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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

JOYCE ZAMELIS,

Respondent,

v.

ZINTARS ZAMELIS,

Appellant.

No. 68841-3-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: November 25. 2013

Spearman, A.C.J. - Zintars Zamelis appeals from the trial court's findings

of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment entered in a partition action brought by

his former wife, Joyce Zamelis. He contends the trial court erred in ruling that real

property purchased during the couple's marriage should be sold and the

proceeds divided equally between them. We conclude the trial court acted within

its equitable discretion given the facts in this case and affirm.

FACTS

Zintars Zamelis and Joyce Zamelis1 were married in 1963. Zintars

controlled the couple's finances. On July 20, 1971, they purchased a home and

land (the Property) in Honeymoon Bay, Washington. The mortgage of $20,000

was owed to National Bank of Commerce (hereinafter Rainier National Bank).

The parties will be referred to by their first names for convenience.
No. 68841-3-1/2

After they bought the Property, Zintars told Joyce that ifthey ever divorced, he

would make sure she got nothing. Later that year, the parties granted a second

mortgage on the Property in the amount of $40,000 to secure payment for the

purchase of a business, Alert Glass. That mortgage was also owed to Rainier

National Bank.

In 1976, Zintars told Joyce he owed money to Victor Otians, his Latvian

fraternity brother, and that they had to quit claim the Property to Otians to satisfy

the debt. The Zamelises executed a quitclaim deed. Zintars told her the house

belonged to Otians, but that at some point, Otians would deed the Property back

to them. The Zamelises continued to reside on the Property and to pay the

mortgage, taxes, and insurance. As far as Joyce knew, they were paying rent to

Otians.

In 1979, a business creditor sued the Zamelises and Otians for fraudulent

transfer of the Property. The lawsuit was dismissed subject to the condition that it

could be re-filed ifthe Property was ever repurchased by the Zamelises for less

than fair consideration. In 1980, the Zamelises and Alert Glass filed for

bankruptcy, though Joyce did not know the details. Several months later, the

bankruptcy court entered a discharge of debtors. In 1983, Rainier National Bank

filed a complaint against the Zamelises and Otians for foreclosure of the second

mortgage. Otians executed a short form deed of trust in the sum of $18,000 to

satisfy the bank's complaint.
No. 68841-3-1/3

In November 1983, Zintars and Joyce separated. Joyce moved out of the

Property while Zintars stayed with their daughter. Joyce wanted to stay and for

Zintars to leave, but Zintars told her that Otians would not allow it. When Joyce

left in 1983, the Property was in good but not excellent condition. In 1984, Joyce

filed a petition for dissolution and a lis pendens against the Property.

By 1986, Zintars wanted to get divorced, but Joyce first wanted an

agreement regarding the Property. Zintars knew she believed title to the Property

was a sham transaction between him and Otians. He thus drafted a "Partnership

Agreement" that the parties signed in August 1986. The agreement purported to

"dispense any past, present or future aspirations by either partfy] in regard to

their posture on [the Property]" by establishing a "limited and equal partnership

for the sole purpose of purchasing, renting, and selling" the Property. Exhibit

(Ex.) 31. Itstated that Zintars, the active partner, would solicit and arrange for

financing of the Property; maintain the Property to make it rentable and expense

that cost to the partnership at the rate of $15 per hour; keep the premises rented

"but not at his peril"; and keep the mortgage current. The agreement stated that

Joyce would be equally responsible for the mortgage and that Zintars and Joyce

would each pay $150 per month to meet any shortages between the mortgage

and rent and to pay for repairs. Furthermore, "[a]ll capital improvements, change

of responsibility, and any amendments to this agreement shall be in writing,

signed by both partners." ]d, Zintars agreed to "divulge within 10 days and share

equally any monies and real benefits that come to him now or in the future as a
No. 68841-3-1/4

result of the community property period of the marriage." Id, The agreement

required Joyce to release her lis pendens on the Property, which she did.

On December 30, 1986, Otians conveyed the Property to Zintars by

quitclaim deed. Joyce was not named as a grantee. Consideration was

"assumption of liability only." Ex. 8. Zintars put the deed in his safe deposit box.

