FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT JANUARY 6 , 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 10474

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 4 - 0 0 1 6 6 - C R - OR L - 1 9 - J GG U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s R E N A R D L . W A S H I N G T O N , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( Jan u ar y 6, 2006) B efo re C A RN E S , H U L L an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P R Y O R , C i rc ui tJudg e: R enar d L . W as hi ng t on appeal s hi s s ent ence for bank rob beryi ncl ud i ng an or de rt o m a ke r e s t i tut i on t o the O rm ond B e a c h P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nta nd O rm ond2

H e r i t a ge C ondom i ni um A s s oc i a t i on. H i s appe a l pr e s e nt s tw o i s s ue s , the s e c ond of w hi ch pres ent s aqu es t i on of fi rs ti m pres si on for thi s C i rc ui t : (1) w hether W ash i n g t o n ’ s sen t en ce sh o u l d h av e b een en h an ced tw o l ev el s fo r reck l ess e nda nge r m e ntdur i ng f

l i ghtunde rU ni t e d S t a t e s S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s s e c t i on 3C 1. 2; and (2) w hether the P ol i ce D epartm entand C on do m i ni um A ss oci at i on w er e

“ vi c t i m s ” of

the ba nk r obbe ry unde rthe M a nda t ory V i c t i m s R e s t i tut i on A c t , 18 U .S .C . § 3 6 6 3 A . W e c o n c lu d e th a t W a s h in g to n ’s h ig h - s p e e d f lig h t b y a u to m o b ile i nt o a pa r ki ng ga r a ge f

ora c ondom i ni um a s s oc i a t i on w a rr a nt e d a n e nha nc e m e ntof hi s s ent ence for r ec kl es s e nd angerm ent . W e a l so concl ud e that , because the P ol i ce D e p a r tm e n t a n d C o n d o m in iu m A s s o c ia tio n w e r e d a m a g e d b y W a s h in g to n ’s f lig h t, a s a di r e c ta nd pr oxi m a t e r e s ul tof the ba nk r obbe ry , both the D e pa r tm e nta nd A s s o c i a t i o n w e r e v i c t i ms u n d e rth e Re s t i tu t i o n A c t . W e a f f i rm. I . B AC KG RO UN D O n A ugus t6, 2004, W a s hi ngt on e nt e r e d a C oqui na B a nk br a nc h i n O rm ond B ea ch, F l ori da, po i nt ed a r ea l i st i c t oy gu n ata bank em pl oyee , and d em anded that s he ope n the va ul t . W a s hi ngt on l e f tthe ba nk w i th appr oxi m a t e l y $86, 000 a nd es caped i n h i s c ar . O rm on d B ea ch P ol i ce D epartm entoffi ce rs pu rs ued W a s h i n g t o n , w h o d r o v e i n t o a p a rk i n g g a r a g e a tO rmo n d H e r i t a g e Co n d o mi n i u ms in a n a tte m p t to e v a d e th e o f f ic e r s . W a s h in g to n ’s c a rs lip p e d u n d e ra s e c u r ity g a te3

a s i tw a s c l os i ng, butthe pol i c e of f i c e r s di d notc l e a rthe ga t e i n t i m e , a nd the col l i si on caused dam age t o b oth the po l i ce ca rs and the gat e. Insi de the garage, W as hi ng t on abando ned h i s c arand fl ed on foot . H e j um ped i nt o the H al i fa x R i ver w he r e he w a s a rr e s t e d. W a s hi ngt on w a s i ndi c t e d on one c ountof a rm e d ba nk r obbe ry . S e e 18 U . S . C . § 2 11 3(a) , (d). W as hi ng t on pl ea ded g ui l ty, and a se nt enci ng hear i ng w as he l d on J a nua ry 24, 2005. A tthe s e nt e nc i ng he a r i ng, W a s hi ngt on obj e c t e d t o a tw o - le v e l e n h a n c e m e n t f o rr e c k le s s e n d a n g e rm e n t d u r in g f lig h t. S e e U .S .S .G . § 3C 1. 2. H e di d n otdeny the fa ctual ac coun tcont ai ned i n the pres ent ence i nv es t i gat i on re po rt , bu tar gu ed thatthe fa ct s w er e i nsuffi ci entt o sup po rtan en h an ce m en t u n d erse ctio n 3 C 1 .2 . T h e d istrict co u rt re jected W as h in g to n ’s a r gum e nt , a nd W a s hi ngt on w a s s e nt e nc e d unde rthe a dvi s ory S e nt e nc i ng G u id e lin e s to 9 6 m o n th s o f im p r is o n m e n t. W as hi ng t on al so obj ec t ed t o the re com m endat i on i n the pres ent ence re po rt tha tr e s t i tut i on be or de r e d unde rthe M a nda t ory V i c t i m s R e s t i tut i on A c t . S e e 18 U . S . C . § 3663A . W a s hi ngt on a r gue d tha tthe O rm ond B e a c h P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nt a nd the O r m ond H e r i t a ge C ondom i ni um A s s oc i a t i on w e r e not“ vi c t i m s ” of the bank robb ery und erthe R es t i tut i on A ctbecause thei r property w as dam aged aft er the offens e of a rm ed bank robb ery had been com pl et ed. T he di stri ctcourtre j ec t ed4

