SECTION 7.1

RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION

(Revised February 2013)

BACKGROUND

This methodology is used to estimate the criteria pollutant emissions from the various types of

residential wood combustion for each county throughout the state. This document contains 

emissions estimates for wood-burning fireplaces and wood stoves (which includes fireplace 

inserts and pellet stoves). However, no annual emission estimation method has been derived, or 

included here, for the category “Residential Wood Combustion (Unspecified).” In addition, this 

methodology does not include emissions estimates for fireplaces or other similar devices that 

burn natural gas. Significant changes have occurred since the last edition of this methodology, 

dated July 1997. These include changes to equations, emission factors, activity data, annual 

emissions, and temporal profile estimates. 

SOURCES

The types of devices that burn wood in a typical residence are fireplaces, wood-burning stoves,

fireplace inserts, and pellet stoves. The most common wood-burning device in a home is the 

fireplace. A fireplace is generally a masonry or prefabricated (metal) enclosure with the side 

facing the interior of the house left open and a chimney to exhaust the flue gas. The combustion 

air can be supplied from the outside air or from the inside air. 

Wood stoves are enclosed stand-alone devices that vent exhaust gas through an existing chimney 

or flue. Wood stoves radiate heat from their exterior surfaces and they are commonly used in 

residences as space heaters. They are used both as the primary source of residential heat and to 

supplement conventional heating systems. Wood stoves control burning or burn time by 

restricting the amount of air that can be used for combustion (U.S. EPA, 1996a). This 

methodology estimates emissions for four different types of wood stoves: (1) the conventional 

EMISSION INVENTORY SOURCE CATEGORY

Miscellaneous Processes/Residential Fuel Combustion

EMISSION INVENTORY CODES (CES CODES) AND DESCRIPTION

610-600-0230-0000 (82115) Residential Wood Combustion - Wood Stoves

610-602-0230-0000 (82123) Residential Wood Combustion - Fireplaces

610-604-0230-0000 (47225) Residential Wood Combustion – Unspecified

7.1-1
wood stove; (2) the noncatalytic wood stove; (3) the catalytic wood stove; and (4) the pellet 

stove.

Conventional wood stoves do not have any emission reduction technology or design features and, 

in most cases, were manufactured before July 1, 1986 (U.S. EPA, 1996a). Noncatalytic wood 

stoves do not contain catalysts but they do have emission reducing technology or features. Older, 

noncatalytic wood stoves reduce emissions by directing unburned hydrocarbons and carbon 

monoxide (CO) into a secondary chamber, where mixing with fresh, preheated makeup air 

enhances further combustion (U.S. EPA, 1996a). Newer noncatalytic wood stoves have three 

internal characteristics that create a good environment for complete combustion: firebox 

insulation; a large baffle to produce a longer, hotter gas flow path; and pre-heated combustion air 

introduced through small holes above the fuel in the firebox. The baffle and some other internal 

parts of a non-catalytic stove need replacement periodically as they deteriorate with the high heat 

of efficient combustion (WHO, 2013).

Catalytic wood stoves are equipped with a ceramic or metal honeycomb device, called a 

combustor or converter that is coated with a noble metal such as platinum or palladium. The 

catalyst material reduces the ignition temperature of the unburned hydrocarbons and CO in the 

exhaust gases, which allows these pollutants to be burned at normal stove operating 

temperatures. As these pollutants burn, the temperature inside the catalyst increases to a point 

where the ignition of the gases is essentially self-sustaining (U.S. EPA, 1996a). All catalytic 

stoves have a lever-operated catalyst bypass damper which is opened for starting and reloading. 

The catalytic honeycomb degrades over time and must be replaced, but its durability is largely in 

the hands of the stove user. The catalyst can last more than six seasons if the stove is used 

properly, but if the stove is over-fired, garbage is burned and regular cleaning and maintenance 

are not done, the catalyst may break down in as little as two years (WHO, 2013).

Residential wood stoves are classified as Phase I, Phase II and Pre-Phase I. Phase II stoves are 

those certified to meet the July 1, 1990, EPA standards; Phase I stoves meet only the July 1, 

1988, EPA standards; and Pre-Phase I stoves do not meet any of the EPA standards (U.S. EPA, 

2006). Some Pre-Phase I stoves may use older catalytic technology; however, for the purposes of 

this methodology, we make the conservative assumption that all Pre-Phase I stoves are 

conventional devices.

Fireplace inserts can be described as wood stoves that fit into the firebox of a fireplace. These 

devices are used to heat a house, or a portion of the house. Inserts are generally more effective at 

providing heat than a fireplace. They radiate the heat to the interior house space, or with the aid 

of a fan, circulate air around the insert and vent the heated air into the house. Since fireplace 

inserts share operating and combustion characteristics with wood stoves, the same emission 

factors are used for both fireplace inserts and wood stoves (HPBA, 2009a; U.S. EPA, 1996a; 

WHO, 2013).

Pellet stoves are fueled with pellets of sawdust, wood products, and other biomass materials 

pressed into manageable shapes and sizes. These stoves have active air flow systems and unique 

grate designs to accommodate pelleted fuel. Some pellet stove models are subject to the 1988 

7.1-2
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), while others are exempt due to a high air-to-fuel

ratio (i.e., greater than 35-to-1) (U.S. EPA, 1996a).

EMISSION ESTIMATION METHODS

The previous 1997 version of this methodology contained two types of emissions estimates: (1) 

San Joaquin Valley (SJV) emissions based on 1993 data; and (2) emissions for the remainder of 

the state based on 1991 data. For both the 1991-based and 1993-based inventories, energy needs 

and activity data were estimated using the thermal properties of a typical residence and countyspecific heating degree days. 

For the latest revision (based on 2005 data), the methodology was updated to reflect more recent 

survey data, emission factors, and calculation approaches. Methodologies are provided for 

activity data based on two approaches:

• Preferred Method - Local Residential Wood Combustion Survey data; and 

• Alternative Method - United States Census Bureau American Housing Survey data.

These methods are described below.

PREFERRED METHOD – Activity Data from Local Surveys

Since the previous version of this methodology, several districts have conducted surveys to 

compile local activity data when adopting rules that impact residential wood combustion 

(BAAQMD, 2007; OMNI, 2003; OMNI, 2006; PCAPCD, 2007; SJVUAPCD, 1997, 2008, 2010; 

SMAQMD, 2007). These survey data can be used to estimate emissions from wood-burning 

fireplaces, wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and pellet stoves, when deemed appropriate.

1.0 WOOD-BURNING FIREPLACES

1.1 Determine the number of wood-burning fireplaces that are actually used.

Equation 1: FPall = [Htotal]*[Pfp]*[Pfp,u] *[Mfp]

Where

FPall = Number of fireplaces that are actually in use

Htotal = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

Pfp = Percent of homes with a fireplace

Pfp,u = Percent of homes with a fireplace that was actually used during the burn season

Mfp = Average number of fireplaces per home (to account for multiple fireplaces in some homes) = 

1.1, default (OMNI, 2003)

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

7.1-3
1.2. Determine the amount of wood burned in fireplaces.

For fireplaces, we assume that three types of fuel are burned: (1) cord wood; (2) bundle wood; 

and (3) wax/sawdust manufactured logs (e.g., Duraflame, Pine Mountain, Hearthlog, etc.).

Provided below are methods for estimating the consumption rates for the different fireplace fuels.

1.2.1. Fireplaces – Cord Wood & Bundle Wood

A standard cord of wood is defined 

as a stack of wood with a volume of 

128 cubic feet (4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.)

Bundle wood is typically purchased from a retail store, either packaged in a box or wrapped in 

plastic. Fireplaces burn cord wood and bundle wood for aesthetic purposes and for heating 

purposes. This methodology assumes wood consumption rates that include both cord wood and 

bundle wood. In addition, it is assumed that fireplaces burn more wood when they are used for 

heating purposes, as compared to aesthetic purposes (Houck, 2001a). This is a change from the 

previous methodology where it was assumed that all homes with fireplaces had the same 

consumption rate (0.28 cords/home/year).

