption of 

petroleum and other liquids grew by 1.2 million b/d in 2014, averaging 92.4 million b/d for the 

year. EIA expects global consumption of petroleum and other liquids to grow by 1.4 million b/d 

in both 2015 and 2016. Projected real gross domestic product (GDP) for the world weighted by

oil consumption, which increased by 2.7% in 2014, is expected to rise by 2.3% in 2015 and by 

2.7% in 2016. 

Consumption of petroleum and other liquids in countries outside the Organization for Economic 

Cooperation and Development (OECD) increased by 1.4 million b/d in 2014 and is projected to 

grow by 0.8 million b/d in 2015 and by 1.2 million b/d in 2016. China continues to be the main 

driver of non-OECD oil consumption growth, despite the slowdown in the country’s economic 

growth that began in the second half of 2014. China’s consumption growth is expected to 

average 0.3 million b/d in 2015 and in 2016, below the 0.4 million b/d growth in 2014. Iran is 

expected to experience an uptick in economic activity and petroleum consumption in 2016,

assuming implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and 

the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council plus Germany (P5+1)

announced on July 14.

After falling by 0.3 million b/d in 2014, OECD petroleum and other liquids consumption is 

expected to rise by 0.6 million b/d in 2015 and by 0.2 million b/d in 2016, reaching an average of 

46.5 million b/d, the highest annual average level of OECD consumption since 2010. U.S. 

consumption is expected to grow by an average of 0.3 million b/d in 2015 and by 0.1 million b/d 

in 2016. Economic conditions improved in several OECD countries in Europe and Asia as they 

emerged from recessions, contributing to 2015 oil demand growth. Also, colder-than-normal 

weather early in 2015 across OECD Europe contributed to a projected 0.2 million b/d increase in 

2015 oil consumption. Consumption in OECD Europe is forecast to remain relatively unchanged 

in 2016. Consumption in Turkey in 2015 was revised upward to account for higher-than-forecast 

use of jet fuel, particularly in the third quarter of the year. In the same quarter, Japan saw an 

uptick in petroleum consumption for electricity generation, which made up for lower 

hydropower electricity generation. However, consumption in Japan is forecast to decline by an 

average of 0.1 million b/d in 2015 and 2016. 

Non‐OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply. EIA estimates that petroleum and other liquids 

production in countries outside of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 

grew by 2.5 million b/d in 2014, which mainly reflects production growth in the United States. 

EIA expects non-OPEC production to grow by 1.1 million b/d in 2015, and then decline by 0.3
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook November 2015 3

million b/d in 2016, which would be the first annual decline in non-OPEC production since 2008. 

In last month’s STEO, non-OPEC production was forecast to increase by 0.1 million b/d. The shift 

in expectation from non-OPEC production growth to declines in 2016 is mostly because of lower 

expected growth in Canada and larger expected declines in U.S. onshore production. 

Non-OPEC production growth in 2015 is largely attributable to investments committed to 

projects before the oil price decline that began in mid-2014. For example, the decisions to invest 

in the Golden Eagle, Peregrine, and Kinnoull fields in the United Kingdom’s sector of the North 

Sea, which started producing at the end of 2014 and the beginning of 2015, were made in the 

second half of 2011. Redirection of investment away from exploration towards currently 

producing fields has also helped maintain or grow production levels in other non-OPEC 

countries. This strategy has helped maintain production levels in the short term, but likely will 

result in lower future production in areas that depend on continued exploration successes for 

output growth. 

Production growth in Canada is expected to average 0.1 million b/d in both 2015 and 2016, 

levels that are 0.1 million b/d and 0.2 million b/d, respectively, lower than in last month’s 

forecast. The reduction in forecast growth in Canada reflects persistently low oil prices resulting 

in announced delays or cancellations of projects previously scheduled to come online during the 

forecast period, including Shell’s October announcement canceling the 80,000 b/d Camron 

Creek project. However, some oil sands projects continue as planned, including the Imperial Oil 

and Cenovus oil sands projects scheduled to come online by the end of 2016.

Unplanned supply disruptions among non-OPEC producers averaged almost 0.7 million b/d in 

October, a decrease of 0.2 million b/d from the previous month. The Syncrude oil sands 

development in northern Alberta returned to operation after an August fire damaged processing 

unit equipment. In early November, in what appears to be a widespread industrial action, 

Brazilian oil workers began striking, which caused more than 0.3 million b/d to be shut in during 

the first week of the month. At the time of writing, Petrobras and a number of workers unions 

involved in the industrial action have failed to come to an agreement to end the strike. 

OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply. EIA estimates that OPEC crude oil production 

averaged 30.1 million b/d in 2014, relatively unchanged from the previous year. Crude oil 

production declines in Libya, Angola, Algeria, and Kuwait offset production growth in Iraq and 

Iran. EIA forecasts OPEC crude oil production to increase by 0.9 million b/d in 2015, led by 

production increases in Iraq. Forecast OPEC crude oil production increases by 0.2 million b/d in 

2016, with Iran forecast to increase production once international sanctions targeting its oil 

sector are suspended. Under the JCPOA between the P5+1 and Iran that was announced on July 

14, sanctions relief is contingent on verification by the International Atomic Energy Agency 

(IAEA) that Iran has complied with key nuclear-related steps. 

While much uncertainty remains as to the timing of sanctions relief, EIA assumes its

implementation occurs in the second quarter of 2016, clearing the way to ease the sanctions at 
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that time. As a result, EIA forecasts Iranian crude oil supplies will increase by more than 0.2

million b/d on average in 2016, reaching roughly 3.3 million b/d by the end of the year.

Some OPEC member countries will see production declines in the near term. Saudi Arabia’s 

production is expected to respond to lower direct crude burn for electric power generation as 

seasonal power demand abates. Also, there is considerable uncertainty regarding Iraq's ability 

to sustain its higher production and export levels, particularly in light of budgetary constraints 

that have prompted the Iraqi government to request international oil companies operating in 

the south to reduce spending plans next year.

OPEC noncrude liquids production, which averaged 6.3 million b/d in 2014, is expected to 

increase by 0.2 million b/d in 2015 and by 0.3 million b/d in 2016, led by production increases in 

Iran, Qatar, and Kuwait.

In October, unplanned crude oil supply disruptions among OPEC producers averaged 2.9 million 

b/d, more than 0.2 million b/d above the previous month. In Iraq, bad weather in the Basra Gulf 

caused southern exports to decrease by 0.3 million b/d. The disruption in Iraq was partially 

offset by a less than 0.1 million b/d increase to Libya’s production. In Libya, the brief reopening 

of the Zueitina export terminal allowed some production to restart in October, but the port was 

shut down again in the beginning of November. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue to have a 

total of 0.5 million b/d disrupted at the Wafra and Khafji fields in the Neutral Zone that straddles 

the two countries.

EIA’s estimates of unplanned production outages are calculated as the difference between 

estimated effective production capacity (the level of supply that could be available within one 

year) and estimated production. EIA lowered its historical estimates of unplanned OPEC crude 

oil supply disruptions in 2015, as Libya's crude oil production capacity was lowered by 150,000 

b/d to 1.4 million b/d. The change reflects the extensive damage at oil fields in the Sirte Basin 

caused by militant groups.

EIA expects OPEC surplus crude oil production capacity to average 1.5 million b/d in 2015 and 

2.0 million b/d in 2016, after averaging 2.0 million b/d in 2014. EIA estimates that Iran’s crude oil 

production capacity is 3.6 million b/d, which is 0.8 million b/d higher than its current estimated 

production level. EIA currently categorizes that 0.8 million b/d as a disruption because Iran’s 

production is restricted by sanctions that affect the country’s ability to sell its oil. However, if 

sanctions are lifted next year, any difference between its crude oil production capacity and its 

crude oil production level would henceforth be considered surplus capacity.

Surplus capacity is typically an indicator of market conditions, and surplus capacity below 2.5 

million b/d indicates a relatively tight oil market, but the high current and forecast levels of 

global inventory builds make the projected low surplus capacity level in 2015 less significant.

OECD Petroleum Inventories. EIA estimates that OECD commercial crude oil and other liquids 

inventories totaled 2.70 billion barrels at the end of 2014, equivalent to roughly 59 days of 
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consumption. Forecast OECD inventories rise to 2.95 billion barrels at the end of 2015 and then 

to 2.98 billion barrels at the end of 2016.

Crude Oil Prices. Brent crude oil spot prices increased by $1/b in October to a monthly average 

of $48/b. Although oil price volatility declined during October, it remained elevated compared 

with 2013-14 levels, as Brent spot prices changed by at least 3% on four different trading days 

during the month. 

Continuing increases in global liquids inventories have put significant downward pressure on 

prices in 2015. Inventories rose by an estimated 1.8 million b/d through the first three quarters

of 2015, compared with an average build of 0.5 million b/d over the same period in 2014. Global 

liquid fuels inventory builds are expected to slow to an average 1.2 million b/d in the fourth 

quarter of 2015, and then slow further to an average of 0.4 million b/d in 2016. 

The monthly average WTI crude oil spot price averaged $46/b in October. October WTI prices 

were up slightly from the average in September, as end-of-October crude oil inventories at the 

Cushing, Oklahoma, storage hub were relatively unchanged from levels a month earlier despite 

heavy refinery maintenance that reduced crude oil flows into Midwest refineries.

EIA forecasts that Brent crude oil prices will average $54/b in 2015 and $56/b in 2016. The 2015 

forecast price is unchanged from last month’s STEO, and the 2016 forecast price is $2/b lower.

Forecast WTI crude oil prices average $4/b lower than the Brent price in 2015 and $5/b lower in 

2016.

EIA’s crude oil price forecast remains subject to significant uncertainties as the oil market moves 

toward balance. During this period of price discovery, oil prices could continue to experience 

periods of heightened volatility. The oil market faces many uncertainties heading into 2016,

including the pace and volume at which Iranian oil reenters the market, the strength of oil 

consumption growth, and the responsiveness of non-OPEC production to low oil prices. 

The current values of futures and options contracts continue to suggest high uncertainty in the 

price outlook (Market Prices and Uncertainty Report). WTI futures contracts for February 2016

delivery, traded during the five-day period ending November 5, averaged $48/b, while implied 

volatility averaged 38%. These levels established the lower and upper limits of the 95% 

confidence interval for the market's expectations of monthly average WTI prices in February 

2016 at $35/b and $66/b, respectively. The 95% confidence interval for market expectations 

widens over time, with lower and upper limits of $28/b and $95/b for prices in December 2016. 

Last year at this time, WTI for February 2015 delivery averaged $79/b, and implied volatility 

averaged 28%. The corresponding lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval were 

$63/b and $99/b.

U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquids

Monthly data show gasoline consumption in the United States increased by 2.7% during the first 

eight months of 2015 compared with same period in 2014. U.S. gasoline consumption growth 
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook November 2015 6

reflects strong increases in employment and lower gasoline prices. Growing domestic 

consumption and strong gasoline consumption growth globally contributed to high refinery 

wholesale gasoline margins (the difference between the wholesale price of gasoline and the 

price of Brent crude oil) for most of 2015. Average wholesale gasoline margins reached a high of 

73 cents/gal in August, which was the highest monthly average since May 2007. Margins 

returned closer to typical seasonal levels in October. Wholesale gasoline margins averaged 31

cents/gal in October, down 13 cents/gal from the level in September and 5 cents/gal above the 

October 2014 level. 

In October, regular gasoline retail prices fell across all regions except in PADD 2 (Midwest), 

where high levels of planned and unplanned refinery outages reduced gasoline supplies. U.S. 

average regular gasoline retail prices fell from $2.37/gal in September to $2.29/gal in October. 

Monthly average regional gasoline retail prices ranged from a low of $2.01/gal in PADD 3 (Gulf 

Coast) to a high of $2.73/gal in PADD 5 (West Coast). EIA expects gasoline prices to fall from 

current levels, with the U.S. regular gasoline price averaging $2.06/gal in December 2015.

Liquid Fuels Consumption. Total U.S. liquid fuels consumption is projected to increase by 

330,000 b/d (1.7%) in 2015, up from an increase of 140,000 b/d (0.8%) last year. U.S. 

consumption has been stimulated by continuing employment and economic growth and lower 

petroleum product prices. Total liquid fuels consumption growth in 2016 is forecast to be 

120,000 b/d (0.6%).

Consumption growth in 2015 is led by motor gasoline, which is forecast to increase by 190,000 

b/d (2.1%) to an average of 9.1 million b/d in 2015, the highest level since the record of 9.3 

million b/d in 2007. Although total nonfarm employment and total highway travel have 

increased by 2.9% and 3.5%, respectively, over the past eight years, improving vehicle fuel 

economy continues to keep gasoline consumption below its previous peak. Gasoline 

consumption growth is forecast to slow to 20,000 b/d (0.2%) in 2016, as a long-term trend 

toward vehicles that are more fuel-efficient continues to offset the effects of economic and 

population growth on highway travel.

Jet fuel consumption, which grew by 40,000 b/d in 2014, is forecast to rise by 60,000 b/d (3.9%) 

in 2015. Forecast jet fuel consumption is roughly flat in 2016, with improvement in average 

airline fleet fuel economy offsetting growth in freight and passenger travel.

Consumption of distillate fuel, which includes diesel fuel and heating oil, is forecast to fall by 

30,000 b/d (0.7%) in 2015 and increase by 60,000 b/d (1.4%) in 2016. The 2016 growth is driven 

by increases in manufacturing output, foreign trade, and marine fuel use.

Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) consumption, which fell by 50,000 b/d (1.9%) in 2014, is 

projected to increase by 70,000 b/d in 2015 and 40,000 b/d in 2016, as new petrochemical plant 

capacity increases the use of HGL as a feedstock. New HGL export terminal capacity contributes 

to an increase in HGL net exports from an average of 560,000 b/d in 2014 to 1.2 million b/d in 

2016.
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Liquid Fuels Supply. U.S. crude oil production is projected to increase from an average of 8.7 

million b/d in 2014 to 9.3 million b/d in 2015 and then decrease to 8.8 million b/d in 2016. 

Forecast crude oil production in 2016 is 0.1 million b/d lower than in last month’s STEO. Lower 

forecast production reflects lower crude oil prices and rig counts in 2016 than projected in last 

month’s STEO. 

According to the latest survey-based reporting of monthly crude oil production estimates, U.S. 

production averaged 9.4 million b/d through the first eight months of 2015. This level is 0.1

million b/d higher than the average production during the fourth quarter of 2014, despite a

more than 60% decline in the total U.S. oil-directed rig count since October 2014. However, 

monthly crude oil production started to decrease in the second quarter of 2015, led by Lower 48 

onshore production. From March 2015 through October 2015, Lower 48 onshore output has 

fallen from more than 7.6 million b/d to about 7.1 million b/d. 

EIA estimates total crude oil production has declined almost 0.5 million b/d since April, 

averaging 9.1 million b/d in October. EIA expects U.S. crude oil production declines to continue 

through September 2016, when total production is forecast to average 8.5 million b/d. This level 

of production would be almost 1.1 million b/d less than the 2015 peak reached in April. Forecast 

production begins increasing in late 2016, returning to an average of 8.8 million b/d in the 

fourth quarter.

Expected crude oil production declines through September 2016 are largely attributable to 

unattractive economic returns in some areas of both emerging and mature onshore oil 

production regions, as well as seasonal factors such as anticipated hurricane-related production 

disruptions in the Gulf of Mexico. Reductions in 2015 cash flows and capital expenditures have 

prompted companies to defer or redirect investment away from marginal exploration and 

research drilling to focus on core areas of major tight oil plays. Reduced investment has resulted 

in the lowest count of oil-directed rigs in about five years and in well completions that are 

significantly behind 2014 levels. 

Oil prices, particularly in the second quarter of 2015, remained high enough to support 

continued developmental drilling in the core areas within the Bakken, Eagle Ford, Niobrara, and 

Permian formations, with July and August showing the first consecutive month-to-month 

increases in the oil-directed rig count since September and October 2014. However, with WTI 

prices below $50/b since August, oil-directed rig counts have resumed declining. Projected oil 

prices below $60/b throughout the forecast period are expected to limit onshore drilling activity

and well completion totals, despite continued increases in rig and well productivity and falling 

drilling and completion costs. The forecast remains sensitive to actual wellhead prices and 

rapidly changing drilling economics that vary across regions and operators. 

While projected oil production in the Gulf of Mexico rises during the forecast period, oil 

production in Alaska falls. Production in these areas is less sensitive to short-term price 

movements than onshore production in the Lower 48 states and reflects anticipated growth 

from new projects in the Gulf of Mexico and declines from legacy fields in Alaska. Twelve
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projects are scheduled to come online in the Gulf of Mexico in 2015 and 2016, pushing up 

production from an average of 1.4 million b/d in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 1.6 million b/d in 

the fourth quarter of 2016. It is possible some projects might begin later than expected, shifting 

some of the anticipated production gains from late 2016 into early 2017.

HGL production at natural gas processing plants reached 3.32 million b/d in August 2015, and it 

is projected to average 3.28 million b/d in 2015 and 3.56 million b/d in 2016. EIA expects higher 

ethane recovery rates in 2016 following planned increases in petrochemical plant feedstock 

demand in the United States and abroad. New terminals and expansions and a growing ship 

fleet are expected to allow higher quantities of domestically produced ethane, propane, and 

butanes to reach international markets. Forecast net HGL exports average 1.2 million b/d in 

2016.

Petroleum Product Prices. Narrowing wholesale gasoline margins contributed to U.S. regular 

gasoline retail prices declining to an average of $2.29/gal in October, down from an average of 

$2.60/gal in the third quarter. EIA expects monthly average gasoline prices to continue declining

in the coming months as refineries continue to produce high levels of gasoline and as the 

market transitions to lower-cost, winter-grade gasoline. EIA projects regular gasoline retail 

prices to average $2.18/gal in the fourth quarter of 2015.

The U.S. regular gasoline retail price, which averaged $3.36/gal in 2014, is projected to average 

$2.43/gal in 2015 and $2.33/gal in 2016. The 2016 forecast price is 5 cents/gal lower than in the 

October STEO. The diesel fuel retail price, which averaged $3.83/gal in 2014, is projected to 

average $2.72/gal in 2015 and $2.70/gal in 2016.

Lower projected crude oil prices this winter compared with last winter contribute to a reduction 

in the forecast residential heating oil price and average household heating oil expenditures this 

winter. The average household that uses heating oil as its primary space heating fuel is expected 

to pay an average of $2.50/gal this winter, 54 cents/gal lower than last winter. The average 

household is now expected to spend $1,360 for heating oil this winter, $493 less than last 

winter. The reduction in expenditures also reflects lower forecast consumption because of 

warmer forecast temperatures this winter compared with last winter.

Propane prices this winter are expected to be 4% lower in the Northeast and 12% lower in the 

Midwest, contributing to households spending 14% and 20% less on propane in those regions, 

respectively. 

Natural Gas

Working natural gas inventories for the week ending October 30 reached 3,929 Bcf, which 

matched the previous record high set on November 2, 2012, according to EIA’s Weekly Natural 

Gas Storage Report. Although the storage injection season is commonly considered to end on

October 31, builds often continue into November, and it is possible inventories could reach 4 

trillion cubic feet in the coming weeks. Looking ahead to March 2016, EIA projects inventories 
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook November 2015 9

will end the winter at 1,862 Bcf, reflecting a slightly lower-than-average overall winter 

drawdown based on projections for warmer-than-normal temperatures. 

Strong inventory builds, continuing production growth, and expectations for warm winter 

temperatures contributed to natural gas prices reaching three-year lows, as Henry Hub spot 

prices fell below $2/MMBtu on October 30 for the first time since April 2012. 

Based on lower expected residential natural gas prices than last winter and a forecast of warmer 

temperatures across much of the United States, EIA expects household heating expenditures for 

consumers using natural gas as their primary space heating fuel to average about 13% lower this 

winter compared with last winter.

Natural Gas Consumption. EIA's forecast of U.S. total natural gas consumption averages 76.3

Bcf/day (Bcf/d) in 2015 and 76.8 Bcf/d in 2016, compared with 73.1 Bcf/d in 2014. EIA projects 

natural gas consumption in the power sector to increase by 16.8% in 2015 and then to decrease

by 1.2% in 2016. Natural gas spot prices, which are expected to remain below $3/MMBtu 

through mid-2016, support high consumption of natural gas for electricity generation in 2015 

and 2016. Industrial sector consumption of natural gas remains flat in 2015 and increases by 

4.2% in 2016, as new industrial projects, particularly in the fertilizer and chemicals sectors, come 

online in the next few months. Natural gas consumption in the residential and commercial 

sectors is projected to decline in both 2015 and 2016, which largely reflects lower heating 

demand this winter compared with last winter.

