# Modeling Report for a BART Assessment of the Big Stone I Coal-Fired Power Plant, Big Stone City, South Dakota

October 2009

Prepared For:

Big Stone I Otter Tail Power Company, Big Stone City, South Dakota

Prepared By:

TRC Environmental Corporation 650 Suffolk Street Lowell, Massachusetts 01854 (978) 970-5600

# i TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. ......... 1-1

2. SOURCE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................ . 2-1

3. GEOPHYSICAL AND METEO ROLOGICAL DATA ............................................................... 3-1

3.1 Terrain ....................................................................................................................... ............... 3-1 3.2 Land Use ...................................................................................................................... ............. 3-1 3.3 Meteorological Data Base ...................................................................................................... .. 3-2 3.4 Air Quality Monitoring Data .................................................................................................. 3-10

4. AIR QUALITY MODELING OPTIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Modeling Domain ............................................................................................................... ...... 4-1 4.2 Meteorological Modeling Options ............................................................................................ 4- 1 4.2 Dispersion Modeling Options ................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3 Visibility Calculations ....................................................................................................... ....... 4-3

5. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... ................. 5-1

6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... ............ 6-1



# APPENDIX A –CALPOST VISIBILITY METHOD 8 A-1

APPENDIX B – MM5 CONFIGURATION B-1

APPENDIX C – CALMET CONTROL FILE C-1

# ii LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 3-1. Terrain elevations for the CALMET and CALPUFF modeling domain at 4 km resolution. The locations of the Big St one facility and Class I areas are also shown. ........................................................................................................................ ...... 3-3 Figure 3-2. Dominant land use categories at 4 km resolution on the CALMET and CALPUFF modeling domains. The locations of the Big Stone facility and Class I areas are also shown. ....................................................................................................... 3 -4 Figure 3-3. Plot of upper air stations available in the modeling domain. ........................................... 3-8 Figure 3-4. Plot of surface and precipitation sta tions available in the modeling domain. .................. 3-9 Figure B-1. Map showing the MM5 Domain 1 (36-km) and Domain 2 (12-km). ............................. B-4

# iii LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 2-1: Point Source Parameters and Emission Rates 2-2

Table 2-2: PM 10 

## Size Distribution1 2-2

Table 2-3: PM 10 

## Speciation and Size Distribution 2-3 Table 3-1: U.S. Geological Survey Land U se and Land Cover Classification System 3-5 Table 3-2. Default CALMET Land Use Categorie s and Associated Geophysical Parameters based on the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Classification System (14- Category System) 3-6 Table 3-3. Meteorological Data Sour ces and Parameters Available 3-7 Table 4-1. Rayleigh Scattering Term (Mm -1 

## ) for each Class I area as a Function of Elevation 4-6 Table 4-2. Annual Averaged Conditions Levels of Aerosol Components ( μ g/m 3 

## ) to Define Natural Background (FLAG 2008) – Method 8 values per Class I Area 4-6 Table 4-3. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjust ment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species – Small ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles - Method 8 (FLAG, 2008) 4-7 Table 4-4. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjust ment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species – Large ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles – Method 8 (FLAG, 2008) 4-7 Table 4-5. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjust ment factors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species – Sea salt particles - Method 8 (FLAG, 2008) 4-7 Table 5-1. Visibility impacts for 2002. Constant (1 ppb) ammonia. 5-2 Table 5-2. Visibility impacts for 2006. Constant (1 ppb) ammonia. 5-2 Table 5-3. Visibility impacts for 2007. Constant (1 ppb) ammonia. 5-2 Table 5-4. Visibility impacts with ALM considered for 2002. 5-3 Table 5-5. Visibility impacts with ALM considered for 2006. 5-3 Table 5-6. Visibility impacts with ALM considered for 2007. 5-3 Table B-1 Domain Configuration and Pa rameterizations for 2006 and 2007 MM5 Simulations. The Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) map projection is used in the MM5 modeling. B-3 Table B-2. Sigma Levels used in the North Am erican MM5 Simulations for 2006 and 2007. B-5 Table B-3. Performance Statistics by Year – MM5 Simulations – 12-km Grid Resolution B-8Introduction 1-1 

# 1. INTRODUCTION

TRC Environmental Corporation has conducted a site-specific BART (Best Available Retrofit Technology) modeling assessment of the Big Stone I coal-fired power plant facility located near Milbank and Big Stone City in South Dakota to de termine if this facility is subject to BART controls on emissions. This report is a modeli ng assessment of baseline impacts from the Big Stone I power plant facility to determine whether th e Big Stone I cyclone-fired boiler is subject to
BART.

On July 6, 2005 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) published in the Federal Register the “Regional Haze Regulations and Gu idelines for Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Determinations” (40 CFR Part 51). Th e regional haze rule requires States to submit implementation plans (SIPs) to address regiona l haze visibility impairment in 156 Federallyprotected parks and wilderness areas, commonly referred to as “Class 1 Areas”. The final rule addresses BART-eligible sources, which are defined as sources that have the potential to emit 250 tons or more of a visibility-impairing air po llutant, were put in place between August 7, 1962 and August 7, 1977 and whose opera tions fall within one or more of 26 specifically listed source categories, of which Coal-Fired Power Plants are one.

In January 2009, a modeling protocol was subm itted by TRC for the Big Stone I BART modeling based on the use of fine scale meteorological modeling, MM5 data and hourly surface meteorological observations. In response to co mments received from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Federal Land Managers (FLM s), a revised protocol was submitted in June 2009, proposing the use of higher resolution MM5 data with the EPA-recommended modeling input parameters. Based on further discussi ons with EPA, the FLMs and South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), subsequent revisions were made to the June protocol on August 31, 2009. DENR approved the revised protocol in a letter dated September 18, 2009. The modeling described in this report is consistent wi th the DENR’s approved protocol (except as noted below) and is based on the emissions data described in the June 2009 TRC protocol along with the August 2009 revisi ons to incorporate EPA-recommended model switch settings and meteorological configuration. The exceptions to the protocol include the use of
MNITRATE=0 instead of MNITRATE=1 in POSTUTIL for the baseline runs and the use of
MNITRATE=3 for a set of alternative runs. See Sect ion 3.4 for a more detail discussion. Also, the
variable IUTMZN referred to in the EPA-recomm ended list of variables was not assigned because that variable is not used when using a Lambert Conformal projection.

The purpose of the modeling is to assess the visibility impacts of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 

## ), particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NO
x 

## ) emissions from the Big Stone I boiler and compare the impacts to the 0.5 change in deciview threshold at all the federally mandatory Class I areas. Since
there is no Class I area within the 300 km radius us ually applied, the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources requested that the Class I areas between 300 km and up to 625 km away from the Big Stone I facility sources be modeled. A total of eight Class I areas are
located between these distances: two wilderness areas: Boundary Waters Canoe Area WildernessIntroduction 1-2 

## and Rainbow Lake Wilderness, one National W ildlife Refuge (NWR): Lostwood and five National Parks: Voyageurs NP, Theodore Rooseve lt NP, Badlands NP, Wind Cave NP and Isle Royale NP. However, Rainbow Lake Wilderness is one of two Class I areas where the visibility analysis is not required ( http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org /aw/air/modeling/ psd.htm ), so it is not included in the modeling analysis. The MM5 dat asets distributed by WRAP did not extend far enough in the East to include the Isle Royale NP or cover all of the Boundary Waters Class I area.
The re-extracted MM5 data for 2002 and ne w MM5 domains for 2006 and 2007 include these

areas.

The CALMET and CALPUFF non-steady-state models (Scire et al., 2000a,b) are recommended by the U.S. EPA ( Federal Register , 6 July 2005) to perform source-specific subject-to-BART screening. The CALPUFF system was therefore used for this modeling analysis. The U.S. EPA has promulgated the CALPUFF modeling system as a Guideline Model for Class I impact assessments and other long range transport appli cations or near field applications involving complex flows (U.S. EPA, 2000), and the mode l is recommended by both the Federal Land Managers (FLM) Air Quality Workgroup (FLAG, 2000) and the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM, 1998). The CALPUFF m odeling system is also recommended in new proposed guidance by the FLMs (FLAG, 2008). On August 31, 2009 EPA issued new recommendations on CALMET switch settings. The current modeling is based on the August
2009 recommendations.

The Big Stone I BART modeling analysis was pe rformed with the EPA-approved Version 5.8 of
the CALMET and CALPUFF models. Version 6.221 of CALPOST was used because it contains the FLM-approved implementation of Method 8 (FLA G, 2008), but in other respects is identical to the EPA-approved Version 5.6394.

CALMET is a diagnostic meteorological model that produces three-dimensional wind fields based on parameterized treatments of terrain e ffects such as slope flows and terrain blocking effects. Normally, meteorological observations are blended with gridded data from the NCARPSU Mesoscale Model, Version 5 (MM5). For th is evaluation, MM5 data were generated by TRC with a 12-km grid spacing for two years ( 2006 and 2007) to define the initial guess wind fields. For 2002, 12-km MM5 data were re-extr acted from the EPA MM5 dataset to cover entire region including the Isle Royale NP to the east.

CALPUFF is a non-steady-state puff dispersion mode l. It accounts for spatial changes in the CALMET-produced meteorological fields, variab ility in surface conditions (elevation, surface roughness, vegetation type, etc.), chemical transf ormation, wet removal due to rain and snow, dry deposition, and terrain in fluences on plume interaction with the surface. CALPUFF contains a module to compute visibility effects, based on a humidity-dependent relationship between particulate matter concentrations and light ex tinction, as well as wet and dry acid deposition fluxes. The meteorological and dispersion mode ling simulations were conducted for three years (2002, 2006 and 2007). SO 2 

## , SO 4 

## , PM, and NO
x 

## , emissions and their secondary products resulting from chemical conversions from the Big Stone I facility were modeled and their impacts on visibility evaluated at receptors in the Class I areas. Visibi lity impacts were estimated with the newIntroduction 1-3 

## FLM-recommended visibility algorithm and monthly average relative humidity adjustment factors (Method 8 in Version 6.221).

This report outlines the techniques and data sources used in the BART analyses. In Section 2, a general description of the source configuration is provided. Descriptions of the site characteristics and data bases (meteorological, geophysical, and aer ometric) are provided in Section 3. Section 4
includes an overview of the CALMET and CALPUFF models settings and pa rameters that were used in the analysis. The results are summarized in Section 5.Source Description 2-1 

# 2. SOURCE DESCRIPTION

The 450-megawatt Big Stone I facility is a coal-fired power plant situated close to Big Stone City and Milbank in Grant County, South Dakota, at the border of Minnesota State. A BART applicability analysis was completed for the facility to determin e those sources subject to the BART controls. The BART-eligible source is the Big Stone I cyclone-fire d boiler with one stack 152 meters (498 feet) high.

The proposed emissions for the BART analysis were described in a Modeling Pr otocol dated June 2009. These emissions were reviewed and approved by SD DENR. Table 2-1 shows the source parameters and
emission rates for the source considered in this report. The highest 24-hour average actual emission
rates of SO 2 

## , NO
x 

## and PM under normal conditions over th e 2001-2003 period were used for this analysis. As shown in Tabl e 2-2, the filterable PM 10 

## are divided into a particle size distribution based on AP-42, Table 1.1-6 for baghouse controlled emissions because the facility currently uses a fabric filter for PM control. Approximately 57.6% of the filterable mass is in the fine (PM 2.5 

## ) size category, and 42.4% in the coarse (2.5 to 10 μm diameter) size rang e. Each of the particle size categories was modeled as a separate PM species in CALPUFF. The filterable PM 10 

## emission rate is reported by the facility at 10.48 g/s (83.2 lb/hr). Based on AP-42 Table 1.1-5, the total condensable PM 10 

## is approximately 0.01 lb/mmBtu based on approximately 0.4% sulfur coal or 7.07 g/sec (56.1 lb/hr) assuming an heat input of 5609 mmBtu/hr. This estimate is consistent w ith the stack test data (August, 2006) at Otter Tail Power’s Hoot Lake Plant, Unit 2, (which burns P RB coal) where the ratio of the filterable/total PM 10 

## was 0.66, resulting in a 2/3 filterable and 1/3 condensable split to the total PM 10


## . 1



## Elemental Carbon (EC) emissions were assumed to be 3.7% of the fine filterable fraction based on U.S. EPA (2002) and were assigned to the smallest particle size category. The primary H 2 

## SO 4 

## emissions are 0.454 g/s (3.604 lb/hr) based on annual emission inve ntories and Toxic Release Inventory reports. The remaining condensable emissions were assigned to or ganic carbon and distributed equally into the two smallest particle size categories.

Table 2-3 provides a summary of the PM 10 

## speciation and size distribution.

Note that since all Class I areas are more than 50 km away from the facility, as recommended by the Federal Land Managers (FLMs) (US Fi sh and Wildlife, National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service), no downwash computations was performed.

1 

## AP-42 Table 1.1-8 was not used to estimate the particulat e matter size distribution for Big Stone I because the emission factors were derived for cyclones burning bituminous coal, not sub-bituminous coal which is burned at Big Stone I.Source Description2-2Table 2-1: Point Source Parameters and Emission RatesSourceLCC1East(km)LCC1North(km)StackHt(m)BaseElevation(m)StackDiameter(m)ExitVelocity(m/s)ExitTemp.(K)SO2EmissionRate(g/s)H2SO4EmissionRate(g/s)NOxEmissionRate(g/s)FilterablePM10EmissionRate(g/s)CondensablePM10EmissionRate(g/s)Main Stack38.141 587.875 151.79 328.907.37 20.14 423.00 608.90.454611.710.487.071Lambert Conformal Projection with an origin of 40.0N, 97.0Wand standard parallels at33N and 45N. Datum is NWS-84.Table 2-2: PM10Size Distribution1Particle Size2(μm)Cumulative Mass(PM)(%)Cumulative Mass(PM10)(%)15 97 -10 92 1006 77 83.72.5 53 57.61.25 31 33.71.00 25 27.21From AP-42, Table 1.1-6, Cumulative particle size distribution and size-specificemission factors for dry bottom boilers burning pulverizedbituminous and subbituminous coal.2Expressed as aerodynamic equivalent diameter.Source Description2-3Table 2-3: PM10Speciation and Size Distributioninput Data: H2SO4PM10PM2.5g/sg/sg/sPM10and H2SO4Emissions(g/s)0.45417.55013.106filterablecondensablecondensable %59.7%40.3%g/sg/s10.480 7.070non H2SO4condensableg/s6.616AP-42, Table 1.1-6coarse coarse soil soil soil soil EC H2SO4OC OC IC (soil) IC (soil)PM800 PM425 PM187 PM112 PM081 PM056 PM056 PM081 PM056 PM081 PM0566.00 -10.00 2.50-6.001.25-2.501.00-1.25 0.625-1.000.50-0.625 0.50-0.6250.625-1.000.50-0.6250.625-1.000.50-0.62516.3% 26.1% 23.9% 6.5% 12.0% 15.2%57.6% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%EC % of filterable96.3% 3.7%100% 0%inorganic % of g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/scondensable 1.708 2.735 2.412 0.656 1.211 1.534 0.223 0.454 3.308 3.308inputs to POSTUTIL:Extinction coefficient 0.6 0.6 1 1 1 1 10 3*f(RH) 4 4coarse coarse soil soil soil soil EC H2SO4OC OCPM800 PM425 PM187 PM112 PM081 PM056 PM056 PM081 PM056g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s g/s1.708 2.735 2.412 0.656 1.211 1.534 0.223 0.454 3.308 3.308Geophysical and Meteorological Data 

## 3-1 

# 3. GEOPHYSICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA

The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources requested that the eight Class I areas shown in Figure 3-1 be considered in the BART analysis. Rainbow Lake Wilderness is one of two Class I areas where the visibility analysis is not required so it has been removed from the present analysis (see http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org /aw/air/modeling/psd.htm ). The MM5 dataset for this analysis were extended to include the Isle Royale National Park as well as all of the Boundary Waters
Class I area.



# 3.1 Terrain

The topography of the domain area consists of terrain increasing toward the southwest from approximately 300 meters at the facility to 900 meters at Badlands NP and 1200 meters at Wind Cave NP, resulting in 900 meters (~3,000 feet) of terra in relief. The terrain re lief also increases towards the northeast. The terrain gets mountainous on the west side of the facility near Badlands and Wind
Cave National Parks.

Gridded terrain elevations for the refined modeli ng domain were derived from 3 arc-second digital elevation models (DEMs) produced by the United St ates Geological Survey (USGS). Data are provided in files covering 1 degree by 1 degree blocks of latitude and longitude. The 1-degree DEMs are produced by the Defense Mapping Agency using cartographic and photographic sources. USGS 1:250,000 scale topographic maps are the primary source of 1-degree DEMs.

One degree DEM data consists of an array of 1 201 by 1201 elevations referenced on the geographic (latitude/longitude) coordinate system of the Worl d Geodetic System 1972 Datum. Elevations are in meters relative to mean sea level, and the spacing of the elevations along each profile is 3 arc-seconds, which corresponds to a spacing of approximately 90 meters. For the North part of the east domain and north west domain covering the south side of Manitoba and Ontario, Canada, SRTM-3 data with also an approximate resolution of 90 meters were used.

The MM5 simulations conducted at 12-km grid spac ing covering the modeling domain were used as initial guess field. CALMET was run at the 4-km resolution.

The USGS elevation records located within each grid cell in the com putational domain are averaged to produce a mean elevation at each grid point. The CALPUFF computational domain is the same as the
CALMET domain. The CALMET and CALPUFF domains extend at least 50 km beyond the Class I areas in order to provide an adequate buffer zone at the boundaries, and to allow the effects of flow curvature and possible small-scale recirculation to be evaluated.