Provided below is a method to determine the percentage of fireplaces used for aesthetic and 

heating purposes, and the associated wood consumption rate for each of these uses. For 

fireplaces, the total amount of wood consumed is based on the number of individual fireplace 

units, rather than the number of homes that have fireplaces. This is done to maintain consistency 

with the units for the estimated consumption rate.

Equation 2: FPaes = [FPall]*[Pfp,cord]*[Pfp,aes]

Equation 3: Faes = [FPaes]*[Ncord,aes]*[Wcord]

Where

FPaes = Number of fireplaces being used primarily for aesthetic purposes

FPall = Number of fireplaces that are actually in use

Pfp,cord = Percent of fireplaces that burn cord wood = 88%, default (Houck, 2001b)

Pfp,aes = Percent of fireplace use that is described as aesthetic

Faes = Amount of cord wood burned in fireplaces for aesthetic purposes, tons wood/year

Ncord,aes = Number of cords burned in fireplaces – aesthetics = 0.069 cords/fireplace/year, default

(Houck, 2001a)

Wcord = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1.54 tons/cord, default (OMNI, 2006)

Equation 4: FPheat = [FPall]*[Pfp,cord]*[Pfp,heat]

Equation 5: Fheat = [FPheat]*[Ncord,heat]*[Wcord]

Where

7.1-4
FPheat = Number of fireplaces being used primarily for heating purposes

FPall = Number of fireplaces that are actually in use

Pfp,heat = Percent of fireplace use that is for heating purposes (non-aesthetic)

Fheat = Amount of cord wood burned in fireplaces for heating purposes, tons wood/year

Ncord,heat = Number of cords burned in fireplaces – heating = 0.656 cords/fireplace/year, default

(Houck, 2001a)

Wcord = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1.54 tons/cord, default (OMNI, 2006)

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

1.2.2. Fireplaces - Manufactured Wax/Sawdust Logs

Manufactured Wax/Sawdust Logs (e.g., Pine Mountain, Hearthlog, etc.) are made from a mixture 

of sawdust, wax, and binders. Statewide sales data can be used to determine California’s total 

consumption, which can then be distributed among the various counties, air basins, and districts 

(i.e., each COABDIS combination) (OMNI, 2006). Provided below is a method to determine the 

manufactured log consumption rate for fireplaces.

Equation 6: Hfp,ml = [Htotal]*[Pfp]*[Pfp,u]*[Pfp,ml] for each COABDIS combination

Equation 7: Fml = ([Hfp,ml,each COABDIS]/[Hfp,ml,statewide total])*[CA Mfrd. Log Sales]

Where

Hfp,ml = Number of homes with fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured logs

Htotal = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if 

needed)

Pfp = Percent of homes with a fireplace

Pfp,u = Percent of homes with a fireplace that was actually used during the burn 

season

Pfp,ml = Percent of active fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured logs = 12%, 

default (Houck, 2001b)

Fml = Amount of manufactured logs burned in fireplaces, tons/year

Hfp,ml,each COABDIS = Number of homes with fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured logs for 

each county/air basin/district combination

Hfp,ml,statewide total = Statewide total for all homes with fireplaces that primarily burn manufactured 

logs (sum of all Hfp,ml,each COABDIS)

CA Mfrd. Log Sales = Total sales of manufactured logs in California, tons/year

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

2.0. WOOD STOVES

2.1. Determine the number of homes with wood stoves that are actually used.

Equation 8: Hw,u = [Htotal]*[Pw]*[Pw,u]

Where

Hw,u = Number of homes with wood stoves that are actually in use

Htotal = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

Pw = Percent of homes with a wood stove

Pw,u = Percent of homes with a wood stove that was actually used during the burn season

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

7.1-5
2.2. Determine the amount of wood burned in wood stoves.

For wood stoves, we assume that only cord wood is burned, because survey data indicate that 

wood stove owners do not purchase bundles of wood (OMNI, 2003). In addition, wax/sawdust 

manufactured logs are not recommended for use in wood stoves (HPBA, 2009b). There are three 

types of wood stoves that are addressed in this methodology: 

(1) Conventional Wood Stoves

(2) Phase II Catalytic Wood Stoves

(3) Phase II Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves

Provided below are methods for estimating the consumption rates for wood stoves.

2.2.1. Wood Stoves - Cord Wood

This methodology assumes that all wood stoves in use burn cord wood. In addition, it is 

assumed that wood stoves are used for heating purposes only. Provided below is a method to 

determine the cord wood consumption rate for wood stoves.

Total Cord Wood Consumption for All Wood Stoves

Equation 9: Fw = [Hw,u]*[Ncord]*[Wcord]

Where

Fw = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

Hw,u = Number of homes with wood stoves that are actually in use

Ncord = Number of cords burned in wood stoves, cords/home/year

Wcord = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1.54 tons/cord (OMNI, 2006)

Cord Wood Consumption for Conventional Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves

Equation 10: Fw,con = [Fw]*[100% - Pph]

Where

Fw,con = Amount of cord wood burned in conventional wood stoves, tons wood/year

Fw = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of wood stoves that are Phase II

Note: It is assumed that all wood stoves purchased prior to 1 July 1990 are conventional 

non-catalytic units and all wood stoves purchased on or after 1 July 1990 are Phase II 

EPA-certified units (catalytic and non-catalytic). Therefore, the estimated percentage of 

conventional wood stoves is [100% - Pph].

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Catalytic Wood Stoves

Equation 11: Fw,cat = [Fw]*[Pph]*[Pc]

Where

Fw,cat = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II catalytic wood stoves, tons wood/year

Fw = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of wood stoves that are Phase II

Pc = Percent of wood stoves that are catalytic

7.1-6
Note: It is assumed that all wood stoves purchased prior to 1 July 1990 were 

conventional non-catalytic units. Therefore, the percentage of catalytic wood stoves was 

only applied to Phase II wood stoves purchased on or after 1 July 1990.

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves

Equation 12: Fw,ncat = [Fw]*[Pph]*[100% - Pc]

Where

Fw,ncat = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II non-catalytic wood stoves, tons wood/year

Fw = Total amount of cord wood burned in wood stoves, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of wood stoves that are Phase II (i.e., purchased after 1 July 1990)

Pc = Percent of wood stoves that are catalytic

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

3.0. FIREPLACE INSERTS

3.1. Determine the number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually used.

Equation 13: Hfi,u = [Htotal]*[Pfi]*[Pfi,u]

Where

Hfi,u = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

Htotal = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

Pfi = Percent of homes with a fireplace insert

Pfi,u = Percent of homes with a fireplace insert that was actually used during the burn season

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

3.2. Determine the amount of wood burned in fireplace inserts.

For fireplace inserts, we assume that three types of fuel are primarily burned: (1) cord wood; (2) 

bundle wood; and (3) compressed sawdust logs which are 100% sawdust and wood shavings 

with no wax or binders (e.g., Pres-to Logs, Eco-Logs, etc.).

Similar to wood stoves, there are three types of fireplace inserts that are addressed in this 

methodology: 

(1) Conventional Fireplace Inserts

(2) Phase II Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

(3) Phase II Non-Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Emissions for fireplace inserts are reported under EIC 610-600-0230-0000, the general wood 

stove category. Provided below are methods for estimating the consumption rates for fireplace 

inserts.

7.1-7
3.2.1. Fireplace Inserts - Cord Wood

This methodology assumes that fireplace inserts burn cord wood for heating purposes only. 

Provided below is a method to determine the cord wood consumption rate for fireplace inserts.

Total Cord Wood Consumption for All Fireplace Inserts

Equation 14: Ffi,cord = [Hfi,u]*[Ncord]*[Wcord]

Where

Ffi,cord = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Hfi,u = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

Ncord = Number of cords burned in fireplace inserts, cords/home/year

Wcord = Weight of an average cord of wood = 1.54 tons/cord (OMNI, 2006)

Cord Wood Consumption for Conventional Non-Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Equation 15: Ffi,con = [Ffi,cord]*[100% - Pph]

Where

Ffi,con = Amount of cord wood burned in conventional fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Ffi,cord = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 are 

conventional non-catalytic units and all fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July 

1990 are Phase II EPA-certified units (catalytic and non-catalytic). Therefore, the 

estimated percentage of conventional fireplace inserts is [100% - Pph].

