```
�%-12345X@PJL SET PAGEPROTECT=AUTO
@PJL SET RET=DARK
@PJL SET RESOLUTION=300
@PJL ENTER LANGUAGE=PCL
�E�*t300R�&u600D�*r0F�&l0O�&l0S�&l0H�&l2a8c1E�*p0x0Y�*c0t5760x7656Y�&l1X�*b0M�*p604Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s6.67h0PUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS�*p784Y�*p1456XFOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT�*p1024Y�*p1650X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P_________________________�*p1324Y�*p450XNo. 97-1519�*p1524Y�*p1650XUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,�*p1724Y�*p2130XAppellee,�*p1924Y�*p2340Xv.�*p2124Y�*p1920XROBERT M. JOOST,�*p2324Y�*p1770XDefendant, Appellant.�*p2524Y�*p1650X_________________________�*p2724Y�*p1080XAPPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT�*p2924Y�*p1440XFOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND�*p3124Y�*p1080X[Hon. Ernest C. Torres, U.S. District Judge]�*p3324Y�*p1650X_________________________�*p3524Y�*p2220XBefore�*p3724Y�*p1710XSelya, Stahl and Lynch,�*p3924Y�*p1950XCircuit Judges.�*p4124Y�*p1650X_________________________�*p4324Y�*p750XW�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xm �*p+12XC. �*p+12XDimitri, �*p+12Xby �*p+12Xappointment �*p+12Xof �*p+12Xthe �*p+12Xcourt, �*p+12Xwith �*p+12Xwhom�*p4424Y�*p450XRobert M. Joost, pro se, was on brief, for appellant.�*p4524Y�*p750XM�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xg�*p+2Xaret �*p+16XR. �*p+16XCurran, �*p+16XAssistant �*p+16XUnited �*p+16XStates �*p+16XAttorney, �*p+16Xwith�*p4624Y�*p450Xw�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xm�*p+2X �*p+14XSheldon �*p+14XWhitehouse, �*p+14XUnited �*p+14XStates �*p+14XAttorney, �*p+14Xand �*p+14XKenneth �*p+14XP.�*p4724Y�*p450XM�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xd�*p+2Xden, �*p+6XAssistant �*p+6XUnited �*p+6XStates �*p+6XAttorney, �*p+6Xwere �*p+6Xon �*p+6Xbrief, �*p+6Xfor �*p+6Xthe�*p4824Y�*p450XUnited States.�*p5024Y�*p1650X_________________________�*p5224Y�*p1950XJanuary 9, 1998�*p5424Y�*p1650X_________________________�*p3130Y�*p2512X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��»ÿ�üo��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3930Y�*rB�*p736X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W¶���Íÿ�à„��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4330Y�*b2M�*b10W��1⁄4ÿ�ø��Ê��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4530Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b12Wï���1⁄4ÿ�þ��Ê��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4630Y�*b2M�*b18Wí��?3⁄4ÿ�ø����Üÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4730Y�*b2M�*b8W��ëÿ��ˆ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p4564Y�*p450X     �*p786XThe statute provides in relevant part:�*p4522Y�*p750X�*c16535D�)s68W�D�������%�!���5�H�������þ����������������������Courier New�Cour�,�,�*c16535D�*c52E�(s54W���������������H��>�â��������������������������������ð�(16535X4�*p4764Y�*p1050X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P(g) It shall be unlawful for any person �*c16536D�)s68W�D�����)�<�4���5�d�0�$���þ����������������������WP TypographicSy�,�,�*c16536D�*c70E�(s36W�����������&��� ̃ÿÿÿÿüÿÿÿÿüÿÿÿÿüÿÿÿÿü�(16536XF�*p4864Y�*p1350X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P(�*p+2X1�*p+2X) �*p+8Xwho �*p+8Xhas �*p+8Xbeen �*p+8Xconvicted �*p+8Xin �*p+8Xany �*p+8Xcourt�*p4964Y�*p1050Xo�*p+2Xf�*p+2X, �*p+8Xa �*p+8Xcrime �*p+8Xpunishable �*p+8Xby �*p+8Ximprisonment �*p+8Xfor �*p+8Xa�*p5064Y�*p1050Xt�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xm �*p+26Xexceeding �*p+26Xone �*p+26Xyear; �*p+26X. �*p+26X. �*p+26X. �*p+26Xto �*p+26Xship �*p+26Xor�*p5164Y�*p1050Xtransport �*p+12Xin �*p+12Xinterstate �*p+12Xor �*p+12Xforeign �*p+12Xcommerce,�*p5264Y�*p1050Xor �*p+50Xpossess �*p+50Xin �*p+50Xor �*p+50Xaffecting �*p+50Xcommerce, �*p+50Xany�*p5364Y�*p1050Xfirearm �*p+50Xor �*p+50Xammunition; �*p+50Xor �*p+50Xto �*p+50Xreceive �*p+50Xany�*p5464Y�*p1050Xfirearm �*p+10Xor �*p+10Xammunition �*p+10Xwhich �*p+10Xhas �*p+10Xbeen �*p+10Xshipped�*p5564Y�*p1050Xor �*p+72Xtransported �*p+72Xin �*p+72Xinterstate �*p+72Xor �*p+72Xforeign�*p5664Y�*p1050Xcommerce.