United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Risk Management Document

Importation of Two Fresh Fruit Hybrids of Unshu, Sweet, and

Mandarin Orange s, Citrus spp., from Korea into the

Continental United States

May 22

, 2013

Plant Health Programs (PHP) Regulations Permits and manuals ( RPM )

Contact Person: Marc E. PhillipsR isk Management Document for Two Tangerine, Unshu, and Sw eet from Korea

Introduction

A Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) was developed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Epidemiology and Ri sk Analysis laboratory (PERAL) in response to the request from the

Korean national plant protection organization (NPPO) to allow the importation into the

continental United States from Cheju Island of the Republ ic of Korea of two hybrids of

Unshu , sweet, a nd mandarin orange s:

• Shiranuhi [ ( C

. reticulata ssp. unshiu × ( C

. × sinensis )) × C

. reticulata ]

• Setoka [( C. reticulata ssp. unshiu × ( C.× sinensis )) × C. reticulata ] × C.

reticulata ]

The PRA document , “ Importation of Two Fresh Fruit Hybrids of Unshu, Swee t, and Mandarin Oranges, Citrus spp., from Korea into the Continental United States (USDA, 2013 ), identified two pest s
, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (ex Hasse 1915)

Gabriel et al . 1989 (ex Hasse 1915) Gabriel et al. 1989 and Elsinoë australis Bit anc . &

Jenkins 1936 , of quarantine significance associated with the above mention commodity

.

Citrus cancer ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ) and sweet orange scab ( Elsinoë australis )

w ere rated as medium Pest Risk Po tential in the PRA (USDA, 2013)

.

History

AP HIS developed a PRA titled ‘‘An Updated Evaluation of Citrus Fruit ( Citrus spp.) as a Pathway for the Introduction of Citrus Canker Disease ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri )’’

in March 2009 ( USDA, 2009a )

. This PRA examines the information presented in

Gottw ald et al . (2009) and Shiotani et al . (2009) in the context of an ea rlier PRA. Based on the evidence presented in both the November 2007 PRA (USDA, 2007) and the two

new er publications, the updated PRA concludes that asymptomatic fruit (treated or

untreate d) is not epidemiologically significant as a pathway for introducing citrus canker. It further concludes that symptomatic fruit subjected to a packinghouse process that includes washing with disinfectants is also not epidemiologically significant as a path way for introducing citrus canker. These conclusions led APHIS to prepare a supplemental Risk Management Analysis ( RMA ) , titled ‘‘Movement of Commercially Packed Citrus Fruit from Citrus Canker Disease Quarantine Area; Supplemental Risk Management Analysis ’’ ( USDA, 2009b ). The supplemental RMA takes into account the conclusions of the updated PRA as well as the evidence and discussion presented in the November 2007

RMA.

In the supplemental RMA, APHIS determined that currently available scientific evidence provides additional certainty that commercially packed and disinfected fresh citrus fruit is not an epidemiologically significant pathway for the spread of Xanthomonas citri subsp.

citri

. As a result of this research, APHIS amend ed its domestic citrus can ker regulations on October 22, 2009 (USDA, 2009b) . Each lot of harvested domestic citrus fruit from

2R isk Management Document for Two Tangerine, Unshu, and Sw eet from Korea

canker quarantine areas can be shipped to all U.S. S tates provided it is treated with an approved disinfectant and packed in a commercial packinghouse that operates under a compliance agreement . Equivalent phytosanitary m easures, treatment with an APHIS

approved disinfectant a nd packing in a commercial packing house are therefore necessary for commercial consignments of the t wo f resh f ruit h ybrids of u nshu

, sweet, and

m andarin o ranges, Citrus spp., from Korea into the Continental United States

.

Elsinoë australis pathotype natsudaidai was characterized from Citrus natsudaidai Hayata (Hyn et al. , 2009) ; research needs to be performed to confirm susceptibility of different species of citrus ( Hyn et al. , 2009)

. We consider this pathotype a quarantine pest, however, at this time we have no evidence this pathotype attacks Unshu oranges ( USDA, 2013 )

.

Risk Management Measures for Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Elsinoë australis

.

Citrus produced in Cheju Island of the Republic of Korea may be imported if all of the following conditions are met:

* Citrus fruits may be imported in commercial consignments only.

* Citrus fruits must be packed in a commercial pac kinghouse that is approved by and registered with the Korean NPPO

.

