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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

IN RE APPLICATION OF DETROIT EDISON 

COMPANY FOR 2012 COST RECOVERY 

PLAN 

FOR PUBLICATION 

May 12, 2015 

9:05 a.m. 

MICHIGAN ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL, 

 Appellant, 

v 

No. 318388 

MPSC 

LC No. 13-020404-FC 

MICHIGAN PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, 

 Appellee, 

and 

DETROIT EDISON COMPANY, 

Petitioner-Appellee. 

Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SAAD and MURRAY, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Petitioner Michigan Environmental Council (MEC) appeals by right from an order of the 

Michigan Public Service Commission (PSC) granting the application filed by Detroit Edison 

Company (Edison) to implement a power supply cost recovery (PSCR) plan in its rate schedules 

for the 2012 metered jurisdictional sales of electricity, and for approval of its five-year forecast. 

We affirm. 

I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

 This case concerns MEC’s challenge to Edison’s Reduced Emission Fuel (REF) project. 

This project involves applying chemical additives to coal to produce REF. Edison maintains that 

the use of REF results in reduced sulfur dioxide (SO2), mercury, and possibly nitrous oxides 

(NOx) emissions, and thus reduced emission expenses. Edison proposed to sell at book cost a 
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portion of its coal inventory to affiliated unregulated fuels companies Belle River Fuels 

Company (BRFC) and the St. Clair Fuels Company (SCFC). The coal would be chemically 

treated at those plants and then sold back to Edison. 

 The PSC considered the REF project in an earlier case1

 but did not grant Edison 

permission to implement the project at that time, finding that it needed more information on the 

efficacy of the methods for reducing emissions. The PSC also required Edison to demonstrate 

that the REF project was a reasonable and prudent method of achieving maximum emission 

reduction at minimum cost, and that the REF project complied with the PSC’s Code of Conduct.2

 On September 30, 2011, Edison filed an application requesting authority to implement a 

PSCR plan in its rates schedules for the 2012 metered jurisdictional sales of electricity. The 

application indicated that Edison intended to move forward with implementation of its REF 

project, but represented that the decision would have no impact on the requested maximum 

PSCR factor for 2012. 

 The Proposal for Decision (PFD) issued by the administrative law judge (ALJ) assigned 

to the case recommended that Edison be denied permission to implement the REF project; 

however, the PSC granted Edison’s application to implement a PSCR plan. The PSC addressed 

Edison’s REF project as follows: 

 The Commission finds that Detroit Edison’s REF project should be 

approved and that it complies with the Code of Conduct and the Guidelines. The 

Commission reviewed the company’s testimony and Exhibits A-21 through A-23 

and finds that Detroit Edison, in compliance with the directive in the December 6 

order, provided the Commission with sufficient additional information to evaluate 

the reasonableness and prudence of the REF project. 

 

1

 See PSC Case No. U-16434. 

2

 The Legislature enacted 2000 PA 141, the Customer Choice and Electricity Reliability Act 

(Act 141), MCL 460.10 et seq., to further the deregulation of the electric utility industry. Detroit 

Edison Co v Public Serv Comm No 1, 261 Mich App 1, 4; 680 NW2d 512 (2004), vacated in part 

on other grounds 472 Mich 897 (2005). Act 141 required the PSC to implement a code of 

conduct to be applicable to all regulated electric utilities. MCL 460.10a(4) provides: 

(4) No later than December 2, 2000, the commission shall establish a code of 

conduct that shall apply to all electric utilities. The code of conduct shall include, 

but is not limited to, measures to prevent cross-subsidization, information sharing, 

and preferential treatment, between a utility’s regulated and unregulated services, 

whether those services are provided by the utility or the utility’s affiliated entities. 

The code of conduct established under this subsection shall also be applicable to 

electric utilities and alternative electric suppliers consistent with section 10, this 

section, and section 10b through 10cc. 

