# Summary of Nominations for the

Third Contaminant Candidate List

## Office of Water (4607M)

EPA 815-R-09-011 August 2009

www.epa.go v/safewater

### EPA-OGWDW CCL 3: EPA 815-R-09-011 Summary of Nominations August 2009



# Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 Requesting Nominations ........................................................................................................ 2

3.0 Nominated Contaminants ..................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Chemical Nominations ........................................................................................................ 4

3.1.1 Additional Analysis of Nominated Chemical Contaminants ........................................ 5

3.2 Microbial Nominations ........................................................................................................ 7

4.0 References

............................................................................................................................... 8

5.0 Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 9

Appendix 1. Chemical Contaminants Nominated ................................................................ A1-1

Appendix 2. Microbial Contaminants Nominated................................................................ A2-1

Appendix 3. Chemicals Nominated and CCL 3 Process Status ........................................... A3-1

Appendix 4. References Provi ded Through Nominations.................................................... A4-1



# Table of Exhibits

Exhibit 1. Nominated Groups of Chemicals ................................................................................... 4

Exhibit 2. Chemicals on the Draft CCL 3 that Were Included in Nominations. ............................ 6

Exhibit 3. Pathogens on the Draft CCL 3 that Were Included in Nominations .............................. 7

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# List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ARS Alternate Crops and Systems (ARS)

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

CADW Canadian Drinking Water Quality

CAS RN Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number

CCL Contaminant Candidate List

CCL 3 EPA’s third Contaminant Candidate List

CCOHS Canadian Center for Oc cupational Health and Safety

CCRIS Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDPR California Department of Pesticide Regulation

CEDI/ADI Cumulative Estimated Da ily Intake/Acceptable Daily Intake

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Re sponse, Compensation, and Liability Act

CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System

CESARS Chemical Evaluation Search and Retrieval System

CICADs Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents

CPH Classification of Pesticides by Hazard

CUS/IUR Chemical update system/inventory update rule

DSSTox Distributed Structure Searchable Toxicity Public Database Network

EAFUS Everything Added to Food in the United States

EFDB Environmental Fate Databases

EMAP Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FDA United States Food and Drug Administration

FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

GAP Genetic Activity Profiles

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## GRAS Generally Regarded As Safe

HA Health Advisories

HEAST Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables

HEDS Human Exposure Database System

HPV High Production Volume

HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICR Information Collection Rule

ILO International Labor Organization

IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety

IRIS Integrated Risk Information System

IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals

ITER International Toxicity Estimates for Risk

JECFA Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives

JMPR Joint Meeting On Pesticide Residues

LCSS Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries

MPR Maximum Permissible Risk

MRL Minimal risk levels (from ATSD R); or, Minimum reporting level, for analytical data

N Number of samples

NAS National Academies of Sciences

NAWQA National water quality assessment (USGS program)

NCEA National Center for Environment Assessment

NCFAP National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy

NCOD National contaminant occurrence database

NDWAC National Drinking Water Advisory Council

NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (CDC)

NHATS National Human Adipose Tissue Survey

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NIRS National Inorgani c and Radionuclide Survey

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## NLM National Library of Medicine

NOES National Occupational Exposure Survey

NREC National Reconnaissance of Emerging Contaminants

NRC National Research Council

NSF National Sanitary Foundation

NSI National Sediment Inventory

NTP National Toxicology Program

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

OPP Office of Pesticide Programs

OPPT Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

PAFA Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives

PAN Pesticide Action Network

PBT Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Profiler

PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCCL Preliminary Contaminant Candidate List

PCS Permit Compliance System

PDP Pesticide Data Program

PEAC Palm Top Emergency Action for Chemicals

PELs Permissible Exposure Limits

PPIS Pesticide Product Information System

PPMP Pesticide pilot monitoring program

RAIS Risk Assessment Information System

REDDs Reregistration Eligibility Decision Documents

RTECS Registry of Toxic Eff ects of Chemical Substances

SCLP Superfund Contract Laboratory Program

SDWIS Safe Drinking Water Information System

SIDS Screening Information Data Sets

SRC Syracuse Research Corporation

SRD Source Ranking Database

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## SRS Substances Registry System

STORET STOrage and RETrieval

TEAM Total Exposure Assessment Methodology Study

TERA Toxicology Excellence in Risk Assessment

TOPKAT The Open Practical Knowledge Acquisition Toolkit

TRI Toxics Release Inventory

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act

TSCATS Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions

UCM Unregulated contaminant monitoring

UCMR Unregulated Contamin ant Monitoring Regulation

UCMR 1 First Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation

UCMR 2 Second Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

URCIS Unregulated Contaminant Information System

US United States of America

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USGS United States Geological Survey

WERF Water Environment Research Foundation

WHO World Health Organization

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# 1.0 Introduction

Every five y ears th e United States Environm ental Protection A g ency (EPA) is required to publish a list of contam in ants (1) that are currently unr egulated, (2) that are known or anticipated to occur in p ublic water s y stem s, and (3) whic h may require regulations under the Safe Drinking
Water Act ( S DWA). This list is kno wn as th e Contam inant Candidate L i st or CCL. SDWA section 1412(b)(1) requ ires that in the developm ent of the CCL, EPA cons ider specific data

sources and include the scientific co mmunity. EPA m u st evaluate substa nces iden tif ied in sec tion
101(14) of the Co m p rehensive Environ m ental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 and substances registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIF RA). SDWA also requires the Agency to consider the

National Co ntam inant Occurrence D a tabas e es tablished under secti on 1445(g) of SDWA.

SDWA directs th e Agency to consu l t with the s c ientif ic com m unity, including the Sc ience Advisory Board (SAB). In addition, it direc t s the Agency to consider the health effects and

occurrence infor m ation for unregulated contam inants to identify those co ntam inants that pres ent the greatest public health concern rela ted to exposure from d r inking water.

EPA interprets the criterion that contam inants ar e known or anticipated to occur in public water

system s broadly. In evaluating this criteri on, EP A considers not only public water system monitoring data, but also data on co ncentration s in am bient surface and ground waters, releases

to the env i ro nm ent (e.g., Toxics Release Inven t ory), and production. W h ile such data m a y not

estab lish co nclusiv e ly that contam i n ants are kn own to occur in public w a ter sy stem s, EPA believes these data are sufficient to anticipate that contam inants m a y occur in public water

system s and support their inclusion on the CCL. Th e Agency considered a dverse health effects

that m a y pose a greater risk to life stages and other sensitive groups which represent a

m eaningful portion of the population. Adverse health effects associated with infants, children,

pregnant wom e n, the elderly, and individuals with a history of seri ous illness were evaluated. In selecting co ntam inants for the CCL 3, each of th e above requ irem ents was m e t.

SDWA section 1412(b)(1) also requires EPA to de term ine whether to regu late at least five

contam inants from the CCL every five years. SD WA specifies that EPA s h all regulate a

contam inant if the Adm i nistr a to r determ ines that:

• The contam inant m a y have an adverse effect on the health of persons;

• The contam inant is know n to occur, or there is a substantial likelihood that the contaminant

will occu r in public water system s with a frequen c y and at lev e ls of public health

concern ; an d

• In the sole judg m e nt of the Ad m i nistrator, regu lation of such contam inant presents a

m eaningful opportunity for health risk re duction for persons served by public water

system s.

Once conta m inants have been pla c e d on the CCL, EPA identif ies if there are any add ition a l da ta

needs or if there a r e suf f i cien t inf o r m ation to make a regu latory dete rm ination. EPA inte rpre ts these criteria for regulatory determ ination as m o re rigo rous than what is used to place

contam inants on the CCL.

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## EPA developed a multi-step approach to select contaminants for the third CCL (CCL 3), which includes the following key steps:

(1) The identification of a broad univers e of potential drinking water contaminants
(CCL 3 Universe);

(2) A screening process that uses stra ightforward screening criteria, based on a contaminant’s potential to occur in public water systems and thereby pose a potential public health concern, to na rrow the universe of contaminants to a Preliminary-CCL (PCCL); and

(3) A structured classification process (e.g., a prototype classification algorithm model) that objectively compares data and information as a tool and is evaluated along with expert judgment to develop a CCL from the PCCL.

Steps 1

, 2, and 3 in the process are described in other support documents: Final CCL 3 Chemicals: Identifying the Universe (USEPA, 2009a); Final CCL 3 Chemicals: Screening to a

PCCL (USEPA, 2009b), and Final Contaminant Candidate List 3 Chemicals: Classification of

the PCCL to the CCL (USEPA, 2009c)

As part of the process to deve lop the third Contaminant Candidat e List (CCL 3) EPA published a Federal Register notice (71 FR 60704 (USEPA, 2006)) requesti ng the public to submit

nominations for chemical and microbial contaminants that should be considered for CCL 3. This document describes EPA’s request for contamin ant nominations, summarizes the nominations received by EPA, describes EPA’s analysis of the nominated contaminants, and reports on their status for the draft and final CCL 3. The speci fic contaminants nominated are listed in the appendices to this document. Appendix 1 lis ts the chemical nominations, provides the nominating individual or organization, and descri bes the rationale for the nomination. Appendix 2 provides similar information for the microbial contaminants. Appendix 3 lists the chemicals

nominated and the result of the CCL process for that cont aminant. Appendix 4 lists the references cited by the individual or organizati on nominating the contaminant. More detailed information on the specific contaminants or st eps in the CCL process are available on the EPA
Web site ( www.epa.gov/safewater ) and in the CCL 3 support documents cited in this report and
that are available in the docket (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-2007-1189; all documents in the docket are listed on http://www.regulations.gov).



# 2.0 Requesting Nominations

The Agency sought nominations for contaminan ts for CCL 3 by framing the Safe Drinking Water Act requirements in a series of questions to document the anticipated or known occurrence in public water systems and the adverse health effects of potential contaminants. The Agency requested that the public respond to these questions and provide the documentation and rationale for including a contaminant for consideration in the CCL 3 process. The questions posed to the public were:

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## • What are the contaminant’s name, CA S number, and/or common synonym (if applicable)?

• What factors make this contaminant a priority for the CCL 3 process? EPA provided examples of factors the public should c onsider. The examples included: widespread occurrence; anticipated toxici ty to humans; potentially harmful effects to susceptible populations (e.g., children, elderly and immunocompromised); potentially contaminated source water (surface or ground wa ter), and/or finished water; releases
to air, land, and/or water; contaminants manufactured in large quantities with a potential to occur in source waters.

• What are the significant health effects and occurrence data available, which you believe supports the CCL requirement(s)? To include a contaminant on the CCL SDWA requires that a contaminant may have an adverse effect on the health of persons and is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.

Nominations were received via the EPA Web site and written submissions. The Agency compiled the information from the nominations process to identify the contaminants
nominated, the rationale for the nomination, a nd to compare the supporting data submitted to information already gathered by EPA. Where new information was of sufficient quality, that information was used in the analysis following the CCL 3 protocols, to select the draft and

final CCL 3.



# 3.0 Nominated Contaminants

The nominations process identified 150 chemi cal and 24 microbial individual contaminants submitted by 11 organizations and individuals. EPA received four general types of nominations:

− groups of chemicals/compounds,

− specific individual chemicals,

− genera or groups of organisms, and

− specific individual organisms.

The Agency did not require nominators to provide their name or an affiliated organization. One nominator remained anonymous while providing documentation and rationale for the contaminants. The organizations that nominated contaminants were:

− American Society of Microbiology (ASM),

− American Water Works Association (AWWA),

− Association of Metropolitan Water Authorities (AMWA),

− Association of State Drinking Wa ter Administrators (ASDWA),

− Mothers Against Acanthamoeba Disease

− Natural Resources Defense Council, (NRDC),

− Riverkeepers

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## − State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,

− State of New York Department of Health,

− State of Texas Commission on Environmental Quality



# 3.1 Chemical Nominations

Several organizations and individuals nominated broad groups repr esenting classes of chemicals (e.g., pharmaceuticals). Some of the nominated groups were quite large and lacked a common mechanism to aggregate health effects or occu rrence information across the group. Contaminants were often nominated by more than one indi vidual or organization. There was overlap among nominated groups, and also among specific compounds nominated within groups. For example, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its salts were nominated as a group, while another nomination specified PFOA, perfluorooctanoic sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). The Agency considered such groups and mixtures in its deliberations of the CCL 3 process but to be able to evalua te CCL 3 occurrence and health effects factors (e.g., potential to occur in a PWS; actual or potentia l adverse health effects), requi red linking of data to specific individual contaminants rather than groups of contaminants. Where sufficient data and information were available, specific contaminan ts from the groups nominated were considered individually in the CCL process. Exhibit 1 su mmarizes the 23 chemical groups nominated and which organizations nominated them.

Exhibit 1. Nominated Groups of Chemicals

Group inator (s) Nom

Phthalates WA; NRDC ASD TPH-total petroleum hydrocarbons ASDWA Unregulated aromatic hydrocarbons ASDWA Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) NRDC Fuel oxygenates OH NYD

Solvent Stabilizers NYDOH PFOA and its salts; perfluorinated compounds ASDWA; NJDEP Unregulated pesticides ASDWA

Herbicides and their environmental degradation products Herbicides, OH NYD as a broad class, and specifically (“including but not limited to..”) acetanilide degradates. Cyanobacterial toxins ASDWA, AWWA Microcystins ASDWA Disinfection by-produ cts OH; AWWA (see NYD w) belo

Nitrosamines/NMOR AWWA; AMWA Aggregate of MX related halofuranones AWWA Haloacetaldehydes AWWA Halonitrimethanes/ Halopicrins AWWA Pharmaceuticals and personal ca re products (PPCPs) OH NYD

Pharmaceuticals OH; Riverkeepers NY D

Antibiotics rkeepers Rive

Antimicrobials in Personal Care Products OHNYD

Steroids/hormones rkeepers Rive Endocrine disruptors ASDWA Human Biomonitoring Databases NYDOH

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## 3.1.1 Additional Analysis of No minated Chemical Contaminants

EPA com p iled the inf o r m ation subm itted with the nom inations and compared it to th e
inform ation that EPA had already gathered as part of the CCL 3 process. T h e Agency then used

the bes t available information to select the CCL 3. Appendix 3 summarizes the data provided in

the nom inations and how those contam inants pr ogressed through the CCL 3 process. A total of 150 specific chem icals were identified am ong the r eceived nom i nations. (Note, perchlorate was

no m i nated using both the CASRN fo r perchlorate and the CASRN for a mmoniu m perchlorate; hence effectively, there were 149 chem icals.) Eight of the no m i nated chem icals are currently regulated in PW Ss and therefore are not included in the CCL 3 pr ocess. Most of the chem icals identified through the nom i nations process were already being considered by EPA for l i sting

based on the data EPA collected for th e CCL 3 Universe (see Appendix 3).

Using the cr ite ria dev e lo ped to iden tif y the CCL 3 Universe included 113 of the nom i n ated
substances (USEPA, 20 09a). Eighty-three chem ical s had d a ta available f o r screening from the
Universe to the PCCL (USEPA, 20 09b) and 29 passed screening and were m odeled for
consideration for the CCL (USEPA , 2009c). Sixteen chem icals on the draft CCL 3 list were also

no m i nated (thirteen chem icals plus 3 cyanob acteria l tox i ns), listed in Ex hibit 2.

The Agency evaluated th e nom inations to iden tif y contam inants not previously consid ered for the CCL 3 and new pertinent information provided by the public. Nom i nated contaminants were evaluated to identify and com p are supporting info rm ation provided with that being used in the CCL 3 process. No new data sources (e.g., databa ses) wer e identif ied in the nom inations process
(see USEPA, 2009a). The nom inations did identify individual, recently p ublished, specialized

studies f r om scien tif ic literatu re who s e data were subsequently incorporated in the CC L 3 evaluation process. These supplem en tal data provided w ith the nom inations were used to screen

the nom inated chem icals from the universe and/or score the attributes for those that passed the screen using the CCL 3 process protocols (see USEPA, 2009 b). The scored contam inants were then processed through the classification m odels and the post-m odel evaluations (see USEPA,
2009c). Those contam inants that were included on the final C C L 3 de m o n s trated adverse health effects and a potential to occur in PWSs.

Som e of the data prov ide d with the n o m i nations allowed EP A to evaluate new or revised health

effects or occurren ce sco r es for PCCL contam inan ts. Of note, the newly identified data allowed

three conta m inants, m e tolach lor e t h a nesulf onic acid, m e tolachlor oxanilic acid, and Nnitrosodim ethylam ine, to be scored and added to the draft CCL 3. Data for other contam inants

resulted in s c ores s i m ilar to pr ior sc ores, or lower scores, or the data were insufficien t for scoring.

The draft CCL 3 was pu blished on F e bruary 21, 2008 (73 FR 9628, USEPA 2008). EPA provided inform ation and sought comment on the dr aft list, its efforts to expand and strengthen the underlying CCL listing process, and EPA' s e fforts to im p r ove the contam inant selection process for future CCLs.

EPA received comments, includ ing addition a l da ta to cons ider, from 177 individuals o r organizations on the draf t CCL 3 (see USEPA, 20 09c and USEPA, 2009d ). The EPA SAB and

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## its Drinking Water Committee also reviewed the draft CCL 3 during 2008, and provided an Advisory to the EPA Administrator (USEPA, 2009e).

EPA evaluated all the data and information on chemical contaminants provided by commenters and collected by the Agency after the draft CCL 3 was published. EPA used the CCL 3 process described above (and in the cited support documents ) to evaluate data that became available after the publication of the draft CCL 3 (see USEPA, 2 009c). The Agency added contaminants to the Universe, adjusted the contaminants that passe d through to the PCCL based on these new data and reevaluated the PCCL using the CCL 3 protoc ols as described. In sum, 27 chemicals are on

the final CCL 3 that were included in nominations. These are listed in Exhibit 2.

Appendix 3 summarizes EPA’s analysis of the 150 chemical contaminants that were nominated. Each contaminant is identified by Chemical Ab stract Service Registry Number and name. Literature references provided by the nominators are listed and the chemicals CCL 3 status is

summarized.

cluded in Nominations. Exhibit 2. Chemicals on the Fina l CCL 3 In

Contaminant Type

1,2,3-Trichloropropane Paint ingredient

1,4-Dioxane Solvent

Perchlorate Propellant; explosive; industrial chemical

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) Industria l chemical; consumer products; PPCP

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Indus trial chemical; consumer products; PPCP

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) DBP

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) DBP

N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA) DBP

alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH) Former pesticide

Metolachlor Pesticide

Metolachlor ESA Pesticide degradate

Metolachlor OA Pesticide degradate

Alachlor ethanesulfonic ac id (ESA) Pesticide degradate

Alachlor oxanilic acid (OA) Pesticide degradate

Microcystin LR Naturally occurring cyanotoxin

Anatoxin a Naturally occurring cyanotoxin

Cylindrospermopsin Naturally occurring cyanotoxin

Erythromycin Antibiotic; PPCP

17alpha-estradiol Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Equilenin Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Equilin Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Estradiol (17-beta estradiol) Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Estriol Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Estrone Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Ethinyl Estradiol (17-alpha ethynyl estradiol) Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

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Contaminant Type

Mestranol Estrogenic hormone; PPCP

Norethindrone (19-Norethisterone) Progesteronic hormone; PPCP



# 3.2 Microbial Nominations

As noted, 24 microbial contaminants were nomin ated by the public. Twenty-two of the microbes were already included in the CCL 3 Microbial Univ erse for evaluation in the CCL 3 process. The two additional pathogens nominated were Methylobacterium ( with two species) and Mimivirus.

These were added to the CCL 3 Microbial Univ erse (USEPA, 2009f). The microbial nominations were subjected to the CCL 3 criteria. Accomp anying support documents in the docket describe the screening to a PCCL (USEPA, 2009g) and selecting the draft and final CCL (USEPA, 2009h). These documents also discuss the specific contaminants in more detail. The list of microorganisms nominated is provided in Appendi x 2. The pathogens that are on the final CCL 3

that were included in the nomina tions are listed in Exhibit 3.

Exhibit 3. Pathogens on the Final CCL 3 Included

in Nominations

Pathogen

Adenovirus

Caliciviruses

Campylobacter jejuni

Enterovirus

Escherichia coli (0157)

Helicobacter pylori

Hepatitis A virus

Legionella pneumophila

Mycobacterium avium

Naegleria fowleri

Salmonella enterica

Shigella sonnei

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# 4.0 Ref e rences

USEPA, 20 06. Request for No m i nations of Dri nking W a ter Contam inants f o r the Co ntam inant

Candidate L i st; Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 71. No. 199, p. 60704, October 16, 2006.

USEPA. 20 08. Drinking W a ter Contam inant Candida te L i st 3 – Draf t Notice. Fede ral Registe r

. Vol. 72. No. 35. p.9628. February 21, 2008.

USEPA. 20 09a. Final C ontam inant Candidate L i st 3 Chem icals: Identifying the Univ erse. EPA 815-R-09-006. August 2009.

USEPA. 20 09b. Final C ontam inant Candidate L i st 3 Chem icals: Screening to a PCCL. EPA 815- R-09-007. August 2009.

USEPA. 20 09c. Final C ontam inant Candidate L i st 3 Chem icals: Classification of PCCL to the

CCL. EPA 8 1 5-R-09-008. August 2009.

USEPA. 20 09d. Final C o mm ent Response Docum e nt for the Third Drinking W a ter Contam inant

Candidate L i st 3 Categorized Public Co mm ents. EPA 815-R-09-010. August 2009.

USEPA. 20 09e. SAB Advisory on E P A’s Draft Third Drinking W a ter Contam inant Candidate List (CCL 3). EPA-SAB-09-011. January 2009.

USEPA. 20 09f. Final Contam inant Candidate L i st 3 Microb es: Iden tifying the Univ erse. EPA 815-R-09-004. August 2009.

USEPA. 20 09g. Final C ontam inant Candidate L i st 3 Microbes: Screening to the PC CL. EPA 815-R-09-005. August 2009.

