J-S04001-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: ADOPTION OF I.N., A MINOR, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: B.N., FATHER,

Appellant No. 1454 MDA 2014

Appeal from the Order Entered July 31, 2014

In the Court of Common Pleas of Northumberland County

Orphans' Court at No(s): 15 of 2014

BEFORE: BOWES, ALLEN, and STRASSBURGER,*JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 27, 2015

B.N. (“Father”) appeals from the orphans’ court order terminating his 

parental rights to his minor child, I.N. We affirm. 

I.N. was born during February 2004, of Father’s marriage to V.N. 

(“Mother”).1 Prior to the pertinent events that occurred in Northumberland 

County, Father was charged criminally in Union County with sexually 

assaulting two of I.N.’s three half-sisters. However, those charges were 

withdrawn after the children recanted the allegations and Father temporarily 

moved from the family residence. Northumberland County Children and 

Youth Services first became involved with this family during 2011 based 

____________________________________________

*

 Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 Mother relinquished her parental rights to I.N. 
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upon additional allegations that Father sexually assaulted one of the children 

involved in the earlier case.2 Although those allegations were also 

withdrawn and marked unfounded, CYS temporarily removed I.N. and his 

three half-sisters from the family residence. 

Two years later, during May of 2013, the same child, then sixteen 

years old, asserted new allegations of abuse against Father. While Father 

continued to deny the allegations, he was charged with statutory sexual 

assault and related offenses.3 He was arrested the following October and 

remains incarcerated in the Northumberland County Prison pending his trial. 

Following CYS’s investigation, the child protective service (“CPS”) report was 

marked “indicated,” meaning that substantial evidence existed to satisfy the 

definition of sexual abuse under the Child Protective Services Law and that 

Father was the indicated perpetrator of abuse. 

Meanwhile, in November 2012, prior to Father’s incarceration, the 

family had executed a child safety plan that, inter alia, again precluded 

____________________________________________

2 During July 2011, there was an intervening allegation that Mother, Father, 

and Mother’s adult son engaged in drug use in the family home. The 

ensuing drug screen revealed that all three adults tested positively for 

cocaine and marijuana. 

3 The orphans’ court’s review of the criminal docket revealed the following 

charges: statutory sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault, corruption of 

minors, and indecent assault of a person less than sixteen. The offenses 

include two second-degree felonies, a third-degree felony, and a seconddegree misdemeanor. 
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Father from residing in the family home and determined that Mother was 

unsuitable to supervise Father’s contact with I.N. and his half-sisters. 

The current chapter of CYS’s involvement stemmed from a January 15, 

2013 general protective services referral that was issued after Father 

violated the safety plan by having unsupervised contact with the children in 

the family home. I.N. was removed from the home pursuant to a voluntary 

entrustment agreement, and the juvenile court adjudicated him dependent 

on February 13, 2013. I.N. was initially placed with his current foster 

parents, T.T. (“Foster Father”) and C.T. (“Foster Mother”) (collectively 

“Foster Parents”), but due to Foster Mother’s illness, the child was moved 

temporarily, before returning to Foster Parents’ care during July 2014. 

Foster Parents are potential permanent placement resources.4 

The initial permanency goal was reunification. The juvenile court 

ordered Father to utilize several services, including sex offender counseling, 

couples counseling and individual therapy. He was also ordered to submit to 

random drug screens and maintain visitation with his son. 

Father’s compliance with the court ordered goals and services was 

minimal. While he completed couples counseling with Mother and enrolled in 

sex offender counseling, he failed to comply with the individual counseling

____________________________________________

4

 As I.N. has indicated that he disfavors adoption, and since he is 

approaching an age where his consent to adoption is required, CYS 

developed a concurrent goal of permanent legal custodianship rather than 

adoption. N.T., 7/31/14, at 48-49. 
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requirement. Moreover, citing financial limitations and a lack of 

transportation, Father stopped attending sex offender counseling. However, 

he subsequently revealed that he disliked being required to interact with 

other sex offenders during group therapy. 

As it relates to the requirement for random drug tests, CYS attempted 

three drug screens. Father submitted one positive sample, one negative 

sample, and immediately before his October 2013 arrest, he simply refused 

to participate. During the evidentiary hearing, Father proclaimed that he 

would have passed the final screen but, since Mother had just submitted a 

positive sample, he declined the test in order to avoid embarrassing her. 