The PSC adopted its Code of Conduct in 2001. 
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 The Commission believes that the REF project is a reasonable means of 

attaining maximum emission reductions for minimum cost. As explained by 

Detroit Edison, at SCPP and BRPP, PSCR customers will receive a reduction in 

annual working capital expense through the sale, at market price, of a portion of 

the company’s coal inventory to its affiliated fuels companies. The affiliated 

fuels companies will treat the coal with REF adder and then resell the treated coal 

to Detroit Edison. The cost of the REF adder will be offset by a corresponding 

savings in PSCR emissions allowance expense, resulting in a net cost of zero or 

less to PSCR customers. At MPP, Detroit Edison receives a coal fee rate from the 

affiliated fuels company, reducing the cost of every ton of coal treated with REF 

adder that is consumed, which translates into a credit for the company’s PSCR 

customers. 

 In response to the ALJ’s finding that Detroit Edison did not provide any of 

the actual contracts between the company and its affiliated fuels companies for 

consideration, the Commission agrees with Detroit Edison that Act 304 only 

requires a description of all relevant major contracts, but does not require 

admission of the actual contracts. In addition, the Commission agrees with 

Detroit Edison and the Staff that the company’s eligibility for the tax credits and 

the potential for the affiliated fuels companies to profit from the REF project is 

irrelevant to an Act 304 proceeding. As explained by Detroit Edison, Act 304 

does not permit “the Commission to include third party expenses or revenues 

related to coal or any other fuel supply into Act 304 review and ratemaking.” 

Detroit Edison’s replies to exceptions, p. 27. As a result, the Commission may 

not consider whether the tax credits may be used to offset fuel costs. 

 The Commission disagrees with the Attorney General that REF costs 

should be treated as O&M costs. As explained by Detroit Edison, 

MCL 460.6j(13)(d) refers to “fuel movement that occurs after the utility receives 

the fuel at the power plant.” Detroit Edison’s replies to exceptions, p. 21. The 

Commission finds that all of the coal processing costs take place before the coal is 

delivered to the company. 

 Based on the evidence presented in Exhibits A-21 and A-23, the

Commission finds that the REF project complies with the Code of Conduct. 

There is structural separation between the company and its affiliated fuels 

companies; they do not engage in joint advertising, marketing, or other 

promotional activities related to the provision of the fuels processing service; and 

there is no preferential treatment for or subsidization of the affiliated fuels 

companies by Detroit Edison. 

 The Commission finds that Detroit Edison has complied with Section III.C 

of the Code of Conduct. As discussed previously, the record supports that Detroit 

Edison purchases coal from a third party at market price, then sells the coal at the 

same market price to its affiliated fuels companies. The cost of the coal for the 

affiliated fuels companies is Detroit Edison’s booked costs, or its fully embedded 

cost. Therefore, both the market cost and the fully allocated embedded cost is 
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higher than the other, compensation to Detroit Edison by the affiliated fuels 

companies complies with Section III.C of the Code of Conduct. 

 When the affiliates resell the treated coal to Detroit Edison, it is for the 

same market price the affiliated fuels companies paid to the company (or in this 

case, the fully allocated embedded cost), plus the cost of REF adder. The price of 

the treated coal is offset by a corresponding savings in PSCR emissions allowance 

expense, resulting in zero cost for the treated coal. Under Section III.C of the 

Code of Conduct, compensation to the affiliated fuels companies by Detroit 

Edison for the treated coal must be the lower of market price or 10% over fully 

allocated embedded costs. Because market price and the fully allocated 

embedded cost are the same in this case, the Commission finds that market price 

is lower than 10% over the fully allocated embedded cost. By paying the 

affiliated fuels companies market price for the treated coal, Detroit Edison has 

complied with Section III.C of the Code of Conduct. 

 The Commission agrees with Detroit Edison that the company did not 

violate the pre-sale notification requirements of the Guidelines with the sale of its 

coal inventory. As stated by Detroit Edison, the pre-sale notification requirement 

was intended to provide the Commission with notice of intent to sell significant 

utility plant property, and not the routine sales involved here. The Commission 

finds that Detroit Edison’s sale of its coal inventory is not utility plant property, 

but is part of the utility’s day-to-day business. 

