Importation of Fresh 

Baby Kiwi (Actinidia 

arguta), Fig (Ficus 

carica), and 

Pomegranate (Punica 

granatum) Fruits from 

Chile into the 

Continental 

United States 

Environmental Assessment

December 2009

United States

Department of 

Agriculture

Marketing and 

Regulatory 

Programs

Animal and 

Plant Health 

Inspection 

Service
 

Importation of Fresh Baby 

Kiwi (Actinidia arguta), Fig 

(Ficus carica), and 

Pomegranate (Punica 

granatum) Fruits from Chile 

into the Continental 

United States

Environmental Assessment

December 2009

Agency Contacts:

Claudia Ferguson, Regulatory Policy Specialist

David Lamb, Import Specialist

Regulations, Permits and Manuals

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

U.S. Department of Agriculture

4700 River Road, Unit 133

Riverdale, MD 20737

________________________________________________________________

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all 

its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, 

religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family 

status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with 

disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program 

information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s 

TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil 

Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, 

Washington, DC 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). 

USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
 

Table of Contents

I. Need for the Proposed Action.................................................. 1

II. Alternatives ............................................................................... 3

A. No Action ............................................................................. 3

B. Preferred Alternative ........................................................... 3

III. Environmental Impacts of the No Action and the 

Proposed Action ....................................................................... 4

A. No Action ............................................................................. 4

B. Preferred Alternative ........................................................... 4

C. Cumulative Impacts............................................................. 6

IV. Other Environmental Considerations...................................... 7

A. Endangered Species Act ..................................................... 8

B. Other Considerations.......................................................... 8

V. Listing of Agencies and Persons Consulted ........................ 10

VI. Literature Cited........................................................................ 11
 

1

I. Need for the Proposed Action

The regulations in “Subpart-Fruits and Vegetables” (7 Code of Federal 

Regulations (CFR) §§ 319.56) prohibit or restrict the importation of fruits 

and vegetables into the United States from certain parts of the world to 

prevent the introduction and dissemination of plant pests that are new to or 

not widely distributed within the United States. Currently, the regulations 

do not provide for the importation of fresh baby kiwi (Actinidia arguta), 

fig (Ficus carica), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits from the 

Republic of Chile.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service (APHIS), is charged with protecting America’s 

agricultural and natural resources from foreign pests. APHIS is proposing 

to permit, under certain conditions, the importation of fresh baby kiwi, fig, 

and pomegranate fruits from Chile into the continental United States. (For 

the purposes of this document, the term “continental United States” 

denotes the 48 contiguous States and Alaska.) This action is in response 

to a request from Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, the national plant 

protection organization (NPPO) of Chile, to allow the importation of these 

three commodities into the United States.

APHIS has prepared two pest risk assessments and two risk management 

documents to determine which quarantine pests1

 1 A quarantine pest is defined by the International Plant Protection Convention as “a pest of potential 

economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not 

widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2009). 

pose a risk and which 

risk mitigations will allow for the safe importation of fresh baby kiwi, fig,

and pomegranate fruits into the continental United States from Chile 

(APHIS, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c). Pest risk assessment has identified

Brevipalpus chilensis Baker (B. chilensis), or, the Chilean false spider 

mite, to be a pest of concern for baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits

(APHIS, 2008 and 2009a). Ceratitis capitata (C. capitata), or 

Mediterranean fruit fly, was determined to be a pest of concern for figs 

and pomegranates, but not for baby kiwis (APHIS, 2008 and 2009a). Both 

pests are of quarantine significance. 