Prior to his October 2013 incarceration, Father exercised supervised 

visitation for one hour on alternating Tuesdays. The visitations occurred at a 

local park or in a nearby fast food restaurant. Father attended 

approximately one-half of the thirty-six supervised visitations scheduled 

prior to his arrest. Following his arrest, Father did not resume visitations 

with I.N. until March 2014, roughly five months later. Those bi-weekly 

contacts at the Northumberland County Prison were limited to one-half hour. 

On April 10, 2014, approximately one month after Father restarted the 

visitations, CYS filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights to I.N., 

pursuant to § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (8) and § 2511(b) of the Adoption 

Act. Following an evidentiary hearing, the orphans’ court granted CYS’s 

petition and terminated Father’s parental rights. This timely appeal 

followed. Father complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) by filing a concise 
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statement of errors complained of on appeal concomitant with his notice of 

appeal. The Rule 1925 statement raised eight issues and sub-issues, which 

Father reiterates on appeal as follows:

1. Whether the trial judge erred when involuntarily terminating 

the parental rights of the Appellant, because the requirements of 

23 Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2511 were not met, in that:

1.a. the Appellant/Natural Father did not conduct himself 

with a settled purpose to relinquish parental claim; 

1.b. [t]he minor child was not incapacitated, abused, 

neglected, nor did the Appellant/Natural Father cause the 

child to be without essential parental care, control or 

subsidence necessary for the child's well-being;

1.c. the Appellant/Natural Father was attempting to 

remedy the conditions which led to placement;

1.d. termination of parental rights does not serve the 

best needs and welfare of the child; and

1.e. the Appellant/Natural Father had a bond with the 

minor child, it was beneficial to the child, and severing 

that bond will cause irreparable harm?

2. Whether the trial judge erred in terminating the parental 

rights of the Appellant, because the county agency did not make 

reasonable efforts to make it possible for the minor child to visit 

with the appellant, and accordingly, the agency did not foster 

the development of a bond between father and child?

3. Whether the trial judge erred in terminating the parental 

rights of the Appellant, because the appellant has certain 

parental rights while incarcerated, and termination of parental 

rights during the period of time during incarceration would be 

improper. [T]he Appellant/Natural Father did not conduct 

himself with a settled purpose to relinquish parental claim, 

rather he had remedied the conditions which led to placement of 

the minor child with the agency, in that, he had suitable housing, 
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maintained employment and was visiting the minor child in order 

to maintain a bond with his minor child?

Father’s brief at 5-6. 

Although Father’s statement of questions outline several cogent 

arguments, the argument section of his brief levels one rambling complaint, 

i.e., that the orphans’ court erred in terminating parental rights when he 

devoted reasonable efforts to overcome the obstacles that prevented him 

from exercising his parental rights. Highlighting the components of the 

court-ordered directives and family safety plan that he completed, Father 

asserts that he utilized all of the resources available to him. Father blames 

his economic struggles and incarceration for his inability to satisfy the 

remaining requirements. Additionally, he frames his interaction with CYS as 

adversarial and complains that the agency regularly attempted to undermine 

his efforts. 

Specifically, Father contends that the agency “paint[ed] him as an 

abuser” and exploited the allegations of his sexual abuse of I.N.’s half-sister 

to “thwart the maintenance of a bond” he shared with I.N. See Father’s 

brief at 10. The crux of this position is that, since I.N. was not a victim of 

the alleged sexual abuse, CYS should not have relied upon those allegations 

as grounds to restrict Father’s visitation with I.N. or require Father to 

complete sex offender counseling. In sum, Father opines that, in light of his 

accomplishments, justifications for failing to complete all aspects of the 

court-ordered requirements, and CYS’s interference, the record will not 
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sustain the orphans’ court’s decision to terminate his parental rights. We 

address the foregoing arguments collectively, and for the following reasons, 

we conclude that Father’s claims fail.

This Court reviews the determination of the orphans’ court for an 

abuse of discretion. In re D.C.D. 105 A.3d 662, 670-671 (Pa. 2014) 

(“When reviewing a trial court's decision to grant or deny a termination of 

parental rights petition, an appellate court should apply an abuse of 

discretion standard, accepting the findings of fact and credibility 

determinations if they are supported by the record, and reversing only if the 

trial court made an error of law or abused its discretion.”). This is a highly 

deferential standard and, to the extent that the record supports the court’s 

decision, we must affirm even though evidence exists that would also 

support a contrary determination. In re A.S., 11 A.3d 473, 477 (Pa.Super. 

2010). CYS has the burden of proving the statutory grounds for termination 

by clear and convincing evidence. In re Adoption of L.J.B., 18 A.3d 1098 

(Pa. 2011). 

