Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

PC Code: 123802 Page 1 of 11

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

DATE: October 12, 2010

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Fomesafen Sodium: Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessment to Support Proposed 

New Use on Potatoes and Peppers.

PC Code: 123802 DP Barcode: D382064

Decision No.: 425353 Registration No.: 100-993

Petition Nos: 9F7563 (potato), 9F7667 (pepper) Regulatory Action: Section 3 and Registration

Risk Assessment Type: NA Case No.: NA

TXR No.: NA CAS No.: 72178-02-0

MRID No.: NA 40 CFR: §180.433

FROM: Alexandra LaMay, Biologist

Risk Assessment Branch VII

Health Effects Division (7509P)

THROUGH: Breann Hanson, Chemist

Thurston Morton, Chemist

Dietary Exposure Science Advisory Council (DESAC)

Health Effects Division (7509P)

and

Michael S. Metzger, Branch Chief

Risk Assessment Branch VII

Health Effects Division (7509P)

TO: Michael Walsh, PM Team 23

Herbicide Branch

Registration Division (7505P)
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

PC Code: 123802 Page 2 of 11

This document is a revision of the Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessments dated January 21, 

2010 (C. Olinger). The dietary assessments have been updated to include the proposed new uses 

of fomesafen in/on potatoes and peppers. 

Executive Summary

Chronic dietary risk assessments were conducted using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model 

(DEEM-FCIDTM), Version 2.03, which used food consumption data from the United States 

Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals 

(CSFII) from 1994-1996 and 1998. The analyses were performed to support a proposed new use 

of fomesafen sodium (commonly called fomesafen) on potatoes and peppers.

No acute dietary toxicity endpoint could be identified based on the toxicology data currently 

available for fomesafen sodium. The Cancer Assessment Review Committee (CARC) classified 

fomesafen as “Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans;” therefore, a cancer assessment was not 

performed.

Chronic Dietary (Food and Drinking Water) Exposure Results and Characterization

Chronic dietary exposure assessments were performed for fomesafen sodium. The assumptions 

of these unrefined assessments were tolerance level residues, 100% crop treated, and default 

DEEM processing factors. Estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) from the 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) were also included. The dietary exposure 

analyses in this assessment result in dietary risk estimates for food and water that are below the 

Agency’s level of concern for chronic dietary exposure for all population subgroups. The 

exposure for food plus drinking water to the general U.S. population is 12% of the chronic 

population adjusted dose (cPAD). The subgroup with the highest exposure and risk estimates is

infants. For infants, the exposure for food plus drinking water was 0.000813 mg/kg/day, which 

represents 32% of the cPAD.

I. Introduction

Dietary risk assessment incorporates both exposure and toxicity of a given pesticide. For acute 

and chronic assessments, the risk is expressed as a percentage of a maximum acceptable dose 

(i.e., the dose which HED has concluded will result in no unreasonable adverse health effects). 

This dose is referred to as the population adjusted dose (PAD). The PAD is equivalent to point 

of departure (POD, NOAEL, LOAEL, e.g.) divided by the required uncertainty or safety factors.

For acute and non-cancer chronic exposures, HED is concerned when estimated dietary risk 

exceeds 100% of the PAD. HED is generally concerned when estimated cancer risk exceeds one 

in one million. References which discuss the acute and chronic risk assessments in more detail 

are available on the EPA/pesticides web site: “Available Information on Assessing Exposure 

from Pesticides, A User’s Guide,” 21-JUN-2000, web link: http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPAPEST/2000/July/Day-12/6061.pdf; or see SOP 99.6 (20-AUG-1999).
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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The most recent dietary risk assessment for fomesafen was conducted by Christine Olinger

(1/21/2010, DP No. 372850). 

II. Residue Information

Fomesafen sodium is a contact herbicide in the diphenylether chemical class and acts via 

inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). It is used to control broadleaf and grass weeds, 

as well as postemergence weeds in soybeans and other legumes.