However, for C. capitata the entire Republic of Chile has recently shown 

that it meets the requirements listed under 7 CFR § 319.56–5 for pest-free 

areas. Therefore, APHIS is preparing a notice seeking public comment on 

its intent to recognize all of Chile as being free of C. capitata (APHIS, 

2009d). It is anticipated that the notice will appear shortly. Following the 

60-day public comment period, APHIS will evaluate any comments 

received and make a final determination of pest-free-area status for Chile 

(APHIS, 2009d). Until that process is completed, APHIS will continue to 

consider C. capitata as a quarantine pest in Chile and will require fig and 
 

2

pomegranate fruits imported from Chile to have phytosanitary certification 

with an additional declaration that the fruit comes from an area found free 

of C. capitata. 

Given a production area is free of C. capitata, the only quarantine pest 

likely to follow the pathway of imported baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate 

fruits from Chile is B. chilensis (APHIS, 2009e). The risk management 

documents identify phytosanitary measures whose application is expected 

to minimize or eliminate the risk from B. chilensis (APHIS, 2009b and 

2009c). Plant species in the continental United States that could be 

damaged by the introduction of B. chilensis include domesticated wine 

grapes and table grapes, and two threatened and endangered species, Ribes 

echinellum and Prunus geniculata (APHIS, 2008 and 2009a). Mitigations 

to preclude such damage will be required. 

Baby kiwi is a fruiting vine native to Northeastern Asia. Baby kiwi 

(A. arguta) is a different species from the kiwis generally seen in U.S. 

supermarkets (A. deliciosa). In the United States, baby kiwi is 

occasionally considered by some people to be a weed, but is not under 

official control, so it is not considered to be a quarantined species. Baby 

kiwi is under cultivation in a number of residential and commercial 

agricultural areas of the United States, and is known to have escaped or 

naturalized in Maine, Massachusetts, and Ohio. 

The fig tree is of the mulberry family and is native to Southwestern Asia. 

It is commercially produced in at least 14 States in the United States. The 

majority of fig production occurs in California and several Southern 

States; California produced 98 percent of the total crop in 2006 (APHIS, 

2009a). 

The pomegranate grows on a small tree or shrub and is one of the world’s 

oldest known edible fruits. Most of the U.S. commercial production of 

pomegranates occurs in South-Central California. Pomegranates have a 

potentially longer storage life than figs and, under the proper conditions,

may be maintained for about 2 months postharvest (APHIS, 2009a). 

This environmental assessment (EA) has been prepared, consistent with 

APHIS’ National Environmental Policy Act implementing procedures

(7 CFR § 372), for the purpose of evaluating how implementation of the

alternatives described in the following section may affect the quality of the 

human environment.2

 2 The term “human environment” is “interpreted comprehensively to include the natural and physical 

environment and the relationship of people with that environment” (40 CFR § 1508.14).

 This EA will be used to help determine whether or 

not to prepare an environmental impact statement which entails a more 

comprehensive study of the alternatives. An environmental impact 
 

3

statement must be prepared if implementation of the proposed action may 

significantly affect the quality of the human environment. 

Written comments are welcome and should be sent to the contact person 

identified in the Federal Register notice making this document available 

to the public, by or before the established comment due date.

II. Alternatives

This EA analyzes potential environmental consequences of a proposal to 

authorize the importation of baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits from 

Chile into the continental United States. Two alternatives are considered 

in this EA: (1) no change in the current import requirements, which do 

not permit the importation of these three commodities from Chile into the 

continental United States (the “no action” alternative), and (2) change the 

import requirements to allow the importation of the three commodities 

from Chile into the continental United States under certain conditions (the 

“preferred” alternative).

A. No Action

The no action alternative would leave APHIS’ fruit and vegetable import 

requirements unchanged. Fresh baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits 

from Chile would continue to be prohibited from importation into the 

United States. This prohibition, however, would mean that the United 

States is not in compliance with international trade agreements.