# 3.2 Land Use

The Composite Theme Grid (CTG) land use data from the USGS, at a resolution of approximately 90m were processed to produce gridded fields of domin ant land use categories for each grid cell. For the northern part of the domain coveri ng Canada (south part of Manitoba and Ontario), 900 meters Global USGS land use data were also incorporated using a mesh density for sampling of 2.Geophysical and Meteorological Data 

## 3-2 

## Land use data are first processed to produce frac tional land use categories. The 37 USGS land use categories are then mapped into 14 CALMET land us e categories. Surface properties such as albedo, Bowen ratio, roughness length, and leaf area index are computed proportionally to the fractional land use. The USGS land use categories are described in Table 3-1. Table 3-2 displays the 14 CALMET land use categories and their associated geophysical pa rameters. Figure 3-2 shows the dominant land use categories used in the modeling.



# 3.3 Meteorological Data Base

The CALMET model has the ability to assimilate me teorological information from surface stations, precipitation stations, buoy data and upper ai r stations. Specifically, CALMET uses surface observations of wind speed, wind direction, temper ature, cloud cover, ceiling height, surface pressure, relative humidity, and precipitation t ype (e.g., snow, rain, etc.). These variables are routinely measured at the National Weather Service (NWS) surface stations and were directly included on an hourly basis into CALMET. Upper air observations however are only available twice-daily at a few stations throughout the domain. The locations of the upper air stations in and around the region of interest, and used in the modeling, are displayed in Figure 3-3.

The surface, buoy and precipitation stations that were included in the modeling are displayed in Figure 3-4. For 2002, there are 272 surface stations, 2 buoys and 265 precipitation stations available
with similar numbers in 2006 and 2007. Observe d cloud cover and ceiling height from the surface meteorological stations were used in the analysis.

The three-dimensional gridded data from the prognos tic numerical model MM5 with nested grids of 36-km, 12-km grid spacing were generated by TRC for 2006 and 2007. Information about the MM5 model configuration and an evaluation of m odel performance are provided in Appendix B.Geophysical and Meteorological Data3-3Figure 3-1. Terrain elevations for the CALMET and CALPUFF modelingdomain at 4 km resolution. The locations of the Big Stone facility andClass I areas are also shown.-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700LCC x (km), NWS-843004005006007008009001000

LCC x (km), NWS-84Projection:LCC; Center: 40N, 98WStandards: 20N, 60NDatum: NWS-84100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100FACILITYWindCaveBadlandsTheodoreRooseveltLostwoodVoyageursBoundaryWatersIsle RoyaleElevation(meters)Geophysical and Meteorological Data3-4Figure 3-2. Dominant land use categories at 4 km resolution onthe CALMET and CALPUFF modeling domains. The locations of the Big Stonefacility and Class I areas are also shown.-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700LCC x (km), NWS-843004005006007008009001000

LCC x (km), NWS-84Projection:LCC; Center: 40N, 98WStandards: 20N, 60NDatum: NWS-84FACILITYWindCaveBadlandsTheodoreRooseveltLostwoodVoyageursBoundaryWatersIsle Royale101520253035404550556065707580859095100Snow/IceTundraBarrenWetlandWaterForestRangeAgricultureUrban/Built-UpGeophysical and Meteorological Data 

## 3-5 

## Table 3-1: U.S. Geological Survey Land U se and Land Cover Classification System

Level I Level II 10 Urban or Built-up Land 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Residential Commercial and Services Industrial Transportation, Communications and Utilities Industrial and Commercial Complexes Mixed Urban or Built-up Land Other Urban or Built-up Land 20 Agricultural Land 21 22

23 24 Cropland and Pasture Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas Confined Feeding Operations Other Agricultural Land 30 Rangeland 31 32 33 Herbaceous Rangeland Shrub and Brush Rangeland Mixed Rangeland 40 Forest Land 41 42 43 Deciduous Forest Land Evergreen Forest Land Mixed Forest Land
50 Water 51 52 53 54 55 Streams and Canals Lakes Reservoirs Bays and Estuaries Oceans and Seas 60 Wetland 61 62 Forested Wetland Non-Forested Wetland 70 Barren Land 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Dry Salt Flats Beaches Sandy Areas Other than Beaches Bare Exposed Rock Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits Transitional Areas Mixed Barren Land 80 Tundra 81 82 83 84 85 Shrub and Brush Tundra Herbaceous Tundra Bare Ground Wet Tundra Mixed Tundra 90 Perennial Snow or Ice 91 92 Perennial Snowfields GlaciersGeophysical and Meteorological Data3-6Table 3-2. Default CALMET Land Use Categories and Associated Geophysical Parameters based on the U.S. Geological Survey Land UseClassification System (14-Category System)Land Use TypeDescriptionSurfaceRoughness (m)AlbedoBowen RatioSoil HeatFlux ParameterAnthropogenicHeat Flux (W/m2)Leaf AreaIndex10 Urban or Built-up Land 1.0 0.18 1.5 .25 0.0 0.220Agricultural Land -Unirrigated0.25 0.15 1.0 .15 0.0 3.0-20*Agricultural Land - Irrigated 0.25 0.15 0.5 .15 0.0 3.030 Rangeland 0.05 0.25 1.0 .15 0.0 0.540 Forest Land 1.0 0.10 1.0 .15 0.0 7.050 Water 0.001 0.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.054 Small Water Body 0.0010.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.055 Large Water Body 0.0010.10 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.060 Wetland 1.0 0.10 0.5 .25 0.0 2.061 Forested Wetland 1.00.1 0.5 0.25 0.0 2.062 Nonforested Wetland 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.0 1.070 Barren Land 0.05 0.30 1.0 .15 0.0 0.0580 Tundra .20 0.30 0.5 .15 0.0 0.090 Perennial Snow or Ice.05 0.70 0.5 .15 0.0 0.0*Negative values indicate "irrigated" land useGeophysical and Meteorological Data 

## 3-7 

## Table 3-3. Meteorological Data Sources and Parameters Available

Type of Dataset Frequency Source Parameters available

Surface Observations Hourly NWS Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, ceiling height, cloud cover, relative hum idity, surface pressure, precipitation type
Upper Air Twice-daily NWS/NCDC Soundings of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and
pressure Precipitation Observations Hourly NWS Precipitation rate

Buoy Hourly NWS 

# / NCDC Air-sea surface temperature difference, air temperature, relative humidity, overwater mixing height, temperature lapse rate below the mixing height overwater, temperature lapse rate above the mixing height overwater, wind speed, wind direction, dominant wave period, significant wave height

Modeled Profiles
MM5 for 2002, 2006 and 2007 Hourly EPA – 2002
TRC - 2006, 2007 Hourly, gridded fields of winds, temperature, pressure, and humidity and liquid water content on 12-km grid.Geophysical and Meteorological Data3-8Figure 3-3. Plot of upper air stations available in the modeling domain.-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800LCC x (km), NWS-8410020030040050060070080090010001100

LCC x (km), NWS-84ABRBISDVNGGWGRBINLLBFMPXOAXUNRProjection:LCC; Center: 40N, 98WStandards: 20N, 60NDatum: NWS-84Radio Sonde Stations100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100FACILITYWindCaveBadlandsTheodoreRooseveltLostwoodVoyageursBoundaryWatersIsle RoyaleElevation(meters)Geophysical and Meteorological Data3-9Figure 3-4. Plot of surface and precipitationstations available in the modeling domain.-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800LCC x (km), NWS-8410020030040050060070080090010001100

LCC x (km), NWS-84CYBRCWNKCWPOCWZECXCACWDVCWGNCWEICWSUCWWFCWKKEMERCXMDWINNCZHDCZTBATIKCYQTCWECCXDWCYHDCXWNWASPCYQKCYPGCYWGCYENKHZXKFKAKIIBKVTIKLUMKPCZKCKPKPEXKDVPKSYNKBWPKLYVKACQKGDBKBUUKFEPKCFEKJKJKMGGKOVLKRNHKRZNKSFYKLCGKCNBKTKVKTKCKLNLKRCXKRFDKAXAKCAVKMIWKCCYKCINKDBQKAMWKMXOKDEHKEBSKALOKLRJKMCWKBNWKOLZKORCKFODKSHLKSLBKANWKONLKSUXKAIAKCDRKVTNKTORKARVKMWCKUESKMSNKETBKEFTKJVLKLNRKMDZKOEOKASXKSTEKSUWKLSEKEAUKVOKKCMYKOVSKRSTKPDCKRRLKGRBKISWKOSHKATWKAUWKRYVKCWAKAQPKRPDKPBHKESTKSPWKCLIKDLLKEGVKFLDKMRJKHYRKUNUKFSDKCUTKBKXKPHPKIENKICRK8D3KYKNK9V9KD07KHONKORBKMHEKATYKGHWKRRTKCQMKSTCKMVEKJYGKBRDKRWFKAXNKCOQKMMLKFFMKADCKLVNKFBLKRGKKMOXKPQNKULMKOWAKHCDKMFIKMICKILLKANEKLXLKFCMKMSPKLJFKSTPKMKTKFRMKOTGKONAKAELKABRKMJQKTOBKSGSKRAPKRCAKAIGK2WXKGDVKROSKPNMKMBGKPIRKBHKKRHIKIMTKCMXKTWMKIWDKMZHKDLHKCKNKPKDKCKCKHIBKDYTKDTLKGPZKELOKDXXKFGNKFOZKGNAKINLKCDDKEVMKJMRKBDEKROXKHCOKVWUKXVGKCBGKAITKFSEKMWMKBBBKPWCKSAZKVVVKGYLKFARKETHKJMSKBJIKTVFKBFWKAUMKDVLKRDRKGFKKHEIKBISKDIKKISNKMIBKMOTKN60KSDYDB21PILMROAMDISWGDMMDULMPCLMSLVMSXHWProjection:LCC; Center: 40N, 98WStandards: 20N, 60NDatum: NWS-84Buoy dataPrecipitation StationsSurface Stations100200300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020002100FACILITYWindCaveBadlandsTheodoreRooseveltLostwoodVoyageursBoundaryWatersIsle RoyaleElevation(meters)Geophysical and Meteorological Data 

## 3-10 

# 3.4 Air Quality Monitoring Data

CALPUFF used hourly ozone concentration measuremen ts in the chemical transformation rates (SO 2 

## to
SO 4 

## , NO
x 

## to HNO 3 

## /NO 3 

## ). The ambient ozone measurements are used in determining SO 2 

## loss rates due to chemical transformation to sulfate and in determining NO
x 

## loss rates to nitrate. Ambient ozone hourly
concentrations from EPA AIRS and CASTNet networ ks for 2002, 2006 and 20 07 were processed into OZONE.DAT files and used as ozone background in CALPUFF. An 80 parts per billion (ppb) concentration was used as backup when hourly ozone concentrations are missing, which given the number of ozone stations was unlikely to be used.

A constant background ammonia concentration of 1 parts per billion (ppb) as recommended by the
FLMs and EPA was used in the CALPUFF runs. No a dditional repartitioning was done on the nitrate concentrations in the base simulations (MNITRAT E=0). This may produce some double-counting of ammonia in the calculation of nitrate, but any differences are likely to be small.

Additional postprocessing was conducted using POSTUT IL for an alternative case based on the full ammonia limiting method (MNITRATE=3) using backgr ound monthly average sulfate, total nitrate and total ammonia data from the 2002 CMAQ model. This option accounts for both overlapping puffs from the modeled source as well as spatial and monthly va riability of ammonia and background sulfate and
nitrate from sources not included in the CALPUFF simulations. The results from these simulations are also presented in Section 5.Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-1 

# 4. AIR QUALITY MODELING OPTIONS

4.1 Modeling Domain

CALMET and CALPUFF use terrain-following coordinat es. In order to cover a large enough area for the refined analysis covering all seven Class I areas wi thin a single domain, and including a buffer of at least 50 km around each Class I area, the domain dime nsions of 1250 km x 720 km were used. For a 4-km grid spacing, this amounts to 313 x 181 grid cells . In the vertical, a stretched grid was used with finer resolution in the lower layers and somewhat coarser resolution aloft thus allowing adequate representation of the mixed layer. The ten vertical le vels were centered at: 10, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 920, 1600, 2500 and 3500 meters.

CALMET and CALPUFF were run for three years, 2002, 2006 and 2007. A network of discrete receptors derived from the list of receptors develope d by the National Park Service (NPS) are located
within the boundaries of the seven Class I areas m odeled: Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Voyageurs National Park, Badlands National Pa rk, Wind Cave National Park, Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, Theodore Roosevelt Nationa l Park and Isle Royale National Park.



# 4.2 Meteorological Modeling Options

4-km Simulation . EPA-approved Version 5.8 Level 0 70623 of CALMET was run using the recommended switch settings from U.S. EPA (2009). This includes using the regulatory set of options, including Maul-Carson convective mixing height over land only (IMIXH= - 1), OCD delta-T method for overwater fluxes (ICOARE=0), and no convectiv e heat flux threshold overland (THRESHL= 0
W/m 3 

## ). These values of IMIXH, ICOARE and THRESHL, differ from the settings in the CALMET input files provided for sources located in South Dakota state on the WRAP Regional Modeling Center web page http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/aqm/308/bart.shtml , but follow regulatory guidance set by EPA. In addition, NOOBS was set to 0 in this application rather than 1 as in the WRAP CALMET inputs.



# Initial Guess Field

MM5 data were used to define the initial guess fi eld for the CALMET simulations (IPROG=14). For all three years hourly MM5 data with a grid spacing of 12 km were used in the modeling. The CALMET horizontal grid spacing was set to 4 km.

CALMET runs were conducted using the traditional m odel options including diagnostic adjustments for terrain effects, with the typical 2:1 ratio of RMAX1/R1 and RMAX2/R2. In these simulations RMAX1=100 km, RMAX2=200 km, R1=50 km and R2=100 km were used. This is consistent with the U.S. EPA (2009) recommendations. NOOBS=0 was used in the 4-km simulations. Precipitation rates were determined based on precipitation station m easurements. Cloud amount and ceiling height were derived from the surface station measurements. Overwater air-sea temperature difference were derived from the buoy data (ITWPROG=0). Three-dimensional temperature fields were determined from surface and upper air observations (ITPROG=0).Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-2 

# Step 1 Field: Terrain Effects

In developing the Step 1 wind fiel d, CALMET adjusts the initial guess field to terrain effects, including slope flows and blocking effects. Sl ope flows are a function of the local slope and altitude of the nearest crest. The crest is defined as the highest peak with in a radius TERRAD around each grid point. A value of
TERRAD of 15 km was used in the CALMET simulati ons as it is recommended by the U.S. EPA (2009) and in agreement with an analysis of the scale of the terrain. The Step 1 field produces a flow field consistent with the fine-scale CALMET terrain resolution (4 km).



# Step 2 Field: Objective Analysis

In Step 2, observations are incorporated into the Step 1 wind field to produce a final wind field. Each
observation site influences the final wind field within a radius of influence (parameters RMAX1 at the surface, RMAX2 aloft and RMAX3 over water). Observa tions and Step 1 wind fields are weighted by means of parameters R1 at the surface and R2 aloft: at a distance R1 from an observation site, the Step 1
wind field and the surface observations are wei ghted equally. As noted above, RMAX1/R1 and RMAX2/R2 are set with 2:1 ratio. Vertical extrapolation for the surface meteorological stations was activated (IEXTRP=-4), which is in agreement with the U.S. EPA (2009) recommendations. This setting insures that the surface observations, vertically extrap olated within the boundary layer, are blended with the MM5-based Step 1 field aloft.



# 4.2 Dispersion Modeling Options

CALPUFF simulations was conducted ge nerally following the WRAP Protocol 2006 guidance, but with the EPA-approved Version 5.8 Level 070623 rather than Ve rsion 6 of the model. List of options used in the modeling includes:

- Gaussian near-field vertical distribution - Partial plume path adjustment method for terrain - Transitional plume rise modeled - Partial plume penetration of el evated inversion option activated - Stack tip downwash
- MESOPUFF II scheme for the chemical transformation - Pasquill-Gifford (PG) dispersion coefficients (rural areas) and McElroy-Pooler

coefficients (urban areas) used to comput e dispersion coefficients. The probability density function (PDF) for conv ective conditions not used b ecause this is available only with the turbulence-based dispersion option.
- Transition of σ y 

## to time-dependent (Heffter) growth rates set to 550 meters - The switch for using Heffter equation for sigma z not activated - PG sigma-y, z adjustment for roughness not selected - Puff splitting (MSPLIT=1) activated - Wet deposition, dry deposition applied - The minimum turbulence velocities sigma-v for each stability class set to 0.5 m/s over

land and 0.37 m/s over water.Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-3 

## The CALPUFF computational grid is the same as the meteorological grid. The modeling domain
includes a buffer zone of 50 km around the source area and beyond the borders of the Class I areas. This minimizes edge effects and allows pollutants involved in flow reversals to be brought back into the Class I areas. Note that the CALMET modeling domain from previous studies was extended to include the Isle Royale National Park.

Two important computational para meters in CALPUFF are XMXLEN (maximum length of an emitted puff, in grid units) and XSAMLEN (maximum travel distance of a puff, in grid units, during one time step). Both of these variables were set to 1.0 in the CALPUFF simulations in order to allow the strong wind channeling effects to be accounted for in th e puff trajectory calculations. The first parameter ensures that the length of an emitted puff does not be come so large so that it cannot respond to changes in the wind field on the scale of the meteorologi cal grid. The model automatically increases the frequency of puff releases to ensure the length of a si ngle puff is not larger than the grid size. The second parameter decreases the internal time step to ensure the travel distance during one time step does not exceed the grid size.

The partial plume path adjustment option was used in CALPUFF for this analysis (MCTADJ=3). The CALMET wind field incorporates the effect of the te rrain on the plume trajectories. The plume path
coefficient was used to characteriz e the local effect on ground-level concentrations. The default plume path coefficients (PPC) was used for this analysis as listed below:

Stability Class A B C D E F PPC 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35

Deposition and chemical transformation effects were modeled using the defau lt dry deposition model, the scavenging coefficient wet removal module, and th e default chemical transformation mechanism.

A total of five chemically active species we re modeled with CALPUFF for this analysis: SO 2 

## , SO 4 

## , NO
x 

## , HNO 3 

## and NO 3., 

## The chemical mechanism computes transformation rates of SO 2 

## to SO 4 

## and NO
x 

## to NO 3 

## /HNO 3 

## . Hourly measured ozone concentr ations were provided in an external file for use with the
chemical transformation module. These ozone concentra tions, along with radiation intensity, are used as surrogates for the OH concentration during the day wh en the gas phase free radical chemistry is active.