USEPA. 20 09h. Final C ontam inant Candidate L i st 3 Microbes: PCCL to CCL Proc ess. EPA 815-R-09-009. Final. August 2009.

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# 5.0 Appendices

The appendices that follow provide tabulated summa ries that presen t a list of the chem ical and

m i crobial contam inants no m i nated for consideration in CCL 3, a summ ar y of the rational and

inform ation the public provided when they nom inat ed the contam inant, and a summ a r y of EPA’s

consideratio n of the contam inants and their resultant progression and status in the CCL 3 process. All of the contam inants and inform ation were rev i ewed to determine if health effects

and occurrence inform ation were availab l e and if that inform ation cou l d b e used by th e Agency

to evalu a te if it could an ticipate th at the contam inant m a y have adverse health effects, whether it

m a y occur in public water system s a nd m a y re quire regulation under SDWA. Appendix 1 and 2

lists the che m ical and microb ial nom inations , respectively. T h ey provide the nom inating individual or organization and describe the ra tionale for the no m i nation. Appendix 3 lists the

chem icals no m i nated, provides the references cite d by the public, summ arizes the types of health effects and occurrence data prov ided, and indica te s the re sult o f the CCL process f o r tha t

contam inant. Appendix 4 provides the bibliogra phic references and citations provided by the individual or organizations. More detailed information on the speci fic con t am inants or steps in the CCL 3 process are available in the CCL 3 su pport docum ents cited in this report and the

individu al contam inant infor m ation s h eets that are in the do cket.

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A1-1 

# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

96184 1,2,3

- Trichloropropane NJDEP Mutagenic; caused benign and malignant tumors in multiple organs in rats and mice in an NTP bioassay. B2 Probable human carcinogen; slope factor = 7 1/(mg/kg

- d). NJ health

- based drinking water guidance value = 0.005 ug/L; 1999 based on slope factor of 7/mg

- kg

- day [benign and malignant tumors in rats]. (NJDEP) NJ study: Detected in excess of health

- based drinking water guidance value in 30 of 2,640 private wells and 11 of approximately 260 community water systems between 1999 and 2004 in NJ SOC Waiver Program sampling. Used as a solvent and degreaser, an impurity in nematodicides and soil fumigants. (NJDEP)

123911 1,4

- dioxane AWWA, USEPA Region 3 Used as a stabilizer in TCE, but considered more toxic. Masked in sampling with AA due to it's similarlity to TCE, when TCE is stripped off it remains in the finished water. This is an emerging contaminant. we've issued one Emergency Order at a CERCLA site to protect a water system. (EPA Region 3)

Liver and kidney are target organs. Animal studies indicate liver and nasal cancer. IARC: Possibly carcinogenic. EPA: take immediate action of levels exceed 600 ug/L. New York State: MCL = 50 ug/L. California has action level of 3 ug/L. (NYDOH) One CERCLA remediation site known - Bally site in PA, others may be associated with and TCE site. (EPA Region 3)

Stable, persistent, mobile in the environment. Not ef fectively

remo v ed from water using technology designed to remove the solvent to which it is added as a stabilizer. (NYDOH)

611596 1,7

- Dimethylxanthine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds an d enter surface waters. Combining selected OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

57910 17a

- estradiol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and

environme ntally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

57636 17a

- ethynyl estradiol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

50282 17b

- estradiol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degra dates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] None provided

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

68224 19

- norethisterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the publ ic via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

90120 1- methylnaphthalene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and ATSDR. (ASDWA) Amo ng the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

91576 2- methylnaphthalene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA an d ATSDR. (ASDWA) Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

80057 4,4'

- (1

- Methylethylidene)bisphenol (Bisphenol A) NRDC Bisphenol A is a monomer used as the building block of polycarbonate plastics and other plastics including epoxy resins. BPA is found in a wide variety of everyday consumer products, such as the coating of food and drink packaging, dental sealants, baby bottles, water bottles, microwave ovenware and eating utensils. As these products age, the polycarbonate polymer breaks down, releasing the BPA monomer. BPA is produced at over one million pounds per year and is frequently found in the environment. BPA

releases to th e environment in the U.S. totaled 1.4 million pounds in 2004, including 3,538 pounds released directly to water and 132,262 pounds released to the air.

A number of recent studies have revealed that early life exposures

to low

- doses of BPA result in adverse effects later in life. The developing fetus is especially vulnerable. Although many of these studies were done in laboratory animals, the exposures were at environmentally relevant concentrations.

• In rats, in utero exposure to BPA causes long

- term ef fects on development of mammary tissue, causing preneoplastic lesions, increased susceptibility to cancer and increased sensitivity to a chemical known to cause breast cancer. ,

• Perinatal exposure to low levels of BPA causes precancerous prostate lesions (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) in rats. The effect appears to result from the failure in exposed animals of a gene to become hypermethylated as the rats age.

• Experiments with mice reveal that chronic adult exposure to BPA

causes insulin resi stance, a common problem in humans that can lead to Type II diabetes and heart disease. BPA is a water contaminant. A study in Germany found BPA in surface water (0.0005 to 0.41 ug/L), in sewage effluents (0.018 to 0.702 ug/L), in sediments (0.01 to 0.19 mg/kg) and in sewage sludge (0.004 to 1.363mg/kg dw). Cousins et al. (2002) reviewed previously published monitoring data for the United States and found a median reported water concentration of 0.5 ug/l (below the detection limit of the studies) and a 90th

perc entile of 4.4 ug/l. The same study also suggested a half

- life for BPA of 4.5 days in surface water, indicating that BPA can be transported hundreds of kilometers in rivers before levels fall

below detection limits.

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

• BPA has been shown to cause aneuploidy in mouse oocytes. Meiotic aneuploidy is the most common cause of miscarriage in

women.

• In a small prospective study, researchers in Japan found women with a history of repeated spontaneous miscarriages had higher levels of BPA. The researchers found evidence of aneuploidy in several of the miscarried fetuses in concordance with previous studies showing BPA causes meiotic an euploidy.

• BPA lowers sperm count in adult rats even at extremely low levels.

15972608 Alachlor NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

142363539 Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Wi despread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

171262172 Alachlor oxanilic acid NYDOH Co- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

18559949 Albuterol Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. Combining

selected OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

116063 Aldicarb NRDC, AWWA Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effect with both long

- term and single

- dose administration is acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic or carcinogenic. [AWWA]

'Aldicarb is an N

- methyl carbamate insecticide that causes reversible red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase inhibition. This pesticide is classified as Toxicity Category 1 because of its high toxicity through all routes of exposure (oral, dermal and inhalation). Sy mptoms of acute aldicarb exposure observed in animal studies include decreased motor activity, lacrimation, tremors, salivation, pinpoint pupils, and decreased grip strength. A rat study by EPA/ORD demonstrated that young animals are more susceptible

to al dicarb

- induced brain cholinesterase inhibition than adults. A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in groundwater. [AWWA]

'EPA placed aldicarb under Special Review in 1984 due to concerns about groundwater contamination. Aldicarb degradation in groundwater is slow. This chemical is persistent and mobile in soil, and degrades in the environment to aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone, both of which are cholinesterase inhibitors. In 1991 EPA established MCLs of 0.003 ppb for

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Although it is generally believed that acute high level exposure to aldicarb will not cause chronic health effects, one case study by Grendon et al. (1994) in Washington State documented long

- ter m health problems in men and sheep resulting from a single poisoning

incident.

EPA has not assessed the risks of chronic exposure to aldicarb in its 2006 Revised Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA). The Agency reasoned that since cholinesterase inhibition due to aldicarb exposure is reversed in less than 24 hours, such an assessment is unnecessary and chronic exposure can be treated as a series of acute exposures. However, EPA mentioned in the Revised HRA that effects such as pale kidneys and hydroceles in the oviducts occurred in dams in a developmental study, symptoms that suggest chronic damage not seen in acute single

- exposure cases. In addition, some studies suggest that chronic exposure to aldicarb may have longer

- term effects on the immune and nervo us systems. Fiore et al (2006) analyzed immune function in two groups of women, one exposed to aldicarb at environmental concentrations in groundwater at levels below 61 ppb (23 subjects), and an unexposed group (27 subjects). No women in either group had known reasons for immune problems. The researchers found a significant association between aldicarb exposure and abnormalities

in T

- cell subset ratios. Hajoui et al. (1992) also found changes in the percentages of certain T

- cell subsets after subchronic, but not chronic exposure. The results of a rat study by Smulders et al. (2003) suggest that exposure to carbamates such as aldicarb may also lead to chronic changes in the nervous system resulting from the inhibition of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A similar study of the carbamates fenoxycarb, carbaryl, and S

- ethyl N,N

dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), which have the same mechanism of action, showed that increasing the pesticide dose or the length of exposure reduced the rate of reversal of acetylcholine receptor inhibition. Therefore, two mechanisms, cholinesterase inhibition and acetylcholine receptor inhibition may lead to chronic neurotoxicity from exposure to carbamate pesticides such as

aldicarb. This raises concerns about chronic low

- lev el exposure such as may result from aldicarb contamination of drinking water. [NRDC] aldicarb, 0.004 ppb for aldicarb sulfoxide and 0.002 ppb for aldicarb sulfone, but these MCLs never went into effect. Instead, EPA issued a 7 ppb health advisory for each of the aldi carb species and for combined aldicarb residues.

EPA based its drinking water risk assessment in the HRA on the highest aldicarb concentrations in groundwater found in eight regions where aldicarb was used. The concentrations ranged from 0 to 24 ppb. The region with no aldicarb detections was removed from the analysis. Surface water concentrations, on the
other hand, were derived from models for lack of sufficient monitoring data.

Acute dietary exposure estimates from food alone exceeded the

level of conc ern for children 1 to 2 years old (159% of the acute Population Adjusted Dose, or aPAD), and children 3 to 5 years old (129% aPAD), so that any additional exposures from drinking water would increase these risks of concern. The highest exposure from ground water calculated for the regions where this pesticide was detected was 945% aPAD for the 95th percentile of the most exposed population sub

- group. For the general U.S. population and other sub

- groups, exposure ranged

from 20% aPAD to 393% aPAD.

It is cle ar from EPA’s own analysis that aldicarb is a water contaminant that poses health risks of concern at levels found in food and drinking

water. Given that food exposure alone exceeds levels of concern for children, drinking
water exposure

creates an addi tional unacceptable risk. EPA must move to establish a protective MCL for aldicarb. [NRDC]

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

1646884 aldicarb sulfone AWWA Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effect with both long

- term and single

- dose administration is

acery lchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic or carcinogenic. A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in groundwater

1646873 aldicarb sulfoxide AWWA Cholines terase inhibitor. RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effect with both long

- term and single

- dose administration is acerylchlinesterase inhibition. Evidence suggests it is not genotoxic or carcinogenic. A systemic pesticide used to control nematodes in soil and insects and mites on a variety of crops. Degrades mainly by biodegredations and hydolysis, persisting for weeks to months. It is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides in use. Frequently found as a contaminant in groundwater - aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residuals are found in an approx. 1:1 ration in groundwater

319846 Alpha

- HCH AWWA Can cause respitory difficulty, skin irritation, skin senitization scabis and pediculosis Component of benzene hexachloride a former insecticide. Deg radeded more rapidly under anaerobic conditions. Hydrolysis half life ranges between 92 to 71 hours in natural waters (but may be even slower). A Canadian study found levels

in finished water.

7790989 Ammonium Perchlorate NRDC Interferes with function of the thyroid; blocks iodide uptake into the gland. Causes neurodevelopmental deficits (detailed in comments). Several studies demonstrate human exposure and toxic effects (Blount et al., 2006; Brechner et al., 2000; Schwartz et al, 2001). Studies indicate that DWEL of 24.5 ppb is inadequate. (NRDC) Widespread contamination may be exposing millions to perchlorate throughout the country. Detected in PWSs of 26 states and two territories under UCMR 1. Detections range from

4 - 420 ppb; mean = 10 ppb. Major state studies performed in Arizona, California, Massachusetts and Texas. EPA lists 109 sites of known perchlorate releases in 29 states. U.S. Government Accountability Office report (May 2005) lists perchlorate release sites and detections in PWSs and p rivate wells. [18 refs in text] (NRDC)

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

64285069 Anatoxin -a ASDWA,

AWWA A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to humans (factor 10), when considering the observed spe cies (human

– animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile (Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for

drin king water with 1.0 μg MC

- LR/l should provide for sufficient protection of the consumer. In contrast, the application of guidance values for BGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided as the TDIs of infants and children, as well as adult consumers, are readily

exce eded due to repeated contamination of BGAS and consumer dependent variation in daily BGAS consumption. (AWWA)

Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public health concerns. (ASDWA) Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)

1912249 Atrazine NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

86500 Azinphos

- methyl NRDC This organophosphate pesticide is classified as toxicity category 1 for oral exposure. Exposure to azinphos

- methyl causes plasma, red blood cell and brain cholinesterase inhibition, with symptoms including headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, anxiety, muscle

tre mors and weakness. Studies by Souza et al. (2004, 2005) found that azinphos

- methyl affected human placental enzymatic activity, which may have adverse consequences for fetal development. , Exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) such as azinphos

met hyl has been associated with lower performance on neurobehavioral tests in exposed adults. Children are more vulnerable than adults to the neurotoxic effects of OPs and may suffer developmental effects from low

- level chronic exposures. Azinphos

- methyl has a high potential to pollute surface waters due to runoff and spray drift. , Data on environmental concentrations of azinphos

- methyl in the United States are limited, but studies in South Africa suggest that under certain conditions azinphos

- methyl may also reach high concentrat ions (40 ppb) in groundwater.

EPA indicated in its drinking water assessment in the Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) document for azinphos

methyl that the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) of this pesticide in surface water is 16 ppb at typical application rates in peaches. This concentration is over three times the acute drinking water level of comparison (DWLOC) the agency calculated for infants less than a year old (5 ppb), and over twice

the DWLOC for children 1

- 6 years (6 ppb). The highest annual mean concentrations in surface water according to monitoring data and EPA models ranged from 0.27 ppb to 7.2 ppb. The latter concentration exceeds the chronic DWLOC the agency

calculated for infants less than a year old (7 ppb).

While EPA argued in the IRED that the phase

- out of the peach

use will eliminate drinking water risks of concern, EPA is still allowing the use of

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

azinphos

- methyl on apples (the most frequently treated crop) at application rates equal to or higher than those for peaches (1.0

- 1.5 lb ai/A per application, 4.5 lb ai/A per year maximum on apples vs. 1.125 lbs ai/A per application, 4.5 lbs ai/A per year maximum on peaches). Furthermore, the total amount of azinphos

- methyl used on

a pples (890,000 lb active ingredient) is over seven times the amount used on peaches (120,000 lb). Therefore, the EPA assessment indicates that azinphos

- methyl poses a risk to drinking water supplies. While EPA has issued a

four

- year limited registration for azinphos

- methyl use on apples and seven other crops, the Agency has stated that these registrations may be extended, thus creating the need to regulate azinphos

- methyl as a drinking water contaminant.

25057890 Bentazone AWWA Long term studies have not indicated a carcinogenic potential Broad specturm herbicide used on a variety of crops - very mobile in soils and moderately persistent in the environement

85687 Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) NRDC, ASDWA BBP is used as a plasticizer for PVC and other plast ics. End uses include PVC floorings and wall coverings, expanded leather, PVC foams, films, sealing and adhesive systems. BBP is a high production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million pounds per year.

BBP is an anti

- androgenic endocrine disruptor with developmental and reproductive toxicities. Post

- pubertal and adult exposures in rat studies are without apparent effects except at high doses, however, exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely affect development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include a cluster of outcomes that has been called “phthalate syndrome” and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs, retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital distance (AGD), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DINP does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. ,

In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for

anti

- androgen exposure, anogenital distance. Although this endpoint is well

- recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a common birth defect in the penis , hypospadias. In this study, the researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the phthalate metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl There are multiple studies showing BBP detections in surface

waters:

•Canada: up to 1 ug/l (ENVIRODAT 1993 )

•Mississippi River south of St. Louis: up to 2.4 ug/l (Gledhill et al. 1980)

•Lake Scandarello, Italy: up to 6.6 ug/l (Vitali et al. 1997)

•Rhine River and its tributaries: up to 5.2 ug/l (ECPI 1996)

•Inflow and outflow from sewage treatment plants in Sweden and Norway: up to 2.4 ug/l and 0.58 ug/l, respectively (ECPPI 1996, NIWR 1996)

The full extent of BBP contamination of water in the U.S. is not known, but the fact that it is present at detectable levels in

surface waters indicates the need for EPA to conduct water monitoring studies and to take appropriate regulatory action. (NRDC)

Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

phthalate (MBzP), mono butylphthalate (MBP) and monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) were significantly associated with reduced AGD

and ano

- genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants. (NRDC)

CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA)

98136993 bromochloroacetaldehyde AWWA This class of disinfection by

- products was the third highest in

concentratio n (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except

monochloro - (difficult to analyze) and monobromo

- (not studied yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

5589968 bromochloroacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH ) These four HAAs typically constitute 20

- 50% of total chlorine and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters (Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

83463621 Bromochloroacetonitrile AWWA None provided - None provided

26482315 bromochloronitromethan e AWWA This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAA S.

71133147 bromodichloroacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20

- 50% of total chlorine and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters (Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

918014 bromodichloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

563702 bromonitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

1689845 Bromoxynil AWWA RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.02. Developmental or reproductive toxin, moderate acute (PAN) Occurrence (0.046 ppb 95%ile)

6804075 Carbadox Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. Some antibiotics are suspected carcinogens. (Mackie et al, 2006; Health Canada 2001) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegra dation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

298464 Carbamazepine NYDOH Emerging contaminant of possible health concern. (NYDOH) NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in nearly every WWTP effluent sample. Kol pin, et al, 2002 reported similar findings. Mobile and stable in the environment. (NYDOH)

63252 Carbaryl NRDC, AWWA Known carcinogenic. 10

- 6 cancer risk 40 μg/L. Primary exposure route is through ingestion (WHO report). [AWWA]

'This N

- methyl carbamate pesticide is a neurotoxic acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and a “likely” carcinogen according to the Office of Pesticide Programs Cancer Assessment Review Committee. The systemic effects of carbaryl include headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and sweating. Effects may also include loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general malaise. Carbaryl is particularly toxic to the developing nervous system of fetuses, infants, and young children. Exposure to elevated levels of carbaryl may cause developmental neurotoxicity and “significant changes in some of the morphometric measurements of the brain”. [NRDC] In the referenced USGS report detected at concentrations above 0.1 μg/L with frequencies of ~1% in agricultural st reams and ~15 % in urban streams and at concentrations below 0.1μg/L with frequencies of ~10% in agricultural streams and ~50 % in urban

streams Solubility: 120 mg/L half

- life: 17 days in soil & 11 days in water annual use 9 million lbs. [AWWA]

'Approxima tely 3.9 million pounds of carbaryl active ingredient are used annually in the U.S. When EPA issued its Revised Risk Assessment for carbaryl in 2003, its water assessment did not

consider non

- agricultural sources of carbaryl, which constitute a total of 40% of carbaryl use by weight, and which are the dominant sources of surface water carbaryl pollution. Despite ignoring non

- agricultural uses, the carbaryl health risk assessment in the Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) found that acute surf ace water risks presuming maximum label application rates exceeded the drinking water level of concern (DWLOC) for children and the general population when combined with estimated food exposures. U.S. Geological Survey National Water

- Quality Assessment (US GS NAWQA) monitoring data presented in the carbaryl assessment

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

demonstrated that streams draining urban areas had both higher concentrations of carbaryl and more frequent detections, when compared with streams draining agricultural or mixed land use

areas. It is clear that contamination of water is predominantly

from non

- agriculture uses of carbaryl, and that by not considering these uses, the Agency dramatically underestimated the amount of carbaryl in drinking water (Estimated Environmental Concentration, or EEC), which is likely to be two

times higher than EPA estimates. Twenty

- one (21) percent of surface water samples in the NAWQA database contained detectable levels of carbaryl. EPA discussed in its IRED the limitations of existing monitoring data:“Car baryl is fairly mobile, but is not likely to persist or accumulate in the environment. As such, it is difficult for monitoring studies to detect peak concentrations that can occur. EPA determined that currently available monitoring studies for carbaryl are limited in this regard, and did not use them to define peak values for carbaryl.” As a result of these data limitations, EPA used models to estimate drinking water EECs for currently registered uses in the carbaryl IRED. The Agency reported that the acute drinking water EECs ranged from 23 to 410 ppb for acute exposure, and from 1.3 to 23 ppb for chronic exposure, which exceeded the

acute DWLOC for children 1

- 2 years old (7.4 ppb) and for the general population (200 ppb). This is especially concerning, gi ven that these calculations are likely to underestimate risk by excluding non

- agricultural uses of carbaryl, which comprise 40% of total carbaryl used. Therefore, it is likely that actual EEC’s are even higher, possibly 40% higher, than what the Agency

ca lculates. The high toxicity of carbaryl, coupled with the high exceedances of acceptable levels in drinking water, make this level of risk to infants and children unacceptably high. Given the limitations in the monitoring data that the Agency has

acknowle dged, and the fact that the highest EEC estimated by

EPA models was 55 times the acute DWLOC for children 1 to 2 years old, it is clear that carbaryl presents risks of concern from drinking water exposure and should be regulated as a drinking water contaminant by establishing an MCL. [NRDC]

16887006 Chloride Riverkeeper Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat; drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper) Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water

from direct or snowmelt ru n- off and release from surface soils

and/or wind

- borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

1794849 chloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was s tudied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

1897456 Chlorothalon il AWWA None provided Fungicide used on a variety of crops. Can be degraded both aerobically and anaerobically with half

- lives ranging between .2 - 9 days Chlorothalonil has been identified in groundwater in 2 US states.