Requests to terminate the parental rights of a biological parent are 

governed by 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a) and (b). The statute provides in pertinent 

part, 

(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child 

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following 

grounds:

(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least six 

months immediately preceding the filing of the petition either 
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has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim 

to a child or has refused or failed to perform parental duties. 

(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or 

refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without essential 

parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical 

or mental well-being and the conditions and causes of the 

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be 

remedied by the parent.

. . . .

(5) The child has been removed from the care of the parent 

by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency for 

a period of at least six months, the conditions which led to the 

removal or placement of the child continue to exist, the parent 

cannot or will not remedy those conditions within a reasonable 

period of time, the services or assistance reasonably available to 

the parent are not likely to remedy the conditions which led to 

the removal or placement of the child within a reasonable period 

of time and termination of the parental rights would best serve 

the needs and welfare of the child. 

. . . .

(8) The child has been removed from the care of the parent 

by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency, 12 

months or more have elapsed from the date of removal or 

placement, the conditions which led to the removal or placement

of the child continue to exist and termination of parental rights 

would best serve the needs and welfare of the child. 

. . . .

(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights 

of a parent shall give primary consideration to the 

developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the 

child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on 

the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing, 

furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be 

beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition 

filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not 

consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions 
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described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the 

giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511.

The test for terminating parental rights consists of two parts. In In re 

L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007), we explained:

Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party 

seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the parent's conduct satisfies the statutory 

grounds for termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if 

the court determines that the parent's conduct warrants 

termination of his or her parental rights does the court engage in 

the second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): 

determination of the needs and welfare of the child under the 

standard of best interests of the child. One major aspect of the 

needs and welfare analysis concerns the nature and status of the 

emotional bond between parent and child, with close attention 

paid to the effect on the child of permanently severing any such 

bond.

We need only agree with the orphans’ court’s decision as to one subsection 

of 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a) and the subsection (b) analysis in order to affirm 

the termination of parental rights. In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 

(Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc). Herein, the certified record supports the 

orphans’ court’s determination that CYS established the statutory grounds to 

terminate Father’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8) and 

(b). Hence, we do not address the remaining statutory grounds.5

____________________________________________

5 The orphans’ court terminated Father’s parental rights pursuant to § 

2511(a)(1),(2), (5), and (8); however, the only statutory ground for 

termination that Father actually challenges in his brief relates to subsection 

(a)(5). We observe that the elements that CYS had to establish under 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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We have explained our review of the evidence pursuant to 

§ 2511(a)(8), as follows: 

In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 2511(a)(8), the following factors must be demonstrated: (1) 

The child has been removed from parental care for 12 months or 

more from the date of removal; (2) the conditions which led to 

the removal or placement of the child continue to exist; and (3) 

termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and 

welfare of the child. 

In Re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1275-1276 (Pa.Super. 2003). 

Thus, in order to satisfy the requirements of § 2511(a)(8) in the case at bar, 

CYS was required to produce clear and convincing evidence that: (1) I.N. 

has been removed from Father for at least twelve months; (2) the conditions 

which led to the child’s removal continue to exist; and (3) involuntary 

termination of parental rights would best serve I.N.’s needs and welfare. 

See In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502 (Pa.Super. 2006). 

Instantly, CYS met its burden of proof. Initially, we observe that, 

since I.N. was removed from Father’s care during January of 2013, the 

agency satisfied the threshold requirement that the child be removed for at 

least twelve months. As it relates to the continued existence of the 

conditions that predicated the removal, the certified record demonstrates 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

(a)(5) align chiefly with the elements of (a)(8), except that the former 

subsection applies to children that have been removed for six months and 

requires the agency to establish that the parent cannot remedy the 

underlying conditions within a reasonable time with the available assistance. 

That additional element is absent from (a)(8). 
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that Father’s compliance with CYS throughout these proceedings was dismal. 

Moreover, his excuses and attempts to place the blame for his shortcomings 

with CYS are unpersuasive.

Our Supreme Court recently held that the agency’s reunification effort 

during the juvenile court proceedings is not relevant to the orphans’ court’s 

determination of whether to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 2511(a) and (b). See In re D.C.D. supra. Specifically, the High Court 

reasoned, 

[W]hile reasonable efforts should be considered and indeed, in 

the appropriate case, a trial court could insist upon their 

provision, we hold that nothing in the language or the purpose of 

Section 6351(f)(9) forbids the granting of a petition to terminate 

parental rights, under Section 2511, as a consequence of the 

agency's failure to provide reasonable efforts to a parent.

