# Patent

## Title
Systems and methods for split proxying of SSL via WAN appliances

## Abstract

The present invention is directed towards systems and methods for split proxying Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications via intermediaries deployed between a client and a server. The method includes establishing, by a server-side intermediary, a SSL session with a server. A client-side intermediary may establish a second SSL session with a client using SSL configuration information received from the server-side intermediary. Both intermediaries may communicate via a third SSL session. The server-side intermediary may decrypt data received from the server using the first SSL session's session key. The server-side intermediary may transmit to the client-side intermediary, via the third SSL session, data encrypted using the third SSL session's session key. The client-side intermediary may decrypt the encrypted data using the third SSL session's session key. The client-side intermediary may transmit to the client the data encrypted using the second SSL session's session key.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This applications claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/764,633, titled “Systems and Methods for Split Proxying of SSL Via WAN Appliances,” filed Apr. 21, 2010, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,543,805, of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present application generally relates to data communication networks. In particular, the present application relates to systems and methods for split proxying of SSL via wan appliances.
BACKGROUND
Communications between two network end-points, such as a client and a server, may be relayed through one or more intermediaries across one or more networks. Examples of these intermediaries include gateways, routers, switches and other network appliances. End-to-end communications between a client and a server may be provided by a secure connection, such as a SSL session connection. An intermediary between a client and a server may facilitate establishment of a SSL session connection, as well as provide shielding protection to the client or server via a virtual private network (VPN) for example. In some cases, a plurality of intermediaries between two end-points may provide data acceleration and other services across one or more networks. Each intermediary may also act as a proxy for a server or client, relaying or processing data on behalf of the server or client.
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present application is directed to methods and systems for split proxying SSL communications across a plurality of intermediaries or wide area network (WAN) appliances deployed between a client and a server. An intermediary may establish a secure connection, such as a SSL connection, with the server. Another intermediary may establish a secure connection, such as a SSL connection, with the client. The two intermediaries may bridge the client-side and server-side connections with another secure connection between the intermediaries. These three connections may be secured using one or more encryption keys. When transmitting data from the server to the client, rather than sharing and/or passing encryption key information across the intermediaries, the present systems may assign a key to each secure connection and isolate usage of each key within the assigned secure connection. Accordingly, data sent via each secured connection is encrypted using the corresponding encryption key and decrypted with the same encryption key at the receiving end of the secured connection (e.g., data sent from the server and received by an intermediary A). Before retransmission via another secured connection, the received data can be encrypted with another encryption key and correspondingly decrypted at the receiving end using the latter key (e.g., data sent from the intermediary A and received at another intermediary B). Thus, a plurality of secure connections may be implemented between two end-points (e.g., clients and/or servers) via proxies (i.e., intermediaries) using the methods and systems disclosed herein. Accordingly, each connection can be secured and isolated without undue exposure of the corresponding encryption key across proxies along the data transmission path.
In one aspect, the present invention is related to a method for split proxying Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across intermediaries deployed between a client and a server. The method includes establishing, by a first intermediary in communication with a server, a first SSL session with a server. A second intermediary in communication with one or more clients may establish a second SSL session with a client using SSL configuration information received from the first intermediary. The second intermediary and the first intermediary may communicate via a third SSL session. The first intermediary may decrypt encrypted data received from the server using a first session key of the first SSL session. The first intermediary may transmit to the second intermediary, via the third SSL session, the data encrypted using a third session key of the third SSL session. The second intermediary may decrypt the data encrypted via the third SSL session using the third session key. The second intermediary may transmit to the client the data encrypted using a second session key of the second SSL session.
In some embodiments, the second intermediary transmits to the first intermediary a request from the client to establish a transport layer connection with the server. The first intermediary may modify the request to indicate to the second intermediary to perform Secure Socket Layer (SSL) acceleration. The first intermediary may transmit to the second intermediary a message identifying SSL configuration for client-side SSL proxying. The second intermediary may transmit to the client a server hello, a server certificate and a server hello done message using the SSL configuration received from the first intermediary. The first intermediary may transmit to the second intermediary a request to perform split SSL proxying.
In some embodiments, the second intermediary transmits to the first intermediary a request for a crypto operation. The first intermediary may perform the requested crypto operation on behalf of the second intermediary and communicate to second intermediary a response to the request. The first intermediary may compress the received data using a compression history stored on the first intermediary. The second intermediary may decompress the received data using the compression history stored on the second intermediary. The first intermediary and the second intermediary may identify the third SSL session from a pool of pre-established SSL sessions maintained by each of the first intermediary and the second intermediary.
In another aspect, the present invention is related to system for split proxying Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across intermediaries deployed between a client and a server. The system may include means for establishing, by a first intermediary in communication with a server, a first Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session with a server. The system may include means for establishing, by a second intermediary in communication with one or more client, a second Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session with a client using SSL configuration information received from the first intermediary. The second intermediary and the first intermediary may communicate via a third SSL session. The system may include means for decrypting, by the first intermediary, encrypted data received from the server using a first session key of the first SSL session. The system may include means for transmitting, by the first intermediary to the second intermediary via the third SSL session, the data encrypted using a third session key of the third SSL session. The system may include means for decrypting, by the second intermediary, the data encrypted via the third SSL session using the third session key. In one embodiment, the system includes means for transmitting, by the second intermediary to the client, the data encrypted using a second session key of the second SSL session.
In some embodiments, the system includes means for transmitting, by the second intermediary to the first intermediary, a request from the client to establish a transport layer connection with the server. The first intermediary may modify the request to indicate to the second intermediary to perform Secure Socket Layer (SSL) acceleration. The system may include means for transmitting, by the first intermediary to the second intermediary, a message identifying SSL configuration for client-side SSL proxying. In one embodiments, the system includes means for transmitting, by the second intermediary to the client a server hello, a server certificate and a server hello done message using the SSL configuration received from the first intermediary. The system may include means for transmitting, by the first intermediary to the second intermediary, a request to perform split SSL proxying.
In some embodiments, the system includes means for transmitting, by the second intermediary to the first intermediary, a request for a crypto operation. The system may include means for performing, by the first intermediary, the requested crypto operation on behalf of the second intermediary and communicating to second intermediary a response to the request. The system may include means for compressing, by the first intermediary, the received data using a compression history stored on the first intermediary. In one embodiment, the system includes means for decompressing, by the second intermediary, the received data using the compression history stored on the second intermediary. The system may include means for identifying, by the first intermediary and the second intermediary, the third SSL session from a pool of pre-established SSL sessions maintained by each of the first intermediary and the second intermediary.
The details of various embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent and better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a network environment for a client to access a server via one or more network optimization appliances;
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of another embodiment of a network environment for a client to access a server via one or more network optimization appliances in conjunction with other network appliances;
FIG. 1C is a block diagram of another embodiment of a network environment for a client to access a server via a single network optimization appliance deployed stand-alone or in conjunction with other network appliances;
FIGS. 1D and 1E are block diagrams of embodiments of a computing device;
FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an embodiment of an appliance for processing communications between a client and a server;
FIG. 2B is a block diagram of another embodiment of a client and/or server deploying the network optimization features of the appliance;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a client for communicating with a server using the network optimization feature;
FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system using a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session from a pool of SSL sessions shared between intermediaries;
FIG. 4B is a block diagram of an embodiment of a state machine for an owned pool of an intermediary;
FIG. 4C shows embodiments of state machines for an SSL state machine identifier;
FIG. 4D is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method for using a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session from a pool of SSL sessions shared between intermediaries;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are block diagrams of embodiments of systems for split proxying Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across intermediaries;
FIGS. 5C and 5D are block diagrams of embodiments of a system for providing crypto op functionality;
FIG. 5E is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method for split proxying Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across intermediaries; and
FIGS. 5F and 5G are flow diagrams of another embodiment of a method for split proxying Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across intermediaries.



The features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For purposes of reading the description of the various embodiments of the present invention below, the following descriptions of the sections of the specification and their respective contents may be helpful:

    
    
        Section A describes a network environment and computing environment useful for practicing an embodiment of the present invention;
        Section B describes embodiments of a system and appliance architecture for accelerating delivery of a computing environment to a remote user;
        Section C describes embodiments of a client agent for accelerating communications between a client and a server;
        Section D describes embodiments of systems and methods for using an SSL session from a pool of SSL sessions shared between intermediaries; and
        Section E describes embodiments of systems and methods split proxying of SSL via WAN appliances.

A. Network and Computing Environment

    
    


