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07-5468-cv

Debbie Almontaser v. NYC Dep’t of Educ.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

_____________________

August Term, 2007

(Argued: February 5, 2008 Decided: March 20, 2008)

Docket No. 07-5468-cv

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DEBBIE ALMONTASER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

— v .—

NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, JOEL KLEIN, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL

CAPACITY AS CHANCELLOR OF THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, ROSEMARY

STUART, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS COMMUNITY SUPERINTENDENT OF

DISTRICT 15 AND HIRING MANAGER, MICHAEL BLOOMBERG, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL

CAPACITY AS THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK AND DENNIS WALCOTT, INDIVIDUALLY

AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS DEPUTY MAYOR FOR EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT,

Defendants-Appellees.

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Before: NEWMAN, WINTER, AND B.D. PARKER, Circuit Judges.

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Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New

York (Stein, J.), denying a motion for a preliminary injunction. 

AFFIRMED. 

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ALAN LEVINE, New York, NY (Cynthia Rollings, Melvin L.

Wulf, Clare R. Norins, Beldock Levine & Hoffman

LLP; and Arthur Eisenberg, New York Civil

Liberties Union Foundation, on the brief), for

Plaintiff-Appellant. 

DRAKE A. COLLEY, Assistant Corporation Counsel (Edward

F.X. Hart, on the brief), for Michael A. Cardozo,

Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New

York, NY.

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PER CURIAM:

Plaintiff-Appellant Debbie Almontaser appeals the December 5, 2007 order of the United

States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Stein, J.), denying her motion for a

preliminary injunction. We affirm the order.

BACKGROUND 

From 2005 to 2007, Almontaser, an Arab-American, has led the development of the

Khalil Gibran International Academy (“KGIA”), a New York City public high school offering

classes in Arab language and culture to foster multicultural understanding and to prepare students

for careers in international affairs and diplomacy. The record reflects that since the New York

City Department of Education (“DOE”) announced its approval of the school in February 2007,

certain groups have claimed that both KGIA and Almontaser are affiliated with radical Islam.

On August 3, 2007, an internet-based group called Stop the Madrasa Coalition issued a press

release alleging that Almontaser was connected to t-shirts bearing the words “Intifada NYC” that

were allegedly sold by a group known as Arab Women Active in the Arts and Media
 “Intifada,” a gerund, means “to shiver, shudder, tremor.” Hans Wehr, Arabic-English

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Dictionary (The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic) 1157 (J. Milton Cowan ed.,

4th ed. 1979). As a noun, “intifada” also refers to “[a]n Arab uprising or revolt,” specifically

“the Palestinian insurrection and unrest in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, which

began in late 1987.” Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series (Oxford University Press

1993), available at

http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00293434?single=1&query_type=words&queryword=intifada

&first=1&max_to_show=10. “Na-fa-da,” the root word of “intifada,” means “to shake (s.th.),

shake off (s.th. from), shake out, dust, dust off (s.th.); to knock ashes [as from a cigarette], to

make (s.o.) shiver (fever); to recover, recuperate (from); to shake off one’s laziness.” Wehr,

supra, at 1157.

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(“AWAAM”). Although the record indicates that Almontaser is not affiliated with AWAAM,

New York Post reporter Chuck Bennett sought inter alia to interview her about the organization

and its t-shirts. Almontaser wanted to avoid the interview. DOE press officer David Cantor

instructed her to participate, but not to address the t-shirts.

On August 3, 2007, Bennett interviewed Almontaser by telephone with DOE press officer

Melody Meyer on the line. Almontaser told Bennett that she was not connected to AWAAM and

that AWAAM had nothing to do with KGIA. When Bennett questioned her about the meaning

of the Arabic word “intifada,” Almontaser accurately explained that the root of the word means

“shaking off.” She also stated that the word has been associated with violence and the 1

Palestinian/Israeli conflict and emphasized that she would never affiliate herself with an

organization that condones violence. Meyer interjected only once during the call to emphasize

that Almontaser does not believe in violence. Immediately after the interview, Meyer called

Almontaser to tell her that she did a good job.

The next day, the New York Post ran an article entitled “City Principal is ‘Revolting.’” It

featured a picture of Almontaser with the caption, “Furor: The Pro-violence shirt is being
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defended by Principal Debbie Almontaser (above).” The article asserted that “[a]ctivists with

ties to the principal of the city’s controversial new Arabic-themed school are hawking T-shirts

that glorify Palestinian terror” and that Almontaser “downplayed the significance of the T-shirts.” 

The district court found that the New York Post correctly attributed to Almontaser her

explanation that the root of the word “intifada” means “shaking off,” that the word has

“develop[ed] a negative connotation due to the uprising in the Palestinian-Israeli areas,” and that

she “[didn’t] believe the intention is to have any of that kind of [violence] in New York City.” It

is undisputed by the parties that the paper incorrectly and misleadingly added the phrase “and

shaking off oppression” to Almontaser’s statement, “I think [the t-shirts are] pretty much an

opportunity for girls to express that they are part of New York City society.”