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Equation 16: Ffi,cat = [Ffi,cord]*[Pph]*[Pc]

Where

Ffi,cat = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Ffi,cord = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

Pc = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic

Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 were 

conventional non-catalytic units. Therefore, the percentage of catalytic fireplace inserts 

was only applied to Phase II fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July 1990.

Cord Wood Consumption for Phase II Non-Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Equation 17: Ffi,ncat = [Ffi,cord]*[Pph]*[100% - Pc]

Where

Ffi,ncat = Amount of cord wood burned in Phase II non-catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Ffi,cord = Total amount of cord wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II (i.e., purchased after 1 July 1990)

Pc = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

7.1-8
3.2.2. Fireplace Inserts - Bundle Wood

Bundle wood is typically purchased from a retail store, either packaged in a box or wrapped in 

plastic. Depending on the type of survey data available, bundle wood may be included with cord 

wood or it may be broken out separately. This methodology assumes that 9.4% of fireplaces 

burn bundle wood in addition to cord wood, based on average survey results (OMNI, 2003).

However, this percentage may change if more detailed usage data are available. Average survey 

results may also be used to estimate the average consumption rate for bundles of wood (OMNI, 

2003). Provided below is a method to determine the bundle wood consumption rate for fireplace

inserts.

Total Bundle Wood Consumption for All Fireplace Inserts

Equation 18: Ffi,bundle = [Hfi,u]*[Pfi,bundle]*[Nbundle]*[Wbundle]

Where

Ffi,bundle = Amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Hfi,u = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

Pfi,bundle = Percent of fireplace inserts that burn bundle wood = 9.4%, default (OMNI, 2003)

Nbundle = Number of bundles burned in fireplaces, bundles/home/year

Wbundle = Weight of an average bundle of wood = 0.024 ton/bundle (assuming 1 bundle = 1/64 of a 

cord or 1ft.x1ft.x2ft.) (OMNI, 2003)

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

Bundle Wood Consumption for Conventional Non-Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Equation 19: Ffi,con,b = [Ffi,bundle]*[100% - Pph]

Where

Ffi,con,b = Amount of bundle wood burned in conventional fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Ffi,bundle = Total amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 are 

conventional non-catalytic units and all fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July 

1990 are Phase II EPA-certified units (catalytic and non-catalytic). Therefore, the 

estimated percentage of conventional fireplace inserts is [100% - Pph].

Bundle Wood Consumption for Phase II Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Equation 20: Ffi,cat,b = [Ffi,bundle]*[Pph]*[Pc]

Where

Ffi,cat,b = Amount of bundle wood burned in Phase II catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Ffi,bundle = Total amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

Pc = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic

Note: It is assumed that all fireplace inserts purchased prior to 1 July 1990 were 

conventional non-catalytic units. Therefore, the percentage of catalytic fireplace inserts 

was only applied to Phase II fireplace inserts purchased on or after 1 July 1990.

7.1-9
Bundle Wood Consumption for Phase II Non-Catalytic Fireplace Inserts

Equation 21: Ffi,ncat,b = [Ffi,bundle]*[Pph]*[100% - Pc]

Where

Ffi,ncat,b = Amount of bundle wood burned in Phase II non-catalytic fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Ffi,bundle = Total amount of bundle wood burned in fireplace inserts, tons wood/year

Pph = Percent of fireplace inserts that are Phase II

Pc = Percent of fireplace inserts that are catalytic

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

3.2.3. Fireplace Inserts – Compressed Wood Logs

Compressed Wood Logs are made from 100% compressed sawdust and wood shavings (e.g., 

Pres-to Logs, Eco-Logs, etc.). Survey data are available to estimate average consumption rates 

for compressed wood logs (OMNI, 2003). The use of compressed wood logs is very limited, 

when compared to the other fuels, and emissions from compressed wood logs often represent a 

negligible part of the emissions inventory. For that reason, this methodology estimates an overall 

consumption rate, rather than allocating the compressed wood log usage among different types of 

fireplace inserts (conventional, catalytic, non-catalytic). Provided below is a method to 

determine the overall compressed wood log consumption rate for fireplace inserts.

Equation 22: Ffi,cwl = [Hfi,u]*[Pfi,cwl]*[Ncwl]*[Wcwl]

Where

Ffi,cwl = Amount of compressed wood logs burned in fireplace inserts, tons/year

Hfi,u = Number of homes with fireplace inserts that are actually in use

Pfi,cwl = Percent of fireplace inserts that burn compressed wood logs

Ncwl = Number of compressed wood logs burned in fireplace inserts, logs/home/year

Wcwl = Weight of an average compressed wood log = 5 lbs/log or 0.0025 tons/log (OMNI, 2003)

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

4.0 PELLET STOVES

4.1 Determine the number of homes with wood-burning pellet stoves that are actually used.

Equation 23: Hps,u = [Htotal]*[Pps]*[Pps,u]

Where

Hps,u = Number of homes with pellet stoves that are actually in use

Htotal = Number of occupied housing units in the county (divided by air basin, if needed)

Pps = Percent of homes with a pellet stove

Pps,u = Percent of homes with a pellet stove that was actually used during the burn season

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

4.2. Determine the amount of wood burned in pellet stoves.

The methodology assumes that all pellet stoves in use burn only one type of fuel – compressed 

wood pellets. Survey data are available to estimate average consumption rates for sacks of 

7.1-10
pellets (OMNI, 2003). Provided below is a method to determine the consumption rate for sacks 

of pellets used in pellet stoves:

Equation 24: Fps = [Hps,u]*[Nsacks]*[Wsack]

Where

Hps,u = Number of homes with pellet stoves that are actually in use

Fps = Amount of pellets burned in pellet stoves, tons/year

Nsacks = Number of sacks of pellets burned in pellet stoves, sacks/home/year

Wsack = Weight of an average sack of pellets = 40 lbs/sack or 0.02 tons/sack (HPBA, 2009c)

Appendix A contains the default and region-specific non-default values for the variables.

Emissions for pellet stoves are reported under EIC 610-600-0230-0000, the general wood stove 

category.

5.0 EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS

After fuel consumption data are determined as described above, emissions are calculated using 

the following general equation:

Equation 25: E = [EF]*[F]/2000 lbs/ton

Where

E = Emissions, tons/year

F = Amount of fuel burned, tons/year

EF = Emission Factor, lbs pollutant/ton fuel burned

Table 1 contains default values for emission factors. These factors have been updated to reflect 

data used by U.S. EPA to develop the 2002 National Emission Inventory (NEI) and information

from other wood combustion studies. It is important to note that U.S. EPA emission factors 

assume that Total PM, PM10 and PM2.5 are all equivalent. This is not consistent with ARB’s 

designated particulate size fractions for residential wood combustion ([PM10] = 0.935*[Total 

PM]; [PM2.5] = 0.9001*[Total PM]). To ensure consistency with ARB size fractions, emission 

factors have been adjusted to correspond to the appropriate size fraction. For example, if U.S. 

EPA provided an emission factor for the PM10 size fraction, we determined the corresponding 

PM2.5 emission factor by applying the ratio of size fractions (PM2.5/PM10 = 0.9001/0.935). Using 

this approach, PM2.5 emission factors are 96.3% of PM10 emission factors.

Table 2 contains 2005 estimated fuel use and emissions for fireplaces. Table 3 contains 2005 

estimated fuel use and emissions for wood stoves (including wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and 

pellet stoves). Detailed data on fuel use and emissions are presented in Appendix A.

