J-A21041-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JANNAI YOUNG 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2992 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 15, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-23-CR-0004290-2021

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED FEBRUARY 08, 2024

Appellant, Jannai Young, appeals from the aggregate judgment of 

sentence of three to six years’ incarceration, followed by one year probation, 

imposed after a jury convicted him of carrying a firearm without a license, 18 

Pa.C.S. § 6106(a)(1). On appeal, Appellant challenges the trial court’s denial 

of his pretrial motion to suppress evidence obtained during what Appellant 

claims was an illegal stop, seizure, and frisk. After careful review, we affirm.

Briefly, Appellant was arrested and charged with the above-stated 

offense after a vehicle in which he was riding was stopped by police. During 

the stop, Appellant was removed from the vehicle and frisked, which revealed

a firearm in his possession. It was later discovered that Appellant was not 

licensed to carry that weapon.

Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence recovered 

during his stop and frisk, and the court conducted a suppression hearing on 
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April 20, 2022. On June 2, 2022, the court issued an order denying Appellant’s 

motion to suppress. His case proceeded to a jury trial and, on August 12, 

2022, Appellant was convicted of possessing a firearm without a license. On 

September 15, 2022, he was sentenced to the term set forth supra. 

On September 26, 2022, Appellant filed a timely, post-sentence motion. 

Initially, this motion was not docketed or included in the certified record. 

However, the docket contains an order titled, “Notice Of Hearing,” that was

filed September 28, 2022, which directed the Commonwealth to show cause 

why the “within Post Sentence Motion, should not be granted.” Order, 

9/28/22, at 1 (unnumbered). Additionally, on October 20, 2022, an “Order 

Denying Defendant’s Post-Sentence Motion” was entered. On November 18, 

2022, the instant, counseled notice of appeal was filed.

On February 28, 2023, this Court issued a rule to show cause why this 

appeal should not be quashed as untimely filed on November 18, 2022, from

the judgment of sentence imposed on September 15, 2022, given that the 

docket and record did not contain any post-sentence motion filed by Appellant.

See Pa.R.A.P. 105(b) (providing that an appellate court “may not enlarge the 

time for filing a notice of appeal”); Pa.R.A.P. 903(c)(3) (“In a criminal case in 

which no post-sentence motion has been filed, the notice of appeal shall be 

filed within 30 days of the imposition of the judgment of sentence in open 

court.”). On March 3, 2023, Appellant’s counsel filed a response stating that 

a timely post-sentence motion had been filed on Monday, September 26, 

2022, but it was not properly docketed or included in the certified record. On 
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that same date, this Court received a supplemental record containing a 

corrected trial court docket indicating that a post-sentence motion was filed 

on September 26, 2022. The supplemental record also contained that postsentence motion with a date stamp of September 26, 2022. On May 1, 2023, 

this Court entered an order discharging the show cause order and deferring 

the timeliness issue to the merits panel for review. Given this record, we 

conclude that Appellant timely-filed a post-sentence motion, and his appeal 

was timely filed from the court’s order denying it. 

On December 8, 2022, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, and 

he timely complied. The court thereafter filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion. Herein, 

Appellant states two issues for our review, which we reorder for ease of 

disposition:

1. Whether this appeal was untimely filed such that it should be 

quashed?

2. Whether the trial court erred by denying [A]ppellant’s motion 

to suppress physical evidence and statements where law 

enforcement lacked reasonable suspicion to stop [A]ppellant 

and probable cause to arrest him based solely upon information 

from a confidential informant [(CI)] that [A]ppellant was in 

possession of a firearm, in violation of the United States and 

Pennsylvania Constitutions?

Appellant’s Brief at 3.

Given our discussion and conclusion, supra, that Appellant’s appeal is 

timely, we need not discuss his first issue any further.
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In regard to Appellant’s second issue, he challenges the trial court’s 

denial of his pretrial motion to suppress evidence. 

An appellate court’s standard of review in addressing a challenge 

to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining 

whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by 

the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those 

facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before 

the suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the 

Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as 

remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as 

a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are 

supported by the record, the appellate court is bound by those 

findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are 

erroneous. Where the appeal of the determination of the 

suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the 

suppression court’s legal conclusions are not binding on an 

appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression

court properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the conclusions 

of law of the courts below are subject to plenary review.