Prior to discussing the specifics of embodiments of the systems and methods of an appliance and/or client, it may be helpful to discuss the network and computing environments in which such embodiments may be deployed. Referring now to FIG. 1A, an embodiment of a network environment is depicted. In brief overview, the network environment has one or more clients 102a-102n (also generally referred to as local machine(s) 102, or client(s) 102) in communication with one or more servers 106a-106n (also generally referred to as server(s) 106, or remote machine(s) 106) via one or more networks 104, 104′, 104′′. In some embodiments, a client 102 communicates with a server 106 via one or more network optimization appliances 200, 200′ (generally referred to as appliance 200). In one embodiment, the network optimization appliance 200 is designed, configured or adapted to optimize Wide Area Network (WAN) network traffic. In some embodiments, a first appliance 200 works in conjunction or cooperation with a second appliance 200′ to optimize network traffic. For example, a first appliance 200 may be located between a branch office and a WAN connection while the second appliance 200′ is located between the WAN and a corporate Local Area Network (LAN). The appliances 200 and 200′ may work together to optimize the WAN related network traffic between a client in the branch office and a server on the corporate LAN.
Although FIG. 1A shows a network 104, network 104′ and network 104′′ (generally referred to as network(s) 104) between the clients 102 and the servers 106, the clients 102 and the servers 106 may be on the same network 104. The networks 104, 104′, 104′′ can be the same type of network or different types of networks. The network 104 can be a local-area network (LAN), such as a company Intranet, a metropolitan area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet or the World Wide Web. The networks 104, 104′, 104′′ can be a private or public network. In one embodiment, network 104′ or network 104′′ may be a private network and network 104 may be a public network. In some embodiments, network 104 may be a private network and network 104′ and/or network 104′′ a public network. In another embodiment, networks 104, 104′, 104′′ may be private networks. In some embodiments, clients 102 may be located at a branch office of a corporate enterprise communicating via a WAN connection over the network 104 to the servers 106 located on a corporate LAN in a corporate data center.
The network 104 may be any type and/or form of network and may include any of the following: a point to point network, a broadcast network, a wide area network, a local area network, a telecommunications network, a data communication network, a computer network, an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) network, a SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) network, a SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) network, a wireless network and a wireline network. In some embodiments, the network 104 may comprise a wireless link, such as an infrared channel or satellite band. The topology of the network 104 may be a bus, star, or ring network topology. The network 104 and network topology may be of any such network or network topology as known to those ordinarily skilled in the art capable of supporting the operations described herein.
As depicted in FIG. 1A, a first network optimization appliance 200 is shown between networks 104 and 104′ and a second network optimization appliance 200′ is also between networks 104′ and 104′′. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may be located on network 104. For example, a corporate enterprise may deploy an appliance 200 at the branch office. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 may be located on network 104′. In some embodiments, the appliance 200′ may be located on network 104′ or network 104′′. For example, an appliance 200 may be located at a corporate data center. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 and 200′ are on the same network. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 and 200′ are on different networks.
In one embodiment, the appliance 200 is a device for accelerating, optimizing or otherwise improving the performance, operation, or quality of service of any type and form of network traffic. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 is a performance enhancing proxy. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 is any type and form of WAN optimization or acceleration device, sometimes also referred to as a WAN optimization controller. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 is any of the product embodiments referred to as WANScaler manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 includes any of the product embodiments referred to as BIG-IP link controller and WANjet manufactured by F5 Networks, Inc. of Seattle, Wash. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 includes any of the WX and WXC WAN acceleration device platforms manufactured by Juniper Networks, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 includes any of the steelhead line of WAN optimization appliances manufactured by Riverbed Technology of San Francisco, Calif. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 includes any of the WAN related devices manufactured by Expand Networks Inc. of Roseland, N.J. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 includes any of the WAN related appliances manufactured by Packeteer Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., such as the PacketShaper, iShared, and SkyX product embodiments provided by Packeteer. In yet another embodiment, the appliance 200 includes any WAN related appliances and/or software manufactured by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., such as the Cisco Wide Area Network Application Services software and network modules, and Wide Area Network engine appliances.
In some embodiments, the appliance 200 provides application and data acceleration services for branch-office or remote offices. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 includes optimization of Wide Area File Services (WAFS). In another embodiment, the appliance 200 accelerates the delivery of files, such as via the Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 provides caching in memory and/or storage to accelerate delivery of applications and data. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 provides compression of network traffic at any level of the network stack or at any protocol or network layer. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 provides transport layer protocol optimizations, flow control, performance enhancements or modifications and/or management to accelerate delivery of applications and data over a WAN connection. For example, in one embodiment, the appliance 200 provides Transport Control Protocol (TCP) optimizations. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 provides optimizations, flow control, performance enhancements or modifications and/or management for any session or application layer protocol. Further details of the optimization techniques, operations and architecture of the appliance 200 are discussed below in Section B.
Still referring to FIG. 1A, the network environment may include multiple, logically-grouped servers 106. In these embodiments, the logical group of servers may be referred to as a server farm 38. In some of these embodiments, the serves 106 may be geographically dispersed. In some cases, a farm 38 may be administered as a single entity. In other embodiments, the server farm 38 comprises a plurality of server farms 38. In one embodiment, the server farm executes one or more applications on behalf of one or more clients 102.
The servers 106 within each farm 38 can be heterogeneous. One or more of the servers 106 can operate according to one type of operating system platform (e.g., WINDOWS NT, manufactured by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash.), while one or more of the other servers 106 can operate on according to another type of operating system platform (e.g., Unix or Linux). The servers 106 of each farm 38 do not need to be physically proximate to another server 106 in the same farm 38. Thus, the group of servers 106 logically grouped as a farm 38 may be interconnected using a wide-area network (WAN) connection or metropolitan-area network (MAN) connection. For example, a farm 38 may include servers 106 physically located in different continents or different regions of a continent, country, state, city, campus, or room. Data transmission speeds between servers 106 in the farm 38 can be increased if the servers 106 are connected using a local-area network (LAN) connection or some form of direct connection.
Servers 106 may be referred to as a file server, application server, web server, proxy server, or gateway server. In some embodiments, a server 106 may have the capacity to function as either an application server or as a master application server. In one embodiment, a server 106 may include an Active Directory. The clients 102 may also be referred to as client nodes or endpoints. In some embodiments, a client 102 has the capacity to function as both a client node seeking access to applications on a server and as an application server providing access to hosted applications for other clients 102a-102n. 
In some embodiments, a client 102 communicates with a server 106. In one embodiment, the client 102 communicates directly with one of the servers 106 in a farm 38. In another embodiment, the client 102 executes a program neighborhood application to communicate with a server 106 in a farm 38. In still another embodiment, the server 106 provides the functionality of a master node. In some embodiments, the client 102 communicates with the server 106 in the farm 38 through a network 104. Over the network 104, the client 102 can, for example, request execution of various applications hosted by the servers 106a-106n in the farm 38 and receive output of the results of the application execution for display. In some embodiments, only the master node provides the functionality required to identify and provide address information associated with a server 106′ hosting a requested application.
In one embodiment, the server 106 provides functionality of a web server. In another embodiment, the server 106a receives requests from the client 102, forwards the requests to a second server 106b and responds to the request by the client 102 with a response to the request from the server 106b. In still another embodiment, the server 106 acquires an enumeration of applications available to the client 102 and address information associated with a server 106 hosting an application identified by the enumeration of applications. In yet another embodiment, the server 106 presents the response to the request to the client 102 using a web interface. In one embodiment, the client 102 communicates directly with the server 106 to access the identified application. In another embodiment, the client 102 receives application output data, such as display data, generated by an execution of the identified application on the server 106.
Deployed with Other Appliances.
Referring now to FIG. 1B, another embodiment of a network environment is depicted in which the network optimization appliance 200 is deployed with one or more other appliances 205, 205′ (generally referred to as appliance 205 or second appliance 205) such as a gateway, firewall or acceleration appliance. For example, in one embodiment, the appliance 205 is a firewall or security appliance while appliance 205′ is a LAN acceleration device. In some embodiments, a client 102 may communicate to a server 106 via one or more of the first appliances 200 and one or more second appliances 205.
One or more appliances 200 and 205 may be located at any point in the network or network communications path between a client 102 and a server 106. In some embodiments, a second appliance 205 may be located on the same network 104 as the first appliance 200. In other embodiments, the second appliance 205 may be located on a different network 104 as the first appliance 200. In yet another embodiment, a first appliance 200 and second appliance 205 is on the same network, for example network 104, while the first appliance 200′ and second appliance 205′ is on the same network, such as network 104′′.
In one embodiment, the second appliance 205 includes any type and form of transport control protocol or transport later terminating device, such as a gateway or firewall device. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 terminates the transport control protocol by establishing a first transport control protocol connection with the client and a second transport control connection with the second appliance or server. In another embodiment, the appliance 205 terminates the transport control protocol by changing, managing or controlling the behavior of the transport control protocol connection between the client and the server or second appliance. For example, the appliance 205 may change, queue, forward or transmit network packets in manner to effectively terminate the transport control protocol connection or to act or simulate as terminating the connection.
In some embodiments, the second appliance 205 is a performance enhancing proxy. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 provides a virtual private network (VPN) connection. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 provides a Secure Socket Layer VPN (SSL VPN) connection. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 provides an IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) based VPN connection. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 provides any one or more of the following functionality: compression, acceleration, load-balancing, switching/routing, caching, and Transport Control Protocol (TCP) acceleration.
In one embodiment, the appliance 205 is any of the product embodiments referred to as Access Gateway, Application Firewall, Application Gateway, or NetScaler manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. As such, in some embodiments, the appliance 205 includes any logic, functions, rules, or operations to perform services or functionality such as SSL VPN connectivity, SSL offloading, switching/load balancing, Domain Name Service resolution, LAN acceleration and an application firewall.
In some embodiments, the appliance 205 provides a SSL VPN connection between a client 102 and a server 106. For example, a client 102 on a first network 104 requests to establish a connection to a server 106 on a second network 104′. In some embodiments, the second network 104′′ is not routable from the first network 104. In other embodiments, the client 102 is on a public network 104 and the server 106 is on a private network 104′, such as a corporate network. In one embodiment, a client agent intercepts communications of the client 102 on the first network 104, encrypts the communications, and transmits the communications via a first transport layer connection to the appliance 205. The appliance 205 associates the first transport layer connection on the first network 104 to a second transport layer connection to the server 106 on the second network 104. The appliance 205 receives the intercepted communication from the client agent, decrypts the communications, and transmits the communication to the server 106 on the second network 104 via the second transport layer connection. The second transport layer connection may be a pooled transport layer connection. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 provides an end-to-end secure transport layer connection for the client 102 between the two networks 104, 104′.
In one embodiments, the appliance 205 hosts an intranet internet protocol or intranetIP address of the client 102 on the virtual private network 104. The client 102 has a local network identifier, such as an internet protocol (IP) address and/or host name on the first network 104. When connected to the second network 104′ via the appliance 205, the appliance 205 establishes, assigns or otherwise provides an IntranetIP, which is network identifier, such as IP address and/or host name, for the client 102 on the second network 104′. The appliance 205 listens for and receives on the second or private network 104′ for any communications directed towards the client 102 using the client's established IntranetIP. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 acts as or on behalf of the client 102 on the second private network 104.
In some embodiment, the appliance 205 has an encryption engine providing logic, business rules, functions or operations for handling the processing of any security related protocol, such as SSL or TLS, or any function related thereto. For example, the encryption engine encrypts and decrypts network packets, or any portion thereof, communicated via the appliance 205. The encryption engine may also setup or establish SSL or TLS connections on behalf of the client 102a-102n, server 106a-106n, or appliance 200, 205. As such, the encryption engine provides offloading and acceleration of SSL processing. In one embodiment, the encryption engine uses a tunneling protocol to provide a virtual private network between a client 102a-102n and a server 106a-106n. In some embodiments, the encryption engine uses an encryption processor. In other embodiments, the encryption engine includes executable instructions running on an encryption processor.
In some embodiments, the appliance 205 provides one or more of the following acceleration techniques to communications between the client 102 and server 106: 1) compression, 2) decompression, 3) Transmission Control Protocol pooling, 4) Transmission Control Protocol multiplexing, 5) Transmission Control Protocol buffering, and 6) caching. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 relieves servers 106 of much of the processing load caused by repeatedly opening and closing transport layers connections to clients 102 by opening one or more transport layer connections with each server 106 and maintaining these connections to allow repeated data accesses by clients via the Internet. This technique is referred to herein as “connection pooling”.
In some embodiments, in order to seamlessly splice communications from a client 102 to a server 106 via a pooled transport layer connection, the appliance 205 translates or multiplexes communications by modifying sequence number and acknowledgment numbers at the transport layer protocol level. This is referred to as “connection multiplexing”. In some embodiments, no application layer protocol interaction is required. For example, in the case of an in-bound packet (that is, a packet received from a client 102), the source network address of the packet is changed to that of an output port of appliance 205, and the destination network address is changed to that of the intended server. In the case of an outbound packet (that is, one received from a server 106), the source network address is changed from that of the server 106 to that of an output port of appliance 205 and the destination address is changed from that of appliance 205 to that of the requesting client 102. The sequence numbers and acknowledgment numbers of the packet are also translated to sequence numbers and acknowledgement expected by the client 102 on the appliance's 205 transport layer connection to the client 102. In some embodiments, the packet checksum of the transport layer protocol is recalculated to account for these translations.
In another embodiment, the appliance 205 provides switching or load-balancing functionality for communications between the client 102 and server 106. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 distributes traffic and directs client requests to a server 106 based on layer 4 payload or application-layer request data. In one embodiment, although the network layer or layer 2 of the network packet identifies a destination server 106, the appliance 205 determines the server 106 to distribute the network packet by application information and data carried as payload of the transport layer packet. In one embodiment, a health monitoring program of the appliance 205 monitors the health of servers to determine the server 106 for which to distribute a client's request. In some embodiments, if the appliance 205 detects a server 106 is not available or has a load over a predetermined threshold, the appliance 205 can direct or distribute client requests to another server 106.
In some embodiments, the appliance 205 acts as a Domain Name Service (DNS) resolver or otherwise provides resolution of a DNS request from clients 102. In some embodiments, the appliance intercepts' a DNS request transmitted by the client 102. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 responds to a client's DNS request with an IP address of or hosted by the appliance 205. In this embodiment, the client 102 transmits network communication for the domain name to the appliance 200. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 responds to a client's DNS request with an IP address of or hosted by a second appliance 200′. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 responds to a client's DNS request with an IP address of a server 106 determined by the appliance 200.
In yet another embodiment, the appliance 205 provides application firewall functionality for communications between the client 102 and server 106. In one embodiment, a policy engine 295′ provides rules for detecting and blocking illegitimate requests. In some embodiments, the application firewall protects against denial of service (DoS) attacks. In other embodiments, the appliance inspects the content of intercepted requests to identify and block application-based attacks. In some embodiments, the rules/policy engine includes one or more application firewall or security control policies for providing protections against various classes and types of web or Internet based vulnerabilities, such as one or more of the following: 1) buffer overflow, 2) CGI-BIN parameter manipulation, 3) form/hidden field manipulation, 4) forceful browsing, 5) cookie or session poisoning, 6) broken access control list (ACLs) or weak passwords, 7) cross-site scripting (XSS), 8) command injection, 9) SQL injection, 10) error triggering sensitive information leak, 11) insecure use of cryptography, 12) server misconfiguration, 13) back doors and debug options, 14) website defacement, 15) platform or operating systems vulnerabilities, and 16) zero-day exploits. In an embodiment, the application firewall of the appliance provides HTML form field protection in the form of inspecting or analyzing the network communication for one or more of the following: 1) required fields are returned, 2) no added field allowed, 3) read-only and hidden field enforcement, 4) drop-down list and radio button field conformance, and 5) form-field max-length enforcement. In some embodiments, the application firewall of the appliance 205 ensures cookies are not modified. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 protects against forceful browsing by enforcing legal URLs.
In still yet other embodiments, the application firewall appliance 205 protects any confidential information contained in the network communication. The appliance 205 may inspect or analyze any network communication in accordance with the rules or polices of the policy engine to identify any confidential information in any field of the network packet. In some embodiments, the application firewall identifies in the network communication one or more occurrences of a credit card number, password, social security number, name, patient code, contact information, and age. The encoded portion of the network communication may include these occurrences or the confidential information. Based on these occurrences, in one embodiment, the application firewall may take a policy action on the network communication, such as prevent transmission of the network communication. In another embodiment, the application firewall may rewrite, remove or otherwise mask such identified occurrence or confidential information.
Although generally referred to as a network optimization or first appliance 200 and a second appliance 205, the first appliance 200 and second appliance 205 may be the same type and form of appliance. In one embodiment, the second appliance 205 may perform the same functionality, or portion thereof, as the first appliance 200, and vice-versa. For example, the first appliance 200 and second appliance 205 may both provide acceleration techniques. In one embodiment, the first appliance may perform LAN acceleration while the second appliance performs WAN acceleration, or vice-versa. In another example, the first appliance 200 may also be a transport control protocol terminating device as with the second appliance 205. Furthermore, although appliances 200 and 205 are shown as separate devices on the network, the appliance 200 and/or 205 could be a part of any client 102 or server 106.
Referring now to FIG. 1C, other embodiments of a network environment for deploying the appliance 200 are depicted. In another embodiment as depicted on the top of FIG. 1C, the appliance 200 may be deployed as a single appliance or single proxy on the network 104. For example, the appliance 200 may be designed, constructed or adapted to perform WAN optimization techniques discussed herein without a second cooperating appliance 200′. In other embodiments as depicted on the bottom of FIG. 1C, a single appliance 200 may be deployed with one or more second appliances 205. For example, a WAN acceleration first appliance 200, such as a Citrix WANScaler appliance, may be deployed with a LAN accelerating or Application Firewall second appliance 205, such as a Citrix NetScaler appliance.
Computing Device
The client 102, server 106, and appliance 200 and 205 may be deployed as and/or executed on any type and form of computing device, such as a computer, network device or appliance capable of communicating on any type and form of network and performing the operations described herein. FIGS. 1D and 1E depict block diagrams of a computing device 100 useful for practicing an embodiment of the client 102, server 106 or appliance 200. As shown in FIGS. 1D and 1E, each computing device 100 includes a central processing unit 101, and a main memory unit 122. As shown in FIG. 1D, a computing device 100 may include a visual display device 124, a keyboard 126 and/or a pointing device 127, such as a mouse. Each computing device 100 may also include additional optional elements, such as one or more input/output devices 130a-130b (generally referred to using reference numeral 130), and a cache memory 140 in communication with the central processing unit 101.
The central processing unit 101 is any logic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions fetched from the main memory unit 122. In many embodiments, the central processing unit is provided by a microprocessor unit, such as: those manufactured by Intel Corporation of Mountain View, Calif.; those manufactured by Motorola Corporation of Schaumburg, Ill.; those manufactured by Transmeta Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.; the RS/6000 processor, those manufactured by International Business Machines of White Plains, N.Y.; or those manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices of Sunnyvale, Calif. The computing device 100 may be based on any of these processors, or any other processor capable of operating as described herein.
Main memory unit 122 may be one or more memory chips capable of storing data and allowing any storage location to be directly accessed by the microprocessor 101, such as Static random access memory (SRAM), Burst SRAM or SynchBurst SRAM (BSRAM), Dynamic random access memory (DRAM), Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM DRAM), Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM), Extended Data Output RAM (EDO RAM), Extended Data Output DRAM (EDO DRAM), Burst Extended Data Output DRAM (BEDO DRAM), Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), JEDEC SRAM, PC100 SDRAM, Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), Enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), SyncLink DRAM (SLDRAM), Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM), or Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM). The main memory 122 may be based on any of the above described memory chips, or any other available memory chips capable of operating as described herein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1D, the processor 101 communicates with main memory 122 via a system bus 150 (described in more detail below). FIG. 1E depicts an embodiment of a computing device 100 in which the processor communicates directly with main memory 122 via a memory port 103. For example, in FIG. 1E the main memory 122 may be DRDRAM.
FIG. 1E depicts an embodiment in which the main processor 101 communicates directly with cache memory 140 via a secondary bus, sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In other embodiments, the main processor 101 communicates with cache memory 140 using the system bus 150. Cache memory 140 typically has a faster response time than main memory 122 and is typically provided by SRAM, BSRAM, or EDRAM. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1D and 1E, the processor 101 communicates with various I/O devices 130 via a local system bus 150. Various busses may be used to connect the central processing unit 101 to any of the I/O devices 130, including a VESA VL bus, an ISA bus, an EISA bus, a MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus, a PCI bus, a PCI-X bus, a PCI-Express bus, or a NuBus. For embodiments in which the I/O device is a video display 124, the processor 101 may use an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) to communicate with the display 124. FIG. 1E depicts an embodiment of a computer 100 in which the main processor 101 communicates directly with I/O device 130 via HyperTransport, Rapid I/O, or InfiniBand. FIG. 1E also depicts an embodiment in which local busses and direct communication are mixed: the processor 101 communicates with I/O device 130 using a local interconnect bus while communicating with I/O device 130 directly.
The computing device 100 may support any suitable installation device 116, such as a floppy disk drive for receiving floppy disks such as 3.5-inch, 5.25-inch disks or ZIP disks, a CD-ROM drive, a CD-R/RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, tape drives of various formats, USB device, hard-drive or any other device suitable for installing software and programs such as any client agent 120, or portion thereof. The computing device 100 may further comprise a storage device 128, such as one or more hard disk drives or redundant arrays of independent disks, for storing an operating system and other related software, and for storing application software programs such as any program related to the client agent 120. Optionally, any of the installation devices 116 could also be used as the storage device 128. Additionally, the operating system and the software can be run from a bootable medium, for example, a bootable CD, such as KNOPPIX®, a bootable CD for GNU/Linux that is available as a GNU/Linux distribution from knoppix.net.
Furthermore, the computing device 100 may include a network interface 118 to interface to a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) or the Internet through a variety of connections including, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WAN links (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, 56kb, X.25), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM), wireless connections, or some combination of any or all of the above. The network interface 118 may comprise a built-in network adapter, network interface card, PCMCIA network card, card bus network adapter, wireless network adapter, USB network adapter, modem or any other device suitable for interfacing the computing device 100 to any type of network capable of communication and performing the operations described herein.
A wide variety of I/O devices 130a-130n may be present in the computing device 100. Input devices include keyboards, mice, trackpads, trackballs, microphones, and drawing tablets. Output devices include video displays, speakers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and dye-sublimation printers. The I/O devices 130 may be controlled by an I/O controller 123 as shown in FIG. 1D. The I/O controller may control one or more I/O devices such as a keyboard 126 and a pointing device 127, e.g., a mouse or optical pen. Furthermore, an I/O device may also provide storage 128 and/or an installation medium 116 for the computing device 100. In still other embodiments, the computing device 100 may provide USB connections to receive handheld USB storage devices such as the USB Flash Drive line of devices manufactured by Twintech Industry, Inc. of Los Alamitos, Calif.
In some embodiments, the computing device 100 may comprise or be connected to multiple display devices 124a-124n, which each may be of the same or different type and/or form. As such, any of the I/O devices 130a-130n and/or the I/O controller 123 may comprise any type and/or form of suitable hardware, software, or combination of hardware and software to support, enable or provide for the connection and use of multiple display devices 124a-124n by the computing device 100. For example, the computing device 100 may include any type and/or form of video adapter, video card, driver, and/or library to interface, communicate, connect or otherwise use the display devices 124a-124n. In one embodiment, a video adapter may comprise multiple connectors to interface to multiple display devices 124a-124n. In other embodiments, the computing device 100 may include multiple video adapters, with each video adapter connected to one or more of the display devices 124a-124n. In some embodiments, any portion of the operating system of the computing device 100 may be configured for using multiple displays 124a-124n. In other embodiments, one or more of the display devices 124a-124n may be provided by one or more other computing devices, such as computing devices 100a and 100b connected to the computing device 100, for example, via a network. These embodiments may include any type of software designed and constructed to use another computer's display device as a second display device 124a for the computing device 100. One ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate the various ways and embodiments that a computing device 100 may be configured to have multiple display devices 124a-124n. 
In further embodiments, an I/O device 130 may be a bridge 170 between the system bus 150 and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, an Apple Desktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWire bus, a FireWire 800 bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk bus, a Gigabit Ethernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a HIPPI bus, a Super HIPPI bus, a SerialPlus bus, a SCI/LAMP bus, a FibreChannel bus, or a Serial Attached small computer system interface bus.
A computing device 100 of the sort depicted in FIGS. 1D and 1E typically operate under the control of operating systems, which control scheduling of tasks and access to system resources. The computing device 100 can be running any operating system such as any of the versions of the Microsoft® Windows operating systems, the different releases of the Unix and Linux operating systems, any version of the Mac OS® for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, any operating systems for mobile computing devices, or any other operating system capable of running on the computing device and performing the operations described herein. Typical operating systems include: WINDOWS 3.x, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS 2000, WINDOWS NT 3.51, WINDOWS NT 4.0, WINDOWS CE, and WINDOWS XP, all of which are manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.; MacOS, manufactured by Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif.; OS/2, manufactured by International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y.; and Linux, a freely-available operating system distributed by Caldera Corp. of Salt Lake City, Utah, or any type and/or form of a Unix operating system, among others.
In other embodiments, the computing device 100 may have different processors, operating systems, and input devices consistent with the device. For example, in one embodiment the computer 100 is a Treo 180, 270, 1060, 600 or 650 smart phone manufactured by Palm, Inc. In this embodiment, the Treo smart phone is operated under the control of the PalmOS operating system and includes a stylus input device as well as a five-way navigator device. Moreover, the computing device 100 can be any workstation, desktop computer, laptop or notebook computer, server, handheld computer, mobile telephone, any other computer, or other form of computing or telecommunications device that is capable of communication and that has sufficient processor power and memory capacity to perform the operations described herein.
B. System and Appliance Architecture
Referring now to FIG. 2A, an embodiment of a system environment and architecture of an appliance 200 for delivering and/or operating a computing environment on a client is depicted. In some embodiments, a server 106 includes an application delivery system 290 for delivering a computing environment or an application and/or data file to one or more clients 102. In brief overview, a client 102 is in communication with a server 106 via network 104 and appliance 200. For example, the client 102 may reside in a remote office of a company, e.g., a branch office, and the server 106 may reside at a corporate data center. The client 102 has a client agent 120, and a computing environment 215. The computing environment 215 may execute or operate an application that accesses, processes or uses a data file. The computing environment 215, application and/or data file may be delivered via the appliance 200 and/or the server 106.
In some embodiments, the appliance 200 accelerates delivery of a computing environment 215, or any portion thereof, to a client 102. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 accelerates the delivery of the computing environment 215 by the application delivery system 290. For example, the embodiments described herein may be used to accelerate delivery of a streaming application and data file processable by the application from a central corporate data center to a remote user location, such as a branch office of the company. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 accelerates transport layer traffic between a client 102 and a server 106. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 controls, manages, or adjusts the transport layer protocol to accelerate delivery of the computing environment. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 uses caching and/or compression techniques to accelerate delivery of a computing environment.
In some embodiments, the application delivery management system 290 provides application delivery techniques to deliver a computing environment to a desktop of a user, remote or otherwise, based on a plurality of execution methods and based on any authentication and authorization policies applied via a policy engine 295. With these techniques, a remote user may obtain a computing environment and access to server stored applications and data files from any network connected device 100. In one embodiment, the application delivery system 290 may reside or execute on a server 106. In another embodiment, the application delivery system 290 may reside or execute on a plurality of servers 106a-106n. In some embodiments, the application delivery system 290 may execute in a server farm 38. In one embodiment, the server 106 executing the application delivery system 290 may also store or provide the application and data file. In another embodiment, a first set of one or more servers 106 may execute the application delivery system 290, and a different server 106n may store or provide the application and data file. In some embodiments, each of the application delivery system 290, the application, and data file may reside or be located on different servers. In yet another embodiment, any portion of the application delivery system 290 may reside, execute or be stored on or distributed to the appliance 200, or a plurality of appliances.
The client 102 may include a computing environment 215 for executing an application that uses or processes a data file. The client 102 via networks 104, 104′ and appliance 200 may request an application and data file from the server 106. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 may forward a request from the client 102 to the server 106. For example, the client 102 may not have the application and data file stored or accessible locally. In response to the request, the application delivery system 290 and/or server 106 may deliver the application and data file to the client 102. For example, in one embodiment, the server 106 may transmit the application as an application stream to operate in computing environment 215 on client 102.
In some embodiments, the application delivery system 290 comprises any portion of the Citrix Access SuiteTM by Citrix Systems, Inc., such as the MetaFrame or Citrix Presentation ServerTM and/or any of the Microsoft® Windows Terminal Services manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation. In one embodiment, the application delivery system 290 may deliver one or more applications to clients 102 or users via a remote-display protocol or otherwise via remote-based or server-based computing. In another embodiment, the application delivery system 290 may deliver one or more applications to clients or users via steaming of the application.
In one embodiment, the application delivery system 290 includes a policy engine 295 for controlling and managing the access to, selection of application execution methods and the delivery of applications. In some embodiments, the policy engine 295 determines the one or more applications a user or client 102 may access. In another embodiment, the policy engine 295 determines how the application should be delivered to the user or client 102, e.g., the method of execution. In some embodiments, the application delivery system 290 provides a plurality of delivery techniques from which to select a method of application execution, such as a server-based computing, streaming or delivering the application locally to the client 120 for local execution.
