IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA16-373

Filed: 15 November 2016

Beaufort County, No. 14 CVS 697

TOWN OF BELHAVEN, NC; and THE NORTH CAROLINA NAACP STATE 

CONFERENCE OF BRANCHES, THE HYDE COUNTY NAACP BRANCH, and 

THE BEAUFORT COUNTY NAACP BRANCH, Plaintiffs,

1

v.

PANTEGO CREEK, LLC; and VIDANT HEALTH, INC., Defendants.

Appeal by Plaintiffs from order entered 13 October 2015 by Judge R. Stuart 

Albright in Beaufort County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 

October 2016.

Alan McSurely for plaintiffs-appellants the North Carolina NAACP State 

Conference of Branches, the Hyde County NAACP Branch, and the Beaufort 

County NAACP Branch.

C. Scott Holmes for plaintiff-appellants Town of Belhaven, NC and Pungo 

District Hospital Community Board, Inc.

K&L Gates LLP, by Gary S. Qualls, Kathryn F. Taylor, Susan K. Hackney, and 

Steven G. Pine, for defendant-appellee University Health Systems of Eastern 

Carolina, Inc. d/b/a Vidant Health, Inc.

Sumrell, Sugg, Carmichael, Hicks and Hart, P.A., by Scott C. Hart, Arey W. 

Grady, and Frederick H. Bailey, III, for defendant-appellee Pantego Creek, 

LLC.

ENOCHS, Judge.

 

1 Although not included in the caption of the trial court’s order, Pungo District Hospital 

Community Board, Inc. is also a plaintiff in this case.
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The Town of Belhaven, North Carolina, the Pungo District Hospital 

Community Board, Inc., the NAACP State Conference of Branches, the Hyde County 

NAACP Branch, and the Beaufort County NAACP Branch (collectively “Plaintiffs”)

appeal from the trial court’s order granting Pantego Creek, LLC’s and Vidant Health, 

Inc.’s (collectively “Defendants”) motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the 

North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. After careful review, we affirm the trial 

court’s order.

Factual Background

On 21 January 1948, the Town of Belhaven (“Belhaven”), located in Beaufort 

County, North Carolina, recorded a deed granting the Pungo District Hospital 

Corporation (“PDHC”) a 100 foot strip of land (“the 1948 Deed”). The deed provided, 

in pertinent part, as follows:

THIS DEED, MADE this the 20th day of January, 

1948, by Town of Belhaven, a municipal corporation of the 

State of North Carolina, hereinafter designated as party of 

the first part, to Pungo District Hospital Corporation, 

hereinafter designated as party of the second part,

WITNESSETH: That the party of the first part, in 

consideration of the benefits to be derived by the citizens of 

the Town of Belhaven from the construction and operation 

of a hospital on the property hereinafter described and 

pursuant to the authority granted by Chapter 659 of the 

Session Laws of 1947, has given, granted, bargained, sold 

and does hereby convey unto the party of the second part 

that certain lot or parcel of land in the Town of Belhaven, 

Beaufort County, North Carolina, particularly described as 

follows:
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That portion of Allen Street in said Town of 

Belhaven 100 feet in width extending from Front or [sic]

Water Street Southwardly to Pantego Creek, reference 

being made to the map made by Norfolk Southern Railroad 

Company for a more accurate description thereof.

TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the said piece or parcel of 

land, together with all and singular, the rights, ways, 

privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging or in 

anywise appertaining unto the party of the second part, its 

successors and assigns in fee simple, in as full and ample 

manner as the party of the first part is authorized and 

empowered to convey the same.

After recordation, PDHC constructed Pungo District Hospital (“the Hospital”) 

on the land conveyed in the 1948 Deed. PDHC then managed and operated the 

Hospital until 2011. 

In 2011, PDHC entered into an agreement (“the 2011 Agreement”) with 

University Health Systems of Eastern Carolina, Inc., d/b/a Vidant Health, Inc. 

(“Vidant”) and Pantego Creek, LLC (“Pantego Creek”) — which was formed on 28 

September 2011 by PDHC — transferring full control of PDHC to Vidant. Pursuant 

to the 2011 Agreement, Pantego Creek was vested with the right to prosecute any 

breach of the 2011 Agreement by Vidant. The 2011 Agreement also expressly stated

that “The Parties agree that this Agreement and all of the Transaction Agreements 

are not intended to be third party beneficiary agreements.” 