Tolerances for fomesafen residues are listed in 40 CFR §180.433. Currently tolerances are 

established for fomesafen acid in soybeans, dry beans, and snap (succulent) beans at 0.05 ppm 

and cotton gin by-products and cottonseed at 0.025 ppm. Since then, HED has recommended 

that tolerances on dry beans and snap (succulent) beans be reduced to 0.025 ppm and the 

tolerance on soybeans be reduced to 0.02 ppm (D. Davis, DP No. D325801, 4/25/06). The 

registrant has also since proposed new tolerances and uses on tomatoes and potatoes; however, 

insufficient residue data were available for potatoes. Therefore, only a tolerance of 0.025 ppm 

in/on tomatoes was recommended (C. Olinger, DP No. 365199, 1/21/2010). Since then, a 

confined rotational crop metabolism study has been submitted that satisfies the data gap for 

potatoes, therefore it has been recommended for a tolerance of 0.025 ppm in/on potatoes. In this 

petition, the registrant has proposed a new tolerance and use on peppers. Based on the residue 

data available, HED is recommending for a tolerance of 0.025 ppm in/on peppers (A. LaMay, 

DP No. 373544 and 382067, 10/12/2010).

The residue of concern for plant commodities and drinking water is fomesafen. The residues of 

concern in livestock commodities consists of fomesafen and its metabolites 5-(2-chloro-α,α,αtrifluoro-p-tolyloxy) anthranilic acid and 5-(2-chloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyloxy)-Nmethylsulfonylanthranilamide. However, based on the submitted livestock metabolism studies 

HED concluded that the proposed/registered uses of fomesafen result in a 40 CFR §180.6(a)(3) 

situation for livestock commodities; i.e., there is no reasonable expectation of finite residues in 

livestock commodities.

Tolerance level residues and 100% crop treated were used for all commodities included in these 

assessments. The tomato processing study previously submitted was inadequate due to the lack 

of detectable residues in/on the raw commodity. Therefore, default tomato paste, dried tomato, 

tomato juice, and tomato puree concentration factors were used for these processed commodities. 

The potato processing study previously submitted was also inadequate due to lack of detectable 

residues in/on the raw commodity. Therefore, default dried potato concentration factors were 

used for these processed commodities. 

III. Drinking Water Data
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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The drinking water residues used in the dietary risk assessment were provided by the 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) in the following memoranda: 

Hetrick, James. DP Barcode: D322213. October 3, 2005. Revised Tier II Drinking Water 

Assessment for Fomesafen use on cotton, soybeans, dry beans, and snap beans

Lin, James. DP Barcode: D365204. December 10, 2009. Drinking Water Assessment 

for Fomesafen use on cotton, soybeans, dry beans, snap beans, potato and tomato.

Lin, James. DP Barcode: D373599 and 373601. March 2, 2010. Drinking Water 

Assessment for Fomesafen use on Pepper.

The estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) were incorporated directly into DEEMFCID under the food categories “water, direct, all sources” and “water, indirect, all sources.” 

 The scenario leading to the highest EDWC in surface water for chronic exposure (1-in10 year annual mean concentration) using Pesticide Root Zone Model- Exposure 

Analysis Modeling System (PRZM-EXAMS) was MS cotton, aerial application, with a 

concentration of 10.535 ppb, adjusted for a Percent Crop Area (PCA) of 0.87. This value 

was used directly in the dietary exposure assessment.

 Syngenta submitted a prospective ground water monitoring study for fomesafen use on 

soybeans. EFED recommended using the ground water monitoring concentration of 1 

ppb, since it represents actual use conditions of fomesafen on soybeans on a vulnerable 

soil. Since this value was lower than the surface water EDWC, only the surface water 

value was incorporated into the assessment.

 The model and its description are available at the EPA internet site: 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/. 