7.1-11
Table 1 Residential Wood Combustion Emission Factors

EMISSION FACTORS (lbs/ton fuel burned)

Device Description Fuel Type CO NOX PM2.5 PM10 SO2

VOC / 

ROG NH3

Fireplace

Cord Wood, 

Bundles 149 4 2.6 2 22.7 7 23.6 1 0.4 2 18.9 4,8 1.8 3

Fireplace

Manufactured 

Log 137 4 6.5 4 46.4 7 48.2 4 4.2 4 33.8 4 0.004 4

Woodstove: Conventional 

(non-EPA certified) Cord Wood 230.8 5 2.8 5 29.5 7 30.6 5 0.4 5 53 5 1.7 3

Woodstove: Phase II EPA 

certified, Non-Catalytic Cord Wood 140.8 5 2.28 4 14.1 7 14.6 5 0.4 5 12 5 0.9 3

Woodstove: Phase II EPA 

certified, Catalytic Cord Wood 104.4 1 2 5 19.6 7 20.4 1 0.4 5 15 5 0.9 3

Fireplace Inserts: 

Conventional (non-EPA 

certified)

Cord Wood, 

Bundles 230.8 5 2.8 5 29.5 7 30.6 5 0.4 5 53 5 1.7 3

Fireplace Inserts: Phase II 

EPA certified; Non-Catalytic

Cord Wood, 

Bundles 140.8 5 2.28 4 14.1 7 14.6 5 0.4 5 12 5 0.9 3

Fireplace Inserts: Phase II 

EPA certified; Catalytic

Cord Wood, 

Bundles 104.4 5 2 5 19.6 7 20.4 5 0.4 5 15 5 0.9 3

Fireplace Inserts: All

Compressed 

Wood Log 201.2 6 2.8 5 25.0 7 26.0 6,7 0.4 5 15.1 6 1.7 3

Pellet Stove Pellets 15.9 4 3.8 4 2.9 7 3.06 4 0.32 4 0.04 4 0.3 3,4

References and Notes:

1. 2002 National Emission Inventory (Pechan, 2006; Broderick, 2005)

2. U.S. EPA AP-42 Section 1.9 (U.S EPA, 1996b)

3. U.S. EPA Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EC/R, 2002; EIIP, 2004)

4. Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association (MARAMA) study (Houck, 2006)

5. U.S. EPA AP-42 Section 1.10 (U.S EPA, 1996a) and Houck, J.E., J. Crouch, and R.H. Huntley. 2001. Review of 

 Wood Heater and Fireplace Emission Factors. 

6. Oregon Department of Energy study (Barnett, 1992). Note: ARB PM Speciation Profile #424 was used to convert 

from Total PM to PM10 (ARB, 2005).

7. This emission factor was adjusted to match ARB’s particulate size fractions.

8. U.S. EPA 2005 NEI Technical Support Document (U.S. EPA, 2010)

9. For wood stoves classified as “Catalytic - Phase II”, U.S. EPA AP-42 lists a PM10 emission factor of 16.2 lb/ton. 

Since the deterioration of the catalyst in these stoves can result in higher emissions, ARB staff are using the more 

conservative AP-42 emission factor for “Catalytic – All” wood stoves (20.4 lb/ton).

10. The EIIP document did not include an ammonia emission factor for Phase II Catalytic wood stoves. Therefore, it 

was assumed that the ammonia emission factor for Phase II Non-Catalytic wood stoves was appropriate for Phase 

II Catalytic wood stoves.

11. The Oregon Dept. of Energy study did not include NOX or SO2 emission factors for fireplace inserts burning 

compressed wood logs. Therefore, it was assumed that the emission factors for conventional fireplaces with 

inserts were appropriate for estimating emissions.

12. [Total PM] = [PM10]/[0.935]; [Total Organic Gases, TOG] = [ROG]/0.4385 [ARB Speciation Profile #424]

13. “Outdoor wood burning devices” include chimeneas, patio firepits, etc. For these devices, it was assumed that 

the emission factors for fireplaces without inserts were appropriate for estimating emissions.

14. Ammonia emission factors were generally estimated by using a molar ratio of ammonia to carbon monoxide, 

based on emissions data from the combustion of forest fuels (EC/R, 2002; EIIP, 2004).

7.1-12
The emission factors provided in Table 1 are based on the mass of fuel burned and they may not 

provide an accurate basis for comparison among different types of wood burning devices or 

different fuels. For example, the emission factors for manufactured logs may be higher than for 

cord wood, but fireplace users may burn only one manufactured log to provide the same type of 

fire that would otherwise require several pieces of cord wood. Similarly, the emission factors for 

wood stoves may be higher than those for fireplaces, but wood stoves are much more efficient for 

heating purposes and studies show that certified wood stoves produce lower emissions per unit of 

heat delivered when compared to fireplaces or conventional stoves (Houck, 1998; Houck, 2005).

6.0 SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Estimating Annual Emissions for Residential Fireplaces: El Dorado County (Mountain Counties) 

In 2005, El Dorado County had 65,962 houses (14,220 in the Lake Tahoe Air Basin and 51,742 

houses in the Mountain Counties Air Basin). A survey was conducted in 2001 that gathered data 

for the Sacramento Valley area, including El Dorado County (OMNI, 2003). Based on that 

survey data, the emission calculations for wood-burning fireplaces are provided below for the 

Mountain Counties Air Basin portion of El Dorado County:

From Equation 1, determine the number of fireplaces that are actually being used in El Dorado 

County (Mountain Counties Air Basin portion): 

FPall = [Htotal]*[Pfp]*[Pfp,u] *[Mfp]

Based on survey data, 39% of homes in El Dorado County have fireplaces and 71% of those 

fireplaces are being used (OMNI, 2003). Also, the average number of fireplaces per home is 1.1, 

to account for the fact that some homes have multiple fireplaces (OMNI, 2003).

FPall = [51,742]*[39%]*[71%]*[1.1] = 15,760 fireplaces in use

For cord wood and bundle wood, use Equations 2 and 4 to determine the number of fireplaces 

being used for aesthetic and heating purposes: 

FPaes = [FPall]*[Pfp,cord]*[Pfp,aes]

FPheat = [FPall]*[Pfp,cord]*[Pfp,heat]

Survey data indicate that 56% of the fireplaces in El Dorado County are used for aesthetic 

purposes and the remaining 44% are used for heating purposes (OMNI, 2003). Also, it is 

estimated that 88% of fireplaces burn primarily cord wood (Houck, 2001b).

FPaes = [15,760 fireplaces]*[88%]*[56%]

 = 7,767 fireplaces used for aesthetic purposes

FPheat = [15,760 fireplaces]*[88%]*[44%]

 = 6,102 fireplaces used for heating purposes

Use Equations 3 and 5 to determine the amount of cord wood and bundle wood burned in 

fireplaces for aesthetic and heating purposes: 

7.1-13
Faes = [FPaes]*[Ncord,aes]*[Wcord]

Fheat = [FPheat]*[Ncord,heat]*[Wcord]

The methodology for U.S. EPA’s 2002 National Emission Inventory assumes that two different 

consumption rates should be used for fireplaces burning cord wood: 0.656 cords/fireplace/year 

for heating and 0.069 cords/fireplace/year for aesthetic purposes (Houck, 2001a; Pechan, 2006). 

The average weight for a cord of wood is assumed to be 1.54 tons/cord (OMNI, 2006).

Faes = [7,767 fireplaces]*[0.069 cords/fireplace/year]*[1.54 tons/cord]

 = 825 tons burned/year for aesthetic purposes 

Fheat = [6,102 fireplaces]*[0.656 cords/fireplace/year]*[1.54 tons/cord]

 = 6,165 tons burned/year for heating

Using Equation 25, calculate emissions from fireplaces burning cord wood:

E = [EF]*[F]/2000 lbs/ton

From Table 1, the PM2.5 emission factor is 22.7 lbs PM2.5/ton burned

E = [22.7 lbs PM2.5/ton]*[825 tons burned/year]/2000 lbs/ton 

 = 9 tons PM2.5/year for aesthetic purposes

E = [22.7 lbs PM2.5/ton]*[6,165 tons burned/year]/2000 lbs/ton 

 = 70 tons PM2.5/year for heating

For manufactured logs, use Equations 6 and 7 to determine the number of fireplaces being used 

for aesthetic and heating purposes:

Equation 6: Hfp,ml = [Htotal]*[Pfp]*[Pfp,u]*[Pfp,ml]

It is estimated that 12% of homes that use their fireplace primarily burn manufactured logs

(Houck, 2001b).