In one embodiment, a client 102 requests execution of an application program and the application delivery system 290 comprising a server 106 selects a method of executing the application program. In some embodiments, the server 106 receives credentials from the client 102. In another embodiment, the server 106 receives a request for an enumeration of available applications from the client 102. In one embodiment, in response to the request or receipt of credentials, the application delivery system 290 enumerates a plurality of application programs available to the client 102. The application delivery system 290 receives a request to execute an enumerated application. The application delivery system 290 selects one of a predetermined number of methods for executing the enumerated application, for example, responsive to a policy of a policy engine. The application delivery system 290 may select a method of execution of the application enabling the client 102 to receive application-output data generated by execution of the application program on a server 106. The application delivery system 290 may select a method of execution of the application enabling the client or local machine 102 to execute the application program locally after retrieving a plurality of application files comprising the application. In yet another embodiment, the application delivery system 290 may select a method of execution of the application to stream the application via the network 104 to the client 102.
A client 102 may execute, operate or otherwise provide an application, which can be any type and/or form of software, program, or executable instructions such as any type and/or form of web browser, web-based client, client-server application, a thin-client computing client, an ActiveX control, or a Java applet, or any other type and/or form of executable instructions capable of executing on client 102. In some embodiments, the application may be a server-based or a remote-based application executed on behalf of the client 102 on a server 106. In one embodiment the server 106 may display output to the client 102 using any thin-client or remote-display protocol, such as the Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. or the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. The application can use any type of protocol and it can be, for example, an HTTP client, an FTP client, an Oscar client, or a Telnet client. In other embodiments, the application comprises any type of software related to VoIP communications, such as a soft IP telephone. In further embodiments, the application comprises any application related to real-time data communications, such as applications for streaming video and/or audio.
In some embodiments, the server 106 or a server farm 38 may be running one or more applications, such as an application providing a thin-client computing or remote display presentation application. In one embodiment, the server 106 or server farm 38 executes as an application, any portion of the Citrix Access SuiteTM by Citrix Systems, Inc., such as the MetaFrame or Citrix Presentation ServerTM, and/or any of the Microsoft® Windows Terminal Services manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation. In one embodiment, the application is an ICA client, developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. In other embodiments, the application includes a Remote Desktop (RDP) client, developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Also, the server 106 may run an application, which for example, may be an application server providing email services such as Microsoft Exchange manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., a web or Internet server, or a desktop sharing server, or a collaboration server. In some embodiments, any of the applications may comprise any type of hosted service or products, such as GoToMeetingTM provided by Citrix Online Division, Inc. of Santa Barbara, Calif., WebExTM provided by WebEx, Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif., or Microsoft Office Live Meeting provided by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.
Example Appliance Architecture
FIG. 2A also illustrates an example embodiment of the appliance 200. The architecture of the appliance 200 in FIG. 2A is provided by way of illustration only and is not intended to be limiting in any manner. The appliance 200 may include any type and form of computing device 100, such as any element or portion described in conjunction with FIGS. 1D and 1E above. In brief overview, the appliance 200 has one or more network ports 266A-226N and one or more networks stacks 267A-267N for receiving and/or transmitting communications via networks 104. The appliance 200 also has a network optimization engine 250 for optimizing, accelerating or otherwise improving the performance, operation, or quality of any network traffic or communications traversing the appliance 200.
The appliance 200 includes or is under the control of an operating system. The operating system of the appliance 200 may be any type and/or form of Unix operating system although the invention is not so limited. As such, the appliance 200 can be running any operating system such as any of the versions of the Microsoft® Windows operating systems, the different releases of the Unix and Linux operating systems, any version of the Mac OS® for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any network operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, any operating systems for mobile computing devices or network devices, or any other operating system capable of running on the appliance 200 and performing the operations described herein.
The operating system of appliance 200 allocates, manages, or otherwise segregates the available system memory into what is referred to as kernel or system space, and user or application space. The kernel space is typically reserved for running the kernel, including any device drivers, kernel extensions or other kernel related software. As known to those skilled in the art, the kernel is the core of the operating system, and provides access, control, and management of resources and hardware-related elements of the appliance 200. In accordance with an embodiment of the appliance 200, the kernel space also includes a number of network services or processes working in conjunction with the network optimization engine 250, or any portion thereof. Additionally, the embodiment of the kernel will depend on the embodiment of the operating system installed, configured, or otherwise used by the device 200. In contrast to kernel space, user space is the memory area or portion of the operating system used by user mode applications or programs otherwise running in user mode. A user mode application may not access kernel space directly and uses service calls in order to access kernel services. The operating system uses the user or application space for executing or running applications and provisioning of user level programs, services, processes and/or tasks.
The appliance 200 has one or more network ports 266 for transmitting and receiving data over a network 104. The network port 266 provides a physical and/or logical interface between the computing device and a network 104 or another device 100 for transmitting and receiving network communications. The type and form of network port 266 depends on the type and form of network and type of medium for connecting to the network. Furthermore, any software of, provisioned for or used by the network port 266 and network stack 267 may run in either kernel space or user space.
In one embodiment, the appliance 200 has one network stack 267, such as a TCP/IP based stack, for communicating on a network 105, such with the client 102 and/or the server 106. In one embodiment, the network stack 267 is used to communicate with a first network, such as network 104, and also with a second network 104′. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 has two or more network stacks, such as first network stack 267A and a second network stack 267N. The first network stack 267A may be used in conjunction with a first port 266A to communicate on a first network 104. The second network stack 267N may be used in conjunction with a second port 266N to communicate on a second network 104′. In one embodiment, the network stack(s) 267 has one or more buffers for queuing one or more network packets for transmission by the appliance 200.
The network stack 267 includes any type and form of software, or hardware, or any combinations thereof, for providing connectivity to and communications with a network. In one embodiment, the network stack 267 includes a software implementation for a network protocol suite. The network stack 267 may have one or more network layers, such as any networks layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model as those skilled in the art recognize and appreciate. As such, the network stack 267 may have any type and form of protocols for any of the following layers of the OSI model: 1) physical link layer, 2) data link layer, 3) network layer, 4) transport layer, 5) session layer, 6) presentation layer, and 7) application layer. In one embodiment, the network stack 267 includes a transport control protocol (TCP) over the network layer protocol of the internet protocol (IP), generally referred to as TCP/IP. In some embodiments, the TCP/IP protocol may be carried over the Ethernet protocol, which may comprise any of the family of IEEE wide-area-network (WAN) or local-area-network (LAN) protocols, such as those protocols covered by the IEEE 802.3. In some embodiments, the network stack 267 has any type and form of a wireless protocol, such as IEEE 802.11 and/or mobile internet protocol.
In view of a TCP/IP based network, any TCP/IP based protocol may be used, including Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) (email), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol (file transfer), Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Mobile IP protocol, and Voice Over IP (VoIP) protocol. In another embodiment, the network stack 267 comprises any type and form of transport control protocol, such as a modified transport control protocol, for example a Transaction TCP (T/TCP), TCP with selection acknowledgements (TCP-SACK), TCP with large windows (TCP-LW), a congestion prediction protocol such as the TCP-Vegas protocol, and a TCP spoofing protocol. In other embodiments, any type and form of user datagram protocol (UDP), such as UDP over IP, may be used by the network stack 267, such as for voice communications or real-time data communications.
Furthermore, the network stack 267 may include one or more network drivers supporting the one or more layers, such as a TCP driver or a network layer driver. The network drivers may be included as part of the operating system of the computing device 100 or as part of any network interface cards or other network access components of the computing device 100. In some embodiments, any of the network drivers of the network stack 267 may be customized, modified or adapted to provide a custom or modified portion of the network stack 267 in support of any of the techniques described herein.
In one embodiment, the appliance 200 provides for or maintains a transport layer connection between a client 102 and server 106 using a single network stack 267. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 effectively terminates the transport layer connection by changing, managing or controlling the behavior of the transport control protocol connection between the client and the server. In these embodiments, the appliance 200 may use a single network stack 267. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 terminates a first transport layer connection, such as a TCP connection of a client 102, and establishes a second transport layer connection to a server 106 for use by or on behalf of the client 102, e.g., the second transport layer connection is terminated at the appliance 200 and the server 106. The first and second transport layer connections may be established via a single network stack 267. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 may use multiple network stacks, for example 267A and 267N. In these embodiments, the first transport layer connection may be established or terminated at one network stack 267A, and the second transport layer connection may be established or terminated on the second network stack 267N. For example, one network stack may be for receiving and transmitting network packets on a first network, and another network stack for receiving and transmitting network packets on a second network.
As shown in FIG. 2A, the network optimization engine 250 includes one or more of the following elements, components or modules: network packet processing engine 240, LAN/WAN detector 210, flow controller 220, QoS engine 236, protocol accelerator 234, compression engine 238, cache manager 232 and policy engine 295′. The network optimization engine 250, or any portion thereof, may include software, hardware or any combination of software and hardware. Furthermore, any software of, provisioned for or used by the network optimization engine 250 may run in either kernel space or user space. For example, in one embodiment, the network optimization engine 250 may run in kernel space. In another embodiment, the network optimization engine 250 may run in user space. In yet another embodiment, a first portion of the network optimization engine 250 runs in kernel space while a second portion of the network optimization engine 250 runs in user space.
Network Packet Processing Engine
The network packet engine 240, also generally referred to as a packet processing engine or packet engine, is responsible for controlling and managing the processing of packets received and transmitted by appliance 200 via network ports 266 and network stack(s) 267. The network packet engine 240 may operate at any layer of the network stack 267. In one embodiment, the network packet engine 240 operates at layer 2 or layer 3 of the network stack 267. In some embodiments, the packet engine 240 intercepts or otherwise receives packets at the network layer, such as the IP layer in a TCP/IP embodiment. In another embodiment, the packet engine 240 operates at layer 4 of the network stack 267. For example, in some embodiments, the packet engine 240 intercepts or otherwise receives packets at the transport layer, such as intercepting packets as the TCP layer in a TCP/IP embodiment. In other embodiments, the packet engine 240 operates at any session or application layer above layer 4. For example, in one embodiment, the packet engine 240 intercepts or otherwise receives network packets above the transport layer protocol layer, such as the payload of a TCP packet in a TCP embodiment.
The packet engine 240 may include a buffer for queuing one or more network packets during processing, such as for receipt of a network packet or transmission of a network packet. Additionally, the packet engine 240 is in communication with one or more network stacks 267 to send and receive network packets via network ports 266. The packet engine 240 may include a packet processing timer. In one embodiment, the packet processing timer provides one or more time intervals to trigger the processing of incoming, i.e., received, or outgoing, i.e., transmitted, network packets. In some embodiments, the packet engine 240 processes network packets responsive to the timer. The packet processing timer provides any type and form of signal to the packet engine 240 to notify, trigger, or communicate a time related event, interval or occurrence. In many embodiments, the packet processing timer operates in the order of milliseconds, such as for example 100 ms, 50 ms, 25 ms, 10 ms, 5 ms or 1 ms.
During operations, the packet engine 240 may be interfaced, integrated or be in communication with any portion of the network optimization engine 250, such as the LAN/WAN detector 210, flow controller 220, QoS engine 236, protocol accelerator 234, compression engine 238, cache manager 232 and/or policy engine 295′. As such, any of the logic, functions, or operations of the LAN/WAN detector 210, flow controller 220, QoS engine 236, protocol accelerator 234, compression engine 238, cache manager 232 and policy engine 295′ may be performed responsive to the packet processing timer and/or the packet engine 240. In some embodiments, any of the logic, functions, or operations of the encryption engine 234, cache manager 232, policy engine 236 and multi-protocol compression logic 238 may be performed at the granularity of time intervals provided via the packet processing timer, for example, at a time interval of less than or equal to 10 ms. For example, in one embodiment, the cache manager 232 may perform expiration of any cached objects responsive to the integrated packet engine 240 and/or the packet processing timer 242. In another embodiment, the expiry or invalidation time of a cached object can be set to the same order of granularity as the time interval of the packet processing timer, such as at every 10 ms.
Cache Manager
The cache manager 232 may include software, hardware or any combination of software and hardware to store data, information and objects to a cache in memory or storage, provide cache access, and control and manage the cache. The data, objects or content processed and stored by the cache manager 232 may include data in any format, such as a markup language, or any type of data communicated via any protocol. In some embodiments, the cache manager 232 duplicates original data stored elsewhere or data previously computed, generated or transmitted, in which the original data may require longer access time to fetch, compute or otherwise obtain relative to reading a cache memory or storage element. Once the data is stored in the cache, future use can be made by accessing the cached copy rather than refetching or recomputing the original data, thereby reducing the access time. In some embodiments, the cache may comprise a data object in memory of the appliance 200. In another embodiment, the cache may comprise any type and form of storage element of the appliance 200, such as a portion of a hard disk. In some embodiments, the processing unit of the device may provide cache memory for use by the cache manager 232. In yet further embodiments, the cache manager 232 may use any portion and combination of memory, storage, or the processing unit for caching data, objects, and other content.
Furthermore, the cache manager 232 includes any logic, functions, rules, or operations to perform any caching techniques of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the cache manager 232 may operate as an application, library, program, service, process, thread or task. In some embodiments, the cache manager 232 can comprise any type of general purpose processor (GPP), or any other type of integrated circuit, such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Logic Device (PLD), or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).
Policy Engine
The policy engine 295′ includes any logic, function or operations for providing and applying one or more policies or rules to the function, operation or configuration of any portion of the appliance 200. The policy engine 295′ may include, for example, an intelligent statistical engine or other programmable application(s). In one embodiment, the policy engine 295 provides a configuration mechanism to allow a user to identify, specify, define or configure a policy for the network optimization engine 250, or any portion thereof. For example, the policy engine 295 may provide policies for what data to cache, when to cache the data, for whom to cache the data, when to expire an object in cache or refresh the cache. In other embodiments, the policy engine 236 may include any logic, rules, functions or operations to determine and provide access, control and management of objects, data or content being cached by the appliance 200 in addition to access, control and management of security, network traffic, network access, compression or any other function or operation performed by the appliance 200.
In some embodiments, the policy engine 295′ provides and applies one or more policies based on any one or more of the following: a user, identification of the client, identification of the server, the type of connection, the time of the connection, the type of network, or the contents of the network traffic. In one embodiment, the policy engine 295′ provides and applies a policy based on any field or header at any protocol layer of a network packet. In another embodiment, the policy engine 295′ provides and applies a policy based on any payload of a network packet. For example, in one embodiment, the policy engine 295′ applies a policy based on identifying a certain portion of content of an application layer protocol carried as a payload of a transport layer packet. In another example, the policy engine 295′ applies a policy based on any information identified by a client, server or user certificate. In yet another embodiment, the policy engine 295′ applies a policy based on any attributes or characteristics obtained about a client 102, such as via any type and form of endpoint detection (see for example the collection agent of the client agent discussed below).
In one embodiment, the policy engine 295′ works in conjunction or cooperation with the policy engine 295 of the application delivery system 290. In some embodiments, the policy engine 295′ is a distributed portion of the policy engine 295 of the application delivery system 290. In another embodiment, the policy engine 295 of the application delivery system 290 is deployed on or executed on the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the policy engines 295, 295′ both operate on the appliance 200. In yet another embodiment, the policy engine 295′, or a portion thereof, of the appliance 200 operates on a server 106.
Multi-Protocol and Multi-Layer Compression Engine
The compression engine 238 includes any logic, business rules, function or operations for compressing one or more protocols of a network packet, such as any of the protocols used by the network stack 267 of the appliance 200. The compression engine 238 may also be referred to as a multi-protocol compression engine 238 in that it may be designed, constructed or capable of compressing a plurality of protocols. In one embodiment, the compression engine 238 applies context insensitive compression, which is compression applied to data without knowledge of the type of data. In another embodiment, the compression engine 238 applies context-sensitive compression. In this embodiment, the compression engine 238 utilizes knowledge of the data type to select a specific compression algorithm from a suite of suitable algorithms. In some embodiments, knowledge of the specific protocol is used to perform context-sensitive compression. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 or compression engine 238 can use port numbers (e.g., well-known ports), as well as data from the connection itself to determine the appropriate compression algorithm to use. Some protocols use only a single type of data, requiring only a single compression algorithm that can be selected when the connection is established. Other protocols contain different types of data at different times. For example, POP, IMAP, SMTP, and HTTP all move files of arbitrary types interspersed with other protocol data.
In one embodiment, the compression engine 238 uses a delta-type compression algorithm. In another embodiment, the compression engine 238 uses first site compression as well as searching for repeated patterns among data stored in cache, memory or disk. In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 uses a lossless compression algorithm. In other embodiments, the compression engine uses a lossy compression algorithm. In some cases, knowledge of the data type and, sometimes, permission from the user are required to use a lossy compression algorithm. Compression is not limited to the protocol payload. The control fields of the protocol itself may be compressed. In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 uses a different algorithm than that used for the payload.
In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 compresses at one or more layers of the network stack 267. In one embodiment, the compression engine 238 compresses at a transport layer protocol. In another embodiment, the compression engine 238 compresses at an application layer protocol. In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 compresses at a layer 2-4 protocol. In other embodiments, the compression engine 238 compresses at a layer 5-7 protocol. In yet another embodiment, the compression engine compresses a transport layer protocol and an application layer protocol. In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 compresses a layer 2-4 protocol and a layer 5-7 protocol.
In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 uses memory-based compression, cache-based compression or disk-based compression or any combination thereof. As such, the compression engine 238 may be referred to as a multi-layer compression engine. In one embodiment, the compression engine 238 uses a history of data stored in memory, such as RAM. In another embodiment, the compression engine 238 uses a history of data stored in a cache, such as L2 cache of the processor. In other embodiments, the compression engine 238 uses a history of data stored to a disk or storage location. In some embodiments, the compression engine 238 uses a hierarchy of cache-based, memory-based and disk-based data history. The compression engine 238 may first use the cache-based data to determine one or more data matches for compression, and then may check the memory-based data to determine one or more data matches for compression. In another case, the compression engine 238 may check disk storage for data matches for compression after checking either the cache-based and/or memory-based data history.
In one embodiment, multi-protocol compression engine 238 compresses bi-directionally between clients 102a-102n and servers 106a-106n any TCP/IP based protocol, including Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) (email), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol (file transfer), Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Mobile IP protocol, and Voice Over IP (VoIP) protocol. In other embodiments, multi-protocol compression engine 238 provides compression of HyperText Markup Language (HTML) based protocols and in some embodiments, provides compression of any markup languages, such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML). In one embodiment, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 provides compression of any high-performance protocol, such as any protocol designed for appliance 200 to appliance 200 communications. In another embodiment, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 compresses any payload of or any communication using a modified transport control protocol, such as Transaction TCP (T/TCP), TCP with selection acknowledgements (TCP-SACK), TCP with large windows (TCP-LW), a congestion prediction protocol such as the TCP-Vegas protocol, and a TCP spoofing protocol.
As such, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 accelerates performance for users accessing applications via desktop clients, e.g., Microsoft Outlook and non-Web thin clients, such as any client launched by popular enterprise applications like Oracle, SAP and Siebel, and even mobile clients, such as the Pocket PC. In some embodiments, the multi-protocol compression engine by integrating with packet processing engine 240 accessing the network stack 267 is able to compress any of the protocols carried by a transport layer protocol, such as any application layer protocol.
LAN/WAN Detector
The LAN/WAN detector 238 includes any logic, business rules, function or operations for automatically detecting a slow side connection (e.g., a wide area network (WAN) connection such as an Intranet) and associated port 267, and a fast side connection (e.g., a local area network (LAN) connection) and an associated port 267. In some embodiments, the LAN/WAN detector 238 monitors network traffic on the network ports 267 of the appliance 200 to detect a synchronization packet, sometimes referred to as a “tagged” network packet. The synchronization packet identifies a type or speed of the network traffic. In one embodiment, the synchronization packet identifies a WAN speed or WAN type connection. The LAN/WAN detector 238 also identifies receipt of an acknowledgement packet to a tagged synchronization packet and on which port it is received. The appliance 200 then configures itself to operate the identified port on which the tagged synchronization packet arrived so that the speed on that port is set to be the speed associated with the network connected to that port. The other port is then set to the speed associated with the network connected to that port.
For ease of discussion herein, reference to “fast” side will be made with respect to connection with a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet, and operating at a network speed of the WAN. Likewise, reference to “slow” side will be made with respect to connection with a local area network (LAN) and operating at a network speed the LAN. However, it is noted that “fast” and “slow” sides in a network can change on a per-connection basis and are relative terms to the speed of the network connections or to the type of network topology. Such configurations are useful in complex network topologies, where a network is “fast” or “slow” only when compared to adjacent networks and not in any absolute sense.
In one embodiment, the LAN/WAN detector 238 may be used to allow for auto-discovery by an appliance 200 of a network to which it connects. In another embodiment, the LAN/WAN detector 238 may be used to detect the existence or presence of a second appliance 200′ deployed in the network 104. For example, an auto-discovery mechanism in operation in accordance with FIG. 1A functions as follows: appliance 200 and 200′ are placed in line with the connection linking client 102 and server 106. The appliances 200 and 200′ are at the ends of a low-speed link, e.g., Internet, connecting two LANs. In one example embodiment, appliances 200 and 200′ each include two ports—one to connect with the “lower” speed link and the other to connect with a “higher” speed link, e.g., a LAN. Any packet arriving at one port is copied to the other port. Thus, appliance 200 and 200′ are each configured to function as a bridge between the two networks 104.
When an end node, such as the client 102, opens a new TCP connection with another end node, such as the server 106, the client 102 sends a TCP packet with a synchronization (SYN) header bit set, or a SYN packet, to the server 106. In the present example, client 102 opens a transport layer connection to server 106. When the SYN packet passes through appliance 200, the appliance 200 inserts, attaches or otherwise provides a characteristic TCP header option to the packet, which announces its presence. If the packet passes through a second appliance, in this example appliance 200′ the second appliance notes the header option on the SYN packet. The server 106 responds to the SYN packet with a synchronization acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) packet. When the SYN-ACK packet passes through appliance 200′, a TCP header option is tagged (e.g., attached, inserted or added) to the SYN-ACK packet to announce appliance 200′ presence to appliance 200. When appliance 200 receives this packet, both appliances 200, 200′ are now aware of each other and the connection can be appropriately accelerated.
Further to the operations of the LAN/WAN detector 238, a method or process for detecting “fast” and “slow” sides of a network using a SYN packet is described. During a transport layer connection establishment between a client 102 and a server 106, the appliance 200 via the LAN/WAN detector 238 determines whether the SYN packet is tagged with an acknowledgement (ACK). If it is tagged, the appliance 200 identifies or configures the port receiving the tagged SYN packet (SYN-ACK) as the “slow” side. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 optionally removes the ACK tag from the packet before copying the packet to the other port. If the LAN/WAN detector 238 determines that the packet is not tagged, the appliance 200 identifies or configure the port receiving the untagged packet as the “fast” side. The appliance 200 then tags the SYN packet with an ACK and copies the packet to the other port.
In another embodiment, the LAN/WAN detector 238 detects fast and slow sides of a network using a SYN-ACK packet. The appliance 200 via the LAN/WAN detector 238 determines whether the SYN-ACK packet is tagged with an acknowledgement (ACK). If it is tagged, the appliance 200 identifies or configures the port receiving the tagged SYN packet (SYN-ACK) as the “slow” side. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 optionally removes the ACK tag from the packet before copying the packet to the other port. If the LAN/WAN detector 238 determines that the packet is not tagged, the appliance 200 identifies or configures the port receiving the untagged packet as the “fast” side. The LAN/WAN detector 238 determines whether the SYN packet was tagged. If the SYN packet was not tagged, the appliance 200 copied the packet to the other port. If the SYN packet was tagged, the appliance tags the SYN-ACK packet before copying it to the other port.
The appliance 200, 200′ may add, insert, modify, attach or otherwise provide any information or data in the TCP option header to provide any information, data or characteristics about the network connection, network traffic flow, or the configuration or operation of the appliance 200. In this manner, not only does an appliance 200 announce its presence to another appliance 200′ or tag a higher or lower speed connection, the appliance 200 provides additional information and data via the TCP option headers about the appliance or the connection. The TCP option header information may be useful to or used by an appliance in controlling, managing, optimizing, acceleration or improving the network traffic flow traversing the appliance 200, or to otherwise configure itself or operation of a network port.
Although generally described in conjunction with detecting speeds of network connections or the presence of appliances, the LAN/WAN detector 238 can be used for applying any type of function, logic or operation of the appliance 200 to a port, connection or flow of network traffic. In particular, automated assignment of ports can occur whenever a device performs different functions on different ports, where the assignment of a port to a task can be made during the unit's operation, and/or the nature of the network segment on each port is discoverable by the appliance 200.
Flow Control
The flow controller 220 includes any logic, business rules, function or operations for optimizing, accelerating or otherwise improving the performance, operation or quality of service of transport layer communications of network packets or the delivery of packets at the transport layer. A flow controller, also sometimes referred to as a flow control module, regulates, manages and controls data transfer rates. In some embodiments, the flow controller 220 is deployed at or connected at a bandwidth bottleneck in the network 104. In one embodiment, the flow controller 220 effectively regulates, manages and controls bandwidth usage or utilization. In other embodiments, the flow control modules may also be deployed at points on the network of latency transitions (low latency to high latency) and on links with media losses (such as wireless or satellite links).
In some embodiments, a flow controller 220 may include a receiver-side flow control module for controlling the rate of receipt of network transmissions and a sender-side flow control module for the controlling the rate of transmissions of network packets. In other embodiments, a first flow controller 220 includes a receiver-side flow control module and a second flow controller 220′ includes a sender-side flow control module. In some embodiments, a first flow controller 220 is deployed on a first appliance 200 and a second flow controller 220′ is deployed on a second appliance 200′. As such, in some embodiments, a first appliance 200 controls the flow of data on the receiver side and a second appliance 200′ controls the data flow from the sender side. In yet another embodiment, a single appliance 200 includes flow control for both the receiver-side and sender-side of network communications traversing the appliance 200.
In one embodiment, a flow control module 220 is configured to allow bandwidth at the bottleneck to be more fully utilized, and in some embodiments, not over-utilized. In some embodiments, the flow control module 220 transparently buffers (or rebuffers data already buffered by, for example, the sender) network sessions that pass between nodes having associated flow control modules 220. When a session passes through two or more flow control modules 220, one or more of the flow control modules controls a rate of the session(s).
In one embodiment, the flow control module 200 is configured with predetermined data relating to bottleneck bandwidth. In another embodiment, the flow control module 220 may be configured to detect the bottleneck bandwidth or data associated therewith. Unlike conventional network protocols such as TCP, a receiver-side flow control module 220 controls the data transmission rate. The receiver-side flow control module controls 220 the sender-side flow control module, e.g., 220, data transmission rate by forwarding transmission rate limits to the sender-side flow control module 220. In one embodiment, the receiver-side flow control module 220 piggybacks these transmission rate limits on acknowledgement (ACK) packets (or signals) sent to the sender, e.g., client 102, by the receiver, e.g., server 106. The receiver-side flow control module 220 does this in response to rate control requests that are sent by the sender side flow control module 220′. The requests from the sender-side flow control module 220′ may be “piggybacked” on data packets sent by the sender 106.
In some embodiments, the flow controller 220 manipulates, adjusts, simulates, changes, improves or otherwise adapts the behavior of the transport layer protocol to provide improved performance or operations of delivery, data rates and/or bandwidth utilization of the transport layer. The flow controller 220 may implement a plurality of data flow control techniques at the transport layer, including but not limited to 1) pre-acknowledgements, 2) window virtualization, 3) recongestion techniques, 3) local retransmission techniques, 4) wavefront detection and disambiguation, 5) transport control protocol selective acknowledgements, 6) transaction boundary detection techniques and 7) repacketization.
Although a sender may be generally described herein as a client 102 and a receiver as a server 106, a sender may be any end point such as a server 106 or any computing device 100 on the network 104. Likewise, a receiver may be a client 102 or any other computing device on the network 104.
Pre-Acknowledgements
In brief overview of a pre-acknowledgement flow control technique, the flow controller 220, in some embodiments, handles the acknowledgements and retransmits for a sender, effectively terminating the sender's connection with the downstream portion of a network connection. In reference to FIG. 1B, one possible deployment of an appliance 200 into a network architecture to implement this feature is depicted. In this example environment, a sending computer or client 102 transmits data on network 104, for example, via a switch, which determines that the data is destined for VPN appliance 205. Because of the chosen network topology, all data destined for VPN appliance 205 traverses appliance 200, so the appliance 200 can apply any necessary algorithms to this data.
Continuing further with the example, the client 102 transmits a packet, which is received by the appliance 200. When the appliance 200 receives the packet, which is transmitted from the client 102 to a recipient via the VPN appliance 205 the appliance 200 retains a copy of the packet and forwards the packet downstream to the VPN appliance 205. The appliance 200 then generates an acknowledgement packet (ACK) and sends the ACK packet back to the client 102 or sending endpoint. This ACK, a pre-acknowledgment, causes the sender 102 to believe that the packet has been delivered successfully, freeing the sender's resources for subsequent processing. The appliance 200 retains the copy of the packet data in the event that a retransmission of the packet is required, so that the sender 102 does not have to handle retransmissions of the data. This early generation of acknowledgements may be called “preacking”.
If a retransmission of the packet is required, the appliance 200 retransmits the packet to the sender. The appliance 200 may determine whether retransmission is required as a sender would in a traditional system, for example, determining that a packet is lost if an acknowledgement has not been received for the packet after a predetermined amount of time. To this end, the appliance 200 monitors acknowledgements generated by the receiving endpoint, e.g., server 106 (or any other downstream network entity) so that it can determine whether the packet has been successfully delivered or needs to be retransmitted. If the appliance 200 determines that the packet has been successfully delivered, the appliance 200 is free to discard the saved packet data. The appliance 200 may also inhibit forwarding acknowledgements for packets that have already been received by the sending endpoint.
In the embodiment described above, the appliance 200 via the flow controller 220 controls the sender 102 through the delivery of pre-acknowledgements, also referred to as “preacks”, as though the appliance 200 was a receiving endpoint itself. Since the appliance 200 is not an endpoint and does not actually consume the data, the appliance 200 includes a mechanism for providing overflow control to the sending endpoint. Without overflow control, the appliance 200 could run out of memory because the appliance 200 stores packets that have been preacked to the sending endpoint but not yet acknowledged as received by the receiving endpoint. Therefore, in a situation in which the sender 102 transmits packets to the appliance 200 faster than the appliance 200 can forward the packets downstream, the memory available in the appliance 200 to store unacknowledged packet data can quickly fill. A mechanism for overflow control allows the appliance 200 to control transmission of the packets from the sender 102 to avoid this problem.