thi s a r gum e nta nd he l d tha t“ e ve n though the e l e m e ntof the of f e ns e [ of ba nk r o b b e ry ] d o e s n ’ ti n c l u d e f l i g h t , i ti s j u s ta p a tt e rn o f th e c o mmi s s i o n o f

th a tc r i me thatthe robb ery occ urs a nd then there i s f l i gh t . ” T he di stri ctcourtaw ar ded t ot al r e s t i tut i on of

$13, 771. 56, w hi c h i s the s um of $8, 529. 56 t o the P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nt a nd $5242 t o the C ondom i ni um A s s oc i a t i on. I I . STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW T hi s C our tr e vi e w s f

a c tua l f i ndi ngs f orc l e a re rr ora nd the appl i c a t i on of the U ni t e d S t a t e s S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s t o thos e f a c t s de novo. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. T ruj i l l o, 146 F . 3d 838, 847 ( 11th C i r . 1998) . C ha l l e nge s t o the s uf f i c i e nc y of e vi de nc e a r e que s t i ons of l a w , w hi c h w e r e vi e w de novo, a nd w e c ons i de rthe e v id e n c e in th e lig h t m o s t f a v o r ab le to th e g o v e rn m e n t. U n ite d S ta te s v . F u tr e ll, 20 9 F . 3d 12 86 , 12 88 (11th C i r. 20 00 ). W e r evi ew de no vo the l egal i ty of a n o rder of re st i tut i on , bu tw e r evi ew fa ctual fi nd i ng s und er l yi ng a r es t i tut i on order f or cl ea r error. U ni t ed S t at es v. H as son, 33 3 F . 3d 12 64 , 12 70 (11th C i r. 20 03 ). I I I . DI S CUS S I ON W as hi ng t on ra i se s tw o argum ent s on app ea l . F i rs t , W as hi ng t on ar gu es that the di s tr i c tc our te rr one ous l y e nha nc e d hi s s e nt e nc e be c a us e the r e w a s i ns uf f i c i e nt e v id e n c e to s u p p o r t af

in d in g th a t h e “r e c k le s s ly c r e a te d a s u b s ta n tia l r is k o f d e a th ors e r i ous bodi l y i nj ury . ” U . S . S . G . § 3C 1. 2. S e c ond, W a s hi ngt on a r gue s tha tthe5

di s tr i c tc our te rr one ous l y or de r e d r e s t i tut i on t o the P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nta nd the C on do m i ni um A ss oci at i on because nei ther i s a“ vi ct i m ” of hi s off ense of arm ed ba nk r obbe ry . S e e 18 U . S . C . § 3663A . W e a ddr e s s e a c h a r gum e nti n turn.

A . T he D istri ct

C ou rt D i d N otE rr on eousl

y E nh an ce W as hi ngton’s Se nte nc e unde rSe c t i on 3C 1. 2. W a s hi ngt on a r gue s tha tthe r e i s i ns uf f i c i e nte vi de nc e t o s uppor ta s e nt e nc i ng e n h a n c e m e n t f

o rr e c k le s s e n d a n g e rm e n t d u r in g f lig h t. S e e U .S .S .G . § 3 C 1 .2 . S e c tio n 3 C 1 .2 s ta te s , “I f th e d e f e n d a n t r e c k le s s ly c r e a te d a s u b s ta n tia l r is k o f d e a th or se ri ou s bod i l y i nj ury t o ano ther pers on i n the course of fl ee i ng fr om a l aw enforce m entoffi ce r, ” atw o-l evel i ncre as e i s w arra nt ed. Id. “ R ec kl es s” i s def i ned as “ a s i tuat i on i n w hi ch the defendantw as aw ar e of the ri sk cr ea t ed by hi s c on du ct a nd the r i s k w a s of