Six additional PM 10 

## species were modeled corresponding to the midpoint of each particle size bin shown in Table 2-2. The fine, coarse, elemental car bon and organic carbon species were constructed in postprocessing steps using the POSTUTIL program fr om these six PM species according to the appropriate size weights for size bin as discussed in Section 2.



# 4.3 Visibility Calculations

Calculations of the impact of the simulated plume particulate matter component concentrations on light
extinction were carried out with the CALPO ST postprocessor following the new proposed FLAG (2008) guidance. The original IMPROVE/EPA e quation (1) described below was recommended to determine the change in light extinction due to changes in component concentrations. Using the
notations of CALPOST:Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-4 

## B ext 

## = 3f(RH)[(NH 4 

## )2SO 4 

## ] + 3f(RH)[NH 4 

## NO 3 

## ] + 4[OC] + 1[Soil] + 0.6[Coarse Mass] +10[EC] + b ray 

## (1)

The concentrations, in square brackets, are in μ g/m 3 

## and b ext 

## is in units of Mm -1



## .
But a revised new IMPROVE algorithm to compute th e extinction (1/Mm) has been developed by the IMPROVE steering committee for estimating light ex tinction from particulate matter as described in equation (2) below. This algorithm provides a bett er correspondence between th e measured visibility and that calculated from particulate matter component concentrations (Tombach, 2006):

(2)

All of the brackets [] denote concentrations in μ g/m 3



## .
In CALPOST, the new IMPROVE algorithm as proposed by FLAG (2008) is implemented as CALPOST Method 8. The implementation of this method in CALPOST is described in more details in Appendix A. The proposed FLAG (2008) methodolog y is included in CALPOST V6.221 Level 080724, which has been reviewed and approved by the FLM s. This version of CALPOST is publicly available on the TRC’s CALPUFF website ( http://www.src.com/calpuff/calpuff1.htm ) and was used for this analysis.

The Rayleigh scattering term (b ray 

## ) is site-specific and computed as a function of the elevation as shown in Table 4-1, following FLAG (2008) guidance. Note that organic carbon (OC), which consists of condensable particulates and elemental carbon (EC) fo r soot particulates were modeled along with fine and coarse particulate matter as described in Section 2.

To represent background natural conditions, monthly b ackground concentrations must be entered into the CALPOST input control file for all aerosols defining the background. The WRAP Protocol (2006) recommendations for natural conditions background are to use all three types of EPA default Natural Conditions: Best 20% Days, Annual Average and Worst 20% Days. In “Guidance for Estimating Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Ru le” (EPA, 2003), these three default values are defined only by their extinction coefficient in Mm -1 

## . For CALPOST Method 8, explicit background concentrations are required to allow the computation of the small and large sulfate particulates, nitrate particulates and organic carbon. So, in this analys is, the annual averaged background conditions were used to define the natural background for each of the seven Class I areas, following FLAG (2008). The concentrations used as background for each of the seven Class I areas are summarized in Table 4-2. 

# ] [ 17

. 0 ) ( ] [ 6

. 0 ] [ ) ( 7

. 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 10 ] arg [ 1

. 6 ] [ 8

. 2 ] arg [ ) ( 1

. 5 ] [ ) ( 4

. 2 ] arg [ ) ( 8

. 4 ] [ ) ( 2

. 2

2 

# NO specific site scattering Rayleigh matter coarse salt sea RH f soil fine carbon

elemental organics e l organics small nitrate e l RH f nitrate small RH f sulfate e l RH f sulfate small RH f b

SS L S L S ext



# • + − + • + • + • + • + • + • + • + • + • + • =Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-5 

## These concentrations were used to compute the natural background light extinction following the
revised IMPROVE formulae described a bove, for each of the Class I areas.

Tables 4-3, 4-4, and 4-5, provide the monthly f(RH) values for each of the seven Class I areas, that are used to compute extinction coeffi cients for hygroscopic species, respectively for small ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles, large ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles, and sea salt particles.

The 8 th 

## highest (98 th 

## percentile) predicted light extinction cha nge for each year modeled was compared
to the threshold value of 0.5 deciview.Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-6 

## Table 4-1. Rayleigh Scattering Term (Mm -1 

## ) for each Class I area as a Function of Elevation

Class I Area Highest Elevation in feet (meters) Rayleigh Scattering Term (Mm -1 

## ) Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness 1998.0 (609) 11 Voyageurs NP 1335.3 (407) 12 Badlands NP 3031.5 (924) 11 Wind Cave NP 4796.6 (1462) 10 Lostwood NWR 2427.8 (740) 11 Theodore Roosevelt NP 2900.3 (884) 11 Isle Royale NP 1325.5 (404) 11 Source: FLAG (2008)



## Table 4-2. Annual Averaged Conditions Levels of Aerosol Components ( μ g/m 3 

## ) to Define Natural Background (FLAG 2008) – Method 8 values per Class I Area

Class I Area SO 4 

## NO 3 

## OC EC Soil Coarse Mass Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness 0.23 0.10 1.71 0.02 0.31 2.53

Voyageurs NP 0.23 0.10 1.75 0.02 0.26 2.73

Badlands NP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00

Wind Cave NP 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.49 2.98

Lostwood NWR 0.12 0.10 0.60 0.02 0.50 3.00

Theodore Roosevelt NP Isle Royale NP 0.12

0.23 0.10

0.10 0.60

1.55 0.02

0.02 0.50

0.24 3.00

2.89 Source: FLAG (2008)Air Quality Modeling Options 

## 4-7 

## Table 4-3. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment fa ctors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species – Small ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles - Method 8 (FLAG, 2008)

Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Boundary Waters CAW 

## 3.23 2.81 2.93 2.63 2.89 3.22 3.44 3.71 3.83 3.08 3.49 3.49

Voyageurs NP 3.16 2.77 2.82 2.59 2.65 3.28 3.25 3.48 3.66 3.02 3.37 3.32

Badlands NP 2.94 2.96 3.01 2.87 3.10 2.91 2.64 2.59 2.56 2.58 3.11 2.98

Wind Cave NP 2.81 2.81 2.86 2.82 3.06 2.81 2.50 2.46 2.44 2.52 2.97 2.83

Lostwood NWR 3.21 3.15 3.36 2.60 2.54 2.86 2.89 2.60 2.53 2.72 3.60 3.52

Theodore Roosevelt NP 3.17 3.11 3.22 2.71 2.74 2.85 2.73 2.49 2.48 2.66 3.42 3.37
Isle Royale NP 3.26 2.74 2.87 2.58 2.46 3.00 3.59 3.68 3.92 2.88 3.72 3.67 Source: FLAG (2008)



## Table 4-4. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment fa ctors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species – Large ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate particles – Method 8 (FLAG, 2008)

Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Boundary Waters CAW 

## 2.50 2.25 2.28 2.09 2.20 2.43 2.57 2.71 2.78 2.38 2.64 2.64

Voyageurs NP 2.46 2.22 2.22 2.07 2.09 2.46 2.46 2.59 2.70 2.35 2.58 2.55

Badlands NP 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.21 2.34 2.25 2.08 2.05 2.02 2.05 2.38 2.33

Wind Cave NP 2.23 2.22 2.22 2.18 2.32 2.18 2.00 1.97 1.95 2.00 2.30 2.24

Lostwood NWR 2.51 2.45 2.54 2.06 2.03 2.21 2.23 2.05 2.02 2.13 2.69 2.67

Theodore Roosevelt NP 2.47 2.42 2.45 2.12 2.14 2.21 2.14 1.99 1.99 2.10 2.58 2.57

Isle Royale NP 2.53 2.21 2.26 2.07 1.99 2.32 2.65 2.69 2.82 2.28 2.76 2.74
Source: FLAG (2008)



## Table 4-5. Monthly Site-Specific RH adjustment fa ctors f(RH) values for hygroscopic species – Sea salt particles - Method 8 (FLAG, 2008)

Class I area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Boundary Waters CAW 3.73 3.35 3.29 2.91 3.00 3.44 3.68 3.88 3.98 3.45 3.89 3.91

Voyageurs NP 3.69 3.31 3.20 2.90 2.89 3.46 3.55 3.71 3.87 3.42 3.83 3.80

Badlands NP 3.37 3.33 3.27 3.05 3.25 3.15 2.89 2.81 2.74 2.82 3.41 3.38

Wind Cave NP 3.25 3.20 3.13 3.01 3.22 3.06 2.75 2.68 2.63 2.75 3.28 3.24

Lostwood NWR 3.77 3.66 3.67 2.86 2.79 3.07 3.11 2.82 2.80 2.99 3.93 3.95

Theodore Roosevelt NP 3.67 3.56 3.51 2.93 2.97 3.09 2.96 2.72 2.72 2.93 3.75 3.78
Isle Royale NP 3.78 3.34 3.28 2.93 2.78 3.31 3.83 3.87 4.06 3.40 4.05 4.04
Source: FLAG (2008)Results 

## 5-1 

# 5. RESULTS

The results for the BART analysis for the Big Stone I facility are presented in this section. The analysis consists of evaluating the visibility impact (per cent change in light extinction due to the sources measured in deciview) at all the Class I areas mode led. The results for the base case are presented in three tables, each table gathering the impact at seven Class I areas for each of the years modeled: Table 5-1 for 2002, Table 5-2 for 2006 and Table 5-3 fo r 2007. The change in light extinction due to the source is compared to the annual average natural b ackground light extinction. The interpretation of the results is done by comparing the 98 th 

## percentile of Delta deciview for each year to the 0.5 delta deciview threshold. Analysis is perform ed by using CALPOST Method 8.

Ammonia Limiting Method (ALM) with CMAQ 2002 monthly averages as background was performed as well. These results are presented in Tables 5-4 through 5-6.Results 

## 5-2 

## Table 5-1. Visibility impacts for 2002. Constant (1 ppb) ammonia.

Park Max Delta Deciview 4th Highest (99%) 8th Highest (98%) Nb. Exceed.

> 5% Nb. Exceed. > 10%
Boundary Waters 1.315 0.837 0.574 14 1
Voyageurs 2.162 0.690 0.623 9 3

Wind Cave 0.873 0.475 0.305 3 0

Theodore Roosevelt 1.390 0.555 0.215 4 1

Lostwood National 0.564 0.388 0.232 2 0

Badlands 0.762 0.671 0.452 7 0
Isle Royale 1.182 0.789 0.629 10 2



## Table 5-2. Visibility impacts for 2006. Constant (1 ppb) ammonia.

Park Max Delta Deciview 4th Highest (99%) 8th Highest (98%) Nb. Exceed.

> 5% Nb. Exceed. > 10%
Boundary Waters 2.572 1.183 0.790 16 5
Voyageurs 1.578 0.862 0.574 11 2

Wind Cave 0.454 0.302 0.120 0 0

Theodore Roosevelt 2.232 0.772 0.459 6 3

Lostwood National 1.110 0.662 0.385 5 1

Badlands 1.002 0.519 0.481 7 1
Isle Royale 1.806 0.635 0.506 8 2



## Table 5-3. Visibility impacts for 2007. Constant (1 ppb) ammonia.

Park Max Delta Deciview 4th Highest (99%) 8th Highest (98%) Nb. Exceed.

> 5% Nb. Exceed. > 10%
Boundary Waters 3.574 1.351 1.079 25 9
Voyageurs 2.062 1.376 0.724 19 5

Wind Cave 1.671 0.591 0.325 4 2

Theodore Roosevelt 0.744 0.491 0.322 3 0

Lostwood National 0.959 0.722 0.409 6 0

Badlands 2.202 0.698 0.471 6 2
Isle Royale 1.224 0.745 0.665 13 2Results 

## 5-3 

## Table 5-4. Visibility impacts with ALM considered for 2002.

Park Max Delta Deciview 4th Highest (99%) 8th Highest (98%) Nb. Exceed.

> 5% Nb. Exceed. > 10%
Boundary Waters 0.740 0.491 0.389 3 0
Voyageurs 1.256 0.546 0.380 4 1

Wind Cave 0.725 0.435 0.275 3 0

Theodore Roosevelt 1.355 0.472 0.181 2 1

Lostwood National 0.510 0.298 0.198 1 0

Badlands 0.714 0.617 0.422 7 0
Isle Royale 0.661 0.560 0.350 4 0



## Table 5-5. Visibility impacts with ALM considered for 2006.

Park Max Delta Deciview 4th Highest (99%) 8th Highest (98%) Nb. Exceed.

> 5% Nb. Exceed. > 10%
Boundary Waters 1.439 0.830 0.550 10 3
Voyageurs 1.150 0.540 0.391 5 1

Wind Cave 0.319 0.191 0.111 0 0

Theodore Roosevelt 1.280 0.606 0.367 5 1

Lostwood National 0.673 0.521 0.377 4 0

Badlands 0.917 0.477 0.269 3 0
Isle Royale 0.805 0.467 0.352 1 0



## Table 5-6. Visibility impacts with ALM considered for 2007.

Park Max Delta Deciview 4th Highest (99%) 8th Highest (98%) Nb. Exceed.

> 5% Nb. Exceed. > 10%
Boundary Waters 1.530 0.786 0.654 13 2
Voyageurs 1.357 0.714 0.553 9 1

Wind Cave 0.713 0.427 0.276 3 0

Theodore Roosevelt 0.724 0.388 0.278 2 0

Lostwood National 0.934 0.563 0.353 4 0

Badlands 1.042 0.571 0.353 5 1
Isle Royale 0.793 0.551 0.486 7 0References 

## 6-1 

# 6. REFERENCES

Carson, D.J., 1973: The development of a dry, invers ion-capped, convectively unstable boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 450-467.

Escoffier-Czaja, C., and J. Scire, 2002: The E ffects of Ammonia Limitation on Nitrate Aerosol Formation and Visibility Impacts in Class I Areas. Paper J5.13, 12 th 

## AMS/AWMA Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Norfolk, VA, May 2002.

Escoffier-Czaja, C. and J. Scire, 2007: Use of Eule rian Model outputs as background concentrations for Nitrate Predictions in CALPUFF system. 11 th 

## International Conference in Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling for Regulat ory Purposes, Cambri dge, UK, July 2007.

FLAG, 2000. Federal Land Manager' Air Quality Re lated Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report. U.S. Forest Service, National Park Serv ice, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

FLAG, 2008. Federal Land Manager' Air Quality Re lated Values Workgroup (FLAG). Phase I Report - Revised. U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, June 27, 2008, Draft

.
Maul, P.R., 1980: Atmospheric transport of sulfur compound pollutants. Central Electricity Generating Bureau MID/SSD/80/0026/R. Nottingham, England.

Scire, J.S., D.G. Strimaitis, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000a: A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA

Scire, J.S., F.R. Robe, M.E. Fernau, and R.J. Yamartino, 2000b: A User’s Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, Inc., Concord, MA.

Tombach, I, 2006: Instructions: A Postprocessor for Recalculating CALPOST Visibility Outputs with the New IMPROVE Algorithm, Version 2, 14 October, 2006.

U.S. EPA, 1998: Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM), Phase 2 Report: Summary Report and Recommendation for Mode ling Long Range Transport and Impacts on Regional Visibility. EPA-454/R-98-019.

U.S. EPA, 2000: Federal Register Notice dated April 21, 2001.

U.S. EPA, 2003: Guidance for Estimating Natura l Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Program. EPA-454/B-03-005, September 2003.

U. S. EPA, 2005: Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for Best Available Technology (BART) Determinations. Fed. Reg./Vol . 70, No. 128/Wed. July 6, 2005, Rules and Regulations, pp. 39104-39172. 40 CFR Part 51, FRL-7925-9, RIN AJ31.

U.S. EPA, 2009: Clarification on EPA-FLM Reco mmended Settings for CALMET. EPA Memo by T. Fox dated August 31, 2009.References 

## 6-2 

## VISTAS, 2006: Protocol for the Application of the CALPUFF Model for Analysis of Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART), August 2006.

WRAP Air Quality Modeling Forum RMC, 2006: CALMET/CALPUFF Protocol for the BART Exemption Screening Analysis for Class I Areas in the Western United States, August 15, 2006.A-1 

# APPENDIX A

CALPOST VISIBILITY METHOD 8A-2 

## The revised visibility algorithm developed for the IMPROVE Steering Committee (IMPROVE 2005) as recommended by FLAG (2008) has been implemente d in CALPOST. It differs from the previous IMPROVE algorithm as used in Method 2 and Method 6 in six areas:

• Extinction efficiencies of sulfates, nitrates, and organics vary with concentration, as there are distinct efficiencies for "small" and "large" particl es and the ratio of small-to-large particle fraction
decreases as the concentration increases. Furtherm ore, the extinction efficiency for sulfates no longer equals that for nitrates.

• A separate hygroscopic humidity enhancement factor curve is prescribed for "small" and "large" particles, f S 

## (RH) and f L 

## (RH). These curves apply to sulfates and nitrates.

• Light extinction due to scattering by sea salt (w ith its own hygroscopic humidity enhancement
factor f SS 

## (RH)) is included.

• Light absorption by NO 2 

## gas is included in the extinction.

• Background particulate organic matter concentrati on is taken to be 1.8 times measured organic
carbon concentrations.

• Rayleigh scattering extinction varies with s ite elevation and mean temperature.

Items 5 and 6 remain direct inputs to CALPOST, and required no structural changes to the postprocessor. The user must confirm that appropriate values are provided.

Item 4, the introduction of light extinction due to NO 2 

## gas absorption, has been added to CALPOST as a discrete component independent of the visibility method chosen. New control file inputs associated with
NO 2 

## in the recommended FLAG (2008) mode are:

Source of NO2 when ASPEC=NO2 (above) or LVNO2=T (Group 2) may be
from CALPUFF NO2 concentrations OR from a fraction of CALPUFF NOx concentrations. Specify the fraction of NOx that is treated as NO2 either as a constant or as a table of fractions that depend on the magnitude of the NOx concentration:
(NO2CALC) -- Default: 1 ! NO2CALC = 1 ! 0 = Use NO2 directly (NO2 must be in file) 1 = Specify a single NO2/NOx ratio (RNO2NOX) 2 = Specify a table NO2/NOx ratios (TNO2NOX) (NOTE: Scaling Factors must NOT be used with NO2CALC=2)

Single NO2/NOx ratio (0.0 to 1.0) for treating some or all NOx as NO2, where [NO2] = [NOX] * RNO2NOX (used only if NO2CALC = 1)
(RNO2NOX) -- Default: 1.0 ! RNO2NOX = 1.0 !