 Based on the testimony and evidence provided by Detroit Edison, the 

Commission finds credible Detroit Edison’s claim that it investigated REF 

arrangements with the two other licensees, CERT and A.J. Gallagher, but that 

DTEES offered Detroit Edison the best deal. Detroit Edison provided substantial 

testimony about the price of REF adder at other licensees’ facilities and provided 

ample evidence that Detroit Edison’s customers would have paid more had the 

company contracted with these other companies. 

 The PSC approved Edison’s application for a PSCR plan for Edison’s 2012 metered 

jurisdictional electric sales and the REF project. This appeal followed. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

 The standard of review for PSC orders is narrow and well defined. Pursuant to 

MCL 462.25, all rates, fares, charges, classification and joint rates, regulations, practices, and 

services prescribed by the PSC are presumed, prima facie, to be lawful and reasonable. See 

Michigan Consol Gas Co v Public Serv Comm, 389 Mich 624, 635-636; 209 NW2d 210 (1973). 

A party aggrieved by an order of the PSC has the burden of proving by clear and convincing 

evidence that the order is unlawful or unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8). To establish that a PSC 

order is unlawful, the appellant must show that the PSC failed to follow a mandatory statute or 

abused its discretion in the exercise of its judgment. See In re MCI Telecom Complaint, 460 

Mich 396, 427; 596 NW2d 164 (1999). An order is unreasonable if it is not supported by the 
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evidence. See Associated Truck Lines, Inc v Public Serv Comm, 377 Mich 259, 279; 140 NW2d 

515 (1966). 

 A final order of the PSC must be authorized by law and be supported by competent, 

material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. Const 1963, art 6, § 28; Attorney 

General v Public Serv Comm, 165 Mich App 230, 235; 418 NW2d 660 (1987). 

 This Court gives due deference to the PSC’s administrative expertise, and is not to 

substitute its judgment for that of the PSC. Attorney General v Public Serv Comm No 2, 237 

Mich App 82, 88; 602 NW2d 225 (1999). We give deference to the PSC’s interpretation of its 

own Code of Conduct; however we apply principles of statutory construction in our review of 

that Code and its statutory underpinnings. See In re Complaint of Consumers Energy Co, 255 

Mich App 496, 503-504; 660 NW2d 785 (2002). If the language of a statute is vague or obscure, 

the PSC’s construction serves as an aid to determining legislative intent, and will be given 

weight if it does not conflict with the language of the statute or the purpose of the Legislature. 

However, the construction given to a statute or the PSC’s Code of Conduct by the PSC is not 

binding on us. See In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Mich, 482 Mich 90, 103-109; 754 

NW2d 259 (2008). Whether the PSC exceeded the scope of its authority is a question of law that 

we review de novo. In re Complaint of Pelland Against Ameritech Mich, 254 Mich App 675, 

682; 658 NW2d 849 (2003). 

III. CODE OF CONDUCT 

 On appeal, MEC argues that the PSC erred in finding that Edison’s REF project complied 

with the Code of Conduct. We disagree. 

 The purpose of the PSC’s Code of Conduct is to “promote fair competition by 

establishing measures to prevent cross-subsidization, information sharing, and preferential 

treatment between the regulated and unregulated operations of electric utilities, alternative 

electric suppliers, and their affiliates.” Code of Conduct, Preface. 

 Section II of the Code of Conduct, entitled Separation, provides in part: 

 An electric utility or alternative electric supplier that offers, itself or 

through its affiliates, both regulated and unregulated services shall do so with the 

structural or functional separation needed to prevent cross-subsidization, 

information sharing, and preferential treatment between the regulated and 

unregulated services. This includes, but is not limited to, the following: 

B. An electric utility’s or alternative electric supplier’s regulated services shall 

not subsidize in any manner, directly or indirectly, the unregulated business of its 

affiliates or other separate entities. 