He had no conversations with Joyce in the following year and delivered no

documents to her.

On March 14, 1988, the decree of dissolution was entered. The decree,

prepared by Zintars, purported to give each party one-half of partnership real

property and to give Joyce "$5,000 paid on the property/partnership." Itstated

that each party was liable for $11,000 owed to Otians and for "partnership liability

on real property." Joyce had not paid nor received $5,000 on the Property and

she did not know what that asset referred to. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 10. She also

did not know what the debt to Otians was for; she saw no documents to evidence

it and never heard from Otians to collect it. After the divorce, Joyce called Otians

about the Property and felt reassured that when legal title was recovered, the

Property would be in both parties' names.

Zintars continued to reside on the Property after the divorce, though he

was injured and unable to work on the house. He paid the monthly mortgage of

$144.57 to Rainier National Bank until January 31, 1997, when it was paid off. In

1993, he began dating Krisstine Muzzy. When Muzzy first saw the Property, it

was a "dump." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 238. From 1994 on, Zintars and
No. 68841-3-1/5

Muzzy made updates and improvements to the Property, most significantly the

conversion of the garage into an accessory living unit and the construction of a

detached garage. They were married in 2000, and Muzzy's mother came to live

with them in 2001. Muzzy and her mother invested substantial sums into the

Property.

From 1988 to 2004, Joyce checked Island County real property records,

which showed that the Property was in Otians' name. During this time, she

rented rooms and bought a trailer. In 2005, she moved to Oregon. On January

18, 2005, after Otians passed away, Zintars recorded the 1986 quit claim deed.

Joyce discovered the deed when she checked county records in the fall of 2008.

Joyce filed a complaint against Zintars on March 26, 2009 and an

amended complaint on August 7, seeking to quiet title and partition the Property.

Zintars filed an amended answer, asserting a counterclaim for adverse

possession and claiming Joyce owed him $486,274.29, with interest, under the

Partnership Agreement. In his amended answer and his answers to

interrogatories, Zintars admitted that Otians executed the quitclaim deed on

December 30, 1986 and that he had an ownership interest in the Property as of

January 1, 1987.

The trial court held a bench trial. Contrary to the admissions in his

amended answer and answers to interrogatories, Zintars testified at trial that he

did not receive the December 1986 quit claim deed until December 1991, when

he purportedly paid off a $22,000 promissory note to Otians. Zintars produced
No. 68841-3-1/6

two promissory notes—one for $22,000 and the other for $6,400—that he had

executed in favor of Otians on December 30, 1986. Zintars testified that the

$22,000 note represented the $18,000 deed of trust from Otians to Rainier

National Bank. He testified that the second note was for repayment of a roof put

on his business's property in 1976. The decree of dissolution did not identify

either of the promissory notes as encumbering the Property. Zintars testified that

he told Joyce in 1991 that he had paid off the note to Otians and had the quit

claim deed to the Property, and that she owed him a certain amount of money.

The trial court entered findings of fact, conclusions of law, and a judgment

on May 7, 2012. Itfound that Zintars' testimony was not credible. Itfound that

Otians signed the quitclaim deed on December 30, 1986 and that the timing of

the promissory notes after the separation, the date of the quitclaim deed, Zintars'

vow to make sure Joyce received nothing from the marriage and the friendship

between Zintars and Otians evidenced Zintars' efforts to cut Joyce out of the

Property. The court found that Zintars provided no documentary proof that he

had paid the sums due on the promissory notes to Otians and found that the

notes were not for financing the Property because they were not secured. It

concluded that Zintars had repudiated the Partnership Agreement and set it

aside.2 The courtordered that the Property be sold and the proceeds divided

equally. Zintars appeals.

2The trial courtalso concluded that Muzzy had recourse against Zintars for monies she

put into the Property.
No. 68841-3-1/7

DISCUSSION

This case involves a partition action, which "is both a right and a flexible

equitable remedy subject to judicial discretion." Friend v. Friend. 92 Wn. App.

799, 803, 964 P.2d 1219 (1998) (citing Anderson & Mitchell Lumber Co. v.