Id. at 675. 

Accordingly, we reject Father’s contentions that the orphans’ court’s 

holding was legal error because CYS failed to provide him reasonable 

assistance toward reunification. Moreover, the evidence adduced from the 

certified record belies Father’s assertion that CYS undermined his efforts to 

overcome the obstacles to parenting. Indeed, we soundly reject Father’s 

assertion that the agency painted him as an abuser and fashioned artificial 

impediments to his relationship with I.N. In reality, the court-ordered sex 

offender counseling and the requirement that the visitations with I.N. be 

supervised were warranted in light of the long history of this case. The fact

that I.N. was not the victim of any of the sexual assaults that Father 
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allegedly committed is irrelevant. The court-ordered conditions were 

necessary to insure I.N.’s continued safety while in Father’s presence. 

Father’s obtuse argument to the contrary simply ignores that, as the 

indicated perpetrator of sexual child abuse and a criminal defendant facing 

three sex-related felonies, he posed an immediate risk to his adolescent son. 

As nothing in the certified record supports Father’s contention that CYS 

endeavored to undermine his reunification efforts, this claim fails. 

Furthermore, the certified record supports the trial court’s findings that 

Father failed to exercise reasonable firmness to overcome the obstacles of 

incarceration in order to address the conditions which led to I.N.’s removal. 

As it relates to the manner that the orphans’ court treated Father’s 

incarceration, the Supreme Court’s analysis of In Re Adoption of S.P., 47 

A.3d 817 (Pa. 2012) is instructive. In In Re Adoption of S.P., the 

Supreme Court explained, “that incarceration is a factor, and indeed can be 

a determinative factor, in a court's conclusion that grounds for termination 

exist under § 2511(a)(2)[.]” Id. at 828. The High Court further elucidated 

that, outside of the (a)(2) analysis, a parent’s incarceration is relevant when 

addressing whether he yielded to the impediments of imprisonment or 

utilized the resources available to him in prison. Id. Thus, it is now clear 

that a parent’s imprisonment is relevant and, in certain circumstances that 

are not involved in this case, may be dispositive. 

Herein, the orphans’ court considered the effect of Father’s 
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incarceration on his reunification efforts. The court reasoned,

[P]rior to his incarceration, Natural Father was provided with 

ample time to remedy these conditions and did not avail himself 

of the opportunity to do so. His visits with [I.N.] were sporadic, 

and while he began sex offender counseling, he did not 

successfully complete it. He refused drug testing when offered,

stating that he did not want to embarrass the Natural Mother, 

whose drug test he speculated would not be clean. N.T., 

Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights, July 31, 2014, at 

131, 139-140.

Similarly, relative to subsection (5) and (8) of 23 Pa.C.S.§ 

2511(a), Natural Father has not remedied the conditions leading 

to the removal of [I.N.] from his care and those conditions still 

exist. Again, the allegations and indicated report of abuse 

against a half-sibling of [I.N.] mean that Natural Father cannot

care for [I.N.] unsupervised, and he is unable to provide an 

environment that would assure [I.N.’s] safety.

Natural Father is not employed, as he is currently 

incarcerated; his previous employment was terminated, and he 

cannot provide [I.N.] with residential or financial stability. Id., at 

39. Natural Father did not successfully complete sex offender 

counseling prior to his incarceration, despite having ample time 

to do so. In fact, he did not even follow through with attendance 

at counseling sessions. Since his incarceration, he has made no 

effort to seek sex offender counseling services in order to 

continue to work toward this goal, resulting in minimal to no 

progress.

Further, Natural Father remains incarcerated on pending 

charges stemming from the allegations of sexual abuse against 

[I.N.’s] half-sibling, and is thus not likely to remedy these 

conditions within a reasonable amount of time. 

Trial Court Opinion, 9/22/14, at 4-5. The record supports the orphans’ 

court’s determination. 

During the evidentiary hearing, Leslee Maturani, the CYS caseworker 

assigned to this case since September 2012, summarized the family’s 
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interactions with CYS and outlined the agency’s concerns with the effect of 

drug use in the residence as well as Father’s alleged sexual predilections 

upon the children’s safety. N.T., 7/31/14, at 23-25, 26. Additionally, she 

testified about Father’s minimum compliance with the court-ordered services 

and the safety plan designed to alleviate the removal of I.N. and his sisters 

from the home. Id. at 27. 

While CYS made several service referrals on Father’s behalf, Ms. 