The New York Post and other media subsequently published stories and letters to the

editor characterizing the statements attributed to Almontaser by the New York Post as a defense

of violence against Israel. Within days, the Deputy Mayor for Education and Community

Development, Dennis Walcott, met with Almontaser on behalf of DOE Chancellor Joel Klein

and insisted on her resignation. Under pressure from DOE officials, Almontaser issued an

apology drafted by the DOE and resigned from her position as KGIA’s acting interim principal.

On October 16, 2007, Almontaser applied for the position of permanent principal of

KGIA. Two days later, The New York Times reported that Cantor, speaking on behalf of

Chancellor Klein, stated that Almontaser “would not be placed as principal at the school.” The

office conducting the first level of review for the position forwarded Almontaser’s application to

Hiring Manager Rosemary Stuart with the notation that it was not recommended. Stuart did not
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forward Almontaser’s application for the next level of review.

Almontaser sued, alleging, inter alia, retaliation in violation of her First Amendment

rights and infringement of her Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. She moved for a

preliminary injunction: 1) requiring the DOE to “afford[] [her] a full and fair opportunity to be

reviewed and considered for the position of [permanent] principal at [KGIA]” according to the

applicable hiring regulations by a “disinterested person,” and 2) “enjoining and restraining

defendants from proceeding pursuant to [these regulations] or to otherwise select, assign, or

appoint a principal at [KGIA] until [she] is afforded such consideration.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65. 

After a two-day hearing, the district court denied the application. Almontaser appealed.

DISCUSSION

A party seeking a preliminary injunction “must show irreparable harm absent injunctive

relief, and either a likelihood of success on the merits, or a serious question going to the merits to

make them a fair ground for trial, with a balance of hardships tipping decidedly in plaintiff’s

favor.” Louis Vuitton Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc., 454 F.3d 108, 113-14 (2d Cir. 2006). 

In light of the DOE’s January 2008 hire of a permanent principal for KGIA, Almontaser seeks an

injunction “alter[ing], rather than maintain[ing], the status quo,” and must meet the more

rigorous standard of demonstrating a “clear” or “substantial” showing of a likelihood of success

on the merits. Tom Doherty Assocs., Inc. v. Saban Entm’t, Inc., 60 F.3d 27, 33-34 (2d Cir.

1995). “The district court has wide discretion in determining whether to grant a preliminary

injunction, and this Court reviews [its] determination only for abuse of discretion.” Grand River
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Enter. Six Nations, Ltd. v. Pryor, 481 F.3d 60, 66 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks

omitted). A district court abuses its discretion when it rests its decision on a clearly erroneous

finding of fact or makes an error of law. Id. While “the First Amendment protects a public

employee’s right, in certain circumstances, to speak as a citizen addressing matters of public

concern,” the Supreme Court has clarified that “when public employees make statements

pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment

purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer

discipline.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 417, 421 (2006).

Based on the record at this stage of the litigation, we conclude that the district court did

not abuse its discretion by denying Almontaser’s application for injunctive relief. The district

court found that Almontaser’s statements to the New York Post “were manifestly made in her

official capacity” and therefore not constitutionally protected. It consequently concluded that she

failed to demonstrate a likelihood that she would succeed on the merits of her First Amendment

retaliation claim. Assuming that the threat of irreparable injury was present, the district court

noted that the DOE press office directed Almontaser to speak with Bennett, and structured and

oversaw her participation. Although Almontaser’s explanation about the meaning of the word

“intifada” “fell outside the topics on which she had been directed to speak,” the district court

found that this explanation was nevertheless made pursuant to her role as KGIA’s acting interim

principal. This finding was not an abuse of discretion.

The district court also found that even if Almontaser’s speech to the New York Post was

constitutionally protected, her removal as interim principal at KGIA and the DOE’s decision to
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not forward her application after Stuart’s review was justified under the balancing test used to

determine constitutional limitations on public employees’ speech set forth in Pickering v. Bd. of

Educ. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, 391 U.S. 563 (1968). Having concluded that the district court

did not abuse its discretion when it found that Almontaser’s speech was not protected, we need

not address this finding. Nor are we now called upon to address the more complex issue

presented by this case, namely, whether a public employee, who is required by her employer to

speak to the press as a condition of her employment, may be sanctioned for speaking accurately

when her statement is, as her employer knows, inaccurately reported and then misconstrued by

the press. We believe the issue is best addressed in the first instance by the district court.

The Defendants-Appellees request costs from Almontaser in light of the “equities” said to

favor them. We deny this request as self-evidently frivolous.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order of December 5, 2007,

denying the preliminary injunction motion.