2921882 Chlorpyrifos NRDC, AWWA C hlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide used at approximately

21

- 24 million pounds active ingredient (a.i.) annually in the United States. Most chlorpyrifos is used in agriculture on crops such as corn and cotton, but other uses include golf courses, road medians, food processing plants, manufacturing plants, ship holds, railroad
boxcars, and non

- structural wood treatments. Chlorpyrifos is applied aerially, by chemigation, groundboom, hand wand, airblast sprayer,

and other methods.

With chlorpyrifos and other developmental neurotoxic chemicals, risk to the fetus, infant, and child comes primarily from the timing of exposure. Even a very small dose, for even a short duration, during a developmental period of vulnerability will result in permanent

neur al dysfunction. There is no demonstrated reliable threshold of safety for this highly toxic chemical, as indicated in the IRED, where

a no

- effect level could not be determined for developmental neurotoxicity. However, there is demonstrated evidence of

neur opathology and increased vulnerability of fetuses when exposed to chlorpyrifos . EPA has acknowledged this susceptibility in the chlorpyrifos Human Health Risk Assessment:

“In conclusion, the weight of the evidence raises concern for an

increase in both the sensitivity and susceptibility of the fetus or young animal to adverse biochemical, morphological, or behavioral alterations from chlorpyrifos treatment during brain development. With respect to cholinesterase inhibition, an increase in sensitivity of the young compared to adults was seen all along the dose response curve, even at relatively low doses.” [NRDC] Broad

- spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. Stronly absorbed by soil and does not readily leach from it - persists in

soil for 60 - 120 days and biodegrades - non

- polar nature - has a low solubility in water and great tendency to partition from aqueous into organic phases.[AWWA]

'Although EPA said in the IRED that the drinking water risk is below the level of concern, the Agency noted that there have been cases of high levels of drinking water well contamination associated with localized applications of chlorpyrifos as a subterranean termiticide. This was addressed, EPA said, by eliminating all termiticidal uses. However, despite EPA’s

assertions that only termiticidal use leads to water contamination problems, USGS and others have found contamination of ground and surface water with chlorpyrifos and its metabolites, and EPA’s own modeling shows that it is likely that in certain areas of heavy use, chlorpyrifos (and its metabolites) present significant water risks. There is no evidence that the water risks of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites are limited to termiticidal use.

There is extensive evidence of the potential of chlorpyrifos to

contaminat e surface and groundwater. Combined USGS data
for state, local, national, and multi

- state studies that measured chlorpyrifos concentrations in surface water detected the pesticide at 7 of 108 (6%) sites sampled. Chlorpyrifos has medium runoff potential due to its relatively low water solubility, 2 mg/L , . A chlorpyrifos flux as a percentage of use of 0.15 has been measured in the Minnesota River. Chlorpyrifos is also, of
course, used in non

- agricultural settings, and can thus drift or runoff directly into surface water bodies in areas of high population density.

Data from the Mid

- Continent Pesticide Study show that chlorpyrifos was present in the ground water in 4.2% of the wells sampled. Chlorpyrifos has been detected in 0.6% of wells sampled, according to the U.S. EPA's Pesticides in Ground

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Water Database. Long (1989) detected chlorpyrifos in the ground water of 30% of 56 sites examined beneath pesticide mixing and loading facilities in Illinois. The maximum concentration detected was 0.5 ppb

.

Water monitoring sample sites are not necessarily correlated with chlorpyrifos use sites, and in particular, may miss sites where multiple fields are treated with chlorpyrifos resulting in pooled runoff into a common water source. In fact, the IRED

sta tes, “it is not clear that they [monitoring data] represent the most vulnerable groundwater where chlorpyrifos is used most intensively” (IRED p.18). Monitoring of surface water is likely to be subject to the same problem. Levels of chlorpyrifos in poole d runoff sites are likely to be many times higher than single field sites. Similarly, data collection is not timed to correspond with

worst

- case scenarios, such as closely following chlorpyrifos applications, or following large storm runoff events, and th us most often misses these highly toxic environmental exposures.

Using the PRZM/EXAMS screening model, EPA estimated that

90

- day average and peak chlorpyrifos concentrations were 6.7 and 40 ppb respectively. Meanwhile, acute DWLOCs for infants less than a year old, children 1

- 6 years and females 13 to 50 years ranged from 0.9 to 9 ppb. Chronic DWLOCs for these population groups ranged from 0.2 to 0.72 ppb. EPA’s modeling estimates therefore show that chlorpyrifos exposure in drinking water has the potential to exposed vulnerable groups of the population to unacceptable levels of this chemical. [NRDC]

57625 Chlortetracycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

57885 Cholesterol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormo nal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

85721331 Cipro

- fl oxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

53418 cis

- Androsterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

76573 Codeine Riverkeeper None provided The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

360689 Coprostanol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

486566 Cotinine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

143545908 cylindrospermopsin ASDWA,

AWWA A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to humans (factor 10), when considering the observed species (human

– animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile (Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for drinking water with 1.0 μg MC

- LR/l should provide for sufficient protection of the consumer. In contrast, the application of guidance values for BGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided as the TDIs of infants and children, as well as adult consumers, are readily exceeded due to repeated contamination of BGAS and consumer dependent variation in daily BGAS consumption. 'Cyanobacteria (algal toxins). Potential severe acute hepatotoxicity at low concentrations and possible liver damage. (AWWA)

Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public health concerns. (ASDWA) Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

67035227 Dehydronifedipine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

1007289 deisopropylatrazine NYDOH Co

- occurren ce of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

6190654 desethylatrazine NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

84742 Di(n

- butyl) phthalate NRDC, ASDWA DBP is an anti

- androgenic endocrine disruptor with developmental and reproductive toxicities. Post

- pubertal and adult exposures in rat studies are without apparent effects except at high doses. However, exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely

affect development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include a cluster of outcomes that has been called “phthalate syndrome” and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs, retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital

distance (AGD), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DBP does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis.

In humans, Swan et al. found associations between exposure to phthal ates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for anti

androgen exposure, anogenital distance (AGD). Although this endpoint is well

- recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a

common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DBP metabolite, monobutyl phthalate (MBP), were significantly associated with reduced AGD and anogenital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in ma le infants.

Other effects noted in animal studies which are not thought to be mediated by decreases in testosterone include an increase in fetal mortality and changes in the expression of some genes in the
testes, such as c

- kit. Changes in gene expression have been shown to occur at very low doses doses that are below those associated with the gross anatomical changes noted in phthalate syndrome. (NRDC)

CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA) DBP is a plasticizer found in numerous consumer pro ducts including cosmetics, hair sprays, nail polish, shampoos, lotions, and fragrances. DBP also is used as a solvent for oil

- soluble dyes, insecticides, peroxides, and other organics as an antifoam agent as a fiber lubricant in the textile industry as a

s olvent/plasticizer for nitrocellulose lacquers and as epoxy

resins.

DBP is produced at over one million pounds per year and there is widespread potential for human exposure from discharges to water. DBP has been previously detected in drinking water in

P oland and surface water in Germany. A recent study of water in southern California found DBP in raw and finished drinking water samples. (NRDC)

Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

3397624 diaminochloro triazine NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

333415 diazinon ASDWA Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health Advisory level. (ASDWA)

3039132 dibromoacetaldehyde AWWA No ne provided This class of disinfection by

- products was the third highest in concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except

monochloro - (difficult to analyze) and monobromo

- (not studied yet), all others are easily measured by conventional metho ds.

5278955 dibromochloroacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20

- 50% of total chlorine and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters (Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

1184890 dibromochloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

598914 dibromonitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assa ys. Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

1918009 Dicamba AWWA Slight expected toxicity. Some aquatic plants are highly sensitive to dicamba, with EC50 values for sensitive species between 0.1 and 0.2 ppm toxic to many terrestrial broadleaf and conifer species, less toxic to grasses. Based on acute toxicity tests dicamba is classified as slightly toxic to experimental mammals. Livestock may graze

dicamba

- treatead areas withtou restriction, unless they are actively prod ucing milk. Meat animals must be removed from treated areas 30 days before slaughter (C&P Press 1998). Based on an acute oral LD50 of 2740 mg/kg in rats, the U.S. EPA places dicamba in Category III (Rowland 1998). This category is associated with a code word of CAUTION that indicates that the compound may be harmful if swallowed (US. EPA 1998). Herbicide used in the control of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds, brush, and vines in rangeland and non

- cropland areas. Halftimes of dicamba in soil usually are between 1 and 6 weeks (Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997).Dicamba was detected in 0.32% of stream samples and 0.12% of samples from major aquifers (USGS 1998) highest level detected was 0.00016 mg/L. In an agricultural area where herbicides are used exte nsively,

dicamba was found in 17% - 55% of water samples from farm ponds and dugout waters (Grover et al. 1997). USGS (1998)

found dicamba in 0.11%

- 0.15% of the groundwaters surveyed. The maximum level detected was 0.0025 mg/L no apparent correlation between the prevalence of dicamba in groundwater from agricultural areas (0.11%) compared with non

- agricultural urban areas (0.35%). Several additional studies summarized in SERA (1994b) and studies published in the more recent liberatura (Miller et al. 1995, Ritter et al. 1996) report higher frequencies of occurrence of dicamba in groundwater from

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

agricultural areas. Dicamba is relatively volatile, and this process may be a significant factor in the dispersion of dicamba in the

enviroment. In a recent review, Majewski and Capel (1995) cite te occurrence of dicamba, along with several other pesticides in rain water at sites distant from any known agricultural application.Halftimes of dicamba in soil between 1

and 6 weeks (Cox 1994, Muller and Buser 1997) at a level of 10 mg/kg in sandy loam soil,

dicamba caused a transient decrease in nitrification after 2 but

not 3 weeks of

incubation

79027 dichloroacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by

- products was the third highest in

concentra tion (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except

monochloro - (difficult to analyze) and monobromo

- (not studied yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

7119893 dichloronitromethane AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

62737 Dichlorvos (DDVP) NRDC Dichlo rvos, or DDVP, is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture. Like other organophosphates, dichlorvos is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. DDVP exposure may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle spasms, and seizures. According to a 2000 EPA Cancer Assessment review, there is suggestive evidence that dichlorvos may cause cancer. The National Toxicology Program has stated that there is “clear evidence” of carcinogenic activity of dichlorvos in a mice study. One study has linked dichlorvos exposure to leukemia in children under 15. Another study has also found an association between dichlorvos exposure and leukemia in adult men. Furthermore, EPA

has determined that “dichlorvos has been shown to be a direct acting mutagen by common in vitro bacterial genetic toxicity assays and in vitro mammalian test systems.” Dichlorvos is soluble in water and may enter surface waters in runoff. However, no data on its occurrence in surface waters has

been collected there is also little data on dichlorvos in groundwater. Two other pesticides, naled and trichlorfon, degrade to dichlorvos in the environment and represent additional inputs of dichlorvos to water. However, monitoring data on these two pesticides is also very limited.

Giv en the lack of monitoring data, EPA used IR

- PCA

PRZM/EXAMS models to

calculate estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of dichlorvos in surface water. The models produced estimates that were below the EPA level of concern. However, the complete lack of monitoring data raises questions about whether an exclusive reliance on modeling results is appropriate for a neurotoxic and potentially carcinogenic pesticide such as dichlorvos. EPA should collect data monitoring data for dichlorvos by requiring such data from the registrants or commissioning its own studies to better assess drinking water risks and set an MCL if necessary.

115322 Dicofol NRDC Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide used in agriculture, primarily on cotton and citrus crops. Approximately 860,000 pounds of active ingredient are used every year. Animal studies have found that dicofol causes toxicity in the liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, thyroid, reproductive organs, heart and stomach. Liver and thyroid effects occurred at relatively low doses (100 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively). Dicofol is a possible human carcinogen. Dicofol has shown endocrine disruptor activity in vivo and in vitro. This chemical has been shown to interfere with blastocyst implantation in rats. EPA used its SCI -G ROW model to estimate dicofol concentrations in groundwater and calculated a 90

- day average peak concentration of 0.069 ppb. An overall mean surface water concentration of 0.5 ppb was estimated with the PRZM

- EXAMS

model. Both concentrations were below the Drinking Water Levels of Comparison (DWLOCs) for children and the general U.S. population for both acute and chronic exposure. However, there are some important shortcomings in EPA’s assessment of dicofol exposure and risk. The first problem with the asses sment is related to the way EPA calculated the Reference Dose (RfD). EPA is supposed to apply an additional safety factor of 10x to the RfD calculation to protect infants and children, who may have increased susceptibility to health effects from chemical

e xposures compared to adults. The Agency reduced the FQPA safety factor of 10x to 3x based on the lack of increased pre

natal or post

- natal susceptibility to dicofol in developmental toxicity studies. However, EPA stated that a developmental neurotoxicity study was necessary because dicofol produced neurotoxicity in rats and such a study might identify an endpoint for dietary risk. Despite lacking such a study, EPA improperly reduced the safety factor to 3x. If the 10x factor had been

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

applied as mandated by the Food Quality Protection Act, a more protective acute RfD of 0.015 mg/kg day

- 1 would have been chosen instead of the 0.05 mg/kg day

- 1 dose EPA used in its assessment. Had EPA applied the 10x safety factor, dicofol exposure from food alone would have exceeded the acute RfD and the EPA level of concern for all population groups (see Table 1). This would have resulted in a DWLOC of zero (0), so that any drinking water exposure would have been of concern.

Table 1. Comparison of acute dietary exposure value s from food at the 99.9th percentile

Population ~ Exposure (mg/kg/day) ~ % of Acute RfD With 3x safety factor* ~ % of Acute RfD With 10x safety factor**

US Population ~ 0.017523 ~ 35%~ 117%

Non

- nursing infants (1 year old) ~ 0.044923 ~ 90% ~ 299%

Chil dren (1

- 6 years old) ~ 0.034919 ~ 70% ~ 233%

Children (7

- 12 years old) ~ 0.024705 ~ 49% ~ 165%

*With 3x safety factor RfD = 0.05 mg/kg/day

**With 10x safety factor RfD = 0.015 mg/kg/day

The unwarranted reduction of the FQPA safety factor also

affected the outcome of the chronic dietary exposure assessment. As shown in Table 2, if the 10x factor had been applied, chronic exposures from food alone for infants and children 1 to 6 years old would have exceeded the level of concern. Therefore, any drinking water exposure would have

been of concern as well.

Table 2. Chronic Dietary Food Exposure and Risk Estimate to Dicofol (from food alone)

Population ~ Exposure (mg/kg/day) ~ % of Chronic RfD With 3x safety factor* ~ % of Chronic RfD With 10x safety factor* *

US Population ~ 0.000076~ 19% ~ 63%

Non

- nursing infants (1 year old) ~ 0.000129 ~ 32% ~ 108%

Children (1

- 6 years old) ~ 0.00015 ~ 38% ~ 125%

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Children (7

- 12 years old) ~ 0.000104 ~ 26% ~ 87%

*With 3x safety factor RfD = 0.0004 mg/kg/day

**With 10x safety factor RfD = 0.00012 mg/kg/day

Another shortcoming in the EPA assessment is that the Agency

relied on models to estimate environmental concentrations in surface and groundwater, but did not have a robust set of monitoring data. EPA should require t he collection of surface and groundwater monitoring data in areas where dicofol is applied. The Agency should use these data to corroborate its exposure estimates and make a regulatory determination for

dicofol under the SDWA.

84662 Diethyl phthalate (DEP ) NRDC, ASDWA In animal studies, DEP has been shown to cause increases in kidney and liver weight. DEP causes death at high doses. In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for anti

androgen exposure, ano

- genital distance. Although this endpoint is

well

- recognized in animal studies, it is not a standard measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DEP metabolite, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), was significantly associated with

reduced AGD and ano

- genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants. MEP has not been associated with the development of “phthalate syndrome” in male rats exposed in utero. (NRDC)

CDC (2005) has documented health effects. (ASDWA) DEP is a plasticizer used in a wide variety of consumer products. DEP is used in photographic films, blister packaging,
toothbrushes, toys, nail polish, fragrances and other cosmetics, and pharmaceutical coatings. DEP is a high production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million pounds per year. DEP has been detected in raw and finished drinking water samples in Southern California. ATSDR also reported measurable levels of DEP in groundwater and surface waters at NPL sites. (NRDC)

Frequently detected in surface waters. (ASDWA)

1672464 Digoxigenin Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

20830755 Digoxin Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergi stic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

28553120 Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) NRDC DINP is a plasticizer used in a number of consumer products including building materials such as flooring and wood veneers, artificial leather, wires and tubing, and children’s toys. DINP is a high production volume chemical, produced in volumes of over 1 million pounds per year.

DINP is an anti

- androgenic endocrine disruptor with developmental The Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the European Chemicals Bureau has estimated a half life in surface water for DINP of 50 days. According to the IHCP, 82 percent of any DINP discharged by sewage treatment plants will be adsorbed on to sludge, 10 percent will be degraded and 1 percent will be stripped to air. The remaining 7 percent will be released in the effluent. Given the widespread use and high

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

and reproductive toxicities. Post

- pubertal and adult exposures in rat studies are without apparent effects except at high doses, however exposures in pregnant rats have been shown to adversely affect development of the male reproductive tract. Adverse effects include a cluster of outcomes that has been called “phthalate syndrome” and includes underdeveloped or absent reproductive organs, retained nipples, cryptorchidism, decreased anogenital distance (AGD), hypospadias, and decreased or abnormal sperm. DINP does not bind to the androgen receptor and these effects are likely mediated through interference with testosterone synthesis. ,

In humans, Swan et al. (2005) found associations between exposure to phthalates and one of the most sensitive endpoints for

anti

- androgen exposure, ano

- genital distance. Although this endpoint is well

- recognized in animal studies, it is not

a standard measurement in humans. However, a decrease in AGD precedes a

common birth defect in the penis, hypospadias. In this study, the researchers

found that prenatal maternal urinary levels of the DINP metabolite, monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), was significantly associated with reduced AGD and ano

genital index (AGI = AGD/bodyweight) in male infants. prod uction volumes of DINP, these releases could pose risks for water quality. However, there does not appear to be surface water monitoring data for DINP in the United States. EPA should attempt to fill this data gap and establish an MCL for DINP if appropriate.

108203 diisopropyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. (NYDOH)

42399417 Diltiazem Riverk eeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

564250 Doxy

- cycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

76420729 Enalaprilat Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans an d aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

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Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

115297 Endosulfan NRDC Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide and acaricide. Technical grade endosulfan is made of both alpha and beta

stereoisomer s whose toxicity is manifested through blockage of inhibitory GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) gated chloride channels, resulting in over

- stimulation of the central nervous system. Endosulfan is a recognized neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor , making even extremely low

- dose exposures of very great concern, especially to vulnerable populations such as children and

fetuses.

Endosulfan is similar in its acute oral toxicity to the related insecticides aldrin and dieldrin, except that it is slightly more toxi c than these substances in female laboratory animals. Inhalation of endosulfan dust by humans has been associated with slight nausea, confusion, excitement, flushing, and dry mouth . Nine employees who had been working with 50

- percent water

- wettable endos ulfan powder for only a few days had convulsions .

Endosulfan is a significant endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant. This pesticide increases the rate of testosterone breakdown and excretion. In immature rats, endosulfan causes significant dose

- related decreases in sperm counts, and causes sperm deformities at low exposure levels. In fish, endosulfan elevates levels of thyroxine and suppresses levels of triiodothyronine, probably by inhibiting the conversion of thyroxine to T3. The developing brain is potentially most severely affected by this pesticide via altered levels of critical neurotransmitters such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin the altered neurotransmitter levels are associated with deficits in learning and

memory. The EPA estimates that 1.4 million pounds of endosulfan are applied annually to US crops. According to the EFED risk assessment for the RED on endosulfan, monitoring data show widespread contamination of surface water. EPA modeled

surface water contamination and calculated acute estimated environmental concentrations ranging from 4.49 ppb to 23.86 ppb. Chronic EECs ranged from 0.53 ppb to 1.5 ppb. The acute and chronic EEC for endosulfan in groundwater was 0.012 ppb.

EPA concluded in the RED that “residues of endosulfan in drinking water are of concern” for acute exposure for infants less than one year old and for children 1

- 6 years old. EPA determined that exposure from food alone created risks of concern for children 1 to 6 years old and set a DWLOC of zero ( 0) ppb for this population.

EPA proposed mitigation measures to address risks from endosulfan contamination of drinking water (110

- foot setbacks for ground applications, 3

- foot vegetative buffers, and reductions in application rates). However, the implementation of required mitigation measures to reduce pesticide risks is rarely monitored or enforced. Given the risk indicated in the drinking
water exposure assessment, EPA should require more widespread monitoring

for endosulfan and take regulatory action to establish an MCL for endosulfan.

93106606 Enrofloxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

517099 Equilenin Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human

contrac eptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

474862 Equilin Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but h ormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

114078 Erytho romycin

- H20 Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

50271 Estriol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

53167 Estrone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

637923 ethyl

- tert

- butyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. (NYDOH)

2164172 Fluometuron AWWA RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d)=0.013. Possible carcinogen slight acute (PAN) Oc currence (0.046 ppb 95%ile (USGS)

54910893 Fluoxintine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

25812300 Gemfibrozil Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

2163680 hydroxyatrazine NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

154212 Lincomycin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states in dicates widespread exposure.

330552 Linuron NRDC Linuron is a urea

- based herbicide used primarily on soybeans (79 percent of usage). It has been shown to cause non

- malignant testicular and liver tumors in animals. Investigation of the testicular

tumors revealed that this herbicide acts by blocking the function of male androgens. In animals, at relatively low doses, linuron is a recognized anti

- androgen. This chemical has been shown in laboratory studies to decrease male sex organ weights, cause

testicula r atrophy, delay puberty, and increase estrogen levels in

males. About 400,000 pounds of linuron are used in U.S. agriculture each year. This herbicide persists for 1

- 5 months in soil, and has been shown to run off of fields into surface and groundwater supplies. EPA concluded in its Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) that linuron exceeded the Levels of Concern (LOC) for groundwater quality. EPA also expressed “moderate concerns” for drinking water supply systems relying on surface water

sources.