Natural Gas Production and Trade. In August, total marketed production hit a record high of 

81.3 Bcf/d. EIA expects that marketed natural gas production will increase by 4.7 Bcf/d (6.3%) 

and by 1.6 Bcf/d (2.0%) in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Increases in drilling efficiency will 

continue to support growing natural gas production in the forecast despite low natural gas 

prices and declining rig activity. Most of the growth is expected to come from the Marcellus 

Shale, as the backlog of uncompleted wells is reduced and as new pipelines come online to 

deliver Marcellus natural gas to markets in the Northeast. 

Increases in domestic natural gas production are expected to reduce demand for natural gas 

imports from Canada and to support growth in exports to Mexico. In August, natural gas net 

imports fell to 2.2 Bcf/d, the lowest monthly level since 1987. EIA expects natural gas exports to 

Mexico, particularly from the Eagle Ford Shale in South Texas, to increase because of growing 

demand from Mexico's electric power sector coupled with flat natural gas production in Mexico. 

EIA projects LNG gross exports will increase to an average of 0.7 Bcf/d in 2016, with the startup 

of Cheniere’s Sabine Pass LNG liquefaction plant in the Lower 48 states planned for early 2016.

Natural Gas Inventories. On October 30, natural gas working inventories totaled 3,929 Bcf, 371

Bcf (10%) above the level at the same time in 2014 and 147 Bcf (4%) above the five-year average 

for that week. Forecast end-of-March 2016 inventories are 1,862 Bcf, which would be 240 Bcf 

above the five-year average.
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Natural Gas Prices. The Henry Hub natural gas spot price averaged $2.34/MMBtu in October, a 

decrease of 32 cents/MMBtu from the September price. Warm weather at the end of October, 

strong inventory builds, continuing production growth, and expectations for a warm winter

contributed to spot prices falling to three-year lows in recent weeks. Monthly average Henry 

Hub spot prices are forecast to remain lower than $3/MMBtu through June 2016, and lower 

than $3.50/MMBtu through the rest of the forecast. The projected Henry Hub natural gas price 

averages $2.69/MMBtu in 2015 and $3.00/MMBtu in 2016.

Natural gas futures contracts for February 2016 delivery traded during the five-day period 

ending November 5 averaged $2.50/MMBtu. Current options and futures prices imply market 

participants place the lower and upper bounds for the 95% confidence interval for February 

2016 contracts at $1.60/MMBtu and $3.92/MMBtu, respectively. At this time in 2014, the 

natural gas futures contract for February 2015 delivery averaged $4.19/MMBtu, and the 

corresponding lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval were $2.76/MMBtu and 

$6.38/MMBtu, respectively.

Coal 

Coal Supply. Forecast U.S. coal production in 2015 declines by 92 million short tons (MMst)

(9%). Forecast production decreases in all coal-producing regions, with the largest percentage 

decrease occurring in the Appalachian region (12%). Interior region production, which includes 

the Illinois Basin, is expected to decline by 7%, the first annual decline since 2009, while 

Western region production is expected to fall by 8%, dropping below 500 MMst for the first time 

since 1998. U.S. coal production is expected to decrease by an additional 27 MMst (3%) in 2016, 

but Interior region production is projected to grow by nearly 3%, reflecting competitive 

advantages compared with other coal-producing regions. These factors include the higher heat 

content of the coal, closer proximity to major markets than coal produced in the Western 

region, and lower mining costs than Appalachian-produced coal.

Electric power sector coal stockpiles were 158 MMst in August, a 1% decrease from July. This 

decrease in coal stockpiles follows the normal seasonal pattern of coal stockpiles falling during 

the summer months. Despite this decrease, coal stockpiles are still relatively high because of the 

loss in market share to natural gas for power generation. August coal inventories averaged 145 

MMst during the previous 10 years (2005-14).

Coal Consumption. EIA forecasts total coal consumption to decrease by 9% in 2015, mainly as a 

result of a 9% drop in electric power sector consumption. Lower natural gas prices are the key 

factor driving the decrease in coal consumption. Low natural gas prices make it more economic 

to increase utilization at natural gas-fired generating units and to decrease utilization at coal 

units. The retirements of coal-fired power plants, stemming from both increased competition 

with natural gas generation and the implementation of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards

(MATS), also reduce coal-fired capacity in the power sector in 2015, but the full effect will not be 

evident until 2016. 
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Higher forecast natural gas prices in 2016 are expected to contribute to higher utilization rates 

among the remaining coal-fired power plants, which partially offsets the effect of coal-plant 

retirements. Coal consumption in the electric power sector is forecast to remain relatively 

unchanged in 2016. 

Coal Trade. Slower growth in world coal demand and lower international coal prices have 

contributed to a decline in U.S. coal exports. Lower mining costs, cheaper transportation costs, 

and favorable exchange rates will continue to provide an advantage to mines in other major 

coal-exporting countries compared with U.S. producers. Coal exports for the first eight months

of 2015 are down 21% compared with the same period in 2014. Forecast coal exports fall by 18 

MMst (19%) to 79 MMst in 2015, and then decrease by another 7 MMst (9%) in 2016 as the 

current global coal market trends continue. Forecast U.S. coal imports, which increased by 2 

MMst in 2014 to more than 11 MMst, stay near that level in 2015 and 2016.

Coal Prices. The annual average coal price to the electric power sector averaged $2.36/MMBtu 

in 2014. EIA expects the delivered coal price to average $2.25/MMBtu in 2015 and to increase 

by one cent to average $2.26/MMBtu in 2016.

Electricity

Power plant operators have announced the retirement of more than 2,000 megawatts (MW) of 

nuclear generating capacity by 2020 (equal to 2% of current U.S. capacity). These planned 

retirements are in addition to the five nuclear reactors (totaling more than 4,000 MW of 

capacity) that have shut down over the past four years. The most recent retirement was the 

Vermont Yankee plant (604 MW) last December. None of these planned retirements is expected 

to occur before the end of 2016, which is the forecast horizon for the current STEO. Five new 

reactors are currently under construction and are expected to add more than 5,000 MW of new 

capacity by 2020. Watts Bar Unit 2 has received its operating license and anticipates beginning 

commercial operation next year.

Electricity Consumption. U.S. heating degree days are expected to be about 8% lower this 

winter compared with the winter of 2014-15. The milder winter weather is expected in most

areas of the eastern United States, including the southern states, where a majority of 

households use electric heat pumps for primary space heating. The reduced need for heating 

contributes to EIA’s forecast of a 1.6% decline in winter retail sales of electricity to the 

residential sector. For the full year, EIA projects residential electricity sales will fall by 0.3% in 

2016 after growing 1.1% this year.

Electricity Generation. Natural gas prices continue to fall, with the Henry Hub price in October 

averaging $2.34/MMBtu compared with $3.78/MMBtu in October 2014. Falling natural gas 

prices have led EIA to raise its forecast of natural gas generation from last month’s STEO. 

Electricity generation fueled by natural gas is now expected to grow by 17% in 2015. Although

natural gas prices are expected to increase slightly in 2016, EIA does not expect power 

generators will significantly switch back from natural gas to coal next year, as forecast natural 

gas prices remain very low compared with recent years. Generation from both natural gas and 
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook November 2015 12

coal are expected to decline in 2016, by 1.3% and 0.3%, respectively, while generation from 

hydropower and other renewables rises. 

Electricity Retail Prices. The U.S. retail price of electricity to the residential sector is projected to 

average 12.6 cents per kilowatthour in 2015, 0.5% higher than the average price last year. The 

largest price increases are projected to be in New England, where residential electricity prices 

are forecast to increase by 8.4% in 2015, as electricity distribution companies recover higher 

generation and power purchase costs incurred during 2014. However, wholesale power prices in 

New England have been relatively low this year, and utilities in New England have been lowering 

retail prices in the past few months from their peak in March and April.

Renewables and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Electricity and Heat Generation from Renewables. EIA expects total renewables used in the 

electric power sector to decrease by 2.0% in 2015. Hydropower generation is forecast to 

decrease by 8.6%, and nonhydropower renewable power generation is forecast to increase by 

4.4%. The 2015 decrease in hydropower generation reflects the effects of the California 

drought. Forecast hydropower generation in the electric power sector increases by 7.0% in 

2016. 

EIA expects continued growth in utility-scale solar power generation, which is projected to 

average 90 gigawatthours per day (GWh/d) in 2016. Because the growth is from a small base, 

utility-scale solar power averages 0.8% of total U.S. electricity generation in 2016. Although 

solar growth has historically been concentrated in customer-sited distributed generation 

installations (rooftop panels), EIA expects utility-scale solar capacity will increase by 118% (12

GW) between the end of 2014 and the end of 2016, with 4.6 GW of new capacity being built in 

California. Other leading states in utility-scale solar capacity include North Carolina and Nevada, 

which, combined with California, account for about two-thirds of the projected utility-scale 

capacity additions for 2015 and 2016. 

Wind capacity, which starts from a significantly larger installed capacity base than solar, grew by 

8% in 2014, and is forecast to increase by 13% in 2015 and 14% in 2016.

Liquid Biofuels. On May 29, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a rule 

setting Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) volumes for 2014 through 2016. Although these volumes 

could be modified before the final rule is issued, the proposed rules are used to develop the 

current STEO forecast. Ethanol production, which averaged 934,000 b/d in 2014, is forecast to 

average more than 950,000 b/d in both 2015 and 2016. Ethanol consumption, which averaged 

877,000 b/d in 2014, is forecast to average slightly more than 900,000 b/d in both 2015 and 

2016, resulting in an average 9.9% ethanol share of the total gasoline pool. EIA does not expect 

significant increases in E15 or E85 consumption over the forecast period. 

EIA expects the largest effect of the proposed RFS targets will be on biodiesel consumption, 

which contributes to meeting the biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable 

fuel RFS targets. Biodiesel production averaged 83,000 b/d in 2014 and is forecast to average 
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook November 2015 13

91,000 b/d in 2015 and 98,000 b/d in 2016. Net imports of biomass-based diesel are also 

expected to increase from 15,000 b/d in 2014 to 26,000 b/d in 2015, and to 35,000 b/d in 2016. 

Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions. EIA estimates that emissions of CO2 grew by 0.9% in 

2014. Emissions are projected to fall by 0.9% in 2015 and then increase by 0.3% in 2016. These 

forecasts are sensitive to assumptions about weather and economic growth. 

U.S. Economic Assumptions

Recent Economic Indicators. The Bureau of Economic Analysis reported that real GDP increased 

at an annual rate of 1.5% in the third quarter of 2015, following growth of 3.9% in the second 

quarter. The increase in real GDP in the third quarter reflected positive contributions from 

personal consumption expenditures, state and local government spending, and fixed

investment. The primary negative contribution was a decrease in private inventory investment.

EIA used the October 2015 version of the IHS macroeconomic model with EIA's energy price 

forecasts as model inputs to develop the economic projections in the STEO.

Production, Income, and Employment. Forecast real GDP growth reaches 2.5% in 2015 and 

2.7% in 2016—the same as forecast last month for 2015, but above the 2.5% forecast last month

for 2016. Real disposable income grows by 3.3% in 2015 and by 3.1% in 2016. Total industrial 

production grows at 1.4% in 2015 and 1.8% in 2016. Projected growth in nonfarm employment 

averages 2.1% in 2015 and 1.4% in 2016.

Expenditures. Forecast private real fixed investment growth averages 4.7% and 7.1% in 2015 

and 2016, respectively. Real consumption expenditures grow faster than real GDP, at 3.2% in 

2015 and at 3.0% in 2016. Durable goods expenditures drive consumption spending in both 

years. Export growth is 1.7% and 3.4% over the same two years, while import growth is 5.8% in 

2015 and 5.3% in 2016. Total government expenditures rise 0.7% in 2015 and 0.6% in 2016.

This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical 

and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA's data, analyses, and 

forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States 

Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing 

those of the U.S. Department of Energy or other federal agencies.
Chart Gallery for November 2015

 Short-Term Energy Outlook 

 

 U.S. Energy Information Administration

 Independent Statistics & Analysis 

 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) Crude Oil Price

dollars per barrel

Historical spot price

STEO price forecast

NYMEX futures price

95% NYMEX futures upper confidence interval

95% NYMEX futures lower confidence interval

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Confidence interval derived from options market information for the 5 trading days ending Nov. 5, 

2015. Intervals not calculated for months with sparse trading in near-the-money options contracts.

Forecast

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Gasoline and Crude Oil Prices

dollars per gallon Price difference

Retail regular gasoline

Crude oil

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Crude oil price is composite refiner acquisition cost. Retail prices include state and federal taxes.
Forecast

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Diesel Fuel and Crude Oil Prices

dollars per gallon Price difference

Retail diesel fuel

Crude oil

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Crude oil price is composite refiner acquisition cost. Retail prices include state and federal taxes.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015 Jan 2016 Jul 2016

Henry Hub Natural Gas Price

dollars per million Btu

Historical spot price

STEO forecast price

NYMEX futures price

95% NYMEX futures upper confidence interval

95% NYMEX futures lower confidence interval

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Confidence interval derived from options market information for the 5 trading days ending Nov. 5, 

2015. Intervals not calculated for months with sparse trading in near-the-money options contracts.

Forecast

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Natural Gas Prices

dollars per thousand cubic feet

Residential price

Henry Hub spot price

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.
Forecast

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

2010-Q1 2011-Q1 2012-Q1 2013-Q1 2014-Q1 2015-Q1 2016-Q1

World Liquid Fuels Production and

Consumption Balance

million barrels per day (MMb/d)

Implied stock change and balance (right axis)

World production (left axis)

World consumption (left axis)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

MMb/d

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Jan 2012 Jul 2012 Jan 2013 Jul 2013 Jan 2014 Jul 2014 Jan 2015 Jul 2015

Estimated Historical Unplanned OPEC 

Crude Oil Production Outages

million barrels per day

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

Iraq

Nigeria

Libya

Iran

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015

Estimated Historical Unplanned Non-OPEC 

Liquid Fuels Production Outages

million barrels per day Other

United States

Mexico

Canada

Sudan / S. Sudan

Colombia

Brazil

North Sea

Yemen

China

Syria

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.
Forecast

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

World Liquid Fuels Consumption

million barrels per day (MMb/d)

Change in U.S. consumption (right axis)

Change in China consumption (right axis)

Change in other consumption (right axis)

Total world consumption (left axis)

annual change (MMb/d)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2014 2015 2016

World Liquid Fuels Consumption Growth

million barrels per day

OECD* Non-OECD Asia Former Soviet Union Other

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

* Countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Forecast

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2014 2015 2016

OPEC countries North America Russia and Caspian Sea

Latin America North Sea Other Non-OPEC

World Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Production Growth

million barrels per day

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast
-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

United States

Brazil

Canada

China

Malaysia

Russia

Kazakhstan

Oman

Sudan/S. Sudan

Australia

India

Colombia

Vietnam

Azerbaijan

Other North Sea

Egypt

Norway

Gabon

Syria

United Kingdom

Mexico

2016

2015

2014

Non-OPEC Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Production Growth

million barrels per day

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

2012-Q1 2013-Q1 2014-Q1 2015-Q1 2016-Q1

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 World oil consumption growth (left axis)

Non-OPEC production growth (left axis)

Change in WTI price (right axis)

World Consumption and Non-OPEC Production Growth

million barrels per day dollars per barrel

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

OPEC surplus crude oil production capacity

million barrels per day

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Shaded area represents 2004-2014 average (2.2 million barrels per day).

Forecast
Forecast

45

50

55

60

65

70

Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

OECD Commercial Stocks of Crude Oil and 

Other Liquids (days of supply)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Colored band around days of supply of crude oil and other liquids stocks represents the range 

between the minimum and maximum from Jan. 2010 - Dec. 2014.

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

2013 2014 2015 2016

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

U.S. Crude Oil and Liquid Fuels Production

million barrels per day (MMb/d)

Crude oil (right axis) Natural gas plant liquids (right axis)

Fuel ethanol (right axis) Biodiesel (right axis)

Total production (left axis) Production forecast (left axis)

annual change (MMb/d)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast

275

300

325

350

375

400

425

450

475

500

525

Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Commercial Crude Oil Stocks

million barrels

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Colored band around storage levels represents the range between the minimum and 

maximum from Jan. 2010 - Dec. 2014.
-0.30

-0.15

0.00

0.15

0.30

0.45

0.60

0.75

0.90

2013 2014 2015 2016

17.0

17.5

18.0

18.5

19.0

19.5

20.0

20.5

21.0

U.S. Liquid Fuels Product Supplied

million barrels per day (MMb/d)

Motor gasoline (right axis) Jet fuel (right axis)

Distillate fuel (right axis) Other fuels (right axis)

Total product supplied (left axis) Product supplied forecast (left axis)

annual change (MMb/d)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Gasoline and Distillate Inventories

million barrels

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Colored bands around storage levels represent the range between the minimum and 

maximum from Jan. 2010 - Dec. 2014.

Total motor gasoline inventory

Total distillate fuel inventory

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2013 2014 2015 2016

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

U.S. Natural Gas Consumption

billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d)

Electric power (right axis) Residential and comm. (right axis)

Industrial (right axis) Other (right axis)

Total consumption (left axis) Consumption forecast (left axis)

annual change (Bcf/d)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.
-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2013 2014 2015 2016

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

U.S. Natural Gas Production and Imports

billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d)

Federal Gulf of Mexico production (right axis) U.S. non-Gulf of Mexico production (right axis)

U.S. net imports (right axis) Total marketed production (left axis)

Marketed production forecast (left axis)

annual change (Bcf/d)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

-4,000

-3,000

-2,000

-1,000

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Working Natural Gas in Storage

billion cubic feet

Deviation from average

Storage level

deviation from average

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Colored band around storage levels represents the range between the minimum 

and maximum from Jan. 2010 - Dec. 2014.

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2013 2014 2015 2016

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

U.S. Coal Consumption

million short tons (MMst)

Electric power (right axis) Retail and general industry (right axis)

Coke plants (right axis) Total consumption (left axis)

Consumption forecast (left axis)

annual change (MMst)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.
-60

-30

0

30

60

90

2013 2014 2015 2016

50

60

70

80

90

100

U.S. Coal Production

million short tons (MMst)

Western region (right axis) Appalachian region (right axis)

Interior region (right axis) Total production (left axis)

Production forecast (left axis)

annual change (MMst)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

Jan 2007 Jan 2009 Jan 2011 Jan 2013 Jan 2015

U.S. Electric Power Coal Stocks

million short tons

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Colored band around stock levels represents the range between the minimum 

and maximum from Jan. 2007 - Dec. 2014.

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

2013 2014 2015 2016

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

U.S. Electricity Consumption

million kilowatthours per day (kWh/d)

Residential (right axis) Commercial and transportation (right axis)

Industrial (right axis) Direct use (right axis)

Total consumption (left axis) Consumption forecast (left axis)

annual change (million kWh/d)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.
2.6%

5.4%

10.3%

2.4%

5.7%

2.2%

0.2% 1.6% 1.4% 2.1% 3.1%

0.5% 0.8%

-3%

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

18%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

U.S. Residential Electricity Price

cents per kilowatthour

Annual growth (right axis) Residential electricity price Price forecast

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

21.6% 21.4% 23.3% 23.9% 24.7% 30.3% 27.7% 27.5% 32.0% 31.5%

48.5% 48.2% 44.4% 44.8% 42.3% 37.4% 38.9% 38.6% 34.6% 34.4%

Forecast

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

U.S. Electricity Generation by Fuel, All Sectors

thousand megawatthours per day

Coal

Natural gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Hydropower

Renewables

Other sources

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Labels show percentage share of total generation provided by coal and natural gas.

Forecast

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

U.S. Renewable Energy Supply

quadrillion British thermal units (Btu)

Solar

Geothermal

Other biomass

Wind power

Liquid biofuels

Wood biomass

Hydropower

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: Hydropower excludes pumped storage generation. Liquid biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel. Other 

biomass includes municipal waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, and other non-wood waste.
Forecast

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

U.S. Annual Energy Expenditures

share of gross domestic product

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Forecast

-9%

-6%

-3%

0%

3%

6%

2013 2014 2015 2016

U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions

annual growth

All fossil fuels Coal Petroleum Natural gas

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Total Industrial Production Index

index (2007 = 100)

Change from prior year (right axis)

Industrial production index (left axis)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

change

Forecast
-6%

-3%

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

18%

10,000

10,400

10,800

11,200

11,600

12,000

12,400

12,800

13,200

Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013 Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016

U.S. Disposable Income

billion 2009 dollars, seasonally adjusted

Change from prior year (right axis)

Real disposable income (left axis)

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

change

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

April May June July August September

U.S. Summer Cooling Degree Days

population-weighted

2013

2014

2015

2016

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: EIA calculations based on from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. Horizontal lines 

indicate each month's prior 10-year average (2006-2015). Projections reflect NOAA's 14-16 month outlook.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

October November December January February March

U.S. Winter Heating Degree Days

population-weighted

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

2015/16

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.