In September 2013, Vidant announced that it intended to close the Hospital. 

In response, Belhaven and the NAACP State Conference of Branches, the Hyde 
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County NAACP Branch, and the Beaufort County NAACP Branch (collectively “the 

NAACP”), publicly denounced closure of the Hospital. Thereafter, the Mayor of 

Belhaven, the NAACP, and Vidant met on several occasions to discuss concerns 

surrounding the Hospital’s imminent closure.

As a result of these meetings, the NAACP, Belhaven, and Vidant entered into 

a written agreement (“the Mediation Agreement”) charging Belhaven with creating 

the Pungo District Hospital Community Board, Inc. (“Community Board”). The 

Mediation Agreement also stated the following: “In the event that the [Community 

Board] is unable to assume operational responsibility for the hospital for whatever 

reason on July 1, 2014, the Hospital will be closed[.]” 

Belhaven failed to comply with the Mediation Agreement’s terms when the 

Community Board failed to meet the 1 July 2014 deadline. As a result, Vidant closed 

the Hospital on 1 July 2014 and deeded the associated real property to Pantego Creek 

(the “2014 Deed”). 

Plaintiffs filed a complaint and motion for a temporary restraining order on 13

August 2014 in Beaufort County Superior Court. The following day, the Honorable 

Milton F. Fitch granted Plaintiffs’ motion for a temporary restraining order. The case 

was thereafter removed to the United States District Court for the Eastern District 

of North Carolina. On 18 March 2015, the Honorable James C. Dever, III remanded 

the case to Beaufort County Superior Court on the ground that Plaintiffs had not 
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actually brought a federal civil rights claim under Title VI of the Federal Civil Rights 

Act of 1964, but rather had alleged civil rights violations under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 99D1 (2015). 

On 6 April 2015, Plaintiffs filed their first amended complaint in Beaufort 

County Superior Court. The complaint set forth the following six causes of action: (1) 

breach of contract against Vidant as successor in interest to the 1948 Deed by 

Belhaven; (2) declaratory judgment against Defendants for breaching the 1948 Deed’s 

terms by Belhaven; (3) fraud against Vidant; (4) unfair and deceptive trade practices 

against Vidant by Belhaven and the Community Board; (5) breach of fiduciary duty 

against Pantego Creek by Belhaven; and (6) Section 99D-1 claim against Defendants

by the NAACP.

On 30 April 2015, Senior Resident Superior Court Judge Wayland J. Sermons, 

Jr. sent a formal letter to Chief Justice Mark Martin of the North Carolina Supreme 

Court, copied to counsel for all parties, recommending that the case be designated as 

exceptional and that Chief Justice Martin assign a judge to the case in his absolute 

discretion. On 7 May 2015, Chief Justice Martin entered an order designating the 

case as exceptional pursuant to Rule 2.1 of the General Rules of Practice for the 

Superior and District Courts and appointing the Honorable R. Stuart Albright to 

adjudicate the matter. 
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On 10 July 2015, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ first amended 

complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief could 

be granted. Defendants attached the following documents to their motion: (1) the 

2011 Agreement and related documentation thereto; (2) the Mediation Agreement; 

(3) an email from the president and CEO of Vidant to the Mayor of Belhaven 

incorporated by reference in Plaintiffs’ complaint; and (4) the 1948 Deed.2

A hearing on Defendants’ motion was held before Judge Albright on 6 October 

2015 in Beaufort County Superior Court. On 13 October 2015, Judge Albright 

entered an order granting Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs entered notice of 

appeal on 10 November 2015. 

Analysis

I. Motion to Dismiss

On appeal, Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in granting Defendants’

motion to dismiss. Specifically, they assert that they pled sufficient factual 

allegations to advance each of their claims. We disagree.