B. Preferred Alternative

The preferred alternative would amend APHIS’ fruit and vegetable import 

requirements which would allow the importation of commercial 

consignments

3

Because of the identified pest risk potential, APHIS has determined that 

further risk mitigation will be necessary in addition to making the fruit 

consignments subject to port of entry inspection (APHIS, 2009b and 

2009c). APHIS is proposing, under the preferred alternative, required 

methyl bromide fumigation, in combination with a declaration that the 

fruit comes from an area found free of C. capitata, as well as APHIS 

inspection (APHIS, 2008, 2009a, 2009, and 2009c). The methyl bromide 

of baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits from Chile into 

the continental United States.

 3 A commercial consignment is defined as a “lot of fruits or vegetables that an inspector identifies as 

having been imported for sale and distribution. Such identification will be based on a variety of 

indicators, including, but not limited to: Quantity of produce, type of packaging, identification of grower 

or packinghouse on the packaging, and documents consigning the fruits or vegetables to a 

wholesaler or retailer” (7 CFR § 319.56-2).
 

4

treatment prescribed for the three commodities is known to be effective 

against B. chilensis, the quarantine pest of concern.

APHIS is proposing to allow the importation of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and 

pomegranate fruits from Chile into the continental United States under the

following conditions:

• An APHIS inspector will prescribe necessary safeguards for 

unloading, handling, and transportation of the fruits preparatory to 

fumigation.

• Baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits intended for the United 

States are to be exported in commercial consignments.

• Consignments of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits must 

be fumigated with methyl bromide according to APHIS treatment 

schedule T101-i-2-1 (for B. chilensis) either in Chile or at the first 

port of arrival in the United States.

• An APHIS inspector will monitor the fumigation.

• Commercial consignments of figs and pomegranates must be 

accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with an additional 

declaration that the fruit comes from an area found free of 

Mediterranean fruit fly.

• Fruit shipments not in compliance with the prescribed safeguards 

and required treatment will not be allowed entry into the United 

States. 

III. Environmental Impacts of the No 

Action and the Proposed Action

A. No Action

Current regulations do not allow the entry of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and 

pomegranate fruits from Chile into the United States. Under the no action

alternative, these three commodities from Chile would continue to be 

prohibited from entering the United States. There would be no potential 

environmental consequence of continuing the status quo.

B. Preferred Alternative

Under the preferred alternative, APHIS fruit and vegetable import 

requirements would be amended to allow the importation of commercial 

consignments of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits from Chile

into the continental United States following fumigation of each shipment 

with methyl bromide. The efficacy and environmental concerns regarding 

the methyl bromide treatment are discussed below.
 

5

Methyl bromide fumigation would occur prior to exporting fresh baby 

kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits from Chile or would be done at an 

APHIS-designated fumigation center at the U.S. port of entry. 

Implementation of the Federal Register notice will require that the fruit be 

fumigated. Fumigations must meet the conditions as outlined in table 1, 

which shows the treatment schedule for T101-i-2-1.

The amount of methyl bromide needed to treat one shipping container is 

equal to the rate of application times the container’s volume. A standard 

container is assumed to be 40 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 15 feet tall, 

resulting in a volume of 5,400 cubic feet. Assuming the maximum 

application rate shown in table 1of 4 lbs/1000 cubic feet, then 21.6 lbs of 

methyl bromide would be used per container. If no sorption to the 

container or the commodity occurred, up to 21.6 lbs of methyl bromide 

could potentially be released to the atmosphere. Perishable commodities 

such as fresh fruit, however, undergo some sorption, with off-gassing of 

85 to 98 percent of the methyl bromide applied (UNEP, 2007).

 Table 1. Treatment Schedule for T101-i-2-1.

Temperature (°F) Methyl Bromide Dosage 

Rate (lb/1000 cubic feet)

Exposure Period* 

(minimum hours)

80 or above 1.5 2.5

70–79 2 2.5

60–69 2.5 2.5

50–59 3 2.5

40–49 4 2.5

 *Exposure duration is for treatment conducted in an enclosed facility or chamber. If conducted 

under a tarpaulin; the minimum is 3 hours.

 Sources: APHIS, 2009e and 7 CFR § 305.6.