Note: EIA calculations based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data. Horizontal lines 

indicate each month's prior 10-year average (Oct 2005 - Mar 2015). Projections reflect NOAA's 14-16 month outlook.
U.S. Census Regions and Divisions

Source: Short-Term Energy Outlook, November 2015.
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 % Change 

Natural Gas 

 Northeast

 Consumption (Mcf**) 80.3 75.7 80.7 66.4 76.1 84.1 84.8 75.5 -11.0

 Price ($/mcf) 15.83 13.31 12.66 12.21 11.71 11.53 10.85 11.18 3.0

 Expenditures ($) 1,272 1,007 1,022 812 891 970 920 843 -8.3

 Midwest

 Consumption (Mcf) 80.7 78.6 80.2 65.4 77.6 88.1 83.1 74.4 -10.5

 Price ($/mcf) 11.47 9.44 9.23 8.99 8.36 8.69 8.55 7.79 -8.9

 Expenditures ($) 926 742 740 587 648 766 711 580 -18.5

 South

 Consumption (Mcf) 47.3 53.3 49.3 40.9 46.5 52.1 50.5 47.6 -5.8

 Price ($/mcf) 14.07 11.52 11.02 11.45 10.71 10.77 10.83 10.15 -6.3

 Expenditures ($) 665 614 544 468 498 562 547 483 -11.7

 West

 Consumption (Mcf) 47.8 49.9 49.4 49.1 48.6 46.3 41.2 43.6 5.7

 Price ($/mcf) 10.86 9.91 9.67 9.35 9.13 9.96 10.67 9.14 -14.3

 Expenditures ($) 519 494 478 459 443 461 440 399 -9.4

 U.S. Average 

 Consumption (Mcf) 64.2 64.4 65.0 55.7 62.5 68.0 64.8 60.2 -7.1

 Price ($/mcf) 12.87 10.83 10.46 10.25 9.72 9.97 9.91 9.26 -6.5

 Expenditures ($) 826 698 680 571 607 678 641 558 -13.1

Heating Oil

 U.S. Average 

 Consumption (gallons) 576.7 544.8 580.7 471.2 545.5 607.2 609.5 543.3 -10.9

 Price ($/gallon) 2.65 2.85 3.38 3.73 3.87 3.88 3.04 2.50 -17.7

 Expenditures ($) 1,530 1,552 1,966 1,757 2,113 2,353 1,853 1,360 -26.6

Electricity

 Northeast

 Consumption (kWh***) 7,063 6,847 7,076 6,436 6,862 7,224 7,254 6,839 -5.7

 Price ($/kwh) 0.152 0.152 0.154 0.154 0.152 0.163 0.168 0.168 0.1

 Expenditures ($) 1,071 1,039 1,091 993 1,045 1,176 1,221 1,152 -5.6

 Midwest

 Consumption (kWh) 8,751 8,660 8,733 7,897 8,588 9,170 8,861 8,414 -5.0

 Price ($/kwh) 0.097 0.099 0.105 0.111 0.112 0.112 0.118 0.119 1.2

 Expenditures ($) 851 856 914 875 958 1,031 1,042 1,001 -3.9

 South

 Consumption (kWh) 8,057 8,486 8,224 7,470 7,977 8,385 8,289 8,027 -3.2

 Price ($/kwh) 0.109 0.103 0.104 0.107 0.107 0.109 0.111 0.108 -2.5

 Expenditures ($) 878 873 856 798 851 913 920 868 -5.6

 West

 Consumption (kWh) 7,084 7,239 7,216 7,190 7,150 6,973 6,580 6,765 2.8

 Price ($/kwh) 0.107 0.110 0.112 0.115 0.119 0.123 0.126 0.126 -0.4

 Expenditures ($) 755 799 809 825 848 859 832 851 2.4

 U.S. Average 

 Consumption (kWh) 7,725 7,937 7,844 7,253 7,672 7,982 7,803 7,589 -2.7

 Price ($/kwh) 0.112 0.110 0.113 0.116 0.117 0.120 0.123 0.122 -1.0

 Expenditures ($) 866 873 884 843 895 955 960 924 -3.7

Table WF01. Average Consumer Prices and Expenditures for Heating Fuels During the Winter

Fuel / Region

Winter of Forecast
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 % Change 

Table WF01. Average Consumer Prices and Expenditures for Heating Fuels During the Winter

Fuel / Region

Winter of Forecast

Propane

 Northeast

 Consumption (gallons) 714.7 672.0 717.5 595.6 675.8 745.5 752.1 674.7 -10.3

 Price* ($/gallon) 2.84 2.98 3.24 3.34 3.00 3.56 3.00 2.87 -4.3

 Expenditures ($) 2,031 2,004 2,321 1,990 2,031 2,654 2,256 1,936 -14.2

 Midwest

 Consumption (gallons) 795.0 779.6 791.8 644.3 766.4 868.8 813.8 735.5 -9.6

 Price* ($/gallon) 2.11 1.99 2.11 2.23 1.74 2.61 1.91 1.69 -11.5

 Expenditures ($) 1,678 1,548 1,674 1,437 1,333 2,268 1,554 1,243 -20.0

Number of households by primary space heating fuel (thousands)

 Northeast

 Natural gas 10,889 10,992 11,118 11,236 11,345 11,484 11,612 11,681 0.6

 Heating oil 6,280 6,016 5,858 5,701 5,458 5,218 5,084 4,931 -3.0

 Propane 713 733 744 761 813 844 839 845 0.8

 Electricity 2,563 2,645 2,776 2,894 3,011 3,028 3,064 3,149 2.8

 Wood 474 501 512 548 582 579 581 596 2.6

 Other/None 307 311 315 324 377 434 432 433 0.3

 Midwest

 Natural gas 18,288 18,050 17,977 18,019 18,054 18,098 18,176 18,095 -0.4

 Heating oil 491 451 419 393 360 337 316 291 -8.0

 Propane 2,131 2,098 2,073 2,037 2,063 2,096 2,056 2,012 -2.2

 Electricity 4,570 4,715 4,922 5,119 5,333 5,430 5,516 5,710 3.5

 Wood 584 616 618 631 640 630 630 635 0.8

 Other/None 264 283 289 282 319 354 348 348 0.0

 South

 Natural gas 13,958 13,731 13,657 13,636 13,681 13,775 13,897 13,881 -0.1

 Heating oil 956 906 853 790 738 700 662 614 -7.3

 Propane 2,220 2,165 2,098 2,024 1,982 1,946 1,887 1,802 -4.5

 Electricity 25,258 25,791 26,555 27,283 27,857 28,203 28,655 29,225 2.0

 Wood 593 586 599 609 612 611 612 627 2.4

 Other/None 314 314 309 304 367 420 395 387 -2.0

 West

 Natural gas 15,027 14,939 15,020 15,021 15,008 15,043 15,198 15,251 0.3

 Heating oil 294 289 279 261 247 234 226 219 -3.3

 Propane 936 940 914 885 909 931 900 879 -2.3

 Electricity 7,768 7,877 8,126 8,439 8,671 8,745 8,905 9,180 3.1

 Wood 703 721 725 736 728 741 759 757 -0.3

 Other/None 837 850 850 829 903 1,023 1,018 985 -3.2

 U.S. Totals

 Natural gas 58,162 57,713 57,771 57,912 58,088 58,400 58,882 58,908 0.0

 Heating oil 8,021 7,662 7,408 7,145 6,803 6,489 6,288 6,054 -3.7

 Propane 5,999 5,936 5,829 5,707 5,766 5,816 5,682 5,538 -2.5

 Electricity 40,159 41,029 42,380 43,734 44,872 45,405 46,139 47,264 2.4

 Wood 2,353 2,424 2,454 2,524 2,563 2,561 2,583 2,616 1.3

 Other/None 1,723 1,758 1,763 1,739 1,965 2,231 2,192 2,153 -1.8

Heating degree days

 Northeast 5,313 4,933 5,337 4,217 4,964 5,598 5,653 4,929 -12.8

 Midwest 5,810 5,639 5,773 4,484 5,544 6,453 6,009 5,275 -12.2

 South 2,493 2,870 2,632 2,023 2,430 2,787 2,696 2,484 -7.9

 West 3,116 3,285 3,258 3,229 3,181 2,981 2,551 2,755 8.0

 U.S. Average 3,869 3,937 3,939 3,224 3,721 4,109 3,882 3,564 -8.2

*** kilowatthour

* Prices exclude taxes

** thousand cubic feet

Note: Winter covers the period October 1 through March 31. Fuel prices are nominal prices. Fuel consumption per household is based only 

on households that use that fuel as the primary space-heating fuel. Included in fuel consumption is consumption for water heating, 

appliances, and lighting (electricity). Per-household consumption based on an average of EIA 2005 and 2009 Residential Energy 

Consumption Surveys corrected for actual and projected heating degree days. Number of households using heating oil includes kerosene.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Energy Supply

Crude Oil Production (a)

(million barrels per day) ......................... 8.13 8.60 8.85 9.25 9.39 9.41 9.29 9.07 8.89 8.76 8.61 8.83 8.71 9.29 8.77

Dry Natural Gas Production

(billion cubic feet per day) ..................... 67.53 69.73 71.59 73.04 73.67 74.50 75.85 75.78 76.11 76.24 76.36 76.99 70.49 74.96 76.43

Coal Production

(million short tons) ................................ 245 246 255 253 240 211 232 224 222 212 225 220 1,000 907 880

Energy Consumption 

Liquid Fuels

(million barrels per day) ......................... 18.82 18.77 19.31 19.51 19.29 19.25 19.70 19.50 19.30 19.44 19.78 19.71 19.11 19.44 19.56

Natural Gas

(billion cubic feet per day) ..................... 94.83 60.89 61.36 75.84 96.74 64.01 66.07 78.65 94.08 65.73 67.51 79.89 73.15 76.29 76.79

Coal (b)

(million short tons) ................................ 248 212 247 209 212 189 231 203 210 193 232 201 917 836 835

Electricity

(billion kilowatt hours per day) ............... 10.87 10.04 11.46 9.95 10.73 10.04 11.79 10.00 10.58 10.14 11.84 10.09 10.58 10.64 10.67

Renewables (c)

(quadrillion Btu) ..................................... 2.36 2.56 2.28 2.39 2.42 2.42 2.31 2.28 2.43 2.63 2.43 2.47 9.60 9.43 9.97

Total Energy Consumption (d)

(quadrillion Btu) ..................................... 26.56 23.00 24.11 24.78 26.37 22.99 24.31 24.42 25.89 23.11 24.42 24.79 98.45 98.09 98.20

Energy Prices

Crude Oil West Texas Intermediate Spot

(dollars per barrel) ................................. 98.68 103.35 97.87 73.21 48.48 57.85 46.56 46.73 47.36 51.38 54.00 52.33 93.17 49.88 51.31

Natural Gas Henry Hub Spot

(dollars per million Btu) .......................... 5.21 4.61 3.96 3.80 2.90 2.75 2.76 2.34 2.83 2.85 3.05 3.26 4.39 2.69 3.00

Coal

(dollars per million Btu) .......................... 2.33 2.39 2.37 2.37 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.26 2.24 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.36 2.25 2.26

Macroeconomic

Real Gross Domestic Product

(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ..... 15,725 15,902 16,069 16,151 16,177 16,334 16,407 16,510 16,612 16,721 16,850 16,994 15,962 16,357 16,794

Percent change from prior year .............. 1.7 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.5 2.7

GDP Implicit Price Deflator

(Index, 2009=100) ................................. 108.0 108.6 109.0 109.1 109.1 109.7 110.2 110.8 111.4 111.9 112.4 113.0 108.7 109.9 112.2

Percent change from prior year .............. 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.2 2.0

Real Disposable Personal Income

(billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ..... 11,699 11,785 11,863 11,999 12,115 12,151 12,256 12,367 12,464 12,536 12,645 12,744 11,836 12,222 12,597

Percent change from prior year .............. 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.7 3.3 3.1

Manufacturing Production Index

(Index, 2012=100) ................................. 101.9 103.5 104.6 105.6 105.5 105.8 106.5 106.7 106.9 108.0 109.1 110.5 103.9 106.1 108.6

Percent change from prior year .............. 1.0 2.6 3.7 3.9 3.5 2.3 1.8 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.2 2.4

Weather

U.S. Heating Degree-Days .................... 2,450 480 80 1,541 2,342 442 49 1,473 2,091 467 74 1,532 4,551 4,306 4,164

U.S. Cooling Degree-Days .................... 34 393 775 96 47 434 874 107 38 390 852 96 1,298 1,461 1,375

EIA does not estimate or project end-use consumption of non-marketed renewable energy.

Table 1. U.S. Energy Markets Summary 

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

- = no data available

Prices are not adjusted for inflation.

(a) Includes lease condensate.

(b) Total consumption includes Independent Power Producer (IPP) consumption.

(c) Renewable energy includes minor components of non-marketed renewable energy that is neither bought nor sold, either directly or indirectly, as inputs to marketed energy.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model. Macroeconomic projections are based on Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy. 

Weather projections from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(d) The conversion from physical units to Btu is calculated using a subset of conversion factors used in the calculations of gross energy consumption in EIA’s Monthly Energy Review 

Consequently, the historical data may not precisely match those published in the MER or the Annual Energy Review (AER).

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109;

Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208; Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380; Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; 

Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; Quarterly Coal Report , DOE/EIA-0121; and International Petroleum Monthly , DOE/EIA-0520.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Crude Oil (dollars per barrel)

 West Texas Intermediate Spot Average .............................. 98.68 103.35 97.87 73.21 48.48 57.85 46.56 46.73 47.36 51.38 54.00 52.33 93.17 49.88 51.31

 Brent Spot Average ............................................................. 108.14 109.70 101.90 76.43 53.91 61.65 50.43 49.46 52.05 56.38 59.00 57.33 98.89 53.82 56.24

 U.S. Imported Average ........................................................ 94.18 98.64 93.85 71.43 46.40 56.12 45.27 43.23 43.86 47.83 50.50 48.84 89.63 47.75 47.87

 U.S. Refiner Average Acquisition Cost ................................ 97.60 101.08 96.45 73.48 47.98 57.47 47.42 45.74 46.35 50.36 53.00 51.33 92.05 49.70 50.33

U.S. Liquid Fuels (cents per gallon)

 Refiner Prices for Resale

 Gasoline ........................................................................... 272 298 276 203 159 201 183 140 146 177 175 151 262 171 162

 Diesel Fuel ....................................................................... 303 300 288 240 176 189 161 153 165 175 181 179 282 170 175

 Heating Oil ........................................................................ 303 289 276 228 178 180 151 151 162 163 170 174 274 164 167

 Refiner Prices to End Users

 Jet Fuel ............................................................................. 297 295 289 234 172 186 155 147 161 169 174 173 278 165 169

 No. 6 Residual Fuel Oil (a) ............................................... 249 244 243 194 137 154 126 119 117 121 131 128 231 133 124

 Retail Prices Including Taxes

 Gasoline Regular Grade (b) ............................................. 340 368 350 288 227 267 260 218 214 247 247 224 336 243 233

 Gasoline All Grades (b) .................................................... 348 375 358 296 236 275 269 227 223 255 255 233 344 252 242

 On-highway Diesel Fuel ................................................... 396 394 384 358 292 285 263 251 259 270 276 275 383 272 270

 Heating Oil ........................................................................ 397 382 369 330 288 276 248 243 255 255 253 262 372 270 257

Natural Gas

 Henry Hub Spot (dollars per thousand cubic feet) .............. 5.36 4.75 4.08 3.91 2.99 2.83 2.84 2.41 2.91 2.94 3.14 3.36 4.52 2.77 3.09

 Henry Hub Spot (dollars per million Btu) ............................ 5.21 4.61 3.96 3.80 2.90 2.75 2.76 2.34 2.83 2.85 3.05 3.26 4.39 2.69 3.00

 U.S. End-Use Prices (dollars per thousand cubic feet) 

 Industrial Sector ............................................................... 6.19 5.64 5.08 5.18 4.57 3.68 3.67 3.57 4.02 3.78 4.03 4.45 5.55 3.89 4.08

 Commercial Sector .......................................................... 8.65 9.66 9.69 8.51 7.94 8.13 8.45 7.61 7.56 8.10 8.80 8.15 8.87 7.93 7.96

 Residential Sector ............................................................ 9.82 13.11 16.94 10.52 9.29 11.96 16.18 9.78 8.70 11.72 16.00 10.12 10.94 10.24 10.09

U.S. Electricity

 Power Generation Fuel Costs (dollars per million Btu)

 Coal .................................................................................. 2.33 2.39 2.37 2.37 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.26 2.24 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.36 2.25 2.26

 Natural Gas ..................................................................... 6.82 4.93 4.25 4.30 4.09 3.12 3.16 3.36 3.92 3.52 3.53 4.26 4.98 3.40 3.78

 Residual Fuel Oil (c) ......................................................... 19.97 20.44 19.75 14.72 10.82 11.64 10.92 9.86 9.95 11.11 11.43 11.36 19.18 10.80 10.95

 Distillate Fuel Oil .............................................................. 23.40 22.77 21.88 18.72 15.39 15.18 13.53 13.45 14.25 14.66 15.06 15.58 22.34 14.64 14.84

 End-Use Prices (cents per kilowatthour)

 Industrial Sector ............................................................... 6.99 6.92 7.36 6.76 6.76 6.73 7.32 6.89 6.92 6.89 7.48 7.00 7.01 6.93 7.08

 Commercial Sector .......................................................... 10.55 10.68 11.11 10.59 10.50 10.56 11.02 10.66 10.69 10.81 11.28 10.88 10.75 10.69 10.93

 Residential Sector ............................................................ 11.91 12.73 13.01 12.38 12.24 12.85 12.92 12.19 12.16 12.83 13.13 12.48 12.50 12.56 12.66

(c) Includes fuel oils No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and topped crude.

Table 2. Energy Prices

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

- = no data available

Prices are not adjusted for inflation.

(a) Average for all sulfur contents.

(b) Average self-service cash price.

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Prices exclude taxes unless otherwise noted.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380;

Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208; Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Monthly Energy Review , DOE/EIA-0035.

WTI and Brent crude oils, and Henry Hub natural gas spot prices from Reuter's News Service (http://www.reuters.com).