IV. Program and Consumption Information

Fomesafen sodium chronic dietary exposure assessments were conducted using the Dietary

Exposure Evaluation Model software with the Food Commodity Intake Database (DEEMFCIDTM, Version 2.03), which incorporates consumption data from USDA’s Continuing Surveys 

of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 and 1998. The 1994-96, 98 data are based on 

the reported consumption of more than 20,000 individuals over two non-consecutive survey

days. Foods “as consumed” (e.g., apple pie) are linked to EPA-defined food commodities (e.g. 

apples, peeled fruit - cooked; fresh or N/S; baked; or wheat flour - cooked; fresh or N/S, baked) 

using publicly available recipe translation files developed jointly by USDA/ARS and EPA. For 

chronic exposure assessment, consumption data are averaged for the entire U.S. population and 

within population subgroups, but for acute exposure assessment are retained as individual 

consumption events. Based on analysis of the 1994-96, 98 CSFII consumption data, which took 
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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into account dietary patterns and survey respondents, HED concluded that it is most appropriate 

to report risk for the following population subgroups: the general U.S. population, all infants (<1 

year old), children 1-2, children 3-5, children 6-12, youth 13-19, adults 20-49, females 13-49, 

and adults 50+ years old.

For chronic dietary exposure assessment, an estimate of the residue level in each food or foodform (e.g., orange or orange juice) on the food commodity residue list is multiplied by the 

average daily consumption estimate for that food/food form to produce a residue intake estimate. 

The resulting residue intake estimate for each food/food form is summed with the residue intake 

estimates for all other food/food forms on the commodity residue list to arrive at the total 

average estimated exposure. Exposure is expressed in mg/kg body weight/day and as a percent 

of the cPAD. This procedure is performed for each population subgroup.

V. Toxicological Information

Fomesafen has low acute toxicity by the oral route of exposure. It is severely irritating to the eye 

and is a moderate skin irritant. In the subchronic and chronic feeding studies, the consistent 

finding is the effect in the liver characterized by increases in liver weight and in associated 

enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase. 

Hyalinization of the liver is also observed. Currently, the toxicity database is adequate in 

establishing the toxicity endpoints for risk assessment. No toxicity studies have been received 

since the last human health risk assessment (A. LaMay, D373963 2/19/2010). In accordance 

with the EPA Final Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (March 29, 2005), the CARC 

classified fomesafen as “Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans.” This decision was based on 

the weight-of-evidence which supports activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor 

alpha (PPARα) as the mode of action for fomesafen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The 

quantification of cancer risk is not required. A summary of the endpoints selected for dietary

risk assessment may be found in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Summary of Toxicological Doses and Endpoints for Fomesafen for Use in Dietary 

Exposure Risk Assessments

Exposure/

Scenario

Point of Departure Uncertainty/FQPA 

Safety Factors

RfD, PAD, 

Level of 

Concern 

Study and Toxicological 

Effects

Acute 

Dietary No toxic affects attributable to a single dose of fomesafen were found in any study. 

Chronic 

Dietary (All 

Populations)

NOAEL= 0.25

mg/kg/day

UFA= 10x

UFH= 10x

FQPA SF= 1x

Chronic RfD = 

0.0025 

mg/kg/day

cPAD = 0.0025 

mg/kg/day

Chronic toxicity - rat

LOAEL = 5 mg/kg/day based 

on hyalinization of the liver in 

males

Cancer 

(oral, 

dermal, 

Classification: “Not likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans” 
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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inhalation) 

Point of Departure (POD) = A data point or an estimated point that is derived from observed dose-response data and 

used to mark the beginning of extrapolation to determine risk associated with lower environmentally relevant human 

exposures. NOAEL = no observed adverse effect level. LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level. UF = 

uncertainty factor. UFA = extrapolation from animal to human (intraspecies). UFH = potential variation in 

sensitivity among members of the human population (interspecies). FQPA SF = FQPA Safety Factor. PAD = 

population adjusted dose (a = acute, c = chronic). RfD = reference dose. 

VI. Results/Discussion

As stated above, for chronic assessments, HED is concerned when dietary risk exceeds 100% of 

the PAD. The DEEM-FCIDTM analysis estimates the dietary exposure of the U.S. population 

and various population subgroups. The results summarized in Table 2 are for the general U.S. 