Commonwealth v. Smith, 164 A.3d 1255, 1257 (Pa. Super. 2017) (cleaned 

up).

Instantly, Appellant presents two distinct claims, first challenging the 

legality of the stop of the vehicle in which he was riding, and second arguing 

that, even if the stop of the vehicle was legal, it was unlawful for police to 

remove him from the vehicle and frisk him, which revealed that he possessed 

a gun. We will address each claim in turn, beginning by setting forth the 

findings of fact and conclusions of law of the suppression court:

1. On April 20, 2022, a suppression hearing was held wherein the 

Commonwealth elicited testimony from Captain Matthew 

Goldschmidt, Officer Thomas Geromichalos, and Officer Michael 

Smalarz.

***
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7. On August 3, 2021, at approximately 6:00 p.m., Captain 

Goldschmidt received a phone call from a [CI].... N.T., 4/20/22[,

at] 14.

8. The CI told Captain Goldschmidt that a male (later identified as 

[Appellant]) was in possession of a 9-millimeter handgun and that 

he was entering a white van with a Delaware registration tag. 

[Id.]

9. The CI relayed that the van was currently in the 2700 block of 

Mary Street, the alleyway behind the 2700 block of West Third 

Street. [Id. at] 14-15.

10. The area is considered a high drug and high crime area, with 

shootings, homicides, aggravated assaults, robberies, gun 

arrests, and similar violence. [Id. at] 27.

11. As the van was moving, the CI was dictating its movements 

to Captain Goldschmidt. The van traveled down Mary Street and 

then made a right turn onto the 200 block of Highland Avenue, 

where it traveled northbound down Highland Avenue towards the 

900 block. [Id. at] 15.

12. Captain Goldschmidt radioed the information out to Officers 

Geromichalos and Smalarz, who were on patrol in that area. [Id.]

13. Within a matter of minutes, Officer Geromichalos radioed that 

he observed the vehicle in question exactly where the CI said it 

would be traveling. [Id. at] 18.

14. Captain Goldschmidt received a second radio call that a traffic 

stop was initiated on the right-hand shoulder of I-95 South. [Id.

at] 20.

15. Captain Goldschmidt arrived at the location of the stop and 

observed the white van with Delaware tags, with an older female 

driver and [Appellant] and a young child in the back of the vehicle.

[Id. at] 20.

16. Officer Geromichalos had walked back to his patrol vehicle in 

order to run the driver’s license and registration while Officer 

Smalarz had placed himself on the driver’s side of the car, namely 

in the rear where [Appellant] was seated. [Id. at] 21.

17. Officer Smalarz asked Captain Goldschmidt to come around to 

his side because he observed a bulge in [Appellant]’s waistband 
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area and [Appellant’s] demeanor was overly nervous and he was 

sweating profusely. [Id.]

18. Captain Goldschmidt acknowledged that most people are 

nervous when stopped by police; however, [Appellant’s] nervous 

behavior was over and above the standard nerves. [Id.]

19. Captain Goldschmidt also observed the bulge in [Appellant’s]

waistband. [Id. at] 22.

20. Captain Goldschmidt observed Officer Smalarz ask [Appellant]

to step out of the vehicle; he complied, and Officer Smalarz 

conducted a brief search for officer safety and recovered a 9-

millimeter firearm from [Appellant’s] waistband. [Id. at] 23.

21. The entire stop from start to finish was approximately fifteen 

minutes. [Id.]

22. With regard to the CI, Captain Goldschmidt testified that he 

has worked with the CI for a little over a year and that the CI has 

also worked with other officers in the Department for more years 

than he has. [Id. at] 24.

23. The CI normally relays the location of people who are carrying 

guns and/or narcotics. [Id. at] 25.

24. The CI’s information has led to arrests as well as convictions 

and Captain Goldschmidt has personally had the occasion to verify 

and corroborate the information from the CI at least six or seven 

times prior to the information given in this case. [Id.]

25. Prior to the traffic stop of [Appellant], the CI previously 

relayed information to Captain Goldschmit that [Appellant] had 

been walking around with a firearm. The CI would provide a 

location and Captain Goldschmidt would go to the location where 

he would see [Appellant] but, prior to this occasion, it was always 

at a place where Captain Goldschmidt could not safely approach

[Appellant]. [Id.]