Several factors in EPA’s drinking water exposure assessment raise concerns about groundwater contamination. In the groundwater portion of the assessment, data were present for only four states: Georgia, Missouri, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In Georgia linuron was found in groundwater in concentrations up to 5 ppb. EPA later cast doubt on the reliability of the data and removed it from consideration in the final RED, basing its decision on new information received from the State of Georgia.

Valid groundwater detections in Missouri (up to 1.9 ppb), Virginia (up to 1.31 ppb in 4 of 8 wells) and Wisconsin (up to 2.7 ppb) may seriously underestimate linuron levels throughout the country because these three states are not among the 16

- 20 states where linuron is most heavily used. The sixteen states listed on page 3 of EPA’s Overview of Linuron Risk Assessment appear to account for well over 80% of linuron use in the United States, so the complete absence of any data on groundwater in any of these states is a critical data gap. The USGS has also reported on areas where linuron is most heavily used on a per

acre basis. The USGS maps indicate that Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Delaware, and Maryland are heavy use states. These states are not among the ones from which groundwater data are available. Strangely, only one of these (Michigan) is listed by EPA as among heavy use states.

Casting further doubt on EPA’s estimates of the risks of linuron in drinking water sources is the fact that the model used for surface water assessment was not tested against any data whatsoever. The exposure estimates (18 ppb) for infants and children exceed EPA’s chronic DWLOC (6 ppb) by three

- fold. This result is of particular concern in light of the serious flaws in the drinking water risk assessment that conspire to

underestimate the actual risk. EPA admits that “residues of linuron and its metabolites in drinking water may represent a

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

chronic human health risk...” (p. 42).

Since linuron is not regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act

wat er supply systems are not required to sample or analyze for it. This is a particular problem because EPA admits that drinking water treatment is unlikely to remove linuron and its degradates. The Agency must move rapidly to collect more data on linuron in water and must make a high priority of regulating linuron under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

121755 Malathion AWWA None provided Commonly used insecticide - log n

- octanol

- water partition

coefficient 2.36 - 2.89, solubility in water 145 mg/L at 25 oC. WHO states that the presence of malathion in drinking water under usual conditions is unlikely to represent a hazard to human health and has not proposed a guideline in drinking

water

7439965 Manganese NRDC At high doses manganese is known to cause neurological damage resulting in an illness which closely resembles Parkinson’s disease.

Somewhat lower doses have been shown to cause subtle neurologic problems such as delayed reaction time, tremors, and memory impairment. In addition to the neurologic effects, exposure may cause respiratory problems such as an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections and bronchitis. A recent report of a cross

sectional investigation of intellectual function in 142 10

- year

- old children in Bangladesh, who had been consuming well water with an average concentration of 793 ppb found that water manganese was associated with reduced scores on standardized intelligence testing. In the United States, roughly 6% of domestic wells have manganese concentrations that exceed 300 ppb. The authors concluded that in both Bangladesh and the United States, some children are at risk for manganese

- induced neurotoxicity from drinking contaminated water. In addition, prenatal exposure to manganese is associated with delayed psychomotor development in

children. Manganese was included in CCL1, but EPA made the determination not to regulate it. However, recent neurological and developmentnal data that was not available during the assessment of the CCL1 contaminants support the inclusion of manganese in CCL3.

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

93652 Mecoprop ASDWA None provided Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study near EPA Health Advisory level. (ASDWA)

72333 Mestranol Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose sig nificant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers ] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

657249 Metformin Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

298000 Methyl parathion AWWA Methyl parathion interferes with the normal way that the nerves and brain function. Exposure to very high levels of methyl parathion for a short period in air or water may cause death, loss of consciousness, dizziness, confusion, headaches, difficult breathing, chest tightness, wheezing, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, tremors, blurred vision, and sweating. Rfd (EPA, mg /kd/d)=0.00025.Acute toxicity, chlolinestarase inhibitor (PAN) Methyl parathion is a pesticide used to kill insects on crops. Occurrence (0.006 ppb 95%ile and 0.061 max (USGS)

51218452 Metolachlor NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose he alth risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCD OH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

171118095 Metolachlor ethanesulfonic

acid NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

152019733 Metolachlor oxanilic acid NYDOH Co

- occurrence of parents and degradates may pose health risks beyond those associated with exposure to a single chemical. (NYDOH) Widespread use of parent compounds and environmental persistence of degradates has resulted in contaminated water supplies nationwide (Barbash, et al., 2001) and within NY (SCDOH, 2002; USGS & NYSDEC, 1998). (NYDOH)

101043372 Microcystin LR ASDWA,

AWWA Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood to spill into liver tissue. This bleeding can lead swiftly to death. (AWWA)

Many states have had algal blooms severe enough to prompt public health concerns. (ASDWA) Significant amount of data on occurrence, health effects and treatment of cyanobacterial toxins. A national review would help to coalesce the data. (ASDWA)

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

17157481 monobromoacetaldehyde AWWA None prov ided This class of disinfection by

- products was the third highest in concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except

monochloro - (difficult to analyze) and monobromo

- (not studied yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

107200 monochloroacetaldehyde AWWA None provided This class of disinfection by

- products was the third highest in concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except

monochloro - (difficult to analyze) and monobromo

- (not studied yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

77439760 MX AWWA,

NYDOH High Potential Toxicity. [AWWA]. Induces thyroid and bile duct tumors; animal studies indicate carcinogenicity. DBP that has been shown to cause advserse health outcomes (carcinogenicity) (NYDOH) Found in Massachusetts drinking water at 4

- 80 ng/L (Wright, et al., 2002). In 12 water treatment plants, representing all 9 EPA regions, MX found in finished water at a median concentration of 20 ng/L and a 75%ile of 60 ng/L. (Krasner, et al., 20 06). Found in drinking water in Japan, UK, and Finland. (NYDOH)

91203 naphthalene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and ATSDR. (ASDWA) Among the most frequently detected aromatic compounds in water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

14797558 nitrate ASDWA, TCEQ Adverse health effects on infants and pregnant or nursing women. (TXCEQ, ASDWA) Issue of chloranimation and nitrification. Texas study indicated

ha lf of water systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite, and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at least one sample. (TXCEQ, ASDWA)

14797650 nitrite ASDWA, TCEQ Adverse health effects on infants and pregnant or nursing women. (T XCEQ, ASDWA) Issue of chloranimation and nitrification. Texas study indicated half of water systems using chloramines had detectable nitrite, and as many as 10% detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in at least one sample. (TXCEQ, ASDWA)

55185 N- Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) AMWA, AWWA Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA) This class of non

- halogenated disinfection by

- products includes the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent

nitrosamine found i n wastewater and has been found in an

effluent

- impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)

Disinfection by

- product. Occurrence may increase with

increa sed chloramination (AMWA)

62759 N- nitrosodimethylamine ASDWA,
AMWA, AWWA Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA)

DHHS has determined NDMA "may reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen." (ASDWA) This class of non

- halogenated disinfection by

- products i ncludes the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent

nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an

effluent

- impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)

Disinfection by

- product.Occurrence may increase with increased chloramination (AMWA)

Found in groundwater associated with rocket fuel; may be a DBP. (ASDWA)

621647 N- Nitrosod i-n- propylamine (NDPA) AMWA, AWWA Probable human carcinogen. (AMWA) This class of non

- halogenated disinfection by

- products includes the aggregate of all nitrosamines measurable by a single method and NMOR. NMOR is the second most prevalent

nitrosamine found in wastewater and has been found in an

effluent

- impacted river used as a drinking water supply. NMOR can be analyzed for by all nitrosamine methods except for the one developed by the EPA. (AWWA)

Disinfection by

- product.Occurrence may increase with inc reased chloramination. (AMWA)

25154523 Nonylphenol (NP) NRDC An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are

presen t at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human estrogen receptor has shown similar results. Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively in sewage treatment plant s or in the environment. Instead they degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.

9016459 Nonylphenol ethoxylat e (NPE) NRDC These compounds include:

An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human estrogen receptor has shown similar results. Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.

70458967 Norfloxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread e xposure.

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

27193288 Octylphenol (OP) NRDC These compounds include:

An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to

wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are

p resent at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human estrogen receptor has shown similar results. Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively in sewage treatment plants or in the environment. Instead they degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.

9036195 Octylphenol etho xylate (OPE) NRDC These compounds include:

An estimated 450,000,000 pounds of Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs) are produced annually in the United States,

and about half that amount is estimated to be released to wastewater. Alkylphenols were first reported to be estrogenic in the 1930s. In 1991, publication of the effects of nonylphenol on cultured human breast cancer cells led to health concerns. Estrogenic effects have also been shown in the mouse. Estrogenic effects are present at tissue concentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenol and 1 μM for nonylphenol. A recombinant yeast screen using the human estrogen receptor has shown similar results. Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates do not break down effectively in sewage treatment plants or in the environ ment. Instead they degrade to alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which persist for longer. Nonylphenol and its ethoxylates, and other alkylphenols, have been detected in wastewater and in
waterways.

79572 Oxytetracycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widesp read exposure.

Paroxetine metabolite Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

14797730 Perchlorate Anonymous None provided - None provided -

375224 Pe rfluorobutanoic acid ASDWA, USEPA Region

3 Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress

refer to OPPT's PFOA web site

Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included with PFOA (AWWA)

Health effects data limited. (ASDWA) Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity. PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of about 4 years. (AWWA)

Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a number of states. (ASDWA)

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

3 35671 Perfluorooctanoic acid ASDWA, NJDEP, USEPA Region 3 Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress

refer to OPPT's PFOA web site

Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included with PFOA (nominator)

EPA and NJDEP assessing health effect s. (NJDEP)

Health effects data limited. (ASDWA) Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufacturing uses. PFOS was phased out by 3 M, in 2002 due to toxicity. PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of about 4 years. (nominator)

2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOA was quantitated at 65% of water systems sampled (78% of systems if non

quantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged from 0.003 ppb to 0.039 ppb. (NJDEP)

Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a number of states. (ASDWA)

1763231 Perfluorooctanoic sulfonate ASDWA, NJDEP, USEPA Region 3 Suspected toxicity, Risk assessment in progress

refer to OPPT's PFOA web site

Also associated checmicals PFOS and PFBA should be included with PFOA (nominator)

EPA and NJDEP assessing health effects. (NJDEP)

Health effects data limited. (ASDWA) Used in stain resistance coatins in food processing and in numerous processes for flame retardant foams, surfactants in polymer manufacturing and numerous other manufact uring uses. PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002 due to toxicity. PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS in many application, but all three are highly persistant in the environment and appear to accumulate in the blood proteins of humans with a half life of about 4 years. (nominator)

2006 Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOS was quantitated at 30% of water systems sampled (57% of systems if non

quantifiable detects are considered). Concentrations ranged from 0.0023 ppb to 0.019 ppb. (NJDEP)

Low, but consistently detectable levels in water systems in a number of states. (ASDWA)

61949777 Permethrin, trans AWWA IARC classified as group 3 for expected toxicity. No human data regarding carcinogenicity and is not genotoxic Mixture of 4 stereoisomers (trans and cis). Contact insectide used for a broad ranges of pests. Water solubility 0.2 mg/L and log octanol water partition coefficient 6.5. Surface waters may become contaminated when applied directly for mosquito

control. Soil half

- life approx. 28 days.Occurrence 0.006 ppb 95%ile (USGS). Concentrations as high as 0.8 mg/L have been detected in surface water. Levels in drinking water have not been reported. WHO has not established a drinking water guideline as it is believed to occur below levels of concern

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

732116 Phosm et NRDC Organophosphate. Neurotoxic; causes red blood cell, plasma, serum and brain Cholinesterase inhibition; mutagenic. May affect fetal development. Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity. NRDC disagrees with EPA's determination of a NOAEL as presented in IRED. (NRDC) 1.25 M lobs/year applied to apples, peaches, walnuts, almonds and pears. Mobile in runoff; has potential to contaminate drinking water sources. IRED drinking water assessment based on limited monitoring data estimating concentrations fr om 0.4 to 140 ppb and basis of PAD are flawed (details in submitted comments.) [NRDC]

57830 Progesterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combining compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

1610180 prometon ASDWA Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washin gton study near EPA Health Advisory level. (ASDWA)

114261 Propoxur NRDC None provided - - None provided

129000 pyrene ASDWA The toxicity of these compounds has been studied by EPA and ATSDR. (ASDWA) Among the most frequently detected aromatic compoun ds in water samples based on a recent study. (Serdar, et al., 1999). Diesel fuel widely used and released. (ASDWA)

13233324 Radium 224 AWWA, Anonymous Radium is a class A carcinogen, that is, a demonstrated carcinogen in human populations. It is biochemically similar to calcium and barium when ingested, and concentrates in bone. The USEPA has established a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for radium in public drinking water supplies. The MCL is 5 pCi/L for combined
radium, which is defined as the sum of Ra

- 226 and Ra

- 228 (USEPA 2000a). The MCL for gross alpha

- particle activity is 15 pCi/L. However, due to its short half life (3.66 days), the concentration of

Ra

- 224 is not included in the definition of combined radium as posed by USEPA. Because of its short half life, much of the ingested Ra

- 224 decays on bone surfaces, where it may have enhanced effectiveness (Mays et al. 1985 Schleien 1992). Re

evaluation by USEPA indicates that lifetime cancer risk from ingestion of Ra

- 224 is less than that from ingestion of an equal

amount of Ra

- 226 or Ra

- 228, but greater than that suggested in the Mays et al study (USEPA 1999). The concern is that previously undetected presence of Ra

- 224 may pose an additional, quantifiable radium health risk that currently is not accounted for by

the 5

- pCi/L MCL for combined radium in drinking water. Extensive monitoring in the State of New Jersey over the past several years has established the presence of unsupported Ra

224 as the significant source of the elevated alpha

- particle radioactivity (Parsa 1998). A follow

- up national survey by the

USEPA and USGS has demonstrated that Ra

- 224 may be present in significant quantities in ground water (Focazio et al. 2001). Since then, the USEPA has issued a Notice of Data Availability ( NODA) recommending the gross alpha

- particle analysis of public water supplies be performed within 48

- 72 hours from the sample collection time to capture the

contributions from Ra

- 224 (USEPA 2000b). A recent study by USGS, NJDEP, and NJDHSS confirms that R a- 224 contributes considerable gross alpha

- particle activity to drinking water produced from the New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer system (Szabo et al. 2005). Radium

- 224 occurrence in drinking water should be expected in any area of the country that is

geo logically similar to New Jersey.

'In Final Radionuclides in Water Rule on December 7, 2000 (USEPA 2000a), USEPA agrees that Ra

- 224 is a health concern and believes that collecting data to determine if Ra

- 224 is of national concern is the appropriate next step for detemining if

Ra

- 224 should be regulated separately. It states that “The

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

Agency plans to collect additional occurrence information for Ra

224, which may involve coordination with the USGS, and will evaluate whether future regulatory action or guidance is necessary”.

66357355 Ranitidine Riverkeeper May be toxic to humans and aquatic life. Some OWCs degrade to more persistent compounds and enter surface waters. nCombining selectedd OWCs can produce synergistic effects. The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

80214831 Roxithromycin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

9810599 8 Sarafloxacin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

7440235 Sodium Riverkeeper Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat; drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper) Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water

from di rect or snowmelt run

- off and release from surface soils

and/or wind

- borne spray. NYCDEP reports that most of the Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)

7647145 Sodium chloride Riverkeeper Road salting leads to degradation of vegetation and habitat; drinking water impacts. (Riverkeeper) Road salts can enter air, soil, groundwater and surface water

from direct or snowmelt run

- off and release from surface soils

and/or wind

- borne spray. NYCDEP repor ts that most of the Croton watershed have displayed steady increases in conductivity since the 1990s. (Riverkeeper)

122112 Sulfadimethoxine Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- re sistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

127797 Sulfamerazine Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

57681 S ulfamethazine Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

144821 Sulfamethizole Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to surv ive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

723466 Sulfamethoxazole Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibioti c- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

72140 Sulfathiozole Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

7585 4 tert

- amyl alcohol NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. (NYDOH)

919948 tert

- amyl ethyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. (NYDOH)

994058 tert

- amyl methyl ether NYDOH Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS; carcinogen. (NYDOH) Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. (NYDOH)

75650 tert

- butyl alcohol NYDOH,

NJDEP Can cause adverse effects on the liver, kidney and CNS. (NYDOH) Kidney toxicity; kidney tumors in male rats in NTP bioassay. Toxic to thyroid and bladder in male and female mice; thyroid tumors in

male and female mice. Health

- based groundwater criterion of 100 ug/L based on nephropathy in female rats in NTP study; NTP LOAEL from kidney study = 175 mg/kg

- d; Group C possible human carcinogen. Applied UF of 10,000 from LOAEL and 10 for poss. carc., assuming RSC of 20% (NJDEP) NJ Study: Occurs in GW. Octanol enhancer, co

- contaminant with MTBE, other uses. Detected in 36 out of 3,048 private wells. Min: 10 ppb; max: 251 ppb; mean: 67 ppb. (NJDEP)

Use of oxygenates other than MtBE expected to increase (Shih, et al., 2004; NEIWPCC, 2001). Mobile in the environment. (NYDOH)

58220 Testosterone Riverkeeper Any organic wastewater contaminant may be toxic, but hormonal compounds may pose significant health risks. a human contraceptive produces estrogenic effects "at extremely low and environmentally relevant levels" [Fent et al, 2006]. Combinin g compounds may produce synergistic effects. Degradates may pose an even greater risk. [Riverkeepers] The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

60548 Tetracycline Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

75967 tribromoacetic acid NYDOH Known to cause adverse health effects. (NYDOH) These four HAAs typically constitute 20

- 50% of total chlo rine and bromine containing HAA observed in finished waters (Roberts, et al., 2002). (NYDOH)

464108 tribromonitromethane (bromopicrin) AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentration is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

52686 Trichlorfon NRDC Neurotoxic; cholinesterase inhibitor. Associated with kidney, lung and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Anemia reported; caused a statistically significant increase in mononuclear cell leukemia. Also a developmetnal toxicant. Although a group E carcinogen, NRDC feels there is evidence of potential carcinogenicity. (NRDC) Despite cancelled feed and food crop uses, still approved for agricultural uses. Detected in Georgia groundwater in 12 of 179 wells up to 10 ppb. Highly mobile in soil. RED does not address drinking water exposure. (NRDC)

75876 trichloroacetaldehyde AWWA None pr ovided This class of disinfection by

- products was the third highest in concentration (albeit, not as high as THMs or HAAs). Except

monochloro - (difficult to analyze) and monobromo

- (not studied yet), all others are easily measured by conventional methods.

76062 trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) AWWA None provided This class was studied by Plewa (University of Illinois) and DeAngelo (USEPA). Plewa found some of them to be 1

- 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the HAAs by his assays.

Their concentratio n is 1

- 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of

the HAAS.

101202 triclocarban NYDOH Used in high volume; limited data; similar to halogenated biphenyls, suggesting potential endocrine, developmental and reproductive risk. (NYDOH) Documented in surface wa ters and wastewater, but data limited. In common use; largely unchanged by wastewater treatment. (NYDOH)

55335063 triclopyr ASDWA Detected levels near EPA Health Advisory Detected in Lake Whatcom, Washington study below EPA Health Advisory level. (ASDW A)

3380345 Triclosan NRDC, NYDOH Triclosan is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent that is widely used in personal care products such as soaps, toothpastes,
cosmetics, skin creams and deodorants kitchen accessories such as cutting boards and utensils and in textiles such as sportswear, shoes and carpets.

Triclosan is produced at over one million pounds per year. The

chemical structure of triclosan is similar to other endocrine disrupting compounds and potential breakdown products of triclosan

include dio xins.

Recently, low levels of triclosan were found to interfere with the metamorphosis of frogs. Exposure to as little as 0.15 micrograms/l triclosan caused an earlier metamorphosis than normal, with effects on the tadpole brain and tail. Triclosan act ivates the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR), which is involved in the enzymatic metabolism of steroids and xenobiotics. (NRDC)

Potential endocrine disruptor; structurally similar to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dioxins and furans. There are substantia l in vitro data on the mammalian pharmacokinetics of triclosan interactions Triclosan has been found in wastewater treatment effluent and

d rinking water sources. Triclosan was detected in Louisiana sewage treatment plant effluent at 10

- 21 ng/l. Boyd (2004) reported triclosan concentrations of ND
– 29 ng/l in two

stormwater canals in New Orleans. Triclosan has also been detected in raw and finished drinking water samples from Southern California. (NRDC)

Widespread occurrence in surface water and biota (Kolpin, et al., 2002 and others) and some detections in ground water. Ubiquitous in Not effectively removed from wastewater by

conventiona l treatment. Ubiquitous and used in high volume as disinfectant in personal care products. Occurs in plasma and human breast milk. (NYDOH)

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# Appendix 1: Chemical Nominations

Supporting Information

CASRN Common Name Nominator Health Effects Occurrence

with molecular and biochemical receptor targets. Subchronic and chronic whole animal studies are sparse. (NYDOH)

738705 trimethoprim NYDOH, Riverkeeper Emerging contaminant of possible health concern. 25th ranked presciption me dicine in the US. (NYDOH) Known or suspected toxicity. [Riverkeepers] NYDOH surveyed the New York city watershed; in each of four WWTP effluent sampled and at high frequency. De tected as high as 8,090

- 37,000 ng/L. USGS detected in groundwater at concentrations ranging from 0.1

- 100 ng/L in Long Island. Median NREC concentration 103 ng/L. Relatively stable and moderately mobile. (NYDOH)

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 stat es indicates widespread exposure. Meets definition of "emerging contaminants" because not historically considered contaminant but present on a global scale. [Riverkeepers]

1401690 Tylosin Riverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 30 states indicates widespread exposure.

21411530 Virginiamycin R iverkeeper Low level introduction of antibiotics into the environment promotes the proliferation of antibiotic

- resistant genes in bacteria. (Mackie et al, 2006) Ability to survive wastewater treatment and biodegradation.