In one embodiment, the appliance 200 or flow controller 220 includes an inherent “self-clocking” overflow control mechanism. This self-clocking is due to the order in which the appliance 200 may be designed to transmit packets downstream and send ACKs to the sender 102 or 106. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 does not preack the packet until after it transmits the packet downstream. In this way, the sender 102 will receive the ACKs at the rate at which the appliance 200 is able to transmit packets rather than the rate at which the appliance 200 receives packets from the sender 100. This helps to regulate the transmission of packets from a sender 102.
Window Virtualization
Another overflow control mechanism that the appliance 200 may implement is to use the TCP window size parameter, which tells a sender how much buffer the receiver is permitting the sender to fill up. A nonzero window size (e.g., a size of at least one Maximum Segment Size (MSS)) in a preack permits the sending endpoint to continue to deliver data to the appliance, whereas a zero window size inhibits further data transmission. Accordingly, the appliance 200 may regulate the flow of packets from the sender, for example when the appliance's 200 buffer is becoming full, by appropriately setting the TCP window size in each preack.
Another technique to reduce this additional overhead is to apply hysteresis. When the appliance 200 delivers data to the slower side, the overflow control mechanism in the appliance 200 can require that a minimum amount of space be available before sending a nonzero window advertisement to the sender. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 waits until there is a minimum of a predetermined number of packets, such as four packets, of space available before sending a nonzero window packet, such as a window size of four packet). This reduces the overhead by approximately a factor four, since only two ACK packets are sent for each group of four data packets, instead of eight ACK packets for four data packets.
Another technique the appliance 200 or flow controller 220 may use for overflow control is the TCP delayed ACK mechanism, which skips ACKs to reduce network traffic. The TCP delayed ACKs automatically delay the sending of an ACK, either until two packets are received or until a fixed timeout has occurred. This mechanism alone can result in cutting the overhead in half; moreover, by increasing the numbers of packets above two, additional overhead reduction is realized. But merely delaying the ACK itself may be insufficient to control overflow, and the appliance 200 may also use the advertised window mechanism on the ACKs to control the sender. When doing this, the appliance 200 in one embodiment avoids triggering the timeout mechanism of the sender by delaying the ACK too long.
In one embodiment, the flow controller 220 does not preack the last packet of a group of packets. By not preacking the last packet, or at least one of the packets in the group, the appliance avoids a false acknowledgement for a group of packets. For example, if the appliance were to send a preack for a last packet and the packet were subsequently lost, the sender would have been tricked into thinking that the packet is delivered when it was not. Thinking that the packet had been delivered, the sender could discard that data. If the appliance also lost the packet, there would be no way to retransmit the packet to the recipient. By not preacking the last packet of a group of packets, the sender will not discard the packet until it has been delivered.
In another embodiment, the flow controller 220 may use a window virtualization technique to control the rate of flow or bandwidth utilization of a network connection. Though it may not immediately be apparent from examining conventional literature such as RFC 1323, there is effectively a send window for transport layer protocols such as TCP. The send window is similar to the receive window, in that it consumes buffer space (though on the sender). The sender's send window consists of all data sent by the application that has not been acknowledged by the receiver. This data must be retained in memory in case retransmission is required. Since memory is a shared resource, some TCP stack implementations limit the size of this data. When the send window is full, an attempt by an application program to send more data results in blocking the application program until space is available. Subsequent reception of acknowledgements will free send-window memory and unblock the application program. In some embodiments, this window size is known as the socket buffer size in some TCP implementations.
In one embodiment, the flow control module 220 is configured to provide access to increased window (or buffer) sizes. This configuration may also be referenced to as window virtualization. In the embodiment of TCP as the transport layer protocol, the TCP header includes a bit string corresponding to a window scale. In one embodiment, “window” may be referenced in a context of send, receive, or both.
One embodiment of window virtualization is to insert a preacking appliance 200 into a TCP session. In reference to any of the environments of FIG. 1A or 1B, initiation of a data communication session between a source node, e.g., client 102 (for ease of discussion, now referenced as source node 102), and a destination node, e.g., server 106 (for ease of discussion, now referenced as destination node 106) is established. For TCP communications, the source node 102 initially transmits a synchronization signal (“SYN”) through its local area network 104 to first flow control module 220. The first flow control module 220 inserts a configuration identifier into the TCP header options area. The configuration identifier identifies this point in the data path as a flow control module.
The appliances 200 via a flow control module 220 provide window (or buffer) to allow increasing data buffering capabilities within a session despite having end nodes with small buffer sizes, e.g., typically 16 k bytes. However, RFC 1323 requires window scaling for any buffer sizes greater than 64 k bytes, which must be set at the time of session initialization (SYN, SYN-ACK signals). Moreover, the window scaling corresponds to the lowest common denominator in the data path, often an end node with small buffer size. This window scale often is a scale of 0 or 1, which corresponds to a buffer size of up to 64 k or 128 k bytes. Note that because the window size is defined as the window field in each packet shifted over by the window scale, the window scale establishes an upper limit for the buffer, but does not guarantee the buffer is actually that large. Each packet indicates the current available buffer space at the receiver in the window field.
In one embodiment of scaling using the window virtualization technique, during connection establishment (i.e., initialization of a session) when the first flow control module 220 receives from the source node 102 the SYN signal (or packet), the flow control module 220 stores the windows scale of the source node 102 (which is the previous node) or stores a 0 for window scale if the scale of the previous node is missing. The first flow control module 220 also modifies the scale, e.g., increases the scale to 4 from 0 or 1, in the SYN-FCM signal. When the second flow control module 220 receives the SYN signal, it stores the increased scale from the first flow control signal and resets the scale in the SYN signal back to the source node 103 scale value for transmission to the destination node 106. When the second flow controller 220 receives the SYN-ACK signal from the destination node 106, it stores the scale from the destination node 106 scale, e.g., 0 or 1, and modifies it to an increased scale that is sent with the SYN-ACK-FCM signal. The first flow control node 220 receives and notes the received window scale and revises the windows scale sent back to the source node 102 back down to the original scale, e.g., 0 or 1. Based on the above window shift conversation during connection establishment, the window field in every subsequent packet, e.g., TCP packet, of the session must be shifted according to the window shift conversion.
The window scale, as described above, expresses buffer sizes of over 64 k and may not be required for window virtualization. Thus, shifts for window scale may be used to express increased buffer capacity in each flow control module 220. This increase in buffer capacity in may be referenced as window (or buffer) virtualization. The increase in buffer size allows greater packet through put from and to the respective end nodes 102 and 106. Note that buffer sizes in TCP are typically expressed in terms of bytes, but for ease of discussion “packets” may be used in the description herein as it relates to virtualization.
By way of example, a window (or buffer) virtualization performed by the flow controller 220 is described. In this example, the source node 102 and the destination node 106 are configured similar to conventional end nodes having a limited buffer capacity of 16 k bytes, which equals approximately 10 packets of data. Typically, an end node 102, 106 must wait until the packet is transmitted and confirmation is received before a next group of packets can be transmitted. In one embodiment, using increased buffer capacity in the flow control modules 220, when the source node 103 transmits its data packets, the first flow control module 220 receives the packets, stores it in its larger capacity buffer, e.g., 512 packet capacity, and immediately sends back an acknowledgement signal indicating receipt of the packets (“REC-ACK”) back to the source node 102. The source node 102 can then “flush” its current buffer, load it with 10 new data packets, and transmit those onto the first flow control module 220. Again, the first flow control module 220 transmits a REC-ACK signal back to the source node 102 and the source node 102 flushes its buffer and loads it with 10 more new packets for transmission.
As the first flow control module 220 receives the data packets from the source nodes, it loads up its buffer accordingly. When it is ready the first flow control module 220 can begin transmitting the data packets to the second flow control module 230, which also has an increased buffer size, for example, to receive 512 packets. The second flow control module 220′ receives the data packets and begins to transmit 10 packets at a time to the destination node 106. Each REC-ACK received at the second flow control node 220 from the destination node 106 results in 10 more packets being transmitted to the destination node 106 until all the data packets are transferred. Hence, the present invention is able to increase data transmission throughput between the source node (sender) 102 and the destination node (receiver) 106 by taking advantage of the larger buffer in the flow control modules 220, 220′ between the devices.
It is noted that by “preacking” the transmission of data as described previously, a sender (or source node 102) is allowed to transmit more data than is possible without the preacks, thus affecting a larger window size. For example, in one embodiment this technique is effective when the flow control module 220, 220′ is located “near” a node (e.g., source node 102 or destination node 106) that lacks large windows.
Recongestion
Another technique or algorithm of the flow controller 220 is referred to as recongestion. The standard TCP congestion avoidance algorithms are known to perform poorly in the face of certain network conditions, including: large RTTs (round trip times), high packet loss rates, and others. When the appliance 200 detects a congestion condition such as long round trip times or high packet loss, the appliance 200 intervenes, substituting an alternate congestion avoidance algorithm that better suits the particular network condition. In one embodiment, the recongestion algorithm uses preacks to effectively terminate the connection between the sender and the receiver. The appliance 200 then resends the packets from itself to the receiver, using a different congestion avoidance algorithm. Recongestion algorithms may be dependent on the characteristics of the TCP connection. The appliance 200 monitors each TCP connection, characterizing it with respect to the different dimensions, selecting a recongestion algorithm that is appropriate for the current characterization.
In one embodiment, upon detecting a TCP connection that is limited by round trip times (RTT), a recongestion algorithm is applied which behaves as multiple TCP connections. Each TCP connection operates within its own performance limit but the aggregate bandwidth achieves a higher performance level. One parameter in this mechanism is the number of parallel connections that are applied (N). Too large a value of N and the connection bundle achieves more than its fair share of bandwidth. Too small a value of N and the connection bundle achieves less than its fair share of bandwidth. One method of establishing “N” relies on the appliance 200 monitoring the packet loss rate, RTT, and packet size of the actual connection. These numbers are plugged into a TCP response curve formula to provide an upper limit on the performance of a single TCP connection in the present configuration. If each connection within the connection bundle is achieving substantially the same performance as that computed to be the upper limit, then additional parallel connections are applied. If the current bundle is achieving less performance than the upper limit, the number of parallel connections is reduced. In this manner, the overall fairness of the system is maintained since individual connection bundles contain no more parallelism than is required to eliminate the restrictions imposed by the protocol itself. Furthermore, each individual connection retains TCP compliance.
Another method of establishing “N” is to utilize a parallel flow control algorithm such as the TCP “Vegas” algorithm or its improved version “Stabilized Vegas.” In this method, the network information associated with the connections in the connection bundle (e.g., RTT, loss rate, average packet size, etc.) is aggregated and applied to the alternate flow control algorithm. The results of this algorithm are in turn distributed among the connections of the bundle controlling their number (i.e., N). Optionally, each connection within the bundle continues using the standard TCP congestion avoidance algorithm.
In another embodiment, the individual connections within a parallel bundle are virtualized, i.e., actual individual TCP connections are not established. Instead the congestion avoidance algorithm is modified to behave as though there were N parallel connections. This method has the advantage of appearing to transiting network nodes as a single connection. Thus the QOS, security and other monitoring methods of these nodes are unaffected by the recongestion algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the individual connections within a parallel bundle are real, i.e., a separate. TCP connection is established for each of the parallel connections within a bundle. The congestion avoidance algorithm for each TCP connection need not be modified.
Retransmission
In some embodiments, the flow controller 220 may apply a local retransmission technique. One reason for implementing preacks is to prepare to transit a high-loss link (e.g., wireless). In these embodiments, the preacking appliance 200 or flow control module 220 is located most beneficially “before” the wireless link. This allows retransmissions to be performed closer to the high loss link, removing the retransmission burden from the remainder of the network. The appliance 200 may provide local retransmission, in which case, packets dropped due to failures of the link are retransmitted directly by the appliance 200. This is advantageous because it eliminates the retransmission burden upon an end node, such as server 106, and infrastructure of any of the networks 104. With appliance 200 providing local retransmissions, the dropped packet can be retransmitted across the high loss link without necessitating a retransmit by an end node and a corresponding decrease in the rate of data transmission from the end node.
Another reason for implementing preacks is to avoid a receive time out (RTO) penalty. In standard TCP there are many situations that result in an RTO, even though a large percentage of the packets in flight were successfully received. With standard TCP algorithms, dropping more than one packet within an RTT window would likely result in a timeout. Additionally, most TCP connections experience a timeout if a retransmitted packet is dropped. In a network with a high bandwidth delay product, even a relatively small packet loss rate will cause frequent Retransmission timeouts (RTOs). In one embodiment, the appliance 200 uses a retransmit and timeout algorithm is avoid premature RTOs. The appliance 200 or flow controller 220 maintains a count of retransmissions is maintained on a per-packet basis. Each time that a packet is retransmitted, the count is incremented by one and the appliance 200 continues to transmit packets. In some embodiments, only if a packet has been retransmitted a predetermined number of times is an RTO declared.
Wavefront Detection and Disambiguation
In some embodiments, the appliance 200 or flow controller 220 uses wavefront detection and disambiguation techniques in managing and controlling flow of network traffic. In this technique, the flow controller 220 uses transmit identifiers or numbers to determine whether particular data packets need to be retransmitted. By way of example, a sender transmits data packets over a network, where each instance of a transmitted data packet is associated with a transmit number. It can be appreciated that the transmit number for a packet is not the same as the packet's sequence number, since a sequence number references the data in the packet while the transmit number references an instance of a transmission of that data. The transmit number can be any information usable for this purpose, including a timestamp associated with a packet or simply an increasing number (similar to a sequence number or a packet number). Because a data segment may be retransmitted, different transmit numbers may be associated with a particular sequence number.
As the sender transmits data packets, the sender maintains a data structure of acknowledged instances of data packet transmissions. Each instance of a data packet transmission is referenced by its sequence number and transmit number. By maintaining a transmit number for each packet, the sender retains the ordering of the transmission of data packets. When the sender receives an ACK or a SACK, the sender determines the highest transmit number associated with packets that the receiver indicated has arrived (in the received acknowledgement). Any outstanding unacknowledged packets with lower transmit numbers are presumed lost.
In some embodiments, the sender is presented with an ambiguous situation when the arriving packet has been retransmitted: a standard ACK/SACK does not contain enough information to allow the sender to determine which transmission of the arriving packet has triggered the acknowledgement. After receiving an ambiguous acknowledgement, therefore, the sender disambiguates the acknowledgement to associate it with a transmit number. In various embodiments, one or a combination of several techniques may be used to resolve this ambiguity.
In one embodiment, the sender includes an identifier with a transmitted data packet, and the receiver returns that identifier or a function thereof with the acknowledgement. The identifier may be a timestamp (e.g., a TCP timestamp as described in RFC 1323), a sequential number, or any other information that can be used to resolve between two or more instances of a packet's transmission. In an embodiment in which the TCP timestamp option is used to disambiguate the acknowledgement, each packet is tagged with up to 32-bits of unique information. Upon receipt of the data packet, the receiver echoes this unique information back to the sender with the acknowledgement. The sender ensures that the originally sent packet and its retransmitted version or versions contain different values for the timestamp option, allowing it to unambiguously eliminate the ACK ambiguity. The sender may maintain this unique information, for example, in the data structure in which it stores the status of sent data packets. This technique is advantageous because it complies with industry standards and is thus likely to encounter little or no interoperability issues. However, this technique may require ten bytes of TCP header space in some implementations, reducing the effective throughput rate on the network and reducing space available for other TCP options.
In another embodiment, another field in the packet, such as the IP ID field, is used to disambiguate in a way similar to the TCP timestamp option described above. The sender arranges for the ID field values of the original and the retransmitted version or versions of the packet to have different ID fields in the IP header. Upon reception of the data packet at the receiver, or a proxy device thereof, the receiver sets the ID field of the ACK packet to a function of the ID field of the packet that triggers the ACK. This method is advantageous, as it requires no additional data to be sent, preserving the efficiency of the network and TCP header space. The function chosen should provide a high degree of likelihood of providing disambiguation. In a preferred embodiment, the sender selects IP ID values with the most significant bit set to 0. When the receiver responds, the IP ID value is set to the same IP ID value with the most significant bit set to a one.
In another embodiment, the transmit numbers associated with non-ambiguous acknowledgements are used to disambiguate an ambiguous acknowledgement. This technique is based on the principle that acknowledgements for two packets will tend to be received closer in time as the packets are transmitted closer in time. Packets that are not retransmitted will not result in ambiguity, as the acknowledgements received for such packets can be readily associated with a transmit number. Therefore, these known transmit numbers are compared to the possible transmit numbers for an ambiguous acknowledgement received near in time to the known acknowledgement. The sender compares the transmit numbers of the ambiguous acknowledgement against the last known received transmit number, selecting the one closest to the known received transmit number. For example, if an acknowledgement for data packet 1 is received and the last received acknowledgement was for data packet 5, the sender resolves the ambiguity by assuming that the third instance of data packet 1 caused the acknowledgement.
Selective Acknowledgements
Another technique of the appliance 200 or flow controller 220 is to implement an embodiment of transport control protocol selective acknowledgements, or TCP SACK, to determine what packets have or have not been received. This technique allows the sender to determine unambiguously a list of packets that have been received by the receiver as well as an accurate list of packets not received. This functionality may be implemented by modifying the sender and/or receiver, or by inserting sender- and receiver-side flow control modules 220 in the network path between the sender and receiver. In reference to FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B, a sender, e.g., client 102, is configured to transmit data packets to the receiver, e.g., server 106, over the network 104. In response, the receiver returns a TCP Selective Acknowledgment option, referred to as SACK packet to the sender. In one embodiment, the communication is bi-directional, although only one direction of communication is discussed here for simplicity. The receiver maintains a list, or other suitable data structure, that contains a group of ranges of sequence numbers for data packets that the receiver has actually received. In some embodiments, the list is sorted by sequence number in an ascending or descending order. The receiver also maintains a left-off pointer, which comprises a reference into the list and indicates the left-off point from the previously generated SACK packet.
Upon reception of a data packet, the receiver generates and transmits a SACK packet back to the sender. In some embodiments, the SACK packet includes a number of fields, each of which can hold a range of sequence numbers to indicate a set of received data packets. The receiver fills this first field of the SACK packet with a range of sequence numbers that includes the landing packet that triggered the SACK packet. The remaining available SACK fields are filled with ranges of sequence numbers from the list of received packets. As there are more ranges in the list than can be loaded into the SACK packet, the receiver uses the left-off pointer to determine which ranges are loaded into the SACK packet. The receiver inserts the SACK ranges consecutively from the sorted list, starting from the range referenced by the pointer and continuing down the list until the available SACK range space in the TCP header of the SACK packet is consumed. The receiver wraps around to the start of the list if it reaches the end. In some embodiments, two or three additional SACK ranges can be added to the SACK range information.
Once the receiver generates the SACK packet, the receiver sends the acknowledgement back to the sender. The receiver then advances the left-off pointer by one or more SACK range entries in the list. If the receiver inserts four SACK ranges, for example, the left-off pointer may be advanced two SACK ranges in the list. When the advanced left-off pointer reaches at the end of the list, the pointer is reset to the start of the list, effectively wrapping around the list of known received ranges. Wrapping around the list enables the system to perform well, even in the presence of large losses of SACK packets, since the SACK information that is not communicated due to a lost SACK packet will eventually be communicated once the list is wrapped around.
It can be appreciated, therefore, that a SACK packet may communicate several details about the condition of the receiver. First, the SACK packet indicates that, upon generation of the SACK packet, the receiver had just received a data packet that is within the first field of the SACK information. Secondly, the second and subsequent fields of the SACK information indicate that the receiver has received the data packets within those ranges. The SACK information also implies that the receiver had not, at the time of the SACK packet's generation, received any of the data packets that fall between the second and subsequent fields of the SACK information. In essence, the ranges between the second and subsequent ranges in the SACK information are “holes” in the received data, the data therein known not to have been delivered. Using this method, therefore, when a SACK packet has sufficient space to include more than two SACK ranges, the receiver may indicate to the sender a range of data packets that have not yet been received by the receiver.
In another embodiment, the sender uses the SACK packet described above in combination with the retransmit technique described above to make assumptions about which data packets have been delivered to the receiver. For example, when the retransmit algorithm (using the transmit numbers) declares a packet lost, the sender considers the packet to be only conditionally lost, as it is possible that the SACK packet identifying the reception of this packet was lost rather than the data packet itself. The sender thus adds this packet to a list of potentially lost packets, called the presumed lost list. Each time a SACK packet arrives, the known missing ranges of data from the SACK packet are compared to the packets in the presumed lost list. Packets that contain data known to be missing are declared actually lost and are subsequently retransmitted. In this way, the two schemes are combined to give the sender better information about which packets have been lost and need to be retransmitted.
Transaction Boundary Detection
In some embodiments, the appliance 200 or flow controller 220 applies a technique referred to as transaction boundary detection. In one embodiment, the technique pertains to ping-pong behaved connections. At the TCP layer, ping-pong behavior is when one communicant—a sender-sends data and then waits for a response from the other communicant—the receiver. Examples of ping-pong behavior include remote procedure call, HTTP and others. The algorithms described above use retransmission timeout (RTO) to recover from the dropping of the last packet or packets associated with the transaction. Since the TCP RTO mechanism is extremely coarse in some embodiments, for example requiring a minimum one second value in all cases), poor application behavior may be seen in these situations.
In one embodiment, the sender of data or a flow control module 220 coupled to the sender detects a transaction boundary in the data being sent. Upon detecting a transaction boundary, the sender or a flow control module 220 sends additional packets, whose reception generates additional ACK or SACK responses from the receiver. Insertion of the additional packets is preferably limited to balance between improved application response time and network capacity utilization. The number of additional packets that is inserted may be selected according to the current loss rate associated with that connection, with more packets selected for connections having a higher loss rate.
One method of detecting a transaction boundary is time based. If the sender has been sending data and ceases, then after a period of time the sender or flow control module 200 declares a transaction boundary. This may be combined with other techniques. For example, the setting of the PSH (TCP Push) bit by the sender in the TCP header may indicate a transaction boundary. Accordingly, combining the time-based approach with these additional heuristics can provide for more accurate detection of a transaction boundary. In another technique, if the sender or flow control module 220 understands the application protocol, it can parse the protocol data stream and directly determine transaction boundaries. In some embodiment, this last behavior can be used independent of any time-based mechanism.
Responsive to detecting a transaction boundary, the sender or flow control module 220 transmits additional data packets to the receiver to cause acknowledgements therefrom. The additional data packets should therefore be such that the receiver will at least generate an ACK or SACK in response to receiving the data packet. In one embodiment, the last packet or packets of the transaction are simply retransmitted. This has the added benefit of retransmitting needed data if the last packet or packets had been dropped, as compared to merely sending dummy data packets. In another embodiment, fractions of the last packet or packets are sent, allowing the sender to disambiguate the arrival of these packets from their original packets. This allows the receiver to avoid falsely confusing any reordering adaptation algorithms. In another embodiment, any of a number of well-known forward error correction techniques can be used to generate additional data for the inserted packets, allowing for the reconstruction of dropped or otherwise missing data at the receiver.
In some embodiments, the boundary detection technique described herein helps to avoid a timeout when the acknowledgements for the last data packets in a transaction are dropped. When the sender or flow control module 220 receives the acknowledgements for these additional data packets, the sender can determine from these additional acknowledgements whether the last data packets have been received or need to be retransmitted, thus avoiding a timeout. In one embodiment, if the last packets have been received but their acknowledgements were dropped, a flow control module 220 generates an acknowledgement for the data packets and sends the acknowledgement to the sender, thus communicating to the sender that the data packets have been delivered. In another embodiment, if the last packets have not been received, a flow control module 200 sends a packet to the sender to cause the sender to retransmit the dropped data packets.
Repacketization
In yet another embodiment, the appliance 200 or flow controller 220 applies a repacketization technique for improving the flow of transport layer network traffic. In some embodiments, performance of TCP is proportional to packet size. Thus increasing packet sizes improves performance unless it causes substantially increased packet loss rates or other nonlinear effects, like IP fragmentation. In general, wired media (such as copper or fibre optics) have extremely low bit-error rates, low enough that these can be ignored. For these media, it is advantageous for the packet size to be the maximum possible before fragmentation occurs (the maximum packet size is limited by the protocols of the underlying transmission media). Whereas for transmission media with higher loss rates (e.g., wireless technologies such as WiFi, etc., or high-loss environments such as power-line networking, etc.), increasing the packet size may lead to lower transmission rates, as media-induced errors cause an entire packet to be dropped (i.e., media-induced errors beyond the capability of the standard error correcting code for that media), increasing the packet loss rate. A sufficiently large increase in the packet loss rate will actually negate any performance benefit of increasing packet size. In some cases, it may be difficult for a TCP endpoint to choose an optimal packet size. For example, the optimal packet size may vary across the transmission path, depending on the nature of each link.
By inserting an appliance 200 or flow control module 220 into the transmission path, the flow controller 220 monitors characteristics of the link and repacketizes according to determined link characteristics. In one embodiment, an appliance 200 or flow controller 220 repacketizes packets with sequential data into a smaller number of larger packets. In another embodiment, an appliance 200 or flow controller 220 repacketizes packets by breaking part a sequence of large packets into a larger number of smaller packets. In other embodiments, an appliance 200 or flow controller 220 monitors the link characteristics and adjusts the packet sizes through recombination to improve throughput.
QoS
Still referring to FIG. 2A, the flow controller 220, in some embodiments, may include a QoS Engine 236, also referred to as a QoS controller. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 and/or network optimization engine 250 includes the QoS engine 236, for example, separately but in communication with the flow controller 220. The QoS Engine 236 includes any logic, business rules, function or operations for performing one or more Quality of Service (QoS) techniques improving the performance, operation or quality of service of any of the network connections. In some embodiments, the QoS engine 236 includes network traffic control and management mechanisms that provide different priorities to different users, applications, data flows or connections. In other embodiments, the QoS engine 236 controls, maintains, or assures a certain level of performance to a user, application, data flow or connection. In one embodiment, the QoS engine 236 controls, maintains or assures a certain portion of bandwidth or network capacity for a user, application, data flow or connection. In some embodiments, the QoS engine 236 monitors the achieved level of performance or the quality of service corresponding to a user, application, data flow or connection, for example, the data rate and delay. In response to monitoring, the QoS engine 236 dynamically controls or adjusts scheduling priorities of network packets to achieve the desired level of performance or quality of service.
In some embodiments, the QoS engine 236 prioritizes, schedules and transmits network packets according to one or more classes or levels of services. In some embodiments, the class or level service may include: 1) best efforts, 2) controlled load, 3) guaranteed or 4) qualitative. For a best efforts class of service, the appliance 200 makes reasonable effort to deliver packets (a standard service level). For a controlled load class of service, the appliance 200 or QoS engine 236 approximates the standard packet error loss of the transmission medium or approximates the behavior of best-effort service in lightly loaded network conditions. For a guaranteed class of service, the appliance 200 or QoS engine 236 guarantees the ability to transmit data at a determined rate for the duration of the connection. For a qualitative class of service, the appliance 200 or QoS engine 236 the qualitative service class is used for applications, users, data flows or connection that require or desire prioritized traffic but cannot quantify resource needs or level of service. In these cases, the appliance 200 or QoS engine 236 determines the class of service or prioritization based on any logic or configuration of the QoS engine 236 or based on business rules or policies. For example, in one embodiment, the QoS engine 236 prioritizes, schedules and transmits network packets according to one or more policies as specified by the policy engine 295, 295′.
Protocol Acceleration
The protocol accelerator 234 includes any logic, business rules, function or operations for optimizing, accelerating, or otherwise improving the performance, operation or quality of service of one or more protocols. In one embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 accelerates any application layer protocol or protocols at layers 5-7 of the network stack. In other embodiments, the protocol accelerator 234 accelerates a transport layer or a layer 4 protocol. In one embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 accelerates layer 2 or layer 3 protocols. In some embodiments, the protocol accelerator 234 is configured, constructed or designed to optimize or accelerate each of one or more protocols according to the type of data, characteristics and/or behavior of the protocol. In another embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 is configured, constructed or designed to improve a user experience, response times, network or computer load, and/or network or bandwidth utilization with respect to a protocol.
In one embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 is configured, constructed or designed to minimize the effect of WAN latency on file system access. In some embodiments, the protocol accelerator 234 optimizes or accelerates the use of the CIFS (Common Internet File System) protocol to improve file system access times or access times to data and files. In some embodiments, the protocol accelerator 234 optimizes or accelerates the use of the NFS (Network File System) protocol. In another embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 optimizes or accelerates the use of the File Transfer protocol (FTP).
In one embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 is configured, constructed or designed to optimize or accelerate a protocol carrying as a payload or using any type and form of markup language. In other embodiments, the protocol accelerator 234 is configured, constructed or designed to optimize or accelerate a HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). In another embodiment, the protocol accelerator 234 is configured, constructed or designed to optimize or accelerate a protocol carrying as a payload or otherwise using XML (eXtensible Markup Language).
Transparency and Multiple Deployment Configuration
In some embodiments, the appliance 200 and/or network optimization engine 250 is transparent to any data flowing across a network connection or link, such as a WAN link. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 and/or network optimization engine 250 operates in such a manner that the data flow across the WAN is recognizable by any network monitoring, QOS management or network analysis tools. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 and/or network optimization engine 250 does not create any tunnels or streams for transmitting data that may hide, obscure or otherwise make the network traffic not transparent. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 operates transparently in that the appliance does not change any of the source and/or destination address information or port information of a network packet, such as internet protocol addresses or port numbers. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 and/or network optimization engine 250 is considered to operate or behave transparently to the network, an application, client, server or other appliances or computing device in the network infrastructure. That is, in some embodiments, the appliance is transparent in that network related configuration of any device or appliance on the network does not need to be modified to support the appliance 200.
The appliance 200 may be deployed in any of the following deployment configurations: 1) in-line of traffic, 2) in proxy mode, or 3) in a virtual in-line mode. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may be deployed inline to one or more of the following: a router, a client, a server or another network device or appliance. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 may be deployed in parallel to one or more of the following: a router, a client, a server or another network device or appliance. In parallel deployments, a client, server, router or other network appliance may be configured to forward, transfer or transit networks to or via the appliance 200.
In the embodiment of in-line, the appliance 200 is deployed inline with a WAN link of a router. In this way, all traffic from the WAN passes through the appliance before arriving at a destination of a LAN.
In the embodiment of a proxy mode, the appliance 200 is deployed as a proxy device between a client and a server. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 allows clients to make indirect connections to a resource on a network. For example, a client connects to a resource via the appliance 200, and the appliance provides the resource either by connecting to the resource, a different resource, or by serving the resource from a cache. In some cases, the appliance may alter the client's request or the server's response for various purposes, such as for any of the optimization techniques discussed herein. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 behaves as a transparent proxy, by intercepting and forwarding requests and responses transparently to a client and/or server. Without client-side configuration, the appliance 200 may redirect client requests to different servers or networks. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may perform any type and form of network address translation, referred to as NAT, on any network traffic traversing the appliance.