***

28. Officer Thomas Geromichalos testified that he is currently 

employed with the City of Chester Police Department and has been 

so employed for the past two years, prior to which he served as a 

patrolman for Morton Borough for approximately one year. [Id.

at] 57.
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29. Officer Geromichalos corroborated Captain Goldschmidt’s 

testimony that he was on patrol on August 3, 2021, at 

approximately 6:00[]p.m., in full uniform and a marked patrol 

vehicle when he received a radio call from Captain Goldschmidt 

regarding the white van with Delaware plates traveling in the area 

of the 900 block of Hyland Avenue. [Id. at] 60.

30. Within a few minutes of the radio call, Officer Geromichalos 

observed the vehicle in the 1200 block of Hyland Avenue, traveling 

northbound. [Id. at] 61.

31. Officer Geromichalos observed the van and radioed in that he 

could conduct the stop. In the interim, Officer Geromichalos 

witnessed the van fail to signal a right hand turn as well as its 

unsecured registration tag; both [M]otor [V]ehicle [C]ode 

violations. [Id.]

32. While traveling on I-95, Officer Geromichalos activated his 

lights in order to signal a traffic stop. [Id. at] 63.

33. Officer Geromichalos testified that he would have pulled the 

van over for the [M]otor [V]ehicle [C]ode violations even without 

the CI’s tip about the firearm, and vice versa. [Id.]

34. Officer Geromichalos approached the driver’s side vehicle and 

made contact with the driver, later identified as [Appellant’s]

mother[,] who provided him with license and registration. Officer 

Geromichalos observed a male in the back passenger 

compartment who matched the description given by the CI. [Id.

at] 65.

35. As Officer Geromichalos was walking back to his vehicle in 

order to run the registration and license, Officer Smalarz and 

Captain Goldschmidt arrived on scene. [Id. at] 66.

36. When Officer Geromichalos observed that Officer Smalarz and 

Captain Goldschmidt had removed [Appellant] from the vehicle, 

he immediately exited his patrol vehicle in order to assist. [Id.

at] 70.

37. Officer Michael Smalarz testified that he is currently employed 

with the City of Chester Police Department and has been so 

employed for a year-and-a half, prior to which he served as a 

police officer for the Upper Chichester Police Department for 

approximately fourteen years. [Id. at] 79.
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38. In his approximate seventeen years as an officer, Officer 

Smalarz has conducted gun investigations, effectuated arrests for 

gun offenses, and has recovered firearms from the waistbands of 

suspects. [Id. at] 80.

39. Officer Smalarz corroborated the testimony of Captain 

Goldschmidt and Officer Geromichalos. [Id.]

40. With regard to his observations of [Appellant], Officer Smalarz 

testified that [Appellant] was extremely nervous and sweating and 

kept reaching over to grab the young child’s hand. Officer Smalarz 

could clearly see a bulge in [Appellant’s] waistband. [Id. at] 85.

41. From his training and experience, the bulge was the imprint 

of a firearm. [Id.]

42, Officer Smalarz assisted [Appellant] in exiting the vehicle and 

immediately recovered the 9-millimeter firearm from his 

waistband area. [Id. at] 87.

Trial Court Order (TCO), 6/2/22, at 1-5 (brackets added by trial court 

omitted).

Ultimately, the trial court found “that the testimony provided by all three 

officers involved was entirely credible.” Id. at 5. The court concluded that 

their testimony established that there was reasonable suspicion to stop the 

vehicle in which Appellant was riding, both because of the information 

provided by the CI, id. at 7, and because “Officer Geromichalos credibly 

testified that he witnessed the vehicle violate the [M]otor [V]ehicle [C]ode 

with regard to two different infractions[,]” which provided the officer with 

“probable cause to stop the vehicle” based on those violations. Id. at 7 n.1 

(citing Commonwealth v. Bush, 166 A.3d 1278, 1283 (Pa. Super. 2017) 