�*p5864Y�*p2370X2�*p566Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0PSELYA, �*p+30XCircuit �*p+30XJudge.�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+30X �*p+30XThis �*p+30Xappeal �*p+30Xmarks �*p+30Xour �*p+30Xsecond�*p804Y�*p450Xen�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xg�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X-�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xellant�*p1004Y�*p450XRo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XM�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xonvicted felon, illegally possessed�*p1204Y�*p450Xa �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xion of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).�*p3330X  A panel of this�*p1162Y�*p3294X�(16535X4�*p1404Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Pco�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xnviction on this charge because the�*p1604Y�*p450Xtrial court failed to give an entrapment instruction.  See United�*p1804Y�*p450XSt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X2�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X7�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X3�*p-2X-�*p-2X1�*p-2X4�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X9�*p-2X9�*p-2X6�*p-2X)�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XI�*p-2X)�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X A new�*p2004Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xl�*p+2X �*p+54Xbefore �*p+52Xa �*p+52Xnew �*p+52Xjudge �*p+52Xand �*p+52Xjury, �*p+52Xproperly �*p+52Xinstructed �*p+52Xon�*p2204Y�*p450Xentrapment, yielded the same result.  This appeal followed.�*p2404Y�*p1050XW�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-4Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-4Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-4Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-4Xf�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p2604Y�*p450XI,�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X2�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X-�*p-2X1�*p-2X1�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2X here.�*p2804Y�*p450XF�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xr�*p+2X �*p+34Xc�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xntext's �*p+32Xsake, �*p+32Xit �*p+32Xsuffices �*p+32Xto �*p+32Xnote �*p+32Xthat �*p+32XJoost's �*p+32Xpresent�*p3004Y�*p450Xdi�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xelationship with two members of the�*p3204Y�*p450XR�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xd�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+8XIsland �*p+6XState �*p+6XPolice, �*p+6XSteven �*p+6XO'Donnell �*p+6Xand �*p+6XJoseph �*p+6XDelPrete,�*p3404Y�*p450Xw�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xo�*p+2X �*p+16Xposed �*p+14Xas �*p+14Xpetty �*p+14Xthieves �*p+14Xwhile �*p+14Xinvestigating �*p+14Xa �*p+14Xcounterfeiting�*p3604Y�*p450Xoperation.  