## Items 1 through 3 are implemented as visibility Me thod 8 in CALPOST, along with the specific choice of the new f(RH) curves. Selection of the re vised IMPROVE algorithm requires the following new
control file selections:A-3 

### Particle growth curve f(RH) for hygroscopic species
(MFRH) -- Default: 2 ! MFRH = 4 ! 1 = IWAQM (1998) f(RH) curve (originally used with MVISBK=1) 2 = FLAG (2000) f(RH) tabulation 3 = EPA (2003) f(RH) tabulation 4 = IMPROVE (2006) f(RH) tabulations for sea salt, and for small and large SULFATE and NITRATE particles; Used with Visibility Method 8 (MVISBK = 8)

Method used for background light extinction
(MVISBK) -- Default: 2 ! MVISBK = 8 ! 1 = Supply single light extinction and hygroscopic fraction 2 = Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements (A) 3 = Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements (B) 4 = Read hourly transmissometer background extinction measurements 5 = Read hourly nephelometer background extinction measurements 6 = Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements 7 = Use observed weather or prognostic weather information for background extinction during weather events; otherwise, Method 2 8 = Compute extinction from speciated PM measurements using the IMPROVE (2006) variable extinction efficiency formulation
(MFRH must be set to 4) - Split between small and large particle concentrations of SULFATES, NITRATES, and ORGANICS is a function of concentration
and different extinction efficiencies are used for each - Source-induced change in visibility includes the increase in extinction of the background aerosol due to the change in the extinction efficiency that now depends on total concentration. - Fsmall(RH) and Flarge(RH) adjustments for small and large particles are applied to observed and modeled sulfate and
nitrate concentrations - Fsalt(RH) adjustment for sea salt is applied to background
sea salt concentrations - F(RH) factors are capped at F(RHMAX)

- 

## RH for Fsmall(RH), Flarge(RH), and Fsalt(RH) may be obtained from hourly data as in Method 2 or from the FLAG monthly RH adjustment factor used for Method 6 where EPA F(RH) tabulation is used to infer RH, or monthly Fsmall, Flarge, and Fsalt RH adjustment factors can be directly entered. Furthermore, a monthly RH factor may be applied to either hourly concentrations or daily concentrations to obtain the 24-hour extinction.

These choices are made using the M8_MODE selection.A-4 

### Additional inputs used for MVISBK = 8:

-------------------------------------- 

## Extinction coefficients for hygroscopic species (modeled and background) may be computed using hourly RH values and hourly modeled concentrations, or using monthly RH values inferred from the RHFAC adjustment factors and either hourly or daily modeled concentrations, or using monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA adjustment factors and either hourly or daily modeled concentrations.

(M8_MODE) -- Default: 5 ! M8_MODE= 5 ! FLAG (2008)

1 = Use hourly RH values from VISB.DAT file with hourly modeled and monthly background concentrations. 2 = Use monthly RH from monthly RHFAC and EPA (2003) f(RH) tabulation with hourly modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 3 = Use monthly RH from monthly RHFAC with EPA (2003) f(RH) tabulation with daily modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 4 = Use monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA with hourly modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed). 5 = Use monthly RHFSML, RHFLRG, and RHFSEA with daily modeled and monthly background concentrations. (VISB.DAT file is NOT needed).



## The last of these selections, M8_MODE, provides opt ions for how concentrations are averaged, and how the relative humidity enhancement factors for hy groscopic species are determined. M8_MODE has a default value of 5, which is consis tent with the new FLAG (2008) guidanceB-1 

# APPENDIX B

MM5 MODEL CONFIGURATIONB-2 

## MM5 Domain Configuration (36-km, 12-km Resolution)

The Fifth Generation Penn State University/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) (Dudhia et al, 2000) has
been run for 2006 and 2007 for North America for two domains: a coarse Domain 1 (36-km resolution), and a nested Domain 2 (12-km resolution). The Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) mapping projection is used in modeling. The center of the coordinate system is located at the center of Domain 1 at 40 o 

## N
and 98 o 

## W. Two standard latitudes of LCC are set to 20 o 

## N and 60 o 

## N. The coarse domain (Domain 1) covers an area of 7488 km in the west-east (X) di rection by 6768 km in the south-north (Y) direction with grid spacing of 36 km (Table B-1). Figure B-1 shows Modeling Domains 1 and 2.

There are forty-one sigma levels in the vertical direction from the surface up to 100 hPa (Table B-2). The first sigma level is about 11 m above the ground, very close to the anemometer height at operational weather stations. The vertical spatial resolution va ries from the surface to the model top. About twenty levels are below 1500 m above the ground for bette r resolving the atmospheric boundary layer in the
model.

Model Parameterizations and Schemes

The MM5 model was run for 2006 and 2007 in the non-hydrostatic mode us ing the upper radiative boundary condition. MM5 physical schemes and paramete rizations are listed in Table B-1. The Reisner graupel scheme was used for the explicit moisture parame terization. It predicts all five water contents in the atmosphere. This scheme includes additional equation to predict graupel. It is a more computationally expensive scheme compared with simple ice scheme. The cumulus scheme used in MM5 is the Kain-Fritsch 2 scheme (Kain, 2004) . This scheme includes sh allow convection. For planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme, the Mello r-Yamada scheme used in the ETA model (Janjic, 1990, 1994) was used in this MM5 modeling. This scheme was implemented in the NCEP MRF model. It is efficient and suitable for high-resolution PBL. The Rapid Radiative Transfer Model was used for the radiation scheme in both Domains (Mlawer et al ., 1997). This scheme is a highly accurate and efficient method developed by AER Inc. Multiple-l ayer soil temperatures were computed using the NOAH land surface model (National Centers for Envi ronmental Prediction, Oregon State University, Air Force, and Hydrologic Research Laboratory). Additional geographical data, such as soil types, vegetation fraction, and annual deep soil temperatures are needed for the land surface model; and these
data were obtained from NCAR.

One way nesting is used in the MM5 simulation, mean ing that the mother domain is not affected by its child-domain. Such nesting allows adding new domains later without re-running all the other domains. Analysis Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (FDDA) was applied to both Domain 1 and Domain 2.B-3 

## Table B-1 Domain Configuration and Parameteri zations for 2006 and 2007 MM5 Simulations. The Lambert Conical Conformal (LCC) map proj ection is used in the MM5 modeling.

Settings Domain 1 Domain 2 Grid number 209 x 189 388 x 250 Grid size (km) 36 12 Nesting NA One-way Sigma levels 41 41
Moisture Reisner 2 Reisner 2
Cumulus Kain-Fritsch 2 Kain-Fritsch 2 Boundary layer ETA ETA
Radiation RRTM RRTM
Soil model NOAH LSM NOAH LSM
FDDA 3D and Surface Analysis 3D and Surface Analysis Run Length 2.5 days 2.5 days Spin-up time 12 hours 12 hours
Terrain and land-use data USGS 10-minute (~19 km) USGS 5-minute (~9 km)B-4 

## Figure B-1. Map showing the MM5 Domain 1 (36-km) and Domain 2 (12-km). -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 Map Projection: LCC; Center: 40N, 98W Standards: 20N, 60N

Datum: NWS-84

MM5 Domains: D1: X: -3744 - 3744 km, Y: -3384 - 3384 km; dxy= 36 km; 209 x 189 i1= 1,j1= 1 D2: X: -2196 - 2448 km, Y: -1656 - 1332 km; dxy= 12 km; 388 x 250 i1= 44,j1= 49

D3: X: -612 - 864 km, Y: -48 - 1080 km; dxy= 4 km; 370 x 283 i1=133,j1=135 

### USA MM5 Domain 4 (4-km) Covera g e



# Domain 1 (36 km) Domain 2 (12 km)B-5 

## Table B-2. Sigma Levels used in the Nort h American MM5 Simulations for 2006 and 2007.

Level Si g ma Half Si g ma Ref. Pressure (mb) Hei g ht (m)

surface 1.0000 - 1010.0 0.0

1 0.9970 0.9985 1008.6 10.9
2 0.9936 0.9953 1005.7 34.1
3 0.9898 0.9917 1002.4 60.3
4 0.9856 0.9877 998.8 89.6
5 0.9808 0.9832 994.7 122.5
6 0.9754 0.9781 990.1 160.0
7 0.9694 0.9724 984.9 202.1
8 0.9626 0.9660 979.1 249.6
9 0.9549 0.9588 972.5 303.7
10 0.9463 0.9506 965.0 364.8
11 0.9367 0.9415 956.8 433.5
12 0.9258 0.9313 947.4 511.5
13 0.9136 0.9197 936.9 600.1
14 0.8999 0.9068 925.1 700.4
15 0.8845 0.8922 911.9 814.4
16 0.8672 0.8759 897.0 944.1
17 0.8477 0.8575 880.3 1092.1
18 0.8258 0.8368 861.4 1261.5
19 0.8012 0.8135 840.3 1455.3
20 0.7736 0.7874 816.5 1677.7
21 0.7425 0.7581 789.8 1934.1
22 0.7076 0.7251 759.8 2230.9
23 0.6683 0.6880 726.0 2576.1
24 0.6242 0.6463 688.1 2980.0
25 0.5746 0.5994 645.5 3455.7
26 0.5188 0.5467 597.5 4021.9
27 0.4688 0.4938 549.4 4628.0
28 0.4284 0.4486 508.2 5180.4
29 0.3879 0.4082 471.4 5705.6
30 0.3474 0.3677 434.6 6265.0
31 0.3065 0.3270 397.5 6866.0
32 0.2620 0.2843 358.7 7545.5
33 0.2175 0.2398 318.2 8317.4
34 0.1675 0.1925 275.2 9224.7
35 0.1175 0.1425 229.7 10311.2
36 0.0783 0.0979 189.1 11426.7
37 0.0588 0.0686 162.4 12261.6
38 0.0392 0.0490 144.6 12875.1
39 0.0196 0.0294 126.8 13547.3
40 0.0000 0.0098 108.9 14290.2B-6 

## Initial Data and Simulation

MM5 is initialized using the 1 o 

## x 1 o 

## Final Analysis (FNL) data from NCEP at NCAR. It is an improvement of the original 2.5-degree by 2.5-degr ee dataset. The FNL data were archived at NCAR with temporal resolution of six hours at the surf ace and 26 standard pressure levels under 10 hPa: 1000, 975, 950, 925, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50, 30, 20, and 10 hPa. The dataset includes two-dimensional variables of snow cover, sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure, and three-dime nsional variables of temperature, geopotential height, U and V components, and relative humidity.

The SST spatial resolution of 1 o 

## x 1 o 

## in FNL data is too coarse in the coastal area. To improve SST in MM5, a better SST dataset, the daily 4-km MODIS SSTs, is ingested into the simulation. The MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) SSTs are derived from the sensors onboard the NASA Terra and Aqua platforms. The MODIS SSTs in clude from both the sensors of mid-infrared (IR) and thermal IR channels. The product used in th e simulation is the MODIS Global Level 3 Mapped
mid-IR SSTs.

MM5 is run for 2.5-day periods with 12 hours for spin-up time. The initial FNL data are model output and already in the dynamically-consistent state. The spin-up time of 12 hours is enough to allow MM5 reach dynamical balance in its domains. The 2.5-day simulation length can reduce the divergence between forecasts and analyses. MM5 output co vers the period from 2005123 112 to 2007010111, so that any conversion between local and UTC times can be properly processed. There are 183 2.5-day simulations in total for the annual period.

Evaluation of model performance

The MM5 model output dataset was evaluated using observations from hourly and synoptic surface data
available from the US National Climatic Data Ce nter (NCDC) in Asheville, North Carolina. The
locations of the stations used in the evaluation are s hown in Figure 3-4. The statistical index used for the evaluation is the Index of Agreement (IOA) is defined as:



# ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥

⎦ ⎤

⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢

⎣ ⎡

− +

− − = 

# ∑ ∑

=

= I

i o i j o i j J

j 

# M O M P RMSE

IJ IOA

1 1 2



# . 1 (1)

where RMSE is the Root Mean Square Error, and calculated using the equation

2 1

1 1 2 

# ) ( ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡

− = 

# ∑∑

= = J

j I

i i j i j 

# O P IJ i RMSE (2)

i j 

# P and i j 

# O are the prediction and the observation at Station j and time i

. M o 

## is the Mean Observations and equal toB-7 

# ∑∑

= = 

# = J

j I

i i j o 

# O IJ M

1 1 

# 1 (3)

The other two quantities used in the evaluation are M ean Bias Error (B) and Gross Error (E). Mean Bias Error is calculated using 

# ( ) ∑∑

= = 

# − = J

j I

i i j i j 

# O P IJ B

1 1 

# 1 (4)

Gross Error equals


# ∑∑

= = 

# − = J

j I

i i j i j 

# O P IJ E

1 1 

# 1 (5)

In their studies, Emery et al. (2001) and Tesche et al. (2001) provided benchmarks for MM5 model
evaluation or for other three-dimensional mesoscale model evaluation based on MM5/RAMS model performance evaluation literature. The benchmarks ar e for wind speed, wind direction, temperature and specific humidity. These benchmarks are “not to assign a passing or failing grade to a particular meteorological modeling application, but rather to put its results into a useful contact” (Tesche et al., 2002). It is not expected that all simulations will fa ll within the benchmarks, but rather the benchmarks are useful in comparing the results from various si mulations in a quantitative manner. The benchmarks were designed to be used with large groups of statio ns in a given region or stations of a particular
classification rather than with individual stations.

Table B-3 contains a summary of the statistical measures above comparing using hourly surface meteorological observations with the MM5 modeling results prepared by TRC for 2006 and 2007. Also included is a comparison of the results with the EPA-sponsored 2002 MM5 dataset which has been subject to previous model evaluations. The comp arisons were done using the surface meteorological stations within the CALPUFF modeling domain, which consisted of 172, 210 and 210 stations for 2002, 2006 and 2007, respectively. The performance is si milar for each of the datasets. The statistical measures are all better than the benchmark values, w ith the exception in the 2 002 dataset of the mean gross error for temperature, which is slight above the benchmark, and the Index of Agreement (IOA), which is slightly lowe r than the benchmark.B-8Table B-3. Performance Statistics by Year – MM5 Simulations – 12-km Grid ResolutionWind Speed Wind Direction Temperature Specific HumidityMeanIOAMeanBiasMeanRMSEMeanBiasMeanGrossErrorMeanIOAMeanBiasMeanGrossErrorMeanIOAMeanBiasMeanGrossError20020.77 0.18 1.88 2.70 21.15 0.79 -0.05 2.75 0.84 -0.06 0.7320060.83 0.04 1.54 1.76 16.68 0.96 -0.19 1.19 0.81 0.43 0.8320070.83 0.14 1.59 2.31 17.05 0.96 -0.12 1.23 0.81 0.47 0.86Benchmark x≥0.60 |x|≤0.50 x≤2.00 |x|≤10.0x≤30.0x≥0.80 |x|≤0.50 x≤2.00 x≥0.60 |x|≤1.00 x≤2.00B-9 

# References for Appendix B

Dudhia, J., D. Gill, Y-R. Guo, D. Hassen, K. Manning, and W. Wang, 2000: PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Modeling System, Tutorial Class Notes and User’s Guide: MM5 Modeling System Version 3, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research.

Emery C., E. Tai, and G. Yarwood, 2001: Enha nced meteorological modeling and performance evaluation for two Texas ozone episodes. Envi ron International Corporation, 101 Rowland Way, Suite 220, Novato, CA

Janjic, I.Z., 1990: The step-mountain coordinate: Physical package. Mon. Wea. Rev.

, 118 , 1429-1443.

Janjic, I.Z., 1994: The step-mountain Eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev

., 122 , 927-945.

Kain, J.S. and J.M. Fritsch, 1998: Multiple convec tive overturning in mesoscale convective systems: Reconciling observations, simulations, and theory. Mon. Wea. Rev

., 126 , 2254-2273.

Kain, J.S., 2004: The Kain-Fristch c onvective parameterization: An update. J. of Appl. Meteor

., 43

, 170-181

Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono and S.A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validat ed correlated k-model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res.

, 102 , 16,663-16,682.

Tesche, T.W., D.E. McNally, C.A. Emery, E. Tai. 2001: Evaluation of the MM5 model over the Midwestern U.S. for three 8-hour oxidant epis odes. Prepared for the Kansas City Ozone Technical Workgroup, by Alpine Geophysics, LLC, Ft. Wright, KY, and Environ International Corp., Novato, CA.

Tesche, T.W., D.E. McNally and C. Tremback, 2002: Operational evaluation of the MM5 model over
the Continental United States: Protocol for annual and episodic evaluation. Prepared for the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.C-1 

# APPENDIX C

CALMET CONTROL FILE WITH MODEL SETTINGSC-2 4 km resolution CALMET simulation BART Analysis Otter Tail Power Big Stone I 2006 ---------------- Run title (3 lines) ------------------------------------------

CALMET MODEL CONTROL FILE

--------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 0 -- Input and Output File Names

Subgroup (a)

------------ Default Name Type File Name

------------ ---- --------- GEO.DAT input ! GEODAT=geo-4km-hires.dat ! SURF.DAT input ! SRFDAT=bs_surf2006ext.dat ! CLOUD.DAT input * CLDDAT= * PRECIP.DAT input ! PRCDAT=bs_precip-2006ext.dat ! WT.DAT input * WTDAT= *

CALMET.LST output ! METLST=met2006_4km_a2r2_011.lst ! CALMET.DAT output ! METDAT=met2006_4km_a2r2_011.dat ! PACOUT.DAT output * PACDAT= *

All file names will be converted to lower case if LCFILES = T Otherwise, if LCFILES = F, file names will be converted to UPPER CASE T = lower case ! LCFILES = T !
F = UPPER CASE

NUMBER OF UPPER AIR & OVERWATER STATIONS:

Number of upper air stations (NUSTA) No default ! NUSTA = 10 ! Number of overwater met stations (NOWSTA) No default ! NOWSTA = 2 !