Quinault Indian Nation. 130 Wn2d 862, 873, 929 P.2d 379 (1996)). Atrial court's

order partitioning property is reviewed for abuse of discretion. IcL at 805. We

review a trial court's findings of fact for substantial evidence and review de novo

whether its conclusions of law flow from its findings. Dep't of Labor & Indus, v.

Shirley. 171 Wn. App. 870, 288 P.3d 390, 394 (2012), rev. denied. 177 Wn.2d

1006, 300 P.3d 415 (2013)).

Initially, while Zintars assigns error to fourteen findings of fact and six

conclusions of law, he makes no argument addressing why any of the findings of

fact or two of the conclusions of law were erroneous.3 This court will not review

3Zintars assigns error tothe following findings offact and conclusions oflaw:

Finding of Fact 54: [Joyce] did not know what that asset [the "$5,000 paid on

property/partnership" listed in the decree of dissolution as awarded to Joyce]

was.

Finding of Fact 56: [Zintars] did very little to maintain the property.

Finding of Fact 79: [Zintars] knew that if[Joyce] knew of the deed, she would sue

to recover the property.

Finding of Fact 87: It is not credible that [Otians] would wait 10 years [from 1976

to 1986], during which time the parties declared bankruptcy, to recover his debt.

Finding of Fact 88: The timing of the debt is suspicious. It was incurred only by

[Zintars] during the parties' separation and without [Joyce's] knowledge.

Finding of Fact 90: If[Zintars] had told [Joyce] in 1991 that he had possession of

the deed, this action would have commenced in 1991.
No. 68841-3-1/8

Finding of Fact 91: [Zintars] hid the quit claim deed in a safety deposit box.

Finding of Fact 92: The Court strongly suspects that [Zintars] had possession of

the deed on December 30, 1986, Mr. Otians signed the quitclaim deed on

December 30, 1986, the same day that Zintar signed promissory notes.

Finding of Fact 94: The timing of the promissory notes after separation, the date

of the quit claim deed and [Zintars'] vow to make sure [Joyce] received nothing

from the marriage combined with the deep friendship between [Zintars] and

[Otians] convinced the Court that [Zintars] was trying to cut [Joyce] out of the

subject property, which both parties acknowledge was a community asset.

Finding of Fact 95: [Zintars] did not provide any proof, other than his testimony,

which was riddled with inconsistencies, that he actually paid [Otians] the sums

due on the notes.

Finding of Fact 96: Although [Zintars] was able to find other documents more

than 20 years old, he offered not one canceled check, not one bank statement to

show proof of payment.

Finding of Fact 99: [Zintars'] payments on the property were far below fair rental

value.

Finding of Fact 100: [Zintars] now claims that he is owed $150 per month from

[Joyce] since 1986.

Finding of Fact 103: If [Zintars] had notified [Joyce] in late 1986, when the court

believes he got the quit claim deed, of his title to the real property, the property

would have been sold or rented then.

Conclusion of Law 3: The notes that [Zintars] signed to [Otians] in 1986 were not

for financing the subject property because the notes were not secured.

Conclusion of Law 4: The liability against the subject property referenced in the

1986 deed was the note and deed of trust in favor of Rainier National Bank,

which, in 1986, was $12,000.

Conclusion of Law 5: [Zintars] repudiated the 1986 partnership agreement.

Conclusion of Law 6: The partnership agreement should be set aside.

Conclusion of Law 11: It is equitable that the subject property be sold and the

proceeds divided equally between the parties.

Conclusion of Law 13: In exchange for his exclusive occupancy of the residence,

[Zintars] should pay the taxes and insurance and maintenance for the property

and he should pay rent to [Joyce] in the sum of $1,000 per month, commencing

April 1,2012.

CP at 5-15.
No. 68841-3-1/9

assignments of error that are not supported by argument and citation to authority.

Raum v. City of Bellevue. 171 Wn. App. 124, 149, 286 P.3d 695 (2012), rev.

denied. 176 Wn.2d 1024, 301 P.3d 1047 (2013)). Therefore, we do not consider

Zintars' challenges to any of the findings of fact or to conclusions of law 3 and 4.