Hfp,ml = [51,742 homes]*[39%]*[71%]*[12%]= 1,719 homes for El Dorado County 

(Mountain Counties Air Basin portion)

Hfp,ml,statewide total = 377,085 homes statewide

Equation 7: Fml = ([Hfp,ml,each COABDIS]/[Hfp,ml,statewide total])*[CA Mfrd. Log Sales]

Fml = ([1,719 homes]/[377,085 homes])*[60,825 tons/yr] = 277 tons burned/year

Using Equation 25, calculate emissions from fireplaces burning manufactured logs:

E = [EF]*[F]/2000 lbs/ton

From Table 1, the PM2.5 emission factor is 46.4 lbs PM2.5/ton burned

E = [46.4 lbs PM2.5/ton]*[277 tons burned/year]/2000 lbs/ton = 6.4 tons PM2.5/year

Total emissions from fireplaces in El Dorado County (Mountain Counties Air Basin portion):

 E = 9 + 70 + 6 = 86 tons PM2.5/year

7.1-14
Table 2: Fireplaces – 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis County (Air Basin)

Cord 

Wood

Mfrd. 

Logs

Total All 

Fuels CO NOX PM2.5 PM10 SO2 ROG NH3

GBV GBU Alpine 161 7 168 12 0 2 2 0 2 0

GBV GBU Inyo 1,719 73 1,792 133 2 21 22 0 17 2

GBV GBU Mono 1,858 79 1,937 144 3 23 24 1 19 2

LC LAK Lake 4,053 172 4,226 314 6 50 52 1 41 4

LT ED El Dorado (LT) 1,921 77 1,998 148 3 24 25 1 19 2

LT PLA Placer (LT) 811 33 843 63 1 10 10 0 8 1

MC AMA Amador 3,259 138 3,398 252 5 40 42 1 33 3

MC CAL Calaveras 3,037 129 3,166 235 4 37 39 1 31 3

MC ED El Dorado (MC) 6,990 281 7,271 540 10 86 89 2 71 6

MC MPA Mariposa 1,190 51 1,240 92 2 15 15 0 12 1

MC NSI Nevada 6,566 279 6,845 508 9 81 84 2 67 6

MC NSI Plumas 2,896 123 3,019 224 4 36 37 1 29 3

MC NSI Sierra 422 18 440 33 1 5 5 0 4 0

MC PLA Placer (MC) 1,459 59 1,518 113 2 18 19 0 15 1

MC TUO Tuolumne 3,606 153 3,760 279 5 45 46 1 37 3

MD AV Los Angeles (MD) 367 374 741 53 2 13 13 1 10 0

MD KER Kern (MD) 2,351 86 2,437 181 3 29 30 1 24 2

MD MOJ Riverside (MD) 39 34 72 5 0 1 1 0 1 0

MD MOJ San Bernardino 

(MD) 819 708 1,527 110 3 26 27 2 20 1

MD SC Riverside (MD) 23 20 43 3 0 1 1 0 1 0

NC MEN Mendocino 8,223 349 8,573 637 12 102 105 2 84 7

NC NCU Del Norte 2,549 108 2,657 197 4 31 33 1 26 2

NC NCU Humboldt 10,404 442 10,846 805 15 128 133 3 106 9

NC NCU Trinity 1,886 80 1,966 146 3 23 24 1 19 2

NC NS Sonoma (NC) 4,720 141 4,861 361 7 57 59 1 47 4

NCC MBU Monterey 17,909 760 18,669 1,386 26 221 230 5 182 16

NCC MBU San Benito 2,513 107 2,619 194 4 31 32 1 26 2

NCC MBU Santa Cruz 18,841 800 19,641 1,458 27 233 242 5 192 17

NEP LAS Lassen 2,876 122 2,998 223 4 36 37 1 29 3

NEP MOD Modoc 980 42 1,022 76 1 12 13 0 10 1

NEP SIS Siskiyou 5,504 234 5,737 426 8 68 71 2 56 5

SC SC Los Angeles (SC) 12,031 12,045 24,076 1,721 55 416 432 28 317 11

SC SC Orange 5,907 6,024 11,931 853 27 207 215 14 158 5

SC SC Riverside (SC) 2,965 2,564 5,530 397 12 93 97 6 71 3

SC SC San Bernardino (SC) 2,855 2,469 5,325 382 12 90 93 6 69 3

SCC SB Santa Barbara 10,276 1,066 11,342 839 17 141 147 4 115 9

SCC SLO San Luis Obispo 17,360 737 18,098 1,344 25 214 223 5 177 16

SCC VEN Ventura 32,306 1,372 33,678 2,501 46 399 414 9 328 29

SD SD San Diego 5,683 5,189 10,872 779 24 185 192 12 141 5

SF BA Alameda 49,507 2,477 51,983 3,858 72 620 644 15 510 45

SF BA Contra Costa 94,221 2,316 96,536 7,178 130 1,124 1,168 24 930 85

SF BA Marin 8,479 806 9,285 687 14 115 119 3 94 8

SF BA Napa 8,995 310 9,305 691 13 109 114 2 90 8

SF BA San Francisco 6,181 1,112 7,294 537 12 96 100 4 77 6

SF BA San Mateo 16,689 1,897 18,586 1,373 28 234 243 7 190 15

SF BA Santa Clara 70,647 2,643 73,290 5,444 100 864 897 20 712 64

SF BA Solano (SF) 19,433 564 19,997 1,486 27 234 243 5 193 17

SF BA Sonoma (SF) 31,913 952 32,866 2,443 45 385 400 8 318 29

SJV SJU Fresno 49,461 715 50,176 3,734 67 578 601 11 479 45

SJV SJU Kern (SJV) 29,189 422 29,611 2,204 39 341 355 7 283 26

SJV SJU Kings 5,752 83 5,835 434 8 67 70 1 56 5

SJV SJU Madera 7,325 106 7,430 553 10 86 89 2 71 7

SJV SJU Merced 12,920 187 13,106 975 17 151 157 3 125 12

SJV SJU San Joaquin 69,428 1,003 70,431 5,241 94 812 843 16 673 62

SJV SJU Stanislaus 41,253 596 41,849 3,114 56 482 501 10 400 37

SJV SJU Tulare 29,252 423 29,675 2,208 39 342 355 7 284 26

SS IMP Imperial 876 59 935 69 1 11 12 0 9 1

SS SC Riverside (SS) 807 698 1,506 108 3 25 26 2 19 1

SV BUT Butte 11,548 464 12,012 892 17 142 147 3 117 10

SV COL Colusa 894 36 930 69 1 11 11 0 9 1

7.1-15
Table 2: Fireplaces – 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis County (Air Basin)

Cord 

Wood

Mfrd. 

Logs

Total All 

Fuels CO NOX PM2.5 PM10 SO2 ROG NH3

SV FR Sutter 4,023 162 4,184 311 6 49 51 1 41 4

SV FR Yuba 2,975 120 3,094 230 4 37 38 1 30 3

SV GLE Glenn 1,284 52 1,336 99 2 16 16 0 13 1

SV PLA Placer (SV) 6,854 658 7,513 556 11 93 97 3 76 6

SV SAC Sacramento 33,252 3,194 36,446 2,696 54 452 469 13 368 30

SV SHA Shasta 9,216 370 9,586 712 13 113 118 3 93 8

SV TEH Tehama 3,027 122 3,149 234 4 37 39 1 31 3

SV YS Solano (SV) 3,282 315 3,598 266 5 45 46 1 36 3

SV YS Yolo 4,386 421 4,807 356 7 60 62 2 49 4

Totals (tons/year) = 842,407 60,825 903,233 66,926 1,293 10,981 11,406 296 8,989 758

Totals (Annual Avg. tons/day) = 2,308 167 2,475 183 4 30 31 1 25 2

Emission Inventory Code (EIC): 610-602-0230-0000

[Total PM] = [PM10]/[0.935], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[PM2.5] = [Total PM]*[0.9001] = [PM10]*[0.9001/0.935] = [PM10]*[0.963], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[Total Organic Gases, TOG] = [ROG]/0.4385, per ARB organic profile code #549

Table 3: All Wood Stoves – 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates 

(includes Wood Stoves, Fireplace Inserts, and Pellet Stoves)

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis

County (Air 

Basin)

Cord 

Wood: 

Convntl.

Cord 

Wood: 

Phase II, 

NonCatalytic

Cord 

Wood: 

Phase II, 

Catalytic

Comp.