NUMBER OF PROGNOSTIC and IGF-CALMET FILEs:

Number of MM4/MM5/3D.DAT files (NM3D) No default ! NM3D = 1 !

Number of IGF-CALMET.DAT files (NIGF) No default ! NIGF = 0 !

!END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subgroup (b)

--------------------------------- Upper air files (one per station)

--------------------------------- Default Name Type File Name

------------ ---- --------- UP1.DAT input 1 ! UPDAT= up-abr-2006n.dat! !END! UP2.DAT input 2 ! UPDAT= up-bis-2006n.dat! !END! UP3.DAT input 3 ! UPDAT= up-dvn-2006n.dat! !END! UP4.DAT input 4 ! UPDAT= up-ggw-2006n.dat! !END! UP5.DAT input 5 ! UPDAT= up-grb-2006n.dat! !END! UP6.DAT input 6 ! UPDAT= up-inl-2006n.dat! !END! UP7.DAT input 7 ! UPDAT= up-lbf-2006n.dat! !END! UP8.DAT input 8 ! UPDAT= up-mrx-2006n.dat! !END! UP9.DAT input 9 ! UPDAT= up-oax-2006n.dat! !END! UP0.DAT input 10 ! UPDAT= up-unr-2006n.dat! !END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subgroup (c)

----------------------------------------- Overwater station files (one per station)

----------------------------------------- Default Name Type File Name

------------ ---- --------- SEA1.DAT input 1 ! SEADAT= 45001-2006.dat! !END! SEA2.DAT input 2 ! SEADAT= 45006-2006.dat! !END!C-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subgroup (d)

------------------------------------------------ MM4/MM5/3D.DAT files (consecutive or overlapping)

------------------------------------------------ Default Name Type File Name

------------ ---- ---------

MM5001 ! M3DDAT=../mm5_2006/mm5-200601.m3d! !END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subgroup (e)

------------------------------------------------- IGF-CALMET.DAT files (consecutive or overlapping)

------------------------------------------------- Default Name Type File Name

------------ ---- --------- IGFn.DAT input 1 * IGFDAT=CALMET0.DAT * *END*

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subgroup (f)

---------------- Other file names

----------------

Default Name Type File Name

------------ ---- --------- DIAG.DAT input * DIADAT= * PROG.DAT input * PRGDAT= *

TEST.PRT output * TSTPRT= * TEST.OUT output * TSTOUT= * TEST.KIN output * TSTKIN= * TEST.FRD output * TSTFRD= * TEST.SLP output * TSTSLP= * DCST.GRD output * DCSTGD= *

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES: (1) File/path names can be up to 70 characters in length (2) Subgroups (a) and (f) must have ONE 'END' (surrounded by delimiters) at the end of the group (3) Subgroups (b) through (e) are included ONLY if the corresponding number of files (NUSTA, NOWSTA, NM3D, NIGF) is not 0, and each must have an 'END' (surround by delimiters) at the end of EACH LINE

!END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 1 -- General run control parameters

--------------

Starting date: Year (IBYR) -- No default ! IBYR= 2006 ! Month (IBMO) -- No default ! IBMO= 1 ! Day (IBDY) -- No default ! IBDY= 1 ! Hour (IBHR) -- No default ! IBHR= 1 !

Note: IBHR is the time at the END of the first hour of the simulation (IBHR=1, the first hour of a day, runs from 00:00 to 01:00)

Base time zone (IBTZ) -- No default ! IBTZ= 7 ! PST = 08, MST = 07 CST = 06, EST = 05

Length of run (hours) (IRLG) -- No default ! IRLG= 120 !

Run type (IRTYPE) -- Default: 1 ! IRTYPE= 1 !

0 = Computes wind fields only 1 = Computes wind fields and micrometeorological variables (u*, w*, L, zi, etc.) (IRTYPE must be 1 to run CALPUFF or CALGRID)

Compute special data fields requiredC-4 by CALGRID (i.e., 3-D fields of W wind components and temperature) in additional to regular Default: T ! LCALGRD = T ! fields ? (LCALGRD) (LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID)

Flag to stop run after SETUP phase (ITEST) Default: 2 ! ITEST= 2 ! (Used to allow checking of the model inputs, files, etc.) ITEST = 1 - STOPS program after SETUP phase ITEST = 2 - Continues with execution of COMPUTATIONAL phase after SETUP

Test options specified to see if they conform to regulatory values? (MREG) No Default ! MREG = 1 !

0 = NO checks are made 1 = Technical options must conform to USEPA guidance IMIXH -1 Maul-Carson convective mixing height over land; OCD mixing height overwater ICOARE 0 OCD deltaT method for overwater fluxes THRESHL 0.0 Threshold buoyancy flux over land needed to sustain convective mixing height growth

!END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 2 -- Map Projection and Grid control parameters

--------------

Projection for all (X,Y):

-------------------------

Map projection (PMAP) Default: UTM ! PMAP = LCC !

UTM : Universal Transverse Mercator TTM : Tangential Transverse Mercator LCC : Lambert Conformal Conic PS : Polar Stereographic EM : Equatorial Mercator LAZA : Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area

False Easting and Northing (km) at the projection origin (Used only if PMAP= TTM, LCC, or LAZA) (FEAST) Default=0.0 ! FEAST = 0.000 ! (FNORTH) Default=0.0 ! FNORTH = 0.000 !

UTM zone (1 to 60) (Used only if PMAP=UTM) (IUTMZN) No Default ! IUTMZN = 0 !

Hemisphere for UTM projection? (Used only if PMAP=UTM) (UTMHEM) Default: N ! UTMHEM = N ! N : Northern hemisphere projection S : Southern hemisphere projection

Latitude and Longitude (decimal degrees) of projection origin (Used only if PMAP= TTM, LCC, PS, EM, or LAZA) (RLAT0) No Default ! RLAT0 = 40N ! (RLON0) No Default ! RLON0 = 98W !

TTM : RLON0 identifies central (true N/S) meridian of projection RLAT0 selected for convenience LCC : RLON0 identifies central (true N/S) meridian of projection RLAT0 selected for convenience PS : RLON0 identifies central (grid N/S) meridian of projection RLAT0 selected for convenience EM : RLON0 identifies central meridian of projectionC-5 RLAT0 is REPLACED by 0.0N (Equator) LAZA: RLON0 identifies longitude of tangent-point of mapping plane RLAT0 identifies latitude of tangent-point of mapping plane

Matching parallel(s) of latitude (decimal degrees) for projection (Used only if PMAP= LCC or PS) (XLAT1) No Default ! XLAT1 = 20N ! (XLAT2) No Default ! XLAT2 = 60N !

LCC : Projection cone slices through Earth's surface at XLAT1 and XLAT2 PS : Projection plane slices through Earth at XLAT1 (XLAT2 is not used)

---------- Note: Latitudes and longitudes should be positive, and include a letter N,S,E, or W indicating north or south latitude, and east or west longitude. For example, 35.9 N Latitude = 35.9N 118.7 E Longitude = 118.7E

Datum-region

------------

The Datum-Region for the coordinates is identified by a character string. Many mapping products currently available use the model of the Earth known as the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). Other local models may be in use, and their selection in CALMET will make its output consistent with local mapping products. The list of Datum-Regions with official transformation parameters is provided by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA).

NIMA Datum - Regions(Examples)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ WGS-84 WGS-84 Reference Ellipsoid and Geoid, Global coverage (WGS84) NAS-C NORTH AMERICAN 1927 Clarke 1866 Spheroid, MEAN FOR CONUS (NAD27) NAR-C NORTH AMERICAN 1983 GRS 80 Spheroid, MEAN FOR CONUS (NAD83) NWS-84 NWS 6370KM Radius, Sphere ESR-S ESRI REFERENCE 6371KM Radius, Sphere

Datum-region for output coordinates (DATUM) Default: WGS-84 ! DATUM = NWS-84 !

Horizontal grid definition:

---------------------------

Rectangular grid defined for projection PMAP, with X the Easting and Y the Northing coordinate

No. X grid cells (NX) No default ! NX = 313 ! No. Y grid cells (NY) No default ! NY = 181 !

Grid spacing (DGRIDKM) No default ! DGRIDKM = 4. ! Units: km

Reference grid coordinate of SOUTHWEST corner of grid cell (1,1)

X coordinate (XORIGKM) No default ! XORIGKM = -506. ! Y coordinate (YORIGKM) No default ! YORIGKM = 298. ! Units: km

Vertical grid definition:

-------------------------

No. of vertical layers (NZ) No default ! NZ = 10 !

Cell face heights in arbitrary vertical grid (ZFACE(NZ+1)) No defaults Units: m ! ZFACE = 0.,20.,40.,80.,160.,320.,640.,1200.,2000.,3000.,4000. !C-6 !END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 3 -- Output Options

--------------

DISK OUTPUT OPTION

Save met. fields in an unformatted output file ? (LSAVE) Default: T ! LSAVE = T ! (F = Do not save, T = Save)

Type of unformatted output file: (IFORMO) Default: 1 ! IFORMO = 1 !

1 = CALPUFF/CALGRID type file (CALMET.DAT) 2 = MESOPUFF-II type file (PACOUT.DAT)

LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OPTIONS:

Print met. fields ? (LPRINT) Default: F ! LPRINT = F ! (F = Do not print, T = Print) (NOTE: parameters below control which met. variables are printed)

Print interval (IPRINF) in hours Default: 1 ! IPRINF = 1 ! (Meteorological fields are printed every 1 hours)

Specify which layers of U, V wind component to print (IUVOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered (0=Do not print, 1=Print) (used only if LPRINT=T) Defaults: NZ*0 ! IUVOUT = 10*0 !

-----------------------

Specify which levels of the W wind component to print (NOTE: W defined at TOP cell face -- 10 values) (IWOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered (0=Do not print, 1=Print) (used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T)

----------------------------------- Defaults: NZ*0 ! IWOUT = 10*0 !

Specify which levels of the 3-D temperature field to print (ITOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered (0=Do not print, 1=Print) (used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T)

----------------------------------- Defaults: NZ*0 ! ITOUT = 10*0 !

Specify which meteorological fields to print (used only if LPRINT=T) Defaults: 0 (all variables)

-----------------------

Variable Print ? (0 = do not print, 1 = print)

-------- ------------------

! STABILITY = 0 ! - PGT stability class ! USTAR = 0 ! - Friction velocity ! MONIN = 0 ! - Monin-Obukhov length ! MIXHT = 0 ! - Mixing height ! WSTAR = 0 ! - Convective velocity scale ! PRECIP = 0 ! - Precipitation rate ! SENSHEAT = 0 ! - Sensible heat fluxC-7 ! CONVZI = 0 ! - Convective mixing ht.

Testing and debug print options for micrometeorological module

Print input meteorological data and internal variables (LDB) Default: F ! LDB = F ! (F = Do not print, T = print) (NOTE: this option produces large amounts of output)

First time step for which debug data are printed (NN1) Default: 1 ! NN1 = 1 !

Last time step for which debug data are printed (NN2) Default: 1 ! NN2 = 1 !

Print distance to land internal variables (LDBCST) Default: F ! LDBCST = F ! (F = Do not print, T = print) (Output in .GRD file DCST.GRD, defined in input group 0)

Testing and debug print options for wind field module (all of the following print options control output to wind field module's output files: TEST.PRT, TEST.OUT, TEST.KIN, TEST.FRD, and TEST.SLP)

Control variable for writing the test/debug wind fields to disk files (IOUTD) (0=Do not write, 1=write) Default: 0 ! IOUTD = 0 !

Number of levels, starting at the surface, to print (NZPRN2) Default: 1 ! NZPRN2 = 0 !

Print the INTERPOLATED wind components ? (IPR0) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR0 = 0 !

Print the TERRAIN ADJUSTED surface wind components ? (IPR1) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR1 = 0 !

Print the SMOOTHED wind components and the INITIAL DIVERGENCE fields ? (IPR2) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR2 = 0 !

Print the FINAL wind speed and direction fields ? (IPR3) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR3 = 0 !

Print the FINAL DIVERGENCE fields ? (IPR4) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR4 = 0 !

Print the winds after KINEMATIC effects are added ? (IPR5) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR5 = 0 !

Print the winds after the FROUDE NUMBER adjustment is made ? (IPR6) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR6 = 0 !

Print the winds after SLOPE FLOWS are added ? (IPR7) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR7 = 0 !

Print the FINAL wind field components ? (IPR8) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR8 = 0 !

!END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 4 -- Meteorological data options

--------------C-8 NO OBSERVATION MODE (NOOBS) Default: 0 ! NOOBS = 0 ! 0 = Use surface, overwater, and upper air stations 1 = Use surface and overwater stations (no upper air observations) Use MM4/MM5/3D for upper air data 2 = No surface, overwater, or upper air observations Use MM4/MM5/3D for surface, overwater, and upper air data

NUMBER OF SURFACE & PRECIP. METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS

Number of surface stations (NSSTA) No default ! NSSTA = 250 !

Number of precipitation stations (NPSTA=-1: flag for use of MM5/3D precip data) (NPSTA) No default ! NPSTA = 267 !

CLOUD DATA OPTIONS Gridded cloud fields: (ICLOUD) Default: 0 ! ICLOUD = 0 ! ICLOUD = 0 - Gridded clouds not used ICLOUD = 1 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT generated as OUTPUT ICLOUD = 2 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT read as INPUT ICLOUD = 3 - Gridded cloud cover computed from prognostic fields

FILE FORMATS

Surface meteorological data file format (IFORMS) Default: 2 ! IFORMS = 2 ! (1 = unformatted (e.g., SMERGE output)) (2 = formatted (free-formatted user input))

Precipitation data file format (IFORMP) Default: 2 ! IFORMP = 2 ! (1 = unformatted (e.g., PMERGE output)) (2 = formatted (free-formatted user input))

Cloud data file format (IFORMC) Default: 2 ! IFORMC = 2 ! (1 = unformatted - CALMET unformatted output) (2 = formatted - free-formatted CALMET output or user input)

!END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 5 -- Wind Field Options and Parameters

--------------

WIND FIELD MODEL OPTIONS Model selection variable (IWFCOD) Default: 1 ! IWFCOD = 1 ! 0 = Objective analysis only 1 = Diagnostic wind module

Compute Froude number adjustment effects ? (IFRADJ) Default: 1 ! IFRADJ = 1 ! (0 = NO, 1 = YES)

Compute kinematic effects ? (IKINE) Default: 0 ! IKINE = 0 ! (0 = NO, 1 = YES)

Use O'Brien procedure for adjustment of the vertical velocity ? (IOBR) Default: 0 ! IOBR = 0 ! (0 = NO, 1 = YES)

Compute slope flow effects ? (ISLOPE) Default: 1 ! ISLOPE = 1 ! (0 = NO, 1 = YES)

Extrapolate surface wind observations to upper layers ? (IEXTRP) Default: -4 ! IEXTRP = -4 ! (1 = no extrapolation is done, 2 = power law extrapolation used, 3 = user input multiplicative factors for layers 2 - NZ used (see FEXTRP array) 4 = similarity theory used -1, -2, -3, -4 = same as above except layer 1 dataC-9 at upper air stations are ignored

Extrapolate surface winds even if calm? (ICALM) Default: 0 ! ICALM = 0 ! (0 = NO, 1 = YES)

Layer-dependent biases modifying the weights of surface and upper air stations (BIAS(NZ))
-1<=BIAS<=1 Negative BIAS reduces the weight of upper air stations (e.g. BIAS=-0.1 reduces the weight of upper air stations by 10%; BIAS= -1, reduces their weight by 100 %) Positive BIAS reduces the weight of surface stations (e.g. BIAS= 0.2 reduces the weight of surface stations by 20%; BIAS=1 reduces their weight by 100%) Zero BIAS leaves weights unchanged (1/R**2 interpolation) Default: NZ*0 ! BIAS = 10*0 !

Minimum distance from nearest upper air station to surface station for which extrapolation of surface winds at surface station will be allowed (RMIN2: Set to -1 for IEXTRP = 4 or other situations where all surface stations should be extrapolated) Default: 4. ! RMIN2 = -1.0 !

Use gridded prognostic wind field model output fields as input to the diagnostic wind field model (IPROG) Default: 0 ! IPROG = 14 ! (0 = No, [IWFCOD = 0 or 1] 1 = Yes, use CSUMM prog. winds as Step 1 field, [IWFCOD = 0] 2 = Yes, use CSUMM prog. winds as initial guess field [IWFCOD = 1] 3 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as Step 1 field [IWFCOD = 0] 4 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as initial guess field [IWFCOD = 1] 5 = Yes, use winds from MM4.DAT file as observations [IWFCOD = 1] 13 = Yes, use winds from MM5/3D.DAT file as Step 1 field [IWFCOD = 0] 14 = Yes, use winds from MM5/3D.DAT file as initial guess field [IWFCOD = 1] 15 = Yes, use winds from MM5/3D.DAT file as observations [IWFCOD = 1]

Timestep (hours) of the prognostic model input data (ISTEPPG) Default: 1 ! ISTEPPG = 1 !

Use coarse CALMET fields as initial guess fields (IGFMET) (overwrites IGF based on prognostic wind fields if any) Default: 0 ! IGFMET = 0 !

RADIUS OF INFLUENCE PARAMETERS

Use varying radius of influence Default: F ! LVARY = F! (if no stations are found within RMAX1,RMAX2, or RMAX3, then the closest station will be used)

Maximum radius of influence over land in the surface layer (RMAX1) No default ! RMAX1 = 100. ! Units: km Maximum radius of influence over land aloft (RMAX2) No default ! RMAX2 = 200. ! Units: km Maximum radius of influence over water (RMAX3) No default ! RMAX3 = 200. ! Units: km

OTHER WIND FIELD INPUT PARAMETERS

Minimum radius of influence used in the wind field interpolation (RMIN) Default: 0.1 ! RMIN = 0.1 ! Units: km Radius of influence of terrain features (TERRAD) No default ! TERRAD = 15. !