(“Pennsylvania law makes clear ... that a police officer has probable cause to 

stop a motor vehicle if the officer observes a traffic code violation, even if it is 
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a minor offense.”)). The court further noted that, “[a]s a matter of precaution, 

a police officer has an absolute right to ask occupants of a vehicle to step from 

the vehicle during the traffic stop in order to ensure his own safety.” Id. at 7 

(citing the Interest of M.W., 194 A.3d 1094, 1098 (Pa. Super. 2018)). Thus, 

the court concluded that “Officer Smalarz had the absolute right to ask 

[Appellant] to step out of the vehicle to ensure his safety and the safety of 

Captain Goldschmidt, Officer Geromichalos, and the other occupants of the 

vehicle, especially during a stop where there is reason to believe that an 

occupant is carrying a firearm.” Id. Accordingly, the trial court denied 

Appellant’s motion to suppress.

On appeal, Appellant first challenges the legality of the stop of his 

vehicle. He stresses that, “pursuant to Commonwealth v. Hicks, 208 A.3d 

916 (Pa. 2019), and Commonwealth v. Price, 225 A.3d 1118 (Pa. Super. 

2019), mere possession of a firearm is insufficient to establish reasonable 

suspicion of criminal activity.” Appellant at 14. Appellant insists that, here,

“the record is clear that the stop was based solely on information provided by 

a CI” that Appellant possessed a gun. Id. at 15. In support, he argues that 

“Captain Goldschmidt was unequivocal that he ordered other officers to stop 

the vehicle in which [Appellant] was traveling solely because of the 

information provided by the CI” and the captain “was at the scene of the stop 

because he wanted to investigate the gun....” Id. at 15-16 (citations to the 

record omitted). According to Appellant, “[t]he reliance upon motor vehicle 
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violations as the basis for the officers’ conduct is merely a red herring.” Id.

at 16. 

We disagree with Appellant that Hicks and/or Price supports reversal 

in this case. We have summarized that,

[i]n Hicks, police stopped Hicks’s vehicle in a gas station parking 

lot based on information that he was in possession of a firearm. 

Hicks, 208 A.3d at 922. An officer restrained Hicks’s arms and 

removed his handgun from his holster, and a search of the vehicle 

followed. Id. Police later determined that Hicks possessed a valid 

license to carry a concealed firearm, and he was not statutorily 

prohibited from possessing a firearm. Id. Relevantly, Hicks was 

not charged with firearms offenses. Id. The trial court denied 

suppression, reasoning that possession of a concealed weapon 

justifies an investigatory stop to determine whether the individual 

has a license. Id. at 922-23.

Ultimately, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court evaluated whether 

carrying a concealed firearm could justify an investigative 

detention. Id. at 934; see also id. (limiting its analysis to “the

antecedent justification for a ‘stop’” and specifically declining to 

address “whether a police officer who has effectuated a lawful

investigative detention may treat the suspect’s possession of a

firearm as per se authorization to ‘frisk’ the detainee[]”). The 

Supreme Court first recognized that an individual may legally 

carry a concealed firearm in public if he is licensed to do so. Id.

at 926. The Court further recognized that it is impossible to 

ascertain an individual’s licensing status from his appearance. Id.

at 937. Following an extensive review of applicable Fourth 

Amendment jurisprudence, see id. at 930-36, the Court 

concluded that there is “no justification for the notion that a police

officer may infer criminal activity merely from an individual’s

possession of a concealed firearm in public.” Id. at 936. Thus, 

possession of a concealed firearm “alone is an insufficient basis

for reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” Id. at

945.

Commonwealth v. Jones, 266 A.3d 1090, 1093 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2021).

In Price, 
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Officer Klein testified that he received a radio broadcast, based on 

a 911 call, relaying that a black male wearing a white T-shirt and 

grey shorts and driving a silver Lexus with a license plate reading 

“GWL8569,” was located on the 5100 block of Willows Avenue and 

in possession of a firearm. Officer Klein observed Price, whose 

sex, race, T-shirt color, and vehicle, aside from one digit on the 

license plate, matched the tip, in the location given by the tip, 

within a minute of receiving it. The officer then stopped and 

questioned Price. Rachel Clark approached Officer Klein after the 

arrest, and told him she had called 911 because she observed 

Price “put an item in the trunk of the vehicle” and “[load] bullets 

into a brown bag and [place] that item into the trunk of the 

vehicle.” The Commonwealth presented no other evidence 

regarding the contents of the 911 call or the radio broadcast.