Detected in 80% of 139 streams in 3 0 states indicates widespread exposure.

81812 Warfarin Riverkeeper None provided The FDCA does not permit dispensing prescription drugs to the public via effluent discharges into water supplies, but this is what is occurring in NYC and elsewhere with no control or oversight. [Riverkeepers]

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# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

CCL

3 Final CCL

3

Adenovirus AWWA Although many adeno viruses replicate efficiently in the intestine, only the enteric

adenoviruses 40 and 41 have been recognized as important causes of gastroenteritis in

children. Adenoviral gastroenteritis occurs mostly in children under the age of 2, particularly during th e first year of life. Symptoms are watery diarrhea and sometimes vomiting. Other susceptible populations are

at risk. Over a 1 year period [June 2002

- 03] adenoviruses were detected in 5.32% of treated drinking water

and 22.22% of river water samples using nested PCR

. Most of the river samples were serotypes 40 and 41 and three drinking water samples were 40 and 41. [van EPA Notes: This group

was included on the

Final CCL 3. Yes Yes Yes

Adenovirus (enteric serotypes) ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes

Astrovirus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes

Campylobacter jejuni AWWA Major enteric pathogen: infant mortality. C. jejuni infections peaks during infancy and again in young adults aged 15

- 44 years.

Acute self

- limited gastrointest inal illness, characterized by diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. However, one in 1000 infections may lead to Guillian

- Barre syndrome. Fluoroquinolone resistance has been reported in C.jeuni since the 1980s in Europe

and since 1995 in USA. 1980

- 2003 there have been 20 waterborne Campylobacter outbreaks reported, involving 11,608 cases [Martin et al]. In May 2000, E.coli 157:H7 and C. jejuni contaminated the drinking supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill [Holme 2003] Y es Yes Yes Yes

Coxsackieviruses AWWA Health effects are aseptic meningitis, febrile illness, vomiting, pleurodynia, respiratory illness, myocarditis, possible chronic sequelae Frequently detected in water. Common in sewage EPA Notes: The final

CCL 3 incl udes

enterovirus. The CDC

includes the polioviruses,
coxsackieviruses,
echoviruses, and other

enteroviruses under this group. Yes (as Enterovirus) Yes (as Enterovirus) Yes (as Enterovirus)

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# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

CCL

3 Final CCL

3

Cyanobacteria AWWA A high degree of uncertainty remains as to the sufficiency of the uncertainty factors applied during extrapolation from animals to humans (factor 10), when considering the observed species (human

– animal) differences in organic anion transporter profile (Fischer et al., in press) and hence kinetic and dynamic dissimilarities (Batista et al., 2003). Despite these caveats, it appears that for the time being, the WHO guidance value for drinking water with 1.0 μg MC

LR/l should provide for sufficient protection of the consumer. In contrast, the applicatio n of guidance values for BGAS (Gilroy et al., 2000) appears misguided

as the TDIs of infants and
children, as well as adult consumers, are readily exceeded due to repeated contamination of BGAS and consumer dependent

variat ion in daily BGAS consumption

Cy anobacteria (algal toxins).

Potential severe acute hepatotoxicity at low concentrations and possible liver damage None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

E. coli (toxigenic) AWWA People have died because of

waterborne outbreaks with this group of organisms. Mort ality

1991

- 2002 2 deaths Several outbreaks in the US and

around the worlk. E. coli recovered from 188 drinking

water sources with 15 were pathogenic serotypes. References list causes of drinking

water outbreaks in the United

States. 1961

- 1970 4 outbreaks

and 188 cases 1971

- 2000 EPA Notes: E. coli is

included on the final

CCL 3.

M ost strains of E. coli

O157:H7 will not be detected by currently approved methods used for regulatory monitoring within the Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

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3

water industry.

Echoviruses AWWA Health effects are aseptic meningitis, seizure and coma in some children, vomiting, respiratory illness, myocarditis. Each year in the United States,

an estimated 30 million non

- polio

enterovirus infections cause aseptic meningitis hand, foot, and

mouth diseases and non

- specific upper respiratory diseases - the

most common causes of these

infections are echoviruses Common in sewage and also detected in treated drinking water EPA Notes: The final

CCL 3 includes

enterovirus. The CDC

includes the polioviruses

, coxsackieviruses,
echoviruses, and other

enteroviruses under this group. Yes

Encephalitozoon

hellem AWWA ibid. ibid. Yes Yes (as Microsporidia )

Encephalitozoon

intestinalis AWWA The prevalenece of E. bieneusi infections among HIV

- infected patie nts reached up to 50% during the years 1993

- 2001,

however the administration of antiretroviral therapy can result in

remission of HIV

- associated intestinal microsporidiosis. Although predominantly described among adults suffering from immunodeficiency due to HIV infection, E. bieneusi infections are also reported from

HIV

- naegative patients who were immuocompr0mised due to underlying disease or therapeutic immunosuppression when undergoing organ transplantation. E. cuniculi, persons with exposure to infec ted

rabbits have become infected. Patients undergoing organ transplantation. E. hellum has been diagnosed in around 50 HIV infected persons. Has also been

identified on two occasions in Detection of E. bieneusi and confirmation to the species level achieved by PCR and

sub sequent sequence analysisof part of the ssrRNA gene in surface water but not ground water samples. None of the E.

cuniculi strains found in humans

have been detected in surface
water, however, the mouse strain was identified by PCR in one of 50 water sampl es from

Switzerland. E. intestinalis has been identified by sequence analysis of PCR amplicons from surface water and ground water and from samples of source water. Also from species

- specific

PCR in zebra mussels from a

river. In addition to the E.

intesti nalis and hellem,

there are two other species that should be

included in the the

name of contaminant. They are Encephalitozoon

cuniculu and Enterocytozoon

bieneusi. The

contaminant field was

truncated at a certain length which it did not

allow to store the se two

other names. Yes Yes (as Microsporidia )

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# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

CCL

3 Final CCL

3

nonimmunosuppressed and HIV seronegative patients and in fecal sample s from travelers.

E.intestinalis is the second most prevalent microsporidial species infecting HIV

- positive patients.

Has also been identified in HIV

negative travelers.

Enteroviruses (includes poliovirus,
echovirus, coxsackievirus) ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes

GWR, LT2 Viruses in ground water ASDWA Viruses can cause a range of

adverse health effects.S pecific viruses that may be of concern are described in the preambles to EPA’s Ground Water Rule (GWR) and Long Tej.iii 2 Enhanced

Surface Water Treatment Rule.

Viral inactivation is the basis for

much of the Ground Water Rule.
However, no nationwide data for viral occurrence in drinking water
wells is available, so it is not possible to ascertain the breadth of the problem. Many specific
case studies exist, and these are helpful in guiding research. However, no broad study linicing hyd.rogeologic sensitivi ty, well characteristics, and viral presence has been performed. Monitoring under the Ground Water Rule may provide some insight but few systems will do actual virus testing in response to

this rule. More detailed virus studies are needed and only
EPA, thr ough the CCL process,

has the resources to conduct

such valuable research. Viruses may be present in aquifers, as demonstrated by studies on hydrogeologically

sensitive wells. Ore recent

studies have shown the possibility of viral contamination

in wells th at are relatively well protected from surface water

intrusion. Group

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# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

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Helicobacter pylori AWWA Helicobacter pylori is the cause of

60

- 95% of all peptic ulcers. Other gastric disorders including chronic gastritis, mucosal

associated lymphoid tissue (M ALT) lymphoma of the digestive tract, and

adenocarcinoma of the stomach have been attributed to H. pylori infection (Blaser and Atherton, 2004). Helicobacter pylori is classified as a class I carcinogen by the International Association of Cancer Registrie s. Hegarty et al. (1999) isolated actively respiring H. pylori from

40% of surface and 65% of shallow ground water samples tested. H. pylori has also been

detected in lakes in the Canadian artic (McKeown et al. 1999), private wells and municipal tap

wate r in Sweden (Hulten et al. 1998), in well water in Japan (Horiuchi et al. 2001), and private well water samples (Baker and Hegarty, 2001). Water source

was identified as a risk factor of H. pylori infection among Peruvian children (Klein et al. 1991) irrespective of

socioeconomic status.

Standardized methods for

detection of Helicobacter from water do not exist and negative occurrence data may be

unreliable since low nutrient and hyperosmotic conditions can induce a rapid viable nonculturable state (Perciv al et al., 2004). EPA Notes: H. Pylori s

included on the final

CCL 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Hepatitis A virus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

Hepatitis E virus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes

Legionella AWWA Legionnaires’ desease, which has a high fatality rate, produces pneumonia and also affects the nervous, gastrointestinal and urinary systems Blackburn et al surveillance summary includes drinking water

associated outbreaks of Legionnaires disease (LD) six

outbreaks of LD occurred during

2001

- 2002.In water and the environment Legionella require the presence of other bacteria or protozoa in order to grow. However, biofilm may be an area where Legionella may multiply. EPA Notes: L.pnuemophilla is

included on the final

CCL 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes

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# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

CCL

3 Final CCL

3

Methylobacteria AWWA Immunocompromised patients. Suggested to monitor for the Methylobacteria in distribution systems in hospital units for immunocompromised patients Isolated from chlorinated and raw water supplies: potable water and

di stribution system Considered an emerging pathogen in Japan Yes

Microcystin LR (Cyanobacterial toxin) AWWA 'Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood to spill into liver tissue. This bleeding can lead swiftly to death. None Provided. Yes Yes Yes Yes

Mimiv irus Anon/ASM At present, Mimivirus has been implicated in various cases of pneumonia. However, its recent discovery has not provided sufficient time to fully recognize or understand the scope of its

health effects and risks. Its ecology is also uncertai n, so it is not yet possible to ascertain

whether it constitutes an emerging risk, or how it may respond to environmental change. The impact of the Mimivirus on pneumonia warrants further study of it as a CCL 3 organism. Mimivirus is a recently discovered giant virus that infects amoeba.

The virus was discovered in studies of cooling tower water in Bradford, England containing the

free

- living amoeba, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, which was implicated in a pneumonia

outbreak in 1992. Studies of the water revealed a microbe growing

in the amoebae that resembled

small Gram

- positive cocci. The agent has characteristic viral morphology, an icohsahedral capsid, and contains a double

stranded, circular DNA genome of about 800 kilobase pairs. The agent has a typical virus developmental cycle, including an eclipse phase, but it resembles a

bacterium when Gram

- stained. It

has been named Mimivirus for Mimicking microbe, and is the largest known virus. The ecology of Mimivirus is poorly understood, but it is apparently associated with natural waters containing

free

- living amoeba, and in that respect it resembles Legionella

bacteria in its behavior. Genetically similar giant viruses

have now been discovered to be widespread in ocean waters as well as freshwater aquatic

e nvironments, where they play an important role in controlling Yes

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# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

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3

phyto - and bacterioplankton populations. Hence, these viruses are quite ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. Furthermore, Mimivirus has been implicated in cases of human illness, specifically pneum onia. When Mimivirus is used as an antigen in

microimmunofluorescense assays, seroconversion has been documented in patients with both community - and hospital

- acquired pneumonia. Additionally,

Mimivirus DNA has been found in respiratory samples of patien ts with hospital

- acquired pneumonia. These data suggest

that Mimiviruses need to be

considered as CCL candidates. They are waterborne microbes and they have been implicated in

human illness associated with water exposure, in a manner and natural history similar to that of Legionella, an EPA

- regulated pathogen in drinking water.

Because little is known about Mimivirus and analytical methods
are available to detect it, it

deserves consideration and further study.

Mycobacterium

avium complex (MAC) A WWA Human infections due to MAC include three principal syndromes: cervical lymphadenitis in children, pulmonary infections in adults,

and disseminated infection in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis has also been implicated in human disease and is suspected of causing a human gastrointestinal ailment (Crohn’s disease) [AWWA] MAC have been isolated from all natural water systems, drinking water, distribution systems, and in biofilms (Grange et al., 1990 Pryor et al. 2004 Whan et al.

2 005 Lehtola et al. 2006 Hilborn 2006). Occurrence has been shown to be independent of the presence of coliforms or fecal coliforms (Whan et al. 2005). [AWWA] EPA Notes: M. avium

is included on the final

CCL 3.

This organization also

noted: 'MAC are h ighly

resistant to disinfection (Taylor et al., 2000). The organisms are capable of persistence and replication within

free

- living protists (Mura et al. 2006) ### Yes Yes Yes

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Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

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3

Mura, M., Bull, T., Evans, H. Sidi

Boumedine, K.,
McMinn, L., Rhodes, G., Pickup, R., and J

. Hermon

- Taylor. Replication and Long

Term Persistence of

bovine and human

strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

within Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Appl. Env.

Microbiol. 72:1:854

- 859. ### Taylor, R.
Falkinham, J., Norton, C., and M.

LeCheval lier. 2000. Chlorine, chloramine,
chlorine dioxide, and ozone susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. Appl. Env. Microbiol.

66:4:1702

- 1705.

Mycobacterium

avium complex (MAC) NRDC Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) causes lung infections in immunocompromised individuals. Mycobacteria are able to survive and grow in aquatic environments due to their protective outer coating, which also makes them

resistant to chlorine treatment of

water. Environmental sources are thought to be the main route of transmission of these pathogens. These bacteria are widely present

in water sources and can also be

found in biofilms that form on the inside of water pipes. About 20 to 30 percent of people with AIDS

become infected with MAC. Although adults usually do not get

MAC disease until their T

- cell Mycobacteria are able to survive and grow in aquatic environments

due to their protective outer coating, which also makes them

resistant to chlorine treatment of

water. Environmental sources are thought to be the main route of transmission of these pathogens. These bacteria are widely present

in water sources and can also b e found in biofilms that form on the inside of water pipes. EPA

researchers estimate that approximately 1500 individuals with advanced AIDS ingest tap

water with detectable concentrations of MAC organisms each day. [NRDC]

'MAC have been isolated from all M. avium is included on

the final CCL 3. Yes Yes Yes

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Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

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count drops below 50, children can get it earlier. People with

disseminated MAC disease develop fever, night sweats, weight loss, abdominal pain, tiredness, and diarrhea. EPA

researchers estimate that approximately 1500 individuals with advanced AIDS ingest tap

water with detectable concentrations of MAC organisms each day. A related species typically considered MAC, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, has been listed in

Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCLs) 1 and 2. MAC should be

included again in CCL3. The health effects

and demonstrated occurrence in drinking water of MAC support

the establishment of an MCL for

this microbial contaminant.[NRDC] natural water systems, drinking water, distribution systems, and in biofilms (Grange et al., 1990 Pryor et al. 2004 Whan et al.

2005 Lehtola et al. 2006 Hilborn 2006). Occurrence has been shown to be independent of the presence of coliforms or fecal

coli forms (Whan et al. 2005). [AWWA]

Naegleria fowleri Anon/ASM Humans and other mammals contact N .fowleri via swimming, bathing, or in the case of cattle
and domesticated animals, drinking from or swimmi ng in

water sources where N. fowleri is present. The organism is inhaled and travels up the nasal
passageway to t Documented cases of PAM have been noted worldwide, including the United States, England, Czechoslovakia, and Mexico. The largest number of cases has

been observed in the United States (Cabanes, 2001 Rivera, et al, 1993 Kadlec, Cerva, and Skvarova, 1978). EPA Notes: N. Fowleri

is included on the final

CCL 3.

This nominator also

noted :'Humans and

other mammals contact

N .fowleri via swimming, bathing, or

in the case of cattle and
domesticated animals, drinking from or swimming in water

sources where N. fowleri is present. The organism is inhaled and travels up the nasal passageway to the

ethmoid sinuses.

Penetration of the Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

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3

mucosa and invasio n of olfactory nerves is followed by movement through the cribiform plate to brain tissue and cerebral spinal

fluid. Once infected the brain tissue produces toxins that attempt to kill the parasite, but end up emulsifying tissue. The immune response

lead s to swelling and PAM (Marshall, et al, 1997). N. fowleri is the only member of the species known to be pathogenic to humans. Clinical signs of

infection include
headache, nausea, vomiting, high fever, lethargy, coma, seizures, and eventually death due to infection and swelling

of brain tissue (Marshall, et al, 1997). The average time for onset of symptoms is 4 days. Mean time

between onset of symptoms and death is 6.4 days (Parija and Jaykeerthee, 1999 Marshall, et al, 1997). The short onset period

and symptoms mimic the flu, allergic reaction or hangover from
alcohol. As a result, many cases have been misdiagnosed or not

treated in time.

### EPA- OGWDW **CCL 3:** EPA- 815 -R- 09

- 011 **Summary of Nominations** August 2009

A2

- 11 

# Appendix 2: Microbial Nominations

Supporting Information CCL 3 Process Status

Microbial

Contaminant (organism or toxin) Nominator Health Effect Occurrence Additional

Information Universe PCCL Draft

CCL

3 Final CCL

3

Norovirus AWWA Infection lasts 12

- 60 hours and is characterized by sudden onset of nausea, vomiting, and watery diarrhea. Norovirus is highly

infective and can be of increased risk for complications because of volume depletion and electrolyte

disturbances Yes Yes (as Calicivirus)

Norwalk and other

Caliciviruses ASDWA None Provided. None Provided

. Yes Yes Yes Yes

Rotavirus ASDWA None Provided. None Provided. Yes Yes

Toxoplasma gondii AWWA Infectious in healthy adults are usually asymptomatic however,

severe disease can occur in immunocompromised individuals and newborns.Wide spectrum of

clin ical disease occurs in congenitally infected children.Toxoplasmic encephalitis [TE] is a serious clinical complication in immunocompromised patients especially AIDS In certain areas of Brazil, approximately 60% of 6

- 8 year

old children have antibodies to T gondii linked to the ingestion of oocysts in a heavily contaminated environment with T. gondii ooocysts.An outbreak of tosoplasmosis in humans of a western Canadian city was linked epidemiologically to oocyst contamination of a municipal water supply. Between 2894 and 7718 persons were considered to have acquired T. gondii

infections. 100 cases of acute toxoplasmosis were reported in patients 8

- 63 years of age. Although oocysts were not identified in the municipal reservoir, runoff from soil

contaminated with feces of infected domestic cats or cougars was considered the likely source.31 infected young army recruits on a jungle exercise in Panama. Numerous reports exist of T. gondii infections in marine mammals including sea otters, dolphins, seals, whales. Severity of health