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Supply (million barrels per day) (a)

 OECD ................................................. 25.11 25.51 25.81 26.73 26.58 26.35 26.61 26.49 26.19 26.04 26.08 26.44 25.79 26.51 26.19

 U.S. (50 States) ............................... 13.14 13.96 14.38 14.82 14.71 15.02 15.03 14.88 14.65 14.64 14.65 14.92 14.08 14.91 14.71

 Canada ............................................ 4.42 4.27 4.33 4.55 4.68 4.16 4.44 4.55 4.54 4.51 4.57 4.59 4.39 4.46 4.55

 Mexico ............................................. 2.89 2.86 2.79 2.74 2.68 2.58 2.64 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.82 2.64 2.62

 North Sea (b) ................................... 3.08 2.82 2.71 3.03 3.01 3.08 2.92 2.84 2.83 2.72 2.68 2.77 2.91 2.96 2.75

 Other OECD .................................... 1.58 1.60 1.60 1.58 1.50 1.50 1.58 1.57 1.54 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.59 1.54 1.55

 Non-OECD ......................................... 66.75 66.98 67.86 68.29 67.86 69.06 69.74 69.21 68.42 69.28 70.21 69.96 67.48 68.97 69.47

 OPEC .............................................. 36.26 35.94 36.52 36.66 36.66 37.41 37.87 37.67 37.35 37.67 38.31 38.27 36.35 37.41 37.90

 Crude Oil Portion .......................... 30.01 29.70 30.28 30.34 30.29 30.99 31.39 31.15 30.75 30.98 31.55 31.46 30.08 30.96 31.19

 Other Liquids ................................ 6.25 6.24 6.24 6.32 6.36 6.42 6.48 6.53 6.60 6.68 6.76 6.82 6.26 6.45 6.72

 Eurasia ............................................ 13.90 13.83 13.85 14.01 14.01 13.99 14.02 13.93 13.89 13.91 13.93 13.95 13.90 13.99 13.92

 China ............................................... 4.55 4.57 4.51 4.66 4.62 4.71 4.68 4.67 4.64 4.68 4.68 4.68 4.57 4.67 4.67

 Other Non-OECD ............................ 12.05 12.64 12.98 12.96 12.58 12.95 13.17 12.93 12.54 13.03 13.30 13.05 12.66 12.91 12.98

 Total World Supply ............................. 91.86 92.49 93.67 95.03 94.44 95.41 96.35 95.70 94.61 95.32 96.29 96.39 93.27 95.48 95.66

 Non-OPEC Supply .............................. 55.60 56.55 57.15 58.36 57.78 58.00 58.47 58.03 57.26 57.65 57.99 58.12 56.92 58.07 57.76

Consumption (million barrels per day) (c)

 OECD ................................................. 45.75 44.84 45.97 46.44 46.53 45.48 46.47 46.81 46.82 45.70 46.58 47.06 45.75 46.32 46.54

 U.S. (50 States) ............................... 18.82 18.77 19.31 19.51 19.29 19.25 19.70 19.50 19.30 19.44 19.78 19.71 19.11 19.44 19.56

 U.S. Territories ................................ 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.37 0.40

 Canada ............................................ 2.43 2.34 2.46 2.42 2.36 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.38 2.38

 Europe ............................................. 12.98 13.38 13.86 13.52 13.55 13.40 13.84 13.80 13.66 13.39 13.84 13.79 13.44 13.65 13.67

 Japan ............................................... 5.02 3.88 3.88 4.43 4.74 3.88 3.91 4.28 4.58 3.85 3.88 4.25 4.30 4.20 4.14

 Other OECD .................................... 6.14 6.11 6.11 6.21 6.21 6.26 6.21 6.45 6.50 6.30 6.25 6.49 6.14 6.28 6.38

 Non-OECD ......................................... 45.63 46.96 47.35 46.81 46.32 47.90 48.24 47.68 47.47 49.09 49.44 48.86 46.69 47.54 48.72

 Eurasia ............................................ 4.82 4.76 4.98 4.96 4.71 4.65 4.92 4.90 4.73 4.66 4.93 4.92 4.88 4.80 4.81

 Europe ............................................. 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.73 0.73

 China ............................................... 10.45 11.03 10.98 10.94 10.77 11.36 11.32 11.27 11.06 11.67 11.62 11.57 10.85 11.18 11.48

 Other Asia ........................................ 11.80 12.01 11.56 11.88 12.11 12.33 11.87 12.19 12.46 12.69 12.21 12.54 11.81 12.13 12.48

 Other Non-OECD ............................ 17.86 18.46 19.10 18.31 18.01 18.84 19.40 18.58 18.50 19.35 19.93 19.08 18.43 18.71 19.22

 Total World Consumption ................... 91.38 91.80 93.32 93.25 92.85 93.37 94.70 94.49 94.29 94.79 96.01 95.92 92.45 93.86 95.26

Total Crude Oil and Other Liquids Inventory Net Withdrawals (million barrels per day)

 U.S. (50 States) .................................. 0.03 -0.66 -0.22 -0.22 -0.54 -0.69 -0.28 0.40 0.08 -0.23 -0.07 0.56 -0.27 -0.28 0.09

 Other OECD ....................................... -0.31 -0.02 -0.50 0.33 -0.19 -0.47 -0.49 -0.58 -0.15 -0.10 -0.07 -0.37 -0.12 -0.43 -0.17

 Other Stock Draws and Balance ........ -0.19 -0.01 0.37 -1.89 -0.86 -0.87 -0.88 -1.02 -0.26 -0.19 -0.13 -0.66 -0.43 -0.91 -0.31

 Total Stock Draw ............................. -0.47 -0.69 -0.35 -1.77 -1.59 -2.03 -1.64 -1.21 -0.32 -0.53 -0.28 -0.48 -0.83 -1.62 -0.40

End-of-period Commercial Crude Oil and Other Liquids Inventories

 U.S. Commercial Inventory ................ 1,063 1,128 1,149 1,169 1,217 1,277 1,301 1,265 1,257 1,279 1,285 1,233 1,169 1,265 1,233

 OECD Commercial Inventory ............. 2,575 2,642 2,711 2,698 2,763 2,866 2,935 2,952 2,958 2,988 3,002 2,984 2,698 2,952 2,984

(a) Supply includes production of crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.

Table 3a. International Petroleum and Other Liquids Production, Consumption, and Inventories

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

- = no data available

OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, 

 France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, 

 Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

(b) Includes offshore supply from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

(c) Consumption of petroleum by the OECD countries is synonymous with "petroleum product supplied," defined in the glossary of the EIA Petroleum Supply Monthly, DOE/EIA-0109. 

Consumption of petroleum by the non-OECD countries is "apparent consumption," which includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration international energy statistics.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

North America ..................................................... 20.44 21.10 21.49 22.12 22.07 21.76 22.11 22.08 21.82 21.78 21.84 22.11 21.29 22.01 21.89

Canada .................................................................. 4.42 4.27 4.33 4.55 4.68 4.16 4.44 4.55 4.54 4.51 4.57 4.59 4.39 4.46 4.55

Mexico ................................................................... 2.89 2.86 2.79 2.74 2.68 2.58 2.64 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.60 2.82 2.64 2.62

United States ......................................................... 13.14 13.96 14.38 14.82 14.71 15.02 15.03 14.88 14.65 14.64 14.65 14.92 14.08 14.91 14.71

Central and South America ............................... 4.54 5.16 5.55 5.39 4.95 5.42 5.68 5.37 4.98 5.49 5.74 5.46 5.16 5.36 5.42

Argentina ............................................................... 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.71 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.72 0.74

Brazil ..................................................................... 2.34 2.98 3.32 3.15 2.73 3.21 3.48 3.13 2.75 3.25 3.51 3.19 2.95 3.14 3.18

Colombia ............................................................... 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.04 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03

Other Central and S. America ................................ 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.48

Europe ................................................................. 4.04 3.78 3.68 4.00 3.96 4.03 3.87 3.79 3.76 3.65 3.62 3.70 3.88 3.91 3.68

Norway .................................................................. 1.98 1.80 1.87 1.98 1.95 1.95 1.93 1.88 1.88 1.80 1.84 1.84 1.91 1.93 1.84

United Kingdom (offshore) ..................................... 0.93 0.85 0.66 0.84 0.88 0.94 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.67 0.74 0.82 0.86 0.73

Other North Sea .................................................... 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18

Eurasia ................................................................. 13.91 13.85 13.86 14.02 14.02 14.01 14.04 13.95 13.90 13.92 13.94 13.97 13.91 14.00 13.93

Azerbaijan .............................................................. 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.87 0.87

Kazakhstan ............................................................ 1.73 1.66 1.71 1.78 1.76 1.71 1.69 1.69 1.70 1.70 1.71 1.74 1.72 1.71 1.71

Russia ................................................................... 10.86 10.83 10.79 10.93 10.92 10.94 10.96 10.88 10.83 10.84 10.87 10.87 10.85 10.93 10.85

Turkmenistan ......................................................... 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Other Eurasia ........................................................ 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21

Middle East ......................................................... 1.19 1.17 1.20 1.16 1.19 1.14 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.13

Oman .................................................................... 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.02 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 1.00 0.96

Syria ...................................................................... 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.01

Yemen ................................................................... 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.05 0.09

Asia and Oceania ............................................... 9.15 9.18 9.05 9.33 9.29 9.35 9.32 9.39 9.37 9.40 9.43 9.45 9.18 9.34 9.42

Australia ................................................................ 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.47 0.40 0.41 0.47 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.44 0.45

China ..................................................................... 4.55 4.57 4.51 4.66 4.62 4.71 4.68 4.67 4.64 4.68 4.68 4.68 4.57 4.67 4.67

India ...................................................................... 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.99

Indonesia ............................................................... 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.92 0.97

Malaysia ................................................................ 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.75 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.75 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.70 0.76 0.76

Vietnam ................................................................. 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.35 0.35

Africa ................................................................... 2.32 2.31 2.31 2.34 2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.31 2.32 2.30 2.29

Egypt ..................................................................... 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.71 0.71 0.70

Equatorial Guinea .................................................. 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.25

Gabon ................................................................... 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.21

Sudan .................................................................... 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26

Total non-OPEC liquids ....................................... 55.60 56.55 57.15 58.36 57.78 58.00 58.47 58.03 57.26 57.65 57.99 58.12 56.92 58.07 57.76

OPEC non-crude liquids .................................... 6.25 6.24 6.24 6.32 6.36 6.42 6.48 6.53 6.60 6.68 6.76 6.82 6.26 6.45 6.72

Non-OPEC + OPEC non-crude .......................... 61.85 62.79 63.40 64.68 64.14 64.41 64.95 64.55 63.86 64.33 64.74 64.94 63.19 64.52 64.47

Unplanned non-OPEC Production Outages ....... 0.66 0.67 0.60 0.57 0.62 0.83 0.76 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.62 n/a n/a 

Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply (million barrels per day)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration international energy statistics.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

Sudan production represents total production from both north and south.

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Supply includes production of crude oil (including lease condensates), natural gas plant liquids, biofuels, other liquids, and refinery processing gains.

Not all countries are shown in each region and sum of reported country volumes may not equal regional volumes.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Crude Oil

 Algeria ........................................................... 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.10 1.10 - - - - - 1.15 - - 

 Angola ........................................................... 1.63 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.75 1.78 1.81 - - - - - 1.68 - - 

 Ecudaor ......................................................... 0.55 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.55 - - - - - 0.56 - - 

 Iran ................................................................ 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 - - - - - 2.80 - - 

 Iraq ................................................................ 3.26 3.29 3.28 3.53 3.57 4.06 4.32 - - - - - 3.34 - - 

 Kuwait ........................................................... 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.48 2.57 2.53 2.50 - - - - - 2.57 - - 

 Libya .............................................................. 0.38 0.23 0.58 0.69 0.40 0.45 0.38 - - - - - 0.47 - - 

 Nigeria ........................................................... 2.00 1.97 2.07 1.98 2.03 1.88 1.92 - - - - - 2.00 - - 

 Qatar ............................................................. 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 - - - - - 0.72 - - 

 Saudi Arabia .................................................. 9.80 9.65 9.70 9.63 9.73 10.07 10.25 - - - - - 9.70 - - 

 United Arab Emirates .................................... 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 - - - - - 2.70 - - 

 Venezuela ..................................................... 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 - - - - - 2.40 - - 

 OPEC Total ................................................ 30.01 29.70 30.28 30.34 30.29 30.99 31.39 31.15 30.75 30.98 31.55 31.46 30.08 30.96 31.19

Other Liquids .................................................. 6.25 6.24 6.24 6.32 6.36 6.42 6.48 6.53 6.60 6.68 6.76 6.82 6.26 6.45 6.72

Total OPEC Supply ........................................ 36.26 35.94 36.52 36.66 36.66 37.41 37.87 37.67 37.35 37.67 38.31 38.27 36.35 37.41 37.90

Crude Oil Production Capacity

 Africa ............................................................. 5.15 4.97 5.51 5.54 5.29 5.19 5.19 5.24 5.23 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.29 5.23 5.25

 South America ............................................... 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.93 2.94 2.97 2.86 2.85 2.85 2.88 2.95 2.95 2.86

 Middle East ................................................... 23.93 23.88 23.86 23.79 23.90 24.28 24.51 24.42 24.59 24.85 25.43 25.43 23.86 24.28 25.08

 OPEC Total ................................................ 32.02 31.80 32.32 32.28 32.14 32.39 32.65 32.63 32.68 32.95 33.55 33.58 32.10 32.45 33.19

Surplus Crude Oil Production Capacity

 Africa ............................................................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

 South America ............................................... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

 Middle East ................................................... 2.01 2.09 2.04 1.93 1.83 1.40 1.25 1.48 1.93 1.96 2.00 2.13 2.02 1.49 2.01

 OPEC Total ................................................ 2.01 2.09 2.04 1.93 1.85 1.40 1.25 1.48 1.93 1.96 2.00 2.13 2.02 1.49 2.01

Unplanned OPEC Production Outages ........ 2.32 2.57 2.26 2.43 2.57 2.64 2.73 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 2.40 n/a n/a 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

Table 3c. OPEC Crude Oil (excluding condensates) Supply (million barrels per day)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

- = no data available

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Libya, and Nigeria (Africa); Ecuador and Venezuela (South America); Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirate

(Middle East).

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration international energy statistics.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2014 2015 2016

North America ............................................................. 23.21 23.09 23.74 23.92 23.53 23.52 24.06 23.85 23.63 23.72 24.14 24.07 23.49 23.74 23.89

Canada .......................................................................... 2.43 2.34 2.46 2.42 2.36 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.38 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.38 2.38

Mexico ........................................................................... 1.95 1.97 1.96 1.98 1.87 1.95 1.92 1.93 1.93 1.95 1.92 1.93 1.97 1.92 1.93

United States ................................................................. 18.82 18.77 19.31 19.51 19.29 19.25 19.70 19.50 19.30 19.44 19.78 19.71 19.11 19.44 19.56

Central and South America ..................................... 7.05 7.30 7.33 7.31 7.05 7.37 7.41 7.38 7.17 7.44 7.47 7.45 7.25 7.30 7.38

Brazil .............................................................................. 3.03 3.14 3.21 3.20 3.03 3.14 3.21 3.20 3.06 3.18 3.24 3.23 3.15 3.15 3.18

Europe ......................................................................... 13.68 14.09 14.59 14.25 14.26 14.11 14.58 14.53 14.38 14.12 14.59 14.54 14.16 14.38 14.41

Eurasia ......................................................................... 4.85 4.79 5.01 4.99 4.74 4.67 4.95 4.93 4.76 4.69 4.97 4.95 4.91 4.83 4.84

Russia ........................................................................... 3.49 3.45 3.65 3.63 3.39 3.34 3.54 3.53 3.35 3.30 3.50 3.48 3.56 3.45 3.41

Middle East ................................................................. 7.97 8.33 8.98 8.17 7.98 8.61 9.18 8.34 8.33 8.93 9.53 8.65 8.36 8.53 8.86

Asia and Oceania ...................................................... 30.88 30.48 29.99 30.91 31.39 31.20 30.68 31.60 31.98 31.87 31.33 32.25 30.56 31.22 31.86

China ............................................................................. 10.45 11.03 10.98 10.94 10.77 11.36 11.32 11.27 11.06 11.67 11.62 11.57 10.85 11.18 11.48

Japan ............................................................................. 5.02 3.88 3.88 4.43 4.74 3.88 3.91 4.28 4.58 3.85 3.88 4.25 4.30 4.20 4.14

India ............................................................................... 3.88 3.86 3.54 3.83 4.08 4.06 3.72 4.02 4.25 4.23 3.88 4.19 3.78 3.97 4.14

Africa ........................................................................... 3.73 3.73 3.68 3.70 3.89 3.88 3.84 3.86 4.04 4.03 3.99 4.01 3.71 3.86 4.02

Total OECD Liquid Fuels Consumption .................. 45.75 44.84 45.97 46.44 46.53 45.48 46.47 46.81 46.82 45.70 46.58 47.06 45.75 46.32 46.54

Total non-OECD Liquid Fuels Consumption .......... 45.63 46.96 47.35 46.81 46.32 47.90 48.24 47.68 47.47 49.09 49.44 48.86 46.69 47.54 48.72

Total World Liquid Fuels Consumption .................. 91.38 91.80 93.32 93.25 92.85 93.37 94.70 94.49 94.29 94.79 96.01 95.92 92.45 93.86 95.26

World Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ........................................ 113.3 114.1 114.9 115.8 116.2 116.9 117.4 118.2 119.0 119.9 120.8 121.8 114.5 117.2 120.4

 Percent change from prior year ................................. 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.3 2.7

OECD Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ....................................... 107.1 107.6 108.2 108.8 109.3 109.9 110.2 110.8 111.4 112.1 112.8 113.5 107.9 110.0 112.4

 Percent change from prior year ................................. 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.5 1.9 2.0 2.2

Non-OECD Index, 2010 Q1 = 100 ............................... 121.1 122.4 123.4 124.6 125.1 125.9 126.6 127.7 128.8 130.0 131.1 132.4 122.9 126.3 130.6

 Percent change from prior year ................................. 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.4 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 2.8 3.4

Real U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate (a)

Index, January 2010 = 100 ........................................... 108.07 107.84 109.02 113.60 119.25 119.49 122.93 125.51 127.19 126.85 126.58 126.46 109.63 121.79 126.77

Percent change from prior year .................................... 3.8 2.0 1.9 6.7 10.3 10.8 12.8 10.5 6.7 6.2 3.0 0.8 3.6 11.1 4.1

Table 3d. World Petrioleum and Other Liquids Consumption (million barrels per day)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration international energy statistics.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

Oil-weighted Real Gross Domestic Product (a)

- = no data available

OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, 

 France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, 

 Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

(a) Weighted geometric mean of real indices for various countries with weights equal to each country's share of world oil consumption in the base period. Exchange rate is measured in foreign currency per U.S. 

dollar.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Supply (million barrels per day)

 Crude Oil Supply

 Domestic Production (a) ......................................... 8.13 8.60 8.85 9.25 9.39 9.41 9.29 9.07 8.89 8.76 8.61 8.83 8.71 9.29 8.77

 Alaska .................................................................. 0.53 0.52 0.43 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.44 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.47 0.50 0.48 0.46

 Federal Gulf of Mexico (b) ................................... 1.32 1.42 1.43 1.42 1.46 1.47 1.58 1.55 1.60 1.61 1.53 1.64 1.40 1.52 1.60

 Lower 48 States (excl GOM) ................................ 6.28 6.67 6.99 7.32 7.42 7.47 7.27 7.02 6.81 6.68 6.66 6.72 6.82 7.29 6.72

 Crude Oil Net Imports (c) ........................................ 7.11 6.93 7.15 6.78 6.84 6.74 6.92 6.52 6.61 7.39 7.63 6.74 6.99 6.75 7.10

 SPR Net Withdrawals ............................................. 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.01 0.00

 Commercial Inventory Net Withdrawals ................. -0.33 0.01 0.25 -0.33 -0.91 0.06 0.10 0.01 -0.22 0.14 0.18 0.15 -0.10 -0.18 0.06

 Crude Oil Adjustment (d) ........................................ 0.28 0.28 0.12 0.25 0.21 0.30 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.15 0.23 0.25 0.19

 Total Crude Oil Input to Refineries ............................. 15.19 15.88 16.36 15.96 15.53 16.48 16.55 15.83 15.48 16.48 16.64 15.87 15.85 16.10 16.12

 Other Supply

 Refinery Processing Gain ....................................... 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.10 0.99 1.02 1.10 1.08 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.07

 Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production .................... 2.75 3.00 3.15 3.16 3.09 3.27 3.33 3.42 3.41 3.51 3.62 3.70 3.01 3.28 3.56

 Renewables and Oxygenate Production (e) ........... 1.01 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.09 1.08

 Fuel Ethanol Production ...................................... 0.91 0.94 0.93 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.96 0.95

 Petroleum Products Adjustment (f) ........................ 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.22

 Product Net Imports (c) ........................................... -1.73 -1.74 -2.11 -2.13 -1.89 -2.12 -2.22 -2.54 -2.23 -2.55 -2.65 -2.66 -1.93 -2.20 -2.52

 Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... -0.36 -0.57 -0.66 -0.64 -0.68 -0.80 -0.89 -0.95 -1.02 -1.14 -1.23 -1.23 -0.56 -0.83 -1.15

 Unfinished Oils .................................................... 0.34 0.43 0.34 0.37 0.26 0.28 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.31 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.36

 Other HC/Oxygenates .......................................... -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.09 -0.08 -0.09 -0.06 -0.06 -0.09 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.09 -0.07 -0.06

 Motor Gasoline Blend Comp. .............................. 0.30 0.58 0.46 0.39 0.41 0.52 0.56 0.48 0.41 0.60 0.44 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.46

 Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... -0.40 -0.37 -0.33 -0.47 -0.44 -0.32 -0.42 -0.59 -0.37 -0.45 -0.34 -0.46 -0.39 -0.44 -0.40

 Jet Fuel ................................................................ -0.07 -0.02 -0.09 -0.09 -0.06 0.01 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.06 0.00 0.01 -0.07 -0.04 -0.02

 Distillate Fuel Oil ................................................. -0.67 -1.00 -1.07 -0.89 -0.67 -1.05 -1.13 -1.00 -0.74 -0.96 -1.06 -0.98 -0.91 -0.96 -0.93

 Residual Fuel Oil ................................................. -0.23 -0.18 -0.17 -0.18 -0.13 -0.21 -0.15 -0.20 -0.23 -0.26 -0.26 -0.21 -0.19 -0.17 -0.24