APHIS has estimated the maximum usage of methyl bromide fumigation 

that could occur annually as a result of implementing the preferred 

alternative. Baby kiwi may be shipped to the continental United States at 

various times during the year, while fig and pomegranate fruits are likely 

to be shipped during the off-season in the United States. Fewer than ten 

40-foot containers of baby kiwi are expected to be shipped to the 

United States each year (APHIS, 2008). Somewhere between 1 and 

100 containers of fig or pomegranate fruits are expected annually, 

resulting in a total projected maximum of 110 shipping containers 

requiring methyl bromide fumigation. 

Therefore, APHIS has determined that the maximum amount of methyl 

bromide likely to be used annually, under the preferred alternative, is 

equal to the maximum number of containers (110) multiplied by the 

maximum amount of methyl bromide needed to treat each container 

(21.6 lbs)—a total of 2,376 lbs. The maximum amount of metric tons 

(MT) of methyl bromide that may potentially be released to the 
 

6

atmosphere is calculated as the product of the number of containers (110), 

the number of pounds of methyl bromide used per container (21.6), and 

the fraction (98 percent) of methyl bromide not sorbed by the container or 

commodity. The amount is then converted to metric tons by multiplying 

the resulting number by the product of 0.45359237 kg/lb and 

1 MT/1,000kg, to yield a total of 1.0561807553 MT, or, less than 1.1 MT 

per year.

APHIS-approved methyl bromide fumigation is conducted in enclosed 

chambers or under tarpaulins, thus limiting the potential exposure of 

nontarget animals, including humans, and the environment. Occupational 

workers are at the most risk of methyl bromide exposure; however, 

adherence to label safety measures and guidelines should ensure there are 

no adverse effects on persons exposed occupationally. Additionally, 

based on the effectiveness of methyl bromide to eliminate the presence of 

live plant pests, the importation of commercial consignments of baby kiwi, 

fig, and pomegranate fruits from Chile into the continental United States is 

not expected to increase the risk to nontarget animals or the environment

from either of the two quarantine pests of concern.

It is possible that even commercial consignments of nonsymptomatic fruit 

may undergo inspection without B. chilensis and C. capitata being 

detected. However, the potential risk to U.S. agriculture and natural 

resources from undetected B. chilensis is expected to be negligible under

the prescribed use of methyl bromide fumigation on fresh Chilean baby 

kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits intended for export to the continental 

United States (APHIS, 2009b and 2009c). Historical evidence of 

successful imports of grapes and citrus from Chile to the United States 

indicates that the T101-i-2-1 treatment is effective against B. chilensis

(APHIS, 2009c and 2009e). The additional requirements of C. capitatafree production areas for figs and pomegranates, phytosanitary 

certification, and APHIS inspection are designed to supplement the 

expected efficacy of the fumigation treatment in order to prevent the two 

quarantine pests from entering the United States (APHIS, 2009c). 

C. Cumulative Impacts

NEPA requires that agencies analyze whether their action is related to 

other actions with individually insignificant but cumulatively significant 

impacts (40 CFR § 1508.27(b)(7)). NEPA regulations stipulate that the 

analysis of the cumulative effects include “the impact on the environment 

which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to 

other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions” 

(40 CFR § 1508.7). Each individual action may not, of itself, have a 

significant effect; however, “[c]umulative impacts can result from 

individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a 

period of time” (40 CFR § 1508.7). For the purposes of this analysis, one 
 

7

must consider the cumulative effects of the mitigation measures as well as 

any past or reasonably foreseeable future actions that could increase the 

risk of introduction and establishment of quarantine plant pests as a result 

of the importation of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits into the 

continental United States. 