Maturani specifically noted Father’s failure to complete the court-ordered sex 

offender counseling. Id. at 35-36. She testified that CYS arranged for 

Father’s transportation to counseling, but he attended only intermittently. 

Id. at 36. Similarly, although Ms. Maturani is unsure whether Father ever 

received any financial assistance from his church, she was aware that the 

church offered to help Father pay for sex offender counseling. She 

summarized Father’s total effort toward sex offender counseling as (1) 

enrolling in the program; (2) failing to attend any session for two or three 

months; (3) briefly resuming participation; and (4) finally terminating any 

involvement prior to his incarceration. Id. at 36-37. At one point, Father 

informed Ms. Maturani that he did not believe that he belonged with the 

“creeps” whom he encountered in sex offender counseling, but he 

subsequently conceded to her that the sessions were appropriate. Id. at 37. 

During that latter conversation with Ms. Maturani, Father implied that he 

perpetrated the sexual abuse that had been reported and withdrawn in 
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Union County, but he continued to deny the allegations leveled in 

Northumberland County. Id. 37. Nonetheless, as Ms. Maturani pointed out, 

Father failed to comply with the counseling requirement prior to 

incarceration, and there were no programs or services available to him in 

county jail. Id. at 39, 43. In total, Father attended two counseling sessions 

before being discharged from the sex offender treatment program. Id. at 

46.

In relation to the remaining counseling components, Ms. Maturani 

confirmed that Father completed couples counseling sessions with Mother. 

Id. at 38, 47. However, to her knowledge, Father failed to complete 

individual counseling. Id. at 38, 46. Likewise, Father failed to comply with 

the requirement to maintain stable and appropriate housing. Id. at 39. Ms. 

Maturani explained that the family residence is owned by the paternal 

grandmother, who resides in Staten Island, New York. Id. However, once 

Mother and Father stopped paying the mortgage on the property, the 

grandmother could no longer afford to maintain that home as well as her 

own residence in New York. Id. Accordingly, she is preparing to sell it. Id

at 40. 

Similarly, Ms. Maturani delineated Father’s cooperation with the 

random drug screens. As noted supra, of the three tests that were 

requested prior to his incarceration, one was positive, one was ngative, and 

Father refused to comply with another. Id. at 38, 41-42. 
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As it relates to Father’s visitations with I.N., Ms. Maturani stated that, 

prior to Father’s arrest and incarceration for the sexual assault of I.N.’s halfsibling, Father attended fifteen of thirty-six bi-weekly vitiations. Id. at 30-

31. She supervised most of the one-hour visitations. She reiterated that 

Father’s excuse for missing the visitations was that his work schedule 

interfered with his ability to attend the visitations. Id. at 31. Although Ms. 

Maturani suggested that Father alter the visitation schedule to suit his 

employment obligations, he never changed it prior to his incarceration. Id. 

at 32. She continued that, following Father’s arrest and incarceration in the 

county jail, he waited five months before resuming visitations with I.N. at 

the county facility. 

As to the nature of the visitations that Father attended prior to 

incarceration, Ms. Maturani testified as follows. Father became angry 

during several of the visitations due to his child support obligation or the 

child’s appearance, and he made inappropriate comments in the child’s 

presence. Id. at 33. Sometimes, Father would become so agitated with Ms. 

Maturani or the agency that it affected his interaction with I.N. Id. at 51. 

Father’s outbursts made then-nine-year-old I.N. anxious. Id. at 33. 

Nevertheless, the child would attempt to calm Father and continue the 

visitations. Id. During one episode, Father completely disregarded I.N.’s 

attempts and terminated the visitation prematurely notwithstanding the 

child’s efforts to quell Father’s anger. Id. at 49-50. On another occasion, 
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Father engaged in an extended rant in front of I.N. about the then-pending 

criminal investigation of the sexual assault allegations. Id. at 50. Again, 

I.N. was obliged to calm Father in order to preserve the visitation. Id. Ms. 

Maturani noted, however, that once the visitations were conducted in the 

county jail, Father’s behavior improved and his interactions with I.N. became 

appropriate. Id. at 33, 51. 

On October 9, 2013, approximately one week before his incarceration, 

Ms. Maturani mailed Father a pamphlet regarding the implications of the 

Adoption and Safe Families Act on I.N.’s dependency and a letter advising 

him that his continued non-compliance would be an impediment to 

reunification. Id. at 57-58. She stressed that Father had to maintain 

contact with the agency and fulfill its referrals to outside providers in order 

to continue to receive services from the agency. Id. at 58. Father failed to 

respond. Id. 