Units: km Relative weighting of the first guess field and observations in theC-10 SURFACE layer (R1) No default ! R1 = 50. ! (R1 is the distance from an Units: km observational station at which the observation and first guess field are equally weighted)

Relative weighting of the first guess field and observations in the layers ALOFT (R2) No default ! R2 = 100. ! (R2 is applied in the upper layers Units: km in the same manner as R1 is used in the surface layer).

Relative weighting parameter of the prognostic wind field data (RPROG) No default ! RPROG = 0. ! (Used only if IPROG = 1) Units: km

------------------------

Maximum acceptable divergence in the divergence minimization procedure (DIVLIM) Default: 5.E-6 ! DIVLIM= 5.0E-06 !

Maximum number of iterations in the divergence min. procedure (NITER) Default: 50 ! NITER = 50 !

Number of passes in the smoothing procedure (NSMTH(NZ)) NOTE: NZ values must be entered Default: 2,(mxnz-1)*4 ! NSMTH = 2 , 9*4 !

Maximum number of stations used in each layer for the interpolation of data to a grid point (NINTR2(NZ)) NOTE: NZ values must be entered Default: 99. ! NINTR2 = 10*99 !

Critical Froude number (CRITFN) Default: 1.0 ! CRITFN = 1. !

Empirical factor controlling the influence of kinematic effects (ALPHA) Default: 0.1 ! ALPHA = 0.1 !

Multiplicative scaling factor for extrapolation of surface observations to upper layers (FEXTR2(NZ)) Default: NZ*0.0 ! FEXTR2 = 10*0. ! (Used only if IEXTRP = 3 or -3)

BARRIER INFORMATION

Number of barriers to interpolation of the wind fields (NBAR) Default: 0 ! NBAR = 0 !

Level (1 to NZ) up to which barriers apply (KBAR) Default: NZ ! KBAR = 10 !

THE FOLLOWING 4 VARIABLES ARE INCLUDED ONLY IF NBAR > 0 NOTE: NBAR values must be entered No defaults for each variable Units: km

X coordinate of BEGINNING of each barrier (XBBAR(NBAR)) ! XBBAR = 0. ! Y coordinate of BEGINNING of each barrier (YBBAR(NBAR)) ! YBBAR = 0. !

X coordinate of ENDING of each barrier (XEBAR(NBAR)) ! XEBAR = 0. ! Y coordinate of ENDING of each barrier (YEBAR(NBAR)) ! YEBAR = 0. !

DIAGNOSTIC MODULE DATA INPUT OPTIONS

Surface temperature (IDIOPT1) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT1 = 0 !C-11 0 = Compute internally from hourly surface observations 1 = Read preprocessed values from a data file (DIAG.DAT)

Surface met. station to use for the surface temperature (ISURFT) No default ! ISURFT = 211 ! (Must be a value from 1 to NSSTA) (Used only if IDIOPT1 = 0)

--------------------------

Domain-averaged temperature lapse rate (IDIOPT2) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT2 = 0 ! 0 = Compute internally from twice-daily upper air observations 1 = Read hourly preprocessed values from a data file (DIAG.DAT)

Upper air station to use for the domain-scale lapse rate (IUPT) No default ! IUPT = 1 ! (Must be a value from 1 to NUSTA) (Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0)

--------------------------

Depth through which the domain-scale lapse rate is computed (ZUPT) Default: 200. ! ZUPT = 200. ! (Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0) Units: meters

--------------------------

Domain-averaged wind components (IDIOPT3) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT3 = 0 ! 0 = Compute internally from twice-daily upper air observations 1 = Read hourly preprocessed values a data file (DIAG.DAT)

Upper air station to use for the domain-scale winds (IUPWND) Default: -1 ! IUPWND = -1 ! (Must be a value from -1 to NUSTA) (Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0)

--------------------------

Bottom and top of layer through which the domain-scale winds are computed (ZUPWND(1), ZUPWND(2)) Defaults: 1., 1000. ! ZUPWND= 1., 1000. ! (Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0) Units: meters

--------------------------

Observed surface wind components for wind field module (IDIOPT4) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT4 = 0 ! 0 = Read WS, WD from a surface data file (SURF.DAT) 1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from a data file (DIAG.DAT)

Observed upper air wind components for wind field module (IDIOPT5) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT5 = 0 ! 0 = Read WS, WD from an upper air data file (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT, etc.) 1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from a data file (DIAG.DAT)

LAKE BREEZE INFORMATION

Use Lake Breeze Module (LLBREZE) Default: F ! LLBREZE = F !

Number of lake breeze regions (NBOX) ! NBOX = 0 !

X Grid line 1 defining the region of interest
! XG1 = 0. ! X Grid line 2 defining the region of interest
! XG2 = 0. !C-12 Y Grid line 1 defining the region of interest
! YG1 = 0. ! Y Grid line 2 defining the region of interest
! YG2 = 0. !

X Point defining the coastline (Straight line) (XBCST) (KM) Default: none ! XBCST = 0. !

Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line) (YBCST) (KM) Default: none ! YBCST = 0. !

X Point defining the coastline (Straight line) (XECST) (KM) Default: none ! XECST = 0. !

Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line) (YECST) (KM) Default: none ! YECST = 0. !

Number of stations in the region Default: none ! NLB = 0 ! (Surface stations + upper air stations)

Station ID's in the region (METBXID(NLB)) (Surface stations first, then upper air stations)
! METBXID = 0 !

!END!

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INPUT GROUP: 6 -- Mixing Height, Temperature and Precipitation Parameters

--------------

EMPIRICAL MIXING HEIGHT CONSTANTS

Neutral, mechanical equation (CONSTB) Default: 1.41 ! CONSTB = 1.41 ! Convective mixing ht. equation (CONSTE) Default: 0.15 ! CONSTE = 0.15 ! Stable mixing ht. equation (CONSTN) Default: 2400. ! CONSTN = 2400.! Overwater mixing ht. equation (CONSTW) Default: 0.16 ! CONSTW = 0.16 ! Absolute value of Coriolis parameter (FCORIOL) Default: 1.E-4 ! FCORIOL = 1.0E-04! Units: (1/s)

SPATIAL AVERAGING OF MIXING HEIGHTS

Conduct spatial averaging (IAVEZI) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 1 ! IAVEZI = 1 !

Max. search radius in averaging process (MNMDAV) Default: 1 ! MNMDAV = 1 ! Units: Grid cells Half-angle of upwind looking cone for averaging (HAFANG) Default: 30. ! HAFANG = 30. ! Units: deg. Layer of winds used in upwind averaging (ILEVZI) Default: 1 ! ILEVZI = 1 ! (must be between 1 and NZ)

CONVECTIVE MIXING HEIGHT OPTIONS: Method to compute the convective mixing height(IMIHXH) Default: 1 ! IMIXH = -1 ! 1: Maul-Carson for land and water cells -1: Maul-Carson for land cells only - OCD mixing height overwater 2: Batchvarova and Gryning for land and water cells -2: Batchvarova and Gryning for land cells only OCD mixing height overwaterC-13 Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing height growth overland (THRESHL) Default: 0.0 ! THRESHL = 0.0 ! (expressed as a heat flux units: W/m3 per meter of boundary layer)

Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing height growth overwater (THRESHW) Default: 0.05 ! THRESHW = 0.05 ! (expressed as a heat flux units: W/m3 per meter of boundary layer)

Option for overwater lapse rates used in convective mixing height growth (ITWPROG) Default: 0 ! ITWPROG = 0 ! 0 : use SEA.DAT lapse rates and deltaT (or assume neutral conditions if missing) 1 : use prognostic lapse rates (only if IPROG>2) and SEA.DAT deltaT (or neutral if missing) 2 : use prognostic lapse rates and prognostic delta T (only if iprog>12 and 3D.DAT version# 2.0 or higher)

Land Use category ocean in 3D.DAT datasets (ILUOC3D) Default: 16 ! ILUOC3D = 16 ! Note: if 3D.DAT from MM5 version 3.0, iluoc3d = 16 if MM4.DAT, typically iluoc3d = 7

OTHER MIXING HEIGHT VARIABLES

Minimum potential temperature lapse rate in the stable layer above the current convective mixing ht. Default: 0.001 ! DPTMIN = 0.001 ! (DPTMIN) Units: deg. K/m Depth of layer above current conv. mixing height through which lapse Default: 200. ! DZZI = 200. ! rate is computed (DZZI) Units: meters

Minimum overland mixing height Default: 50. ! ZIMIN = 50. ! (ZIMIN) Units: meters Maximum overland mixing height Default: 3000. ! ZIMAX = 3000. ! (ZIMAX) Units: meters Minimum overwater mixing height Default: 50. ! ZIMINW = 50. ! (ZIMINW) -- (Not used if observed Units: meters overwater mixing hts. are used) Maximum overwater mixing height Default: 3000. ! ZIMAXW = 3000. ! (ZIMAXW) -- (Not used if observed Units: meters overwater mixing hts. are used)

OVERWATER SURFACE FLUXES METHOD and PARAMETERS (ICOARE) Default: 10 ! ICOARE = 0 ! 0: original deltaT method (OCD) 10: COARE with no wave parameterization (jwave=0, Charnock) 11: COARE with wave option jwave=1 (Oost et al.) and default wave properties -11: COARE with wave option jwave=1 (Oost et al.) and observed wave properties (must be in SEA.DAT files) 12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland) and default wave properties -12: COARE with wave option 2 (Taylor and Yelland) and observed wave properties (must be in SEA.DAT files)

Note: When ICOARE=0, similarity wind profile stability PSI functions based on Van Ulden and Holtslag (1985) are substituted for later formulations used with the COARE module, and temperatures used for surface layer parameters are obtained from either the nearest surface station temperature or prognostic model 2D temperatures (if ITPROG=2).

Coastal/Shallow water length scale (DSHELF) (for modified z0 in shallow water)C-14 ( COARE fluxes only) Default : 0. ! DSHELF = 0. ! units: km

COARE warm layer computation (IWARM) ! IWARM = 0 ! 1: on - 0: off (must be off if SST measured with IR radiometer) Default: 0

COARE cool skin layer computation (ICOOL) ! ICOOL = 0 ! 1: on - 0: off (must be off if SST measured with IR radiometer) Default: 0

TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS

3D temperature from observations or from prognostic data? (ITPROG) Default:0 ! ITPROG = 0 !

0 = Use Surface and upper air stations (only if NOOBS = 0) 1 = Use Surface stations (no upper air observations) Use MM5/3D for upper air data (only if NOOBS = 0,1) 2 = No surface or upper air observations Use MM5/3D for surface and upper air data (only if NOOBS = 0,1,2)

Interpolation type (1 = 1/R ; 2 = 1/R**2) Default:1 ! IRAD = 1 !

Radius of influence for temperature interpolation (TRADKM) Default: 500. ! TRADKM = 500. ! Units: km

Maximum Number of stations to include in temperature interpolation (NUMTS) Default: 5 ! NUMTS = 5 !

Conduct spatial averaging of temp- eratures (IAVET) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 1 ! IAVET = 1 ! (will use mixing ht MNMDAV,HAFANG so make sure they are correct)

Default temperature gradient Default: -.0098 ! TGDEFB = -0.0098 ! below the mixing height over Units: K/m water (TGDEFB)

Default temperature gradient Default: -.0045 ! TGDEFA = -0.0045 ! above the mixing height over Units: K/m water (TGDEFA)

Beginning (JWAT1) and ending (JWAT2) land use categories for temperature ! JWAT1 = 55 ! interpolation over water -- Make ! JWAT2 = 55 ! bigger than largest land use to disable

PRECIP INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS

Method of interpolation (NFLAGP) Default: 2 ! NFLAGP = 2 ! (1=1/R,2=1/R**2,3=EXP/R**2) Radius of Influence (SIGMAP) Default: 100.0 ! SIGMAP = 100. ! (0.0 => use half dist. btwn Units: km nearest stns w & w/out precip when NFLAGP = 3) Minimum Precip. Rate Cutoff (CUTP) Default: 0.01 ! CUTP = 0.01 ! (values < CUTP = 0.0 mm/hr) Units: mm/hr

!END!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INPUT GROUP: 7 -- Surface meteorological station parameters

--------------

SURFACE STATION VARIABLES (One record per station -- 250 records in all)

1 2C-15 Name ID X coord. Y coord. Time Anem. (km) (km) zone Ht.(m)

