#### MUNDY et al. v. PIRIE-SLAUGHTER MOTOR CO.

No. A-1344.

Supreme Court of Texas.

Nov. 26, 1947.

Rehearing Denied Jan. 7, 1948.

Clark, Craik, Burns & Weddell and. Chester Clark, all of Fort Worth, for J. E. Mundy, petitioner.

*588•Price Daniel, Atty. Gen., and Charles E. Crenshaw, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State, petitioner.

Strasburger, Price, Holland, Kelton & Miller and Hobart Price, all of Dallas, for respondent.

HART, Justice.

The plaintiff, J. E. Mundy, sued the defendant, Pirie-Slaughter Motor Company, for damages resulting to him when a tractor mower which he w;as operating in the ditch adjoining the Fort Worth-Dallas Highway was struck by an automobile belonging to the defendant. The State of Texas intervened in the suit, claiming rights by subrogation ¡because of workmen’s compensation payments made to Mundy as an employee of the State Highway Department. Mundy alleged in his petition that the defendant’s automobile was being driven at the time of the collision by James Oscar Dickson (also called Dixon), a minor employee of defendant, that Dickson was guilty of negligence in numerous particulars, and that such .negligence was the proximate cause of the collision. Mundy further alleged that Dickson was acting in the scope of his employment at the time of the injury, but there .was no evidence to sustain this contention and it is not urged here. The basis upon which it is claimed here that the defendant is liable is that the defendant’s agents permitted Dickson to take and drive the automobile when they knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence should- have known, that Dickson was an incompetent and reckless driver. In connection with this contention, Mundy alleged that the defendant “knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care and prudence could have and should, have known, that said boy did not have a driver’s license.”

The defendant filed a special exception to this allegation upon the ground that it was “immaterial and irrelevant in that if taken as true, the having or not having the driver’s license was not and could, not have been a proximate cause of the accident of which the plaintiff; complains * * */». This exception was sustained by the District Court. Evidence offered by Mundy to show that Dickson did not have a driver’s license- and that respondent had knowledge or notice of this fact was excluded by the court upon defendant’s objection. At the close of the evidence the District Court submitted the case to the jury upon special issues, but after the jury was unable to agree upon answers to some of the issues, the court withdrew the case from the jury and entered judgment for the defendant. This judgment was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals. 202 S.W.2d 331.

The .controlling question presented by this appeal is whether the District Court correctly held that the plaintiff could neither plead nor offer evidence to show that Dickson, defendant’s minor employee, had no driver’s license, and that defendant perr mitted him to drive the automobile with actual knowledge, or under circumstances that would be reasonable notice, that he did not have such license. This is a question which has not been decided previously by this Court.

We have held that the owner who entrusts his automobile to a person known to him to be an incompetent or reckless driver is guilty of negligence. Seinsheimer v. Burkhart, 132 Tex. 336, 122 S.W.2d 1063; Allen v. Bland, Tex.Civ.App., 168 S.W. 35 (writ of error refused); Mayer v. Johnson, Tex.Civ.App.,148 S.W.2d 454 (writ of error dismissed, judgment correct). If such incompetent or reckless driver, through his negligent operation of the automobile, causes damage to a third person, the owner of the automobile is liable; the negligence of the driver does not break the chain of causation. Russell Construction Co. v. Ponder, 143 Tex. 412, 186 S.W.2d 233. Our decisions in this respéct seem to be in áccord with the unanimous holdings in other jurisdictions. See annotations in 36 A.L.R. 1137; 68 A.L.R. 1008; 100 A.L.R. 920; 168 A.L.R 1364.