In sum, Ms. Maturani posited that Father is not a placement option for 

I.N. and no definitive date exists when Father could be considered a viable 

placement resource. Id. at 40. She explained that, since Father is awaiting 

trial for the sex offenses that he allegedly perpetrated against I.N.’s halfsister, his life is unsettled. Id. at 40. Similarly, Father’s preferred 

placement alternative, the paternal grandmother, is not a viable option. Ms. 

Maturani testified that the agency first considered paternal grandmother as a 

potential placement resource in late-November 2012, but, the grandmother 
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remains hesitant to assume the responsibility due to financial concerns. Id. 

at 152. Moreover, although Ms. Maturani assisted the paternal grandmother 

with the clearance process during the end of 2012, as of the date of the 

termination hearing, July 31, 2014, the grandmother failed to complete the 

necessary out-of-state documentation. Id. at 44, 152-153, 154. 

Accordingly, CYS has not continued to pursue the grandmother as a 

placement resource. Id. at 154. 

CYS also presented the testimony of Susan Shock, who provided 

temporary foster care for I.N. during the nine-month period that Foster 

Mother recovered from her illness. Ms. Shock testified that I.N. assimilated 

smoothly into her family. Id. at 82. She stated that, even though Father 

had been given their address when I.N. was placed in her and her husband’s 

care, Father never called their home or corresponded to inquire about his 

son. Id. at 80-81, 83. As it relates to visitations, since Ms. Shock cared for 

I.N. during the five-month period that Father failed to participate in visiting 

his son, her knowledge of the visitations is limited. Id. at 84. She did 

testify, however, that I.N. was excited when Father resumed the visitations 

during March of 2014. Id. at 85. 

Next, Foster Mother, who is the prospective placement resource, 

testified about her limited interactions with Father. She stated that she only 

encountered Father during few of the visitations, and she indicated that, 

throughout the time that I.N. was in her care, Father did not contact her or 
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her husband personally to check on I.N. Id. at 93. However, Father would 

occasionally communicate with I.N when the paternal grandmother called 

the foster home. Id. at 94. As it relates to Father’s behavior during 

visitations, Foster Mother testified that, even though she did not attend 

many of the visitations, she observed one of the outbursts that Ms. Maturani 

described. Id. at 106. She also noted that I.N. recovered quickly from the 

disappointment associated with the frequent visitations that Father missed. 

Id. 

The foregoing evidence sustains the orphans’ court’s conclusion that 

CYS established by clear and convincing evidence that the conditions that led 

to I.N.’s removal continued to exist and that terminating Father’s parental 

rights would best serve I.N.’s needs and welfare. First, the record bears out 

that Father failed to comply with the court-ordered directives, including the 

requirement that he confront the issue regarding his status as sex offender. 

Hence, the conditions which led to I.N.’s removal continue to exist. 

Moreover, Father has not demonstrated any ability to provide I.N. 

permanence, stability, and safety or assume parenting responsibilities within 

the foreseeable future. He is awaiting trial for sexually assaulting a minor, 

unable to preserve the family home, and only maintains contact with I.N. 

during the half-hour supervised visitations at the jail Accordingly, CYS 

established all three components of § 2511(a)(8).

Having found that the orphans’ court did not err in finding that CYS 
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satisfied its burden of proving the statutory grounds for terminating Father’s 

parental rights pursuant to § 2511(a)(8), we next review the orphans’ 

court’s independent needs and welfare analysis under section 2511(b). 

Pursuant to the Adoption Act, the court’s primary consideration is focused 

upon the child’s “developmental, physical, and emotional needs and 

welfare[.]” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). Additionally, even though the statute 

does not mandate that the orphans’ court consider the effect of permanently 

severing parental bonds, our case law requires that consideration where, as 

here, a parent-child bond exists to some degree. See In re E.M., 620 A.2d 

481, 485 (Pa. 1993). 

The extent of the trial court’s bond-effect analysis depends upon the 

circumstances of a particular case. In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 763 

(Pa.Super. 2008). We have emphasized that, while a parent’s emotional 

bond with his child is a major aspect of the § 2511(b) best-interest analysis, 

it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the trial court 

when determining what is in the best interest of the child. In re K.K.R.-S., 

958 A.2d 529, 535-536 (Pa.Super. 2008). Neither precedent nor statute 

requires an orphans’ court to order a formal bonding evaluation by an 

expert. Id. at 533. Indeed, the mere existence of an emotional bond does 

not preclude the termination of parental rights. See In re T.D., 949 A.2d 

910 (Pa.Super. 2008) (trial court’s decision to terminate parental rights was 
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affirmed where court balanced strong emotional bond against parents’ 

inability to serve needs of child). 