 Other Oils (g) ....................................................... -0.55 -0.52 -0.50 -0.53 -0.50 -0.46 -0.46 -0.56 -0.52 -0.53 -0.54 -0.53 -0.53 -0.49 -0.53

 Product Inventory Net Withdrawals ........................ 0.35 -0.72 -0.47 0.11 0.36 -0.72 -0.36 0.39 0.30 -0.37 -0.25 0.42 -0.18 -0.08 0.02

 Total Supply ............................................................... 18.82 18.77 19.31 19.51 19.32 19.25 19.70 19.50 19.30 19.44 19.78 19.71 19.11 19.44 19.56

Consumption (million barrels per day)

 Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids ....................................... 2.70 2.12 2.32 2.66 2.72 2.27 2.38 2.70 2.74 2.33 2.40 2.77 2.45 2.52 2.56

 Unfinished Oils ....................................................... -0.07 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.05 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.04 0.01 0.01

 Motor Gasoline ....................................................... 8.54 9.01 9.13 9.00 8.81 9.26 9.32 9.04 8.85 9.23 9.33 9.08 8.92 9.11 9.12

 Fuel Ethanol blended into Motor Gasoline .......... 0.84 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.87 0.92 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.90

 Jet Fuel ................................................................... 1.39 1.47 1.52 1.50 1.45 1.54 1.59 1.52 1.44 1.53 1.59 1.54 1.47 1.53 1.52

 Distillate Fuel Oil .................................................... 4.19 3.95 3.89 4.12 4.27 3.88 3.89 4.01 4.16 4.03 3.98 4.10 4.04 4.01 4.07

 Residual Fuel Oil .................................................... 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.24 0.19 0.28 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.26 0.23 0.20

 Other Oils (g) .......................................................... 1.83 2.01 2.24 1.96 1.85 2.06 2.23 1.99 1.89 2.12 2.27 2.00 2.01 2.03 2.07

 Total Consumption .................................................... 18.82 18.77 19.31 19.51 19.29 19.25 19.70 19.50 19.30 19.44 19.78 19.71 19.11 19.44 19.56

Total Petroleum and Other Liquids Net Imports .... 5.38 5.20 5.04 4.65 4.95 4.61 4.70 3.98 4.38 4.85 4.99 4.08 5.07 4.56 4.58

End-of-period Inventories (million barrels)

 Commercial Inventory

 Crude Oil (excluding SPR) ...................................... 386.7 386.0 363.3 393.3 474.8 469.5 460.6 460.1 480.0 467.1 450.8 437.4 393.3 460.1 437.4

 Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids ....................................... 99.5 166.1 211.7 175.4 138.8 196.3 227.9 188.7 157.9 196.5 221.3 175.2 175.4 188.7 175.2

 Unfinished Oils ....................................................... 91.9 87.6 84.3 78.3 84.7 86.0 86.5 80.0 90.8 88.3 86.5 81.1 78.3 80.0 81.1

 Other HC/Oxygenates ............................................. 22.7 23.3 22.4 23.3 26.7 25.0 24.3 24.9 27.0 25.8 25.1 25.3 23.3 24.9 25.3

 Total Motor Gasoline .............................................. 221.6 219.3 212.5 240.4 231.5 221.0 223.6 232.2 229.5 223.2 220.3 232.9 240.4 232.2 232.9

 Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... 34.4 28.8 28.4 31.2 26.9 25.7 27.7 28.9 26.7 26.3 25.7 27.3 31.2 28.9 27.3

 Motor Gasoline Blend Comp. .............................. 187.2 190.5 184.1 209.1 204.6 195.4 195.9 203.3 202.9 196.9 194.6 205.6 209.1 203.3 205.6

 Jet Fuel ................................................................... 36.4 37.1 39.8 38.3 37.2 43.7 40.2 36.8 37.3 38.6 41.5 38.0 38.3 36.8 38.0

 Distillate Fuel Oil .................................................... 115.2 121.6 131.4 136.3 128.3 139.4 149.5 151.8 137.8 144.8 154.7 156.6 136.3 151.8 156.6

 Residual Fuel Oil .................................................... 36.0 36.6 36.6 33.7 38.1 41.8 40.3 40.6 40.0 39.6 37.5 38.0 33.7 40.6 38.0

 Other Oils (g) .......................................................... 52.9 50.6 46.7 49.6 57.3 54.6 48.5 49.7 56.9 54.6 47.6 48.9 49.6 49.7 48.9

 Total Commercial Inventory ....................................... 1,063 1,128 1,149 1,169 1,217 1,277 1,301 1,265 1,257 1,279 1,285 1,233 1,169 1,265 1,233

 Crude Oil in SPR ....................................................... 696 691 691 691 691 694 695 695 695 695 695 695 691 695 695

(e) Renewables and oxygenate production includes pentanes plus, oxygenates (excluding fuel ethanol), and renewable fuels.

Table 4a. U.S. Petroleum and Other Liquids Supply, Consumption, and Inventories

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

- = no data available

(a) Includes lease condensate.

(b) Crude oil production from U.S. Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM).

(c) Net imports equals gross imports minus gross exports.

(d) Crude oil adjustment balances supply and consumption and was previously referred to as "Unaccounted for Crude Oil."

Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; and Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208. 

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

(f) Petroleum products adjustment includes hydrogen/oxygenates/renewables/other hydrocarbons, motor gasoline blend components, and finished motor gasoline.

(g) "Other Oils" inludes aviation gasoline blend components, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still 

gas, and miscellaneous products.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

SPR: Strategic Petroleum Reserve

HC: Hydrocarbons

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109; 
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

HGL Production

 Natural Gas Processing Plants

 Ethane ............................................................. 1.05 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.05 1.10 1.11 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.09 1.11 1.26

 Propane ........................................................... 0.88 0.96 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 0.98 1.11 1.19

 Butanes ........................................................... 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.54 0.62 0.65

 Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ................... 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.46 0.39 0.43 0.46

 Refinery and Blender Net Production

 Ethane/Ethylene .............................................. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

 Propane/Propylene ......................................... 0.57 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.54 0.58 0.57 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.59

 Butanes/Butylenes .......................................... -0.05 0.27 0.21 -0.18 -0.08 0.27 0.20 -0.17 -0.03 0.26 0.18 -0.17 0.06 0.05 0.06

 Renewable Fuels and Oxygenate Plant Net Production

 Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ................... -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02

HGL Net Imports

 Ethane ................................................................ -0.02 -0.02 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 -0.07 -0.09 -0.10 -0.11 -0.15 -0.17 -0.04 -0.07 -0.13

 Propane/Propylene ............................................ -0.17 -0.34 -0.36 -0.39 -0.40 -0.49 -0.52 -0.58 -0.57 -0.65 -0.68 -0.70 -0.32 -0.50 -0.65

 Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. -0.04 -0.06 -0.09 -0.03 -0.06 -0.09 -0.11 -0.09 -0.15 -0.19 -0.18 -0.15 -0.06 -0.09 -0.17

 Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... -0.13 -0.16 -0.16 -0.15 -0.17 -0.15 -0.19 -0.19 -0.21 -0.20 -0.22 -0.21 -0.15 -0.17 -0.21

HGL Refinery and Blender Net Inputs

 Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. 0.37 0.28 0.30 0.48 0.40 0.27 0.31 0.43 0.35 0.29 0.30 0.42 0.36 0.35 0.34

 Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.18

HGL Consumption

 Ethane/Ethylene ................................................. 1.04 0.99 1.10 1.06 1.03 1.02 1.05 1.13 1.10 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.05 1.06 1.13

 Propane/Propylene ............................................ 1.46 0.91 1.01 1.30 1.43 0.92 1.01 1.29 1.41 0.97 0.99 1.27 1.17 1.16 1.16

 Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.16 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.21 0.22

 Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.05

HGL Inventories (million barrels)

 Ethane/Ethylene ................................................. 30.03 37.15 38.95 36.45 31.38 31.65 31.55 32.35 31.77 35.89 36.58 34.88 35.67 31.74 34.79

 Propane/Propylene ............................................ 28.81 57.90 81.41 77.95 58.10 84.20 100.12 87.08 63.91 78.26 89.63 76.38 77.95 87.08 76.38

 Butanes/Butylenes ............................................. 26.31 52.35 72.40 41.95 32.46 59.42 75.93 51.06 43.24 61.82 74.55 45.31 41.95 51.06 45.31

 Natural Gasoline (Pentanes Plus) ...................... 13.99 15.77 20.39 20.61 17.16 20.51 19.76 18.91 17.96 19.53 20.82 20.00 20.61 18.91 20.00

Refinery and Blender Net Inputs

 Crude OIl .............................................................. 15.19 15.88 16.36 15.96 15.53 16.48 16.55 15.83 15.48 16.48 16.64 15.87 15.85 16.10 16.12

 Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... 0.52 0.43 0.46 0.64 0.54 0.40 0.47 0.61 0.52 0.47 0.48 0.60 0.51 0.51 0.52

 Other Hydrocarbons/Oxygenates ........................ 1.09 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.21 1.14 1.17 1.20

 Unfinished Oils ..................................................... 0.26 0.51 0.41 0.45 0.24 0.22 0.37 0.41 0.25 0.34 0.39 0.42 0.41 0.31 0.35

 Motor Gasoline Blend Components ..................... 0.55 1.00 0.80 0.33 0.72 0.91 0.74 0.60 0.60 0.85 0.63 0.45 0.67 0.74 0.63

 Aviation Gasoline Blend Components ................. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Refinery and Blender Net Inputs .................... 17.60 18.98 19.18 18.51 18.14 19.18 19.33 18.65 18.00 19.33 19.38 18.55 18.57 18.83 18.82

Refinery Processing Gain .................................. 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.10 0.99 1.02 1.10 1.08 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.07

Refinery and Blender Net Production

 Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids .................................... 0.53 0.87 0.80 0.41 0.47 0.86 0.78 0.42 0.55 0.87 0.78 0.42 0.65 0.63 0.65

 Finished Motor Gasoline ...................................... 9.11 9.77 9.71 9.69 9.48 9.83 9.94 9.83 9.38 9.85 9.82 9.71 9.57 9.77 9.69

 Jet Fuel ................................................................. 1.45 1.50 1.64 1.57 1.50 1.61 1.61 1.53 1.48 1.60 1.62 1.49 1.54 1.56 1.55

 Distillate Fuel ........................................................ 4.69 4.97 5.00 5.00 4.82 4.99 5.06 4.98 4.69 5.01 5.09 5.05 4.92 4.96 4.96

 Residual Fuel ....................................................... 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.41 0.41 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.44 0.42 0.44

 Other Oils (a) ........................................................ 2.42 2.50 2.70 2.52 2.44 2.48 2.63 2.57 2.49 2.62 2.74 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.60

Total Refinery and Blender Net Production ............ 18.65 20.05 20.28 19.62 19.13 20.20 20.43 19.73 19.05 20.40 20.48 19.63 19.65 19.88 19.89

Refinery Distillation Inputs ................................ 15.52 16.18 16.65 16.26 15.78 16.69 16.82 16.15 15.81 16.69 16.91 16.19 16.16 16.36 16.40

Refinery Operable Distillation Capacity ........... 17.93 17.91 17.83 17.82 17.88 17.98 18.05 18.06 18.09 18.09 18.25 18.33 17.87 17.99 18.19

Refinery Distillation Utilization Factor .............. 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.92 0.93 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90

Table 4b. U.S. Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids (HGL) and Petroleum Refinery Balances (million barrels per day, except inventories and utilization factor)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

(a) "Other Oils" includes aviation gasoline blend components, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt and road oil, still 

gas, and miscellaneous products.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109; 

Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Prices (cents per gallon)

 Refiner Wholesale Price ...................... 272 298 276 203 159 201 183 140 146 177 175 151 262 171 162

 Gasoline Regular Grade Retail Prices Including Taxes

 PADD 1 .............................................. 344 365 348 292 228 259 247 211 215 244 244 228 337 237 233

 PADD 2 .............................................. 337 365 343 279 216 256 253 218 209 245 244 217 331 236 229

 PADD 3 .............................................. 318 345 329 265 204 240 229 192 194 226 224 200 314 216 211

 PADD 4 .............................................. 326 351 363 297 207 261 277 220 199 236 246 221 335 242 226

 PADD 5 .............................................. 362 401 386 315 271 328 327 255 240 277 277 253 366 296 262

 U.S. Average ................................... 340 368 350 288 227 267 260 218 214 247 247 224 336 243 233

 Gasoline All Grades Including Taxes 348 375 358 296 236 275 269 227 223 255 255 233 344 252 242

End-of-period Inventories (million barrels)

 Total Gasoline Inventories

 PADD 1 .............................................. 57.7 63.1 55.7 62.1 64.5 61.3 62.8 62.3 61.3 62.1 57.8 61.3 62.1 62.3 61.3

 PADD 2 .............................................. 49.1 49.7 47.1 52.4 52.9 50.4 46.9 50.1 51.1 48.8 49.4 50.4 52.4 50.1 50.4

 PADD 3 .............................................. 78.5 73.2 74.9 84.2 78.4 74.6 76.9 80.3 79.6 77.5 78.3 81.8 84.2 80.3 81.8

 PADD 4 .............................................. 6.4 6.1 7.4 7.9 6.5 6.8 7.1 7.6 7.1 6.9 6.9 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.7

 PADD 5 .............................................. 29.9 27.1 27.3 33.7 29.2 28.0 29.9 31.9 30.4 28.0 27.9 31.8 33.7 31.9 31.8

 U.S. Total ........................................ 221.6 219.3 212.5 240.4 231.5 221.0 223.6 232.2 229.5 223.2 220.3 232.9 240.4 232.2 232.9

 Finished Gasoline Inventories

 U.S. Total ........................................ 34.4 28.8 28.4 31.2 26.9 25.7 27.7 28.9 26.7 26.3 25.7 27.3 31.2 28.9 27.3

 Gasoline Blending Components Inventories

 U.S. Total ........................................ 187.2 190.5 184.1 209.1 204.6 195.4 195.9 203.3 202.9 196.9 194.6 205.6 209.1 203.3 205.6

Table 4c. U.S. Regional Motor Gasoline Prices and Inventories

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Petroleum Supply Monthly , DOE/EIA-0109; Petroleum Supply Annual , DOE/EIA-0340/2; and Weekly Petroleum Status Report , DOE/EIA-0208.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

Prices are not adjusted for inflation.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Regions refer to Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD).

See “Petroleum for Administration Defense District” in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.

Historical data : Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Petroleum Marketing Monthly , DOE/EIA-0380; 
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Supply (billion cubic feet per day)

 Total Marketed Production ............ 71.75 74.09 76.06 77.60 78.11 79.20 80.59 80.52 80.86 81.01 81.13 81.80 74.89 79.61 81.20

 Alaska ...................................... 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.99 0.99 0.93 0.84 0.93 0.98 0.83 0.77 0.91 0.95 0.92 0.87

 Federal GOM (a) ....................... 3.31 3.52 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.68 3.77 3.30 3.35 3.30 3.13 3.09 3.44 3.53 3.22

 Lower 48 States (excl GOM) ..... 67.45 69.64 71.68 73.19 73.75 74.58 75.98 76.29 76.53 76.87 77.24 77.79 70.51 75.16 77.11

 Total Dry Gas Production ............. 67.53 69.73 71.59 73.04 73.67 74.50 75.85 75.78 76.11 76.24 76.36 76.99 70.49 74.96 76.43

 LNG Gross Imports ..................... 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.43 0.08 0.26 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.23 0.15

 LNG Gross Exports ..................... 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.19 0.62 0.72 1.07 0.04 0.05 0.65

 Pipeline Gross Imports ................ 8.44 6.52 6.47 7.47 8.36 6.68 6.52 6.72 7.04 6.02 6.34 6.52 7.22 7.07 6.48

 Pipeline Gross Exports ................ 4.67 3.89 3.85 4.02 4.86 4.37 4.66 5.05 5.16 4.96 5.14 5.30 4.10 4.73 5.14

 Supplemental Gaseous Fuels ...... 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.17

 Net Inventory Withdrawals ........... 22.75 -12.71 -12.96 0.54 18.48 -12.99 -10.27 2.46 16.67 -10.38 -9.48 2.65 -0.69 -0.65 -0.15

Total Supply ................................... 94.35 59.96 61.47 77.33 96.19 64.01 67.78 80.25 94.78 66.63 67.70 80.10 73.20 76.99 77.28

Balancing Item (b) .......................... 0.48 0.93 -0.11 -1.49 0.55 0.01 -1.71 -1.59 -0.70 -0.90 -0.19 -0.21 -0.06 -0.69 -0.50

Total Primary Supply ....................... 94.83 60.89 61.36 75.84 96.74 64.01 66.07 78.65 94.08 65.73 67.51 79.89 73.15 76.29 76.79

Consumption (billion cubic feet per day)

 Residential ................................... 28.78 7.53 3.69 16.01 27.53 6.90 3.50 15.44 25.45 7.38 3.86 16.42 13.94 13.28 13.26

 Commercial ................................. 16.48 6.26 4.61 10.77 16.01 5.85 4.37 10.43 14.59 6.00 4.61 10.71 9.50 9.14 8.97

 Industrial ..................................... 22.85 19.94 19.55 21.24 22.69 19.62 19.37 22.07 23.17 20.79 20.61 22.67 20.89 20.93 21.81

 Electric Power (c) ......................... 19.68 21.12 27.34 21.09 23.10 25.20 32.25 23.70 23.32 24.95 31.76 22.98 22.33 26.08 25.76

 Lease and Plant Fuel ................... 3.94 4.07 4.17 4.26 4.29 4.35 4.42 4.42 4.44 4.45 4.45 4.49 4.11 4.37 4.46

 Pipeline and Distribution Use ....... 3.01 1.88 1.90 2.37 3.03 2.00 2.07 2.49 3.01 2.06 2.12 2.53 2.29 2.39 2.43

 Vehicle Use ................................. 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10

Total Consumption ......................... 94.83 60.89 61.36 75.84 96.74 64.01 66.07 78.65 94.08 65.73 67.51 79.89 73.15 76.29 76.79

End-of-period Inventories (billion cubic feet)

 Working Gas Inventory ................ 857 2,005 3,187 3,141 1,483 2,658 3,606 3,379 1,862 2,807 3,678 3,435 3,141 3,379 3,435

 Producing Region (d) ................ 358 691 952 1,071 604 1,038 1,253 1,236 779 1,064 1,238 1,260 1,071 1,236 1,260

 East Consuming Region (d) ...... 316 952 1,753 1,607 501 1,150 1,845 1,666 739 1,259 1,871 1,639 1,607 1,666 1,639

 West Consuming Region (d) .... 184 362 482 464 378 469 508 478 344 483 569 536 464 478 536

Table 5a. U.S. Natural Gas Supply, Consumption, and Inventories

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

LNG: liquefied natural gas.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130; and Electric Power 

Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

(a) Marketed production from U.S. Federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico.

(b) The balancing item represents the difference between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of components of natural gas demand.

(c) Natural gas used for electricity generation and (a limited amount of) useful thermal output by electric utilities and independent power producers.

(d) For a list of States in each inventory region refer to Methodology for EIA Weekly Underground Natural Gas Storage Estimates (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngs/methodology.html).