 Section III of the Code of Conduct, entitled Discrimination, provides in part: 

 An electric utility or alternative supplier that offers, itself or through its 

affiliates, both regulated and unregulated services shall not unduly discriminate in 
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favor of or against any party, including its affiliates. This includes, but is not 

limited to, the following: 

C. If an electric utility or alternative electric supplier offering regulated service in 

Michigan provides services, products, or property to any affiliate or other entity 

within the corporate structure, compensation shall be based upon the higher of 

fully allocated embedded cost or market price. If an affiliate or other entity 

within the corporate structure provides services, products, or property to an 

electric utility or alternative electric supplier offering regulated service in 

Michigan, compensation for services and supplies shall be at the lower of market 

price or 10% over fully allocated embedded cost or market price. 

 MEC argues that Edison’s sale of coal to the fuels companies, and the repurchase of 

treated coal at the same price from them, violates the Code of Conduct in that: (1) the sale 

subsidizes the fuels companies because the companies are able to receive favorable tax treatment 

as a result of the transactions, and (2) Edison’s sale of the coal at the fully allocated embedded 

cost and repurchase of the coal at the same price violates the pricing provision of the Code of 

Conduct. 

 MEC cites no authority to support its arguments. An appellant’s failure to properly 

address the merits of an argument constitutes the abandonment of an issue. Woods v SLB Prop 

Mgt, LLC, 277 Mich App 622, 626; 750 NW2d 228 (2008). At any rate, we find that MEC’s 

argument is without merit. The Code of Conduct prohibits acts that result in cross-subsidization 

and preferential treatment between a regulated utility and an unregulated affiliate. Code of 

Conduct, Preamble. A “subsidy” is defined as “any grant or contribution of money.” Random 

House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997), p 1284. Nothing in the Code prevents an 

unregulated affiliate from making a profit from a project with a regulated utility. The fuels 

companies gained tax benefits from selling treated coal to Edison. The undisputed evidence 

showed that Edison could not have obtained those same tax benefits. There is no evidence 

establishing that, had Edison done business with an unaffiliated company rather than with its 

affiliates, that company would not have also obtained the same tax benefits. Edison did not give 

or grant money to the fuels companies, and did not subsidize the companies in any indirect way. 

 In addition, MEC presents no evidence to support its assertion that Edison’s sale of coal 

to the fuels companies at the fully allocated embedded cost, which is the same as the market 

price at which Edison bought the coal, and Edison’s repurchase of the coal from the fuels 

companies at the same price, violate the pricing provisions of the Code of Conduct. MEC asserts 

that the value added to the coal from the treatment by the fuels companies should have factored 

into the repurchase price, but does not indicate how that could have been done or if Edison could 

have done so effectively without violating Section III.C of the Code of Conduct. 

 Further, MEC’s assertion that the PSC should have required Edison to submit the actual 

contracts with the fuels companies rather than simply describing the contracts is without merit. 

MCL 460.6j(3) states that a PSCR plan “shall describe all major contracts and power supply 

arrangements entered into by the utility[.]” The PSC did not indicate that it was unable to 

resolve the issue without examining the actual contracts. 
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 Finally, we reject MEC’s assertion that the PSC’s finding that Edison investigated the 

possibility of entering into contracts with unaffiliated companies was not supported by the 

evidence. Edison’s witness testified that other Edison employees had investigated the possibility 

of contracting with unaffiliated companies but that no such arrangements were made. The PFD 

described the witness’s testimony as not credible, but the PSC found to the contrary. The PSC 

was entitled to accept the testimony from Edison’s witness even if the record contained evidence 

that contradicted that testimony. See Great Lakes Steel Div of Nat’l Steel Corp v PSC, 130 Mich 

App 470, 481-482; 344 NW2d 321 (1983). 