Population, all infants (<1 year old), children 1-2, children 3-5, children 6-12, youth 13-19, 

females 13-49, adults 20-49, and adults 50+ years.

Results of Chronic Dietary Exposure Analysis

The chronic assessments estimate the dietary exposure of the general U.S. population, all infants 

(<1 year old), children 1-2, children 3-5, children 6-12, youth 13-19, adults 20-49, females 13-

49, and adults 50+ years old. All risk estimates are below the level of concern for all population 

subgroups assessed for food and drinking water exposures. The exposure for food plus drinking 

water to the general U.S. population is 12% of the cPAD. When considering food alone, the 

highest exposure is for children ages 1-2, at 0.000207 mg/kg/day, which represents 8.3% of the 

cPAD. However, the population subgroup with the highest exposure when considering both 

food and drinking water and risk estimates is all infants. The exposure for food plus drinking

water was 0.000813 mg/kg/day, which utilized 32% of the cPAD. The results of the chronic 

dietary analyses are reported in Table 2 below.

Table 2. Summary of Chronic Dietary (Food and Drinking Water) Exposure and Risk for 

Fomesafen

Population Subgroup

Food Alone Food and Drinking Water2

Dietary Exposure 

(mg/kg/day) % cPAD1 Dietary Exposure(mg/kg/day) % cPAD1

General U.S. Population 0.000086 3.4 0.000308 12

All Infants (< 1 year old) 0.000085 3.4 0.000813 32

Children 1-2 years old 0.000207 8.3 0.000536 22

Children 3-5 years old 0.000184 7.3 0.000492 20

Children 6-12 years old 0.000124 4.9 0.000336 14
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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Youth 13-19 years old 0.000086 3.4 0.000247 9.9

Adults 20-49 years old 0.000073 2.9 0.000280 11

Adults 50+ years old 0.000063 2.5 0.000281 11

Females 13-49 years old 0.000068 2.7 0.000275 11

1 The values for the population with the highest exposure for each type of risk assessment are bolded.

2 The estimated drinking water concentration used in this analysis is from the PRZM-EXAMS modeling of surface 

water of the MS cotton scenario.

VII. Conclusions

An unrefined chronic dietary exposure assessment was performed for fomesafen sodium. The 

assumptions of these dietary exposure assessments were tolerance level residues and 100% crop 

treated. The dietary-exposure analyses in this assessment for fomesafen result in dietary risk for 

food and water estimates that are below the Agency’s level of concern for chronic dietary

exposure. When considering exposure to fomesafen in food and drinking water the highest 

exposure and risk estimates were for infants, whose exposure is at 32% of the cPAD.

VIII. List of Attachments

Attachment 1: DEEM-FCIDTM Chronic Food plus Surface Water Residue Input file.

Attachment 2: DEEM-FCIDTM Chronic Food Alone Results file.

Attachment 3: DEEM-FCIDTM Chronic Food plus Surface Water Results file.

.
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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Attachment 1: DEEM-FCIDTM Chronic Food plus Surface Water Residue Input 

file.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.00

DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for FOMESAFEN 1994-98 data

Residue file: C:\Documents and Settings\ALEMAY\My Documents\Fomesafen- peanuts 

peppers\Dietary Assessment\Old 

dietary\Fomesafen_Chronic_Pepper_foodandwater.R98

 Adjust. #2 NOT used

Analysis Date 05-18-2010 Residue file dated: 05-18-2010/09:52:53/8

Reference dose (RfD) = 0.0025 mg/kg bw/day

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-

Food Crop Residue Adj.Factors 

Comment

EPA Code Grp Food Name (ppm) 