“The standard of review of an order granting a 12(b)(6) 

motion is whether the complaint states a claim for which 

relief can be granted under some legal theory when the 

complaint is liberally construed and all the allegations 

included therein are taken as true. On a motion to dismiss, 

 

2 Plaintiffs briefly argue that the trial court erred by considering these documents without 

converting Defendants’ motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of 

the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. However, it is well settled that “[d]ocuments attached as 

exhibits to the complaint and incorporated therein by reference are properly considered when ruling

on a 12(b)(6) motion.” Woolard v. Davenport, 166 N.C. App. 129, 133-34, 601 S.E.2d 319, 322 (2004).
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the complaint’s material factual allegations are taken as 

true. Dismissal is proper when one of the following three 

conditions is satisfied: (1) the complaint on its face reveals 

that no law supports the plaintiff’s claim; (2) the complaint 

on its face reveals the absence of facts sufficient to make a 

good claim; or (3) the complaint discloses some fact that 

necessarily defeats the plaintiff’s claim. On appeal of a 

12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, this Court conducts a de novo

review of the pleadings to determine their legal sufficiency 

and to determine whether the trial court’s ruling on the 

motion to dismiss was correct.”

Podrebarac v. Horack, Talley, Pharr, & Lowndes, P.A., 231 N.C. App. 70, 74, 752 

S.E.2d 661, 663-64 (2013) (quoting Burgin v. Owen, 181 N.C. App. 511, 512, 640 

S.E.2d 427, 428-29 (2007)). We address each of Plaintiffs’ claims in turn.

A. Breach of Contract and Declaratory Judgment

Plaintiffs argue that because Defendants were successors in interest to the 

1948 Deed they were subject to language included therein which amounted to a 

reversionary interest held by Belhaven that the granted property be used for the 

operation of a hospital for the benefit of the citizens of the town. They maintain that 

the trial court erred in dismissing Belhaven’s breach of contract claim against Vidant 

and by failing to enter declaratory judgment against Vidant and Pantego Creek. 

Plaintiffs assert that Article V, Section 3 of the North Carolina Constitution 

mandates that taxes shall only be levied for public purposes and contend that the 

subject land conveyed in the 1948 Deed can therefore never be used for anything other 

than for the operation of a hospital because it was conveyed by the Town of Belhaven 
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— a governmental entity — to PDHC. Consequently, they argue that the closure of 

the Hospital would extinguish the land’s use for a public purpose and, in turn, run 

afoul of Article V, Section 3.

The fundamental flaw with Plaintiffs’ position is that Belhaven did not include 

any language creating a reversionary interest in the 1948 Deed to the effect that the 

land would revert to Belhaven in the event that the land ceased being used for the 

operation of a hospital. Instead, the language in the 1948 Deed clearly states that 

the land was conveyed in fee simple absolute to PDHC.

Significantly, our Supreme Court has long held that 

[t]his Court has declined to recognize reversionary 

interests in deeds that do not contain express and 

unambiguous language of reversion or termination upon 

condition broken.

We have stated repeatedly that a mere expression of 

the purpose for which the property is to be used without 

provision for forfeiture or reentry is insufficient to create 

an estate on condition and that, in such a case, an 

unqualified fee will pass.

Station Assocs. v. Dare Cnty., 350 N.C. 367, 370-71, 513 S.E.2d 789, 792-93 (1999)

(internal citations omitted).

Here, we are satisfied that the language of the 1948 Deed does nothing more 

than express the purpose for which Belhaven wished the subject property to be used. 

There does not exist any express and unambiguous reversionary interest in the deed, 

and indeed, to the contrary, it plainly states that PDHC is entitled “TO HAVE AND 
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TO HOLD the said piece or parcel of land, together with all and singular, the rights, 

ways, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging or in anywise appertaining 

unto the party of the second part, its successors and assigns in fee simple, in as full 

and ample manner as the party of the first part is authorized and empowered to 

convey the same.” (Emphasis added).

It is well settled that 

[a] grantor can impose conditions and can make the

title conveyed dependent upon a grantee’s performance. 

But if the grantor does not make any condition, but simply

expresses the motive which induces him to execute the 

deed, the legal effect of the granting words cannot be 

controlled by the language indicating the grantor’s motive. 

It is well established that the law does not favor a 

construction of the language in a deed which will constitute 

a condition subsequent unless the intention of the parties 

to create such a restriction upon the title is clearly 

manifested. For a reversionary interest to be recognized, 

the deed must contain express and unambiguous language 

of reversion or termination upon condition broken. A mere 

expression of the purpose for which the property is to be 

used without provision for forfeiture or re-entry is 

insufficient to create an estate on condition.