On appeal, Zintars makes three main arguments as to why the trial court's

ordershould be reversed.4 First, he argues that the courtabused its discretion in

ordering that the proceeds from the sale of the Property be divided equally

without deducting Joyce's share of the purchase price, taxes, and costs of

improvements from 1983 on. He contends she was required to make these

contributions under principles of tenancy in common, relying on Cummings v.

Anderson. 94 Wn.2d 135, 614 P.2d 1283 (1980). We disagree.

In Cummings, a couple purchased a home on a real estate contract as

tenants in common and married within a year. jd. at 136-37. Several months after

they were married, the wife left the property, taking most of the couple's personal

property, including the cash in their bank account. Id. at 137. She obtained a

default dissolution decree. Years later, by which time most of the payments had

been made under the original contract, she brought suit against her former

4Although Zintars claimed in his amended complaint thatJoyce owed him $486,274.29,

with interest, under the Partnership Agreement, he does not, on appeal, continue to argue that he

was due this amount. Instead, he argues that this court should remand with instructions to order

the trial court to amend the judgment so that Joyce is awarded one-half of the value of the

Property as of March 14, 1988 (the date of the decree of dissolution), deducting one-half of the

balance owed to Rainier National Bank and $11,000 (as provided in the decree of dissolution)

and crediting her with $5,000 paid toward the partnership liability (as stated in the decree). He

contends the trial court should order the Property to be listed for sale, upon which Joyce should

receive her proportionate share, after deducting her share of the costs of sale.
No. 68841-3-1/10

husband, seeking one-half of the equity value of the property and one-half of the

fair rental value during the time he lived there alone. ]d at 137-38. The

Washington Supreme Court explained that where parties own property as cotenants, they are presumed to own the property equally unless they contributed

unequally to the purchase price, in which case "a presumption arises that they

intended to share the property proportionately to the purchase price." jd. at 140

(citing Iredell v. Iredell. 49 Wn.2d 627, 305 P.2d 805 (1957)). Itexplained that

tenants in common owe fiduciary duties to each other and that the husband had

not breached any fiduciary duties owed to the wife, jd at 143. It concluded,

Here, the trial court correctly held that the respondent, having

abandoned her obligations under the contract, could no longer be

heard to say that her interest was equal to that of the petitioner,

who alone made the payments necessary to preserve the equity

existing at that time and avoid forfeiture. There appears no reason

why the petitioner should have intended to donate to the

respondent the benefit of one-half of the payments which he made

after their relationship terminated, nor is it contended that he had

any legal or equitable duty to do so.

|d The Court held that the wife was entitled only to the interest she had acquired

in the property by the time she had left. ]d at 144.

This case presents a very different situation. In Cummings, the wife

abandoned her obligations as a tenant in common and there was no deceit on

the part of the husband. The parties did not discuss their rights in the property or

their future obligations when the wife left the property. ]d at 137. The wife made

no offer to make payments necessary for acquisition of the property nor did she

assert a right to occupy the property or to receive rent for the husband's

10
No. 68841-3-1/11

occupancy. Jd Here, in contrast, after the parties separated they agreed that they

owned the Property as partners and agreed to jointly purchase, rent, and sell the

Property. But Zintars did not honor that agreement or his fiduciary duties to

Joyce. Instead, several months after entering into the agreement, he obtained a

quit claim deed giving him sole title to the Property. He then represented for over

17 years that the Property belonged to Otians and that he was merely a tenant.

Joyce did not abandon her obligation to make payments under the Partnership

Agreement or decree of dissolution; that duty was not triggered because she did

not learn until 2008 that title had been recovered from Otians. The trial court

acted within its discretion when it determined that Zintars should not receive

credit for mortgage payments and taxes during the period he represented that he

was a renter, particularly when he paid significantly less than fair rental value to

live in the Property while Joyce rented rooms and lived in a trailer.5

As for Zintars' improvements to the Property, the trial court did not err in

not ordering that the value of the improvements be deducted from Joyce's share

of the proceeds from the sale of the Property. Generally,

[w]hile a cotenant cannot at his own suit recover for improvements

placed upon the common estate without the request or consent of

his cotenant, yet a court of equity, in a partition suit, will give the

cotenant the fruits of his industry and expenditures, by allotting to

him the parcel so enhanced in value or so much thereof as

represents his share of the whole tract.