 #1 #2 

-------- ---- ------------------------------- ---------- ------ ------ 

-------

06030300 6C Bean, black, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030320 6C Bean, broad, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030340 6C Bean, cowpea, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030350 6C Bean, great northern, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030360 6C Bean, kidney, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030380 6C Bean, lima, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030390 6C Bean, mung, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030400 6C Bean, navy, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030410 6C Bean, pink, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030420 6C Bean, pinto, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06010430 6A Bean, snap, succulent 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06010431 6A Bean, snap, succulent-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030980 6C Chickpea, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030981 6C Chickpea, seed-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06030990 6C Chickpea, flour 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

95001280 O Cottonseed, oil 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

95001281 O Cottonseed, oil-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06031820 6C Guar, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06031821 6C Guar, seed-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06032030 6C Lentil, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06032560 6C Pea, dry 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06032561 6C Pea, dry-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06032580 6C Pea, pigeon, seed 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002700 8 Pepper, bell 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002701 8 Pepper, bell-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002710 8 Pepper, bell, dried 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002711 8 Pepper, bell, dried-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002720 8 Pepper, nonbell 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002721 8 Pepper, nonbell-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08002730 8 Pepper, nonbell, dried 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

01032960 1C Potato, chips 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

01032970 1C Potato, dry (granules/ flakes) 0.025000 6.500 1.000 

01032971 1C Potato, dry (granules/ flakes)-b 0.025000 6.500 1.000 

01032980 1C Potato, flour 0.025000 6.500 1.000 

01032981 1C Potato, flour-babyfood 0.025000 6.500 1.000 

01032990 1C Potato, tuber, w/peel 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

01032991 1C Potato, tuber, w/peel-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

01033000 1C Potato, tuber, w/o peel 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

01033001 1C Potato, tuber, w/o peel-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

06003470 6 Soybean, seed 0.020000 1.000 1.000 

06003480 6 Soybean, flour 0.020000 1.000 1.000 

06003481 6 Soybean, flour-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000 
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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06003490 6 Soybean, soy milk 0.020000 1.000 1.000 

06003491 6 Soybean, soy milk-babyfood or in 0.020000 1.000 1.000 

06003500 6 Soybean, oil 0.020000 1.000 1.000 

06003501 6 Soybean, oil-babyfood 0.020000 1.000 1.000 

08003750 8 Tomato 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08003751 8 Tomato-babyfood 0.025000 1.000 1.000 

08003760 8 Tomato, paste 0.025000 5.400 1.000 

08003761 8 Tomato, paste-babyfood 0.025000 5.400 1.000 

08003770 8 Tomato, puree 0.025000 3.300 1.000 

08003771 8 Tomato, puree-babyfood 0.025000 3.300 1.000 

08003780 8 Tomato, dried 0.025000 14.300 1.000 

08003781 8 Tomato, dried-babyfood 0.025000 14.300 1.000 

08003790 8 Tomato, juice 0.025000 1.500 1.000 

86010000 O Water, direct, all sources 0.010535 1.000 1.000 

86020000 O Water, indirect, all sources 0.010535 1.000 1.000 
Fomesafen Sodium Dietary Exposure Assessment DP Number: D382064

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Attachment 2: DEEM-FCIDTM Chronic Food Alone Results file. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.00

DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for FOMESAFEN (1994-98 data)

Residue file name: C:\Documents and Settings\ALEMAY\My Documents\Fomesafenpeanuts peppers\Dietary Assessment\Old 

dietary\Fomesafen_Chronic_Pepper_foodonly.R98

 Adjustment factor #2 NOT used.