Prelaz v. Town of Canton, 235 N.C. App. 147, 155, 760 S.E.2d 389, 394 (2014) (internal 

citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

Plaintiffs cite no authority for their proposition that an implicit reversionary 

interest is created simply because the granting party is a governmental entity which 

had a public purpose in mind at the time it conveyed certain property, nor are we 

aware of any. Consequently, we are bound by Station Assocs., Inc. and analogous 
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cases requiring that for a reversionary interest to exist it must be expressly and 

unambiguously stated in a grant of real property. We therefore hold that no 

reversionary interest was created in the 1948 Deed and PDHC and its successors in 

interest acquired title to the subject property in fee simple absolute. 

Furthermore, although unnecessary to our determination of this issue, we also 

note that the General Assembly has affirmatively provided that

[i]t is the purpose of the General Assembly of the 

State of North Carolina to provide that if a person claims 

title to real property under a chain of record title for 30 

years, and no other person has filed a notice of any claim of 

interest in the real property during the 30-year period, 

then all conflicting claims based upon any title transaction 

prior to the 30-year period shall be extinguished.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-1 (2015). Towards this end, the General Assembly has 

emphasized that “obsolete restrictions . . . which have been placed on the real 

property records at remote times in the past often constitute unreasonable restraints 

on the alienation and marketability of real property.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-1(2). 

Consequently,

(a) Any person having the legal capacity to own real 

property in this State, who, alone or together with his 

predecessors in title, shall have been vested with any 

estate in real property of record for 30 years or more, shall 

have a marketable record title to such estate in real 

property.

(b) A person has an estate in real property of record 

for 30 years or more when the public records disclose a title 

transaction affecting the title to the real property which 
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has been of record for not less than 30 years purporting to 

create such estate either in:

(1) The person claiming such estate; or

(2) Some other person from whom, by one 

or more title transactions, such estate 

has passed to the person claiming such 

estate;

with nothing appearing of record, in either case, purporting 

to divest such claimant of the estate claimed.

(c) Subject to the matters stated in G.S. 47B-3, such 

marketable record title shall be free and clear of all rights, 

estates, interests, claims or charges whatsoever, the 

existence of which depends upon any act, title transaction, 

event or omission that occurred prior to such 30-year 

period. All such rights, estates, interests, claims or 

charges, however denominated, whether such rights, 

estates, interests, claims or charges are or appear to be 

held or asserted by a person sui juris or under a disability, 

whether such person is natural or corporate, or is private 

or governmental, are hereby declared to be null and void.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-2(a)-(c) (2015) (emphasis added).

Because the 1948 Deed on its face states that it is fee simple, and since it had 

been held as such for over 60 years at the time of the events giving rise to the present 

appeal, we hold that the trial court did not err in dismissing Belhaven’s breach of 

contract and declaratory judgment claims on this ground as well. Any argument that 

Defendants somehow violated the North Carolina Constitution when title was 

transferred to Vidant and then to Pantego Creek is foreclosed by the fact that they

acquired fee simple absolute title from their predecessor in interest, PDHC, who also 
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enjoyed title in fee simple as a result of the 1948 Deed’s express provisions as 

discussed above and the fact that they had held it for well over the 30 year time period 

delineated in N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 47B-1 and 47B-2. Consequently, Plaintiffs’

arguments on this issue are overruled.

B. Fraud

Plaintiffs next contend that the trial court erred in dismissing their claim 

against Vidant for fraud. We disagree.

The well-recognized elements of fraud are 1) a false 

representation or concealment of a material fact, 2) 

reasonably calculated to deceive, 3) made with intent to 

deceive, 4) which does in fact deceive, and which 5) results 

in damage to the injured party. A complaint charging 

fraud must allege these elements with particularity. In 

pleading actual fraud, the particularity requirement is met 

by alleging time, place and content of the fraudulent 

representation, identity of the person making the 

representation and what was obtained as a result of the 

fraudulent acts or representations. Dismissal of a claim for 

failure to plead with particularity is proper where there are 

no facts whatsoever setting forth the time, place, or specific

individuals who purportedly made the misrepresentations.

Bob Timberlake Collection, Inc. v. Edwards, 176 N.C. App. 33, 39, 626 S.E.2d 315, 

321 (2006) (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

Significantly, the Mediation Agreement expressly stated that “In the event 

that the [Community Board] is unable to assume operational responsibility for the 

hospital for whatever reason on July 1, 2014, the Hospital will be closed[.]” Belhaven 

breached the Mediation Agreement when the Community Board was unable to legally 
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assume control of the Hospital on 1 July 2014 and Plaintiffs do not contend otherwise. 