effects on children Yes YesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-1Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRNCommon NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 311713137531728961841,2,3-Trichloropropane[NJDEP]None Provided.NJ study: Detected in excess of healthbased drinking water guidance value in30 of 2,640 private wells and 11 ofapproximately 260 community watersystems between 1999 and 2004 in NJSOC Waiver Program sampling. [NJDEP]YesYesYesYesYesYes1239111,4-Dioxane[NYDOH] [EPARegion 3]Liver and kidney are target organs.Animal studies indicate liver and nasalcancer. IARC: Possibly carcinogenic.EPA: take immediate action of levelsexceed 600 ug/L. New York State: MCL= 50 ug/L. California has action level of 3ug/L. [NYDOH]One CERCLA remediation site knownBally site in PA, others may beassociated with and TCE site. [EPARegion 3]YesYesYesYesYesYes6115961,7-DimethylxanthineNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes5791017a-Estradiol[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYes5763617a-Ethynyl estradiol(Fent et al.,2006)No. Screening Category = ScreeningCategory 1.Removal efficiency in sewage plants:influent concentration: 0.003 μg/L,effluent concentration: 0.0004 μg/L,maximum removal: 85% (Fent et al.,2006)YesYesYesYes5028217b-Estradiol[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYesYes6822419-Norethisterone[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYes901201-MethylnaphthaleneSerdar, D, et al.(1999); Dieselfuel widely usedand released.[ASDWA]None Provided.5/12 detection frequency from lake water(range of concentrations 0.0016 - 0.012ug/L). Six samples taken at two samplingevents for a total of 12 samples. (Serdaret al 1999). Diesel fuel widely used andreleased. [ASDWA]YesYes915762-MethylnaphthaleneSerdar, D, et al.(1999)None Provided.5/12 detection frequency from lake water(range of concentrations 0.0016 - 0.012ug/L). Six samples taken at two samplingevents for a total of 12 samples. (Serdaret al 1999). Diesel fuel widely used andreleased. [ASDWA]YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-2Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28774397603-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2-(5H)-furanoneWright et al2002; Krasneret al 2006None Provided.27.5 ng/L mean, 79.9 ng/L max (Wrightet al, 2002)20 ng/L med, 310 ng/L max(Krasner et al, 2006)YesYes800574,4'-(1-Methylethylidene)bisphenol (Bisphenol A)In-textreference citedby NRDC:"Cousins et al.,2002".AlonsoMagdalena, etal. 2006.Hunt, et al.2003PSugiuraOgasawara etal. 2005OccurrenceData Citations:Biles et al. 1997Fromme et al2002LOEL 20 ug/kg; effect decrease intesticular weight and daily spermproduction in adult rats fed BPA for 6days and observed for 18 weeks.[Sakaueet al 2001].LOAEL 100 ug/kg-day for 4 days in miceby oral administration; effect: insulinresistance/ intolerance (cited in AlonsoMagdalena et al., 2006, original sourcevom Saal and Hughes 2005).LOAEL Rapid nongenomic effect at asubcutaneousdose of 10μg/kg/day,which produces 2.5-fold increase inplasma insulin and a 20% decrease inblood glucose levels, 30 min after itsapplication; delivering BPA either viainjection or through oral intake, inducedinsulin resistance at doses much lowerthan the LOAEL used up to now (50mg/kg/day) (Alonso-Magdalena et al.,2006).BPA conc. of 0.02–0.04 mg/kg bodyweight/day elicited significant meioticaneuploidy (Hunt et al., 2003).Elevated serum concentrations of BPAare associated with miscarraige (SugiuraOgasawara et al., 2005).Release (U.S) = 1.4 million pounds(2004); 3,538 pounds released directly towater; 132,262 pounds released to theair. [NRDC]Conc. in surface water = 0.0005-0.41ug/L; [NRDC]Median reported water concentration =0.5 ug/l (below the detection limit of thestudies) and a 90th percentile = 4.4 ug/l(Cousins et al., 2002).Half-life = 4.5 days in surface water;sol.300 g/m3; Log Kow=3.4; HLC(dimensionless) -9.01; HLC 4.03 E-6 Pam3/mol; Koc 640-930. (Cousins et al.,2002).Production volume = 350 000 t/year(cited in Sugiura-Ogasawara et al., 2005,original sources Biles et al.,1997; Olea et al., 1996; Biles et al.,1999).Conc. in surface water = 0.0005-0.41mg/L ; Conc. in sewage effluents =0.018-0.702 mg/L; Conc. in sediments =0.01-0.19mg/kg; Conc. in sewage sludge= 0.004-1.363 mg/kg dw. (Fromme et al.,2002).YesYesYes33803455-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenol (Triclosan)(Boyd et al.,2004); (Haldenet al., 2005);(Lorraine et al.,2006); (Latch etal., 2004); (Ruleet al., 2005)(Triclosan) acts as byinhibiting bacterialfatty acid synthesis. Triclosan is notbanned or restricted as with the otherorganochlorine compounds included inthe test set, as the traditional toxicity testindicate a low toxic effect, with an acuteoral LD50 of approx. 4000 mg/kg in ratand mouse, Jinno et al., 1997, (Jacobset al., 2005).Triclosan was detected in Louisianasewage treatment plant effluent at 10-21ng/l. Boyd (2004) reported triclosanconcentrations of ND – 29 ng/l in twostormwater canals in New Orleans.' Annual loadings of antimicrobials(triclocarbon, TCC and triclosan, TCS) towater resources is as follows: activatedsludge treatment plants (39-67%)followed by trickling filters (31-45%), andcombined and sanitary sewerYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-3Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28overflows(2-7% and 0.2%) respectivley.The water solubility of TCS is 1.97-4.6mg/L at 25 degrees C. A strong positivelinear correlation was observed betweenTCC and TCS occurrences across allaquatic environments and water types weexamined in a concentration rangespanning 5 orders of magnitude.Regression analysis of these dataresulted in the empirical model: Log10Crcc = 0.9491 Log10 Crcs (Halden,2005).'Triclosan was detected in most canalwaters at concentrations up to 29 ng/L.The median triclosan concentration inLake waters (4.6 ng/l) was lowercompared to canal waters (15 and 15.2ng/l) and contributed to the possibleremoval degradation process (Boyd, etal. 2004).'Occurence of triclosan in raw drinkingwater was as follows: 4 out of 13 samplecontained triclosan; mean detected =0.515 μg/L, MDL = 0.096, range 0.326-0.818 μg/L. Occurence of triclosan infinished drinking water was as follows: 1out of 15 samples, mean detected =0.734μg/L, no range, no MDL.Occurence of triclosan in reclaimedwastewater was as follows: 3 out of 6samples, mean detected = 1.43 μg/L,MDL 0.25 μg/L, range = 0.28-2.11 μg/L,total mean 0.71 μg/L, literature values =0.04-0.21 μg/L. Average triclosanconcentrations (μg/L ) in raw drinkingwater (RDW), reclaimed water (RW) andwastewater influent (WWI) in the dryseason and wet season: RDW dry =0.73, RDW wet = ND, RW dry = 2.0, RWwet = 0.28, WWI dry = 0.45, WWI wet =0.30 (Lorraine et al., 2006).In a recent reconnaissance for PPCPs,the USGS detected triclosan in 57% ofthe 139 streams tested. (Latch et al.,2004).EPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-4Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28Surveys have measured triclosan inwastewater treatment plants (WWTP)influents at levels ranging from 0.0062 to21.9 μg/L. Reported WWTP effluentconcentrations range from 0.042 to 22.1μg/L (Rule, et al., 2005).2984645Hdibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamideStackelberg etal. 2004;Benotti, et al.2005; Potency:RTECS;Severity:PEDIAUPediatrics.(AmericanAcademy ofPediatrics, P.O.Box 1034,Evanston, IL60204) V.1-1948-Volume(issue)/page/year73,841,1984;Prevalence/Magnitude:NREC.None Provided.Highest concentration in finished water:0.258 ug/l (Stackelberg et al. 2004)Long Island Ground Water Shallow wellmedian concentration in NG/L = 57.9;Shallow well Freq. of Detect (n=20) = 50;Deep-well median conc. (ng/l) = 3.8;Deep well Freq of detect (n=52) = 55.8.Jamaica Bay Conclusions: Measuredeffluent conc ng/l 65.3; Dynamic Range66.6; Microbrial Degradation (amount ofspike removed in 4 weeks) <5% (Benotti,et al.2005)YesYes15972608AlachlorBarbash et al2001None Provided.Detection in ground water atconcentrations >1 ug/L. (Barbash et al2001).RegReg142363539Alachlorethanesulfonic acidUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well watergreater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYSDEC 1998)YesYesYesYesYesYes171262172Alachlor oxanilic acidUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well watergreater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYSDEC 1998)YesYesYesYesYesYes18559949AlbuterolNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-5Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28116063AldicarbFiore et al 1986Hajoui et al1992Smulders 2003Statistically significant negativecorrelation was noted betweenhousehold well aldicarb levels (ppb) andT4:T8 ratio values (r = -0.34, P < 0.02).Statistically significant negativecorrelation was observed betweenaverage daily aldicarb ingestion (txg/day)and T4:T8 ratio values (r = -0.30, P <0.05). When average aldicarb ingestionvalues (ixg/day) are grouped into threedose categories (no aldicarb, 0.3-10.0and 10.1 to 48.3 txg/day), this doseresponse trend is evident. Significantpositive correlations were noted betweenaverage daily aldicarb ingestion(p~g/day) and both the Candidaproliferation assays (r = +0.42, P < 0.01)and the Candida stimulation indices (r =+0.37, P < 0.01). No significantcorrelations were noted for the otherantigen or mitogen assays. (Fiore 1986)IC50 > 1 mM. (Smulders 2003)More than 1100 wells tested positive foraldicarb residues above 7 ppb in NewYork's Suffolk County. First detected inWisconsin groundwater, more than 300wells have tested positive for aldicarbresidues at levels ranging from I to I00ppb. (Fiore 1986)Detected in well water near potato fieldsin Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes atlow levels of up to 6 ppb, exceptionallyreaching as high as 30ppb. (Hajoui et al1992)RegReg1646884Aldicarb sulfoneUSEPA 2000a;Mays et al.1985; Schleien1992; USEPA1999; Parsa1998; Focazioet al. 2001;USEPA 2000b;Szabo et al.2005 (AWWA)Cholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA,mg/kg/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effectwith both long-term and single-doseadministration is acetylcholinesteraseinhibition. Evidencesuggests it is notgenotoxic or carcinogenic.(AWWA)Degrades mainly by biodegradations andhydolysis, persisting for weeks tomonths. It is one of the most acutely toxicpesticides in use. Frequently found as acontaminant in groundwater - aldicarbsulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residualsare found in an approx. 1:1 ratio ingroundwater (AWWA)RegReg1646873Aldicarb sulfoxideCholinesterase inhibitor. RfD (EPA,mg/kg/d)=0.001. Observed toxic effectwith both long-term and single-doseadministration is acetylcholinesteraseinhibition. Evidencesuggests it is notgenotoxic or carcinogenic.(AWWA)Degrades mainly by biodegradations andhydrolysis, persisting for weeks tomonths. It is one of the most acutely toxicpesticides in use. Frequently found as acontaminant in groundwater - aldicarbsulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone residualsare found in an approx. 1:1 ratio ingroundwater (AWWA)RegReg319846Alpha-HCHAWWA.Can cause respiratory difficulty, skinirritation, skin senitization scabis andpediculosis. (AWWA)Hydrolysis half life ranges between 92 to71 hours in natural waters (but may beeven slower). A Canadian study foundlevels in finished water. (AWWA)YesYesYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-6Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 287790989AmmoniumperchlorateBlount et al.,2006Brechneret al.,2000Schwartzet al, 2001U.S.GovernmentAccountabilityOffice May2005[NRDC]DWEL of 24.5 ppb is inadequate (Blountet al., 2006; Brechner et al., 2000;Schwartz et al, 2001)Detected in PWSs of 26 states and twoterritories under UCMR 1. Detectionsrange from 4 - 420 ppb; mean = 10 ppb.109 sites of known perchlorate releasesin 29 states (U.S. GovernmentAccountability Office May 2005, [NRDC])YesYesYesYesYesYes64285069Anatoxin-a(Fischer et al.,in press);(Batista et al.,2003); (Gilroyet al., 2000);(USEPA 2006)[AWWA];[ASDWA]NOAEL 0.5 mg/kg-day (no observedeffect); RfD 5x10-4 mg/kg-day (subchronic) (USEPA 2006). WHO guidancevalue for drinking water 1.0μg MC-LR/l[AWWA]None Provided.YesYesYesYesYesYes1912249AtrazineBarbash et al2001USGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Detection in ground water atconcentrations >1 ug/L. (Barbash et al2001)Maximum concentrations in well water 1-10 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998)RegReg86500Azinphos-methylSouza et al2004Dabrowski et al2005Rothlein et al2006repro-placental enyzymatic activity.Presence in 66% of the groundwatersamples analysed (Souza et al 2005)Detected in carpet dust samples from 18out of 26 farmworkers’ homes (69%) atmedian concentration of 5.30 μg/g. LO Dfor AZM is reported as 0.1ug/g (Rothleinet al. 2006)Ambient concentrations: 0.1-1.7 ug/L(Dabrowski 2005)IRED EEC 16 ppb/ 0.27-7.2 ppb high annmean. Use - apples4X peaches in IRED -COULD NOT FIND THIS IN ORIGINALREFERENCESYesYesYesYes25057890BentazoneLong term studies have not indicated acarcinogenic potential. (AWWA)Broad specturm herbicide used on avariety of crops - very mobile in soils andmoderately persistent in theenvironment.(AWWA)YesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-7Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2885687Benzyl butylphthalate (BBP)IPCS INCHEM1999Lorraine etal., 2006Gray et al.2000Gray et al.2006SerdaOral LD50 values for rats from 2 to 20g/kg body weight, weight loss, apathy,leukocytosis, toxic splenitis anddegenerative lesions of the centralnervous system with congestiveencephalopathy, myelin degeneration,and glial proliferation; detected in onesample in Canada at 2.8 μg/litre (IPCSINCHEM 1999)0.75 g severaly alterssexual differentiation in male rat;proposed preliminary PE-TEDs = 1;Reduced pup weight at birth; As infants,males displayed female-likeareolas/nipples; 84% of males withmalformations; every reproductive organsignificantly affected in male offspring(Gray et al. 2000)LDRE/LDHC =250/750; High-dose AGD effect, %(mg/kg/day) = 25 (750); Hypospadias athigh doses (%) = 30; Cryptorchidism athigh doses (%) = 50; Epididymalagenesis at high doses (%) = 65 (Gray etal. 2006).1) Occurrence and concentrations of BBP inRaw Drinking Water: Occurrences = 2 of 13samples; MDL = 0.033 μg/L; meandetected = 0.622 μg/L; range = 0.053-1.19μg/L; total mean = 0.96 μg/L; literaturevalues = 2.95 μg/L. 2) Occurrences andconcentrations of BBP in Finished DrinkingWater: Occurrence = 5 out of 15 samples;mean = 0.552 μg/L; range = 0.056-0.911;total mean = 0.1184 μg/L; literature values =0.7. 4) Average BBP concentration in thedry season (August to November) and thewet season (January to June): RawDrinking Water dry = 0.62 (0.05-1.19) μg/L;Raw Drinking Water Wet = ND; ReclaimedWater Dry = 0.65 μg/L; Reclaimed WaterWet = ND; Wastewater Influent Dry = 3.50(2.93-4.07); Wastewater Influent Wet = ND(Lorraine et al., 2006).Water sampleconcentrations: 0.036 ug/L to 0.5 ug/L(Serdar et al. 1999)Concentrations insurface waters generally less than 1 μg/L.Manufacturing facilities released 176 tonnesto the environment in 1993, with about 99%released to the atmosphere; Half-life 1-7days (IPCS INCHEM 1999)Mississippi River south of St. Louis: up to2.4 ug/l. Environmental levels of BBPaveraged less than 1 ug/l. Residues of BBPin Natural Waters: Waukehagn Harbor, IL,11/8/77, 0.25 ug/l; Waukegean Creek, IL,11/8/77, 0.23 ug/l; Up. Saginaw River, MI,11/10/77, 0.43 ug/l; Low. Saginaw River, MI,11/10/77, 0.43 ug/l; Illinois River, IL,11/14/77, 0.47 ug/l; Meramec River, MO,11/14/77, 0.38 ug/l; Missouri River, St.Louis, MO, 11/16/77, 0.2 ug/l; MissouriRiver, Weldon, MO, 11/16/77, 0.25 ug/l;Mississippi River N. St. Louis, MO, 11/30/770.30 ug/l; Misssissippi S St. Louis, MO,11/30/77, 2.4 ug/l, San Francisco Bay, ND(Gledhill et al. 1980).YesYesYesYes98136993Bromochloroacetaldehyde[Krasner etal.06]None Provided."sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06]5589968BromochloroaceticacidDBP ICRNone Provided.72% det; 2.8 u(m?)g/L med; 41.9 ug/LmaxYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-8Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2883463621BromochloroacetonitrileMuellner et al,2007; DBP ICRin vitro data from Muellner et al, 200762% Det, 1.00 ug/L med, 13.4 ug/L max(DBP ICR)YesYesYes26482315BromochloronitromethanePlewa2004A;DeAngelo?[EPA Researchon HE];[Krasner etal.06]Plewa2004A has in vitro data"sumof halonitromethanes" in effluent.med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner etal.06]71133147BromodichloroaceticacidDBP ICRNone Provided.75% det; med 0; max 32 ug/LYes918014BromodichloronitromethanePlewa2004APlewa2004A has in vitro dataNone Provided.YesYes563702BromonitromethanePlewa2004A;DeAngelo?[EPA Researchon HE]Plewa2004A has in vitro data"sumof halonitromethanes" in effluent.med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 [Krasner etal.06]Yes1689845Bromoxynilhttp://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24dcaptan/bromoxynil-ext.htmlDogs fed bromoxynil for 90 days at lowdoses showed unspecified adverseeffects at and above 5 mg/kg. In thesame type of test, the compound had noobservable effect on rats at or below a16.6 mg/kg/day dose (1). In anotherstudy at low doses (up to 50 mg/kg), ratsdeveloped no significant abnormalities. Inother tests with rats administered lowdoses (up to 5 mg/kg) for up to twoyears, there were no significant changesin blood chemistry or in urine. In onedocumented case of chronic exposure ofhumans, workers showed symptoms ofweight loss, fever, vomiting, headacheand urinary problems. Chronic exposurefor these four individuals had lasted forabout one year. Suspected teratogen,produced birth defects in rats at low oraldoses (above 35 mg/kg); compound toxicto mother and fetus at these low dosesas well. Toxic effects included abnormalrib formation, and reduced fetal weight.Newborn rabbits had birth defects whenbromoxynil was administered to pregnant0.046 ppb - 95%ile (AWWA)YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-9Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28mothers at doses above 30 mg/kg. In therabbit, birth defects included changes inbone formation in the skull andhydrocephaly. The available evidenceindicates that bromoxynil may pose ateratogenic risk to humans.(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/bromoxynil-ext.html)RfD (EPA, mg/kg/d)=0.02.Developmental or reproductive toxin,moderate acute (PAN)63252CarbarylUSEPA. InterimReregistrationEligibilityDecision forCarbaryl. CaseNo. 0080.Revised Oct 22,2004WHO,USGS(AWWA)Primary mode of toxic action is throughcholinesterase inhibition (ChEI) aftersingle or multiple exposures; Cancer:Q1* for carbaryl is 8.75 x 10-4(mg/kg/day)-1; Acute Dietary generalpopulation (including infants andchildren) NOAEL = 1, UF = 100; ChronicDietary (all populations) LOAEL = 3.1,UF = 300. (USEPA. InterimReregistration Eligibility Decision forCarbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct22, 2004)'WHO 10-6 cancer risk 40μg/L.Thus, 10-4 cancer risk is 4,000 ug/L.(AWWA)Based on available usage information forthe years 1992 through 2001, an annualestimate of total carbaryl domestic usagein agriculture averaged approximately 1.9million pounds of active ingredient forover 1.3 million acres treated. In 1998,Bayer had estimated approximately 3.9million pounds total active ingredientsold. The most recent data available toEPA reflects a decline in agriculturalusage; carbaryl usage for 2001 wasbetween 1 to 1.5 million pounds activeingredient; Out of 5220 surface watersamples analyzed, about 21% (1082)had detections greater than the minimumdetection limit (0.063 ppb). The maximumobserved concentration for carbaryl insurface water from the non-targetedUSGS NAWQA study is 5.5 ppb.Concentrations were low (roughly 0.002to 0.031 ppb) in raw water and generallylower in treated drinking water; however,the highest concentration detected werein finished drinking water (0.181 ppb);Carbaryl was reported in the raw water ofall four community water systems(CWSs) selected to represent impactsfrom home and garden uses.Concentrations measured in raw water atthese sites were low (roughly 0.002 to0.044 ppb), and detection frequenciesranged from approximately 1 to 20%; Ingroundwater, US EPA’s Pesticides inGroundwater Database reports carbarylYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-10Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28detections in only 0.4% of wells sampledin several states (i.e., California,Missouri, New York, and Rhode Island)as a result of normal agricultural use.Although the maximum concentrationdetected was 610 ppb in a well in NewYork, the typical measuredconcentrations were orders of magnitudelower. The EPA STORET databasecontains 9389 records showing analysisfor carbaryl. Of these, only four reportedconcentrations above the detection limits,all from one well in Oklahoma in 1988,with concentrations between 0.8 and 1ppb. In the USGS NAWQA program,1.1% of groundwater samples recordedresults above the detection limit (0.003ppb), with a maximum concentration of0.021 ppb. (USEPA. InterimReregistration Eligibility Decision forCarbaryl. Case No. 0080. Revised Oct22, 2004)6804075Carbodox(Mackie et al,2006);Carcinogen.[Health Canada]None Provided.YesYes16887006ChlorideNYCDEP 2004,(Kaushal et al.,2005);( Hesig etal., 2000)Increases in salinity up to 1000 mg/L canhave leathal or sub-lethal effects onaquatic plants and invertebrates andchronic concentrations of chloride as lowas 250 mg/L have been recognized asharmful to freshwater life and not potablefor humans (Kaushal et al., 2005).Surface water: 7.3 - 83.03 mg/L(NYCDEP 2004)In the White Mountains (NH), chlorideconcentrations in some rural streamsnow exceed 100 mg/L on a seasonalbasis, which is similar to the salt of theHudson River Estuary. In the Baltimorearea, streams with high levels ofcholoride were associated withimpervious surfaces and in manysuburban and urban streams nowalready exceed the maximum limit of 250mg/L (Kaushal et al., 2005).The concentrations of chloride inbaseflow streams sampled in this studyranged from 1.8-280 mg/L (Hesig et al.,2000).YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-11Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 281794849ChloronitromethanePlewa2004A;DeAngelo??