With respect to the effect, if any, to be gjven to the fact that the owner of the automobile knows that the driver does not have a- driver’s license when he entrusts his car to such driver, the courts of *589other jurisdictions have reached a variety of conclusions. In some jurisdictions it has been held that the fact that the driver has no license is immaterial, because the only question is whether the driver is in fact incompetent or reckless and “the lack of such license would be no evidence whatever that he was not a capable, skilled and safe driver”. See Lutfy v. Lockhart, 37 Ariz. 488, 295 P. 975, 977; compare Pugliese v. McCarthy, 160 A. 81, 10 N.J.Misc. 601; Patterson v. Surpless, 107 N.J.L. 305, 151 A. 754; Muller v. West Jersey & S. R. Co., 99 N.J.L. 186, 122 A. 693; Hala v. Worthington, 130 N.J.L. 162, 31 A.2d 844; Renner v. Martin, 116 N.J.L. 240, 183 A. 185; Opple v. Ray, 208 Ind. 450, 195 N.E. 81. Other cases have held that knowledge that the driver does not have a license is not in itself sufficient to show negligence on the part of the owner, but that it is some evidence or prima facie proof of negligence. Gordon v. Bedard, 265 Mass. 408, 164 N.E. 374; Kenyon v. Hathaway, 274 Mass. 47, 174 N.E. 463, 73 A.L.R. 156; Le Blanc v. Pierce Motor Co., 307 Mass. 535, 30 N.E.2d 684; Austin v. Rochester Folding Box Co., 111 Misc. 292, 181 N.Y.S. 275; Chamberlain v. Riddle, 155 Pa.Super. 507, 38 A.2d 521; Owens v. Carmichael’s U-Drive Autos, 116 Cal.App. 348, 2 P.2d 580; Shifflette v. Walkup Drayage & Warehouse Co., 74 Cal.App.2d 903, 169 P.2d 996; Crittenden v. Murphy, 36 Cal.App. 803, 173 P. 595; compare Canzoneri v. Heckert, 223 Wis. 25, 269 N.W. 716; Parks v. Pere Marquette Ry. Co., 315 Mich. 38, 23 N.W.2d 196. Still other courts have held that entrusting an automobile to an unlicensed driver in violation of a statute is negligence per se on the part of the owner, but that the burden rests upon the plaintiff further to show that the collision was caused by the negligence of the driver on the occasion in question. Cirosky v. Smathers, 128 S.C. 358, 122 S.E. 864; Taylor v. Stewart, 172 N.C. 203, 90 S.E. 134; Hoke v. Atlantic Greyhound Corporation, 226 N.C. 692, 40 S.E.2d 345; Walker v. Klopp, 99 Neb. 794, 157 N.W. 962, L.R.A. 1916E, 1292. Compare Hertz Drive-Ur-Self Drive System v. Hendrickson, 109 Colo. 1, 121 P.2d 485.

In part the differences in the holdings of the courts in other jurisdictions are to be explained upon the grounds of differences in the statutes requiring operators of motor vehicles to have licenses. Where licenses are required simply for the purpose of identification of the driver or for the purpose merely of raising revenue, and no examinations or other requirements of competence are requisite to the issuance of a license, the fact that an operator does not have a license does not have any connection with his ability to operate the vehicle with skill and care. The situation in such cases is like that of a statute requiring license plates to be affixed to automobiles, in which case this Court said, in Worsham Buick Co. v. Isaacs, 121 Tex. 587, 51 S.W.2d 277, 280, 86 A.L.R. 232:

> “The various provisions of our statutes, which relate to the use of license plates on automobiles, disclose no legislative purpose to prevent collisions on the public highways. The safety of travelers on the highways is plainly not the obj ect at which those provisions aim. They do not purport to extend protection . to persons using the public highways. In disobeying those provisions, the motor company did not violate, any duty which it owed to Isaacs or to any other traveler on the public highways.”

See also St. Louis, B. & M. Ry. Co. v. Price, Tex.Com.App., 269 S.W. 422, 428.

An examination of our statute requiring operators of automobiles to have licenses discloses that its principal purpose is to insure a minimum of competence and skill on the part of drivers for the protection of persons who might be injured^ or have their property damaged by negligent or reckless operation of motor vehicles on the highways. The first statute in this state requiring licenses for operators of motor vehicles did not require the applicant to stand any examination to show his competence to drive an automobile. Acts 44th Legislature, Second Called Session, 1935, Chapter 466, page 1785. This statute was amended so as to require applicants for operators’ licenses to pass certain tests by Chapter 369, Acts 45th Legislature, Regular Session, 1937, page 752. The emergency clause in this statute *590recited that the existing law was then inadequate “to curb the increasing fatalities due to improper driving.” This statute was further amended so as ,to make additional requirements of applicants for operators’ licenses by Chapter 173, Acts 47th Legislature, Regular Session, 1941, page 24S. This statute (Vernon’s Ann.Civ. St. Article 6687b, Section 10) now requires that each applicant for a license must successfully stand an examination by the Department of Public Safety to test his vision, his ability to understand highway signs, his knowledge of traffic laws, and his ability to exercise ordinary and reasonable control in the operation of a motor vehicle. Section 2 of this statute requires that all persons operating motor vehicles upon the highways of this state, except those persons specially exempted, shall have licenses, and Section 36 makes it unlawful for any person knowingly to permit a motor vehicle owned by him or under his control to be driven by any person not licensed or otherwis.e authorized under the statute to operate a motor vehicle. Section 44 of this statute makes the violation of any of its provisions a misdemeanor; but no civil liability is provided for in the statute.