Therefore, in complete accord with the agreement, Vidant closed the Hospital as it 

was entitled to. The NAACP and Belhaven fully acquiesced to this portion of the 

agreement to which they are signatories. “In North Carolina, parties to a contract

have an affirmative duty to read and understand a written contract before they sign 

it.” Westmoreland v. High Point Healthcare Inc., 218 N.C. App. 76, 83, 721 S.E.2d 

712, 718 (2012); see Raper v. Oliver House, LLC, 180 N.C. App. 414, 421, 637 S.E.2d 

551, 555 (2006) (“ ‘Persons entering contracts . . . have a duty to read them and 

ordinarily are charged with knowledge of their contents.’ ” (quoting Nationwide Mut. 

Ins. Co. v. Edwards, 67 N.C. App. 1, 8, 312 S.E.2d 656, 661 (1984))).

Plaintiffs’ agreement that Vidant could close the Hospital on 1 July 2014 was 

plain, clear, and unambiguous. Their attempt to allege fraud in their complaint does 

not address the import of this provision, but rather simply states that “[a]t the time 

Vidant made these representations, it was secretly implementing its plans to 

permanently close the [Hospital], convey the property to a small group of people who 

controlled the Pantego Creek, LLC, pay its agents to demolish the [Hospital], and to 

build clinics nearby to compete with the re-opened hospital.” 

Such a broad unparticularized allegation, despite ignoring the provision of the 

Mediation Agreement that “[i]n the event that the [Community Board] is unable to 

assume operational responsibility for the hospital for whatever reason on July 1, 
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2014, the Hospital will be closed” additionally violates the pleading requirements of 

Rule 9(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure which requires that “[i]n all 

averments of fraud, duress or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or 

mistake shall be stated with particularity.” See Terry v. Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 85, 273 

S.E.2d 674, 678 (1981) (“[I]n pleading actual fraud the particularity requirement is 

met by alleging time, place and content of the fraudulent representation, identity of 

the person making the representation and what was obtained as a result of the 

fraudulent acts or representations.”).

Moreover, Plaintiffs are incapable of suffering damages based on the 2011 

Agreement or the 2014 Deed between Vidant, PDHC, and Pantego Creek because 

they were not parties to those agreements and were not third-party beneficiaries 

thereof. 

North Carolina recognizes the right of a third-party 

beneficiary . . . to sue for breach of a contract executed for 

his benefit. In order to assert rights as a third-party 

beneficiary under [a contract], plaintiffs must show they 

were an intended beneficiary of the contract. We have 

stated that plaintiffs must show:

(1) that a contract exists between two persons 

or entities; (2) that the contract is valid and 

enforceable; and (3) that the contract was 

executed for the direct, and not incidental, 

benefit of the [third party]. A person is a 

direct beneficiary of the contract if the 

contracting parties intended to confer a 

legally enforceable benefit on that person. It 

is not enough that the contract, in fact, benefits 
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the [third party], if, when the contract was 

made, the contracting parties did not intend it 

to benefit the [third party] directly. In 

determining the intent of the contracting 

parties, the court should consider the 

circumstances surrounding the transaction as 

well as the actual language of the contract.

When a third person seeks enforcement of a 

contract made between other parties, the 

contract must be construed strictly against

the party seeking enforcement.

Babb v. Bynum & Murphrey, PLLC, 182 N.C. App. 750, 753-54, 643 S.E.2d 55, 57-58 

(2007) (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (quoting 

Country Boys Auction & Realty Co., Inc. v. Carolina Warehouse, Inc., 180 N.C. App. 

141, 146, 636 S.E.2d 309, 313 (2006)). 

Here, the 2011 Agreement and the 2014 Deed between Vidant, PDHC, and 

Pantego Creek were for their exclusive benefit and Plaintiffs were not parties or 

third-party beneficiaries thereto. Therefore, any benefit they derived from the 

agreements would have properly been deemed incidental. Indeed, to wit, the 2011 

Agreement expressly provides that “[t]he Parties agree that this Agreement and all 

of the Transaction Agreements are not intended to be third party beneficiary 

agreements.” 