As we explained in In re K.Z.S., supra at 763 (emphasis omitted),

In addition to a bond examination, the court may equally 

emphasize the safety needs of the child under subsection (b), 

particularly in cases involving physical or sexual abuse, severe 

child neglect or abandonment, or children with special needs. 

The trial court should also examine the intangibles such as the 

love, comfort, security, and stability the child might have with 

the foster parent. Another consideration is the importance of 

continuity of relationships to the child and whether the parent 

child bond, if it exists, can be severed without detrimental 

effects on the child. All of these factors can contribute to the 

inquiry about the needs and welfare of the child.

See also In re A.S., 11 A.3d 473, 483 (Pa.Super. 2010) (orphans’ court 

can emphasize safety needs, consider intangibles, such as love, comfort, 

security, and stability child might have with the foster parent, and 

importance of continuity of existing relationships).

Instantly, the orphans’ court’s needs and welfare analysis was as 

follows:

The Court also examined the existence and quality of the bond 

between Natural Father and [I.N.] and found that, while a bond 

does exist, that bond is not a beneficial one for the child. The 

Court state[d at the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing]:

I believe that your son has some bond with you. 

However, I don't believe that's a positive thing. You have 

only brought instability into his life because of your 

actions. The bond that he does have with you has not 

helped him. It has hindered him and caused him 

problems... He needs stability in his life and that you 

cannot provide that to him now and quite possibly will not 

be able to provide that for some time... I think he will be 
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somewhat sad about not having you in his life for a while, 

but I think that he will adjust to that positively.

Trial Court Opinion at 5 (internal citation to the record omitted). 

The record sustains the trial court’s findings that terminating Father’s 

parental rights best serves I.N.’s developmental, physical, and emotional 

needs and welfare. Ms. Maturani testified during the hearing that I.N enjoys 

the time he spends with Father but is very anxious prior to the visitation, 

particularly about his appearance and whether he is late. N.T., 7/31/14, at 

33, 35, 42. She further elucidated that, while I.N. does not talk to her about 

his visitations with Father at the county jail, she observed that he was 

intimidated by the facility. Id. at 35. She recalled, “the first visit at the 

prison he -- it's intimidating walking in there as an adult, I can't imagine 

what it's like walking in there as a ten year old child. He held onto me 

walking through the . . . prison.” Id. She further explained that I.N. never 

indicated a desire to reside with Father nor did he express an interest in 

expanding his relationship with Father beyond the visitations. Id. at 48. In 

contrast, he cried following visitations with Mother, and questioned why he 

could not return home with her. Id. at 34. 

Ms. Maturani also testified that I.N. was excited about returning to 

Foster Parents’ home and noted that he “loved being there.” Id. at 35. She 

elucidated that, while Foster Parents are a prospective placement resource, 

they have not formally offered to adopt I.N. Id. at 45. The family discussed 

adoption prior to Foster Mother’s illness, but at that time, CYS and Foster 
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Parents agreed to continue with the status quo while I.N. was in their 

home.6 Id. 

Foster Mother’s testimony during the evidentiary hearing also supports 

the orphans’ court’s decision to terminate Father’s parental rights. She 

reiterated that I.N. was anxious prior to his visitations with Father. Id at 

91, 97, 101. Specifically, he worried about the time and his personal 

appearance, and asked nervous questions concerning the agenda during the 

visitation. Id. at 91, 101. The child did not discuss his interactions with 

Father unless he was asked specific questions. Id. at 90. Similarly, Foster 

Mother stated that I.N. was quiet and withdrawn following the visitations. 

Id. at 91, 101. However, once he was home for a while, he would open up 

and play with his foster siblings. Id. at 102. 

Additionally, relative to the intangibles we identified in In re K.Z.S., 

supra at 763, “such as the love, comfort, security, and stability the child 

might have with the foster parent,” Foster Mother stated that she has four 

birth children with whom I.N. enjoys a close relationship. She noted that the 

children missed each other while I.N. was away from the family and that the 

bond among the children is now closer than ever. N.T., 7/31/14, at 89. She 

____________________________________________

6 We note that Foster Parents’ indecision regarding formal adoption is 

consistent with CYS’s decision to pursue legal custodianship, in lieu of 

adoption, as a concurrent placement goal. 
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opined, “I think they didn’t realize how much they missed each other[.]” Id. 

at 89-90. 