Price, 225 A.3d at 1122 (footnote omitted). Based on these facts, we 

concluded that, 

the police were acting solely upon information that a person 

matching a certain description was located at a certain place 

within a high-crime area and was carrying a firearm. There was 

no evidence that the police had reason to believe that Price was 

carrying a firearm illegally or was engaged in any other illegal 

activity. Nor did the police observe Price do anything illegal before 

stopping him. Although the police were acting according to the 

law of the time, under Hicks, the police lacked reasonable 

suspicion to stop Price. 

Id. at 1122-23.

Applying these decisions to the instant facts, the Commonwealth aptly 

explains:

[Appellant’s] reliance upon Hicks and Price is misplaced and in 

contrast to the trial court’s specific finding that the stop of the 

vehicle was not simply based upon the information that 

[Appellant] was in possession of a firearm, but rather, the [M]otor 

[V]ehicle [C]ode violations observed by Officer Geromichalos prior 

to initiating the stop. [Appellant] selectively chooses to ignore the

independent basis for the stop because it better suits his 

argument; however, this strategy provides no basis for relief.

***
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[Appellant] contends that the facts in Price are identical to the 

facts presented at the suppression hearing and therefore, the trial 

court’s conclusion of law that the [CI’s] tip that he was in

possession of a firearm was enough to justify the vehicle stop, 

was in error. [Appellant’s] contention that the facts of Price and 

the case at bar are similar is not entirely wrong. Yet, he chooses 

to ignore the fundamental difference present in the case at bar 

that was absent in Price: the trial court’s specific factual finding 

that Officer Geromichalos’ testimony that he observed two [M]otor 

[V]ehicle [C]ode violations prior to the stop was credible and its 

legal conclusion that, based upon the violations, an independent

basis, apart from the [CI’s] tip, existed to stop the vehicle.

An officer is permitted to stop a vehicle if he or she witnesses the 

driver commit a traffic violation. Commonwealth v. Rosa, 734 

A.2d 412 (Pa. Super. 1999). “To establish probable cause to stop 

a motor vehicle, the police officer must be able to articulate 

specific facts possessed by him at the time of the questioned stop, 

which would provide probable cause to believe that the vehicle or 

the driver was in some violation of some provision of the Motor

Vehicle Code.” Commonwealth v. Wilson, 237 A.3d 572, 578-

79 (Pa. Super. 2020). “Probable cause does not require certainty, 

but rather exists when criminality is one reasonable inference, not 

necessarily even the most likely inference.” [Commonwealth v.]

Shaw, 246 A.3d 879[,] ... 884 (Pa. Super. 2021).

Here, the trial court specifically found Officer Geromichalos’

testimony to be credible, in its entirety. Accordingly, although his 

attention was initially drawn to the vehicle because of the 

information received from Captain Goldschmidt that [Appellant] 

was in possession of a firearm, Officer Geromichalos did not 

initiate the traffic stop until he witnessed the [M]otor [V]ehicle 

[C]ode infractions. Officer Geromichalos observed [Appellant’s]

vehicle with unsecured registration. He also observed the vehicle 

fail to turn-on its turning signal when changing lanes. Officer

Geromichalos stated that he would have stopped the car for these 

traffic infractions regardless of whether information had been 

provided by the [CI]. The trial court listened to the testimony, 

observed the witness, and made a specific finding that Officer 

Geromichalos did observe the infractions, giving him the requisite 

probable cause to initiate the stop.

[Appellant] baldly discredits any discussion of the [M]otor 

[V]ehicle [C]ode violations, calling it a “red herring” and stating 

that the officer’s testimony regarding the [M]otor [V]ehicle [C]ode 
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infractions was “questionable.” Yet the only “red herring” is 

[Appellant’s] decision to rely solely upon only half of the trial 

court’s analysis, ignoring the independent basis for the stop.4

4 The trial court’s conclusion that reasonable suspicion 

existed based upon the [CI’]s tip was merely one part of its 

overall analysis. The trial court chose to provide further 

analysis that, regardless of the information, the stop was 

lawful based upon the [M]otor [V]ehicle [C]ode violations. 