5During those years, Zintars paid $144 permonth in mortgage payments and lessthan

$200 per month in taxes, when the houses Joyce sought to rent were being rented at $700 per

month. The mortgage was paid off in 1997, and thereafter Zintars paid little in real estate taxes (in

2010 he paid $788, approximately $65 per month).

11
No. 68841-3-1/12

Cummings, 94 Wn.2d at 141. But here, we agree with Joyce that it was equitable

for the increase in the Property's value from the improvements to be offset by

rent due upon Zintars' ouster of Joyce in January 2005. A cotenant ousts another

cotenant by repudiating or disavowing cotenancy and engaging in acts or

conduct signifying his intention to hold, occupy, and enjoy the premises

exclusively, acts of which the tenant out of possession has knowledge or

sufficient information to be put on inquiry. Fritch v. Fritch. 53 Wn.2d 496, 503,

335 P.2d 43 (1959). The claimant "'must show a definite and continuous

assertion of an adverse right by overt acts of unequivocal character clearly

indicating an assertion of ownership of the premises to the exclusion of the right

of the other cotenants.'" ]d at 503-04 (quoting 1 Am. Jur., Adverse Possession,

824 § 54). When an occupying cotenant ousts a non-occupying cotenant, the

former begins to owe rent. Yakavonis v. Tilton. 93 Wn. App. 304, 309, 968 P.2d

908(1998).

On January 18, 2005, Zintars recorded the quit claim deed, taking the

overt, unequivocal act of asserting a right of ownership adverse to Joyce and

beginning his attempt to oust her. He asserted in his pleadings, up to the date of

trial, that he was the sole owner by quit claim deed and adverse possession.

Where the value ofZintars' improvements was $27,5006 and the rent sought by

6The main improvements werethe conversion ofthe garage to an accessory living unit

and the construction of a detached garage, which together added $27,500 in value.

12
No. 68841-3-1/13

Joyce was $31,480,7 the trial court acted within its discretion in ordering thatthe

proceeds from the sale of the Property be divided equally without awarding

Zintars the value of the improvements.

Second, Zintars argues that the trial court retroactively modified the

decree of dissolution when itfailed to find that Joyce abandoned her obligations

under the decree, awarding her a greater interest in the Property than she was

entitled to receive. He notes that a trial court has no authority to modify even its

own decree unless conditions justify the reopening of the judgment, citing Kern v.

Kern. 28 Wn.2d 617, 619, 183 P.2d 811 (1947) and RCW 26.09.170(1).

We reject Zintars' contention that the trial court retroactively modified the

decree of dissolution. The decree awarded one-half of the real property to Joyce

and ordered her to pay the "[partnership liability on real property." Ex. 10(c). Her

obligation to contribute toward the mortgage would take effect when she and

Zintars recovered title. But for years, Zintars concealed the fact that he had

recovered title from Otians. By the time Joyce received title to the Property by

order of the trial court, the mortgage had been paid off 12 years earlier. The trial

court did not err in not ordering her to pay a mortgage that no longer existed,

particularly, as we have explained, because Zintars' mortgage payments were

7The evidenceat trial was that the fair rental value ofthe Property was $1,465 per

month, $650 of which was from the accessory living unit. Thus, the fair rental value of the

Property minus the improvements was $815 per month. At that rate, the total rent from January

2005 to January 2012 at the time of trial would amount to $68,460. Subtracting the taxes due

over that period of $5,500 left a net rental sum of $62,960, half of which would be $31,480.

13
No. 68841-3-1/14

less than fair rental value and were offset by his beneficial use of the Property.

Zintars also argues Joyce should be required to pay him $11,000, representing

the alleged debt to Otians stated in the decree of dissolution. But the trial court

found that Zintars provided no proof he paid the sums due on the promissory

notes and found that the notes were not for financing the Property because they

were not secured. Furthermore, the quitclaim deed transferring title to Zintars

stated that consideration was "assumption ofliability only."8 Ex. 8.