Under this statute it is plain that defendant’s agents were guilty of a violation of the law if they permitted Dickson to operate a motor vehicle belonging to defendant knowing that Dickson did not have an operator’s license. While conceding this to be true, defendant urges that the criminal penalty is the only legal conequence of a violation of the law, that the alleged facts that Dickson did not have a license and that respondent’s agents knew this are not evidence of negligence, and that in any event the absence of a driver’s license could not be the proximate cause of the injury.

 Whether the violation of a criminal statute may be also the basis of civil .liability in a given case, in the absence of an express statutory provision therefor, depends upon whether a purpose of the statute is to set up a standard of conduct in order to give protection to the interests of the class of persons to which the injured party belongs. See Restatement, Torts, Section 286; Thayer, “Public' Wrong and Private Action,” 27 Harvard Law Review, 317; Morris, “The Relation of Criminal Statutes to Tort Liability,” 46 Harvard Law Review, 453. In this state we have followed the rule that the violation of a criminal statute is not merely evidence of negligence, but is negligence per se. Davis v. Estes, Tex.Com.App., 44 S.W.2d 952; Alpine Telephone Corp. v. McCall, 143 Tex. 335, 184 S.W.2d 830. In the present case we think that it is apparent that the statute is designed to secure a minimum of competence and skill for drivers of automobiles and to fix a standard of conduct for persons lending their automobiles to others to drive, and' that its principal aim is to afford some protection to the interests of other persons on or near the public highways. We therefore are of the opinion that the petitioner was entitled to plead and to offer evidence to show that Dickson did not have a driver’s license and that defendant’s agents knew that he did not have a license, and that the finding of such facts by the jury would be a finding of negligence per se.

The statute, as we construe it, prohibits the lending of an automobile only where the owner knows that the driver does not have a license. We do not think, therefore, that the mere proof, in the absence of actual knowledge, that the defendant’s agents in the exercise of reasonable, care /should have known that Dickson did not have a license would show a violation of the statute. However, we think that the facts that the driver did not have a license and that the defendant’s agents by the exercise of due care could have ascertained that he did not have a license may be alleged and proved by the plaintiff for the purpose of showing that the defendant’s agents were in fact negligent in permitting Dickson to take and drive the automobile.

We therefore hold that the District Court erred in sustaining the special exception to the plaintiff’s pleading and in excluding the evidence offered by the plaintiff in this connection.

Mere proof that the defendant’s agents were guilty of negligence per se or that they were guilty of negligence in *591fact, does not, of course, establish liability on the defendant’s part. . Plaintiff must go further and prove that such negligence was the proximate cause of the collision in which he was injured. Waterman Lumber Co. v. Beatty, 110 Tex. 225, 218 S.W. 363. In order to establish proximate causation, plaintiff must show that Dickson operated the automobile negligently (that is, in a manner that was negligent regardless of the lack of a driver’s license) and that such negligence was a proximate cause of the collision. The purpose of the statute which defendant is alleged to have violated is to prevent the lending of automobiles to persons not shown by examination and license to be competent to drive, and the danger anticipated and intended to be prevented by the statute is that such persons, if given the opportunity to drive, will do so negligently and will ’ cause damage to other persons. If, after the automobile is entrusted to such driver, he operates it negligently, and thereby causes damages to a third person, the causal connection is shown between the negligence of the owner in lending him the automobile and the damage to the third person.

The facts which the plaintiff must establish - under his allegations by the preponderance of the evidence to show liability in this connection are, therefore, (1) that defendant’s agents permitted Dickson to drive one of its automobiles; (2) that at such time Dickson did not have a driver’s license; (3) that defendant’s agents actually knew that he did not have such license; or if they did not have such knowledge, (4) that defendant’s agents were in fact negligent in permitting Dickson to drive the automobile without ascertaining whether he had a driver’s license; (5) that Dickson while in possession under such permission drove the automobile negligently; and (6) that such negligence on Dickson’s part caused the collision and the injuries and damage to the plaintiff.

In view of our holding, the cause must ¡be remanded for a new trial, and we there-iore forego a discussion of the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the action of the District Court in entering judgment notwithstanding the failure of the jury to reach a verdict. The judgments of the District Court and the Court of Civil Appeals are reversed and the cause' is remanded to the Distict Court for .a new trial.

TAYLOR, J., not participating.