In some embodiments, the appliance 200 is deployed in a virtual in-line mode configuration. In this embodiment, a router or a network device with routing or switching functionality is configured to forward, reroute or otherwise provide network packets destined to a network to the appliance 200. The appliance 200 then performs any desired processing on the network packets, such as any of the WAN optimization techniques discussed herein. Upon completion of processing, the appliance 200 forwards the processed network packet to the router to transmit to the destination on the network. In this way, the appliance 200 can be coupled to the router in parallel but still operate as it if the appliance 200 were inline. This deployment mode also provides transparency in that the source and destination addresses and port information are preserved as the packet is processed and transmitted via the appliance through the network.
End Node Deployment
Although the network optimization engine 250 is generally described above in conjunction with an appliance 200, the network optimization engine 250, or any portion thereof, may be deployed, distributed or otherwise operated on any end node, such as a client 102 and/or server 106. As such, a client or server may provide any of the systems and methods of the network optimization engine 250 described herein in conjunction with one or more appliances 200 or without an appliance 200.
Referring now to FIG. 2B, an example embodiment of the network optimization engine 250 deployed on one or more end nodes is depicted. In brief overview, the client 102 may include a first network optimization engine 250′ and the server 106 may include a second network optimization engine 250′′. The client 102 and server 106 may establish a transport layer connection and exchange communications with or without traversing an appliance 200.
In one embodiment, the network optimization engine 250′ of the client 102 performs the techniques described herein to optimize, accelerate or otherwise improve the performance, operation or quality of service of network traffic communicated with the server 106. In another embodiment, the network optimization engine 250′′ of the server 106 performs the techniques described herein to optimize, accelerate or otherwise improve the performance, operation or quality of service of network traffic communicated with the client 102. In some embodiments, the network optimization engine 250′ of the client 102 and the network optimization engine 250′′ of the server 106 perform the techniques described herein to optimize, accelerate or otherwise improve the performance, operation or quality of service of network traffic communicated between the client 102 and the server 106. In yet another embodiment, the network optimization engine 250′ of the client 102 performs the techniques described herein in conjunction with an appliance 200 to optimize, accelerate or otherwise improve the performance, operation or quality of service of network traffic communicated with the client 102. In still another embodiment, the network optimization engine 250′′ of the server 106 performs the techniques described herein in conjunction with an appliance 200 to optimize, accelerate or otherwise improve the performance, operation or quality of service of network traffic communicated with the server 106.
C. Client Agent
Referring now to FIG. 3, an embodiment of a client agent 120 is depicted. The client 102 has a client agent 120 for establishing, exchanging, managing or controlling communications with the appliance 200, appliance 205 and/or server 106 via a network 104. In some embodiments, the client agent 120, which may also be referred to as a WAN client, accelerates WAN network communications and/or is used to communicate via appliance 200 on a network. In brief overview, the client 102 operates on computing device 100 having an operating system with a kernel mode 302 and a user mode 303, and a network stack 267 with one or more layers 310a-310b. The client 102 may have installed and/or execute one or more applications. In some embodiments, one or more applications may communicate via the network stack 267 to a network 104. One of the applications, such as a web browser, may also include a first program 322. For example, the first program 322 may be used in some embodiments to install and/or execute the client agent 120, or any portion thereof. The client agent 120 includes an interception mechanism, or interceptor 350, for intercepting network communications from the network stack 267 from the one or more applications.
As with the appliance 200, the client has a network stack 267 including any type and form of software, hardware, or any combinations thereof, for providing connectivity to and communications with a network 104. The network stack 267 of the client 102 includes any of the network stack embodiments described above in conjunction with the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the client agent 120, or any portion thereof, is designed and constructed to operate with or work in conjunction with the network stack 267 installed or otherwise provided by the operating system of the client 102.
In further details, the network stack 267 of the client 102 or appliance 200 (or 205) may include any type and form of interfaces for receiving, obtaining, providing or otherwise accessing any information and data related to network communications of the client 102. In one embodiment, an interface to the network stack 267 includes an application programming interface (API). The interface may also have any function call, hooking or filtering mechanism, event or call back mechanism, or any type of interfacing technique. The network stack 267 via the interface may receive or provide any type and form of data structure, such as an object, related to functionality or operation of the network stack 267. For example, the data structure may include information and data related to a network packet or one or more network packets. In some embodiments, the data structure includes, references or identifies a portion of the network packet processed at a protocol layer of the network stack 267, such as a network packet of the transport layer. In some embodiments, the data structure 325 is a kernel-level data structure, while in other embodiments, the data structure 325 is a user-mode data structure. A kernel-level data structure may have a data structure obtained or related to a portion of the network stack 267 operating in kernel-mode 302, or a network driver or other software running in kernel-mode 302, or any data structure obtained or received by a service, process, task, thread or other executable instructions running or operating in kernel-mode of the operating system.
Additionally, some portions of the network stack 267 may execute or operate in kernel-mode 302, for example, the data link or network layer, while other portions execute or operate in user-mode 303, such as an application layer of the network stack 267. For example, a first portion 310a of the network stack may provide user-mode access to the network stack 267 to an application while a second portion 310a of the network stack 267 provides access to a network. In some embodiments, a first portion 310a of the network stack has one or more upper layers of the network stack 267, such as any of layers 5-7. In other embodiments, a second portion 310b of the network stack 267 includes one or more lower layers, such as any of layers 1-4. Each of the first portion 310a and second portion 310b of the network stack 267 may include any portion of the network stack 267, at any one or more network layers, in user-mode 303, kernel-mode, 302, or combinations thereof, or at any portion of a network layer or interface point to a network layer or any portion of or interface point to the user-mode 302 and kernel-mode 203.
The interceptor 350 may include software, hardware, or any combination of software and hardware. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 intercepts or otherwise receives a network communication at any point in the network stack 267, and redirects or transmits the network communication to a destination desired, managed or controlled by the interceptor 350 or client agent 120. For example, the interceptor 350 may intercept a network communication of a network stack 267 of a first network and transmit the network communication to the appliance 200 for transmission on a second network 104. In some embodiments, the interceptor 350 includes or is a driver, such as a network driver constructed and designed to interface and work with the network stack 267. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 operates at one or more layers of the network stack 267, such as at the transport layer. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 includes a filter driver, hooking mechanism, or any form and type of suitable network driver interface that interfaces to the transport layer of the network stack, such as via the transport driver interface (TDI). In some embodiments, the interceptor 350 interfaces to a first protocol layer, such as the transport layer and another protocol layer, such as any layer above the transport protocol layer, for example, an application protocol layer. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 includes a driver complying with the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS), or a NDIS driver. In another embodiment, the interceptor 350 may be a min-filter or a mini-port driver. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350, or portion thereof, operates in kernel-mode 202. In another embodiment, the interceptor 350, or portion thereof, operates in user-mode 203. In some embodiments, a portion of the interceptor 350 operates in kernel-mode 202 while another portion of the interceptor 350 operates in user-mode 203. In other embodiments, the client agent 120 operates in user-mode 203 but interfaces via the interceptor 350 to a kernel-mode driver, process, service, task or portion of the operating system, such as to obtain a kernel-level data structure 225. In further embodiments, the interceptor 350 is a user-mode application or program, such as application.
In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 intercepts or receives any transport layer connection requests. In these embodiments, the interceptor 350 executes transport layer application programming interface (API) calls to set the destination information, such as destination IP address and/or port to a desired location for the location. In this manner, the interceptor 350 intercepts and redirects the transport layer connection to an IP address and port controlled or managed by the interceptor 350 or client agent 120. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 sets the destination information for the connection to a local IP address and port of the client 102 on which the client agent 120 is listening. For example, the client agent 120 may comprise a proxy service listening on a local IP address and port for redirected transport layer communications. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 then communicates the redirected transport layer communication to the appliance 200.
In some embodiments, the interceptor 350 intercepts a Domain Name Service (DNS) request. In one embodiment, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 resolves the DNS request. In another embodiment, the interceptor transmits the intercepted DNS request to the appliance 200 for DNS resolution. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 resolves the DNS request and communicates the DNS response to the client agent 120. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 resolves the DNS request via another appliance 200′ or a DNS server 106.
In yet another embodiment, the client agent 120 may include two agents 120 and 120′. In one embodiment, a first agent 120 may include an interceptor 350 operating at the network layer of the network stack 267. In some embodiments, the first agent 120 intercepts network layer requests such as Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) requests (e.g., ping and traceroute). In other embodiments, the second agent 120′ may operate at the transport layer and intercept transport layer communications. In some embodiments, the first agent 120 intercepts communications at one layer of the network stack 210 and interfaces with or communicates the intercepted communication to the second agent 120′.
The client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 may operate at or interface with a protocol layer in a manner transparent to any other protocol layer of the network stack 267. For example, in one embodiment, the interceptor 350 operates or interfaces with the transport layer of the network stack 267 transparently to any protocol layer below the transport layer, such as the network layer, and any protocol layer above the transport layer, such as the session, presentation or application layer protocols. This allows the other protocol layers of the network stack 267 to operate as desired and without modification for using the interceptor 350. As such, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 can interface with the transport layer to secure, optimize, accelerate, route or load-balance any communications provided via any protocol carried by the transport layer, such as any application layer protocol over TCP/IP.
Furthermore, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 may operate at or interface with the network stack 267 in a manner transparent to any application, a user of the client 102, the client 102 and/or any other computing device 100, such as a server or appliance 200, 206, in communications with the client 102. The client agent 120, or any portion thereof, may be installed and/or executed on the client 102 in a manner without modification of an application. In one embodiment, the client agent 120, or any portion thereof, is installed and/or executed in a manner transparent to any network configuration of the client 102, appliance 200, 205 or server 106. In some embodiments, the client agent 120, or any portion thereof, is installed and/or executed with modification to any network configuration of the client 102, appliance 200, 205 or server 106. In one embodiment, the user of the client 102 or a computing device in communications with the client 102 are not aware of the existence, execution or operation of the client agent 12, or any portion thereof. As such, in some embodiments, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 is installed, executed, and/or operated transparently to an application, user of the client 102, the client 102, another computing device, such as a server or appliance 200, 2005, or any of the protocol layers above and/or below the protocol layer interfaced to by the interceptor 350.
The client agent 120 includes a streaming client 306, a collection agent 304, SSL VPN agent 308, a network optimization engine 250, and/or acceleration program 302. In one embodiment, the client agent 120 is an Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) client, or any portion thereof, developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., and is also referred to as an ICA client. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 has an application streaming client 306 for streaming an application from a server 106 to a client 102. In another embodiment, the client agent 120 includes a collection agent 304 for performing end-point detection/scanning and collecting end-point information for the appliance 200 and/or server 106. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 has one or more network accelerating or optimizing programs or agents, such as an network optimization engine 250 and an acceleration program 302. In one embodiment, the acceleration program 302 accelerates communications between client 102 and server 106 via appliance 205′. In some embodiments, the network optimization engine 250 provides WAN optimization techniques as discussed herein.
The streaming client 306 is an application, program, process, service, task or set of executable instructions for receiving and executing a streamed application from a server 106. A server 106 may stream one or more application data files to the streaming client 306 for playing, executing or otherwise causing to be executed the application on the client 102. In some embodiments, the server 106 transmits a set of compressed or packaged application data files to the streaming client 306. In some embodiments, the plurality of application files are compressed and stored on a file server within an archive file such as a CAB, ZIP, SIT, TAR, JAR or other archive. In one embodiment, the server 106 decompresses, unpackages or unarchives the application files and transmits the files to the client 102. In another embodiment, the client 102 decompresses, unpackages or unarchives the application files. The streaming client 306 dynamically installs the application, or portion thereof, and executes the application. In one embodiment, the streaming client 306 may be an executable program. In some embodiments, the streaming client 306 may be able to launch another executable program.
The collection agent 304 is an application, program, process, service, task or set of executable instructions for identifying, obtaining and/or collecting information about the client 102. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 transmits the collection agent 304 to the client 102 or client agent 120. The collection agent 304 may be configured according to one or more policies of the policy engine 236 of the appliance. In other embodiments, the collection agent 304 transmits collected information on the client 102 to the appliance 200. In one embodiment, the policy engine 236 of the appliance 200 uses the collected information to determine and provide access, authentication and authorization control of the client's connection to a network 104.
In one embodiment, the collection agent 304 is an end-point detection and scanning program, which identifies and determines one or more attributes or characteristics of the client. For example, the collection agent 304 may identify and determine any one or more of the following client-side attributes: 1) the operating system an/or a version of an operating system, 2) a service pack of the operating system, 3) a running service, 4) a running process, and 5) a file. The collection agent 304 may also identify and determine the presence or version of any one or more of the following on the client: 1) antivirus software, 2) personal firewall software, 3) anti-spam software, and 4) internet security software. The policy engine 236 may have one or more policies based on any one or more of the attributes or characteristics of the client or client-side attributes.
The SSL VPN agent 308 is an application, program, process, service, task or set of executable instructions for establishing a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) virtual private network (VPN) connection from a first network 104 to a second network 104′, 104′′, or a SSL VPN connection from a client 102 to a server 106. In one embodiment, the SSL VPN agent 308 establishes a SSL VPN connection from a public network 104 to a private network 104′ or 104′′. In some embodiments, the SSL VPN agent 308 works in conjunction with appliance 205 to provide the SSL VPN connection. In one embodiment, the SSL VPN agent 308 establishes a first transport layer connection with appliance 205. In some embodiment, the appliance 205 establishes a second transport layer connection with a server 106. In another embodiment, the SSL VPN agent 308 establishes a first transport layer connection with an application on the client, and a second transport layer connection with the appliance 205. In other embodiments, the SSL VPN agent 308 works in conjunction with WAN optimization appliance 200 to provide SSL VPN connectivity.
In some embodiments, the acceleration program 302 is a client-side acceleration program for performing one or more acceleration techniques to accelerate, enhance or otherwise improve a client's communications with and/or access to a server 106, such as accessing an application provided by a server 106. The logic, functions, and/or operations of the executable instructions of the acceleration program 302 may perform one or more of the following acceleration techniques: 1) multi-protocol compression, 2) transport control protocol pooling, 3) transport control protocol multiplexing, 4) transport control protocol buffering, and 5) caching via a cache manager. Additionally, the acceleration program 302 may perform encryption and/or decryption of any communications received and/or transmitted by the client 102. In some embodiments, the acceleration program 302 performs one or more of the acceleration techniques in an integrated manner or fashion. Additionally, the acceleration program 302 can perform compression on any of the protocols, or multiple-protocols, carried as a payload of a network packet of the transport layer protocol.
In one embodiment, the acceleration program 302 is designed, constructed or configured to work with appliance 205 to provide LAN side acceleration or to provide acceleration techniques provided via appliance 205. For example, in one embodiment of a NetScaler appliance 205 manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc., the acceleration program 302 includes a NetScaler client. In some embodiments, the acceleration program 302 provides NetScaler acceleration techniques stand-alone in a remote device, such as in a branch office. In other embodiments, the acceleration program 302 works in conjunction with one or more NetScaler appliances 205. In one embodiment, the acceleration program 302 provides LAN-side or LAN based acceleration or optimization of network traffic.
In some embodiments, the network optimization engine 250 may be designed, constructed or configured to work with WAN optimization appliance 200. In other embodiments, network optimization engine 250 may be designed, constructed or configured to provide the WAN optimization techniques of appliance 200, with or without an appliance 200. For example, in one embodiment of a WANScaler appliance 200 manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. the network optimization engine 250 includes the WANscaler client. In some embodiments, the network optimization engine 250 provides WANScaler acceleration techniques stand-alone in a remote location, such as a branch office. In other embodiments, the network optimization engine 250 works in conjunction with one or more WANScaler appliances 200.
In another embodiment, the network optimization engine 250 includes the acceleration program 302, or the function, operations and logic of the acceleration program 302. In some embodiments, the acceleration program 302 includes the network optimization engine 250 or the function, operations and logic of the network optimization engine 250. In yet another embodiment, the network optimization engine 250 is provided or installed as a separate program or set of executable instructions from the acceleration program 302. In other embodiments, the network optimization engine 250 and acceleration program 302 are included in the same program or same set of executable instructions.
In some embodiments and still referring to FIG. 3, a first program 322 may be used to install and/or execute the client agent 120, or any portion thereof, automatically, silently, transparently, or otherwise. In one embodiment, the first program 322 is a plugin component, such an ActiveX control or Java control or script that is loaded into and executed by an application. For example, the first program comprises an ActiveX control loaded and run by a web browser application, such as in the memory space or context of the application. In another embodiment, the first program 322 comprises a set of executable instructions loaded into and run by the application, such as a browser. In one embodiment, the first program 322 is designed and constructed program to install the client agent 120. In some embodiments, the first program 322 obtains, downloads, or receives the client agent 120 via the network from another computing device. In another embodiment, the first program 322 is an installer program or a plug and play manager for installing programs, such as network drivers and the client agent 120, or any portion thereof, on the operating system of the client 102.
In some embodiments, each or any of the portions of the client agent 120—a streaming client 306, a collection agent 304, SSL VPN agent 308, a network optimization engine 250, acceleration program 302, and interceptor 350—may be installed, executed, configured or operated as a separate application, program, process, service, task or set of executable instructions. In other embodiments, each or any of the portions of the client agent 120 may be installed, executed, configured or operated together as a single client agent 120.
D. Systems and Methods for Using an SSL Session from a Pool of SSL Sessions Shared Between Intermediaries
End-to-end secure communications between a client 102 and a server 106 may be provided by an SSL session connection. The connection may be established across one or more intermediaries, such as network appliances 200, between the client 102 and the server 106 in a networked system. In some embodiments, multiple intermediaries may be configured to provide data acceleration and/or other services between the server 106 and the client 102. A pair of intermediaries providing data acceleration between the pair of intermediaries may use a signaling tunnel between the pair of intermediaries to establish a secure channel for communications.
Referring now to FIG. 4A, one embodiment of a system 400 for using a SSL session from a pool of SSL sessions 477 shared between intermediaries 200 is shown. In brief summary, the system shows a first intermediary 200a and a second intermediary 200b processing a client request 405 for a secure connection to a server 106. These intermediaries 200 can be, or comprise features from any embodiment of the appliances 200 described above in connection with FIGS. 1A-C, 2A and 3. The first intermediary 200a may be in communication with one or more clients 102 while the second intermediary 200b may be in communication with one or more servers 106. In some embodiments, the client 102 may establish a transport layer connection with the server 106 for communications. In some of these embodiments, the client 102 may establish a SSL session with a first intermediary 200a. The first intermediary 200a is sometimes referred to as a client-side intermediary 200a. In some other embodiments, the first intermediary 200a may establish the SSL session with the client 102, for example, responsive to a request 405 from the client 102.
In some embodiments, the server 106 may establish a SSL session with a second intermediary 200b. The second intermediary 200b is sometimes referred to as a server-side intermediary 200b. In some embodiments, the second intermediary 200b may establish the SSL session with the server 106, for example, responsive to a request from the client 102, server 106, and/or first intermediary 200a. In another embodiment, one or more SSL sessions with the server 106 may be established responsive to the establishment of a signaling tunnel 450.
The client-side and server-side SSL sessions may be established concurrently or at different times. The client-side and server-side SSL sessions may be established independently. In some embodiments, a pair of client-side and server-side SSL sessions may be established based on some trigger, configuration or requirements, for example, responsive to a peer list 468. In some embodiments, the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established responsive to a same event. For example and in one embodiment, the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established when a client registers with the system, e.g., the first intermediary 200a. In another embodiment, the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established when the first and second intermediaries 200 are initialized or otherwise added to the network 104. In still another embodiment, the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established when the client 102 and/or the server 106 are added to the network 104. In yet another embodiment, the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established when the first and second intermediaries are identified to handle communications in relation to the client 102 and/or the server 106. For example and in one embodiment, the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established when the first and second intermediaries are identified in a peer list 468 that pairs or otherwise groups a plurality of intermediaries for communications.
In some embodiments, one or both of the client-side and server-side SSL sessions are established in anticipation of communications between a client 102 and a server 102. Establishment of one or both of the client-side and server-side SSL sessions, in advance or in parallel with other segments of an end-to-end SSL session, may reduce the latency and/or complexity of establishing the end-to-end SSL session. The client-side and server-side SSL sessions may share one or more configurations, settings, attributes, identifiers, and/or other information. These configurations, settings, attributes, identifiers, and/or other information may be determined, maintained, stored, and/or managed by one or more of: the client 102, server 106, first intermediary 200a, second intermediary 200b and a storage device. In some embodiment, a SSL session pool manager 466 determines, maintains, stores, and/or manages these configurations, settings, attributes, identifiers, and/or other information.
The first intermediary 200a and/or the client 102 may establish a plurality of client-side SSL sessions between the first intermediary 200a and the client 102. A plurality of client-side SSL sessions related to one or more clients 102 is hereafter sometimes referred to as a client-side SSL session pool. The second intermediary 200b and/or the server 106 may establish a plurality of server-side SSL sessions between the second intermediary 200b and the server 106. A plurality of server-side SSL sessions related to one or more servers 106 is hereafter sometimes referred to as a server-side SSL session pool.
The client 102 may generate and transmit a request 405 destined for the server 106 to initiate communications. In some embodiments, the request 405 may be a request for secure communications with the server 106. The request 405 may comprise any form or type of message, packet or communications, and may be encrypted and/or compressed. The request 405 may be implemented in any type or form of communications protocol, including custom, proprietary and/or standard protocols. In one embodiment, the request 405 is an unsecured communication, for example, to initiate secure communications with the server 106. In another embodiment, the request 405 is sent via a secured communications channel, such as within an SSL session established between the client 102 and the first intermediary 200a. 
In some embodiments, the request 405 comprises a Signaling Hello protocol message. The request 405 may identify a desired application protocol. Further, the request 405 may include capability details, for example, regarding the client 102. The request 405 may also be part of a handshaking protocol, for example, a synchronization (SYN) signal or message. The request 405 may also comprise a request to initiate data acceleration along the client-server network path, such as between the first and the second intermediaries 200.
The request 405 may initiate establishment of a transport layer (e.g. TCP) connection and/or a SSL session. In some embodiments, the request 405 is intercepted or received by the first intermediary 200a and may be routed to the server 106. In one of these embodiments, the request 405 is directed to the second intermediary 200a. The second intermediary 200b may be identified by a peer list 468a as paired with, or otherwise related to the first intermediary 200a. In some embodiments, the request 405 is forwarded to the second intermediary 200b via a signaling tunnel 450. In other embodiments, the request 405 initiates establishment of one or more signaling tunnels 450 between the first and second intermediaries. The request may initiate establishment of an SSL session. The request may initiate establishment of a transport layer connection between the client 102 and the server 106. Responsive to the establishment of the transport layer connection, a secured session (e.g., a SSL session) may be established.
In some embodiments, the request 405 comprises a request for information related to the establishment of a connection to the server 106. For example and in one embodiment, the information requested may relate to one or more SSL sessions of a pool established between the second intermediary 200b and the server 106. This request 405 may be processed or handled by one or more pool managers 466.
In some embodiments, responsive the request 405, the first intermediary 200a determines if a signaling tunnel 450 is available between the first intermediary 200a and the second intermediary 200b. The signaling tunnel 450 may be any type or form of communications tunnel, channel, connection, session or link and may be implemented in one more communications protocol, including custom, proprietary and/or standard protocols. In some embodiments, the signaling tunnel 450 is a control channel for, but not limited to, control, administrative, handshaking and/or initialization messages. The signaling tunnel 450 may support or transport data transfer of different rates, including intermittent and continuous data transfer. In some embodiments, the signaling tunnel 450 is distinguished from typical communications channels, such as those used to transport non-control messages. The signaling tunnel 450 may be a temporary tunnel or may be persisted after an SSL session is established.
The signaling tunnel 450 may be used to setup data acceleration, such as SSL acceleration, between the first intermediary 200a and the second intermediary 200b. The signaling tunnel 450 may provide a secure tunnel, including encryption and/or other security measures. In some embodiments, one or more signaling tunnels 450 are setup between peer intermediaries identified in a peer list 468. A peer list 468 may be configured on one or more intermediaries 200. Responsive to the configuration on an intermediary 200, the intermediary 200 may attempt to establish a signaling tunnel 450 with one or more of the intermediaries' peers. The peer list 468 may be configured by any means, such as by an administrator or a peer list management module or process that manages some aspect of network traffic. The peer list 468 may be configured directly onto an intermediary 200 or may be communicated to the intermediary, for example via a request (e.g., request 405). The peer list 468 for a first intermediary 200a may be communicated from another intermediary 200b, 200c, and may be communicated via an existing or established signaling tunnel 450.
The peer list 468 is sometimes referred to as a configuration list of peer intermediaries. In some embodiments, the peer list 468 indicates pairs or groups of trusted peers or intermediaries 200. Peer certificates, or SSL certificates, may be used by peer intermediaries 200 to establish trust between the peer intermediaries 200. The intermediaries 200 in a peer list 468 may be listed or specified using any form or type of identifiers, such as IP addresses. The intermediaries 200 may also be identified by domain name, such as Fully Qualified Domain Name. The domain name of an intermediary 200 may be resolved by Domain Name System (DNS). If a request for SSL session establishment is received by a first intermediary 200a that has not been configured with a second intermediary 200b in a peer list or that does not have access to a peer list 468, the first intermediary 200a may be responsible for authenticating the second intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a may also be responsible for establishing a signaling tunnel 450 with the second intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a and the second intermediary 200b may initiate an update of a peer list 468, for example, responsive to authentication. This update may applied to one or both of the peer lists 468 of the intermediaries 200.
In some embodiments, the signaling tunnel 450 enables a pair of intermediaries to authenticate each other. In addition, the signaling tunnel 450 can allow a pair of intermediaries 200 to communicate SSL specific information. The signaling tunnel 450 can enable the pair of intermediaries 200a, 200b, to setup a set of SSL state machine pairs for establishing one or more SSL sessions between a client 102 and a server 106. In some embodiments, the signaling tunnel 450 is used to communicate out-of-band messages, such as SSL session re-negotiation message and SSL shutdown messages. Intermediaries 200 may also use the signaling tunnel 450 to communicate information about signaling agents, such as identifiers of agents, signaling tunnel internet protocols (IPs), and SSL acceleration specifics. These information may further include information to identify operational configurations or modes of a pair of intermediaries, such as configurations for spoofing or split proxy modes.
The signaling tunnel 450 may itself be a SSL connection between the pair of intermediaries 200. In some embodiments, establishment of the signaling tunnel 450 may require SSL configuration information to be configured on the pair of intermediaries 200. The signaling tunnel 450 may use any portion of existing infrastructure provided by a tunnel established between a certificate authority (CA) and an intermediary 200. The signaling tunnel 450 may support an application to application protocol capability for inter-protocol communications between intermediaries 200, or between an intermediary 200 and a CA.
The signaling tunnel 450 may be established using a plurality of methods. In one embodiment, the signaling tunnel 450 is established at initialization time, for example, of one or both intermediaries 200 of a peer pair. In another embodiment, a signaling tunnel 450 is established responsive to a new SSL connection request, for example initiated by a client request 450. After the establishment of the signaling tunnel 450, the pair of intermediaries 200 may establish a pool of SSL contexts. A SSL context may include any of: infrastructure, configuration, settings, state machines, handshaking operations and protocols for setting up a SSL session and/or connection. In some embodiments, establishment of a pool of SSL contexts allows for fast allocation of new SSL connections between a pair of intermediaries 200. One or more intermediaries 200 associated with the pool of SSL contexts may manage this pool. Management of the pool of contexts may include, but are not limited to, allocation, cleanup, maintenance of SSL state machines and encryption keys. In some embodiments, the pool of SSL contexts is referred to as a SSL session pool 477.
In some embodiments, each intermediary 200 identified in a peer list 468 may create a plurality of SSL state machines. In other embodiments, an intermediary 200 may create a plurality of SSL state machines regardless of a peer list 468, for example, responsive to an SSL session establishment request 405. An intermediary 200 may create a plurality of SSL state machines corresponding to a plurality of SSL sessions established between the intermediary 200 and one or more clients 102 and/or servers 106. A mapping of the plurality of SSL state machines to the plurality of SSL sessions may be described as a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship. A first intermediary 200a may create a first plurality of SSL state machines corresponding to a second plurality of SSL state machines created by a second intermediary 200b (for example, according to a peer list 468). A mapping of the first plurality of SSL state machines to the second plurality of SSL state machines may be described as a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship.
Responsive to a request 405 for establishment of a SSL session, a pair of SSL state machines can be selected from the first plurality and second plurality of state machines. In OpenSSL terminology, SSL state machines may be referred to as SSL Objects. In some embodiments, each of the state machines may use the signaling tunnel 450 as a transport mechanism. Between a first and a second intermediary 200, the state machines on one of these intermediaries 200a may operate in “accept” mode. The state machines on the other intermediary 200b may operate in “connect” mode. In some embodiments, a “connect” mode state machine may connect to a unique “accept” state machine.
An SSL handshake between a pair of state machines can be conducted over the signaling tunnel 450. A first state machine at the first intermediary 200a and a second state machine at second intermediary 200b may use OpenSSL application programming interfaces (APIs) to encrypt/decrypt the data communicated via the signaling tunnel 450. The first and second state machines may use a cipher pre-negotiated during the signaling tunnel establishment process to encrypt/decrypt the data communicated via the signaling tunnel 450. In some embodiments, upon completion of the SSL handshake, the transport mechanism for data transfer may switch from the signaling tunnel 450 to the transport layer (e.g., TCP) connection. The first and second state machines may then use the transport layer connection as the transport mechanism to send encrypted traffic.
The signaling tunnel 450 may be used to communicate any further type or form of information between a pair of intermediaries 200 or SSL state machines. In some embodiments, information 444 is transmitted in a response to the request 405. In other embodiments, information 444 is transmitted or exchanged responsive to establishment of the signaling tunnel 450. The information 444 may include one or more signaling IP addresses. A signaling IP address may be an IP address for identifying one of: an intermediary 200, a state machine, a client 102 and a server 106. The information 444 may also include information associated with one or both SSL state machine pool and/or intermediaries 200, for example:

    
    
        1. Cipher List—The list of ciphers supported by an intermediary 200.
        2. Pool Size—The size of the pool (for example, at initialization time).
        3. Free Pool Threshold—A threshold for initiating growth of a pool if the free pool capacity falls below this threshold value.
        4. Low Pool Usage Threshold—A threshold for initiating reduction of a pool if pool usage falls below this threshold value (e.g., for a pre-determined amount of time).
    
    


In some embodiments, the information 444 may include SSL proxy parameters, such as for initializing and/or establishing an SSL session, which may include:

    
    
        1. SSL Service Class—An indication of the service class for data transfer, for example, including one or more bits that indicate enabling/disabling of SSL acceleration.
        2. Trusted CAs—A list of trusted certification authorities.
    
    


3. Private Key Store Table—A list of private keys for different servers 106, client 102 and/or intermediaries 100.

    
    
        4. SSL Service Class Table—A table or container including IP Address and Port tuple information. In some embodiments, for every tuple, the Table includes a list of proxy configuration names and/or keys that references the Proxy Configuration Table.
        5. Proxy Configuration Table—A table or container with entries that includes:
        
            a. Proxy Configuration Name—A primary Key
            b. Virtual Server Name—An identifier for an associated virtual server which may be used when a server name is sent by the Client in a request 405 (e.g., via a Client Hello Message).
            c. Proxy Type—Identifies whether the SSL proxy type is of Split or Spoofing type.
            d. Client and Server Side Configuration Data—A configuration data structure including:
            
                Private Key Name—key names referenced from the Private Key Store Table
                Server Certificates—certificates of a server 106 or virtual server.
                Certificate Authority
                Certificate Chain—RSA (Rivest, Shamir and Adelman)/DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) Formats for public key cryptography.
                SSL Protocol Version
                Cipher List—ciphers available and/or negotiated by the intermediaries 200.
            
            
        
        
    
    


In some embodiments, a first intermediary 200a may be configured with a list of ciphers for encrypting and decrypting the traffic with a second intermediary 200b or vice-versa. A pair of intermediaries 200 (e.g., peer intermediaries) may negotiate a cipher for encryption during the signaling tunnel establishment. The negotiation may be initiated by a request 405, such as a Signaling Hello Message. Upon completion of the negotiation, the pair of intermediaries 200 can use the negotiated cipher for encryption/decryption between the pair of intermediaries 200, which may or may not be limited for use in the signaling tunnel 450. In some embodiments, one or more ciphers may be negotiated and/or configured for each connection segment between any two of: a client 102, a first intermediary 200a, a second intermediary 200b and a server 106.
In addition to security provided by cipher, each intermediary 200 may have portions of data encrypted, stored and/or persisted in a storage device. The storage device may be, or include features of, any embodiment of storage elements 128, 122, 140 described above in connection with FIGS. 1D and 1E. In some embodiments, the storage device is a database computer (DBC). The storage device may also store the network data history associated with the intermediary 200. The storage device may be provided by any network device and may reside in one or more network devices, including but not limited to the intermediaries 200, the client 102 and/or the server 106. The stored data may be encrypted on a per file basis. In some embodiments, the system may encrypt whole disks, partitions, logical volumes, and files associated with the data. For example and in one embodiment, an intermediary 200 may use a file to store the data in the Windows platform. In another embodiment, the intermediary 200 may store the data in a logical volume under a Linux platform. For example, dm-crypt may be used to encrypt the data in Linux. In addition, a swap file may contain data that is paged to a disk which may be used to support memory larger than that physically available from the storage device. This swap file may be encrypted for security.
Although passages in this disclosure may generally refer to state machines, it should be understood that each state machine represents a model of behavior implemented by a combination of hardware and software, and as such, any of the actions described herein by a state machine may be performed by a module, component, and/or device of the corresponding hardware intermediary 200. In addition, a selection of a state machine or state machine pair may be equivalent to the selection of a corresponding or related SSL session from a SSL session pool 477. For example and in one embodiment, selection of a pair of state machines from the respective state machine pools of the first and second intermediaries 200 represents the selection of a SSL session from the server-side SSL session pool 477 of the second intermediary 200b. Furthermore, the pools of state machines and/or SSL session pools may be maintained and/or managed by one or more pool managers 466.
In further details of FIG. 4A, a pool manager 466 may be provided at least in part by the first intermediary 200a, the second intermediary 200b and/or other network components. A plurality of pool manager 466 may reside in one or more network components, and operate in communication with one another. For example and in one embodiment, a first pool manager 466 in the first intermediary 200a may operate with a second pool manager 466′ in the second intermediary 200b. By way of illustration and not intended as a limitation, we will sometimes refer to one or more pool managers 466 as a single pool manager 466.
A pool manager 466 may be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The pool manager 466 may be built and configured for supporting or providing SSL security features. The pool manager 466 may include any module, script, program, agent, component or set of executable instructions executing on one or more intermediaries 200. The pool manager 466 may have components operating at one or more layers of the network stack, such as the transport layer. The pool manager 466 can initiate and/or establish SSL sessions and connections within an SSL session. The pool manager 466 may be initiated or otherwise rendered active responsive to a request 405, a peer list, establishment of a signaling tunnel 450, or by other means. In addition, the pool manager 466 may create, configure, maintain or otherwise manage a plurality of SSL state machines. The pool manage 466 may also create, maintain and manage a pool of SSL session keys and/or hash message authentication code (HMAC) keys between a pair of intermediaries 200a, 200b. In some embodiments, the pool manager 466 may coordinate or manage communications via the signaling tunnel 450, for example, in the selection of a SSL session key from a key pool. Further, the pool manage 466 may coordinate or manage communications regarding state machine, session identifier and/or cipher selection and matching.
In some embodiments, a pool manager 466 may maintain a plurality of pools of state machines for each intermediary 200 (e.g., of a pair of peer intermediaries). A first of the plurality of pools of state machines may be referred to as an owned pool. An owned pool is a pool that is owned by the intermediary 200 from which it can allocate a state machine for SSL connections. FIG. 4B illustrates one embodiment of a state machine for an owned pool 443. A second of the plurality of pools of state machines may be referred to as a monitored pool 445. A monitored pool 445 is a pool owned by the peer intermediary 200b but may be used by the intermediary 200a to monitor the peer intermediary's state machine allocation. FIG. 4C shows embodiments of state machines for an SSL state machine identifier for an owned pool 443 and a monitored pool 445.
In some embodiments, each of the owned and monitored pools may maintain a plurality of lists. In one embodiment, the plurality of list includes, but is not limited to:

    1. Free List: list of SSL state machines available for allocation;
    2. Allocated List: list of SSL state machines allocated to connections; and
    3. To-Be-Destroyed List: list of SSL state machines to be destroyed upon confirmation, for example, from peer intermediary.


Each intermediary 200a, via the pool manager, may create and maintain the intermediary's owned pool and/or synchronize the intermediary's monitored pool 445 with the peer intermediary 200b's owned pool 443. The intermediary 200a may use information transmitted via the signaling tunnel 450 by the peer intermediary 200b in control or protocol messages for the synchronization of the monitored pool 445. If an intermediary 200 detects that the signaling tunnel 450 between the peers has gone down, the state machine's owned pool may receive a destroy event from the pool manager 466. Responsive to the destroy event, the owned pool 443 may be dissolved.
Pool Creation and Pool Growth
To establish a first pool of state machines, a first intermediary 200a may determine an initial pool size (say ‘N’) and create N SSL state machines. In some embodiments, an initial pool size may be based on platform size, e.g., smaller initial pool sizes corresponding to smaller platforms. In other embodiments, the system can maintain and update a counter value every time an SSL state machine pair is identified for use from the state machine pools. When an intermediary 200a is initialized or reset, the intermediary 200a can access the updated counter value and begin with a configurable percentage of the updated counter value. In one of these embodiments, a counter value greater than a pre-determined minimum number is used to determine the initial pool size. For example and in one embodiment, if the saved counter value is 75, the minimum pool size is 10 and the configurable percentage is 40%, then the initial pool size may be determined to be 30. This can be set as the initial counter value, or may be saved as the updated counter value until a higher counter value (starting at 0) is reached.
In some embodiments, the first intermediary 200a may determine the initial pool size based in part on one or more of: available resources, including bandwidth and session count limits, information about the client 102 and/or the server 106, and information from the request 405 and/or configuration or user settings for the intermediary 200. Each SSL state machine may be identified by a unique identifier. The pool manager may connect each of these state machines to the signaling tunnel 450 for packet transport. The first pool of SSL state machines can then be moved to the “accept” state. The pool manager 466 may generate and send a pool update message to a second intermediary 200b. The pool update message may include, but is not limited to, the following information:
1. a request identifier set to “Create Request”;
2. a desired pool size of N; and
3. a list of SSL state machine identifiers.
In some embodiments, a second intermediary 200b (e.g., a peer intermediary) receives the pool update message over the signaling tunnel 450. The second intermediary 200b may create the required number of SSL state machines to form a second pool of state machines. For example and in one embodiment, the second intermediary 200b creates N SSL state machines responsive to the pool update message. The second intermediary 200b can further generate and assign a unique identifier to each state machine of the second pool. The pool manager 466 may associate a state machine from the second pool with a state machine from the first pool. In some embodiments, the pool manager 466 may pair up the identifiers of the first and second pools of state machines by generating an identifier for a state machine pair from the identifiers of each of the state machine pair. For example, a combination of an identifier of a first state machine from the first pool and an identifier of a second state machine from the second pool can yield a unique identifier that identifies the SSL state machine pair comprising the first and second state machines. For example, if the first state machine identifier is ‘1234’ and the second state machine identifier is ‘5678’, then the SSL state machine pair may be identified by an identifier ‘12345678’, based on concatenating the state machine identifiers.
The second intermediary 200b may send a pool update response, in one embodiment including but not limited to:
1. a request identifier set to “Create Complete”;
2. a list of SSL state machine identifiers associated with the first pool; an
3. a list of SSL state machine identifiers associated with the second pool.
Responsive to receiving the pool update response, the first intermediary 200a may pair and store the SSL state machine identifiers. The first intermediary 200a may also update its Free Pool List 471. The pool manager 466 may connect, on behalf of the second intermediary 200b, the SSL state machines of the second pool to the signaling tunnel 450 for sending packets over the signaling tunnel 450. In addition, the pool manager 466 may move the state machines of the second pool to the “connect” state. In some embodiments, moving the state machines of the second pool to the “connect” state completes the SSL handshake between the SSL state machine pairs. For a state machine pool of size ‘N’, N SSL handshakes may be completed over the signaling tunnel 450. The sender of the pool update message (e.g., the first intermediary 200a) may add the set of SSL state machine pair identifiers to the sender's Owned Pool 443. The peer intermediary (e.g., second intermediary 200b) may correspondingly add these identifiers to the peer intermediary's monitored pool 445. Accordingly, the above-discussed mechanism of using pool update messages and pool update responses enables growth in a state machine pool.
In some embodiments, the system comprises a configurable parameter which determines the Free Pool Threshold for purposes of managing or maintaining a pool size. If the free pool capacity is below the Free Pool Threshold, the pool manager 466 may increase the pool capacity up to a maximum quantum. For example and in one embodiment, this increase occurs by continuously doubling the pool capacity as long as the pool capacity is below the maximum quantum and the Free Pool Threshold. For example, and in another embodiment, if we set the maximum quantum to 25, the Free Pool Threshold as 100 and initial pool size as 10, the pool may progressively grow as 20 (doubled), 40 (doubled), 65 (increase by max quantum), 90 (increase by max quantum; below the Free Pool Threshold). In some embodiments, a pool of state machine pairs may be considered to have two owners (the first intermediary 200a and the second intermediary 200b). In these embodiments, the pool manager 466 may act to maintain or grow the pool size when one owner's pool shrinks. In some embodiments, the pool manager 466 may keep track of the rate of reduction of a pool in deciding a growth factor for growing the pool.
SSL state machines from a client-side pool and a server-side pool may be paired during creation or growth of SSL session pools. In some embodiments, the intermediary 200 having SSL state machines in the “connect” state may set the SSL session identifier of the intermediary 200 to the SSL session identifier of the signaling tunnel 450. In some of these embodiments, the setting of the SSL session identifier of the intermediary 200 to the SSL session identifier of the signaling tunnel 450 causes a key exchange process to be skipped. In some embodiments, skipping the key exchange process may speed up the establishment of the SSL session.
In some embodiments, each intermediary 200 may create a set of N memory basic inputs/outputs (BIOs) corresponding to the N SSL state machines. Each SSL state machine may then connect to a memory BIO. In some embodiments, data that is to be sent over the TCP connection is written to the write buffer (wbio) of the memory BIO. Incoming data on the TCP connection may be read from the read buffer (rbio) of the memory BIO. For data transfer from a first intermediary 200a to a second intermediary (e.g., over a WAN), the first intermediary 200a may process a packet by separating the payload and header of the packet. The first intermediary 200a may determine the state machine pair identifier to identify the SSL state machine to transmit from. The first intermediary 200a may place the payload in the Memory BIO connected to the identified SSL state machine. The first intermediary may encrypt the payload and re-attach the header to form a new packet for transmission. In some embodiments, the header is in plaint text (i.e., not encrypted).
For an incoming packet, the receiving intermediary (e.g., second intermediary 200b) may process the packet to determine the state machine pair identifier. Based on the state machine pair identifier, the receiving intermediary can identify the SSL state machine for receiving the packet. The identified state machine may separate the header and encrypted payload and store the payload in the Memory BIO connected to the identified SSL state machine. The identified state machine may decrypt the payload and re-attach the header to the decrypted payload to form a new received packet.
In further details of FIGS. 4B and 4C and in one embodiments, to establish a SSL session, the second intermediary 200b may allocate an SSL state machine pair from the Free List 471 on the second intermediary's owned pool 443. The second intermediary 200b may move a state machine pair on the second intermediary's owned pool 443 from the Free List 471 to the Allocated list 472. The second intermediary 200b may transmit a message (e.g., SYN-ACK message) that comprises the identifier of this SSL state machine pair to the first intermediary 200a. The first intermediary 200a can extract the identifier from the message and move the corresponding state machine pair on the Monitored Pool 445 from the Free List 471 to the Allocated List 472. In FIG. 4C, this represents a state machine transition from “Free ID” to “Allocated ID”.
Pool Reduction
The pool manager 466 may set an active usage threshold of the SSL session pool and track actual usage periodically. If the active usage does not get beyond the threshold value, the pool manager 466 may reduce the pool size by some predetermined or dynamically determined percentage. The pool manager may maintain usage statistics such as a maximum usage for each SSL session or intermediary 200, usage per time period, memory usage for pools aggregated across one or more SSL sessions associated with an intermediary 200. In some embodiments, the number of state machines expiring or being destroyed may be small, e.g., small compared to state machine growth.
To reduce or shrink an owned pool, an intermediary 200a may identify a number of SSL state machine pairs from the Free List 471 to remove. These SSL state machine pairs may be removed from the tail-end (or any portions) of the Free List 471. The pool manager 466 may send a pool update message on behalf of the intermediary 200a to the peer intermediary 200b. The pool update message may comprise the corresponding identifiers of the state machine pairs identified for removal. The request identifier of the pool update message may be set to “Destroy Request”, indicating that state machine pairs are to be removed. The intermediary 200a may then move the identified SSL state machine pairs to the To-Be-Destroyed List 473 on the intermediary's owned pool 443. The peer intermediary 200b may receive the pool update message over the signaling tunnel 450. Responsive to the pool update message, the pool manager 466 of the peer intermediary 200b may move the identified SSL state machines from the Free List 471 to the To-Be-Destroyed List 473 on the monitored pool 445. The pool manager 466 may send back a pool update response which includes the identifiers of the state machine pairs identified for removal. The request identifier of the pool update response may be set to “Destroy Complete” to confirm that the removal update has been synchronized at the peer intermediary 200b (as reflected in the monitored pool 445). In some embodiments, responsive to receiving the pool update response, the pool manager 466 of the intermediary 200a may flush the To-Be-Destroyed List 473.
Expiration of SSL Sessions
In some embodiments, the SSL handshake between the SSL state machines are completed before a SSL session key is allocated to TCP connections. In some embodiments, the same SSL session key is reused for multiple TCP connections. To implement a renegotiation for SSL session keys, peer intermediaries 200 may exchange lifetime parameters for the SSL session key. This exchange may occur during the establishment of the signaling tunnel 450. The lifetime parameter of each of the peer intermediary may differ in value. In one embodiment, the minimum of the two lifetime parameter values may be computed and used for determining the SSL session lifetime. In other embodiments, the maximum, average, or other function of the lifetime parameter values may be used. Each SSL state machine pair may be tagged with an expiry time based on the computed value. Each SSL state machine pair may periodically check for expiration of the SSL session key.
An intermediary 200s may move expired state machines (i.e., SSL sessions) from the Free List 471 or Allocated List 472 to the To-Be-Destroyed List 473 and send a pool update message to a peer intermediary 200b. Responsive to the pool update message, the peer intermediary 200b may delete the corresponding SSL state machines from the Free List on the peer intermediary's monitored pool 444 and send a confirmation response. Responsive to the confirmation response, the intermediary 200a may flush or empty its To-Be-Destroyed list 473.
In some embodiments, if the intermediary 200a discovers expired SSL state machines on its Allocated List 472, the pool manager 466 of the intermediary 200a may wait until an existing SSL session or connection is closed so that these state machines are returned to the Free List 471. To avoid re-allocating a recently expired state machine, the system may check if the SSL state machine has expired before allocating it to an SSL session.
Referring now to FIG. 4D, a flow diagram depicts embodiments of steps taken in a method 480 for using a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session from a pool of SSL sessions shared between intermediaries 200. The method includes receiving, by a first intermediary, a peer list 468 including a second intermediary (401). The first intermediary 200a is in communication with one or more clients and the second intermediary 200b is in communication with one or more servers. The first intermediary establishes a signaling tunnel with the second intermediary (403). A pool manager of the second intermediary maintains information on one or more SSL sessions of a pool established by a second intermediary with a server (405). The first intermediary receives information on one or more SSL sessions of a pool established by the second intermediary with a server (407). The first intermediary receives a request from a client to establish an SSL session with the server (409). The client is from the one or more clients in communication with the first intermediary. The first intermediary identifies an SSL session from the pool of SSL sessions (411). The first intermediary establishes the SSL session with the client responsive to the request (413).
Referring now to FIG. 4D, and in greater detail, the method includes receiving, by a first intermediary, a peer list 468 including a second intermediary (401). The first intermediary 200a is in communication with one or more clients 102 and the second intermediary 200b is in communication with one or more servers 106. The first intermediary 200a may receive the peer list 468 from one or more of: an administrator of the system 400, a second intermediary 200b, a third intermediary 200c, the client 102, a server 106, a storage device or other network component. In some embodiments, the administrator may configure the peer list 468 into the first intermediary 200a. In some embodiments, the first intermediary 200a requests for a peer list 468 responsive to an event, such as receipt of a request 405. In other embodiments, the first intermediary 200a creates a peer list 468 responsive to an event, such as receipt of a request 405 (e.g., a SYN message). In some of these embodiments, the first intermediary 200a creates the peer list 468 based on information included in the request 405. In still another embodiment, the intermediary 200a receives the peer list 468 in the request 405.
In some embodiments, the first intermediary 200a may identify the second intermediary 200b based on the peer list 468. The first intermediary 200a may identify the second intermediary 200b as a peer intermediary 200b, for example, a trusted intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a may identify the second intermediary 200b from a plurality of intermediaries 200, for example identified by the peer list 468. The first intermediary 200a may identify the second intermediary 200b based on a request 405 from the client 102, for example, identified by a signaling IP address in the request 405. For example and in one embodiments, the first intermediary 200a may identify the second intermediary 200b based on the second intermediary's association with a server 106 identified in the response 405. The first intermediary 200a may determine if a signaling tunnel 450 to the second intermediary 200b exists. If no signaling tunnel 450 exists, the first intermediary 200a may send a response (e.g., a SYN-ACK) to a SYN request 405, without SSL options attached, to the client 102. In some embodiments, this initiates a connection with the second intermediary 200b without SSL acceleration.
In some embodiments, the first intermediary establishes a signaling tunnel 450 with the second intermediary (403). The first intermediary 200a may establish the signaling tunnel 450 in response to one or both of: the peer list 468 and the request 405. In some embodiments, the signaling tunnel 450 is established prior to receiving a request 405 from the client 102. A pool manager 466 or other component of the first and/or second intermediaries 200 may establish the signaling tunnel 450 on behalf of, or based on the direction of the first and/or second intermediaries 200. The first intermediary 200a may establish the signaling tunnel 450 as a secure connection with the second intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a may establish the signaling tunnel 450 for exchanging control messages with the second intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a may establish the signaling tunnel 450 to setup an SSL session connection with the second intermediary 200b. 
The first intermediary 200a may initiate authentication of the second intermediary 200a. The first intermediary 200a may negotiate a cipher or encryption method with the second intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a and the second intermediary 200b may select from a pool of ciphers or encryption keys configured in one or both of the intermediaries 200. One or both intermediaries 200 may encrypt some or all data exchanged between the intermediaries 200 using the cipher negotiated over the signaling tunnel 450.
The first intermediary 200a may establish one or more SSL sessions with one or more clients 102, for example, responsive to the establishment of the signaling tunnel 450 and/or the peer list 468. The second intermediary 200b may establish one or more SSL sessions with one or more servers 106, for example, responsive to the establishment of the signaling tunnel 450 and/or the peer list 468. In one embodiment, the second intermediary 200b establishes one or more SSL sessions with each of a plurality of servers 106 for one or more pools of SSL sessions. The first intermediary 200a may establish one or more SSL sessions with each of a plurality of clients 102 for one or more pools of SSL sessions 477. Responsive to establishment of the signaling tunnel 450, one or both of the first intermediary 200a and the second intermediary 200b may create one or more SSL state machines. A pool manager 466 of the first intermediary 200a may associate a first (or client-side) pool of SSL state machines with the one or more SSL sessions established between the client 102 and the first intermediary 200a. A pool manager 466 of the second intermediary 200b may associate a second (or server-side) pool of SSL state machines with the one or more SSL sessions established between the server 106 and the second intermediary 200b. 
In some embodiments, a pool manager of the second intermediary 200b, maintains information on one or more SSL sessions of a pool 477 established by a second intermediary 200b with a server (405). A pool manager 466 of the first intermediary 200a may maintain information on one or more SSL sessions of a pool 477a established by the first intermediary 200a with the client 102. One or more pool managers 466 may maintain information on the first and/or second pool of state machines 477. One or more pool managers 466 may maintain information on a pool of ciphers or encryption keys configured on one or both intermediaries 200. In addition, the one or more pool manager 466 may maintain any of these information on one or more storage devices described above in connection with FIG. 4A.
The pool manager 466 may maintain statistics of current and past SSL sessions between the intermediaries, including usage statistics of each SSL session. The pool manager 466 may maintain pool thresholds, pool size counters, rate of change of pool size, and growth quantum of each SSL session pool 477. The pool manager 466 may maintain, update and keep track of the owned pool 443 and/or monitored pool 445 of each intermediary 200. The pool manager 466 may maintain, update and keep track of the Free Pool 471, Allocated pool 472, and To-Be-Destroyed Pool 473 of an intermediary 200. The pool manager 466 may maintain and keep track of the state machine pair identifiers of SSL sessions, whether active or expired.
In further details of FIG. 4D, the first intermediary 200a receives, via the signaling tunnel 450, the information 444 on the one or more SSL sessions from the pool manager 466 (407). A pool manager 466a of the first intermediary 200a may receive the information 444 from a pool manager 466b of the second intermediary 200b. The first intermediary 200a may query from the second intermediary 200b information on the one or more SSL sessions of the pool 477. The second intermediary 200b may forward to the first intermediary 200a information on the one or more SSL sessions of the pool 477. The first intermediary 200a may communicate with a storage device (e.g., maintained by the second intermediary 200b) to access the information on the one or more SSL sessions 477.
The first intermediary 200a may receive session specific data for the one or more SSL sessions of the pool 477. For example and in one embodiment, one of a plurality of SSL sessions and/or state machines on the server side may be identified by the pool manager 466 with which session specific data is gathered and/or transmitted. The one of the plurality of SSL sessions and/or state machines may be identified randomly or based on historical records and/or the request 450 from the client 102.
In some embodiments, the information 444 received may include any of the information 444 described above in connection with FIG. 4A-4C. The information 444 may be transmitted and/or exchanged prior to receipt of a request 450 from the client 102. In some embodiments, the information 444 may be transmitted and/or exchanged responsive to the peer list. The information 444 may also be transmitted and/or exchanged responsive to establishment of the signaling tunnel 450. The second intermediary 200b may encrypt some or all of the information 444 prior to transmission to the first intermediary 200a. The second intermediary 200b may encrypt some or all of the information 444 using a cipher or encryption key negotiated with the intermediary 200a. The first intermediary 200a receiving the information 444 may decrypt the information 444, e.g., using the cipher or encryption key negotiated with the intermediary 200a. 
The second intermediary 200b may further compress or other process the information 444 before transmission to the first intermediary 200a. The second intermediary 200b may send the information 444 over one or more messages via the signaling tunnel 450. The second intermediary 200b may send the information 444 including an SSL state machine pair identifier. The second intermediary 200b may send the information 444 in response to a SSL pool update message from the first intermediary 200a. The second intermediary 200b may send the information 444 in a SSL pool update response to an SSL pool update message.
In some embodiments, the first intermediary receives a request from a client to establish an SSL session with the server (409). The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 to establish a SSL session with the server 106. The first intermediary 200a may intercept the request as a request 405 from the client 102 directed to the server 106. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 responsive to establishment of a SSL session between the client 102 and the first intermediary 200a. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 to establish a second SSL session with a second server 106b. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 after the signaling tunnel 450 has been established. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 after some information 444 have been transmitted to the first intermediary 200a. 
The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 as part of a client Hello message and/or a SYN message. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 as part of a handshaking process to initiate and/or establish a SSL session. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 with SSL related options. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 including one or more signaling IP addresses, e.g., identifying one or more server 106. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 including a request for data acceleration, compression and/or encryption. The first intermediary 200a may receive the request 405 including at least a portion of a peer list for the first intermediary 200a. 
Responsive to the request 405, the first intermediary 200a may identify the second intermediary 200b for establishment of a connection. If the second intermediary 200a is not in a peer list 468a of the first intermediary 200b, the first or second intermediaries may initiate an update of one or both of their peer lists. If a signaling tunnel 450 does not yet exist between the first and the second intermediaries, the first intermediary 200a may initiate establishment of a signaling tunnel 450 in accordance to the process steps described above in connection with step 403. This may be optionally followed by any embodiment of process steps described above in connection with steps 405 and/or 407.
Responsive to the request 405, the second intermediary 200a may send additional information to the first intermediary 200a and/or the pool manager 466. This information sent may supplement the information 444 sent earlier. This information may include SSL Proxy setup information. For example and in one embodiment, this information is exchanges as part of a SSL proxy handshake to determine the type of proxy to be established, i.e., Split or Spoofing. Furthermore, this information may include any embodiment of information 444 described above in connection with FIG. 4A. In addition, information such as SSL session key, IP address-Port tuple, Virtual Server Name, and other client and/or server side configuration details may be exchanged between the first and second intermediaries. In one embodiment, the configuration information for a spoofing proxy includes a server private key which references an SSL Key Store Table. In another embodiment, the configuration information for a split proxy includes server certificate, certificate chain and other data configured in an SSL Key Store Table.
In further details of step 411, the first intermediary 200a identifies an SSL session from the pool of SSL sessions 477. The first intermediary 200a may request for an available SSL session from the pool of one or more server-side SSL sessions. The first intermediary 200a may request for an available SSL state machine from the pool of server-side SSL state machines 477. The first intermediary 200a may request for an SSL state machine in the Free List 471 of the second intermediary's owned pool 443. In some embodiments, the pool manager 466 identifies an SSL session from the pool of SSL sessions 477. The pool manager 466 may identify an SSL session from the server-side SSL sessions. The pool manager 466 may identify a SSL state machine from the server-side SSL state machine pool. The pool manager 466 may further identify a SSL state machine from the client-side SSL state machine pool.
The pool manager 466 may identify a pair of SSL state machines from the server-side and client-side SSL state machine pools. The pool manager 466 may identify the pair of SSL state machines using an SSL state machine pair identifier. The pool manager 466, the first intermediary 200a and/or the second intermediary 200b may determine an SSL session from the server-side SSL sessions based on one or more of: the identified server 106, the identified SSL state machines from the server-side and client-side SSL state machine pools, the request 405, the information 444, and other information exchanged. The pool manager 466 or first intermediary 200a may identify to the second intermediary 200a, use of the SSL session from the pool of one or more SSL sessions. This identification may be communicated to the second intermediary 200b as part of handshaking communications for SSL session establishment.
In some embodiments, a handshaking process takes place for pairing up a client-side state machine with a server-side state machine for SSL session establishment. The second intermediary 200a may select a SSL state machine from the Free List 471 of the second intermediary's owned pool 443. The second intermediary 200a may compute a hash message authentication code (HMAC) of the selected state machine's identifier using a HMAC key negotiated during establishment of the signaling tunnel 450. The second intermediary 200a may append the HMAC and the identifier to a message (e.g., attached as a TCP option in a SYN-ACK message) to the first intermediary 200a. The message may be transmitted along with other SSL related options and information described above.
The first intermediary 200a may receive the message with the identifier. The first intermediary 200a may compute a HMAC of the identifier using the pre-negotiated HMAC key. The first intermediary 200a may verify the HMAC against that received in the message. If the HMAC validates against that received in the message, the first intermediary 200a may update the first intermediary's monitored pool 445 in accordance with the selected the SSL state machine. In some embodiments, if the HMAC does not match that in the message, the first intermediary 200a may not forward the message to the client 102. The server may eventually time out and resend another message with the same or another identifier. This process may be repeated until a valid HMAC is received, or until the connection is reset by the server 106. The pool manager 466 may determine a state machine pair identifier from the validated identifier. The pool manager 466 may identify the client-side state machine based on the state machine pair identifier.
In some embodiments, the first intermediary establishes the SSL session with the client responsive to the request (413). The pool manager 466 may establish an SSL session with the second intermediary 200b on behalf of the first intermediary 200a via the identified pair of SSL state machines. An SSL session may be established responsive to the validated pair of state machines. The pool manager 466 may move the identified pair of SSL state machines into the respective Allocated Lists 472 of the intermediaries' owned pools 443. The second intermediary 200b may configure the SSL session between the intermediaries to have the same SSL session identifier of the identified SSL session with the server 106. The second intermediary 200b may configure the SSL session between the intermediaries to have the same SSL session key of the identified SSL session with the server 106. The first intermediary 200a may configure the client-side SSL session to have the same SSL session identifier of the identified SSL session with the server 106. The first intermediary 200a may configure the client-side SSL session to have the same SSL session key of the identified SSL session with the server 106. The first and/or second intermediaries 200 may connect the client 102 and server 106 via a single SSL session established via the client-side, server-side and intermediary SSL connection segments.
The first and second intermediaries may determine whether to accelerate data transfer across the intermediaries 200. The first and second intermediaries may determine whether to accelerate data transfer based on information exchanged between the first and second intermediaries 200. In some embodiments, the pool manager 466 pairs up the client-side and server-side state machines if one or both of the intermediaries 200 are able to support data acceleration. In other embodiments, the pool manager 466 pairs up the client-side and server-side state machines for SSL session establishment regardless of whether one or both intermediaries 200 are able to support data acceleration.
E. Split Proxying of SSL Via Intermediaries
Split proxying of SSL communications may be implemented across a plurality of intermediaries deployed between two endpoints (e.g., a client and a server). The client 102, server 106 and intermediaries 200 may be connected via one or more networks 104, some embodiments of which are depicted in FIGS. 1A-1C and 4A. An intermediary 200b (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “server-side intermediary”) may establish a secure connection (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “server-side” connection), such as a SSL connection, with the server 106. Another intermediary 200a (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “client-side intermediary”) may establish a secure connection (hereafter sometimes referred to as a “client-side” connection), such as a SSL connection, with the client 102. The two intermediaries 200a, 200b may bridge the client-side and server-side connections with another secure connection between the intermediaries 200.
The three connections may be secured using one or more encryption keys. When transmitting data from the server 106 to the client 102, for example, rather than passing encryption key information across one or more intermediaries, the systems and methods disclosed herein may instead assign a key to each secure connection and isolate usage of each key within the assigned secure connection. Accordingly, data sent via each secured connection is encrypted using the corresponding encryption key and decrypted with the same encryption key at the receiving end of the secured connection (e.g., data sent from the server 106 and received by the server-side intermediary 200b). Before retransmission via another secured connection, the received data can be encrypted with another encryption key and correspondingly decrypted at the receiving end (e.g., data sent from the server-side intermediary 200b and received at the client-side intermediary 200a).
In some embodiments, an encryption key may be assigned to two or more of the secured connections. By way of illustration and in one embodiment, the client-side connection and the connection between the two intermediaries may share the same encryption key, while the server-side connection may be assigned another encryption key. Thus, each key may be used and isolated within a corresponding section of the network path. Thus, a plurality of secure connections and key assignments may be configured between two network end-points (e.g., clients and/or servers) via proxies (i.e., intermediaries) using the methods and systems described herein. Accordingly, an encryption key (e.g., server-side private network key) for securing data transfers can be secured and isolated without undue exposure across proxies along the data transmission network path.
Referring now to FIG. 5A, one embodiment of a system for split proxying SSL communications across intermediaries is shown. In brief summary, the system shows a client-side (e.g., first) intermediary 200a and a server-side (e.g., second) intermediary 200b processing a connection request between a client 102 and a server 106. These intermediaries 200 can incorporate features from any embodiment of the appliances 200 described above in connection with FIGS. 1A-C, 2A, 3 and 4A.
Although a client and a server is depicted as the network end-points, this embodiment is merely an example and not intended to be limiting. For example, any network node or intermediary can referenced as an endpoint. In addition, the client-side intermediary 200a and server-side intermediary 200b are merely referenced for illustration purposes, although any number of intermediaries (not limited to two intermediaries) may reside between the two network end-points, and any of these intermediaries may be identified as “client-side” or “server-side” depending on how the network end-points are defined, and/or the relative position of the intermediary 200 with respect to the “client” endpoint, the “server” endpoint and/or other intermediaries 200′. Accordingly, the methods and systems described herein may apply to any number of intermediaries and connection sessions between two network endpoints.
By way of illustration and in one embodiment, FIG. 5B shows an additional intermediary 200c residing between the server 106 and the server-side intermediary 200b. Intermediary 200a may be identified as a client-side intermediary relative to intermediary 200b. However, intermediary 200b may be identified as a client-side intermediary relative to intermediary 200c. In some embodiments, intermediaries 200b and 200c may be referenced as a single node or unit, such as a server-side intermediary 200bc, e.g., in relation to client-side intermediary 200a. Intermediaries 200b and 200c may interoperate as one unit, or otherwise present themselves as a single intermediary 200bc, in relation to the server 106 and/or the intermediary 200a. 
Referring back to FIG. 5A, the intermediaries 200a, 200b may communicate via any type or form of communication link, connection or session (hereafter sometimes generally referred to as either “connection” or “session”). Likewise, each network endpoint may communicate with an adjacent intermediary 200 via any type or form of connection. In some embodiments, these connections may comprise connections of the same or different types. For example and in one embodiment, some connections may be secured connections, e.g., using one or more types of secure key encryption. Some connections may be unsecured connections or provide limited security. Some connections may incorporate some type or form of SSL encryption, firewall and/or virtual private network protection. Some connections may apply data compression, acceleration, caching and/or any other type or form of data processing. Some connections may support one or more communication protocols, including standard, custom and/or proprietary protocols.
For connections using encryption keys, one or more of a private key, a public key and other types or forms of keys, including negotiated or generated keys, may be used in various embodiments. A pair of communicating network nodes (e.g., client, server and/or intermediaries) that are endpoints to a connection may use a cipher for data encryption/decryption between the network nodes using the encryption key(s). One or more ciphers and encryption keys, e.g., from a pool of ciphers and/or encryption keys, may be negotiated and/or configured for each connection. The encryption key(s) and cipher(s) may incorporate features of embodiments of encryption keys and ciphers described above in connection with FIGS. 4A-4D. The ciphers and/or encryption keys may support one or more types or forms of encryption standards, algorithms and/or protocols, such as Data Encryption Standard (DES), Rivest, Shamir and Adelman (RSA) algorithm, Diffie-Hellman (D-H) Key Exchange protocol and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
In addition to encryption, key-related cryptography can be used to implement digital signature schemes. Digital signatures can be associated with transmitted data for verification purposes. An encryption key (sometimes also referred to as a secret key), may be used in an algorithm for signing, i.e., processing the transmitted data. Another algorithm may use the key to check the validity of the signature and the transmitted data at the receiving end. Encryption, decryption, signing and verification using encryption keys may generally be referred to as cryptography operations or crypto ops.
By way of illustration, FIG. 5C depicts one embodiment of a SSL handshaking process between two devices (e.g., a client and a server) using encryption keys. In this embodiment, the SSL handshake includes negotiating or generating an encryption or secret key to establish a secure connection or session. As shown in FIG. 5C, the handshake process includes a plurality of steps, including various exchanges between the devices. Such exchanges may include crypto ops and/or exchange of crypto information such as public key information between the devices. In some embodiments, a client and/or server certificate may be encrypted, such as using a private key and validated using a corresponding public key. For example and in one embodiment, a certificate authority (CA) may issue a client certificate for the client prior to or during the handshake for validating the connection request or process. The client certificate may be encrypted using the client's private key and validated at the server using the client's public key. Certificate validation at the server-side may include verification of a digital signature of the client in the client certificate. In some embodiments, the encrypted client certificate may be decrypted at the server 106 using the client's public key. Upon validation of the respective certificates, a secret key may be negotiated, calculated or otherwise determined for an SSL session. This secret key may be used to encrypt data transfer between the devices in the established SSL session. Other schemes, not limited to SSL, may incorporate some and/or similar features to secure a connection or session.
In some embodiments, the same cipher and/or encryption keys may be negotiated and/or configured for sharing across one or more connections. The use of different sets of ciphers and/or encryption keys may improve security across the one or more connections in comparison with sharing a single set of cipher and/or encryption keys. Additional levels of security for end-to-end communications can be made available with the use of distinct sets of ciphers and/or encryption keys assigned to the different connections of the communication path. Usage of a cipher and/or set of encryption keys isolated within a particular connection can limit exposure of crypto information in maintaining integrity of the overall end-to-end communications against hacking, for example. In some embodiments, the encryption or secret key(s) for a connection or session may be generally referred to as a session key.
Referring again to FIG. 5A, an intermediary 200 may be configured as a proxy for another device. For example, the client side intermediary 200a may be configured as a proxy for the client 102 in communicating with or requesting communications with the server 106. A proxy may act on behalf of the corresponding device, such as directing traffic (e.g., making routing decisions for packets destined for the server 106), making certain responses (e.g., responding to a server's ICMP request), and providing certain functionality (e.g., SSL encryption, firewall and acceleration services). A proxy has transceivers and/or I/O interfaces 130 for sending and receiving all forms or types of messages, packets, control signals and data. Other embodiments of features of a proxy are described above in connection with FIGS. 1B-1C, 2A, 3 and 4A.
When establishing a communications channel across one or more networks between a client 102 and a server 106, the intermediaries 200 or proxies may interact with each other and/or with the endpoints through any type or form of handshaking processes, for example, transmission control protocol (TCP) handshake, SSL Proxy handshake and SSL session handshake processes. These processes will be described in more detail in connection with FIGS. 5E-5G. During and after the handshake processes to establish the communication channel, any number of cryto ops 567 involving encryption keys may be initiated in association with one or more connections forming the channel.
Each of the communicating devices, such as the intermediaries 200, the client 102 and the server 106, may include a private key store 556. By way of illustration and not intended to be limiting, a private key store 556 may reside in an intermediary 200 or any other network device. In some embodiments, such as depicted in FIG. 5D, a private key store 556 is a secure container for private keys configured on an intermediary 200. The key store 556 may be a standalone process (“server process”). A filter process 545 (sometimes referred to as an Orbital server process) uses operating system (OS) sockets 533 to communicate with the server process. One or more user interface (UI)/management processes 578 may use extensible markup language remote procedure calls (XML RPC) on top of OS sockets to communicate with the server process 556.
In some embodiments, the private key store 556 is implemented as a separate process from the filter process 545, although they may be part of the same process in other embodiments. The private key store 556 may open a socket 533, such as an ordinary socket, and can listen on a local port for incoming connections from the filter process 545. The key store process 556 may provide one or more of the following interfaces:

    
    
        1. Crypto Interface. This interface may support one or more of the following services or crypto op types:
        
            a. Decrypt
            b. Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA) Sign
            c. Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) Sign
            In some embodiments, these crypto types are known as tree crypto op types.
        
        
        2. Filter Interface. In some embodiments, the Filter Interface may be referred to as a Domain Interface. This interface may be used by the filter process 545 to communicate with the private key store 556.
        3. Extensible markup language remote procedure call (XML RPC) Interface 532. This interface may create an XML RPC listener on a port (which may be different from the XML RPC listener port for the filter process 545). A user interface 578 (UI) may communicate with the private key store 556 using this port independently, for example, without having to go through the filter process 545.
    
    


The private key store may be any type or form of process executing or operating on hardware of the intermediary 200. In some embodiments, the private key store is a multi-threaded process. A thread pool may be created at initialization time for the intermediary 200 and/or the private key store 556. A free thread from the pool may be assigned to a SSL connection that triggers or requires a crypto op 567. The UI 578 may provide a mechanism to add private keys in any format (e.g., in privacy enhanced mail (PEM) format) to the key store.
Each key in the key store can have any type or form of name or identifier. In one embodiment, a key name or identifier may be any arbitrary ASCII strings and/or 1 to 32 bytes long. A key can be of any type or form. In one embodiment, a key is of either RSA or DSA type. In some embodiments, an implementation using Open SSL provides support for RSA and DSA key types. In embodiments limited to supporting RSA and DSA key types, a single key name can reference up to 2 different keys (i.e., a RSA key and a DSA key). A pairing of key name and key type, together, can be used to uniquely identify a private key. In various embodiments, each key in the key store process remain in the key store process. A key in the key store process may not leave the key store process, e.g., for security. The key store process may perform a crypto op on behalf of another process or network component. For example and in one embodiment, instead of obtaining a key from the key store process, an intermediary or other entity may request a key store process managing the key to perform a cryto op on behalf of the intermediary or other entity.
One or more keys may be stored in a file 577 on disk. Each key may be encrypted using any type or form of encryption methods. In some embodiments, a key may be encrypted using Advanced encryption standard (AES) of any key size, e.g., 256 bits. The UI/management 578 may specify an encryption password for opening the key store 556, for example, to load one or more keys from the file into memory or to update the file 577, such as adding or removing keys. These keys may be applied in one or more crypto ops, such as for establishing a SSL connection or tunnel. For example, referring back to FIGS. 5A-5B and in some embodiments, the client-side intermediary 200a may send a message including data and a request for the server-side intermediary 200b to decrypt or sign the data (i.e., an indication of the crypto op type). In response to the message, the server-side intermediary 200b may use a key from its private key store 556 to generate and return a response to the request. The response may include a status of the crypto op as requested, and/or the data as signed or decrypted. One or both of the intermediaries 200a, 200b may include a hardware security module (HSM) for processing the various crypto ops. A HSM 520a at a requesting end may perform one or more of: (i) identify a cryto op type for a given data or set of data, (ii) generate a request for the crypto op, (iii) send the request to the destination, (iv) monitor for responses to the request, (v) receive and identify a status of the requested cryto op, and (vi) verify the digital signature of signed data. A HSM 520b at a receiving end may perform one or more of: (i) receiving a crypto op request, (ii) identifying the crypto op type and data from the request, (iii) loading an appropriate key from the key store to perform the requested crypto op, (iv) generate a response including a status of the crypto op and/or the signed or decrypted data. A HSM may also encrypt data using a negotiated key and/or a private key from the key store 556.
A HSM 520 may be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. A HSM 520 may be built and configured for providing any type or form of crypto operations, as well as managing digital keys (e.g., storing and/or backing up keys securely), accelerating crypto processes and providing protection for keys (e.g., authentication for accessing keys). In some embodiments, a HSM is a physical device (e.g., a plug-in card or an external TCP/IP security device) that can be attached directly to an appliance 200 (e.g., intermediary), a server 106 or computing device 102. A HSM 520 may be designed, built and/or configured for providing physical security of one or more keys. The HSM 520 may provide logical and/or physical protection of keys and/or other sensitive data. The HSM 520 may provide security (e.g., strong authentication) for accessing cryptographic keys. In some embodiments, a HSM 520 is used to secure, store and/or manage one or more high-value keys. In certain embodiments, a HSM 520 may be preferred over some other systems (e.g., a software solution) for securing, storing and/or managing one or more keys.
The HSM 520 may include any module, script, program, agent, component or set of executable instructions executing on hardware portions of the HSM 520 and/or a host intermediary 200. The HSM 520 may have components operating at one or more layers of the network stack, such as the transport layer. In some embodiments, the HSM 520 may include one or more ciphers or incorporate features of ciphers. In some of these embodiments, the HMS 520 may identify ciphers (e.g., from a pool of ciphers) to use and/or execute cipher algorithms. In other embodiments, a HSM 520 may be a hardware alternative or complement to ciphers and/or other types of cryptographic programs. A HSM 520 may be used to accelerate data transfer (e.g., encrypted data) between two network nodes.
As described in connection with FIG. 4A, one or more secure connections (e.g., SSL connections), may be established between the endpoints in any order and triggered by any type of event. In some embodiments, a server-side and/or client-side secure connection may be established prior to establishment of a secure connection between the client-side intermediary 200a and the server-side intermediary 200b. In other embodiments, a secure connection (e.g., SSL connection), between the client-side intermediary 200a and the server-side intermediary 200b is established prior to establishment of the server-side and/or client-side secure connection(s). One or more of these secure connections may be established using any of the methods and systems described in connection with FIGS. 4A-4D. In some embodiments where one or more intermediaries 200 provide secure proxy channels via SSL, the proxy type may be implemented as split proxy or spoofing proxy. The proxy type may be determined and/or negotiated during a SSL Proxy handshake. The proxy type may be determined and/or negotiated from configuration information 566 available in one or both of the client-side and server-side intermediaries 200. The configuration information may include any portion and/or variant of the information 444 described above in connection with FIG. 4A.
In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b includes a proxy configuration table having a list of configuration names. Each entry in the proxy configuration table may include one or more of a configuration name (e.g., identifying a Primary Key (PK)), an IP address-Port tuple, a virtual server name (which may be used when a server name indication is sent by a client in a Client Hello Message), a proxy type (e.g., split, spoofing or mixed) and other client-side and server-side configuration details (e.g., including one or more of a private key name referenced from a Private Key Store Table, server certificates, Certificate Authority (CA) information, a Certificate Chain (RSA/DSA Formats), SSL Protocol Version, and a Cipher List) which may be based on the proxy type. For spoofing proxy, configuration information 566 which references an SSL key store table may be transmitted to the client-side intermediary 200a. For split proxy, configuration information 566 including server certificate, certificate chain and other data configured in the proxy configuration table may be transmitted to the client-side intermediary 200a. The configuration information 566 may also include Open SSL options, x509 certificates and certificate verification options. Other configuration information 566 or parameters that can be used for configuring SSL proxies include:

    
    
        a. SSL Service Class. In one embodiment, this parameter is a single bit used to enable/disable SSL acceleration),
        b. Trusted CAs. In one embodiment, this is a list of trusted certification authorities.
        c. Private Key Store Table. In one embodiment, this is a list of all the private keys of the intermediaries, clients and/or servers. In various embodiments, private keys are stored and/or secured in the key store process.
        d. SSL Service Class Table. In one embodiment, this includes IP Address—Port tuple information. Further, the table entries of the SSL service class table may include or reference a list of proxy configuration names that references the Proxy Configuration Table and other information. In some embodiments, the SSL Service Class table has a one-to-many relationship with the SSL Proxy Configuration table. Due to this, a single IP Address—Port tuple may have multiple configuration names configured, for example, Spoofing Only Configuration and Mixed Configuration. Matching operations performed by the server-side intermediary against these configurations can determine the proxy type.
    