s uc h a na tur e a nd de gr e e tha tt o di s r e ga r d tha tr i s k c ons t i tut e d a g ro ss d ev i at i o n fro m th e st an d ard o f care that a reason ab l e p erso n w o u l d ex erci se i n s uc h a s i tua t i on. ” I d. §§ 2A 1. 4 c m t . 1, 3C 1. 2 c m t . 2. A l tho ug h “ fl i gh tal on e i s i nsuffi ci entt o w arra ntan enhancem entun der [s ec t i on 3C 1. 2] , ” U ni t ed S t at es v. W i l son, 39 2 F . 3d 12 43 , 12 47 (11th C i r. 20 04 ), W as hi ng t on ’ s c on du cti n fl ee i ng const i tut ed a “ gross devi at i on ” f rom the st andard o f r e a s o n ab le c a r e . U n lik e in W ils o n , w h e r e th e d e f e n d a n t f le d o n f o o t, W a s hi ngt on dr ove hi s c a ra t“ a hi ghe rr a t e of s pe e d” i n a n a tt e m ptt o e va de the pol i c e . T he di s tr i c tc our t , a f t e rvi e w i ng the s ur ve i l l a nc e vi de o f r om the pa rki ng6

d e c k , f o u n d th a t “a t tim e s v e ry c lo s e to th e tim e th e d e f e n d a n t e n te r e d th is un dergroun d p arki ng gara ge, there w er e peopl e c om i ng i nt o the garage. C ar s w er e com i ng i n, and p er sons w er e gett i ng on the garage e l evat or . . . . ” D ri vi ng a c arat h i g h sp eed i n an area w h ere p eo p l e are l i k el y t o b e fo u n d co n st i tu t es reck l ess di s r e ga r d f

orothe r s ’ s a f

e ty . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. G onz a l e z , 71 F . 3d 819, 836- 37 (11th C i r. 19 96 ). T here w as suff i ci entevi dence for the di stri ctcourtt o enh ance W a s h in g to n ’s s e n te n c e f o rr e c k le s s e n d a n g e rm e n t d u r in g f lig h t. B . T he P ol i c e D e

par tm e nt and C ondom i ni um A ss oci at i on W

er e “ V i ct i m s” of

the B an k R ob beryun der th e R e s titu tio n A c t. W a s h in g to n a r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr o n e o u s ly o r d e r e d r e s titu tio n to the P ol i ce D epartm entand the C on do m i ni um A ss oci at i on un der the M andat ory V ic tim s R e s titu tio n A c t. S e e 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 6 6 3 A . T h e R e s titu tio n A c t ap p lie s to an y o ffen se “ (A ) th ati s– (i ) a cri m e o f v i o l en ce . . . o r (i i ) an o ffen se ag ai n st pr ope r ty . . . . a nd ( B ) i n w hi c h a n i de nt i f i abl e vi c t i m orvi c t i m s ha s [ s i c ] s uf f e r e d a ph ys i ca l i nj ury or pec un i ary l oss. ” I d. § 3 66 3A (c )( 1). T he R es t i tut i on A ct req u i res th e d i stri ctco u rt , “ w h en sen t en ci n g a d efen d an tco n v i ct ed o f an o ffen se de s c r i be d i n s ubs e c t i on ( c ) , ” t o or de r“ tha tthe de f e nda ntm a ke r e s t i tut i on t o the v i c t i m o f th e o f f e n s e [ . ] ” I d . § 3 6 6 3 A ( a ) ( 1 ) . Th e Re s t i tu t i o n A c td e f i n e s “ v i c t i m”7

as “ a per son d i re ct l y a nd prox i m at el y harm ed as a r es ul tof the com m i ss i on of an offe nse f or w hi ch re st i tut i on m aybe ordered . . . . ” I d. § 3 66 3A (a )( 2). W ash i n g t o n d o es n o td i sp u t e th atth e R est i tu t i o n A ctap p l i es t o th e o ffen se of ba nk r obbe ry , butW a s hi ngt on a r gue s tha tthe P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nta nd the C ondom i ni um A s s oc i a t i on w e r e not“ vi c t i m s ” of the ba nk r obbe ry . W a s hi ngt on ar gu es thatre covery un der the R es t i tut i on A cti s l i m i t ed t o v i ct i m s w ho ar e harm ed by the of f e ns e i t s e l f