If a trial court’s decision is correct, this Court may affirm on 

any ground. See[] Commonwealth v. Bishop, 829 A.2d 

1170 (Pa. Super. 2003).

Commonwealth’s Brief at 12-15 (one footnote omitted).

After carefully reviewing the record, we agree with the Commonwealth. 

Officer Geromichalos’s testimony supports the trial court’s findings that he 

observed the vehicle fail to properly use a turn signal, and he noticed that its 

registration tag was “unsecured.” TCO at 4 (citing N.T. at 61). The officer 

stopped the vehicle based on these violations, not solely the tip provided by 

the CI. Id. (citing N.T. at 63). The trial court found this testimony credible. 

Id. at 5. Accordingly, this case is distinguishable from Hicks and Price, 

where the stops were premised only on the defendants’ possession of a 

firearm. Thus, the stop of Appellant’s vehicle was lawful. See also Whren 

v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996) (pretextual traffic stops do not violate 

the Fourth Amendment as “[s]ubjective intentions play no role in ordinary, 

probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis”); Commonwealth v. Mathis, 

173 A.3d 699, 713 n.12 (Pa. 2017) (indirectly citing Whren; concluding that 

“[a]lthough Agent Welsh testified that, in addition to safety reasons, he 

intended that [Mathis] not leave the residence with drugs, ... this subjective 
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alternative basis for the frisk does not invalidate the protective search, since 

the agent articulated objective, permissible grounds for the intrusion”).

Next, Appellant contends that, even if the stop were legal, the officers’ 

seizing and frisking him was not supported by reasonable suspicion and, 

therefore, warranted suppression of the gun. Again, Appellant analogizes his 

case to Hicks and Price, claiming that, 

as in Price, and similar to the facts of Hicks, the officers seized 

[Appellant] and then placed him under arrest solely due to 

information from a CI that he possessed a firearm. There was no 

indication that he was pointing the weapon at anyone, that he was 

holding it out in the open, [or] that he was doing anything with 

the firearm at all. There was also no indication that he did not 

have a license to carry, nor that he was engaged in any other 

criminal activity. Captain Goldschmidt had observed [Appellant] 

on other occasions that same week when the CI also gave 

information that [Appellant] had a weapon, but the [c]aptain 

never observed [Appellant] with a weapon on those prior 

occasions, nor did he observe him engaged in any criminal activity 

(see N.T. ... at 37-38).

Apart from the CI’s information that [Appellant] was in possession 

of a firearm, there were no other factors indicative of any criminal 

activity — including his “nervousness” — that would provide 

reasonable suspicion to justify a seizure of [Appellant], or 

probable cause for his arrest. 

Appellant’s Brief at 25-26.

Again, no relief is due. As the trial court correctly recognized, see TCO 

at 7 ¶ 8, this Court has declared that, “[a]s a matter of precaution, a police 

officer has an absolute right to ask occupants of a vehicle to step from the 

vehicle during traffic stop in order to ensure his own safety.” In the Interest 

of M.W., 194 A.3d at 1098. Moreover, 
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the Terry “stop and frisk[]” permits a police officer to briefly 

detain a citizen for investigatory purposes if the officer “observes 

unusual conduct which leads him to reasonably conclude, in light 

of his experience, that criminal activity may be afoot.” 

Commonwealth v. Fitzpatrick, ... 666 A.2d 323, 325 ([Pa. 

Super.] 1995); Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 ... (1968).

Terry further held that “[w]hen an officer is justified in believing 

that the individual whose suspicious behavior he is investigating 

at close range is armed and presently dangerous to the officer or 

to others” the officer may conduct a pat down search “to 

determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon.” 

Terry, 392 U.S. at 24.... “The purpose of this limited search is not 

to discover evidence of crime, but to allow the officer to pursue 

his investigation without fear of violence.” Adams v. Williams,

407 U.S. 143, 146 ... (1972).

***

To conduct a pat down for weapons, a limited search or “frisk” of 

the suspect, the officer must reasonably believe that his safety or 

the safety of others is threatened. Commonwealth v. Arch, ...