Without standing to challenge Vidant’s, PDHC’s, and Pantego Creek’s 2011 

Agreement and 2014 Deed, Plaintiffs cannot maintain an action for fraud against 

Vidant. Further, because they have failed to allege with any particularity how 
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Vidant’s exercise of its express option to close the Hospital contained in the Mediation 

Agreement and referenced in the letter from Vidant’s president and CEO to the 

Mayor of Belhaven constituted fraud, we hold that the trial court did not err in 

dismissing Plaintiffs’ fraud claim against Vidant.

C. Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices

Plaintiffs next argue that the trial court erred by dismissing Belhaven’s and 

the Community Board’s unfair and deceptive trade practices claim against Vidant. 

We disagree.

Under N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1, a trade practice is unfair if 

it is immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous, or 

substantially injurious to customers. A trade practice is 

deceptive if it has the capacity or tendency to deceive. It is 

well recognized, however, that actions for unfair or 

deceptive trade practices are distinct from actions for 

breach of contract, and that a mere breach of contract, even 

if intentional, is not sufficiently unfair or deceptive to 

sustain an action under N.C.G.S. § 75-1.1. 

Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. Thompson, 107 N.C. App. 53, 61-62, 418 S.E.2d 694, 

700 (1992) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “The elements of a claim

for unfair or deceptive trade practices are: ‘(1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice, 

or an unfair method of competition, (2) in or affecting commerce, (3) which 

proximately caused actual injury to the plaintiff or to his business.’ ” Noble v. Hooters 

of Greenville (NC), LLC, 199 N.C. App. 163, 166, 681 S.E.2d 448, 452 (2009) (quoting 
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Furr v. Fonville Morisey Realty, Inc., 130 N.C. App. 541, 551, 503 S.E.2d 401, 408 

(1998)).

Here, for the reasons discussed above, Belhaven and the Community Board

have failed to allege any fraud or deception on the part of Vidant. Their claim for 

unfair and deceptive trade practices fails for this reason alone as they cannot 

establish the first element of the offense. Moreover, Plaintiffs do not have standing 

to bring an unfair and deceptive trade practices claim as there was no business 

relationship between Vidant and Plaintiffs, nor are they customers of Vidant, nor 

have they pled any injury in fact beyond the mere abstract allegation that “Plaintiffs 

suffered actual injury as a result of Vidant’s conduct alleged herein.” See Carcano v. 

JBSS, LLC, 200 N.C. App. 162, 175, 684 S.E.2d 41, 52 (2009) (“To have standing to 

bring a claim under the [Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices] Act, the plaintiff must 

prove the elements of standing, including injury in fact. An injury in fact must be 

distinct and palpable, and must not be abstract or conjectural or hypothetical.” 

(internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). Consequently, the trial court did 

not err in dismissing Belhaven’s and the Community Board’s unfair and deceptive 

trade practices claim against Vidant. 

D. Breach of Fiduciary Duty

Belhaven next contends that Pantego Creek owed it a fiduciary duty pursuant 

to the 2011 Agreement. However, as noted above, by that agreement’s plain terms it 
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was not intended for the benefit of third-party beneficiaries and was exclusively 

between Pantego Creek, PDHC, and Vidant. Thus, no fiduciary relationship ever 

existed between Pantego Creek and Plaintiffs. See Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 

651, 548 S.E.2d 704, 707 (2001) (“For a breach of fiduciary duty to exist, there must 

first be a fiduciary relationship between the parties.”).

Therefore, Belhaven has failed to sufficiently plead a viable claim for breach of 

fiduciary duty against Pantego Creek. Plaintiffs’ arguments on this issue are without 

merit.

E. Section 99D-1 Claim

Plaintiffs next argue that the trial court erred in dismissing the NAACP’s N.C. 

Gen. Stat. § 99D-1 claim against Defendants. We disagree.

It is well established that 

[a]n organization generally lacks standing to sue for 

money damages on behalf of its members if the damage 

claims are not common to the entire membership, nor 

shared equally, so that the fact and extent of injury would 

require individualized proof. Where an association seeks 

to recover damages on behalf of its members, the extent of 

injury to individual members and the burden of 

supervising the distribution of any recovery mitigates 

against finding standing in the association.