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Wholesale/Spot

 Henry Hub Spot Price ........ 5.36 4.75 4.08 3.91 2.99 2.83 2.84 2.41 2.91 2.94 3.14 3.36 4.52 2.77 3.09

Residential

 New England ..................... 13.67 15.99 18.04 14.41 13.09 13.33 15.90 12.58 12.04 13.87 16.70 13.22 14.53 13.16 12.97

 Middle Atlantic ................... 10.71 13.08 17.38 11.10 9.53 11.20 16.39 11.44 10.36 13.02 17.45 11.94 11.58 10.66 11.65

 E. N. Central ...................... 8.67 12.89 16.94 8.97 7.78 10.58 16.28 8.22 7.29 10.87 16.59 8.50 9.70 8.70 8.64

 W. N. Central ..................... 9.02 11.78 18.17 10.04 8.66 11.85 17.17 8.48 7.26 10.13 16.84 9.09 10.13 9.42 8.69

 S. Atlantic .......................... 11.25 16.24 22.79 12.70 10.70 16.68 22.19 12.28 10.88 16.15 22.25 12.74 12.91 12.46 12.72

 E. S. Central ...................... 9.63 14.12 19.75 11.14 9.34 14.36 18.35 10.17 8.49 12.82 18.22 10.91 11.02 10.50 10.17

 W. S. Central ..................... 8.60 14.35 20.45 11.69 8.45 13.94 19.58 10.34 7.30 12.16 18.06 10.61 10.92 10.35 9.50

 Mountain ........................... 9.09 11.23 15.15 9.88 9.57 10.87 14.36 9.33 8.39 9.38 13.28 8.71 10.14 10.07 9.01

 Pacific ................................ 10.95 11.69 12.38 11.21 11.46 11.40 11.80 9.51 9.24 10.08 10.78 9.81 11.35 10.87 9.77

 U.S. Average .................. 9.82 13.11 16.94 10.52 9.29 11.96 16.18 9.78 8.70 11.72 16.00 10.12 10.94 10.24 10.09

Commercial

 New England ..................... 11.54 12.94 11.86 11.43 10.77 10.11 9.48 9.68 10.00 9.91 10.09 10.39 11.78 10.29 10.11

 Middle Atlantic ................... 9.31 9.03 8.05 8.05 7.91 7.48 6.72 7.28 7.76 7.55 7.56 8.32 8.78 7.57 7.85

 E. N. Central ...................... 7.96 9.95 10.10 7.55 6.95 7.51 8.76 6.85 6.82 8.07 9.06 7.31 8.26 7.13 7.31

 W. N. Central ..................... 8.24 9.21 10.18 8.31 7.65 7.98 8.90 6.89 6.98 7.49 8.73 7.40 8.53 7.54 7.32

 S. Atlantic .......................... 9.27 10.59 10.94 9.52 8.48 9.21 9.68 8.71 8.68 9.53 10.30 9.39 9.73 8.79 9.22

 E. S. Central ...................... 8.86 10.68 11.15 9.54 8.54 9.62 9.83 8.52 7.87 8.87 9.71 8.98 9.52 8.80 8.54

 W. S. Central ..................... 7.58 9.33 9.35 8.33 7.15 7.21 7.94 6.76 6.43 7.32 8.03 7.42 8.32 7.17 7.06

 Mountain ........................... 7.79 8.72 9.89 8.46 8.27 8.34 8.96 7.83 7.35 7.50 8.73 7.79 8.38 8.21 7.65

 Pacific ................................ 9.29 9.32 9.53 9.26 9.20 8.43 8.68 8.50 8.50 8.52 8.91 8.67 9.32 8.73 8.62

 U.S. Average .................. 8.65 9.66 9.69 8.51 7.94 8.13 8.45 7.61 7.56 8.10 8.80 8.15 8.87 7.93 7.96

Industrial

 New England ..................... 10.14 10.05 8.13 9.14 9.10 7.61 6.21 7.86 8.35 8.00 7.95 9.00 9.53 8.05 8.37

 Middle Atlantic ................... 9.85 9.24 8.73 8.58 8.31 7.56 7.76 7.85 7.77 7.09 7.53 8.21 9.33 8.01 7.73

 E. N. Central ...................... 8.03 8.86 7.75 6.85 6.41 5.65 5.63 5.51 5.98 5.79 6.09 6.25 7.80 5.95 6.04

 W. N. Central ..................... 7.29 6.25 5.91 6.32 5.81 4.59 4.51 4.80 5.01 4.47 4.61 5.12 6.54 5.00 4.84

 S. Atlantic .......................... 6.90 6.37 5.91 6.00 5.46 4.50 4.61 4.64 4.91 4.92 5.14 5.49 6.32 4.82 5.12

 E. S. Central ...................... 6.34 6.11 5.37 5.55 5.15 4.28 4.21 4.26 4.69 4.55 4.78 5.15 5.87 4.51 4.79

 W. S. Central ..................... 5.15 4.92 4.52 4.26 3.21 2.92 3.06 2.61 2.94 3.07 3.42 3.56 4.72 2.94 3.25

 Mountain ........................... 6.66 6.79 6.90 6.76 6.61 6.22 6.06 5.69 5.15 4.94 5.65 5.78 6.76 6.17 5.37

 Pacific ................................ 7.79 7.68 7.63 7.48 7.32 6.57 6.51 6.06 5.71 5.69 6.33 6.53 7.65 6.61 6.07

 U.S. Average .................. 6.19 5.64 5.08 5.18 4.57 3.68 3.67 3.57 4.02 3.78 4.03 4.45 5.55 3.89 4.08

Table 5b. U.S. Regional Natural Gas Prices (dollars per thousand cubic feet

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Natural gas Henry Hub spot price from Reuter's News Service (http://www.reuters.com).

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

Prices are not adjusted for inflation.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. 

See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the Natural Gas Monthly , DOE/EIA-0130.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Supply (million short tons)

 Production ........................................... 245.2 245.8 255.3 253.3 240.2 210.7 232.4 224.3 222.4 212.4 225.4 220.2 999.7 907.5 880.4

 Appalachia ....................................... 67.5 69.7 67.5 63.5 62.3 57.7 60.3 54.6 58.7 58.1 54.4 53.1 268.2 234.9 224.2

 Interior .............................................. 46.3 44.8 49.3 48.3 45.2 39.7 44.8 45.1 44.3 44.1 46.2 44.9 188.7 174.9 179.6

 Western ........................................... 131.4 131.4 138.5 141.5 132.7 113.2 127.2 124.6 119.4 110.2 124.8 122.3 542.8 497.7 476.7

 Primary Inventory Withdrawals ............. -0.5 0.6 2.4 -1.5 -0.7 0.3 3.1 -1.6 -1.0 0.7 2.9 -1.6 0.9 1.1 1.0

 Imports ................................................ 2.4 3.6 3.2 2.2 3.0 2.6 3.1 2.9 2.2 2.4 3.3 2.9 11.3 11.6 10.8

 Exports ................................................ 27.6 24.7 22.7 22.3 22.0 19.8 17.7 19.7 16.7 19.7 17.2 18.7 97.3 79.2 72.3

 Metallurgical Coal ............................. 16.0 15.2 14.4 14.5 13.5 12.7 10.4 11.1 11.4 11.8 9.9 11.2 60.1 47.8 44.2

 Steam Coal ...................................... 11.6 9.5 8.3 7.8 8.5 7.0 7.4 8.6 5.3 8.0 7.3 7.5 37.2 31.4 28.1

Total Primary Supply .............................. 219.5 225.3 238.1 231.7 220.5 193.9 220.8 205.8 207.0 195.8 214.4 202.8 914.7 841.0 819.9

 Secondary Inventory Withdrawals ........ 30.6 -14.8 8.4 -28.0 -3.3 -13.0 13.7 -3.9 0.2 -5.6 14.9 -5.0 -3.8 -6.4 4.5

 Waste Coal (a) .................................... 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 11.2 10.8 11.1

Total Supply ........................................... 253.4 213.3 249.2 206.3 219.9 183.6 237.2 204.6 209.9 193.0 232.0 200.5 922.1 845.4 835.5

Consumption (million short tons)

 Coke Plants ......................................... 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.2 4.4 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.3 4.0 4.9 4.8 20.4 18.9 18.1

 Electric Power Sector (b) ..................... 231.3 196.0 231.2 193.0 196.5 174.6 215.4 186.9 194.0 178.2 216.4 184.4 851.4 773.4 773.0

 Retail and Other Industry ..................... 12.0 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.4 10.4 10.6 11.2 11.6 10.8 10.7 11.3 45.0 43.5 44.4

 Residential and Commercial ............. 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.7 2.2 2.8 2.7

 Other Industrial ................................. 11.3 10.5 10.6 10.4 10.6 9.8 9.9 10.4 10.7 10.2 10.2 10.6 42.8 40.7 41.7

Total Consumption ................................ 248.2 212.0 247.4 209.3 212.3 189.4 231.0 203.1 209.9 193.0 232.0 200.5 916.9 835.8 835.5

Discrepancy (c) 5.2 1.2 1.8 -3.0 7.7 -5.8 6.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.2 9.6 0.0

End-of-period Inventories (million short tons)

 Primary Inventories (d) ......................... 46.2 45.6 43.2 44.7 45.5 45.2 42.1 43.7 44.7 44.0 41.1 42.7 44.7 43.7 42.7

 Secondary Inventories ......................... 124.0 138.9 130.5 158.4 161.7 174.7 161.0 164.9 164.7 170.3 155.4 160.4 158.4 164.9 160.4

 Electric Power Sector ........................ 118.3 132.9 123.8 151.4 155.6 167.8 153.5 157.1 157.9 162.9 147.5 152.2 151.4 157.1 152.2

 Retail and General Industry .............. 3.5 3.6 4.4 4.8 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.5 4.8 5.0 5.6 5.9 4.8 5.5 5.9

 Coke Plants ...................................... 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8

Coal Market Indicators

 Coal Miner Productivity

 (Tons per hour) ................................. 5.47 5.47 5.47 5.47 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.46 5.47 5.61 5.46

 Total Raw Steel Production

 (Million short tons per day) ................ 0.262 0.263 0.271 0.262 0.247 0.242 0.248 0.235 0.242 0.234 0.236 0.214 0.264 0.243 0.231

 Cost of Coal to Electric Utilities

 (Dollars per million Btu) .................... 2.33 2.39 2.37 2.37 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.26 2.24 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.36 2.25 2.26

Table 6. U.S. Coal Supply, Consumption, and Inventories

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Quarterly Coal Report , DOE/EIA-0121; and Electric Power Monthly , 

DOE/EIA-0226.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

(a) Waste coal includes waste coal and cloal slurry reprocessed into briquettes.

(b) Coal used for electricity generation and (a limited amount of) useful thermal output by electric utilities and independent power producers.

(c) The discrepancy reflects an unaccounted-for shipper and receiver reporting difference, assumed to be zero in the forecast period.

(d) Primary stocks are held at the mines and distribution points.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

 Electricity Generation ......................... 11.49 10.77 12.06 10.54 11.33 10.74 12.41 10.56 11.06 10.94 12.49 10.72 11.21 11.26 11.30

 Electric Power Sector (a) ................ 11.04 10.36 11.62 10.11 10.91 10.33 11.97 10.13 10.64 10.53 12.04 10.28 10.78 10.83 10.88

 Comm. and Indus. Sectors (b) ....... 0.44 0.41 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.43

 Net Imports ....................................... 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.12

 Total Supply ....................................... 11.59 10.89 12.22 10.68 11.50 10.94 12.62 10.69 11.18 11.05 12.63 10.81 11.35 11.44 11.42

 Losses and Unaccounted for (c) ...... 0.72 0.86 0.76 0.73 0.77 0.90 0.82 0.69 0.60 0.91 0.78 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.75

 Retail Sales ........................................ 10.48 9.67 11.07 9.58 10.36 9.68 11.40 9.62 10.21 9.79 11.45 9.71 10.20 10.27 10.29

 Residential Sector ........................... 4.31 3.36 4.26 3.45 4.19 3.35 4.52 3.48 4.04 3.43 4.52 3.51 3.84 3.88 3.87

 Commercial Sector ......................... 3.62 3.65 4.06 3.54 3.61 3.67 4.13 3.56 3.62 3.69 4.18 3.59 3.72 3.74 3.77

 Industrial Sector .............................. 2.52 2.65 2.73 2.57 2.53 2.64 2.73 2.57 2.53 2.65 2.74 2.59 2.62 2.62 2.63

 Transportation Sector ..................... 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

 Direct Use (d) ..................................... 0.39 0.36 0.39 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37

 Total Consumption ............................ 10.87 10.04 11.46 9.95 10.73 10.04 11.79 10.00 10.58 10.14 11.84 10.09 10.58 10.64 10.67

 Average residential electricity

 usage per customer (kWh) ................ 3,032 2,379 3,054 2,472 2,917 2,349 3,199 2,454 2,814 2,382 3,167 2,452 10,937 10,919 10,814

Prices

 Coal ................................................. 2.33 2.39 2.37 2.37 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.26 2.24 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.36 2.25 2.26

 Natural Gas ..................................... 6.82 4.93 4.25 4.30 4.09 3.12 3.16 3.36 3.92 3.52 3.53 4.26 4.98 3.40 3.78

 Residual Fuel Oil ............................. 19.97 20.44 19.75 14.72 10.82 11.64 10.92 9.86 9.95 11.11 11.43 11.36 19.18 10.80 10.95

 Distillate Fuel Oil .............................. 23.40 22.77 21.88 18.72 15.39 15.18 13.53 13.45 14.25 14.66 15.06 15.58 22.34 14.64 14.84

 Residential Sector ........................... 11.91 12.73 13.01 12.38 12.24 12.85 12.92 12.19 12.16 12.83 13.13 12.48 12.50 12.56 12.66

 Commercial Sector ......................... 10.55 10.68 11.11 10.59 10.50 10.56 11.02 10.66 10.69 10.81 11.28 10.88 10.75 10.69 10.93

 Industrial Sector .............................. 6.99 6.92 7.36 6.76 6.76 6.73 7.32 6.89 6.92 6.89 7.48 7.00 7.01 6.93 7.08

Prices are not adjusted for inflation.

Table 7a. U.S. Electricity Industry Overview

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Electricity Supply (billion kilowatthours per day)

Electricity Consumption (billion kilowatthours per day unless noted)

 Power Generation Fuel Costs (dollars per million Btu)

 End-Use Prices (cents per kilowatthour)

- = no data available. kWh = kilowatthours. Btu = British thermal units.

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric Power Annual , 

DOE/EIA-0348.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

(a) Generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities and independent power producers.

(b) Generation supplied by CHP and electricity-only plants operated by businesses in the commercial and industrial sectors, primarily for onsite use.

(c) Includes transmission and distribution losses, data collection time-frame differences, and estimation error.

(d) Direct Use represents commercial and industrial facility use of onsite net electricity generation; and electrical sales or transfers to adjacent or colocated facilities 

for which revenue information is not available. See Table 7.6 of the EIA Monthly Energy Review .

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Residential Sector

 New England ............... 153 111 136 118 152 111 143 121 143 114 140 121 129 132 130

 Middle Atlantic ............. 423 315 386 323 423 321 420 327 396 323 416 326 362 373 365

 E. N. Central ................ 619 447 515 481 588 428 554 475 558 442 565 483 515 511 512

 W. N. Central ............... 357 250 296 270 325 232 308 264 318 240 310 268 293 282 284

 S. Atlantic .................... 1,083 860 1,092 864 1,072 889 1,148 866 1,022 887 1,156 878 975 994 986

 E. S. Central ................ 404 277 364 290 390 276 387 285 364 285 386 287 334 334 331

 W. S. Central ............... 615 500 731 499 602 503 790 514 575 541 770 512 587 603 600

 Mountain ...................... 237 242 320 228 234 240 336 231 244 244 345 237 257 260 268

 Pacific contiguous ....... 418 346 421 382 394 336 421 379 404 338 416 381 392 382 385

 AK and HI ..................... 14 12 12 13 13 11 13 13 13 12 12 13 13 13 13

 Total .......................... 4,322 3,361 4,275 3,468 4,194 3,348 4,520 3,476 4,037 3,426 4,516 3,506 3,855 3,884 3,872

Commercial Sector

 New England ............... 149 139 155 140 148 139 160 138 145 140 157 138 145 146 145

 Middle Atlantic ............. 444 414 463 411 444 416 476 407 438 415 475 407 433 436 434

 E. N. Central ................ 510 490 524 480 510 490 542 482 508 497 556 491 501 506 513

 W. N. Central ............... 280 267 291 266 281 269 305 272 283 274 312 278 276 282 287

 S. Atlantic .................... 804 843 921 794 805 859 934 801 806 851 945 814 841 850 854

 E. S. Central ................ 241 240 274 228 235 239 282 228 236 239 286 232 246 246 248

 W. S. Central ............... 498 526 617 510 496 529 630 514 506 536 635 516 538 543 548

 Mountain ...................... 239 257 286 247 239 256 288 243 245 262 299 248 257 257 264

 Pacific contiguous ....... 432 440 484 448 434 458 496 452 439 464 494 450 451 460 462

 AK and HI ..................... 16 16 16 17 16 16 17 17 16 16 17 17 16 16 16

 Total .......................... 3,612 3,631 4,032 3,540 3,609 3,671 4,129 3,556 3,623 3,694 4,176 3,591 3,705 3,742 3,772

Industrial Sector

 New England ............... 51 52 55 52 49 51 52 50 48 51 52 50 52 50 50

 Middle Atlantic ............. 204 201 208 197 198 196 202 196 204 198 204 198 202 198 201

 E. N. Central ................ 543 550 564 540 520 525 529 503 513 516 525 504 549 519 514

 W. N. Central ............... 245 256 269 254 237 242 256 251 240 246 260 253 256 246 250

 S. Atlantic .................... 371 396 403 383 376 407 404 377 371 401 403 383 388 391 390

 E. S. Central ................ 287 295 304 291 279 287 290 276 279 291 294 285 294 283 287

 W. S. Central ............... 464 501 509 480 428 457 483 448 435 469 483 451 489 454 460

 Mountain ...................... 212 240 254 221 217 235 253 226 220 241 260 232 232 233 238

 Pacific contiguous ....... 232 260 285 247 216 226 251 230 207 220 244 220 256 231 223

 AK and HI ..................... 13 14 14 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 15 14 14 14 14

 Total .......................... 2,622 2,764 2,865 2,679 2,531 2,641 2,734 2,570 2,531 2,647 2,739 2,589 2,733 2,619 2,627

Total All Sectors (a)

 New England ............... 354 303 347 311 350 304 356 311 338 307 351 311 329 330 327

 Middle Atlantic ............. 1,082 941 1,068 941 1,077 944 1,109 939 1,050 947 1,107 942 1,008 1,017 1,012

 E. N. Central ................ 1,674 1,489 1,604 1,502 1,620 1,445 1,626 1,462 1,581 1,456 1,647 1,480 1,567 1,538 1,541

 W. N. Central ............... 882 772 856 790 843 744 869 787 842 761 882 799 825 811 821

 S. Atlantic .................... 2,261 2,102 2,420 2,045 2,256 2,159 2,489 2,048 2,203 2,143 2,507 2,078 2,207 2,238 2,233

 E. S. Central ................ 932 812 943 809 904 802 960 790 879 815 967 803 874 864 866

 W. S. Central ............... 1,578 1,528 1,858 1,489 1,527 1,489 1,904 1,477 1,517 1,547 1,888 1,480 1,614 1,600 1,608

 Mountain ...................... 688 739 861 696 690 731 877 701 709 747 904 718 746 750 770

 Pacific contiguous ....... 1,084 1,049 1,193 1,080 1,046 1,022 1,170 1,063 1,053 1,024 1,156 1,053 1,102 1,076 1,072

 AK and HI ..................... 44 41 43 44 42 41 44 44 43 41 44 44 43 43 43

 Total .......................... 10,579 9,777 11,193 9,707 10,356 9,681 11,404 9,622 10,214 9,788 11,453 9,708 10,314 10,267 10,292

Table 7b. U.S. Regional Electricity Retail Sales (Million Kilowatthours per Day)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric 

Power Annual , DOE/EIA-0348. 

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

(a) Total retail sales to all sectors includes residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sector sales.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Retail Sales represents total retail electricity sales by electric utilities and power marketers. 

Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. 