According to both risk management documents (APHIS, 2009b and 

2009c), the mitigations for the preferred alternative provide a highly 

effective level of phytosanitary protection. Although other countries may 

submit requests to the United States to bring in fresh baby kiwi, fig, or 

pomegranate fruits, each of these requests would be considered under 

separate regulatory actions. Thus, any risk presented by future proposals 

is not expected to have cumulatively significant impacts on the human 

environment because the mitigations established by the preferred 

alternative are designed to remove the pest risk of importing these 

commodities. 

The use of methyl bromide fumigation can lead to cumulative impacts 

when added to its use on other commodities. The rate of human 

production and usage of methyl bromide worldwide is being studied as a 

potential factor in global ozone depletion. Reporting of overall methyl 

bromide usage globally is still inconsistent and incomplete. APHIS 

prefers to overestimate potential methyl bromide usage. 

Under the preferred alternative, the maximum amount of methyl bromide 

that potentially could be released to the atmosphere totals less than 1.1 MT 

per year. To put this total in perspective, an aggregate projection of all 

methyl bromide estimates for compliance with the international 

phytosanitary standards for wood packaging material in international trade 

ranges from 3,191 to 9,628 MT per year. The quantities of methyl 

bromide needed to treat commercial consignments of baby kiwi, fig and 

pomegranate fruits are not substantial, and fall within the negligible 

treatment levels anticipated from previous cumulative analyses (APHIS, 

2003 and 2007). In addition, the ongoing reduction in global methyl 

bromide usage (down more than 27,000 MT from 1996 to 2005 as a result 

of domestic and international phase-out efforts) offsets all levels of methyl 

bromide fumigation expected to result from implementation of the change 

in import requirements (APHIS, 2007). Therefore, no significant 

cumulative impact on human health or the environment is expected 

through implementation of the preferred alternative.

IV. Other Environmental Considerations

The APHIS–NEPA implementing procedures require, to the fullest extent 

possible, the integration of Federal environmental laws and executive 

orders with the analysis of environmental impacts (7 CFR § 372.7). Of 
 

8

the numerous environmental review laws and executive orders, this 

document considers those that have potential association to plant, animal, 

or human health impacts deriving from implementation of the preferred 

alternative.

A. Endangered Species Act 

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and its implementing 

regulations require Federal agencies to consult with the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service and/or the National Marine Fisheries Service to ensure 

that their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of 

endangered or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse 

modification of critical habitat. APHIS has considered the potential 

effects of allowing importation of shipments of the three Chilean

commodities on endangered and threatened species and their habitats.

The risk management documents conclude that the prescribed combination 

of mitigations will result in the effective removal of the pests of concern 

associated with the importation of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate 

fruits from Chile (APHIS, 2009b and 2009c). The fumigation treatments 

are to be conducted within contained facilities that are designed to prevent 

methyl bromide exposure to nontarget organisms and the environment. 

Therefore, importation of commercial consignments of the three 

commodities from Chile into the continental United States, under the 

preferred alternative, is expected to have no effect on threatened or 

endangered species or their habitats. 

B. Other Considerations

Certain executive orders, such as Executive Order 13045, “Protection of 

Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks,” Executive 

Order 12898, “Federal Actions to address Environmental Justice in 

Minority Populations and Low-income Populations,” Executive Order 

12114, “Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions,” and 

departmental or agency directives call for special environmental reviews 

in certain circumstances. 

No circumstances that would trigger the need for special environmental 

reviews are involved in implementing the preferred alternative considered 

in this document. No disproportionate adverse effects are anticipated to 

any minority, low-income population or particular subgroup of the U.S. 

population. So long as appropriate safety procedures and protocols in the 

methyl bromide treatment program are implemented and followed, there 

will be no effect abroad based on implementation of the preferred 

alternative.
 

9

Fresh baby kiwi exports from Chile to the continental United States are 

expected to be limited in size and frequency, yielding between 

150,000 and 300,000 kilograms or, fewer than ten 40-foot cargo shipping 

containers annually (APHIS, 2008). Fig and pomegranate total exports to 

the continental United States are estimated to total between 1 and 

100 containers annually, holding approximately 29 tons of cargo per 

40-foot container (APHIS, 2009a).