Analysis Date 05-18-2010/09:55:11 Residue file dated: 05-18-2010/09:51:41/8

Reference dose (RfD, Chronic) = .0025 mg/kg bw/day

===============================================================================

 Total exposure by population subgroup

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Total Exposure

 -----------------------------------

 Population mg/kg Percent of 

 Subgroup body wt/day Rfd 

-------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------

U.S. Population (total) 0.000086 3.4%

U.S. Population (spring season) 0.000085 3.4%

U.S. Population (summer season) 0.000085 3.4%

U.S. Population (autumn season) 0.000087 3.5%

U.S. Population (winter season) 0.000088 3.5%

Northeast region 0.000083 3.3%

Midwest region 0.000091 3.6%

Southern region 0.000085 3.4%

Western region 0.000086 3.5%

Hispanics 0.000100 4.0%

Non-hispanic whites 0.000084 3.4%

Non-hispanic blacks 0.000084 3.4%

Non-hisp/non-white/non-black 0.000088 3.5%

All infants (< 1 year) 0.000085 3.4%

Nursing infants 0.000034 1.4%

Non-nursing infants 0.000104 4.1%

Children 1-6 yrs 0.000187 7.5%

Children 7-12 yrs 0.000117 4.7%

Females 13-19 (not preg or nursing) 0.000081 3.2%

Females 20+ (not preg or nursing) 0.000063 2.5%

Females 13-50 yrs 0.000074 3.0%

Females 13+ (preg/not nursing) 0.000073 2.9%

Females 13+ (nursing) 0.000071 2.8%

Males 13-19 yrs 0.000092 3.7%

Males 20+ yrs 0.000075 3.0%

Seniors 55+ 0.000062 2.5%

Children 1-2 yrs 0.000207 8.3%

Children 3-5 yrs 0.000184 7.3%

Children 6-12 yrs 0.000124 4.9%

Youth 13-19 yrs 0.000086 3.4%

Adults 20-49 yrs 0.000073 2.9%

Adults 50+ yrs 0.000063 2.5%

Females 13-49 yrs 0.000068 2.7%

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Attachment 3: DEEM-FCIDTM Chronic Food plus Surface Water Results file. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ver. 2.00

DEEM-FCID Chronic analysis for FOMESAFEN (1994-98 data)

Residue file name: C:\Documents and Settings\ALEMAY\My Documents\Fomesafenpeanuts peppers\Dietary Assessment\Old 

dietary\Fomesafen_Chronic_Pepper_foodandwater.R98

 Adjustment factor #2 NOT used.

Analysis Date 05-18-2010/09:57:09 Residue file dated: 05-18-2010/09:52:53/8

Reference dose (RfD, Chronic) = .0025 mg/kg bw/day

===============================================================================

 Total exposure by population subgroup

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Total Exposure

 -----------------------------------

 Population mg/kg Percent of 

 Subgroup body wt/day Rfd 

-------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------

U.S. Population (total) 0.000308 12.3%

U.S. Population (spring season) 0.000305 12.2%

U.S. Population (summer season) 0.000324 13.0%

U.S. Population (autumn season) 0.000302 12.1%

U.S. Population (winter season) 0.000303 12.1%

Northeast region 0.000285 11.4%

Midwest region 0.000315 12.6%

Southern region 0.000296 11.8%

Western region 0.000341 13.6%

Hispanics 0.000352 14.1%

Non-hispanic whites 0.000301 12.0%

Non-hispanic blacks 0.000295 11.8%

Non-hisp/non-white/non-black 0.000360 14.4%

All infants (< 1 year) 0.000813 32.5%

Nursing infants 0.000304 12.2%

Non-nursing infants 0.001005 40.2%

Children 1-6 yrs 0.000498 19.9%

Children 7-12 yrs 0.000319 12.7%

Females 13-19 (not preg or nursing) 0.000237 9.5%

Females 20+ (not preg or nursing) 0.000285 11.4%

Females 13-50 yrs 0.000289 11.6%

Females 13+ (preg/not nursing) 0.000289 11.5%

Females 13+ (nursing) 0.000378 15.1%

Males 13-19 yrs 0.000255 10.2%

Males 20+ yrs 0.000274 10.9%

Seniors 55+ 0.000280 11.2%

Children 1-2 yrs 0.000536 21.5%

Children 3-5 yrs 0.000492 19.7%

Children 6-12 yrs 0.000336 13.5%

Youth 13-19 yrs 0.000247 9.9%

Adults 20-49 yrs 0.000280 11.2%

Adults 50+ yrs 0.000281 11.2%

Females 13-49 yrs 0.000275 11.0%

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------