See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Residential Sector

 New England .............. 17.42 18.01 17.59 18.32 20.42 20.31 18.07 18.44 19.06 19.00 18.59 19.40 17.80 19.29 19.00

 Middle Atlantic ............ 16.23 16.53 16.69 16.00 15.76 16.07 16.45 16.11 16.16 16.47 17.00 16.72 16.37 16.10 16.59

 E. N. Central ............... 11.72 13.12 13.14 12.84 12.22 13.19 13.08 12.86 12.42 13.46 13.51 13.38 12.65 12.81 13.17

 W. N. Central .............. 9.98 11.74 12.25 10.61 10.25 12.16 12.39 10.77 10.48 12.40 12.75 11.08 11.08 11.35 11.65

 S. Atlantic ................... 11.27 11.95 12.09 11.57 11.39 11.91 12.10 11.28 11.09 11.67 12.03 11.39 11.72 11.69 11.56

 E. S. Central ............... 10.29 11.21 10.95 10.65 10.34 11.16 10.85 10.55 10.57 11.46 11.38 11.13 10.74 10.70 11.12

 W. S. Central .............. 10.44 11.47 11.42 11.10 10.67 11.36 10.99 10.50 10.30 11.09 11.15 10.88 11.11 10.88 10.88

 Mountain ..................... 10.91 11.95 12.27 11.23 11.31 12.21 12.30 11.38 11.54 12.52 12.66 11.74 11.65 11.85 12.17

 Pacific ......................... 12.89 12.73 15.47 13.14 13.68 13.46 15.69 12.71 13.54 13.58 15.50 12.25 13.61 13.95 13.76

 U.S. Average ........... 11.91 12.73 13.01 12.38 12.24 12.85 12.92 12.19 12.16 12.83 13.13 12.48 12.50 12.56 12.66

Commercial Sector

 New England .............. 15.69 14.30 14.41 14.39 16.93 15.18 14.67 14.89 17.73 16.15 15.75 16.03 14.70 15.40 16.40

 Middle Atlantic ............ 14.29 13.32 13.94 12.98 13.18 12.98 13.75 13.20 13.33 13.27 14.06 13.54 13.65 13.29 13.57

 E. N. Central ............... 9.81 10.14 10.16 10.06 9.75 9.94 10.02 10.06 9.84 10.04 10.14 10.05 10.04 9.94 10.02

 W. N. Central .............. 8.68 9.51 9.96 8.82 8.57 9.52 9.97 8.96 8.77 9.77 10.27 9.20 9.25 9.27 9.52

 S. Atlantic ................... 9.73 9.61 9.80 9.58 9.68 9.45 9.81 9.77 9.87 9.67 10.06 9.92 9.68 9.68 9.89

 E. S. Central ............... 10.26 10.52 10.36 10.23 10.22 10.35 10.25 10.84 10.72 10.72 10.56 11.01 10.34 10.40 10.74

 W. S. Central .............. 8.15 8.38 8.32 8.20 8.05 7.90 7.98 8.01 8.14 8.10 8.19 8.20 8.27 7.98 8.16

 Mountain ..................... 9.11 9.89 10.14 9.35 9.39 9.95 10.19 9.55 9.62 10.22 10.46 9.78 9.65 9.79 10.05

 Pacific ......................... 11.72 13.15 15.58 13.66 12.30 13.40 15.56 13.28 12.56 13.64 15.91 13.64 13.60 13.70 14.00

 U.S. Average ........... 10.55 10.68 11.11 10.59 10.50 10.56 11.02 10.66 10.69 10.81 11.28 10.88 10.75 10.69 10.93

Industrial Sector

 New England .............. 12.94 11.42 11.35 11.08 13.18 11.72 12.00 12.65 14.83 12.80 12.87 13.43 11.68 12.37 13.46

 Middle Atlantic ............ 8.66 7.24 7.16 6.98 7.87 7.19 7.40 7.26 7.91 7.30 7.48 7.42 7.51 7.43 7.53

 E. N. Central ............... 7.17 6.96 7.12 6.90 6.87 6.78 7.11 7.01 6.99 6.94 7.28 7.11 7.04 6.95 7.08

 W. N. Central .............. 6.47 6.58 7.22 6.23 6.49 6.88 7.41 6.47 6.68 7.05 7.59 6.57 6.64 6.82 6.98

 S. Atlantic ................... 6.76 6.60 6.83 6.43 6.56 6.38 6.91 6.42 6.67 6.55 7.05 6.45 6.66 6.57 6.68

 E. S. Central ............... 6.03 6.05 6.55 5.53 5.78 5.95 6.54 5.79 5.90 6.03 6.64 5.76 6.05 6.02 6.09

 W. S. Central .............. 5.85 5.99 6.28 5.89 5.65 5.50 5.76 5.47 5.62 5.59 5.87 5.56 6.01 5.60 5.66

 Mountain ..................... 6.16 6.60 7.23 6.22 6.18 6.65 7.27 6.44 6.43 6.87 7.48 6.60 6.58 6.66 6.87

 Pacific ......................... 7.81 8.57 10.09 9.04 7.83 8.28 10.28 9.71 8.24 8.56 10.59 10.08 8.94 9.09 9.42

 U.S. Average ........... 6.99 6.92 7.37 6.76 6.76 6.73 7.32 6.89 6.92 6.89 7.48 7.00 7.01 6.93 7.08

All Sectors (a)

 New England .............. 16.06 15.19 15.20 15.34 17.90 16.46 15.62 15.88 17.83 16.61 16.43 16.89 15.46 16.47 16.94

 Middle Atlantic ............ 14.00 13.13 13.64 12.78 13.20 12.82 13.60 12.96 13.32 13.09 13.92 13.33 13.41 13.17 13.43

 E. N. Central ............... 9.69 9.91 10.09 9.86 9.72 9.76 10.11 9.92 9.82 9.98 10.38 10.13 9.89 9.88 10.09

 W. N. Central .............. 8.62 9.30 9.94 8.63 8.64 9.49 10.08 8.77 8.82 9.72 10.35 9.00 9.13 9.25 9.48

 S. Atlantic ................... 10.00 10.03 10.36 9.86 9.97 9.88 10.40 9.79 9.89 9.91 10.49 9.90 10.08 10.03 10.07

 E. S. Central ............... 9.00 9.18 9.41 8.73 8.90 9.05 9.37 8.97 9.13 9.31 9.69 9.19 9.09 9.08 9.34

 W. S. Central .............. 8.39 8.65 9.02 8.46 8.41 8.33 8.67 8.11 8.24 8.38 8.80 8.32 8.65 8.40 8.46

 Mountain ..................... 8.85 9.54 10.12 9.01 9.03 9.63 10.16 9.15 9.29 9.89 10.45 9.40 9.43 9.54 9.80

 Pacific ......................... 11.35 11.91 14.27 12.45 11.89 12.28 14.46 12.29 12.08 12.51 14.63 12.39 12.55 12.79 12.95

 U.S. Average ........... 10.25 10.36 10.92 10.21 10.29 10.31 10.88 10.21 10.33 10.46 11.10 10.42 10.45 10.44 10.60

Table 7c. U.S. Regional Electricity Prices (Cents per Kilowatthour)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from Energy Information Administration databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly , DOE/EIA-0226; and Electric 

Power Annual , DOE/EIA-0348.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

- = no data available

Prices are not adjusted for inflation.

(a) Volume-weighted average of retail prices to residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. 

See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

United States

 Coal ............................................... 4,854 4,018 4,610 3,857 4,094 3,516 4,279 3,701 3,948 3,622 4,315 3,656 4,333 3,898 3,886

 Natural Gas ................................... 2,725 2,905 3,737 2,963 3,236 3,452 4,360 3,348 3,274 3,400 4,287 3,256 3,085 3,601 3,555

 Petroleum (a) ................................ 144 64 65 58 124 61 73 69 83 71 78 69 83 82 75

 Other Gases .................................. 29 30 36 36 34 33 39 37 34 33 39 38 33 36 36

 Nuclear .......................................... 2,202 2,060 2,289 2,184 2,248 2,133 2,291 2,054 2,144 2,005 2,261 2,129 2,184 2,181 2,135

 Renewable Energy Sources:

 Conventional Hydropower .......... 703 854 655 632 797 688 603 502 673 802 664 626 711 647 691

 Wind ........................................... 552 550 368 523 506 531 438 559 608 652 475 613 498 509 587

 Wood Biomass ........................... 117 111 120 116 117 109 121 114 116 109 122 117 116 115 116

 Waste Biomass .......................... 60 60 61 56 55 57 59 60 58 59 61 60 59 58 60

 Geothermal ................................ 43 43 43 44 47 46 46 48 49 48 48 49 43 47 48

 Solar ........................................... 32 57 60 45 56 88 87 49 53 109 116 81 48 70 90

 Pumped Storage Hydropower ....... -13 -18 -21 -16 -14 -10 -18 -15 -13 -12 -15 -13 -17 -15 -13

 Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 35 36 39 38 33 36 38 38 34 37 39 38 37 36 37

 Total Generation ........................... 11,483 10,771 12,062 10,535 11,333 10,739 12,415 10,563 11,059 10,936 12,490 10,718 11,212 11,264 11,302

Northeast Census Region

 Coal ............................................... 348 242 207 203 293 177 196 211 271 172 195 195 250 219 208

 Natural Gas ................................... 418 491 636 497 479 533 712 553 520 579 723 539 511 570 591

 Petroleum (a) ................................ 55 2 3 3 47 2 4 59465 15 14 6

 Other Gases .................................. 2222222 22222 2 2 2

 Nuclear .......................................... 542 471 539 531 545 499 543 482 505 470 527 496 521 517 500

 Hydropower (c) .............................. 91 108 87 92 91 97 92 73 93 107 99 92 95 88 98

 Other Renewables (d) ................... 72 62 58 71 76 65 59 69 73 64 60 72 66 67 67

 Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 11 12 13 13 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 12

 Total Generation ........................... 1,539 1,390 1,545 1,412 1,543 1,387 1,621 1,407 1,485 1,411 1,624 1,414 1,471 1,489 1,484

South Census Region

 Coal ............................................... 2,125 1,846 2,096 1,610 1,713 1,539 1,902 1,480 1,613 1,606 1,881 1,453 1,918 1,659 1,638

 Natural Gas ................................... 1,537 1,726 2,086 1,635 1,976 2,060 2,446 1,858 1,888 2,050 2,428 1,832 1,747 2,085 2,050

 Petroleum (a) ................................ 53 28 26 24 42 25 30 26 34 29 31 25 33 31 30

 Other Gases .................................. 11 11 14 14 13 12 15 15 13 13 16 16 13 14 14

 Nuclear .......................................... 967 882 994 977 974 956 1,004 899 941 884 1,006 948 955 958 945

 Hydropower (c) .............................. 149 96 72 101 127 113 93 77 129 124 104 99 104 102 114

 Other Renewables (d) ................... 244 258 203 238 228 262 245 282 300 323 268 322 236 255 303

 Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 14 14 15 16 14 15 16 16 14 15 16 16 15 15 15

 Total Generation ........................... 5,100 4,861 5,507 4,616 5,089 4,981 5,751 4,653 4,933 5,045 5,751 4,710 5,021 5,119 5,110

Midwest Census Region

 Coal ............................................... 1,795 1,435 1,675 1,486 1,581 1,305 1,582 1,433 1,548 1,352 1,612 1,452 1,597 1,475 1,491

 Natural Gas ................................... 195 185 204 195 295 254 328 238 270 247 333 241 195 279 273

 Petroleum (a) ................................ 14 13 13 9 12 11 13 11 12 11 12 11 12 12 12

 Other Gases .................................. 11 12 14 13 13 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 13 14 14

 Nuclear .......................................... 533 543 586 525 553 529 570 526 539 502 562 530 547 544 533

 Hydropower (c) .............................. 31 47 49 45 42 46 42 31 42 49 45 39 43 40 44

 Other Renewables (d) ................... 254 215 147 241 250 217 166 246 259 247 177 264 214 219 236

 Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 4554455 44555 4 5 5

 Total Generation ........................... 2,837 2,454 2,692 2,520 2,749 2,379 2,722 2,502 2,688 2,426 2,762 2,555 2,625 2,588 2,608

West Census Region

 Coal ............................................... 586 496 632 558 506 496 599 578 516 492 627 556 568 545 548

 Natural Gas ................................... 574 503 811 636 486 605 874 700 595 524 802 643 632 667 642

 Petroleum (a) ................................ 22 21 23 22 23 23 26 26 27 27 28 28 22 25 27

 Other Gases .................................. 5566667 77676 6 6 6

 Nuclear .......................................... 160 164 170 150 176 149 173 148 159 148 165 156 161 161 157

 Hydropower (c) .............................. 419 585 426 377 522 422 357 306 395 510 401 383 452 401 422

 Other Renewables (d) ................... 234 287 243 233 228 287 281 233 252 343 317 262 249 257 293

 Other Nonrenewable Fuels (b) ...... 6565445 54555 6 5 5

 Total Generation ........................... 2,007 2,066 2,318 1,987 1,953 1,992 2,320 2,001 1,955 2,054 2,353 2,040 2,095 2,067 2,101

Table 7d. U.S. Regional Electricity Generation, All Sectors (Thousand megawatthours per day) 

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Energy Information Administration Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual.

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

(a) Residual fuel oil, distillate fuel oil, petroleum coke, and other petroleum liquids.

(b) Batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, nonrenewable waste, and miscellaneous technologies.

(c) Conventional hydroelectric and pumped storage generation.

(d) Wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar generation.

Notes: Data reflect generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities, independent power producers, and

the commercial and industrial sectors. The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Fuel Consumption for Electricity Generation, All Sectors

 United States

 Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 2,577 2,159 2,518 2,102 2,190 1,927 2,349 2,038 2,137 1,964 2,360 2,011 2,338 2,126 2,118

 Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 20,746 22,139 28,497 22,192 23,991 26,114 33,322 24,819 24,237 25,832 32,773 24,074 23,411 27,081 26,738

 Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 254 113 117 105 216 108 129 124 147 126 138 124 147 144 134

 Residual Fuel Oil ..................... 84 25 29 24 77 26 33 31 35 30 34 31 40 42 32

 Distillate Fuel Oil ..................... 87 24 23 26 66 26 26 29 37 28 30 29 40 36 31

 Petroleum Coke (a) ................. 68 61 62 51 59 52 66 59 68 63 68 59 60 59 65

 Other Petroleum Liquids (b) .... 16 3 3 4 13 4 4 58565 6 6 6

 Northeast Census Region

 Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 162 115 105 98 132 82 94 98 123 78 90 89 120 101 95

 Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 3,222 3,736 4,951 3,762 3,614 4,077 5,549 4,170 3,910 4,395 5,587 4,022 3,922 4,357 4,480

 Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 91 4 5 5 76 4 8 9 17 8 12 9 26 24 11

 South Census Region

 Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 1,084 960 1,113 852 889 820 1,017 799 851 853 1,005 784 1,002 881 873

 Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 11,671 13,128 15,843 12,137 14,453 15,565 18,609 13,678 13,881 15,518 18,456 13,471 13,203 15,583 15,335

 Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 99 51 50 45 79 45 55 51 65 55 59 49 61 57 57

 Midwest Census Region

 Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 1,002 809 949 838 884 745 900 809 869 758 911 820 899 834 839

 Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 1,614 1,482 1,665 1,568 2,275 1,977 2,636 1,834 2,064 1,940 2,704 1,842 1,582 2,181 2,138

 Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 28 25 25 18 23 22 25 22 22 20 21 22 24 23 21

 West Census Region

 Coal (thousand st/d) ................... 329 274 352 314 286 280 338 332 294 275 354 317 318 309 310

 Natural Gas (million cf/d) ........... 4,239 3,793 6,037 4,725 3,649 4,494 6,528 5,137 4,382 3,978 6,026 4,739 4,704 4,960 4,784

 Petroleum (thousand b/d) .......... 37 33 37 36 38 36 41 43 44 43 46 45 36 39 44

End-of-period U.S. Fuel Inventories Held by Electric Power Sector

 Coal (million short tons) ................ 118.3 132.9 123.8 151.4 155.6 167.8 153.5 157.1 157.9 162.9 147.5 152.2 151.4 157.1 152.2

 Residual Fuel Oil (mmb) ............... 10.5 10.6 10.4 12.7 10.2 10.5 10.6 11.7 12.0 11.8 11.5 11.8 12.7 11.7 11.8

 Distillate Fuel Oil (mmb) ............... 15.5 15.5 15.5 16.9 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.9 16.3 16.4

 Petroleum Coke (mmb) ................. 1.7 2.0 1.9 4.2 4.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.2 5.0 4.8

Table 7e. U.S. Regional Fuel Consumption for Electricity Generation, All Sectors

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Energy Information Administration Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual.

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.

(a) Petroleum coke consumption converted from short tons to barrels by multiplying by five.

(b) Other petroleum liquids include jet fuel, kerosene, and waste oil.

Notes: Data reflect generation supplied by electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants operated by electric utilities, independent power producers, and

the commercial and industrial sectors. Data include fuel consumed only for generation of electricity. Values do not include consumption by CHP plants for useful thermal output.

The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Physical Units: st/d = short tons per day; b/d = barrels per day; cf/d = cubic feet per day; mmb = million barrels.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Electric Power Sector 

 Hydroelectric Power (a) ........................ 0.596 0.731 0.566 0.549 0.677 0.593 0.525 0.437 0.575 0.690 0.578 0.545 2.443 2.232 2.388

 Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.063 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.063 0.056 0.066 0.060 0.062 0.056 0.069 0.062 0.247 0.244 0.250

 Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.063 0.065 0.066 0.066 0.063 0.062 0.067 0.068 0.065 0.067 0.070 0.068 0.260 0.260 0.270

 Wind ...................................................... 0.473 0.475 0.321 0.459 0.433 0.459 0.383 0.489 0.526 0.564 0.416 0.537 1.729 1.765 2.042

 Geothermal .......................................... 0.037 0.037 0.038 0.039 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.042 0.042 0.041 0.042 0.042 0.151 0.162 0.168

 Solar ...................................................... 0.029 0.051 0.052 0.037 0.047 0.074 0.075 0.042 0.045 0.092 0.100 0.070 0.170 0.238 0.307

 Subtotal .............................................. 1.261 1.416 1.107 1.214 1.323 1.284 1.157 1.137 1.316 1.510 1.275 1.324 4.999 4.900 5.424

Industrial Sector 

 Hydroelectric Power (a) ........................ 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.026 0.024 0.027

 Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.318 0.327 0.335 0.336 0.321 0.316 0.320 0.317 0.305 0.302 0.313 0.315 1.317 1.273 1.236

 Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.044 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.045 0.047 0.049 0.048 0.046 0.046 0.048 0.048 0.183 0.188 0.189

 Geothermal .......................................... 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.004

 Biofuel Losses and Co-products (f) ...... 0.181 0.189 0.191 0.196 0.189 0.192 0.195 0.191 0.194 0.191 0.195 0.192 0.757 0.768 0.772

 Subtotal .............................................. 0.557 0.574 0.583 0.591 0.567 0.565 0.575 0.569 0.559 0.551 0.569 0.567 2.304 2.276 2.245

Commercial Sector 

 Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.071 0.076 0.077

 Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.046 0.045 0.043

 Geothermal .......................................... 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.020 0.020

 Subtotal .............................................. 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.037 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.144 0.148 0.143

Residential Sector 

 Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.143 0.145 0.146 0.146 0.110 0.111 0.113 0.113 0.103 0.104 0.105 0.105 0.580 0.447 0.418

 Geothermal .......................................... 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.040 0.040 0.044

 Solar (d) ................................................. 0.062 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.069 0.070 0.071 0.071 0.077 0.077 0.078 0.078 0.252 0.281 0.311

 Subtotal .............................................. 0.215 0.217 0.220 0.220 0.189 0.191 0.194 0.194 0.191 0.193 0.195 0.195 0.871 0.768 0.773

Transportation Sector 

 Ethanol (e) ............................................. 0.255 0.274 0.278 0.280 0.266 0.284 0.288 0.279 0.270 0.282 0.290 0.281 1.087 1.117 1.123

 Biodiesel (e) ........................................... 0.038 0.048 0.058 0.054 0.034 0.058 0.060 0.070 0.059 0.063 0.069 0.071 0.198 0.222 0.261

 Subtotal .............................................. 0.293 0.321 0.336 0.334 0.300 0.341 0.350 0.349 0.328 0.345 0.359 0.352 1.285 1.340 1.384

All Sectors Total

 Hydroelectric Power (a) ........................ 0.604 0.737 0.572 0.555 0.685 0.597 0.531 0.444 0.582 0.696 0.585 0.552 2.469 2.257 2.415

 Wood Biomass (b) ................................. 0.542 0.546 0.563 0.563 0.512 0.503 0.518 0.508 0.489 0.481 0.507 0.503 2.214 2.041 1.980

 Waste Biomass (c) ................................ 0.119 0.121 0.124 0.124 0.120 0.119 0.129 0.127 0.122 0.123 0.129 0.127 0.488 0.494 0.502

 Wind ...................................................... 0.473 0.475 0.321 0.459 0.433 0.459 0.383 0.489 0.526 0.564 0.416 0.537 1.729 1.765 2.042

 Geothermal .......................................... 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.057 0.056 0.056 0.057 0.058 0.059 0.058 0.059 0.059 0.222 0.226 0.236

 Solar ...................................................... 0.092 0.116 0.117 0.102 0.117 0.146 0.145 0.114 0.123 0.171 0.180 0.150 0.427 0.522 0.624

 Ethanol (e) ............................................. 0.260 0.279 0.283 0.285 0.271 0.289 0.295 0.287 0.275 0.287 0.296 0.287 1.107 1.141 1.144

 Biodiesel (e) ........................................... 0.038 0.048 0.058 0.054 0.034 0.058 0.060 0.070 0.059 0.063 0.069 0.071 0.198 0.222 0.261

 Biofuel Losses and Co-products (f) ...... 0.181 0.189 0.191 0.196 0.189 0.192 0.195 0.191 0.194 0.191 0.195 0.192 0.757 0.768 0.772

Total Consumption ................................. 2.362 2.564 2.283 2.394 2.417 2.419 2.311 2.285 2.428 2.632 2.434 2.475 9.603 9.432 9.970

(e) Fuel ethanol and biodiesel consumption in the transportation sector includes production, stock change, and imports less exports. Some biodiesel may be consumed in the residential sector in 

heating oil.