Wood 

Logs Pellets

Total for 

All Fuels CO NOX PM2.5 PM10 SO2 ROG NH3

GBV GBU Alpine 115 72 26 0 0 212 20 0 2 3 0 4 0

GBV GBU Inyo 1,225 767 276 1 0 2,268 210 3 26 27 0 39 2

GBV GBU Mono 1,324 830 298 1 0 2,452 227 3 28 29 0 42 2

LC LAK Lake 5,148 3,251 1,134 3 0 9,535 882 12 110 114 2 164 6

LT ED El Dorado 

(LT) 3,732 2,148 722 5 114 6,721 621 9 77 80 1 117 4

LT PLA Placer (LT) 1,575 906 305 2 48 2,836 262 4 33 34 1 49 2

MC AMA Amador 4,270 2,717 921 2 0 7,910 732 10 91 95 2 136 5

MC CAL Calaveras 6,660 4,250 1,423 2 0 12,335 1,142 16 142 147 2 213 8

MC ED El Dorado 

(MC) 13,579 7,818 2,628 18 414 24,456 2,260 31 282 292 5 427 16

MC MPA Mariposa 1,534 969 338 1 189 3,030 264 4 33 34 1 49 2

MC NSI Nevada 9,992 6,336 2,176 4 0 18,507 1,713 23 213 221 4 319 12

MC NSI Plumas 4,129 2,631 887 1 0 7,648 708 10 88 91 2 132 5

MC NSI Sierra 301 189 68 0 0 557 52 1 6 7 0 10 0

MC PLA Placer (MC) 2,834 1,632 548 4 86 5,104 472 7 59 61 1 89 3

MC TUO Tuolumne 8,322 5,315 1,774 2 0 15,413 1,427 19 177 184 3 266 10

MD AV Los Angeles 

(MD) 998 178 88 0 0 1,264 132 2 17 17 0 28 1

MD KER Kern (MD) 863 428 41 0 0 1,332 132 2 16 17 0 26 1

MD MOJ Riverside 

(MD) 199 35 17 0 0 251 26 0 3 3 0 6 0

MD MOJ San 

Bernardino 

(MD) 4,488 799 394 0 0 5,682 595 8 76 79 1 127 4

MD SC Riverside 

(MD) 119 21 10 0 0 151 16 0 2 2 0 3 0

NC MEN Mendocino 11,927 7,601 2,560 4 0 22,092 2,046 28 254 264 4 381 15

NC NCU Del Norte 2,587 1,638 567 1 0 4,793 444 6 55 57 1 83 3

NC NCU Humboldt 14,467 8,960 2,204 5 0 25,635 2,416 33 298 309 5 454 17

NC NCU Trinity 1,343 842 302 1 0 2,489 230 3 29 30 0 43 2

NC NS Sonoma (NC) 2,600 3,089 1,262 0 731 7,682 589 10 73 76 2 97 4

NCC MBU Monterey 9,158 5,666 2,136 9 0 16,969 1,568 21 196 203 3 293 11

NCC MBU San Benito 1,722 1,078 389 1 0 3,190 295 4 37 38 1 55 2

7.1-16
Table 3: All Wood Stoves – 2005 Fuel Use and Emissions Estimates 

(includes Wood Stoves, Fireplace Inserts, and Pellet Stoves)

FUEL USE (Tons/Yr) 2005 EMISSIONS (Tons/Year)

AB Dis

County (Air 

Basin)

Cord 

Wood: 

Convntl.

Cord 

Wood: 

Phase II, 

NonCatalytic

Cord 

Wood: 

Phase II, 

Catalytic

Comp.

Wood 

Logs Pellets

Total for 

All Fuels CO NOX PM2.5 PM10 SO2 ROG NH3

NCC MBU Santa Cruz 12,567 7,858 2,847 9 0 23,281 2,153 29 268 279 5 402 16

NEP LAS Lassen 4,087 2,603 878 1 0 7,569 701 10 87 91 2 131 5

NEP MOD Modoc 698 438 157 0 0 1,293 120 2 15 15 0 22 1

NEP SIS Siskiyou 7,504 4,777 1,615 3 0 13,900 1,287 18 160 166 3 240 9

SC SC Los Angeles 

(SC) 32,280 5,749 2,832 0 0 40,860 4,278 55 544 565 8 911 31

SC SC Orange 6,015 1,071 528 0 0 7,614 797 10 101 105 2 170 6

SC SC Riverside 

(SC) 15,173 2,702 1,331 0 0 19,207 2,011 26 256 265 4 428 15

SC SC San 

Bernardino 

(SC) 15,650 2,787 1,373 0 0 19,810 2,074 26 264 274 4 442 15

SCC SB Santa Barbara 8,830 5,637 1,885 0 0 16,352 1,514 21 188 195 3 282 11

SCC SLO San Luis 

Obispo 9,552 5,928 2,208 9 0 17,697 1,636 22 204 212 4 305 12

SCC VEN Ventura 9,590 5,733 2,436 16 0 17,775 1,639 22 206 214 4 307 12

SD SD San Diego 31,486 5,608 2,762 0 0 39,856 4,173 53 530 551 8 889 31

SF BA Alameda 370 440 180 0 31,096 32,086 330 60 56 58 5 14 5

SF BA Contra Costa 10,823 12,862 5,254 0 15,272 44,211 2,550 64 324 336 8 404 20

SF BA Marin 13,531 16,080 6,568 0 4,042 40,220 3,068 52 383 398 8 504 22

SF BA Napa 4,643 5,517 2,254 0 1,619 14,033 1,055 18 132 137 3 173 8

SF BA San Francisco 347 412 168 0 12,052 12,979 174 24 27 28 2 13 2

SF BA San Mateo 4,458 5,298 2,164 0 18,696 30,617 1,149 50 152 158 5 167 10

SF BA Santa Clara 7,927 9,420 3,848 0 19,274 40,469 1,932 62 249 259 7 296 16

SF BA Solano (SF) 692 823 336 0 1,994 3,845 171 6 22 23 1 26 1

SF BA Sonoma (SF) 17,578 20,889 8,532 0 4,941 51,941 3,984 66 497 516 10 655 29

SJV SJU Fresno 9,274 4,599 438 0 0 14,311 1,417 19 173 180 3 277 10

SJV SJU Kern (SJV) 4,214 2,090 199 0 0 6,503 644 8 79 82 1 126 5

SJV SJU Kings 614 304 29 0 0 947 94 1 11 12 0 18 1

SJV SJU Madera 3,835 1,902 181 0 0 5,919 586 8 72 74 1 114 4

SJV SJU Merced 6,921 3,432 327 0 0 10,680 1,057 14 129 134 2 206 8

SJV SJU San Joaquin 4,351 2,158 206 0 0 6,714 665 9 81 84 1 130 5

SJV SJU Stanislaus 8,180 4,057 387 0 0 12,624 1,250 16 153 159 3 244 9

SJV SJU Tulare 17,215 8,538 814 0 0 26,567 2,630 35 322 334 5 514 19

SS IMP Imperial 91 16 8 0 0 115 12 0 2 2 0 3 0

SS SC Riverside 

(SS) 4,091 729 359 0 0 5,179 542 7 69 72 1 115 4

SV BUT Butte 22,433 12,915 4,341 30 684 40,402 3,733 52 465 483 8 705 27

SV COL Colusa 1,737 1,000 336 2 53 3,128 289 4 36 37 1 55 2

SV FR Sutter 7,814 4,499 1,512 10 238 14,074 1,300 18 162 168 3 245 9

SV FR Yuba 5,779 3,327 1,118 8 176 10,408 962 13 120 124 2 182 7

SV GLE Glenn 2,495 1,436 483 3 76 4,493 415 6 52 54 1 78 3

SV PLA Placer (SV) 14,852 7,005 4,874 60 3,901 30,692 2,499 41 322 335 6 473 19

SV SAC Sacramento 

72,052 33,982 23,644 291 18,923 148,892

12,12

1 200 1,564 1,624 29 2,293 90

SV SHA Shasta 17,904 10,307 3,464 24 546 32,245 2,979 41 371 386 6 562 22

SV TEH Tehama 5,881 3,386 1,138 8 179 10,592 979 14 122 127 2 185 7

SV YS Solano (SV) 7,112 3,354 2,334 29 1,868 14,697 1,196 20 154 160 3 226 9

SV YS Yolo 9,503 4,482 3,119 38 2,496 19,638 1,599 26 206 214 4 302 12

Totals (tons/year) = 555,358 306,317 122,958 609 139,708 1,124,949 93,243 1,516 11,753 12,209 219 17,484 687