654 A.2d 1141, 1144 ([Pa. Super.] 1995). 

***

The Terry totality of the circumstances test applies to traffic stops 

or roadside encounters in the same way that it applies to typical 

police encounters. See Commonwealth v. Mesa, ... 683 A.2d 

643, 646 ([Pa. Super.] 1996). Moreover, the principles of Terry

apply to all occupants of the stopped vehicle, not just the driver. 

See id. (applying the principles of Terry to determine whether 

the police were permitted to conduct a pat down search of the 

passenger in a vehicle that was stopped pursuant to a motor 

vehicle violation). Indeed, as we have observed, “roadside 

encounters, between police and suspects are especially 

hazardous, and that danger may arise from the possible presence 

of weapons in the area surrounding a suspect.” In re O.J., 958 

A.2d 561, 564 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc), citing Michigan v.

Long, 463 U.S. 1032 ... (1983).

Commonwealth v. Simmons, 17 A.3d 399, 403 (Pa. Super. 2011).

In this case, Officer Smalarz testified that during the traffic stop, he 

stood beside the “driver’s side rear window” where he could see into the car. 
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N.T. at 83. From there, he could see Appellant inside, and testified that 

Appellant “appeared nervous. He appeared sweaty, he kept reaching over 

and grabbing the baby’s hand.” Id. at 84. As the officer was watching 

Appellant’s hands “to see if [he] observed anything that could be a danger to 

[himself] or anybody else on the traffic stop[,]” he “observed an imprint and 

also a bulge in [Appellant’s] ... front waistband....” Id. at 85. Based on the 

officer’s experience, he believed that the imprint in Appellant’s waistband was 

consistent with “[a] possible weapon[,]” more specifically, “a gun.” Id. at 85, 

86. Additionally, Officer Smalarz was aware of the information provided by 

the CI to Captain Goldschmidt that Appellant had a gun. Id. at 86. 

Accordingly, the officer asked Appellant to step out of the vehicle, and “put 

his hands on the hood of the car,” at which point the officer “did a sweep of 

his waistband and clenched what [he] felt to be a firearm.” Id.

We discern no error in the trial court’s conclusion that Officer Smalarz 

acted lawfully by asking Appellant “to step out of the vehicle to ensure his 

safety and the safety of Captain Goldschmidt, Officer Geromichalos, and the 

other occupants of the vehicle, especially during a stop where there is reason 

to believe that an occupant is carrying a firearm.” TCO at 7. Given the 

information provided by the CI that Appellant was armed, coupled with Officer 

Smalarz’s observations of Appellant’s nervous behavior and the bulge in his

waistband that was consistent with a gun, the officer had reason to believe 

that Appellant was armed and dangerous, such that the officer’s safety — and 

the safety of the other officers and individuals present at the stop — was 
J-A21041-23

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threatened. Thus, the officer was authorized to remove the firearm. See 

Interest of T.W., 261 A.3d 409, 425 (Pa. 2021) (“[W]e hold [that] a police 

officer may remove an object from within a suspect’s clothing during a Terry

frisk if the officer has reasonable suspicion that the object is a weapon.”). 

Accordingly, the officer acted lawfully in conducting the Terry frisk of 

Appellant’s person, which led to the discovery of Appellant’s gun. The trial

court properly denied Appellant’s motion to suppress that weapon.1

Order affirmed.

Date: 2/8/2024

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1 Appellant confusingly intermingles arguments that he was illegally detained 

and frisked without reasonable suspicion, with claims that he was unlawfully 

arrested without probable cause. However, Appellant admits that he was 

arrested after the gun was recovered. See Appellant’s Brief at 19 (“[A]s 

[Appellant] exited the vehicle, [officers] turned him around with his hands on 

the car, removed the firearm[,] and handcuffed him.”); Appellant’s Reply Brief 

at 4 (“[Appellant] was arrested after the recovery of the firearm and that 

arrest was not based on probable cause. At the time of the arrest, no officers 

had any interaction or communication with [Appellant] about the firearm and 

did not know whether he had a license to carry. Thus, there was no evidence, 

let alone probable cause, that he had committed any crime at the time he was 

arrested.”) (Appellant’s italicized emphasis omitted; bolded emphasis added). 

Thus, even if Appellant were correct that his arrest was unlawful, it would not 

result in suppression of the gun, which was found before that arrest and 

subsequent to a lawful stop and Terry frisk, for the reasons set forth supra.