FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

JUNE 8, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-15330

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

BIA No. A79-458-414

YUE JING ZHANG, 

Petitioner, 

versus 

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

Respondent. 

________________________

Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

_________________________

 (June 8, 2005)

Before ANDERSON, MARCUS and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Yue Jing Zhang petitions, pro se, for review of the decision of the Board of
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Immigration Appeals (BIA) that affirmed, without opinion, the denial of her

application for asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and

Nationality Act (INA) and the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). 

We deny the petition.

Zhang, a citizen of the People’s Republic of China, arrived in the United

States on July 30, 2002. She filed an asylum application on November 25, 2002. 

Zhang alleged that she suffered past persecution on account of her political opinion

because she did not agree with the repression of Falun Gong, a religious sect, by

the Chinese government. Although Zhang was not a member of the sect, Zhang’s

grandfather was a practitioner of Falun Gong. Zhang testified that Chinese

officials twice raided her home to arrest her grandfather, and after the second raid,

the officials threatened to arrest her entire family if her grandfather did not

surrender. Zhang’s parents and grandfather went into hiding in Shen Zhen in

China. Zhang escaped from China and came to the United States. Zhang argues

that she fears she will be arrested if she returns to China because of her

grandfather’s association with Falun Gong and because she left the country

illegally. The Immigration Judge denied Zhang’s application for asylum and

withholding of removal, because, Zhang, although credible, did not establish past

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution or torture. 

We review the decision of the Immigration Judge as if it were the decision
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of the BIA, because the BIA adopted the decision of the Immigration Judge

without opinion. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). 

“The IJ’s findings of fact are reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and we

‘must affirm the [IJ’s] decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Sepulveda v. United

States Atty. Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1230 (11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). “Under

this highly deferential standard of review, the IJ’s decision can be reversed only if

the evidence ‘compels’ a reasonable fact finder to find otherwise.” Id. (citation

omitted). 

An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for

asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). An alien who establishes, with specific and

credible evidence either (1) past persecution on account of his or her membership

in a particular social group, political opinion, or other statutorily listed factor, or

(2) a “well-founded fear” that his or her membership in a particular social group,

political opinion, or other statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution, is

eligible for asylum. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. “[A]n

applicant must demonstrate that his or her fear of persecution is subjectively

genuine and objectively reasonable.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. 

Substantial evidence supports the finding of the Immigration Judge that

Zhang did not suffer past persecution or establish a well-founded fear of
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persecution if she returned to China. “Although, the INA does not expressly define

‘persecution’ for purposes of qualifying as a ‘refugee,’ see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42),

we have discussed other circuits’ holdings that ‘persecution’ is an ‘extreme

concept,’ requiring ‘more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or

intimidation,’ and that ‘[m]ere harassment does not amount to persecution.’” Id. at

1231. (citation omitted). Zhang did not establish past persecution or a wellfounded fear of persecution. 

At most, Zhang established that Chinese officials threatened to arrest her and

her family because of her grandfather’s religious opinion, not because of Zhang’s

religious or political opinion. In addition, as a result of the threat of arrest,

Zhang’s parents and grandfather relocated in China, apparently without further

incident. This evidence does not compel the conclusion that she was persecuted or

has a well-founded fear of persecution if she returns to China.

Neither did Zhang establish that she is entitled to withholding of removal

under the INA. Zhang is entitled to withholding of removal under the INA if she

can show that her life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. Mendoza

v. United States Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). “This standard

is more stringent than the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum. . . . [B]ecause

[Zhang] cannot meet the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum, it is a fortiori
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that [she] cannot meet the withholding of removal standard.” D-Muhumed v.

United States Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 819 (11th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). 

Zhang’s alternative theory of relief under the CAT also fails. To obtain

withholding of removal under the CAT, Zhang must establish that it is “more likely

than not” she will be tortured in the country of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). 

Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering,

whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for

such purposes as obtaining from him or her or a third person

information or a confession, punishing him or her for an act he or she

or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed,

or intimidating or coercing him or her or a third person, or for any

reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or

suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or

acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official

capacity.

8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1). Zhang did not establish that it was “more likely than not”

that she would be tortured if she is returned to China. Zhang’s fear that she could

be arrested is insufficient to establish that it is more likely than not that she will be

tortured. 

PETITION DENIED.