Totals (Ann. Avg. tons/day) = 255 4 32 33 1 48 2

Emission Inventory Code (EIC): 610-600-0230-0000

[Total PM] = [PM10]/[0.935], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[PM2.5] = [Total PM]*[0.9001] = [PM10]*[0.9001/0.935] = [PM10]*[0.963], per ARB particulate matter profile code #424

[Total Organic Gases, TOG] = [ROG]/0.4385, per ARB organic profile code #549

7.1-17
ALTERNATIVE METHOD – United States Census Bureau American 

Housing Survey Data

The Preferred Method described in Sections 1 through 4 above is based on survey data that have

become available since 2000, primarily for areas in Northern and Central California where 

residential wood combustion is more prevalent. In Southern California, fewer surveys have been 

conducted in recent years to gather activity data for residential wood combustion. For these 

areas, ARB used an alternative method based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American 

Housing Survey (AHS) to estimate wood consumption. This alternative method has been used 

by U.S. EPA to develop nationwide emissions estimates (Houck, 2001a, 2001b). AHS reports

are available for several large metropolitan areas in California and they include the number of 

housing units with fireplaces and stoves. Additional data (e.g., the number of homes that use 

wood as a heating fuel) can be obtained through the U.S. Census Bureau’s American FactFinder 

tool.

TEMPORAL INFORMATION

Most residential wood burning occurs during the cold season (typically in the fall, winter and

early spring). To determine monthly emissions throughout the year, multiply annual average 

emissions by the monthly temporal factors. Daily emissions (tons/day) are calculated by ARB’s 

emission forecasting system, based on the applicable temporal profile and the season (annual 

average, winter, or summer). Default temporal factors are provided below:

Table 4: Default Temporal Profiles (%)

EIC Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

61060002300000 18.2 18.2 12.7 9.1 0 0 0 0 0 9.1 14.5 18.2

61060202300000 18.2 18.2 12.7 9.1 0 0 0 0 0 9.1 14.5 18.2

Several districts have established local temporal profiles that differ from the defaults shown 

above. These local profiles are provided below:

Table 5: Other Temporal Profiles (%)

Dis County Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

NS SONOMA 17.8 17.8 14.3 10.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 14.3

SHA SHASTA 17.8 17.8 14.3 10.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 14.3

SJU FRESNO 25.2 16.6 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.5 0 0 0.2 1.7 27.5 26.3

SJU KERN 25.7 16 2.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0 0 0 2 23.5 28.9

SJU KINGS 24.9 16.1 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0 0 0.1 1.8 26 28

SJU MADERA 25 16.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.2 1.8 27.5 25.9

SJU MERCED 25 17.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0 0 0.1 1.8 26.6 26

SJU SAN JOAQUIN 23.6 16.9 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.3 1.8 28 26.1

SJU STANISLAUS 25.4 17 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.2 1.8 25.3 27

SJU TULARE 25 16.3 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.1 1.8 26.3 27.2

To estimate emissions for the summer and winter seasons, multiply annual average emissions by 

the seasonal temporal factors. Default seasonal temporal factors are 0.183 for summer (May –

October) and 1.818 for winter (November – April).

7.1-18
The statewide temporal cycle codes for wood stoves and fireplaces are:

Table 6: Temporal Cycle Codes

District Description Cycle 

Code

Definition

Default Hours/Day 33 Max activity 7-9 a.m. & 7-11 p.m., ave during day, low at 

night (resident combst)

Default Days/Wk 7 7 day per week – uniform activity every day of the week

SJU Hours/Day 24 24 hours per day – uniform activity during the day

SJU Days/Wk 7 7 day per week – uniform activity every day of the week

7.0 SPECIATION PROFILES & FRACTIONS

ARB has established the following default speciation profiles for the residential wood 

combustion categories:

• Organic Profile Code #549

• Particulate Matter Profile Code #424

While the standard emission factors in Section 5 are generally the same for PM2.5 and PM10, there 

may be some cases where it is necessary to estimate PM fractions based on other emission 

factors. In addition, air quality modeling programs require the use of speciated data that identify 

individual chemicals. The speciation profiles listed above can be used to assign weight fractions 

and to identify the chemical species that are contained in the organic and particulate emissions. 

Details are provided below:

Table 7: ROG and PM Weight Fractions

EIC Description Weight 

Fraction ROG

Weight Fraction 

PM10

Weight Fraction 

PM2.5

610-600-0230-0000 Wood Stoves

610-602-0230-0000 Fireplaces 0.4385*TOG 0.935*TSP 0.9001*TSP

610-604-0230-0000 Unspecified

ROG = Reactive Organic Gases; TOG = Total Organic Gases; TSP = Total Suspended Particulate

References:

ARB Organic Profile Code #549, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/orgspecvv10001_list.php

ARB PM Profile Code #424, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/pmspecvv10001_list.php

Table 8: Organic Speciation Profile Code#549

Chemical Name CAS# Weight Fraction of TOG

isomers of heptane 0.1883

isomers of pentane 0.0353

methane 74828 0.511

ethane 74840 0.0057

ethylene 74851 0.0158

propane 74986 0.0055

7.1-19
Table 8: Organic Speciation Profile Code#549

Chemical Name CAS# Weight Fraction of TOG

propylene 115071 0.0105

n-butane 106978 0.0355

formaldehyde 50000 0.0423

acetaldehyde 75070 0.0393

propionaldehyde 123386 0.0619

isomers of xylene 1330207 0.0075

toluene 108883 0.0124

Reference: ARB Organic Profile Code #549, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/orgspecvv10001_list.php

Table 9: PM Speciation Profile Code #424

Chemical Name CAS#

Weight Fraction 

of Total PM

Weight Fraction 

of PM10

Weight Fraction 

of PM2.5

carbon organic 0.524014 0.486306 0.535706

unknown pm 0.221475 0.274118 0.258324

aluminum 7429905 1.40E-05 4.10E-05 1.40E-05

antimony 7440360 8.00E-06 1.30E-05 1.50E-05

arsenic 7440382 3.00E-06 2.00E-06 1.00E-06

barium 7440393 0.000106 0.00012 7.00E-05

bromine 7726956 4.50E-05 4.50E-05 4.40E-05

cadmium 7440439 4.00E-06 9.00E-06 4.00E-06

calcium 7440702 0.001237 0.000736 0.000327

chromium 7440473 0 0 0

cobalt 7440484 1.00E-06 2.00E-06 1.00E-06

copper 7440508 2.00E-06 1.00E-06 0

chlorine 7782505 0.008116 0.007987 0.00783

carbon elemental 7440440 0.220351 0.207016 0.174252

gallium 7440553 0 0 0

iron 7439896 1.20E-05 9.00E-06 7.00E-06

lead 7439921 1.10E-05 1.50E-05 1.40E-05

indium 7440746 1.00E-06 3.00E-06 1.00E-06

manganese 7439965 2.50E-05 1.70E-05 1.00E-05

molybdenum 7439987 0 0 0

nickel 7440020 0 0 0

mercury 7439976 0 0 0

lanthanum 7439910 0.000104 0.000128 7.00E-05

palladium 7440053 1.00E-06 2.00E-06 0

phosphorous 7723140 0 0 0

selenium 7782492 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 1.00E-06

tin 7440315 9.00E-06 4.00E-06 0

titanium 7440326 3.00E-06 1.00E-06 3.00E-06

vanadium (fume or dust) 7440622 1.00E-06 1.00E-06 2.00E-06

silicon 7440213 1.60E-05 2.00E-06 0

silver 7440224 0 3.00E-06 3.00E-06

zinc 7440666 0.000554 0.000548 0.00056

strontium 7440246 9.00E-06 5.00E-06 2.00E-06

7.1-20
Table 9: PM Speciation Profile Code #424

Chemical Name CAS#

Weight Fraction 

of Total PM

Weight Fraction 

of PM10

Weight Fraction 

of PM2.5

sulfur 7704349 0.002682 0.002668 0.002598

rubidium 7440177 2.00E-05 1.80E-05 1.80E-05

potassium 7440097 0.01735 0.016702 0.016685

yttrium 7440655 0 0 0

sodium 7440235 0.000674 0.000617 0.000629

zirconium 7440677 0 0 0

ammonium ion 14798039 0.000553 0.000586 0.000564

nitrates 14797558 0.00222 0.002228 0.002214

sulfates 0.007473 0.007459 0.00741

carbonate ion 0.000378 4.50E-05 2.80E-05

Reference: ARB PM Profile Code #424, http://arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/vv10001/profphp/pmspecvv10001_list.php

GROWTH FACTORS

ARB’s default growth parameters for fireplace and woodstove emissions are based on historical 

residential wood combustion survey data published by the U.S. Energy Information Agency’s 

State Energy Data System (U.S. EIA SEDS) and residential wood burning forecasts from the 

EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook (U.S. EIA, 2011). These default growth factors are used for most 

districts, but some districts have submitted alternative growth data based on local information

and updated rules that limit growth of wood-burning appliances.

SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY CHANGES

The previous 1997 version of this methodology estimated emissions based on 1993 data for SJV

and 1991 data for the remainder of the state. This revised methodology is based on 2005 data for 

all regions in the state. 

For fireplaces, the previous methodology assumed a single statewide average wood consumption 

rate of 0.28 cords/year/home. For all regions in the state, the revised methodology uses either 

district survey data (where available) or two default consumption rates: (1) 0.069 

cords/year/fireplace for units that burn wood primarily for aesthetics purposes; and (2) 0.656 

cords/year/fireplace for units that burn wood primarily for heating (Houck, 2001a). Survey data 

are used to determine the split between aesthetic and heating uses.

For SJV, it was determined that, prior to full implementation in 2009 of District Rule 4901, 

Wood Burning Fireplaces and Wood Burning Heaters, a higher fireplace wood consumption rate

based on a 1997 district survey was more representative than the default values. Therefore, the 

revised methodology assumes a consumption rate of 0.91 cords/year/fireplace for 2005 (Franz, 

1997), and the default rates starting in 2009 and thereafter. Appendix B presents the summary of 

fireplace fuel use and associated emissions in 2009 for all counties in SJV.

7.1-21
The previous methodology used a single PM emission factor for all fireplaces (31.1 lb/ton), 

based on the 1992 version of U.S. EPA AP-42. The revised methodology uses a PM10 emission 

factor that was used for U.S. EPA’s 2002 National Emission Inventory (23.6 lb/ton). U.S. EPA 

staff chose to use the revised emission factor, because it is based on an improved data set (34 

studies and 360 test runs), as compared to the old value (based on 4 studies, and 54 test runs) 

(Broderick, 2005). Emission factors for other criteria pollutants have also been updated, based 

on the results of newer emissions tests and research studies.

For wood stoves, the previous methodology determined wood consumption rates by estimating 

energy needs based on the thermal properties of a typical residence and the number of heating 

degree days in each county. The revised methodology uses survey data to estimate wood 

consumption rates for each county. 

The previous methodology assumed that all wood stoves were conventional units and emissions 

were based on the highest emission factor. The revised methodology uses survey data to estimate 

the percentage of wood stoves that are Phase II EPA certified units (catalytic and non-catalytic). 

Emission factors for certified units have been revised to reflect the lower emissions levels of the 

Phase II units.

The previous methodology only estimated emissions from burning cord wood in fireplaces and 

wood stoves. The updated version provides estimation methodologies for cord wood, bundle 

wood, artificial/manufactured wax/sawdust logs, compressed sawdust logs, and pellets. In 

addition, the types of devices now include fireplaces, wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and pellet 

stoves. Emissions for wood stoves, fireplace inserts, and pellet stoves are reported under EIC

610-600-0230-0000, the general wood stove category.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PREVIOUS AND CURRENT EMISSION 

ESTIMATES

The new methodology results in lower statewide PM emissions estimates for both fireplaces and 

wood stoves. Using the previous methodology, the projected 2005 statewide PM10 emission 

estimates were 16,000 tons/year for fireplaces and about 24,000 tons/year for wood stoves, 

including the effects of growth and emission reductions from district rules. With the new 

methodology, the 2005 statewide PM10 estimates decline to approximately 11,400 tons/year for 

fireplaces and about 12,200 tons/year for wood stoves. The 2005 statewide PM2.5 emission

estimates also decline from about 15,000 to 11,000 tons/year for fireplaces and from 23,000 to 

11,800 tons/year for wood stoves. For fireplaces, these declines are primarily due to reduced 

wood consumption estimates and the use of lower PM emission factors. For wood stoves, 

emissions declined primarily because it was no longer assumed that all stoves were conventional 

units. A portion of the wood use was attributed to EPA-certified stoves that have lower emission 

rates. In addition, the overall fuel consumption rate for wood stoves decreased slightly.

7.1-22
RECOMMENDATIONS

The accuracy of the residential wood burning category could be increased by conducting more

local surveys to document the number of wood burning devices and fuel usage. Many districts 

have adopted local rules that govern wood burning activities and some districts have established 

incentive programs to encourage the purchase of cleaner wood burning devices that produce less 

particulate pollution. It is expected that these efforts will result in the need to update wood 

burning activity data more frequently to account for equipment turnover.

As with many area source methodologies, the possibility of incorporating geographic information 

system data may allow more accurate depictions of local emissions inventories.

7.1-23
ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY

AEO Annual Energy Outlook

Bundle Wood Wood that is typically purchased in small bundles from a retail 

store, either packaged in a box or wrapped in plastic.

CAS Chemical Abstract Service

CES Category of Emission Source code. A 5-digit code that has 

been used by ARB to identify area source categories. The CES 

code has been replaced by the 14-digit Emission Inventory Code

(EIC).

CO Carbon Monoxide

Compressed Wood Logs Manufactured logs that are made from 100% compressed 

sawdust and wood shavings (e.g., Pres-to Logs, Eco-Logs, etc.)

Cord A stack of wood with a volume of 128 cubic feet (4 feet x 4 feet 

x 8 feet)

EF Emission Factor

EIC Emission Inventory Code. A 14-digit code that ARB uses to 

identify stationary and area source categories.

Heating Degree Day The number of heating degree days is the number of degrees 

that the average daily temperature is below 65°F.

NEI National Emission Inventory

NH3 Ammonia

NOX Nitrogen Oxides

NSPS New Source Performance Standard

Phase I Stoves U.S. EPA designation for stoves certified to meet a 5.5 grams 

per hour (gm/hr) for catalytic wood heaters and 8.5 gm/hr 

noncatalytic wood heaters particulate matter emission standards 

manufactured on or after July 1, 1988 or sold after July 1, 1990.

Phase II Stoves U.S. EPA designation for stoves certified to meet a 4.1 gm/hr

for catalytic wood heaters and 7.5 gm/hr for noncatalytic wood 

heaters particulate matter emissions standards manufactured on 

or after July 1, 1990 or sold after July 1, 1992.

PM2.5 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or 

equal to a nominal 2.5 micrometers.

PM10 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or 

equal to a nominal 10 micrometers.

ROG Reactive Organic Gases

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

TOG Total Organic Gases

Ton 2000 pounds

TSP Total Suspended Particulate

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

Wax/Sawdust Logs Manufactured logs that are made from a mixture of sawdust, 

wax, and binders (e.g., Pine Mountain, Hearthlog, etc.)

7.1-24
PREPARED BY

Monique Davis

July 2011

REVISED BY

Charanya Varadarajan

February 2013

7.1-25
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7.1-26
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Houck, 2005. Houck, James E. and David R. Broderick (OMNI Environmental Services, Inc.); 

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HPBA, 2009c. Hearth, Patio, & Barbecue Association; Fuel Options (1/22/09). Pellets come in 

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Li, 2006. Li, Victor S. (Environment Canada) and Steven Rosenthal (U.S. EPA); “Content and 

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7.1-27
OMNI, 2003. Broderick, David R. and James E. Houck (OMNI Consulting Services, Inc.); 

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7.1-28
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7.1-29