[EPAResearch onHE]; [Krasner etal.06]Plewa2004A has in vitro data"sumof halonitromethanes" in effluent.med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner etal.06]1897456ChlorothalonilAWWA.None Provided.half-lives ranging between 0.2 - 9 days(AWWA) chronic EEC 1.3 to 23 ppb;mobile, not persistent.YesYesYesYes2921882ChlorpyrifosMakris 1998EPA 2000;WHO (AWWA)Prenatal: Maternal NOEL 0.1 & LOEL 3(plasma and RBC ChEI); Fetal NOELgreater than equal to 15 (Nodevelopmental toxicity observed (fetalChEI not assessed). Multi-generationrepduction: Parental NOEL 0.1 & LOEL1.0 (plasma and RBC ChEI;histopathology of adrenal in&s; at 5.0mg/kg/day: brain ChEI), Offspring NOEL1.0 & LOEL 5.0 (pup weight and survivaldecreased; ChEI not assessed in pups).No subchronic neurotoxicity. 28-dayhuman oral c: Acute NOEL 01., UF 10, &RfD 0.01, Chronic NOEL 0.03, UF 10, &RfD 0.003. (Makris 1998)Dev neurotoxin. Classified as"moderately hazardous" and has arecommended drinking water guideline of30 ppb. (AWWA)USGS 6% prev/PRZM/EXAMS est.6.7ppb.YesYes57625Chlortetracycline(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes57885Cholesterol[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes85721331Cipro-floxacin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes53418cis-Androsterone[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.Yes76573CodeineNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes360689Coprostanol[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-12Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28486566CotinineNoNone Provided.None Provided.143545908Cylindrospermopsin(Fischer et al.,in press);(Batista et al.,2003); (Gilroyet al., 2000)(USEPA 2006);[AWWA];[ASDWA]LOAEL 60ug/kg-day; NOAEL 30 ug/kgday; RfD 3x10-5 mg/kg-day (sub-chronicincreased kidney weight) (USEPA 2006).WHO guidance value for drinking water1.0μg MC-LR/l [AWWA]None Provided.YesYesYesYesYesYes67035227DehydronifedipineNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes1007289DeisopropylatrazineUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well water 1-10 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998)YesYesYesYes6190654DesethylatrazineNone Provided.None Provided.YesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-13Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2884742Di(n-butyl) phthalateSerdar et al.1999Lehmann et al.2004Lorraine et al.2006Swan et al.2005endocrine disruptor [NRDC]prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan etal. 2005)For rats: LDRE = 50; LDHC = 500. OralDBP treatments fail to accelerate vaginalopening or induce constant oestrus in theintact female rat. For Rabbits: In rabbitsexposed to 400 mg DBP kg/day in utero,(GD 15-29), male offspring exhibitedreduced numbers of ejaculated sperm(down 43%), testis weights (at 12 weeks,down 23%) and accesroy sex glandweights (at 12 and 25 weeks down 36%and 25% respectivley). DBP caused anincrease from 16% to 30%, p , 0.01 ofabnormal sperm were present in 1/17DBP-treated male rabbits (Gray et al.,2005).Fetal testicular testostorone wassignificantly reduced at DBP doses> 50mg/kg/day. Our results establish 50 mgDBP/kg/day as the LOEL and 10 mgDBP/kg/day as the NOAEL for reductionsin genes and proteins associated withtestosterone production together withreductions in intra-testicular testosterone(Lehmann et al., 2004).1) Occurrence and concentrations ofdibutyl phthalate in Raw Drinking Water:Occurrences = 4 of 13 samples; MDL =1.35 μg/L; mean detected = 5.00 μg/L;range = 1.44-8.34 μg/L; total mean =1.54 μg/L; literature values = 0.0.12-8.8μg/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrationsof dibutyl phthalate in Finished DrinkingWater: Occurrence = 1 out of 15samples; mean = 2.73 μg/L; range = N/A;total mean = 0.18 μg/L. 3) dibutylphthalate in Reclaimed Wastewater:Occurrences = 1 of 6 samples; MDL =2.70 μg/L; mean detected = 3.71 μg/L;range = N/A; total mean = 0.352 μg/L;literature values = N/A. 4) Averagedibutyl phthalate concentration in the dryseason (August to November) and thewet season (January to June): RawDrinking Water dry = 5.00 (1.44-8.3)μg/L; Raw Drinking Water Wet = ND;Reclaimed Water Dry = 3.71 μg/L;Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; WastewaterInfluent Dry = 7.54; Wastewater InfluentWet = 214.6 (Lorraine et al., 2006).Water sample concentrations: 0.16 ug/Lto 0.2 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999)Produced at over one million pounds peryear [NRDC]DBP in raw and finished drinking watersamples [NRDC]DBP was found in only minorconcentrations. Surface waterconcentrations were from 0.12 to 8.80ug/l-1 (median = 0.50 ug/l -1) for DBP.Out of 39 sewage works outlet samples,DBP could be measured in 34. A largerange, from 0.2 to 10.4 ug/l-1 was seenfor outlet levels (Fromme et al., 2000).Mean recoveries (%) from water: 104;RSD = 0.3. Minimum DetectableQuantities (MDQ)and limits of detectionof the analytical method (LDM): MDQ =0.003 ng; LDM for water = 0.006 ug/L(Vitali et al., 1997).YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-14Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 283397624DiaminochlorotriazineNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes333415DiazinonSerdar et al.1999Frans 2004None Provided.Concentrations of diazinon aboverecommended maximum concentrations;ambient water samples range from 0.023- 0.42 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999)Ambient water concentration range:0.008-0.586 ug/L (Frans 2004)YesYesYesYes3039132Dibromoacetaldehyde[Krasner etal.06]None Provided."sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06]5278955DibromochloroaceticacidDBP ICRNone Provided.31% Det; 0.00 med; 22 ug/L maxYes1184890DibromochloronitromethanePlewa2004A;DeAngelo??[EPAResearch onHE] [Krasner etal.06]Plewa2004A has in vitro data"sumof halonitromethanes" in effluent.med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner etal.06]598914DibromonitromethanePlewa2004APlewa2004A has in vitro dataNone Provided.YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-15Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 281918009DicambaRowland 1998;USEPA 1998;Cox 1994,Muller andBuser 1997;USGS 1998;Grover et al.1997; SERA1994b; Miller etal. 1995; Ritteret al. 1996;Majewski andCapel 1995.EC50 values for sensitive speciesbetween 0.1 and 0.2 ppm (ecologicalvalue); acute oral LD50 of 2740 mg/kg inrats. (AWWA)Dicamba was detected in 0.32% ofstream samples and 0.12% of samplesfrom major aquifers (USGS 1998) highestlevel detected was 0.00016 mg/L. In anagricultural area where herbicides areused extensively, dicamba was found in17%- 55% of water samples from farmponds and dugout waters (Grover et al.1997). USGS (1998) found dicamba in0.11%-0.15% of the groundwaterssurveyed. The maximum level detectedwas 0.0025 mg/L no apparent correlationbetween the prevalence of dicamba ingroundwater from agricultural areas(0.11%) compared with non-agriculturalurban areas (0.35%). Several additionalstudies summarized in SERA (1994b)and studies published in the more recentliberature (Miller et al. 1995, Ritter et al.1996) report higher frequencies ofoccurrence of dicamba in groundwaterfrom agricultural areas. (AWWA)YesYes79027DichloroacetaldehydeKrasner et al2006None Provided.1 ug/L med, 14 ug/L max (Krasner et al2006)YesYesYes7119893DichloronitromethanePlewa2004A;DeAngelo??[EPAResearch onHE]; [Krasner etal.06]Plewa2004A has in vitro data"sumof halonitromethanes" in effluent.med = 1 ug/L; max = 10 ug/L [Krasner etal.06]EPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-16Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2862737Dichlorvos (DDVP)Leiss&Savitz1995Brown etal. 1990NTP1995Known carcinogen in animals; associatedwith leukemia in adult men; severalcases of childhood leukemia followingexposure to dichlorvos. (Leiss & Savitz1995)Odds Rations (ORs) for leukemiafor subjects who everpersonally mixed,handled, or applied dichlorvos (forsubjects who firstmixed, handled, orapplied these insecticide at least 20years before interview): Without latencyconsiderations, significantly elevatedrisks were seen (OR 2.0), Significantlyelevated risks by histological type(without latency considerations) wereseen for CLL among persons who everhandled the dichlorvos (OR 2.2, 95% CI1.0-4.6; 11 cases) and for CML amongfarmers who ever handled dichlorvos(OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0-10.6; 4 cases); riskswere greatest for subjects who handledthe insecticide for >10 days/year; ORs forthe most frequent users were significantlyelevated for dichlorvos (OR 3.8). (Brownet al. 1990)Using more current EPA datathan the 2000 USEPA. HED preliminaryrisk assessment for Dichlorvos.NTP clearevidenceUSDA’s Pesticide Data Program watermonitoring data were available and allsamples had non-detectable residues(LODs ranged from 6 to 22.5 ppt) andwere not considered sufficientlyrepresentative; Dichlorvos appears todegrade through aerobic soil metabolismand abiotic hydrolysis, but is secondaryto volatilization. Hydrolysis is pHdependant where the half lives were 11days at pH 5, 5 days at pH 7 and 21hours at pH 9. (USEPA InterimReregistration Eligibility Decision forDichlorvos DDVP 2006)YesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-17Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28115322DicofolHoekstra2006Thibaut etal 2004OPP1998The o,p'- and p,p'-substituted isomers ofdicofol were found to induce bgalactosidase production and/ortransactivation using the yeast-basedsteroid hormone receptor genetranscription assay; EC50 for activity ofp,p'- and (±)-o,p'-dicofol was 4.2x10-6and 1.6x10-6 M, respectively, which weresignificantly greater than the EC50 for(+)-17b-estradiol (3.7x10-10 M).Enantiomer-specific activity of o,p'-dicofolwith the hER (assumed from bgalactosidase activity) was observed.The b-galactosidase induction by (-)-o,p'-dicofol (EC50: 5.1x10-7 M) was greaterthan the racemic mixture. (Hoekstra2006)Dicofol at a concentration of 100uM significantly inhibited the synthesis ofT by 16%; The strongest inhibitor wasdicofol, at a concentration of 100 uM ledto 90% inhibition; Concerning thesynthesis of 5 -DHT, dicofol was thestrongest inhibitor (74%). Significantlyinhibited T glucuronidation (81%inhibition; IC50 293±11 uM) with nosignificant effect on E2-UGT (Thibaut etal 2004)Since the first-order degradation halflives for dicofol in water is <1–85 days(pH 5–9), it is unlikely that environmentalconcentrations will meet or exceed thethreshold values calculated in this study.(Hoekstra 2006)SciGrow90d avg peak =0.69; Mean SW = 0.5 ppbYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-18Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2884662Diethyl phthalate(DEP)Serdar et al.1999Vitali et.al,1997Lorraine etal. 2006Swanet al.prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan etal. 2005)Water sample concentrations: 0.015 ug/Lto 0.34 ug/L (Serdar et al. 1999).1) Occurrence and concentrations ofDEP in Raw Drinking Water:Occurrences = 2 of 13 samples; MDL =0.49 μg/L; mean detected = 1.20 μg/L;range = 0.899-1.49 μg/L; total mean =0.096 μg/L; literature values = 0.16-0.3μg/L. 2) Occurrences and concentrationsof DEPin Finished Drinking Water:Occurrence = 1 out of 15 samples; mean= 2.47 μg/L; range = N/A; total mean =0.16 μg/L. 3) DEP in ReclaimedWastewater: Occurrences = 1 of 6samples; MDL = 0.97 μg/L; meandetected = 2.10 μg/L; range = N/A; totalmean = 0.394μg/L; literature values =N/A. 4) Average DEP concentration inthe dry season (August to November)and the wet season (January to June):Raw Drinking Water dry = 1.49 μg/L;Raw Drinking Water Wet = 0.90;Reclaimed Water Dry = 2.10 μg/L;Reclaimed Water Wet = ND; WastewaterInfluent Dry = 14.8 (6.31-23.7);Wastewater Influent Wet = 7.5 (5.3-9.7)(Lorraine et al., 2006).Mean recoveries (%) from water: 78;RSD = 0.8. Minimum DetectableQuantities (MDQ)and limits of detectionof the analytical method (LDM): MDQ =0.004 ng; LDM for water = 0.008 ug/L(Vitali et al., 1997).YesYes1672464DigoxigeninNoNone Provided.NoneProvided.YesYes20830755DigoxinNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-19Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2828553120Diisononyl phthalate(DINP)Gray et al. 2000Swan et al.2005[NRDC]Reduced pregnancy weight gain togesgational day 21 by 14 grams; 22% ofinfant males displayed female-likeareolas/nipples; 7.7% of males withmalformations; maternal treatment (0.75g/kg/day from GD 14 to day 3 oflactation) significantly increased theincidence of male offpsring withreproductive malformations on anindividual (Gray et al. 2000)DINP produced in volumes of over 1million pounds per year [NRDC]endocrine disruptor [NRDC]prenatal maternal urinary levels (Swan etal. 2005)The Institute for Health and ConsumerProtection (IHCP) of the EuropeanChemicals Bureau has estimated a halflife in surface water for DINP of 50 days.According to the IHCP, 82 percent of anyDINP discharged by sewage treatmentplants will be adsorbed on to sludge, 10percent will be degraded and 1 percentwill be stripped to air. The remaining 7percent will be released in the effluent.[NRDC]YesYes108203Diisopropyl ether[NYDOH] ;NEIWPCC,2001)Animal studies have indicated that ethershave toxic effects such as “increasedadrenal gland, liver, kidney weights andneurological effects" NEIWPCC, 2001.Water solubility(Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = 9000@20 degrees C, 2039; Log Kow = 1.52;Henrys Law Kh (atm-m3)/(gmole) ={9.97E-3, 4.77E-3, 5.87E-3}; Henry's LawDimensionless(h/rt) = {4.045E-1, 1.95E1, 2.399E-1}; Log Koc {1.82, 1.46}NEIWPCC, 2001.YesYes42399417DiltiazemNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes564250Doxy-cycline(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes76420729EnalaprilatNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes115297EndosulfanWilson &LeBlanc 1998Sinha et al1997Sinha et al 1991Lakshmana &Raju 1994USEPA 2002.ReregistrationEligibilityDecision forEndosulfanChronic Dietary: NOAEL = 0.6, UF = 100,FQPA SF = 10, LOAEL = 2.9 mg/kg/daybased on reduced body weight gain,enlarged kidneys, increased incidencesof marked progressiveglomerulonephrosis; & blood vesselaneurysms in male rats; Chronic RfD =0.006 mg/kg/day cPAD = 0.0006mg/kg/day. Endosulfan is highly toxicfollowing acute oral exposure andmoderately toxic following acuteinhalation exposure. In rats, oral medianThe STORET data are not reliableenough to enable an accuratequantitative assessment of theendosulfan distribution throughout theU.S., but it does give some insight intowhere endosulfan is being found. Themean concentration found in this data is0.17 ppb, with a standard deviation of0.98 ppb. The 90th percentile value (onein ten year value) was 0.31 ppb and themedian value was 0.03 ppb. ThePesticides in Ground Water DatabaseYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-20Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28lethal doses (LD50 values) are 82 mg/kg(males) and 30 mg/kg (females). Medianlethal concentrations (LC50 values) inrats following acute inhalation exposurerange from 0.16 to 0.5 mg/L. Endosulfanis considerably less lethal, however,following acute dermal exposure (LD50 is2.0 g/kg). (USEPA 2002. ReregistrationEligibility Decision for Endosulfan)All female mice exposed to endosulfansurvived and appeared normal. Exposureof mice to 7.5 mg/kg/day of endosulfanresulted in an 3.6-fold increase in the rateof urinary elimination of [14C]androgen.Overall, 7.5 mg/kg/day of endosulfanresulted in a 1.6-fold increase intestosterone hydroxylation; however, 16bhydroxylation was increased ;3.3-fold,with lesser effects in 6a and 16ahydroxylation. (Wilson & LeBlanc 1998)A dose dependent reduction in thenumber of sperm count was recorded inall the group. The percent decreaseobserved were 39, 62 and 75 % for 2.5,5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg endosulfanrespectively as compared to the controlgroup. A significant elevation in theactivities of the enzymes LDH, GGT andG6PDH was recorded in all the treatedgroup in a dose dependent manner(P<0.001). The degree of elevation beingmaximum in the highest dose group i.e.10 mg/kg body weight (95.73% for LDH,50.19% for GGT and 45.43 % forG6PDH) as compared to the control.However, SDH registered a decrease inits activities in a dose (p(O.001)dependent manner, the highest groupshowing maximum effect (58.94 %) ascompared to the controls. (Sinha et al1997)(PGWDB) reports detections ofendosulfan, ranging from trace to #20ppb, in 1.3% of 2410 discrete samples(32 wells). Detections were reported inCalifornia, Maine, and Virginia. Allsampling was conducted on or before theyear 1989. The abbreviated nature of thePGWDB does not capture importantfactors such as depth of the water table,soil permeability, proximity of crops towells, usage (application) of the chemicalin the years prior to sampling, suitabilityof the analytical methodology usedand/or limits of detection. Endosulfansulfate was detected in 0.3% of thesamples (6 out of 1,969), with detectionsranging from < 0.005 to 1.4 ppb. Thedetections were reported in Indiana andNew York. Sampling occurred at or priorto 1990. (USEPA 2002. ReregistrationEligibility Decision for Endosulfan)RED EEC = 0.53 -1.5 ppbEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-21Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2893106606Enrofloxacin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes517099Equilenin[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYes474862Equilin[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYes114078Erythoromycin-H20(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYesYes50271Estriol[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesYes53167Estrone(Boyd et al.,2004)None Provided.Estrone was detected, but determinednon-quantifiable in 6 of 7 samples fromLake Pontchartrain. Surrogate standardsin ultra-pure water yielded recoveries of57-67% for estrone-d4.YesYesYes637923Ethyl-tert-butyl ether[NYDOH];NEIWPCC,2001)Animal studies have indicated that ethershave toxic effects such as “increasedadrenal gland, liver, kidney weights andneurological effects" (NEIWPCC, 2001)water solubility (Cs(o)) =~26,000 mg/L';Log Kow = 1.74; H=2.66E-3 (atm-m3)/(gmole); H/RT=1.087E-1; Log Koc={2.2,0.95} ; (NEIWPCC).Min. Conc. detected in GW from leakingUSTs = 0.35 ug/L; Max. Conc. detectedin GW from leaking USTs = 7,500 ug/L;Median Conc. detected in GW fromleaking USTs = 4 ug/L; Mean Conc.detected in GW from leaking USTs = 260ug/L (Shih et al., 2004).YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-22Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 282164172Fluometuronhttp://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0241.htmhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/fluometu.htmEPA, PAN,USGS(AWWA)NOAEL: 250 ppm diet (12.5 mg/kg/day).RfD 1.3E-2 mg/kg/day. 90-Day Feeding -rat: NOEL=7.5 mg/kg/day; LEL=75mg/kg/day (decrease in body weight andenlarged spleens); no core grade. 90-Day Feeding - dog: NOEL=10 mg/kg/day;LEL=100 mg/kg/day (inflammatoryreaction in kidney and liver); no coregrade. Teratology - rabbit: Maternal andFetotoxic NOEL not established; LEL=50mg/kg/day; minimum for teratogenicityotherwise supplementary. 103-WeekFeeding - mouse: NOEL=500 ppm (75mg/kg/day); LEL=1000 ppm (150mg/kg/day) (marginal increase in livertumors); no core grade.(http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0241.htm)RfD (EPA, mg/kd/d) = 0.013. Possiblecarcinogen. (AWWA)Highly persistent in water, half-life offluometuron in water 110 to 144 weeks;stable at pH values ranging from 1 to 13,at 20 C. However, exposure of 10 ppmaqueous solutions of fluometuron tonatural sunlight resulted in 88%decomposition in 3 days, with a half-lifeof 1.2 days.(http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/fluometu.htm)0.046 ppb 95%ile (AWWA)YesYesYesYes54910893FluoxintineNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes25812300GemfibrozilNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes2163680HydroxyatrazineUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well water0.1 to 1 ug/L. (USGS & NYS DEC 1998)YesYes154212Lincomycin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-23Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28330552Linuronhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/linuron.htmUSGS1992 PesticideUse MapsCooket al 1993Gray99Chronic toxicity: Skin sensitization wasseen in guinea pigs repeatedly exposed.Alterations in red blood cells were seenin rats given 2.75 mg/kg/day over 2years. Anemia was seen in dogs atdoses above 6.25 mg/kg/day.Reproductive effects: In a threegeneration study, no reproductive effectswere observed at doses of 12.5mg/kg/day. These data suggest thatreproductive effects are unlikely inhumans at expected exposure levels.Teratogenic effects: Pregnant rabbits fedhigh doses of linuron during the sensitiveperiod of pregnancy had normal offspringat doses of up to 25 mg/kg/day, eventhough maternal weight gain wasreduced. In rats, doses of 6.25 mg/kg/daydid not produce teratogenic effects.These data suggest that linuron is notlikely to cause birthdefects. Linuron iseither nonmutagenic or slightlymutagenic. Carcinogenic effects: Severalanimal studies of mice, rats, and dogshave shown that it producesnonmalignant liver and testicular tumors.In these studies, doses of 72.5mg/kg/day in rats caused testicularadenomas and 180 mg/kg/day in micecaused hepatocellular adenoma. Thesedata are not sufficient to determinelinuron's carcinogenicity to humans.Organ toxicity: Rats and dogs fed linuronfor 2 years had detectable residues oflinuron in their blood, fat, kidney, andspleen, but these did not seem to beassociated with adverse effects. Fate inhumans and animals: In rats, linuronbreaks down completely after passingthrough the liver. It is thus unlikely tobioaccumulate in mammalian systems.(http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/linuron.htm)Testosterone IC50(nM) 64,000 +/-11,000. (Cook et al 1993)1992 estimated annual agricultural use:1,920,784 total pounds applied in US.