In relation to I.N.’s daily interactions, Foster Mother testified that the 

child is well adjusted and an excellent student. Id. at 92. He and one of 

Foster Mother’s birth children currently attend the school where Foster 

Mother works, and both will remain in that school following her anticipated 

transfer to another building. Id. at 92. I.N. refers to Foster Mother as 

either Christy, mom, or Miss Christy. Id. at 89. However, when I.N. is 

being playful, he calls her “sweet cakes.” Id. at 90. Foster Mother further 

observed that I.N. was thriving within the structure of the foster home. Id. 

at 95. She believed that stability and permanency is an important aspect of 

I.N.’s continued development, and noted that I.N. responded well to family 

settings. Id. She detailed that he is often the first person to the dinner 

table and relishes being part of the family. Id. She stressed that I.N. 

values the relationships that he formed within the family, including his foster 

grandparents, whom he identifies as “Mem and Pap” or “MawMaw and Pa” 

and seeks out their affection. Id.

Additionally, Foster Mother noted a few behavioral issues with I.N. 

before he was placed with the Shocks but clarified that the outbursts were 

due to his adverse reaction to information regarding the allegations of sexual 
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abuse against Father that he overheard during the visitations.7 Id. at 98. 

She explained that I.N. had difficulty with the offensive themes and opined 

that the few negative behaviors that she encountered with him during this 

period were manifestations of his struggle to process what he had heard. 

Id. at 99-100. However, since I.N. has returned to the foster family, she 

noticed a large difference in his behavior. Id. at 100. She recounted that 

he has been even more loving upon his return and repeatedly exclaims, “I 

didn’t know how well I had it here.” Id. 

As it relates to the effect of terminating Father’s parental rights, Foster 

Mother opined that although she suspected that I.N. would grieve for a 

period, he would adjust to the loss. Id. at 107. She reasoned that I.N. is 

not suited for his current state of limbo and that he desires finality. For 

example, Foster Mother shared an exchange that she recently had with I.N., 

wherein he indicated that he has been in six foster homes during his life, 

including twice with her. Id. at 103. Foster Mother interpreted the 

comment as I.N.’s recognition that his life lacked permanency. Id. She 

continued that the child’s current status with Father clashed with the idyllic 

setting of stability that has proven to be successful. Id. at 104. 

The evidence that CYS adduced during the hearing established that 

____________________________________________

7 While Father also discussed the abuse allegations with Ms. Maturani in his 

son’s presence, the conversation that Foster Mother referenced occurred 

between I.N.’s half-sisters during a different visitation. 
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terminating Father’s parental rights best served I.N.’s developmental, 

physical, and emotional needs and welfare. It also demonstrated that the 

bond I.N. shares with Father is superficial. Although I.N. enjoys interacting 

with Father during visitations, he never expressed any desire to live with 

Father or to expand their relationship beyond the scheduled visitations. In 

fact, there is little evidence of a shared emotional attachment that reveals 

the hallmarks of a healthy parent-child relationship. While some emotional 

bond exists between father and son, it is characterized by uncertainty, 

anxiety, and nervousness. 

Additionally, nothing in the certified record validates Father’s ability to 

satisfy the child’s basic requirements for security or addresses his 

developmental needs. The record not only demonstrates that I.N. desires a 

stable, permanent family, which Father is utterly incapable of providing, it 

also reveals that I.N.’s personality is not suited for the instability associated 

with Father’s criminal conduct and incapacity to address his parental 

deficiencies. Stated simply, Father cannot satisfy I.N.’s developmental or 

physical needs. 

Furthermore, unlike the uncertainty surrounding I.N.’s life with Father, 

Foster Parents provide I.N. a structured family environment that is favorable 

for his continued development. An excellent student, I.N. is thriving 

academically and developmentally in the foster home. He has a close 

relationship with Foster Parents and his four foster siblings, one of which is a 
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schoolmate. I.N. seeks the adoration of the family members and exhibits 

affection in return, coining pet names for Foster Mother and the foster 

grandparents. The child clearly enjoys being a part of the family. He 

expressed gratitude upon his homecoming and emphasized that he missed 

the family members during his absence. Observing that a child’s emotional 

attachment with his foster parents is a significant factor in evaluating his 

developmental and emotional needs and welfare, and mindful of the 

intangible factors that we outlined in In re K.Z.S., such as the importance of 

continuing beneficial relationships, we find that sufficient evidence exists in 

this case to sustain the orphans’ court’s determination. Terminating Father’s 

parental rights best fulfills I.N.’s emotional needs and welfare. 

Oder affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 2/27/2015