---------------------------------------------------------- ! SS1 ='CYBR', 711400, -132.737961 1040.684570 7 10 ! ! SS002 ='CWNK', 711470, -2.262997 995.140137 7 10 ! ! SS003 ='CWPO', 711480, -62.049206 963.792969 7 10 ! ! SS004 ='CWZE', 711700, -91.927345 1038.115110 7 10 ! ! SS005 ='CWDV', 714350, 520.234131 968.333252 7 10 ! ! SS006 ='CWGN', 714410, 29.940273 945.930359 7 10 ! ! SS007 ='CWEI', 714470, -205.322525 975.742554 7 10 ! ! SS008 ='CWSU', 714490, 165.977509 946.451843 7 10 ! ! SS009 ='CWWF', 714520, -396.077026 1029.438350 7 10 ! ! SS010 ='EMER', 715600, 53.065262 942.609009 7 10 ! ! SS011 ='CXMD', 715640, -5.724126 961.681702 7 10 ! ! SS012 ='WINN', 715790, 59.056881 1035.899780 7 10 ! ! SS013 ='CZHD', 715820, 357.821838 1039.401120 7 10 ! ! SS014 ='ATIK', 717470, 441.910736 933.946167 7 10 ! ! SS015 ='CXDW', 718400, -21.778795 984.620911 7 10 ! ! SS016 ='CYHD', 718425, 358.876953 1041.158940 7 10 ! ! SS017 ='CXWN', 718430, 59.056881 1035.899780 7 10 ! ! SS018 ='WASP', 718490, 52.213905 1039.430420 7 10 ! ! SS019 ='CYQK', 718500, 247.840500 1030.198360 7 10 ! ! SS020 ='CYPG', 718510, -18.181787 1037.431640 7 10 ! ! SS021 ='CYWG', 718520, 52.229706 1037.633420 7 10 ! ! SS022 ='CYEN', 718620, -342.161255 975.010742 7 10 ! ! SS023 ='KHZX', 720258, 337.785278 701.057190 7 10 ! ! SS024 ='KFKA', 720283, 440.500244 398.718048 7 10 ! ! SS025 ='KIIB', 720293, 465.955536 272.288361 7 10 ! ! SS026 ='KVTI', 720326, 462.249084 247.538208 7 10 ! ! SS027 ='KLUM', 720327, 454.199249 527.013367 7 10 ! ! SS028 ='KCKP', 720344, 187.478500 287.882965 7 10 ! ! SS029 ='KPEX', 720367, 239.019058 565.214783 7 10 ! ! SS030 ='KDVP', 720368, 166.747665 418.091461 7 10 ! ! SS031 ='KSYN', 722003, 371.754822 478.146027 7 10 ! ! SS032 ='KBWP', 722004, 100.999161 653.452332 7 10 ! ! SS033 ='KLYV', 722006, 134.958801 379.514679 7 10 ! ! SS034 ='KACQ', 722032, 333.878906 433.998291 7 10 ! ! SS035 ='KGDB', 722033, 181.560699 499.042145 7 10 ! ! SS036 ='KCFE', 722114, 307.498352 545.390259 7 10 ! ! SS037 ='KJKJ', 722129, 96.844124 715.808105 7 10 ! ! SS038 ='KMGG', 722144, 296.022736 553.863770 7 10 ! ! SS039 ='KOVL', 722168, 221.420837 503.003906 7 10 ! ! SS040 ='KRNH', 722179, 403.259186 550.473206 7 10 ! ! SS041 ='KRZN', 722183, 411.001251 621.797424 7 10 ! ! SS042 ='KSFY', 722204, 611.118896 241.281296 7 10 ! ! SS043 ='KLCG', 722241, 78.773186 234.543762 7 10 ! ! SS044 ='KCNB', 722252, 128.874329 495.268707 7 10 ! ! SS045 ='KTKC', 722342, 179.218750 446.241730 7 10 ! ! SS046 ='KRCX', 723758, 513.212524 594.974731 7 10 ! ! SS047 ='KAXA', 725457, 284.761230 327.492554 7 10 ! ! SS048 ='KCAV', 725458, 325.802399 294.237671 7 10 ! ! SS049 ='KMIW', 725461, 393.433167 232.077042 7 10 ! ! SS050 ='KCCY', 725463, 411.742310 333.622681 7 10 ! ! SS051 ='KCIN', 725468, 249.315628 218.213760 7 10 ! ! SS052 ='KDBQ', 725470, 562.008728 273.891357 7 10 ! ! SS053 ='KAMW', 725472, 339.960693 217.356750 7 10 ! ! SS054 ='KMXO', 725475, 529.074829 252.985184 7 10 ! ! SS055 ='KDEH', 725476, 476.241272 359.092377 7 10 ! ! SS056 ='KEBS', 725478, 318.428436 261.887787 7 10 ! ! SS057 ='KALO', 725480, 430.451233 280.485382 7 10 ! ! SS058 ='KLRJ', 725484, 139.213089 291.510315 7 10 ! ! SS059 ='KMCW', 725485, 355.652557 339.276703 7 10 ! ! SS060 ='KBNW', 725486, 322.820679 221.638809 7 10 ! ! SS061 ='KOLZ', 725488, 462.849091 295.942047 7 10 ! ! SS062 ='KORC', 725489, 148.912033 313.869507 7 10 ! ! SS063 ='KFOD', 725490, 284.697876 278.665985 7 10 ! ! SS064 ='KSHL', 725495, 164.999420 337.029449 7 10 ! ! SS065 ='KSLB', 725496, 212.618134 274.528046 7 10 ! ! SS066 ='KANW', 725556, -152.562332 271.011780 7 10 ! ! SS067 ='KONL', 725566, -52.690170 258.100037 7 10 ! ! SS068 ='KSUX', 725570, 125.017456 250.804749 7 10 ! ! SS069 ='KAIA', 725635, -371.946045 225.001831 7 10 ! ! SS070 ='KCDR', 725636, -390.018555 307.721893 7 10 ! ! SS071 ='KVTN', 725670, -195.296432 301.377747 7 10 !C-16 ! SS072 ='KTOR', 725763, -476.574402 232.416214 7 10 ! ! SS073 ='KLNR', 726416, 594.580078 362.063934 7 10 ! ! SS074 ='KMDZ', 726417, 567.921021 557.987793 7 10 ! ! SS075 ='KOEO', 726418, 390.745178 566.480835 7 10 ! ! SS076 ='KASX', 726419, 510.271820 705.353516 7 10 ! ! SS077 ='KSUW', 726427, 424.747314 713.702942 7 10 ! ! SS078 ='KLSE', 726430, 508.635651 411.707031 7 10 ! ! SS079 ='KEAU', 726435, 482.727417 526.252747 7 10 ! ! SS080 ='KVOK', 726436, 581.265625 437.046356 7 10 ! ! SS081 ='KCMY', 726437, 546.142822 436.117981 7 10 ! ! SS082 ='KOVS', 726438, 557.368958 352.953308 7 10 ! ! SS083 ='KRST', 726440, 414.564484 420.806641 7 10 ! ! SS084 ='KPDC', 726444, 525.151245 335.964905 7 10 ! ! SS085 ='KAQP', 726466, 146.927185 547.887634 7 10 ! ! SS086 ='KRPD', 726467, 457.289001 582.535217 7 10 ! ! SS087 ='KPBH', 726468, 555.096680 620.769592 7 10 ! ! SS088 ='KEST', 726499, 246.954147 360.483246 7 10 ! ! SS089 ='KSPW', 726500, 213.177475 333.802368 7 10 ! ! SS090 ='KMRJ', 726507, 593.426697 327.873383 7 10 ! ! SS091 ='KHYR', 726508, 476.630768 647.714050 7 10 ! ! SS092 ='KFSD', 726510, 94.328735 374.210144 7 10 ! ! SS093 ='KCUT', 726514, -424.749512 403.337982 7 10 ! ! SS094 ='KBKX', 726515, 89.727325 450.046783 7 10 ! ! SS095 ='KPHP', 726516, -270.501099 428.665131 7 10 ! ! SS096 ='KIEN', 726517, -344.901764 324.377960 7 10 ! ! SS097 ='KICR', 726518, -139.856018 355.472290 7 10 ! ! SS098 ='K8D3', 726519, 73.856110 592.815918 7 10 ! ! SS099 ='KYKN', 726525, 47.198750 304.747040 7 10 ! ! SS100 ='K9V9', 726530, -99.478973 394.145111 7 10 ! ! SS101 ='KD07', 726539, -297.153381 532.540222 7 10 ! ! SS102 ='KHON', 726540, -17.115011 458.027527 7 10 ! ! SS103 ='KORB', 726544, 362.149048 849.423584 7 10 ! ! SS104 ='KMHE', 726545, -2.867938 394.439606 7 10 ! ! SS105 ='KATY', 726546, 62.674583 515.427490 7 10 ! ! SS106 ='KGHW', 726547, 196.441757 592.791626 7 10 ! ! SS107 ='KRRT', 726548, 184.543518 938.973633 7 10 ! ! SS108 ='KCQM', 726549, 374.770538 829.738953 7 10 ! ! SS109 ='KSTC', 726550, 289.477570 585.952942 7 10 ! ! SS110 ='KMVE', 726553, 170.196106 521.343323 7 10 ! ! SS111 ='KJYG', 726554, 258.831940 421.393066 7 10 ! ! SS112 ='KBRD', 726555, 279.693115 675.731506 7 10 ! ! SS113 ='KRWF', 726556, 217.481979 478.586823 7 10 ! ! SS114 ='KAXN', 726557, 190.130997 617.650024 7 10 ! ! SS115 ='KCOQ', 726558, 395.496307 713.259888 7 10 ! ! SS116 ='KMML', 726559, 162.968735 466.842621 7 10 ! ! SS117 ='KFFM', 726560, 133.957138 658.783936 7 10 ! ! SS118 ='KADC', 726561, 202.232361 677.177307 7 10 ! ! SS119 ='KLVN', 726562, 355.831726 493.177429 7 10 ! ! SS120 ='KFBL', 726563, 351.367981 461.196899 7 10 ! ! SS121 ='KRGK', 726564, 410.713379 492.334595 7 10 ! ! SS122 ='KMOX', 726565, 149.050827 583.337769 7 10 ! ! SS123 ='KPQN', 726566, 127.867722 417.218353 7 10 ! ! SS124 ='KULM', 726567, 261.794373 456.355988 7 10 ! ! SS125 ='KOWA', 726568, 356.252655 440.308838 7 10 ! ! SS126 ='KHCD', 726569, 269.311188 513.197021 7 10 ! ! SS127 ='KMFI', 726574, 580.651794 510.377930 7 10 ! ! SS128 ='KMIC', 726575, 343.520233 538.094177 7 10 ! ! SS129 ='KILL', 726576, 215.343185 538.084961 7 10 ! ! SS130 ='KANE', 726577, 354.121063 547.264282 7 10 ! ! SS131 ='KLXL', 726578, 267.035187 627.336975 7 10 ! ! SS132 ='KFCM', 726579, 335.989746 513.490601 7 10 ! ! SS133 ='KMSP', 726580, 353.555969 519.771912 7 10 ! ! SS134 ='KLJF', 726583, 258.245758 542.910095 7 10 ! ! SS135 ='KSTP', 726584, 366.675781 525.429749 7 10 ! ! SS136 ='KMKT', 726585, 305.851746 448.014862 7 10 ! ! SS137 ='KFRM', 726586, 270.888275 386.311646 7 10 ! ! SS138 ='KOTG', 726587, 183.869949 384.251251 7 10 ! ! SS139 ='KONA', 726588, 472.697937 442.873871 7 10 ! ! SS140 ='KAEL', 726589, 350.012085 393.702515 7 10 ! ! SS141 ='KMJQ', 726593, 228.025085 385.108063 7 10 ! ! SS142 ='KTOB', 726596, 389.349762 431.199585 7 10 ! ! SS143 ='KSGS', 726603, 369.330719 517.929749 7 10 ! ! SS144 ='KRAP', 726620, -379.573975 433.557648 7 10 ! ! SS145 ='KRCA', 726625, -382.719269 444.108978 7 10 !C-17 ! SS146 ='K2WX', 726627, -406.119324 598.495300 7 10 ! ! SS147 ='KGDV', 726676, -485.291168 764.848572 7 10 ! ! SS148 ='KROS', 726679, 369.271759 606.119019 7 10 ! ! SS149 ='KPNM', 726682, 321.927612 589.078491 7 10 ! ! SS150 ='KMBG', 726685, -176.595627 581.943726 7 10 ! ! SS151 ='KPIR', 726686, -170.840286 460.034729 7 10 ! ! SS152 ='KBHK', 726777, -451.931519 680.796631 7 10 ! ! SS153 ='KTWM', 727444, 447.882660 753.196777 7 10 ! ! SS154 ='KIWD', 727445, 568.052795 708.005310 7 10 ! ! SS155 ='KMZH', 727449, 375.724762 682.198181 7 10 ! ! SS156 ='KDLH', 727450, 416.484497 729.449829 7 10 ! ! SS157 ='KCKN', 727452, 97.614517 821.203613 7 10 ! ! SS158 ='KPKD', 727453, 210.237167 725.100281 7 10 ! ! SS159 ='KCKC', 727454, 538.050964 843.562256 7 10 ! ! SS160 ='KHIB', 727455, 366.902435 783.460327 7 10 ! ! SS161 ='KDYT', 727456, 428.819427 717.451233 7 10 ! ! SS162 ='KDTL', 727457, 152.005173 715.434570 7 10 ! ! SS163 ='KGPZ', 727458, 322.304291 757.524109 7 10 ! ! SS164 ='KELO', 727459, 436.137146 833.787537 7 10 ! ! SS165 ='KDXX', 727466, 135.592072 522.303162 7 10 ! ! SS166 ='KFGN', 727467, 213.240936 979.714966 7 10 ! ! SS167 ='KFOZ', 727468, 307.224548 821.887573 7 10 ! ! SS168 ='KGNA', 727469, 540.576965 834.178345 7 10 ! ! SS169 ='KINL', 727470, 320.312805 905.074768 7 10 ! ! SS170 ='KCDD', 727473, 386.335419 877.262329 7 10 ! ! SS171 ='KEVM', 727474, 391.790405 788.879883 7 10 ! ! SS172 ='KJMR', 727475, 345.046997 624.486511 7 10 ! ! SS173 ='KBDE', 727476, 235.597336 918.279846 7 10 ! ! SS174 ='KROX', 727477, 160.620377 929.324951 7 10 ! ! SS175 ='KHCO', 727478, 74.069351 916.788330 7 10 ! ! SS176 ='KVWU', 727486, 244.470413 858.134155 7 10 ! ! SS177 ='KXVG', 727497, 272.035095 736.835632 7 10 ! ! SS178 ='KCBG', 727503, 348.076263 590.344666 7 10 ! ! SS179 ='KAIT', 727504, 312.392944 692.284912 7 10 ! ! SS180 ='KFSE', 727505, 158.197388 796.274719 7 10 ! ! SS181 ='KMWM', 727506, 218.269440 412.281738 7 10 ! ! SS182 ='KBBB', 727507, 172.873306 559.424866 7 10 ! ! SS183 ='KPWC', 727508, 260.166504 708.491943 7 10 ! ! SS184 ='KSAZ', 727514, 231.012894 671.240906 7 10 ! ! SS185 ='KVVV', 727515, 116.557121 555.432495 7 10 ! ! SS186 ='KGYL', 727517, 292.026825 503.395447 7 10 ! ! SS187 ='KFAR', 727530, 85.235794 724.666626 7 10 ! ! SS188 ='KETH', 727533, 107.109177 604.916931 7 10 ! ! SS189 ='KJMS', 727535, -48.600674 724.799500 7 10 ! ! SS190 ='KBJI', 727550, 217.668808 789.249329 7 10 ! ! SS191 ='KTVF', 727555, 127.754288 845.218018 7 10 ! ! SS192 ='KBFW', 727556, 470.053284 775.894714 7 10 ! ! SS193 ='KAUM', 727566, 382.861328 393.856171 7 10 ! ! SS194 ='KDVL', 727573, -63.301125 849.265076 7 10 ! ! SS195 ='KRDR', 727575, 42.193775 833.090881 7 10 ! ! SS196 ='KGFK', 727576, 58.054287 831.958191 7 10 ! ! SS197 ='KHEI', 727584, -338.650360 637.574768 7 10 ! ! SS198 ='KBIS', 727640, -197.468048 711.348206 7 10 ! ! SS199 ='KDIK', 727645, -344.816040 720.144897 7 10 ! ! SS200 ='KISN', 727670, -395.559692 870.364624 7 10 ! ! SS201 ='KMIB', 727675, -234.574783 887.034424 7 10 ! ! SS202 ='KMOT', 727676, -229.883179 868.627991 7 10 ! ! SS203 ='KN60', 727677, -243.419296 806.407776 7 10 ! ! SS204 ='KSDY', 727687, -437.134430 821.736145 7 10 ! ! SS205 ='DB21', 992130, 569.102051 789.578186 7 10 ! ! SS206 ='DISW', 994190, 518.981140 762.303711 7 10 ! ! SS207 ='GDMM', 997259, 541.324097 834.560608 7 10 ! ! SS208 ='DULM', 997269, 208.355286 712.645996 7 10 ! ! SS209 ='SLVM', 997737, 492.508667 779.533997 7 10 ! ! SS210 ='SXHW', 997738, 545.045349 710.175049 7 10 ! ! SS211 ='KABR', 14929, -30.927084 569.527222 7 10 ! ! SS212 ='CXCA', 712910, 665.708 995.123 7 10 ! ! SS213 ='CWKK', 714680, 659.087 1054.620 7 10 ! ! SS214 ='CZTB', 716670, 605.270 905.768 7 10 ! ! SS215 ='CYQT', 717490, 606.384 905.880 7 10 ! ! SS216 ='CWEC', 717510, 620.303 907.286 7 10 ! ! SS217 ='KPCZ', 720343, 670.534 487.112 7 10 ! ! SS218 ='KBUU', 722059, 743.135 322.231 7 10 ! ! SS219 ='KFEP', 722082, 650.792 265.980 7 10 !C-18 ! SS220 ='KTKV', 722332, 600.874 599.685 7 10 ! ! SS221 ='KLNL', 723123, 637.072 675.329 7 10 ! ! SS222 ='KRFD', 725430, 687.861 264.429 7 10 ! ! SS223 ='KARV', 726404, 602.749 648.160 7 10 ! ! SS224 ='KMWC', 726405, 758.425 368.114 7 10 ! ! SS225 ='KUES', 726409, 744.074 359.229 7 10 ! ! SS226 ='KMSN', 726410, 658.688 360.685 7 10 ! ! SS227 ='KETB', 726413, 748.375 399.775 7 10 ! ! SS228 ='KEFT', 726414, 645.849 304.217 7 10 ! ! SS229 ='KJVL', 726415, 687.411 308.790 7 10 ! ! SS230 ='KSTE', 726426, 631.316 505.457 7 10 ! ! SS231 ='KRRL', 726449, 611.236 572.272 7 10 ! ! SS232 ='KGRB', 726450, 735.334 513.081 7 10 ! ! SS233 ='KISW', 726452, 609.461 483.824 7 10 ! ! SS234 ='KOSH', 726456, 708.916 454.486 7 10 ! ! SS235 ='KATW', 726457, 708.810 483.186 7 10 ! ! SS236 ='KAUW', 726463, 619.378 544.664 7 10 ! ! SS237 ='KRYV', 726464, 705.542 368.458 7 10 ! ! SS238 ='KCWA', 726465, 617.935 528.652 7 10 ! ! SS239 ='KCLI', 726502, 688.915 518.593 7 10 ! ! SS240 ='KDLL', 726503, 622.616 397.178 7 10 ! ! SS241 ='KEGV', 726504, 635.279 651.763 7 10 ! ! SS242 ='KFLD', 726506, 716.660 432.829 7 10 ! ! SS243 ='KUNU', 726509, 704.428 395.344 7 10 ! ! SS244 ='KAIG', 726626, 655.759 571.941 7 10 ! ! SS245 ='KRHI', 727415, 624.144 618.968 7 10 ! ! SS246 ='KIMT', 727437, 720.330 648.861 7 10 ! ! SS247 ='KCMX', 727440, 676.490 786.555 7 10 ! ! SS248 ='PILM', 994090, 674.212 897.149 7 10 ! ! SS249 ='ROAM', 994130, 611.612 853.525 7 10 ! ! SS250 ='PCLM', 997732, 673.459 796.578 7 10 !

------------------- 1 Four character string for station name (MUST START IN COLUMN 9)

2 Six digit integer for station ID

!END!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INPUT GROUP: 8 -- Upper air meteorological station parameters

--------------

UPPER AIR STATION VARIABLES (One record per station -- 10 records in all)

1 2 Name ID X coord. Y coord. Time zone (km) (km)

----------------------------------------------- ! US1 ='ABR' 14929 -30.853664 569.526855 7 ! ! US2 ='BIS' 24011 -197.624863 710.933411 7 ! ! US3 ='DVN' 94982 579.394958 191.740204 7 ! ! US4 ='GGW' 94008 -603.732971 887.948792 7 ! ! US5 ='GRB' 14898 734.982605 509.566772 7 ! ! US6 ='INL' 14918 321.891815 905.579956 7 ! ! US7 ='LBF' 24023 -210.715042 121.217461 7 ! ! US8 ='MPX' 94983 330.071899 512.976318 7 ! ! US9 ='OAX' 94980 127.800606 139.010620 7 ! ! US0 = 'UNR' 94043 -391.126526 436.751404 7 !