 MEC obviously disagrees with the PSC’s conclusion regarding subsidization, but has 

offered no direct evidence to establish that Edison’s arrangement with the fuels companies 

violated the Code of Conduct. MEC has not established that the PSC’s order is unlawful or 

unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8). 

IV. FUELS COMPANIES’ TAX CREDIT REVENUE 

 Next, MEC argues that the PSC erred in holding that the approximately $500,000 in 

revenue generated for the fuels companies from tax credits was irrelevant to determining whether 

Edison took all appropriate steps to minimize its costs. We disagree. 

 MCL 460.6j(6) provides: 

(6) In its final order in a power supply and cost review, the commission shall 

evaluate the reasonableness and prudence of the decisions underlying the power 

supply cost recovery plan filed by the utility pursuant to subsection (3), and shall 

approve, disapprove, or amend the power supply cost recovery plan accordingly. 

In evaluating the decisions underlying the power supply cost recovery plan, the 

commission shall consider the cost and availability of the electrical generation 

available to the utility; the cost of short-term firm purchases available to the 

utility; the availability of interruptible service; the ability of the utility to reduce 

or to eliminate any firm sales to out-of-state customers if the utility is not a multistate utility whose firm sales are subject to other regulatory authority; whether the 

utility has taken all appropriate actions to minimize the cost of fuel; and other 

relevant factors. The commission shall approve, reject, or amend the 12 monthly 

power supply cost recovery factors requested by the utility in its power supply 

cost recovery plan. The factors shall not reflect items the commission could 

reasonably anticipate would be disallowed under subsection (13). The factors 

ordered shall be described in fixed dollar amounts per units of electricity, but may 

include specific amounts contingent on future events. 

 The PSC has only that authority granted to it by statute. Union Carbide Corp v Public 

Serv Comm, 431 Mich 135, 148-150; 428 NW2d 322 (1998). The Legislature must grant 

authority by “clear and unmistakable” statutory language. Michigan Electric Coop Ass’n v 

Public Serv Comm, 267 Mich App 608, 616; 705 NW2d 709 (2005). 

 The gravamen of MEC’s argument is that the PSC erred by failing to consider the fact 

that the fuels companies received favorable tax treatment by dealing with Edison, and that 
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Edison should have negotiated more advantageous arrangements with the fuels companies to 

account for the fact that the companies were able to obtain tax credits for selling treated coal to 

Edison. However, MEC points to no statutory authority that allows the PSC to consider another 

party’s tax benefits when determining whether a utility’s decisions underlying its PSCR plan 

were reasonable and prudent. These tax advantages were not available to Edison, and Edison 

had no apparent control over the amount of the credit each company would receive. In addition, 

MEC fails to explain how Edison could determine what amounts to account for when negotiating 

the contracts, i.e., how much in tax credits the fuels companies would obtain, and whether 

Edison could account for these amounts and still comply with section III.C of the Code of 

Conduct. 

 The PSC had no clear authority to consider the fuels companies’ tax credits when 

determining whether Edison’s PSCR decisions were reasonable and prudent. Thus, the PSC did 

not err in failing to consider the tax credits. The PSC’s decision was not unlawful or 

unreasonable. MCL 462.26(8). 

 Finally, MEC argues that the PSC’s order was not supported by competent, material, and 

substantial evidence on the whole record. We disagree. MEC waived this issue by failing to 

raise it before the PSC. See Shaw v Ecorse, 283 Mich App 1, 22; 770 NW2d 31 (2009). 

Nevertheless, we find that the issue is without merit. MEC’s argument is simply a restatement of 

the unpersuasive arguments made elsewhere. 

V. CONCLUSION 

 For the reasons stated above, we hold that the PSC’s order granting Edison’s application 

to implement a PSCR plan in its rate schedules for the 2012 metered jurisdictional sales of 

electricity and for approval of Edison’s five-year forecast is lawful and reasonable. 

MCL 462.26(8). 

 Affirmed. 

/s/ Mark T. Boonstra 

/s/ Henry William Saad 

/s/ Christopher M. Murray