, a nd he c ont e nds tha tthe P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nta nd the C o n d o m in iu m A s s o c ia tio n w e r e h a rm e d a s a r e s u lt o f h is la te rf

lig h t, n o t h is offe nse of bank rob bery . B ec ause fl ee i ng i s notan el em entof bank robb ery, se e C art erv. U ni t ed S t at es , 53 0 U . S . 25 5, 27 2, 12 0 S . C t . 21 59 , 21 70 -71 (20 00 ), W as hi ng t on ar gu es thatthe vi ct i m s of hi s f l i gh tar e notent i t l ed t o res t i tut i on un der the A ct . W e di sa gree . W a s hi ngt on’ s a r gum e nti s c ontr a ry t o the pl a i n l a ngua ge of the R e s t i tut i on A c t , w hi c h c ove r s ha r m tha t“ di r e c t l y a nd pr oxi m a t e l y ” r e s ul t s f r om the c om m i s s i on of

the of f e ns e . S e e 18 U . S . C . § 3663A ( a ) ( 2) . A l though f l i ghti s not a n e l e m e ntof

ba nk r obbe ry , i t s ha rm m a y di r e c t l y a nd pr oxi m a t e l y r e s ul tf r om the r obbe ry . T w o of

ours i s t e rc i r c ui t s ha ve a ddr e s s e d thi s i s s ue a nd ha ve r e a c he d the s a m e c o n c lu s io n . S e e U n ite d S ta te s v . R e ic h o w , 4 1 6 F .3 d 8 0 2 , 8 0 5 ( 8 th C ir .) , c e r t. de ni e d, 74 U . S . L . W . 3323 ( U . S . N ov. 28, 2005) ( N o. 05- 7281) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v.8

D on aby, 34 9 F . 3d 10 46 , 10 53 (7th C i r. 20 03 ). T he S eventh C i rc ui t , for e xam pl e, a f f i r m e d a n or de runde rthe R e s t i tut i on A c tf orda m a ge c a us e d t o a pol i c e c a ra nd a ve hi c l e the de f

e nda nts t ol e dur i ng hi s f l i ghtf r om a ba nk r obbe ry . D onaby , 349 F . 3d at10 48 . T he courthel d, “ T he di stri ctcourtcoul d p roperl y c on cl ud e that r obbi ng the ba nk di r e c t l y a nd pr oxi m a t e l y l e d t o the hi gh- s pe e d c ha s e a nd the p ro p er ty d am ag e th at en su ed .” Id . at 1 0 5 3 . T h e d istrict co u rt in W as h in g to n ’s c a s e e c hoe d thi s obs e r va t i on a nd f ound tha tf

l i ght“ i s a pa tt e rn of

the c om m i s s i on o f [ th e o f f e n s e o f b a n k r o b b e ry ].” W a s h in g to n a r g u e s th a t H u g h e y v . U n ite d S ta te s , 4 9 5 U .S . 4 1 1 , 1 1 0 S . C t. 1979 ( 1990) , a nd ourpr e c e de nt s tha ti nt e rpr e t e d H ughe y s uppor thi s c ons truc t i on of the R e s t i tut i on A c t . I n H ughe y , the de f e nda ntpl e a de d gui l ty t o the u n a u th o r i z e d u s e o f

a s i n g l e c r e d i tc a r d . I d . a t4 1 3 - 1 4 , 1 1 0 S . C t . a t1 9 8 1 . At se nt enci ng , the go vernm entprod uced evi dence thatH ug hey had fr audu l ent l y use d 20 othe rc r e di tc a r ds a nd a r gue d tha tr e s t i tut i on s houl d be a w a r de d ba s e d on the l osse s i ncurred fr om H ug hey’ s use of al l 21 cr edi tca rds. Id. at41 4, 11 0 S . C t . at 19 81 -82. T he di stri ctcourtordered H ug hey t o m ake r es t i tut i on for the l osse s a s s oc i a t e d w i th a l l 21 c r e di tc a r ds , butthe S upr e m e C our tr e ve r s e d. I d. a t422, 110 S . C t . a t1985- 86. H ughe y r e qui r e d a c a us a l l i nk be tw e e n the of f e ns e of c onvi c t i on a nd the ha r m f

orw hi c h r e s t i tut i on i s or de r e d. S e e i d. a t418, 110 S . C t . a t19849