Table 8. U.S. Renewable Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu)

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

- = no data available

(a) Conventional hydroelectric power only. Hydroelectricity generated by pumped storage is not included in renewable energy.

(b) Wood and wood-derived fuels.

(c) Municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, and other biomass.

(d) Includes small-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic energy used in the commercial, industrial, and electric power sectors.

(f) Losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from EIA databases supporting the following reports: Electric Power Monthly, DOE/EIA-0226 and Renewable Energy Annual, DOE/EIA-0603; Petroleum 

Supply Monthly, DOE/EIA-0109. 

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Macroeconomic

Real Gross Domestic Product

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 15,725 15,902 16,069 16,151 16,177 16,334 16,407 16,510 16,612 16,721 16,850 16,994 15,962 16,357 16,794

Real Personal Consumption Expend.

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 10,725 10,826 10,919 11,033 11,081 11,179 11,277 11,362 11,435 11,519 11,605 11,698 10,876 11,225 11,564

Real Fixed Investment

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 2,578 2,613 2,664 2,680 2,701 2,736 2,773 2,821 2,879 2,930 2,978 3,029 2,634 2,758 2,954

Business Inventory Change

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 43 89 88 89 127 128 80 66 55 43 51 62 77 100 53

Real Government Expenditures

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 2,828 2,837 2,849 2,839 2,839 2,857 2,867 2,869 2,870 2,872 2,877 2,883 2,838 2,858 2,875

Real Exports of Goods & Services

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 2,039 2,087 2,096 2,124 2,091 2,118 2,129 2,146 2,163 2,180 2,203 2,228 2,086 2,121 2,193

Real Imports of Goods & Services

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 2,473 2,530 2,525 2,588 2,633 2,652 2,693 2,728 2,763 2,797 2,837 2,879 2,529 2,676 2,819

Real Disposable Personal Income

 (billion chained 2009 dollars - SAAR) ............. 11,699 11,785 11,863 11,999 12,115 12,151 12,256 12,367 12,464 12,536 12,645 12,744 11,836 12,222 12,597

Non-Farm Employment

 (millions) .......................................................... 137.8 138.6 139.4 140.2 141.0 141.6 142.2 142.7 143.2 143.7 144.1 144.6 139.0 141.9 143.9

Civilian Unemployment Rate

 (percent) ........................................................... 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.2 5.3 5.1

Housing Starts

 (millions - SAAR) .............................................. 0.93 0.98 1.03 1.06 0.98 1.16 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.25 1.30 1.37 1.00 1.11 1.28

Industrial Production Indices (Index, 2012=100)

Total Industrial Production .................................. 103.8 105.3 106.3 107.5 107.4 106.8 107.3 107.2 107.5 108.5 109.6 110.8 105.7 107.2 109.1

 Manufacturing .................................................. 101.9 103.5 104.6 105.6 105.5 105.8 106.5 106.7 106.9 108.0 109.1 110.5 103.9 106.1 108.6

 Food ............................................................. 102.6 103.1 102.2 103.9 104.7 104.7 105.8 106.2 106.5 107.1 107.7 108.4 103.0 105.3 107.4

 Paper ............................................................ 97.3 98.1 97.5 97.9 97.2 97.1 95.7 95.6 95.4 95.4 95.5 95.9 97.7 96.4 95.6

 Petroleum and Coal Products ....................... 107.1 107.3 107.2 106.7 107.9 108.9 108.1 108.4 108.8 109.3 109.9 110.5 107.1 108.3 109.6

 Chemicals ..................................................... 97.9 99.0 101.0 102.0 102.8 103.1 103.6 104.1 104.5 105.0 106.0 107.1 100.0 103.4 105.6

 Nonmetallic Mineral Products ...................... 105.1 107.8 110.6 110.6 111.3 111.1 112.4 112.9 114.0 115.3 116.7 118.3 108.5 111.9 116.1

 Primary Metals .............................................. 103.4 105.6 107.1 105.7 100.7 100.0 100.6 100.1 99.0 99.3 100.1 101.5 105.4 100.3 100.0

 Coal-weighted Manufacturing (a) .................... 102.6 103.9 104.7 104.6 103.6 103.8 104.2 104.3 104.2 104.7 105.6 106.7 103.9 104.0 105.3

 Distillate-weighted Manufacturing (a) .............. 103.9 105.5 106.6 107.1 106.6 106.4 107.1 107.3 107.7 108.6 109.7 111.0 105.8 106.8 109.3

 Electricity-weighted Manufacturing (a) ............ 102.5 104.0 104.9 105.4 104.7 105.0 105.6 105.8 105.7 106.4 107.4 108.7 104.2 105.3 107.1

 Natural Gas-weighted Manufacturing (a) ........ 103.2 103.7 104.5 104.9 104.5 105.4 105.8 106.0 106.1 106.7 107.8 109.2 104.1 105.4 107.4

Price Indexes

Consumer Price Index (all urban consumers)

 (index, 1982-1984=1.00) ................................... 2.35 2.37 2.38 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.38 2.38 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.44 2.37 2.37 2.42

Producer Price Index: All Commodities

 (index, 1982=1.00) ............................................ 2.06 2.07 2.06 2.02 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.95 1.96 1.97 2.05 1.92 1.95

Producer Price Index: Petroleum

 (index, 1982=1.00) ............................................ 2.88 2.99 2.90 2.35 1.71 1.95 1.80 1.63 1.66 1.84 1.88 1.76 2.78 1.77 1.79

GDP Implicit Price Deflator

 (index, 2009=100) ............................................. 108.0 108.6 109.0 109.1 109.1 109.7 110.2 110.8 111.4 111.9 112.4 113.0 108.7 109.9 112.2

Miscellaneous

Vehicle Miles Traveled (b)

 (million miles/day) ............................................. 7,708 8,691 8,614 8,300 7,991 8,982 8,895 8,499 8,155 9,046 8,961 8,603 8,331 8,594 8,692

Air Travel Capacity

 (Available ton-miles/day, thousands) ............... 503 548 561 535 517 575 581 551 511 552 576 556 537 556 549

Aircraft Utilization

 (Revenue ton-miles/day, thousands) ................ 310 347 353 332 322 357 368 346 316 342 372 352 336 348 346

Airline Ticket Price Index

 (index, 1982-1984=100) .................................... 297.3 334.3 301.0 298.2 286.4 313.0 283.3 288.0 291.6 311.6 300.4 308.3 307.7 292.7 303.0

Raw Steel Production

 (million short tons per day) ............................... 0.262 0.263 0.271 0.262 0.247 0.242 0.248 0.235 0.242 0.234 0.236 0.214 0.264 0.243 0.231

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions (million metric tons)

Petroleum ............................................................ 546 557 572 578 562 568 584 574 564 570 582 578 2,252 2,288 2,295

Natural Gas ......................................................... 460 297 303 375 469 312 327 389 462 321 333 395 1,434 1,497 1,511

Coal ..................................................................... 463 397 461 391 397 354 435 381 393 362 434 376 1,713 1,566 1,565

Total Energy (c) .................................................. 1,471 1,252 1,338 1,346 1,429 1,236 1,348 1,346 1,420 1,254 1,351 1,350 5,406 5,358 5,376

SAAR = Seasonally-adjusted annual rate

Table 9a. U.S. Macroeconomic Indicators and CO2 Emissions

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

and Federal Aviation Administration. Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 

Projections: EIA Regional Short-Term Energy Model. Macroeconomic projections are based on Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy. 

- = no data available

(a) Fuel share weights of individual sector indices based on EIA Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey.

(b) Total highway travel includes gasoline and diesel fuel vehicles.

(c) Includes electric power sector use of geothermal energy and non-biomass waste.

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Federal Reserve System, Statistical release G17; Federal Highway Administration;
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Real Gross State Product (Billion $2009)

 New England ................ 853 857 860 864 862 871 875 881 885 890 896 904 858 872 894

 Middle Atlantic .............. 2,387 2,401 2,424 2,425 2,416 2,445 2,454 2,469 2,483 2,497 2,513 2,531 2,409 2,446 2,506

 E. N. Central ................. 2,174 2,198 2,215 2,223 2,219 2,240 2,248 2,260 2,271 2,283 2,299 2,317 2,202 2,242 2,292

 W. N. Central ................ 1,007 1,025 1,036 1,041 1,048 1,056 1,060 1,067 1,073 1,080 1,088 1,097 1,027 1,058 1,084

 S. Atlantic ...................... 2,781 2,813 2,830 2,846 2,851 2,883 2,898 2,919 2,939 2,960 2,984 3,012 2,817 2,888 2,974

 E. S. Central ................. 720 729 732 736 735 740 744 749 753 757 763 769 729 742 760

 W. S. Central ................ 1,918 1,952 1,992 2,014 2,025 2,037 2,046 2,057 2,071 2,086 2,103 2,123 1,969 2,041 2,096

 Mountain ....................... 1,000 1,007 1,021 1,028 1,033 1,043 1,049 1,057 1,065 1,073 1,083 1,094 1,014 1,046 1,079

 Pacific ........................... 2,798 2,831 2,869 2,884 2,897 2,926 2,941 2,959 2,979 3,001 3,026 3,053 2,845 2,931 3,015

Industrial Output, Manufacturing (Index, Year 2012=100)

 New England ................ 99.7 100.7 101.4 102.0 101.7 102.3 103.7 104.0 104.3 105.2 106.3 107.5 101.0 102.9 105.8

 Middle Atlantic .............. 99.9 101.0 101.6 102.4 102.1 102.7 103.2 103.3 103.4 104.3 105.3 106.5 101.2 102.8 104.9

 E. N. Central ................. 103.0 104.8 106.0 107.3 107.7 108.5 109.2 109.3 109.3 110.3 111.5 112.9 105.3 108.7 111.0

 W. N. Central ................ 102.0 103.7 104.7 106.0 105.6 105.7 106.1 106.2 106.4 107.5 108.7 110.1 104.1 105.9 108.2

 S. Atlantic ...................... 101.9 103.8 105.1 106.3 106.3 106.8 107.9 108.2 108.4 109.4 110.5 111.7 104.3 107.3 110.0

 E. S. Central ................. 103.6 105.1 106.8 107.9 107.9 108.1 109.5 109.9 110.1 111.2 112.2 113.5 105.8 108.9 111.7

 W. S. Central ................ 101.4 103.3 104.5 105.7 104.7 103.5 102.8 102.9 103.0 103.8 104.9 106.2 103.7 103.5 104.5

 Mountain ....................... 103.1 104.6 105.7 106.6 107.2 107.9 109.0 109.5 110.1 111.4 112.9 114.5 105.0 108.4 112.2

 Pacific ........................... 102.0 103.6 104.5 105.4 105.3 106.0 106.6 106.6 106.8 107.9 109.2 110.7 103.9 106.1 108.7

Real Personal Income (Billion $2009)

 New England ................ 714 717 722 734 740 743 749 755 760 764 769 775 722 747 767

 Middle Atlantic .............. 1,834 1,840 1,857 1,881 1,896 1,905 1,917 1,931 1,943 1,951 1,963 1,977 1,853 1,913 1,958

 E. N. Central ................. 1,947 1,956 1,967 1,992 2,010 2,015 2,036 2,051 2,064 2,073 2,086 2,100 1,965 2,028 2,081

 W. N. Central ................ 943 954 958 969 970 972 983 994 1,003 1,009 1,015 1,022 956 980 1,012

 S. Atlantic ...................... 2,504 2,525 2,545 2,579 2,622 2,634 2,656 2,681 2,705 2,722 2,745 2,770 2,538 2,648 2,736

 E. S. Central ................. 729 735 739 749 760 761 765 771 777 781 786 791 738 764 784

 W. S. Central ................ 1,628 1,643 1,661 1,684 1,710 1,711 1,721 1,736 1,750 1,761 1,777 1,793 1,654 1,720 1,770

 Mountain ....................... 881 888 894 909 922 926 935 944 952 959 967 976 893 932 964

 Pacific ........................... 2,106 2,121 2,145 2,172 2,218 2,233 2,253 2,274 2,295 2,308 2,327 2,346 2,136 2,244 2,319

Households (Thousands)

 New England ................ 5,790 5,804 5,814 5,824 5,835 5,844 5,850 5,855 5,863 5,868 5,872 5,879 5,824 5,855 5,879

 Middle Atlantic .............. 15,895 15,929 15,948 15,969 15,992 16,012 16,023 16,033 16,053 16,067 16,078 16,085 15,969 16,033 16,085

 E. N. Central ................. 18,531 18,555 18,582 18,605 18,624 18,638 18,654 18,671 18,696 18,717 18,738 18,761 18,605 18,671 18,761

 W. N. Central ................ 8,378 8,390 8,411 8,433 8,454 8,471 8,489 8,505 8,524 8,543 8,562 8,582 8,433 8,505 8,582

 S. Atlantic ...................... 24,237 24,322 24,410 24,499 24,591 24,673 24,754 24,833 24,929 25,017 25,103 25,188 24,499 24,833 25,188

 E. S. Central ................. 7,468 7,486 7,498 7,510 7,522 7,532 7,541 7,552 7,567 7,582 7,596 7,611 7,510 7,552 7,611

 W. S. Central ................ 14,083 14,138 14,196 14,253 14,309 14,360 14,405 14,447 14,500 14,551 14,603 14,653 14,253 14,447 14,653

 Mountain ....................... 8,637 8,676 8,708 8,742 8,776 8,808 8,839 8,869 8,907 8,940 8,977 9,014 8,742 8,869 9,014

 Pacific ........................... 18,150 18,203 18,269 18,335 18,400 18,456 18,503 18,547 18,606 18,662 18,713 18,767 18,335 18,547 18,767

Total Non-farm Employment (Millions)

 New England ................ 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.3

 Middle Atlantic .............. 18.7 18.8 18.8 18.9 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.3 18.8 19.0 19.2

 E. N. Central ................. 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.1 21.5 21.7

 W. N. Central ................ 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.3 10.5 10.6

 S. Atlantic ...................... 26.1 26.2 26.4 26.6 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 26.3 27.0 27.5

 E. S. Central ................. 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.7 7.8 7.9

 W. S. Central ................ 16.1 16.2 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.9 16.9 16.3 16.6 16.8

 Mountain ....................... 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.3 9.8 10.0 10.2

 Pacific ........................... 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.5 21.3 22.0 22.4

Table 9b. U.S. Regional Macroeconomic Data

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Projections: Macroeconomic projections are based on the Global Insight Model of the U.S. Economy.

- = no data available

Notes: The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. 

See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/index.html) for a list of States in each region.

Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis; Federal Reserve System, Statistical release G17.

Minor discrepancies with published historical data are due to independent rounding. 
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2014 2015 2016

Heating Degree Days

 New England ................. 3,562 884 147 2,086 3,856 821 58 2,170 3,133 835 135 2,218 6,679 6,906 6,320

 Middle Atlantic ............... 3,441 704 100 1,966 3,585 612 41 1,940 2,857 657 92 2,016 6,211 6,179 5,621

 E. N. Central .................. 3,938 729 169 2,367 3,697 661 76 2,132 3,051 719 129 2,259 7,202 6,566 6,157

 W. N. Central ................. 3,863 755 178 2,512 3,377 652 95 2,325 3,151 679 153 2,432 7,307 6,449 6,416

 South Atlantic ................ 1,713 196 14 1,039 1,676 156 8 998 1,479 213 17 1,003 2,961 2,838 2,711

 E. S. Central .................. 2,266 228 17 1,408 2,145 184 14 1,305 1,879 267 22 1,332 3,920 3,648 3,501

 W. S. Central ................. 1,482 93 4 850 1,399 69 2 850 1,307 106 5 781 2,428 2,320 2,199

 Mountain ........................ 2,123 708 148 1,758 1,896 702 122 1,730 2,190 659 131 1,802 4,738 4,450 4,782

 Pacific ............................ 1,249 466 56 984 1,074 522 77 959 1,273 468 76 1,107 2,756 2,631 2,924

 U.S. Average ............. 2,450 480 80 1,541 2,342 442 49 1,473 2,091 467 74 1,532 4,551 4,306 4,164

Heating Degree Days, Prior 10-year Average

 New England ................. 3,152 836 134 2,167 3,166 838 134 2,147 3,213 824 133 2,143 6,289 6,286 6,312

 Middle Atlantic ............... 2,905 660 88 1,983 2,936 666 90 1,976 2,984 651 90 1,966 5,636 5,668 5,691

 E. N. Central .................. 3,117 690 120 2,243 3,192 694 123 2,262 3,247 690 125 2,245 6,170 6,272 6,307

 W. N. Central ................. 3,209 686 149 2,404 3,273 691 150 2,433 3,298 693 150 2,428 6,449 6,546 6,570

 South Atlantic ................ 1,465 194 14 1,006 1,481 196 14 1,013 1,502 185 14 1,008 2,679 2,703 2,710

 E. S. Central .................. 1,810 236 19 1,336 1,853 236 19 1,358 1,898 225 19 1,350 3,402 3,465 3,492

 W. S. Central ................. 1,157 85 5 827 1,189 86 5 834 1,221 83 5 838 2,075 2,114 2,147

 Mountain ........................ 2,267 728 156 1,887 2,258 730 150 1,872 2,230 724 147 1,865 5,038 5,011 4,966

 Pacific ............................ 1,554 625 96 1,236 1,533 621 92 1,205 1,493 609 88 1,187 3,511 3,452 3,377

 U.S. Average ............. 2,161 492 77 1,569 2,182 493 77 1,567 2,199 483 76 1,557 4,298 4,319 4,315

Cooling Degree Days

 New England ................. 0 76 342 0 0 71 487 3 0 92 416 0 417 560 509

 Middle Atlantic ............... 0 156 432 6 0 183 612 4 0 170 556 5 594 799 732

 E. N. Central .................. 0 229 376 2 0 220 497 3 0 216 542 8 607 720 766

 W. N. Central ................. 0 261 539 12 3 267 660 12 3 273 684 11 812 942 971

 South Atlantic ................ 107 643 1,058 194 137 762 1,157 222 110 616 1,139 228 2,003 2,277 2,093

 E. S. Central .................. 6 505 926 66 23 581 1,021 66 26 493 1,038 67 1,504 1,691 1,623

 W. S. Central ................. 34 778 1,441 218 51 857 1,571 242 63 799 1,489 210 2,471 2,721 2,561

 Mountain ........................ 31 439 870 94 46 435 924 94 19 444 984 89 1,434 1,499 1,536

 Pacific ............................ 41 227 692 114 54 231 674 128 31 205 597 75 1,073 1,088 909

 U.S. Average ............. 34 393 775 96 47 434 874 107 38 390 852 96 1,298 1,461 1,375

Cooling Degree Days, Prior 10-year Average

 New England ................. 0 83 417 1 0 85 420 1 0 81 419 1 500 505 501

 Middle Atlantic ............... 0 167 558 5 0 168 557 5 0 167 548 5 730 731 721

 E. N. Central .................. 3 230 546 6 3 234 545 6 3 229 528 6 785 787 765

 W. N. Central ................. 7 277 678 9 7 282 683 9 7 279 674 9 972 981 969

 South Atlantic ................ 110 636 1,154 213 110 635 1,154 210 114 659 1,144 210 2,112 2,109 2,126

 E. S. Central .................. 35 528 1,045 57 33 526 1,053 52 32 542 1,039 53 1,666 1,664 1,666

 W. S. Central ................. 102 882 1,506 190 94 883 1,519 183 90 890 1,518 188 2,680 2,679 2,686

 Mountain ........................ 18 420 922 70 17 424 930 75 21 430 931 77 1,431 1,446 1,458

 Pacific ............................ 26 166 589 58 26 170 601 65 29 181 612 73 839 863 894

 U.S. Average ............. 41 393 843 83 40 396 849 83 42 404 845 86 1,361 1,369 1,376

Table 9c. U.S. Regional Weather Data

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Short-Term Energy Outlook - November 2015

2014 2015 2016 Year

Historical data: Latest data available from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA).

Projections: Based on forecasts by the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/pacdir/DDdir/NHOME3.shtml).

- = no data available

Notes: Regional degree days for each period are calculated by EIA as contemporaneous period population-weighted averages of

state degree day data published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

See Change in Regional and U.S. Degree-Day Calculations (http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/special/pdf/2012_sp_04.pdf) for more information.

The approximate break between historical and forecast values is shown with historical data printed in bold; estimates and forecasts in italics.

Regions refer to U.S. Census divisions. See "Census division" in EIA’s Energy Glossary (http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/) for a list of states in each region.