Finally, Zintars argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he

repudiated the Partnership Agreement and in setting it aside. He cites cases and

statutes, including the Revised Uniform Partnership Act, chapter 25.05 RCW, in

arguing that partners owe each other duties and obligations and that Joyce

breached those duties by failing to pay $150 per month under the Partnership

Agreement.9 He contends he should be credited with his contributions ofmoney

and labor since the execution of the Partnership Agreement.

But while Zintars asserts he did not repudiate the Partnership Agreement,

he makes no argument as to why the evidence fails to support the trial court's

determination that he did, and we agree with Joyce that the evidence supports

8The only liability associated with the Property was the mortgage in favor ofRainier

Financial Services. Ex. 9.

9Specifically, Zintars cites RCW 25.05.150 in discussing a partner'srights and duties

regarding contributions, liabilities, and profits; and RCW 25.05.330 in discussing the settlement of

accounts and contributions between partners.

14
No. 68841-3-1/15

the court's determination.10 A party's repudiation ofa contract may be treated by

the other as a breach that will excuse the other's performance. CKP v. GRS

Const. Co.. 63 Wn. App. 601, 620, 821 P.2d 63 (1991). Thus, Zintars' discussion

of the principles that apply to partnerships is unavailing.

In sum, given the evidence before it, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in ordering the Property to be sold and the proceeds divided equally.

Attorney's Fees on Appeal

Joyce seeks attorney's fees on appeal, citing RCW 26.09.140, Seals v.

Seals. 22 Wn. App. 652, 590 P.2d 1301 (1979), and RAP 18.9(a).

Under RCW 26.09.140,

[t]he court from time to time after considering the financial

resources of both parties may order a party to pay a reasonable

amount for the cost to the other party of maintaining or defending

any proceeding under this chapter and for reasonable attorneys'

fees or other professional fees in connection therewith, including

sums for legal services rendered and costs incurred prior to the

commencement of the proceeding or enforcement or modification

proceedings after entry of judgment.

The statute also permits the award of fees on appeal. RCW 26.09.140.

While the statute applies to dissolution proceedings, this court in Seals

upheld fees awarded under the statute to a wife in a post-dissolution partition

10 Intent to repudiate a contract may be expressly stated or circumstantially manifested by

conduct. CKP. 63 Wn. App. at 620. The evidence shows that Zintars did not intend to abide by

the Partnership Agreement. Fourmonths afterthe agreement, he recovered the Property in his

name only, in contravention ofthe agreement. He then concealed from Joyce the fact that he had

recovered the Property for 17 years. Moreover, he did not rent or sell the Property, as

contemplated bythe Partnership Agreement. Indeed, he admitted at trial that he did notwantto

sellthe Property. Zintars' actionson the whole were in contravention of the agreement's purpose

of purchasing, renting, and selling the Property.

15
No. 68841-3-1/16

action and also awarded her fees on appeal. Seals. 22 Wn. App. at 656-58.

There, several months after the parties divorced, the wife learned of undisclosed

property and brought a partition action. We explained that fees were permissible

under RCW 26.09.140 for several reasons. First, we noted that a trial court has

the duty to dispose of all of the property brought to its attention in a divorce case,

and that the partition action was a "continuation of the original dissolution action"

where the wife filed the action promptly after discovering the existence of

undisclosed property. Seals, 22 Wn. App. at 657. Second, we explained that fees

under RCW 26.09.140 were not precluded where it would be manifestly unjust to

follow the general rule that the court loses jurisdiction to award attorney's fees in

a dissolution proceeding after entry of the order of dismissal. Id at 657-58.

Finally, we noted that a trial court does not exceed its authority to award

attorney's fees ifthe non-prevailing party acted in bad faith. Id at 658.

We award fees on appeal to Joyce under RCW 26.09.140 and Seals.

While the Property was purportedly addressed by the decree of dissolution, her

partition action was nonetheless a continuation of the dissolution proceeding

because at the time the trial court entered the decree, neither the court nor Joyce

knew the true nature of the title to the Property: that itwas in Zintars' name only.

16
No. 68841-3-1/17

Affirmed.

WE CONCUR:

rr

17