Creek Pointe Homeowner’s Ass’n v. Happ, 146 N.C. App. 159, 167, 552 S.E.2d 220, 226 

(2001) (internal citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted); see generally
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Landfall Grp. Against Paid Transferability v. Landfall Club, Inc., 117 N.C. App. 270, 

450 S.E.2d 513 (1994).

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 99D-1(a)-(b1) provides, in pertinent part, the following:

(a) It is a violation of this Chapter if:

(1) Two or more persons, motivated by 

race, religion, ethnicity, or gender, but 

whether or not acting under color of 

law, conspire to interfere with the 

exercise or enjoyment by any other 

person or persons of a right secured by 

the Constitutions of the United States 

or North Carolina, or of a right secured 

by a law of the United States or North 

Carolina that enforces, interprets, or 

impacts on a constitutional right; and

(2) One or more persons engaged in such a 

conspiracy use force, repeated 

harassment, violence, physical harm to 

persons or property, or direct or 

indirect threats of physical harm to 

persons or property to commit an act in 

furtherance of the object of the 

conspiracy; and

(3) The commission of an act described in 

subdivision (2) interferes, or is an 

attempt to interfere, with the exercise 

or enjoyment of a right, described in 

subdivision (1), of another person.

(b) Any person whose exercise or enjoyment of a 

right described in subdivision (a)(1) has been interfered 

with, or against whom an attempt has been made to 

interfere with the exercise or enjoyment of such a right, by 

a violation of this Chapter may bring a civil action. . . .
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(b1) The North Carolina Human Relations 

Commission may bring a civil action on behalf, and with 

the consent, of any person subjected to a violation of this 

Chapter. In any such action, the court may restrain and 

enjoin such future acts, and may award compensatory 

damages and punitive damages to the person on whose 

behalf the action was brought. Court costs may be awarded 

to the Commission or the defendant, whichever prevails. 

Notwithstanding the provisions of G.S. 114-2, the 

Commission shall be represented by the Commission’s staff 

attorney.

(Emphasis added.)

Based upon the plain and unambiguous language of the statute, it is readily 

apparent that the General Assembly only intended individually aggrieved persons or 

the North Carolina Human Relations Commission to have standing to bring an action 

under Section 99D-1. “Where the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, 

this Court is bound by the plain language of the statute.” Riviere v. Riviere, 134 N.C. 

App. 302, 304, 517 S.E.2d 673, 675 (1999); see also Mangum v. Raleigh Bd. of 

Adjustment, 196 N.C. App. 249, 255, 674 S.E.2d 742, 747 (2009) (“One of the longstanding rules of interpretation and construction in this state is expressio unius est 

exclusio alterius, the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.”). Here, no 

named individual person or persons are parties to this lawsuit. Thus, the NAACP is

without standing to assert a Section 99D-1 claim.

II. Designation of Case as Exceptional
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Plaintiffs’ final argument on appeal, in essence, is that the Senior Resident 

Superior Court Judge for the Second Judicial District and the Chief Justice of the 

Supreme Court of North Carolina deprived Plaintiffs of their right to a fair and 

impartial hearing when the Chief Justice designated the present case as an 

exceptional case under Rule 2.1 of the General Rules of Practice for the Superior and 

District Courts upon the formal recommendation of the Senior Resident Superior 

Court Judge for the Second Judicial District and appointed Judge Albright to 

adjudicate the matter. For the first time on appeal, Plaintiffs now argue that they 

were prejudiced by Judge Albright’s adjudication of the case and request that this 

Court vacate Judge Albright’s order dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims and remand for a 

new hearing with a judge that they would prefer over Judge Albright. On 25 July

2016, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss this portion of Plaintiffs’ appeal. 

We are without jurisdiction to consider this matter on appeal as the superior 

court had no jurisdiction to overrule a command of the Supreme Court and our 

jurisdiction is derivative of the superior court’s jurisdiction. See State v. Earley, 24 

N.C. App. 387, 389, 210 S.E.2d 541, 543 (1975) (“[T]he jurisdiction of the appellate

courts on an appeal is derivative. If the trial court has no jurisdiction, the appellate

courts cannot acquire jurisdiction by appeal.”). Consequently, we conclude that 

Plaintiffs’ argument on this issue is wholly meritless and grant Defendants’ motion 

to dismiss this portion of Plaintiffs’ appeal.
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Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the trial court’s order is affirmed and Defendants’ 

motion to dismiss the portion of Plaintiffs’ appeal concerning the issues surrounding 

the designation of the case as exceptional is granted.

AFFIRMED IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART.

Chief Judge McGEE and Judge INMAN concur.