    


In some embodiments, the client-side and/or server-side intermediaries 200 use the configuration information 566 to initiate SSL proxy setup. In some of these embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200a is configured with, determines or otherwise provides the configuration information 566. The server-side intermediary 200a may provide the configuration information 566 to the client-side intermediary 200a for initiating client SSL proxy setup. The server-side intermediary 200a may provide the configuration information 566 via any means and in response to various events, such as via means and/or events described above in connection with FIGS. 4A-4D.
Referring now to FIG. 5D, a flow diagram depicts embodiments of steps taken in a method 400 for proxying SSL communications across intermediaries 200. The method includes initiating, by a client, a handshake process to establish communications with a server 106 via a client-side intermediary 200a and a server-side intermediary 200b (501). The server-side intermediary 200b establishes a server-side Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session with the server (503). The client-side intermediary 200a, in communication with one or more clients, establishes a client-side SSL session with a client 102 using SSL configuration information received from the server-side intermediary 200b (505). The client-side intermediary 200a and the server-side intermediary 200b communicates via a third SSL session. The server-side intermediary 200b decrypts encrypted data received from the server 106 using a session key of the client-side SSL session (507). The server-side intermediary 200b transmits to the client-side intermediary 200a via the third SSL session the data encrypted using a session key of the third SSL session (509). The client-side intermediary 200a decrypts the data encrypted via the third SSL session using the session key of the third SSL session (511). The client-side intermediary 200a transmits to the client 102 the data encrypted using a session key of the server-side SSL session (513).
Referring now to FIG. 5D, and in greater detail, the method includes initiating, by a client 102, a handshake process to establish communications with a server 106 via a client-side intermediary and a server-side intermediary (501). In some embodiments, the client 102, server 106, one of the intermediaries, or any other network node may initiate a handshake process to establish communications between the server 106 and the client 102. The handshake process may be initiated by particular events, for example, via auto-discovery of the client-server pair or the intermediaries 200 according to a peer list 468. The handshake process may be initiated via various events described above in connection with FIG. 4A-4D. In some embodiments, a transmission control protocol (TCP) handshake, or other type of communications protocol handshake, is initiated. Any type or form of security handshake, such as for setting up an encrypted signaling or data transfer connection may be initiated. In certain embodiments, SSL Proxy handshake is initiated, e.g., upon establishment of a transport layer or TCP connection.
The system may establish one or more connections across the client 102, server 106 and intermediaries 200. One or more handshake processes may establish one or more connections across the client 102, server 106 and intermediaries 200. The handshake processes may occur concurrently or sequentially in establishing some or all of the connections between the client 102, server 106 and/or intermediaries 200. The handshake processes may occur independently or in a coordinated fashion in establishing some or all of the connections between the client 102, server 106 and/or intermediaries 200. The established connections may include secure, partially-secure and/or non-secure connections. One or more of the handshake processes may be associated with establishing a particular connection between the client 102, server 106 and/or intermediaries 200. The established connections may include transport layer connections and/or connections at other protocol layers. The established connections may include encrypted connections. In some embodiments, the established connections may include one or more SSL connections. The handshake processes may also determine whether data acceleration, data caching, compression and/or other data transfer operations will be supported by one or more of the established connections.
In certain embodiments, the handshake processes includes a TCP handshake process to establish one or more TCP or transport layer connections across the client 102, server 106 and/or intermediaries 200. The TCP handshake process may establish a single or multiple TCP connections between the endpoints (e.g., client 102 and server 106). In some embodiments, a TCP handshake is initiated as follows: One of the intermediaries 200 may detect or receive an incoming SSL connection or connection request. In certain embodiments, the client 102 sends a SYN message destined for the server 106, which is received by the client-side intermediary 200a. The SYN message may represent an incoming SSL connection or connection request. The client-side intermediary 200a may determine or classify the incoming connection as a SSL connection. The client-side intermediary 200a may modify the SYN message, e.g., add one or more options to the SYN message, to indicate one or more of: the client-side intermediary's own signaling IP, SSL Support and an indication to initiate SSL acceleration. Upon modifying the SYN message, the client-side intermediary 200a may transmit the SYN message to the sever-side intermediary 200b. The server-side intermediary 200b may processes the options (e.g., stripping off the options) before sending the processed SYN message to the server.
The server 106 may respond to the processed SYN message, for example, using a SYN-ACK message. The server-side intermediary 200b may receive the SYN-ACK message. The server-side intermediary 200b may check if a signaling tunnel to the client-side intermediary 200a exists. If no signaling tunnel exists, the server-side intermediary 200b may send the SYN-ACK to the client via the client-side intermediary 200a without having SSL options attached, e.g., to indicate that SSL acceleration will not be performed when the SSL connection is established. In some embodiments, flow control acceleration is applied but not data acceleration. The server-side intermediary 200b may also attempt to establish a signaling tunnel with the client-side intermediary 200a using the signaling IP received in the SYN message. The client 102 may acknowledge the server 106 with an ACK message via the client-side intermediary 200a and server-side intermediary 200b, completing the establishment of the TCP connection.
In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b determines that a signaling tunnel is already established. The server-side intermediary 200b may append a SSL support TCP option to the SYN-ACK message destined for the client 102. The server-side intermediary 200b may also select a SSL State Machine pair from a SSL State Machine pool 477 and add the corresponding SSL State Machine pair identifier as a TCP option in the SYN-ACK message. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b appends a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) of the identifier to protect against tampering. The client 102 may acknowledge the SYN-ACK message by responding with an ACK message to the server 106 via the client-side intermediary 200a and server-side intermediary 200b, establishing the TCP connection. Using a cipher and/or key pre-negotiated over the signaling tunnel, data transferred between the two intermediaries is encrypted by the selected SSL State Machine pair.
The signaling tunnel may be established using any embodiment of the methods and systems described above in connection with FIG. 4A-4D. The intermediaries 200 may establish the signaling tunnel as any type or form of connection, secure or otherwise, such as a SSL connection. In some embodiments, the intermediaries 200 may establish a SSL connection over or in addition to the signaling tunnel. The intermediaries 200 may establish this SSL connection using any embodiment of the methods and systems described above in connection with FIG. 4A-4D. For example, a client-side intermediary and/or a server-side intermediary may identify the SSL session from a pool of pre-established SSL sessions or SSL state machines maintained by each of the client-side intermediary 200a and the server-side intermediary 200a. 
In some embodiments, a SSL proxy handshake is initiated, for example, following the TCP handshake. A SSL proxy handshake may be initiated by any of the client 102, server 106 and/or intermediaries 200 responsive to completion or initiation of the TCP handshake. A SSL proxy handshake may initiated responsive to establishment of a TCP connection between client 102, server 106 and/or intermediaries 200. The SSL handshake process may be initiated to determine the type of proxy to be established, i.e., Split or Spoofing. For example, as described above in connection with FIGS. 4A-4B, configuration information 566 for determining the type of proxy may be retrieved, negotiated, determined and/or provided by one or both intermediaries 200.
In some embodiments, as part of the SSL proxy handshake and/or determination of the configuration information 566, the client 102 sends a Client Hello message to the client-side intermediary 200a. The Client Hello message may have an optional Server Name Indication field. The client-side intermediary 200a may receive and locally buffer the Client Hello message. The client-side intermediary 200a may prepend a Proxy Hello message to the Client Hello message and send it to the server-side intermediary 200b. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may be setup or configured to receive only a Proxy Hello message. For example and in one embodiment, if the server-side intermediary 200b receives a message other than a Proxy Hello message, the server-side intermediary 200b may reset or disestablish the TCP connection established earlier. The server-side intermediary 200b may parse the Proxy Hello message. The server-side intermediary 200b may check the IP Address—Port tuple and the corresponding proxy configuration names. The server-side intermediary 200b may further look up the proxy type for each of these configurations in the SSL Proxy Configuration Table of the SSI.
If the server-side intermediary 200b determines, from the SSL Proxy Configuration Table for example, that the proxy type for all of the configurations is Spoofing Proxy, the server-side intermediary 200b may forward the Client Hello message to the server. If the server-side intermediary 200b determines, from the SSL Proxy Configuration Table for example, that the proxy type for all of the matching configurations is Spoofing Proxy, the server-side intermediary 200b may forward the Client Hello message to the server. The server-side intermediary 200b may send a Proxy Hello Message to the client. The server-side intermediary 200b may send client-side Configuration data (i.e., configuration information 566) to the client 102 for client proxy setup. If the server-side intermediary 200b determines, e.g., from the SSL Proxy Configuration Table, that the proxy type for all the configurations or matching configurations is Split Proxy, the server-side intermediary 200b may forward the Client Hello message to the server. The server-side intermediary 200b may send a Proxy Hello Message to the client 102. The server-side intermediary 200b may send client-side Configuration data (i.e., configuration information 566) to the client 102 for client proxy setup.
In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may determine that the configurations for the IP-port tuple have mixed proxy types, i.e. some are configured as Split and some as Spoofing. The server-side intermediary 200b may identify the proxy type for the communications based on the server name in the optional Server Name Indication field in the Client Hello message. The server-side intermediary 200b may proceed to parse the Client Hello message with the optional Server Name Indication field. If a Server Name Indication field was not received in the Client Hello message, the server-side intermediary 200b may select a first matching configuration in the list of configuration names referenced from the proxy configuration table. If a Server Name Indication field is included in the Client Hello message, the server-side intermediary 200b may match the server name with a virtual server name identified in the proxy configuration table. If the virtual server name matches, the server-side intermediary 200b may select the corresponding proxy configuration. If the server name in the Client Hello message does not match any of the virtual server name in the proxy configurations corresponding to the IP Address—Port tuple, then the server-side intermediary 200b may select the first configuration in the list.
If the Proxy Type for the selected SSL proxy configuration is Spoofing, the server-side intermediary 200b may forward the buffered Client Hello Message to the server. If the Proxy Type for the selected SSL proxy configuration is Split, the server-side intermediary 200b may send a new Client Hello message to the server 106. The server-side intermediary 200b may also send a Proxy Hello Message to the client 102, as well as client-side configuration data (i.e., configuration information 566), for client proxy setup.
In further details of (503), the server-side intermediary establishes a server-side SSL session with the server. The server-side intermediary may establish the server-side SSL session by initiating a SSL handshake with the server 106. In some embodiments, the SSL handshake is initiated responsive to completion of the SSL Proxy handshake. In some embodiments, the SSL handshake is initiated responsive to determining the proxy type. The SSL handshake may be initiated prior to determining the proxy type and the SSL connection established after determining the proxy type. In some embodiments, the SSL handshake may be initiated after determining the proxy type. The SSL handshake and/or establishment of the SSL session on the server-side may include server proxy setup according to the determined proxy type. In certain embodiments, server proxy setup is a separate step or process initiated by the server-side intermediary 200b with respect to the SSL handshake and/or SSL session establishment.
In some embodiments, the SSL handshake may be initiated prior to determining the proxy type. The SSL handshake and/or SSL session establishment on the server-side may be initiated and/or proceed via any embodiment of the methods and systems described above in connection with FIGS. 4A-4D and 5C. For example and in one embodiment, the client-side intermediary 200a may transmit to the server-side intermediary 200b a request from the client 102 to establish a transport layer connection with the server 106. The client-side intermediary may modify the request to indicate to the server-side intermediary 200b to perform Secure Socket Layer (SSL) establishment and/or acceleration. Responsive to receiving the modified request, the server-side intermediary 200b may initiate a SSL handshake and/or SSL session establishment on the server-side. The initiation of the SSL handshake, proxy setup and/or establishment of the SSL session may be performed by one or more components of an intermediary (e.g., packet processing engine), client (e.g., client agent), and/or server 106 (e.g., application delivery system), as described above in connection with FIGS. 1A-1C, 2A, 3, and 4A-4D.
The server-side intermediary 200b may initiate SSL proxy setup of the server 106 responsive to determining the proxy type. The server-side intermediary 200b may initiate SSL proxy setup of the server 106 independent of, or asynchronously with respect to the SSL proxy setup of the client 102. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may initiate SSL proxy setup of the server 106 in a coordinated fashion with respect to the SSL proxy setup of the client 102. The server-side intermediary 200b may initiate SSL proxy setup of the server 106 responsive to retrieving, identifying, negotiating or determining the proxy type. The server-side intermediary 200b may initiate SSL proxy setup of the server 106 responsive to an indication (e.g., according to a matching operation against configurations) from the proxy configuration table. The server-side intermediary 200b may initiate SSL proxy setup of the server 106 according to the proxy type (i.e., split or spoofing). The server-side intermediary 200b may establish a SSL session or connection on the server-side if the proxy type is identified as split proxy. The server-side intermediary 200b may establish a shared SSL session or connection with the client-side if the proxy type is identified as spoofing proxy. The server-side intermediary 200b and/or the client-side intermediary 200a may establish a single SSL session or connection between the client 102 and the server 106 if the proxy type is identified as spoofing proxy. A SSL session may include or represent one or more SSL connections.
The SSL handshake, session establishment and/or proxy setup process(es) may include exchange and/or validation of certificate and crypto (e.g., keys and ciphers) information. Various embodiments of these operations are described in connection with the illustrative processes depicted in FIGS. 5C, 5E and 5F. For example, cipher specification may be changed or updated between the server-side intermediary 200b and the server 106.
The SSL session or connection on the server-side may exist independently of any client-side sessions or connection. The server-side intermediary 200b may establish a SSL session on the server-side associated with a different set of encryption key(s) and/or cipher(s) with respect to the client-side SSL session. The server-side intermediary 200b may negotiate and/or share a set of encryption key(s) and/or cipher(s) with the server 106 for use within the server-side SSL session, for example, as described in connection with FIGS. 5A-5C. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may share the set of encryption key(s) and/or cipher(s) with another SSL session, e.g., the SSL session between the intermediaries 200a, 200b. The server-side intermediary 200b may share the set of encryption key(s) and/or cipher(s) with another SSL session responsive to a modification of the split proxy setup, e.g., via administrator intervention. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may establish a SSL session on the server-side incorporating one or more intermediaries 200. For example and in one embodiment, the server-side intermediary 200b may establish a SSL session across the server 106 and intermediaries 200c, 200b as illustrated in FIG. 5B, associated with a single set of encryption key(s) and/or cipher(s).
In further details of (505), the client-side intermediary 200a establishes a client-side SSL session with the client 102 using SSL configuration information received from the server-side intermediary. The client-side intermediary 200a may be in communication with one or more clients. The client-side intermediary 200a and the server-side intermediary 200b may communicate via another (e.g., third) SSL session. The client-side intermediary 200a may initiate a SSL handshake and/or establish a SSL session on the client-side in accordance with the embodiments of server-side methods described above in connection with (503), adapted to the client-side. In some embodiments, the client-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment may occur in parallel with the server-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment. The client-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment may occur responsive to the server-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment. The client-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment may occur before or after the server-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment. In some embodiments, the server-side SSL handshake and/or session establishment may occur earlier, e.g., because the server-side intermediary 200b is aware of the SSL configuration (e.g., proxy type) before the client-side intermediary 200a. 
The server-side intermediary 200b may send or transmit configuration information 566 to the CSI. In some embodiments, the client-side intermediary 200a have limited or no access to configuration information 566 for SSL proxy setup. The client-side intermediary 200a may require the server-side intermediary 200b to provide some or all of the configuration information 566. The client-side intermediary 200a may request the server-side intermediary 200b to provide some or all of the configuration information 566. The server-side intermediary 200b may send the configuration information 566 responsive to a SSL Client Hello message from the client via the CSI. The server-side intermediary 200b may send the configuration information 566 responsive to identifying, negotiating and/or determining the configuration information 566. The server-side intermediary 200b may send the configuration information 566 to the client-side intermediary 200a via any way and using any protocol. For example, the server-side intermediary 200b may send the configuration information 566 via the established signaling tunnel and/or the SSL session between the server-side intermediary 200b and the client-side intermediary 200a. The server-side intermediary 200b may send the configuration information 566 via one or more packets, for example, via a Proxy Hello message as described in FIG. 5F. For example and in one embodiment, the server-side intermediary 200b transmits to the client-side intermediary 200a a message identifying SSL configuration for client-side SSL proxying. In certain embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may send an identifier of the configuration (e.g., proxy type) and/or a command to the client-side intermediary 200a to locally retrieve configuration information 566.
By way of illustration, and in some embodiments, the SSL Proxy Handshake determines that a Split Proxy is to be setup. In response, the server-side intermediary 200b may transmit to the client-side intermediary 200a a request to perform split SSL proxying. The server-side intermediary 200b may send a Split Proxy Indication in a Proxy Hello Message to the client-side intermediary 200a. The server-side intermediary 200b may also transmit, in the Proxy Hello Message, the SSL configuration information 556 corresponding to server, for configuring the client-side intermediary 200a to act as a split proxy. In some embodiments, the intermediaries 200a, 200b may exchange proxy instance identifiers in the Proxy Hello Message. These proxy instance identifiers may be unique to the intermediaries 200a, 200b, and can be used for communications over the signaling tunnel to identify a SSL connection (e.g., the client-side SSL session) to which a signaling message (e.g., Proxy Hello Message) applies.
In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may send a new Client Hello Message to the server 106. The client-side intermediary 200a may send a Server Hello, a Server Certificate and/or a Server Hello Done Message to the client 102 using the configuration data 566 received from the server-side intermediary 200b. In some embodiments, responsive to the Server Hello, Server Certificate and/or Server Hello Done Message to the client 102, SSL handshake between the client 102 and client-side intermediary 200a may proceed. In some embodiments, responsive to the Server Hello, Server Certificate and/or Server Hello Done Message to the client, SSL handshake between the server-side intermediary 200b and the server 106 may proceed. In various embodiments, the SSL handshake between the client 102 and client-side intermediary 200a, and between server-side intermediary 200b and the server, may proceed sequentially or in parallel. The SSL handshake between the client and client-side intermediary 200a, and between server-side intermediary 200b and the server 106, may proceed asynchronously or according to certain predefined events and/or conditions.
In some embodiments, the client-side intermediary 200a may transmit to the server-side intermediary 200b a request for a crypto op. For example, such a request is depicted in FIG. 5F. The client-side intermediary 200a may transmit the request encrypted using a shared encryption key, e.g., negotiated between the server-side intermediary 200b and the client-side intermediary 200a. The shared key may be assigned to the SSL state machine pair handling communications between these intermediaries 200a, 200b. The client-side intermediary 200a may transmit the request via the signaling tunnel and/or the SSL session between the server-side intermediary 200b and the CSI. The cryto op may be of any type, for example as described above in connection with FIGS. 5A-5C. The server-side intermediary 200b may receive and identify the crypto op requested. The server-side intermediary 200b may perform the requested crypto op (e.g., RSA sign) on behalf of the client-side intermediary 200a. The server-side intermediary 200b may communicate to client-side intermediary 200a a response to the request.
In some embodiments, some or all crypto services are available only on server-side intermediary 200b. The client-side intermediary 200a may transmit to the server-side intermediary 200b a request for a crypto op because crypto services are only available on the server-side intermediary 200b. The client-side intermediary 200a may send a request for any crypto operation such as computing the master secret. If the third SSL session is a newly established SSL session, the client-side intermediary 200a may send a crypto op request to the server-side intermediary 200b as described above. The server-side intermediary 200b may respond with a Crypto Result Message. If the third SSL session is established via session reuse, the client-side intermediary 200a may send an empty crypto op request message to the server-side intermediary 200b to indicate that the handshake process (e.g., for establishing the third SSL session and/or negotiating a master secret or encryption key) is complete. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b will not send a Crypto Result Message in response to the empty request.
In further details of (507), the server-side intermediary decrypts encrypted data received from the server using a session key of the client-side SSL session. The server-side intermediary 200b and/or the server 106 may perform any type of crypto op associated with the session key of the client-side SSL session. In embodiments using the split proxy setup, this session key is independent of (i.e., not shared with) the server-side SSL session. The server 106 may encrypt or sign data for transmission directed to the server-side intermediary 200b using the session key of the server-side SSL session. The server-side intermediary 200b may receive the encrypted data and use the session key of the server-side SSL session to decrypt or validate the data. For data directed to the server, the server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt or sign data for transmission directed to the server 106 using the session key of the server-side SSL session. The server 106 may receive the encrypted data and use the session key of the server-side SSL session to decrypt or validate the data.
In embodiments using the spoofing proxy setup, a single SSL session may be established across the client and server and a session key shared for both client-side and server-side communications. The server 106 may encrypt or sign data for transmission directed to the server-side intermediary 200b using the session key of the SSL session. The server-side intermediary 200b may receive the encrypted data and use the session key of the SSL session to decrypt or validate the data. For data directed to the server 106, the server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt or sign data for transmission directed to the server 106 using the session key of the SSL session. The server 106 may receive the encrypted data and use the session key of the SSL session to decrypt or validate the data.
In some embodiments, one or more operations may be negotiated between the intermediaries 200a, 200b, e.g., data acceleration, data caching and/or data compression. The one or more operations may be negotiated during TCP handshake, or after establishment of the TCP and/or SSL connections. These operations may be applied to the data packets in addition to the crypto op. For example and in one embodiment, the server-side intermediary 200b may compress the received data after decryption. The server-side intermediary 200b may compress the received data using a compression history stored on the SSI. In some embodiments, the server-side intermediary 200b may use a compression history to implement data caching transfers. For example, instead of sending the data as compressed, if the compression history includes the same data cached at both the server-side intermediary 200b and the client-side intermediary 200a, the server-side intermediary 200b may transmit an identifier of this data for local retrieval at the client-side intermediary 200a. In certain embodiments, compression histories may record how previously encountered data was compressed (e.g., compression techniques) which can be applied to repeat encounters of the same data.
In further details of (509), the server-side intermediary transmits to the client-side intermediary via the third SSL session the data encrypted using a session key of the third SSL session. The third SSL session is identified as the SSL session established between the intermediaries 200a, 200b, and no temporal relationship is intended with respect to the client-side and server-side SSL sessions. The server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt the data after and/or responsive to the decryption and/or compression operations described above in connection with (507). The server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt the data prior to transmission to the client-side intermediary 200a. The server-side intermediary 200b may compress the encrypted data prior to transmission to the client-side intermediary 200a. The server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt the data using the session key of the third SSL session. The server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt the data using an encryption key negotiated between the intermediaries 200a, 200b. The server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt the data using an encryption key assigned to the SSL state machine pair handling communications between the intermediaries 200a, 200b. In embodiments using the spoofing proxy setup, the encryption key may be different from the session key of the SSL session established across the client 102 and server 106.
In further details of (511), the client-side intermediary decrypts the data encrypted via the third SSL session using the session key of the third SSL session. The client-side intermediary may decrypt the data using the encryption key negotiated between the intermediaries 200a, 200b. The client-side intermediary 200a may decrypt the data using encryption key assigned to the SSL state machine pair handling communications between the intermediaries 200a, 200b. In addition to encryption/decryption, the intermediaries 200a, 200b may perform other crypto ops (e.g., sign and/or validate a signature), for example via their HSM 520 and/or ciphers, on data exchanged between the intermediaries 200a, 200b, using the specified session or encryption key. In some embodiments, other operations, e.g., data acceleration, data caching and/or data compression operations, may be performed. For example and in one embodiment, the client-side intermediary 200a may decompress the received data using the compression history stored on the CSI.
In some embodiments, where data caching is used, the server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt a message containing an identifier of the data. The server-side intermediary 200b may encrypt the message using the session or encryption key of the third SSL session. Responsive to receiving the encrypted message, the client-side intermediary 200a may decrypt the message using the session or encryption key of the third SSL session. The client-side intermediary 200a may retrieve the data from a local cache using the identifier conveyed by the message. In some embodiments, data acceleration between the intermediaries 200a, 200b may be implemented (e.g., via a network optimization engine 250) using the compression and/or data caching techniques described above.
In further details of (513), the client-side intermediary transmits to the client the data encrypted using a session key of the server-side SSL session. The client-side intermediary 200a may encrypt and transmit the data within the server-side SSL session, incorporating embodiments of the methods described in connection with (509) adapted to the server-side SSL session. For example, the client-side intermediary 200a may encrypt the data received from the server-side intermediary 200b using the session key of the client-side SSL session after decryption using the session/encryption key of the third SSL session. The client-side intermediary 200a may encrypt the data prior to transmission to the client 102. In embodiments using the spoofing proxy setup, the client-side intermediary 200a may encrypt the data using the session key of the SSL session established across the client 102 and server 106.
Although (507)-(513) generally describes data transmission from the server 106 to the client 102, the same methods and techniques may be applied to data transmission from the client to the server, for example, as illustrated in FIG. 5F. Furthermore, the specific operations described in (507)-(513) are illustrative of the use of distinct session or encryption keys within each secure connection along a communication path and therefore other types of crypto ops may apply in certain embodiments. Also, as discussed earlier, the methods and systems described herein may be applied to any number of intermediaries, intermediate sessions or connections, as well as any setup comprising a combination of split and spoofing proxy.
It should be understood that the systems described above may provide multiple ones of any or each of those components and these components may be provided on either a standalone machine or, in some embodiments, on multiple machines in a distributed system. In addition, the systems and methods described above may be provided as one or more computer-readable programs or executable instructions embodied on or in one or more articles of manufacture. The article of manufacture may be a floppy disk, a hard disk, a CD-ROM, a flash memory card, a PROM, a RAM, a ROM, or a magnetic tape. In general, the computer-readable programs may be implemented in any programming language, such as LISP, PERL, C, C++, C#, PROLOG, or in any byte code language such as JAVA. The software programs or executable instructions may be stored on or in one or more articles of manufacture as object code.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method for Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across devices intermediary to a client and a server, the method comprising:
a) establishing between a first device and a second device, a first secure socket layer (SSL) session, the first device intermediary to a client and the second device and the second device intermediary to the first device and a server, the second device having a second SSL session with the server;
b) receiving, by the first device from the second device, an indication to perform a type of SSL proxying of a plurality of SSL proxying types between the first device and the second device, the plurality of SSL proxying types comprising split proxying and spoof proxying; and
c) establishing by the first device and the second device, the type of SSL proxying.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) further comprises receiving by the first device the indication to perform the type of SSL proxying comprising split proxying.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein step (c) further comprises receiving, by the first device via the first SSL session, the second SSL session key with the server from the second device.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising establishing, by the first device, a third Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session with the client using the second SSL session key.

5. The method of claim 2, further comprising transmitting, by the first device via the first SSL session, a request to the second device to perform a cryptographic operation, the second device configured to perform crypto operations for the first device.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising performing, by the second device, the cryptographic operation using a session key of a third SSL session between the first device and the client.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) further comprises receiving by the first device the indication to perform the type of SSL proxying comprising spoof proxying.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein step (c) further comprises receiving by the first device via the first SSL session SSL configuration information from the second device.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising establishing, by the first device, a third SSL session with the client based on the SSL configuration information.

10. The method of claim 7, further comprising the first device encrypting data received from the client using a key of the SSL configuration information, and transmitting the encrypted data via the third SSL session to the device and wherein the second device decrypts the encrypted data using the key from the SSL configuration information.

11. A system for Secure Socket Layer (SSL) communications across devices intermediary to a client and a server, the system comprising:
a first device and a second device, wherein first device is configured to be intermediary to a client and the second device and the second device is configured to be intermediary to the first device and a server; the second device configured to establish a second SSL session with the server;
wherein the first device is configured to receive from the second device, an indication to perform a type of SSL proxying of a plurality of SSL proxying types between the first device and the second device, the plurality of SSL proxying types comprising split proxying and spoof proxying; and
wherein the first device and the second device are configured to establish the type of SSL proxying.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the indication to perform the type of SSL proxying comprises split proxying.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first device is configured to receive via the first SSL session, the second SSL session key with the server from the second device.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the first device is configured to establish a third Secure Socket Layer (SSL) session with the client using the second SSL session key.

15. The system of claim 12, wherein first device is configured to transmit via the first SSL session a request to the second device to perform a cryptographic operation, the second device configured to perform crypto operations for the first device.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the second device is configured to perform the cryptographic operation using a session key of a third SSL session between the first device and the client.

17. The system of claim 11, wherein the indication to perform the type of SSL proxying comprises spoof proxying.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein by the first device is configured to receive via the first SSL session SSL configuration information from the second device.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the first device is configured to establish a third SSL session with the client based on the SSL configuration information.

20. The system of claim 17, wherein the first device is configured to encrypt data received from the client using a key of the SSL configuration information, and transmit the encrypted data via the third SSL session to the device and wherein the second device is configured to decrypt the encrypted data using the key from the SSL configuration information.