------------------- 1 Four character string for station name (MUST START IN COLUMN 9)

2 Five digit integer for station ID

!END!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INPUT GROUP: 9 -- Precipitation station parameters

--------------C-19 PRECIPITATION STATION VARIABLES (One record per station -- 267 records in all) (NOT INCLUDED IF NPSTA = 0)

1 2 Name Station X coord. Y coord. Code (km) (km)

------------------------------------ ! PS1 ='BVDI', 110583, 704.8387 272.3856 ! ! PS002 ='FEEI', 113262, 647.5109 271.0132 ! ! PS003 ='LNKI', 114879, 631.2090 247.9581 ! ! PS004 ='MHYI', 115493, 751.1465 283.1947 ! ! PS005 ='KRFD', 117382, 687.8933 264.1178 ! ! PS006 ='AMSI', 130200, 327.6863 218.9460 ! ! PS007 ='BLVI', 130608, 584.8422 261.4843 ! ! PS008 ='BYRI', 130853, 217.6606 225.4780 ! ! PS009 ='CASI', 131257, 539.0943 261.5334 ! ! PS010 ='CCTI', 131363, 500.1082 248.3606 ! ! PS011 ='CKPI', 131442, 188.7850 290.5321 ! ! PS012 ='KDBQ', 132367, 562.0087 273.8914 ! ! PS013 ='FSCI', 132977, 332.1617 351.2404 ! ! PS014 ='HORI', 133944, 148.3817 226.7336 ! ! PS015 ='HBTI', 133980, 289.6530 290.3780 ! ! PS016 ='IDGI', 134038, 191.6283 252.6864 ! ! PS017 ='IWAI', 134142, 365.1421 272.9465 ! ! PS018 ='MSHI', 135198, 393.2604 227.0463 ! ! PS019 ='KMCW', 135235, 355.9792 338.8755 ! ! PS020 ='MGGI', 135315, 520.6938 336.1376 ! ! PS021 ='MOVI', 135823, 148.6746 262.4633 ! ! PS022 ='OCHI', 136190, 187.3795 359.1556 ! ! PS023 ='OGDI', 136209, 306.8351 219.8488 ! ! PS024 ='REMI', 136975, 155.4437 295.9428 ! ! PS025 ='RINI', 137058, 265.1759 349.3717 ! ! PS026 ='RWCI', 137167, 259.9339 254.6663 ! ! PS027 ='SANI', 137326, 385.8669 364.4076 ! ! PS028 ='SHFI', 137572, 360.6382 314.8558 ! ! PS029 ='SHRI', 137602, 413.0282 295.5028 ! ! PS030 ='SIBI', 137664, 173.7475 363.5918 ! ! PS031 ='SIXI', 137700, 140.9742 320.5928 ! ! PS032 ='KSUX', 137708, 125.0175 250.8047 ! ! PS033 ='K3SE', 137844, 217.3630 334.0425 ! ! PS034 ='SPLI', 137855, 460.0540 350.6164 ! ! PS035 ='STYI', 137985, 341.7265 236.1608 ! ! PS036 ='SPTI', 138009, 495.9100 298.6285 ! ! PS037 ='TREI', 138315, 427.3502 241.8837 ! ! PS038 ='KALO', 138706, 430.4512 280.4854 ! ! PS039 ='WEBI', 138806, 323.6514 265.5879 ! ! PS040 ='ALBM', 200089, 684.2539 732.0740 ! ! PS041 ='BRUM', 201088, 635.1568 715.0804 ! ! PS042 ='IRNM', 204090, 722.8865 645.7775 ! ! PS043 ='KENM', 204328, 657.2375 712.0861 ! ! PS044 ='ONGM', 206215, 622.5252 747.8704 ! ! PS045 ='STMM', 207812, 680.3516 669.5223 ! ! PS046 ='WAKM', 208559, 581.8848 704.2177 ! ! PS047 ='ALBM', 210075, 355.3395 386.1382 ! ! PS048 ='KAXN', 210112, 190.1019 616.1816 ! ! PS049 ='AXNM', 210116, 192.0553 619.1755 ! ! PS050 ='AMBM', 210157, 288.7599 411.9700 ! ! PS051 ='BGFM', 210746, 294.6127 864.8739 ! ! PS052 ='BKKM', 210973, 102.1184 655.9871 ! ! PS053 ='BUFM', 211107, 303.8945 548.1531 ! ! PS054 ='CMBM', 211227, 357.2755 590.0135 ! ! PS055 ='RLWM', 211250, 196.2616 904.4382 ! ! PS056 ='CANM', 211263, 128.1724 493.1620 ! ! PS057 ='DDGM', 212166, 384.4749 433.4247 ! ! PS058 ='KDLH', 212248, 417.3215 728.7693 ! ! PS059 ='ELYM', 212543, 432.4948 844.2844 ! ! PS060 ='ELVM', 212645, 388.3740 792.2442 ! ! PS061 ='FLDM', 212842, 367.2563 739.9268 ! ! PS062 ='FSSM', 212916, 161.3947 793.3084 ! ! PS063 ='FRZM', 212964, 164.9626 706.2097 ! ! PS064 ='GOLM', 213202, 339.6924 530.6596 ! ! PS065 ='GDPM', 213296, 584.3096 861.8482 ! ! PS066 ='GTEM', 213311, 181.4707 504.9010 !C-20 ! PS067 ='GLLM', 213411, 263.0453 675.7494 ! ! PS068 ='GNFM', 213417, 498.9962 874.2490 ! ! PS069 ='HLSM', 213463, 82.9847 769.6907 ! ! PS070 ='HLYM', 213863, 404.9866 689.0575 ! ! PS071 ='HSNM', 213962, 269.0934 518.4244 ! ! PS072 ='KINL', 214026, 320.6607 905.0931 ! ! PS073 ='LCRM', 214418, 503.6740 423.0656 ! ! PS074 ='LKFM', 214453, 215.1507 390.1127 ! ! PS075 ='FEDM', 214652, 269.2213 763.7258 ! ! PS076 ='LESM', 214721, 305.6771 474.0750 ! ! PS077 ='LTFM', 214793, 265.6005 631.9966 ! ! PS078 ='LUVM', 214937, 135.9208 384.2386 ! ! PS079 ='MRSM', 215175, 307.8797 805.9199 ! ! PS080 ='KMSP', 215435, 353.5560 519.7719 ! ! PS081 ='NRFM', 215987, 360.9039 478.3724 ! ! PS082 ='ONMM', 216166, 314.9640 642.0206 ! ! PS083 ='ORWM', 216228, 132.1633 650.9859 ! ! PS084 ='PKGM', 216612, 314.5689 766.2769 ! ! PS085 ='RIAM', 216795, 210.4573 827.7108 ! ! PS086 ='RDWM', 216822, 401.1355 493.9360 ! ! PS087 ='KRST', 217004, 414.0315 420.8777 ! ! PS088 ='RUDM', 217184, 471.0624 414.2486 ! ! PS089 ='KSTC', 217294, 289.5603 585.7471 ! ! PS090 ='SDYM', 217460, 336.0036 719.4551 ! ! PS091 ='SHRM', 217602, 243.9724 383.5873 ! ! PS092 ='SPFM', 217907, 225.7181 447.4742 ! ! PS093 ='SPRM', 217917, 482.1662 394.8293 ! ! PS094 ='SPGM', 217941, 423.4222 399.2727 ! ! PS095 ='TLRM', 218235, 142.8105 889.9860 ! ! PS096 ='TOFM', 218280, 506.4730 812.3920 ! ! PS097 ='TCYM', 218323, 177.4506 445.1472 ! ! PS098 ='TWNM', 218411, 121.8223 756.6730 ! ! PS099 ='WALM', 218613, 448.5977 775.0430 ! ! PS100 ='WAKM', 218621, 244.9690 747.1674 ! ! PS101 ='WRRM', 218679, 186.0316 935.6436 ! ! PS102 ='WTSM', 218729, 163.5419 526.7195 ! ! PS103 ='WHRM', 218947, 104.7027 613.4695 ! ! PS104 ='WLLM', 219004, 220.1296 540.7602 ! ! PS105 ='WNBM', 219059, 280.0303 783.5529 ! ! PS106 ='KOTG', 219170, 182.9918 383.1815 ! ! PS107 ='ALZM', 240165, -473.8755 541.4405 ! ! PS108 ='EKLM', 242689, -476.9735 633.4473 ! ! PS109 ='GNDM', 243581, -479.6689 761.5683 ! ! PS110 ='ISMM', 244442, -490.4647 698.6182 ! ! PS111 ='PTWM', 246589, -452.8222 937.0795 ! ! PS112 ='WSBM', 248777, -419.1858 943.3163 ! ! PS113 ='AMEN', 250180, -73.5246 233.7535 ! ! PS114 ='BSTN', 250580, -118.4281 270.1134 ! ! PS115 ='CLEN', 251776, 60.8985 261.9291 ! ! PS116 ='CFTN', 252049, 40.3591 297.2858 ! ! PS117 ='HRRN', 253620, -464.1168 293.2032 ! ! PS118 ='LYNN', 255040, -35.0843 295.4801 ! ! PS119 ='PNDN', 256630, 100.2274 221.5656 ! ! PS120 ='PIRN', 256720, 37.0557 229.3818 ! ! PS121 ='ROYN', 257351, -7.7141 248.3947 ! ! PS122 ='KVTN', 258760, -195.1619 303.3590 ! ! PS123 ='WAYN', 259050, 72.8387 240.0117 ! ! PS124 ='WHIN', 259262, -265.8226 222.7091 ! ! PS125 ='ADMN', 320022, -8.3296 871.8898 ! ! PS126 ='AMBN', 320189, -379.4584 954.1055 ! ! PS127 ='ALYN', 320382, -100.2561 631.6342 ! ! PS128 ='BLDN', 320450, -5.9390 735.8462 ! ! PS129 ='BFRN', 320492, -180.9230 831.2956 ! ! PS130 ='KBIS', 320819, -198.0849 712.3129 ! ! PS131 ='BOWN', 320995, -392.1297 658.3008 ! ! PS132 ='CAON', 321288, -82.5768 888.9763 ! ! PS133 ='CRNN', 321362, -79.5731 785.9337 ! ! PS134 ='CVLN', 321435, 20.7365 927.9660 ! ! PS135 ='DAWN', 322018, -125.4999 719.1512 ! ! PS136 ='KDIK', 322183, -344.4455 720.3346 ! ! PS137 ='DCKN', 322188, -344.9175 730.0309 ! ! PS138 ='KFAR', 322859, 85.2358 724.6666 ! ! PS139 ='GLNN', 323496, -275.0014 718.2638 ! ! PS140 ='GRAN', 323594, 40.1860 881.1769 !C-21 ! PS141 ='KGFK', 323616, 57.4969 831.3218 ! ! PS142 ='GRFN', 323621, 63.5791 829.1727 ! ! PS143 ='HFDN', 323926, -13.2475 764.6330 ! ! PS144 ='HZTN', 324083, -169.5298 683.5571 ! ! PS145 ='HETN', 324180, -338.1250 636.4974 ! ! PS146 ='KJMS', 324413, -47.9586 724.3745 ! ! PS147 ='LNGN', 324958, -23.9686 917.3320 ! ! PS148 ='LDSN', 325078, -100.3021 868.1802 ! ! PS149 ='MESN', 325479, -208.9686 715.8164 ! ! PS150 ='MCGN', 325720, -343.1684 909.5942 ! ! PS151 ='KMOT', 325988, -229.3390 868.1865 ! ! PS152 ='MNON', 325993, -231.3919 860.2588 ! ! PS153 ='MONN', 326105, -42.0241 700.6135 ! ! PS154 ='MTTN', 326155, -312.1531 673.7914 ! ! PS155 ='OAKN', 326620, -6.4662 639.6499 ! ! PS156 ='PBAN', 326947, 52.6743 939.8636 ! ! PS157 ='RAUN', 327405, -284.0016 823.9304 ! ! PS158 ='RDTN', 327530, -309.6853 727.9753 ! ! PS159 ='RIVN', 327585, -239.5621 788.9016 ! ! PS160 ='RTEN', 327655, -125.2927 906.5640 ! ! PS161 ='SRLN', 327844, -68.9054 936.9689 ! ! PS162 ='TWNN', 328792, -167.2207 878.3873 ! ! PS163 ='TRON', 328812, -420.1660 775.9999 ! ! PS164 ='TUTN', 328853, -136.6915 765.0718 ! ! PS165 ='WTGN', 329219, -259.4384 634.7834 ! ! PS166 ='KISN', 329425, -395.3525 868.1364 ! ! PS167 ='WTON', 329455, -199.0533 751.7303 ! ! PS168 ='KABR', 390020, -30.3432 568.7914 ! ! PS169 ='BROS', 391076, 92.1705 451.9631 ! ! PS170 ='CACS', 391294, -437.8077 594.8177 ! ! PS171 ='CPRS', 391452, 8.2556 489.8082 ! ! PS172 ='CWDS', 391972, -290.4360 420.1009 ! ! PS173 ='EMTS', 392557, -444.1663 359.8992 ! ! PS174 ='EGMS', 392565, -447.2860 393.6244 ! ! PS175 ='FAIS', 392852, -298.5418 531.3470 ! ! PS176 ='GTYS', 393302, -164.0811 525.8958 ! ! PS177 ='HOWS', 394037, 35.7884 419.1016 ! ! PS178 ='KHON', 394127, -16.6633 459.3860 ! ! PS179 ='INTS', 394184, -297.4555 398.1286 ! ! PS180 ='ISAS', 394268, -252.1393 568.5466 ! ! PS181 ='LNRS', 394651, -271.9312 329.3606 ! ! PS182 ='LKSS', 394766, -109.6760 425.3580 ! ! PS183 ='LEMS', 394864, -302.8922 628.0018 ! ! PS184 ='MCIS', 395381, -239.2239 614.5892 ! ! PS185 ='MNOS', 395481, 32.6538 337.9855 ! ! PS186 ='MVLS', 395544, -269.8144 477.8271 ! ! PS187 ='MSSS', 395620, -201.9105 348.2929 ! ! PS188 ='MURS', 395891, -203.9713 409.3122 ! ! PS189 ='PIES', 396170, -180.5313 466.4690 ! ! PS190 ='ONKS', 396282, -108.4420 547.5420 ! ! PS191 ='ORLS', 396304, -399.6830 367.4265 ! ! PS192 ='RAPS', 396427, -411.5727 437.1682 ! ! PS193 ='PKSS', 396574, -40.6760 320.5826 ! ! PS194 ='KPIR', 396597, -170.8458 459.8257 ! ! PS195 ='PNVS', 396636, -312.4171 483.0867 ! ! PS196 ='KRAP', 396937, -379.5922 433.2443 ! ! PS197 ='K3DE', 397052, -38.9352 508.4391 ! ! PS198 ='EROS', 397662, 103.6776 391.1785 ! ! PS199 ='FSDS', 397666, 96.1284 375.3860 ! ! PS200 ='KFSD', 397667, 94.3272 374.3146 ! ! PS201 ='SPES', 397882, -437.6306 486.2325 ! ! PS202 ='STPS', 397992, -112.4635 446.7385 ! ! PS203 ='STKS', 398007, -33.0744 375.5005 ! ! PS204 ='VRMS', 398622, 82.8919 289.0081 ! ! PS205 ='KATY', 398932, 63.0713 512.7103 ! ! PS206 ='WNRS', 398980, 48.2724 568.4824 ! ! PS207 ='WNDS', 399347, -414.0301 384.8526 ! ! PS208 ='AFTW', 470045, 685.2767 311.5101 ! ! PS209 ='ALMW', 470124, 454.5445 467.7898 ! ! PS210 ='ARLW', 470308, 658.3940 377.4543 ! ! PS211 ='AEFW', 470349, 506.3299 707.5601 ! ! PS212 ='BBCW', 470456, 588.1370 475.5576 ! ! PS213 ='BLKW', 470855, 534.3033 469.9684 ! ! PS214 ='BVLW', 470890, 622.5366 323.1918 !C-22 ! PS215 ='CHMW', 471416, 649.4243 351.2666 ! ! PS216 ='CHIW', 471568, 738.9901 462.9800 ! ! PS217 ='CHFW', 471578, 487.9245 533.2549 ! ! PS218 ='CLIW', 471667, 700.7871 302.8314 ! ! PS219 ='CNTW', 471676, 687.5571 519.3958 ! ! PS220 ='CRIW', 471897, 720.0029 600.3361 ! ! PS221 ='CBCW', 471913, 578.7880 299.1148 ! ! PS222 ='EPLW', 472447, 611.8039 522.4976 ! ! PS223 ='FRSW', 472973, 613.6624 443.8912 ! ! PS224 ='GENW', 473038, 512.1511 392.7966 ! ! PS225 ='KGRB', 473269, 734.4010 509.3955 ! ! PS226 ='HARW', 473453, 727.3196 387.8478 ! ! PS227 ='HYRW', 473511, 472.1889 644.6486 ! ! PS228 ='THRW', 473636, 660.4031 627.8968 ! ! PS229 ='HORW', 473756, 709.3147 397.4457 ! ! PS230 ='KLSE', 474370, 507.8517 424.7510 ! ! PS231 ='KARX', 474373, 512.9490 419.4862 ! ! PS232 ='LADW', 474396, 507.2212 588.8231 ! ! PS233 ='LAFW', 474404, 556.4146 396.8088 ! ! PS234 ='LANW', 474546, 551.7680 318.1030 ! ! PS235 ='LUCW', 474894, 404.0576 595.1112 ! ! PS236 ='LYNW', 474937, 524.9281 356.1731 ! ! PS237 ='KMSN', 474961, 658.6881 360.6846 ! ! PS238 ='MFDW', 475120, 584.9993 510.2444 ! ! PS239 ='MEDW', 475255, 564.6284 560.8494 ! ! PS240 ='MENW', 475335, 449.3014 524.7825 ! ! PS241 ='MERW', 475352, 574.7755 670.8159 ! ! PS242 ='RRLW', 475364, 614.4525 569.6350 ! ! PS243 ='MNGW', 475524, 448.9307 653.5699 ! ! PS244 ='NRIW', 475948, 401.2504 547.0966 ! ! PS245 ='PKFW', 476398, 549.4885 643.9443 ! ! PS246 ='PHEW', 476518, 647.8389 667.1542 ! ! PS247 ='PORW', 476718, 647.9724 400.2571 ! ! PS248 ='PRNW', 476854, 564.8926 604.7028 ! ! PS249 ='LTKW', 476939, 615.9632 639.5358 ! ! PS250 ='RILW', 477132, 457.3847 582.2273 ! ! PS251 ='RRVW', 477140, 604.4020 607.5921 ! ! PS252 ='SPOW', 478027, 446.7621 624.3160 ! ! PS253 ='STMW', 478259, 492.2289 488.2560 ! ! PS254 ='KMKX', 478316, 720.9299 348.8920 ! ! PS255 ='TOMW', 478515, 563.0179 441.0115 ! ! PS256 ='TREW', 478589, 493.0102 436.1974 ! ! PS257 ='WLKW', 479176, 682.3917 577.6713 ! ! PS258 ='WLDW', 479218, 540.3058 516.7501 ! ! PS259 ='WTRW', 479304, 509.5294 628.9366 ! ! PS260 ='DLCW', 482725, -527.8164 377.3655 ! ! PS261 ='LCKW', 485371, -508.2396 336.7448 ! ! PS262 ='MCTW', 486395, -518.7186 461.0498 ! ! PS263 ='MCKW', 486603, -472.6974 370.2560 ! ! PS264 ='NCLW', 486660, -467.9591 419.5807 ! ! PS265 ='OSGW', 486935, -482.4476 433.2086 ! ! PS266 ='TORW', 488995, -481.9526 234.3690 ! ! PS267 ='WLDW', 489615, -537.7224 241.8340 !

------------------- 1 Four character string for station name (MUST START IN COLUMN 9)

2 Six digit station code composed of state code (first 2 digits) and station ID (last 4 digits)

!END!