Fig and pomegranate fruits are cultivated at different seasons in the 

Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Chile intends to export fresh fig and 

pomegranate fruits to the continental United States during the months of 

the year when there is no major production by the United States and other 

Northern Hemisphere nations (APHIS, 2009a). Even if the projected 

maximum importation of fresh baby kiwi, fig, and pomegranate fruits 

occurs (110 containers), no adverse economic or human health impacts are 

expected to result from the implementation of the preferred alternative. 
 

10

V. Listing of Agencies and Persons 

Consulted

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 

Plant Protection and Quarantine 

Regulations, Permits, and Manuals 

4700 River Road, Unit 33

Riverdale, MD 20737

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Policy and Program Development

Environmental Risk and Analysis Services

4700 River Road, Unit 149

Riverdale, MD 20737

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Policy and Program Development

Regulatory Analysis and Development

4700 River Road, Unit 118

Riverdale, MD 20737
 

11

VI. Literature Cited

APHIS—See U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health 

Inspection Service

IPPC—See International Plant Protection Convention

International Plant Protection Convention, 2009. International Standards 

for Phytosanitary Measures. ISPM No.5 – glossary of phytosanitary 

terms. [Online.] Available: 

https://www.ippc.int/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xMzM5OS4xODQx

OTUmNj1lbiYzMz1wdWJsaWNhdGlvbnMmc2hvd0NoaWxkcmVuPXR

ydWUmMzc9aW5mbw~~#koinfo [Oct. 14, 2009].

UNEP—See United Nations Environment Programme

United Nations Environment Programme, 2007. Montreal Protocol on 

substances that deplete the ozone layer. 2006 assessment. Methyl Bromide 

Technical Options Committee. UNEP, Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya. 

[Online.] Available: 

http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/TEAP/Reports/MBTOC/index.shtml

[March 15, 2007].

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2003. Importation of solid wood packing material, final 

environmental impact statement—August 2003. USDA–APHIS,

Riverdale, MD. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2007. Importation of solid wood packing material: supplement to 

the final environmental impact statement—October 2007. USDA–APHIS,

Riverdale, MD. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2008. Pest risk assessment for fresh fruits of baby kiwi (Actinidia 

arguta) from Chile imported into the continental United States: a 

qualitative, pathway-initiated plant pest risk analysis. Plant Protection and 

Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant 

Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory. USDA–APHIS, Raleigh, 

NC. 
 

12

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2009a. Importation of fresh fruits of pomegranate (Punica 

granatum) and fig (Ficus carica) from Chile into the continental United 

States: a qualitative, pathway-initiated plant pest risk analysis. Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and 

Technology, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory. USDA–

APHIS, Raleigh, NC. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2009b. Risk management document: Importation of fresh fruits 

of baby kiwi (Actinidia arguta) from Chile into the continental United 

States. Plant Protection and Quarantine, Plant Health Programs: 

Regulations, Permits and Manuals. December 18, 2009. USDA–APHIS,

Riverdale, MD. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2009c. Risk management document: Importation of fresh fruits 

of pomegranate (Punica granatum) and fig (Ficus carica) from Chile into 

the continental United States. Plant Protection and Quarantine, Plant 

Health Programs: Regulations, Permits and Manuals. December 18, 2009. 

USDA–APHIS, Riverdale, MD. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2009d. Determination by the Administrator: Pest-free areas in the 

Republic of Chile. 09–082–1 cover letter. September 18, 2009. USDA–

APHIS, Riverdale, MD. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection 

Service, 2009e. Amend treatment manual to add Chilean figs, baby kiwis 

and pomegranates to the list of commodities that could be treated with 

methyl bromide treatment T101-i-2-1 for external feeders including 

Brevipalpus chilensis: treatment evaluation document. December 18, 

2009. USDA–APHIS, Riverdale, MD.