(USGS 1992 Pesticide Use Map)StateMonitoring data. SW Est. 18 ppb.YesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-24Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28121755MalathionWHO, AWWAWHO: the presence of malathion indrinking water underusual conditions isunlikely to represent a hazard to humanhealth. (AWWA)log n-octanol-water partition coefficient2.36 - 2.89, solubility in water 145 mg/Lat 25 oC (AWWA)YesYesYesYes7439965ManganeseWasserman etal. 2006Tasker et al.2003Investigation of intellectual function in142 10-year-old children in Bangladesh,who had been consuming well water withan average concentration of 793 ppbfound that water manganese wasassociated with reduced scores onstandardized intelligence testing; adverseneurologic effects (Wasserman et al.2006)Roughly 6% of domestic wells havemanganese concentrations that exceed300 ppb; (Wasserman et al. 2006).Mother blood: 6.3 - 151.2 ug/l;cord/newborn blood: 14.9 - 92.9 ug/l;mother hair: 0.10 - 3.24 ug/l;cord/newborn hair: 0.05 - 13.33 ug/l;mother placental: 0.01 - 0.49 ug/l (Taskeret al. 2003)YesYes93652MecopropSerdar et al1999Frans 2004None Provided.Ambient water concentrations up to 0.19ug/L (Serdar et al 1999)Ambient water concentrations up to 0.69ug/L (Frans 2004)YesYes72333Mestranol(Fent et al.,2006)None Provided."A survey in the U.S.A showedthat...maximum and median...levels ofmestranol were 407 and 74 ng/L,respectively". Detected in 10 of 16stream samples. (Fent et al,06 citingKolpin 2002).YesYesYesYes657249MetforminNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes298000Methyl parathionEPA, PAN,USGS(AWWA)Interferes with the normal way that thenerves and brain function. RfD (EPA,mg/kd/d)=0.00025. Chlolinesteraseinhibitor (AWWA)0.006 ppb 95%ile and 0.061 max(AWWA)YesYes51218452MetolachlorUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well watergreater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYSDEC 1998)YesYesYesYesYesYes171118095Metolachlorethanesulfonic acidUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well watergreater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYSDEC 1998)YesYesYesYesYesYes152019733Metolachlor oxanilicacidUSGS & NYSDEC 1998None Provided.Maximum concentrations in well watergreater than 20 ug/L. (USGS & NYSDEC 1998)YesYesYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-25Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28101043372Microcystin LR(USEPA 2006)[AWWA];[ASDWA]Cyanobacteria toxin that causes blood tospill into liver tissue. This bleeding canlead swiftly to death.”[AWWA] NOAEL 3ug/kg-day (no observed effect); RfD3x10-6 mg/kg-day (chronic) (USEPA2006)None Provided.YesYesYesYesYesYes17157481monobromoacetaldehydeKrasner et al2006 (?-not onanalyte list)None Provided."sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,20 ug/L max. Incl. Monobromo? [Krasneret al.06]Yes107200monochloroacetaldehydeNone Provided."sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,20 ug/L max, [Krasner et al.06]YesYesYes91203Naphthalene(Serdar et al,1999);[ASDWA]None Provided.7/12 detection frequency from lake water(range of concentrations 0.016 - 0.083ug/L) Six samples taken at two samplingevents for a total of 12 samples. (Serdaret al, 1999); Diesel fuel widely used andreleased. [ASDWA]YesYesYesYes14797558Nitrate[TXCEQ,ASDWA]None Provided.Texas study indicated half of watersystems using chloramines haddetectable nitrite, and as many as 10%detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in atleast one sample. [TXCEQ, ASDWA]RegReg14797650Nitrite[TXCEQ,ASDWA]None Provided.Texas study indicated half of watersystems using chloramines haddetectable nitrite, and as many as 10%detected nitrite in excess of the MCL in atleast one sample. [TXCEQ, ASDWA]RegReg55185NNitrosodiethylamine(NDEA)AMWA; (nouseful data inAWWARFReports 2867or 2900; otherAWWARFreports not yetreleased)Probable human carcinogen [AMWA]None Provided.YesYesYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-26Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2862759NNitrosodimethylamine(NDMA)AMWAnomination,ASDWAnomination,AWWARFReport 2867,AWWARFReport 2900(otherAWWARFreports not yetreleased)Probable human carcinogen [AMWA].DHHS has determined NDMA "mayreasonably anticipated to be a humancarcinogen." [ASDWA] Cancer lowestTD50 = 0.096 mg/kg/day in rat with targetorgans liver, kidney, lungs, testes andvasculature; also found TD50 of 0.189mg/kg/day in mouse with target organsliver and nervous system (study by Gold,2005). Predicted LOAEL = 2.7 mg/kg/dayaccording to TOPKAT model (AWWAReport 2867)Found in groundwater associated withrocket fuel [ASDWA] Levels of NDMAfound in drinking water are generallybelow 10 ng/L. Valentine et al 2005 founda median NDMA concentration of 0.0005ug/L and a max (or 90th %ile?)concentration 0.0011 ug/L in chlorinatedwater (AWWARF Report 2867). NDMAcan be formed by reaction of chloramineswith NOM under normal conditions usedby chloraminating facilities (AWWARFreport 2900).YesYesYesYesYesYes621647N-Nitrosodi-npropylamine (NDPA)AWWARFReport 2867(no useful datain AWWARFReport 2900;other AWWARFreports not yetreleased)Cancer TD50 in rat = 0.186 mg/kg/day(AWWARF 2867)None Provided.YesYesYesYesYesYes25154523Nonylphenol (NP)OccurrenceData Citations:Ying, et al.2002; Gatidou,et al. 2007Estrogenic effects are present at tissueconcentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenoland 1 μM for nonylphenol [NRDC]Production Volume = 450,000,000 poundsof Alkylphenols and polyethoxylates (APEs)produced annually (U.S.) [NRDC]Productionvolume = 500,000 tons produced annuallyworldwide (cited in Ying et al., 2002, originalsource Renner, 1997; Sole et al.,2000)Concentration in Sewage TreatmentPlants = 0.18– 15.9 ug/L (cited in Ying etal., 2002, original source Naylor et al.,1992). Half-life in river water = 35–58 days(cited in Ying et al., 2002, original sourceEkelund et al., 1993).LOD in wastewater +sewage sludge = 0.03 ug/L; LOQ inwastewater + sewage sludge = 0.11 ug/L(Gatidou et al., 2007) NP concentrationrecords for surface waters, (ug/l): 1)Sample number = 14; range= <LOD-1.19;median= 1.52, 2) Sample Number = 5;range = 12-95; median = 48, 3) Samplenumber = 22; range = 0.077-0.416; median= 0.2, 4) Sample Number = 30 (rivers);range = <0.11-0.64; median = 0.12 (Ying etal. 2002).YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-27Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 289016459Nonylphenolethoxylate (NPE)OccurrenceData Citations:Ying,et al.{NRDC}Estrogenic effects are present at tissueconcentrations of 0.1 μM for octylphenoland 1 μM for nonylphenol [NRDC]Production Volume = 450,000,000pounds of Alkylphenols andpolyethoxylates (APEs) producedannually (U.S.) [NRDC]'Nonylphenol mono ethoxylateconcentrations (ug/l for the followingrecords: 1) Sample number = 22; range= 0.056-0.326; median =0.145 2)Sample Number = 30 (rivers) (ug/l) range= <0.06-0.60; median = 0.09 (Ying et al.,2002).Nonphenyl diethylate concentrations for:1) Sample number = 22; range = 0.038-0.398; median = 0.176. 2) Samplenumber = 30 (rivers) , range = <0.07-1.2;median = 0.1 (Ying et al. 2002).Nonylphenol Triethyloxylateconcentrations for: 1) Sample number =22; range = 0.026-0.398; median =0.153. 2) 30 samples (rivers) (ug/l), range= <1.6-14.9; median = 2, 3) Samplenumber = 14;, range = <LOD-17.8;median = 6.97, (Ying et.al, 2002).YesYes70458967Norfloxacin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes27193288Octylphenol (OP)[NRDC], Ying etal 2002;Gatidou et al2006.;NEIWPCC,2004Animal studies have indicated that ethershave toxic effects such as “increasedadrenal gland, liver, kidney weights andneurological effect" NEIWPCC, 2001.Water solubility (at 20oC) = 12.6 mg/l; logKow = 4.12; Halflife=8.1-51 days (Ying etal. 2002).Occurance of OP has been widelyreported around the world (world data isavailable). Concentration in surfacewaters of the USA: In 14 rivers, OPshowed a range <LOD - 0.81 (mean of0.017); In 22 rivers, OP showed a range0.00156 - 0.007 (mean 0.002) (Ying et al.2002).Detection in 3 WWTP samples [Gatidouet al]YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-28Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 289036195Octylphenolethoxylate (OPE)[NRDC], Ying etal 2002;Gatidou et al2006.None Provided.Octylphenolmonoethoxylate (OPE1):Water solubility (at 20oC) = 8.0 mg/l; logKow = 4.10 (Ying et al. 2002).Octylphenol diethoxylate (OPE2): Watersolubility (at 20oC) = 13.2 mg/l; log Kow =4.00 (Ying et al. 2002).Octylphenol triethoxylate (OPE3): Watersolubility (at 20oC) = 18.4mg/l; log Kow =3.90 (Ying et al. 2002).Octylphenol tetraethoxylate (OPE4):Water solubility (at 20oC) = 24.5 mg/l; logKow = 3.90 (Ying et al. 2002).Detection in 3 WWTP samples [Gatidouet al]MixMix79572Oxytetracycline(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesParoxetinemetaboliteNoNone Provided.None Provided.14797730PerchlorateGlinoer, D.2001. Rovet,JF. 2002.Haddow, JE,1999. AllanWC, 2000.Clewell RA,2003 Kirk AB,2005 ;BlountBC, 2006Blount BC,2006 ;BrechnerRJ, 2000USEPA.UnregulatedContaminantMonitoring Rule(Jan 2005).USEPA (2004).Epi Study in Az determined 6 ppb indrinking water associated with decreasednewborn TSH levels. [Brechner et al2000]None Provided.YesYesYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-29Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28Knownperchloratereleases in theUS.375224PerfluorobutanoicacidNJDEP 2006Statewidesurvey. Minn;NJ; Ohio; WVSuspected toxicity, Risk assessment inprogress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site[nominator. SB note - only says'nominator' in spreadsheet. Assumingthis to be EPA R3]. EPA and NJDEPassessing health effects. [NJDEP]PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS inmany application, but all three are highlypersistant in the environment and appearto accumulate in the blood proteins ofhumans with a half life of about 4 years.[nominator, assumed EPA R3]YesYes335671PerfluorooctanoicacidNJDEP 2006Statewidesurvey. Minn;NJ; Ohio; WVSuspected toxicity, Risk assessment inprogress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site[nominator. SB note - only says'nominator' in spreadsheet. Assumingthis to be EPA R3]. EPA and NJDEPassessing health effects. [NJDEP]PFOA and PFBA replaced PFOS inmany application, but all three are highlypersistent in the environment and appearto accumulate in the blood proteins ofhumans with a half life of about 4 years.[nominator, assumed EPA R3]. 2006Occurrence data from NJ indicate PFOAwas quantitated at 65% of water systemssampled (78% of systems if nonquantifiable detects are considered).Concentrations ranged from 0.003 ppb to0.039 ppb. [NJDEP]YesYesYesYesYesYes1763231PerfluorooctanoicsulfonateNJDEP 2006Statewidesurvey. Minn;NJ; Ohio; WVSuspected toxicity, Risk assessment inprogress refer to OPPT's PFOA web site[nominator - assumed to be EPA R3].EPA and NJDEP assessing healtheffects. [NJDEP]PFOS was phased out by 3M, in 2002due to toxicity. PFOA and PFBAreplaced PFOS in many application, butall three are highly persistent in theenvironment and appear to accumulate inthe blood proteins of humans with a halflife of about 4 years. [nominator,assumed EPA R3]. 2006 Occurrencedata from NJ indicate PFOS wasquantitated at 30% of water systemssampled (57% of systems if nonquantifiable detects are considered).Concentrations ranged from 0.0023 ppbto 0.019 ppb. [NJDEP]YesYesYesYes61949777Permethrin, transIARCIARC classified as group 3Water solubility 0.2 mg/L; log octanolwater partition coefficient 6.5; Soil halflife approx. 28 days. Occurrence 0.006ppb 95%ile (USGS). Concentrations ashigh as 0.8 mg/L have been detected insurface water. (AWWA)YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-30Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28732116PhosmetTaylor 1999EPA IRED2001Raffaelle 1999Subchronic oral neurotoxicity study: TheLOAEL is 22 ppm (equivalent to 1.5/1.6mg/kg/day [Male/Female], the LDT),based on dose-related decreases inplasma, RBC, whole blood, and braincholinesterase activity levels. TheNOAEL was not established. In a ratdevelopmental toxicity study , treatmentrelated clinical signs were observed atthe 15 mg/kg/day dose level, whichconsisted of tremors/shaking andsubdued behavior. In the mousecarcinogenicity study, convulsions wereobserved in males at 25 ppm. In a 2-generation reproduction study in rats,tremors were observed at the high-doselevel [23.4 mg/kg/day]. In thedevelopmental toxicity study in rabbits,unsteady gait and shaking wereobserved at 15 mg/kg/day. MaternalToxicity in Rats: NOAEL 10 mg/kg/day &LOAEL 15 mg/kg/day (decreased bodyweight gain and food consumption andclinical signs; No developmental toxicityin rats. Maternal Toxicity in Rabbits:NOAEL 5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 15mg/kg/day (clinical signs and decreasedbody weight). Developmental Toxicity inRabbits: NOAEL 5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL15 mg/kg/day (increased incidence ofskeletal variations in fetuses). Parentalsystemic toxicity in rats: NOAEL equal toand less than 1.5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL6.1 (RBC ChEI). Offspring toxicity inrats: NOAEL 1.5 mg/kg/day & LOAEL 6.1mg/kg/day (decreased # of live pups, pupweights, fertility and lactation index).Delayed Neurotoxicity: unsteadiness,subdued behavior, recumbency,salivation; no ataxia; no decreases inbrain or spinal cord NTE; brain ChEdecreased 63%; no neuropathology.Acute Neurotoxicity NOAEL 4.5 mg/kgLOAEL 22.5 mg/kg, based oncholinesterase inhibition [plasma, RBC,EEC 0.4 - 140 ppbYesYesYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-31Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28brain] and decreased motor activity inboth sexes. (Taylor 1999)IRED NOAEL unc.57830Progesterone[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.Yes1610180PrometonFrans2004USGS &NYS DEC 1998None Provided.Ambient water concentrations up to 0.19ug/L (Frans 2004)Maximumconcentrations in well water 0.1 to 1 ug/L.(USGS & NYS DEC 1998)YesYesYesYes114261PropoxurNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes129000PyreneSerdar, D, et al.(1999);[ASDWA]None Provided.6/12 detection frequency from lake water(range of concentrations 0.0016 - 0.012ug/L). Six samples taken at two samplingevents for a total of 12 samples. (Serdaret al 1999). Diesel fuel widely used andreleased. [ASDWA]YesYes13233324Radium 224Mays et al.1995USEPA 2000Schleien 1992Lifetime cancer risk from ingestion lessthan that from ingestion of an equalamount of Ra-226 or Ra-228, but greaterthan that suggested in the Mays et alstudy. Concern that previouslyundetected presence of Ra-224 maypose an additional, quantifiable radiumhealth risk that currently is not accountedfor by the 5-pCi/L MCL for combinedradium in drinking water. (USEPA 2000)Because of its short half life, much of theingested Ra-224 decays on bonesurfaces, where it may have enhancedeffectiveness (Schleien 1992)Extensive monitoring inthe NJ over pastseveral years established presence ofunsupported Ra-224 as the significantsource of the elevated alpha-particleradioactivity (Parsa 1998)Survey by USEPA and USGSdemonstrated that Ra-224 may bepresent in significant quantities ingroundwater (Focazio et al. 2001)Study by USGS, NJDEP, and NJDHSSconfirms that Ra-224 contributesconsiderable gross alpha-particle activityto drinking water produced from NewJersey Coastal Plain aquifer system(Szabo et al. 2005)Half life of 3.66 days (Mays et al. 1995)RegReg66357355RanitidineNoNone Provided.NoneProvided.YesYes80214831Roxithromycin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-32Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2898105998Sarafloxacin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes7440235SodiumNYCDEP 2004None Provided.Surface water: 5.06 - 44.6 mg/L(NYCDEP 2004)YesYesYesYes7647145Sodium chloride(Hesig et al.,2000)None Provided.Road salt application rate, in tons permile of roadway per year: Town, county,state roads (2 land) = 3y; TaconicParkway (4 lane) = 75; Interstate 84 (4lane) = 298 (Hesig et al., 2000).YesYes122112Sulfadimethoxine(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes127797Sulfamerazine(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes57681Sulfamethazine(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes144821Sulfamethizole(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes723466Sulfamethoxazole(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes72140Sulfathiozole(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes75854tert-Amyl alcoholNo.None Provided.None Provided.YesYes919948tert-Amyl ethyl ether[NYDOH] (Shih,et al., 2004;NEIWPCC,2001)Animal studies have indicated that ethershave toxic effects such as “increasedadrenal gland, liver, kidney effects andneurological effect" NEIWPCC, 2001.Med = 20 ug/L; Percent Detects 18.3% inCA leaking UST sites. [Shih et al 2004.]EPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-33Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28994058tert-Amyl methyletherNew EnglandWater PollutionControlCommission,2001.Shih et al.,2004Animal studies have indicated that ethershave toxic effects such as “increasedadrenal gland, liver,and kidney weights and neurologicaleffects” (NEIWPCC, 2001)Min. Conc. detected in GW from leakingUSTs = 0.38 ug/L; Max. Conc. detectedin GW from leaking USTs = 12,000 ug/L;Mean Conc. detected in GW from leakingUSTs = 240 ug/L; Med. Conc. detected inGW from leaking USTs = 20 ug/L (Shihet al., 2004)Water solubility (Cs(o)) ( mg/l) = ~20,000;Log Kow = N/A; Henrys Law Kh (atmm3)/(gmole) = 1.27E-3; Henry's LawDimensionless(h/rt) = 5.191E-2; Log Koc= {2.2, 1.27} (NEIWPCC, 2001).YesYes75650tert-Butyl alcoholNTP Shih et al.,2004NewEngland WaterPollutionControlCommission,2001.Kidney tumors in male rats (NTP)Thyroidtumors in male and female mice(NTP)Health-based groundwater criterionof 100 ug/L based on nephropathy infemale rats (NTP)LOAEL from kidneystudy = 175 mg/kg-d (NTP)Group Cpossible human carcinogen(NTP)Applied UF of 10,000 from LOAELand 10 for poss. carc., assuming RSC of20% [NJDEP]Animal studies haveindicated that ethers have toxic effectssuch as “increased adrenal gland,liver,and kidney weights and neurologicaleffects”.Tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA), analcohol, is not considered to be a viablealternative to MtBE giventhat animalstudies have produced evidence that itmay be a carcinogen (NEIWPCC, 2001)Detected in 36 out of 3,048 private wells.Min: 10 ppb; max: 251 ppb; mean: 67ppb. [NJDEP]Min. Conc. detected in GWfrom leaking USTs = 6 ug/L; Max. Conc.detected in GW from leaking USTs =4.4E-06 ug/L; Mean Conc. detected inGW from leaking USTs = 30,120 ug/L;Med. Conc. detected in GW from leakingUSTs = 1,880 ug/L (Shih et al.,2004)Water solubility (Cs(o)) ( mg/l) =infinatley soluble; Log Kow = 0.35;Henrys Law Kh (atm-m3)/(gmole) ={1.175E-5, 1.19E-5, 1.04E-5, 1.47E-5};Henry's Law Dimensionless(h/rt) ={4.803E-4, 4.864E-4, 4.251E-4, 5.927E4, 4.8E-4}; Log Koc = {1.21, 0.20}(NEIWPCC, 2001).YesYesYesYes58220Testosterone[Riverkeepers]None Provided.None Provided.Yes60548Tetracycline(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes75967Tribromoacetic acidRoberts et al2002(discussesclasses only);DBP ICRNone Provided.3% Det, 0.00 mg/Lmed, 19.00 mg/L max(DBP ICR)YesYesYes464108Tribromonitromethane(bromopicrin)Plewa2004A,Krasner et al,2006Plewa2004A has in vitro dataND med, 5 ug/L max (Krasner et al,2006)YesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-34Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 2852686TrichlorfonEPA IRED,1997None Provided.None Provided.YesYes75876TrichloroacetaldehydeNone Provided."sum of haloacetaldehydes," 4 ug/L med,20 ug/L, max. Incl. Trichloro? [Krasner etal.06]YesYes76062Trichloronitromethane(chloropicrin)Plewa2004A;DeAngeloUSEPA (couldnot identifyreport); DBPICR; Krasner etal, 2006Plewa2004A has in vitro data26% Det, 0.50 ug/L med, 13.6 ug/L max(DBP ICR); 0.2 ug/L med, 2.0 ug/L max(Krasner et al, 2006)YesYesYesYes101202Triclocarban(Pruden et al,2006; Halden etal., 2005)None Provided.Annual loadings of antimicrobials(triclocarban, TCC and triclosan, TCS) towater resources is as follows: activatedsludge treatment plants (39-67%)followed by trickling filters (31-45%), andcombined and sanitary seweroverflows(2-7% and 0.2%) respectivley.The magnitude and frequency of TCCcontamination (regional) 6750 ng/L, 68%;(predicted nationwide for 1999-2000),1150 ng/L 60%. 84% of all animicrobialbar soaps sold in the United Statescontain triclocarban. Approx. 500,000-1,000,000lb (227, 00-454,00 kg) oftriclocarban are used in the US everyyear. The water solubility of triclocarbanis is 0.65-1.55 mg/L at 25 degrees C.We estimated nationwide rates oftriclocarban in personal care productsdisposed into wastewater at >330,000kg/yr. Detectable concentrations oftriclocarban were predicted for 49 USstreams in 21 states. A strong positivelinear correlation was observed betweentriclocarban and triclosan occurrencesacross all aquatic environments andwater types we examined in aconcentration range spanning 5 orders ofmagnitude. Regression analysis of thesedata resulted in the empirical model:Log10 Crcc = 0.9491 Log10 Crcs. In thisstudy, estimated concentrations rangedYesYesEPA-OGWDWCCL 3:EPA-815-R-09-011Summary of NominationsAugust 2009A3-35Appendix 3: Chemical NominationsSupporting InformationCCL 3 Process StatusCASRN Common NameReferencesCitedSupplemental HE DATA provided withNominationSupplemental OCC DATA providedwith NominationDraftUniverseDataFinalUniverseDataDraftPCCLFinalPCCLDRAFTCCL 3FinalCCL 3117 131 37 53 17 28from 9 to 1550 ng/L, with a mean andmedian of 213 and 109 ng/L,respectivley. In this study, TCC has anoverall frequency of detection of 60% (55of 91 streams total) Triclocarbon isexpected to rank in the top 20 inmaximum concentration among 96pharmaceuticals, hormones and organicwastewater contaminants considered.(Halden, 2005).55335063TriclopyrNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes738705Trimethoprim[NYDOH]25th ranked prescription medicine in theUS, (NYDOH).NYDOH surveyed the New York citywatershed; in each of four WWTPeffluent sampled and at high frequency.Detected as high as 8,090-37,000 ng/L.USGS detected in groundwater atconcentrations ranging from 0.1-100 ng/Lin Long Island. Median NRECconcentration 103 ng/L. Relatively stableand moderately mobile (NYDOH).YesYes1401690Tylosin(Mackie et al,2006);[Riverkeepers];[NYDOH]None Provided.None Provided.YesYes21411530Virginiamycin(Mackie et al,2006);None Provided.None Provided.81812WarfarinNoNone Provided.None Provided.YesYes

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## Appendix 4 : References

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Manganese. (2000) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpr ofiles/tp151.pdf

A llan WC, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Williams JR, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, Faix JD, Klein RZ. (2000) Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening. J Med Screen. 7(3): 127

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Association of American Pesticide Control Officials Inc. 1969 as cited in ACGIH 1986/ Ex 1

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AwwaRF. 3014. Occurrence and Formatio n of Nitrogenous Disinfection By

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## Appendix 4 : References

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## Appendix 4 : References

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