(st at i n g “ C o n g ress i n t en d ed rest i tu t i o n t o b e t i ed t o th e l o ss cau sed b y th e o ffen se of conv i ct i on ”) . O u r l at er cases int erp ret ed H u g h ey t o au th o ri ze rest i tu t i o n “ o n l y fo r th e l o ss caused by the spec i fi c c on du ctun derl yi ng the offens e of c on vi ct i on . ” U ni t ed S t a t e s v. C obbs , 967 F . 2d 1555, 1559 ( 11th C i r . 1992) ; s e e a l s o U ni t e d S t a t e s v. M cA rthu r, 10 8 F . 3d 13 50 , 13 57 (11th C i r. 19 97 ). In C ob bs, the defendantpl ea ded gui l ty t o the una uthor i z e d pos s e s s i on of 89 A m e r i c a n E xpr e s s c a r ds , butthe go vernm entdrop ped the charges of un autho ri ze d u se of the ca rds. 96 7 F . 2d at 1 5 5 6 . T h e d i stri ctco u rto rd ered rest i tu t i o n fo r th e t o t al l o ss, i n cl u d i n g th o se ar i si ng fr om the un autho ri ze d u se of the ca rds, bu tthi s C ou rtre vers ed. Id. at 1559. W e he l d tha t“ the pos s e s s i on c ountt o w hi c h C obbs pl e a de d gui l ty w i l l not s uppor tthe di s tr i c tc our t ’ s or de rof r e s t i tut i on be c a us e the r e w a s no l os s c a us e d by hi s m e r e pos s e s s i on of

the a c c e s s de vi c e s . ” I d. a t1559. W e r e j e c t e d the gove rnm e nt ’ s a r gum e nttha tH ughe y a l l ow e d r e s t i tut i on t o “ a ny one s uf f e r i ng

‘ i nj ury a s a r e s ul tof

the de f e nda nt ’ s a c t i ons tha ts urr ounde d the c om m i s s i on of the of f e ns e ’ of c onvi c t i on. ” I d. ( quot i ng U ni t e d S t a t e s v. D urha m , 755 F . 2d 511, 513 (6th C i r. 19 85 ) ( em ph as i s a dd ed i n C ob bs)) . T he e rr orof

W a s hi ngt on’ s r e l i a nc e on H ughe y a nd C obbs i s tha tthe st atut ory l angu age i nt erpret ed by the S up re m e C ou rti n H ug hey a nd by ou r C ou rt10

i n C obbs i s m a t e r i a l l y di f f e r e ntf r om the R e s t i tut i on A c t , w hi c h gove rns W a s hi ngt on’ s s e nt e nc e . H ughe y a nd C obbs i nt e rpr e t e d a n e a r l i e rve r s i on of the V i c t i m a nd W i tne s s P r ot e c t i on A c t , 18 U . S . C . § 3663 ( 1996) . S e e H ughe y , 495 U . S . a t412, 110 S . C t . a t1981; C obbs , 967 F . 2d a t1558. A l though the de f i ni t i on of “ vi c t i m ” i n the c urr e ntve r s i on of the P r ot e c t i on A c tpa r a l l e l s tha tof the R e s t i tut i on A c t , the e a r l i e rve r s i on of the P r ot e c t i on A c ti nt e rpr e t e d i n H ughe y a nd C obbs di d notpr ovi de a de f i ni t i on f or“ vi c t i m . ” C om pa r e 18 U . S . C . § 3663 ( 2005) and 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 66 3A (200 5) w i th 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 66 3 (19 96 ); se e a l so U ni t ed S t a t e s v. D i c ke r s on, 370 F . 3d 1330, 1338 ( 11th C i r . ) , c e r t . de ni e d, ___ U . S . ___, 1 2 5 S . C t . 3 4 3 (2 0 0 4 ). T h e st an d ard fo r cau sat i o n d efi n ed i n H u g h ey— “ th e l o ss c a u s e d b y th e s p e c if

ic c o n d u c t th a t is th e b a s is o f th e o f f e n s e o f c o n v ic tio n ”

— is i rr e c onc i l abl e w i th the br oa d de f i ni t i on of “ vi c t i m ” i n the R e s t i tut i on A c t . T he ap p r o p r ia te s ta n d a r d f

o rc a u s a tio n is f

o u n d in th e R e s titu tio n A c t its e lf: “d ir e c tly and p roxi m at el y harm ed as a r es ul tof the com m i ss i on of an offense for w hi ch r e s titu tio n m a y b e o r d e r e d . . . .” 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 6 6 3 A ( a ) ( 2 ) ( e m p h a s is a d d e d ) . B e c a us e the di s tr i c tc our tf ound W a s hi ngt on’ s f

l i ghtw a s c a us a l l y r e l a t e d t o the b a n k r o b b e ry a n d th is f

in d in g w a s n o t c le a r ly e rr o n e o u s , w e a f f irm th e o r d e rto m a ke r e s t i tut i on t o the P ol i c e D e pa r tm e nta nd C ondom i ni um A s s oc i a t i on. I V . CONCL US I ON11

W as hi ng t on ’ s s ent ence , i ncl ud i ng the order t o m ake r es t i tut i on t o the P ol i ce D e p a r tm e n t a n d C o n d o m in iu m A s s o c ia tio n , is A FFI R M ED .