* Citrus fruits must be treated with a disinfectant i n accordance with 7 CFR part 305

, and the consignment must be accompanied by a P hytosanitary C ertificate (PC) with an

A dditional D ecla ration (AD) issued by the Korean NPPO stating that the citrus were treated in accordance with 7 CFR part 305 , inspected and found free of sweet orange
scab

.

* The regulated fruit is free of leaves, twigs, and other plant parts, except for stems that

are l ess than 1 inch long and attached to the fruit.

Summary

APHIS believes that the risk management measures discussed in this document will provide an appropriate level of phytosanitary protection against the pest of quarantine

concern associated with the t wo f resh f ruit h ybrids of u nshu , sweet, and m andarin

o ranges, Citrus spp., from Korea into the Continental United States

.

Two pest s of quarantine concern, the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and the fungus Elsinoë australis

, could reasonably be expected to follow the pathway on citrus

fruits in the absence of risk management measures

.

APHIS requires fruit moved from a n area where citrus canker exists to be treated with an approved disinfectant and to be packed in approved commercial

3R isk Management Document for Two Tangerine, Unshu, and Sw eet from Korea

packingho use

. The product may be imported in commercial consignments only

after treatment with a disinfectant

, only if it is free of leaves, twigs, and other plant parts, except for stems that are less than 1 inch long and attached to the fruit

, and be inspected an d found free of sweet orange scab

.

The phytosanitary certificate with the additional declaration will require the Korean NPPO to inspect the fruit for sym ptoms of Sweet orange scab. This disease can be detected if present, and if the symptoms are not pre sent the fruit are unlikely to be a pathway for th e disease ( USDA, 2009a ).

Author

José R. Hernández Ph.D.

References

Gottwald, T., Graham, J., Bock, C., Bonn, G., Civerolo, E., Irey, M., Leite, R., López, M. M., McCollum, G., Parker, P., Ramallo, J. , Riley, T., Schubert, T., Stein, B., and Taylor, E. 2009. The epidemiological significance of post packinghouse survival of

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri for dissemination of Asiatic citrus canker via

infected fruit. Crop Protection 28:508

- 524.

Hyun, J. W., S.H. Yi, S.J. MacKenzie, L.W. Timmer, K.S. Kim, S. K. Ka ng, H.M. Kwon,

and H. C. Lim. 2009. Pathotypes and genetic relationship of worldwide collections

of Elsinoë spp. causing scab diseases of citrus. Phytopathology 99:721

- 728.

Shiotani, H., Uematsu, H ., Tsukamoto, T., Shimizu, Y., Ueda, K., Mizuno, A. & Sato, S. (2009). Survival and dispersal of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri from infected Satsuma

mandarin fruit. Crop Protection 28:19

- 23.

USDA. 2007. Movement of Commercially Packed Citrus Fruit from Citr us Canker Disease Quarantine Area. Revised Risk Management Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture , Animal and Plant H ealth Inspection Service , Plant Protection and Quarantine , Center for Plant Healt h Science and Technology , Plant Epidemiology an d Risk Ana lysis laboratory. 123 pp.

USDA

. 2009a

. An Updated Evaluation of Citrus Fruit ( Citrus spp.) as a Pathway for the Introduction of Citrus Canker Disease ( Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri ). United

States Department of Agriculture , Animal and Plant H ea lth Inspection Service

, Plant Protection and Quarantine , Center for Plant Healt h Science and Technology

, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Ana lysis laboratory. 11 pp.

4R isk Management Document for Two Tangerine, Unshu, and Sw eet from Korea

USDA

. 2009b

. Movement of Commercially Packed Citrus Fruit from Citrus Canker Disease Quarantin e Area, Supplemental Risk Management Analyses. United States Department of Agriculture , Animal and Plant H ealth Inspection Service , Plant Protection and Quarantine , Center for Plant Healt h Science and Technology , Plant Epidemiology and Risk Ana lysis labora tory. 28 pp.

USDA

. 2013

. Importation of Two Fresh Fruit Hybrids of Unshu, Sweet, and Mandarin Oranges, Citrus spp., from Korea into the Continental United States

. A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Risk Analysis. Ver . 1. United States Department of Agricult ure
, Animal and Plant H ealth Inspection Service , Plant Protection and Quarantine

, Center for Plant Healt h Science and Technology , Plant Epidemiology and Risk

Ana lysis laboratory

. 77 pp.

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