The relationship centered around the delivery of fake�*p3804Y�*p450Xcasino tokens by Joost to the undercover officers in exchange for�*p4004Y�*p450Xcash. �*p+18X �*p+18XIn �*p+18Xthe �*p+18Xcourse �*p+18Xof �*p+18Xtheir �*p+18Xdealings, �*p+18XJoost �*p+18Xproposed �*p+18Xseveral�*p4204Y�*p450Xot�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xobbery�*p572Y�*p1488X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W��Ïÿ�à��æ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1610Y�*rB�*p3744X�*r1A�*b2M�*b16W��÷ÿ�øþ���ìÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1810Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b24W��ìÿó���ðÿ�ø��ÿ���éÿ�ðÄ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2410Y�*b2M�*b12W�� ���ðÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2610Y�*b5W`�ÿÿþ�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5264Y�*p450X �*p+46X �*p+46X �*p+46X �*p+46X �*p+44X�*p1014XIn �*p+44Xa �*p+44Xseparate �*p+44Xtrial, �*p+44Xa �*p+44Xjury �*p+44Xfound �*p+44XJoost �*p+44Xguilty �*p+44Xof�*p5222Y�*p978X�*c16535D�*c53E�(s54W���������������H�€�@  @�@������ �@�€���������� �@�€�ÿð�(16535X5�*p5364Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Ppa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XH�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xy�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XT�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xed the�*p5464Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X4�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X6�*p-2X4�*p-2X0�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X 1996)�*p5564Y�*p450X(�*p+2XT�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xble) �*p+26X(Joost �*p+26XII). �*p+26X �*p+26XJoost �*p+26Xcurrently �*p+26Xis �*p+26Xserving �*p+26Xa �*p+26Xtwenty-year�*p5664Y�*p450Xsentence imposed in consequence of that conviction.�*p5864Y�*p2370X3�*p564Y�*p450Xof�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xk�*p-2X)�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xq�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd that�*p764Y�*p450XJ�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xt�*p+2X �*p+6Xprovide �*p+4Xa �*p+4Xfirearm �*p+4Xfor �*p+4Xtheir �*p+4Xuse �*p+4Xin �*p+4Xa �*p+4Xstick-up. �*p+4X �*p+4XAfter �*p+4Xsome�*p964Y�*p450Xprodding, Joost supplied a .25 caliber pistol.�*p1164Y�*p1050XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-4Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xp�*p-2X �*p-4Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-4Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-4Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p1364Y�*p450Xon several charges, including conspiracy to violate the Hobbs Act�*p1564Y�*p450X(a�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X role in planning the armored truck�*p1764Y�*p450Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xb�*p+2Xb�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xy) �*p+6Xand �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xinstant �*p+6Xfelon-in-possession �*p+6Xcharge. �*p+6X �*p+6XOn �*p+6XJoost's�*p1964Y�*p450Xmo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd and the felon-in-possession count�*p2164Y�*p450Xwas tried alone.�*p2122Y�(16535X5�*p2364Y�*p1050X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PTh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X-�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X-�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xrial was nullified by the�*p2564Y�*p450Xfi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xern us.  At the second trial, Joost�*p2764Y�*p450Xelected to proceed pro se.  He staked his defense on a claim that�*p2964Y�*p450XO�*p+2X'�*p+2XD�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xell �*p+36Xand �*p+36XDelPrete �*p+36Xhad �*p+36Xentrapped �*p+36Xhim �*p+36Xinto �*p+36Xcommitting �*p+36Xthe�*p3164Y�*p450Xoffense.  The jury bought none of it.  On appeal, Joost, aided by�*p3364Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe �*p+68Xoral �*p+68Xadvocacy �*p+68Xof �*p+68Xappointed �*p+68Xcounsel, �*p+68Xadvances �*p+68Xnumerous�*p3564Y�*p450Xassignments �*p+18Xof �*p+18Xerror. �*p+18X �*p+18XWe �*p+18Xdiscuss �*p+18Xseven �*p+18Xof �*p+18Xthem, �*p+18Xrejecting �*p+18Xthe�*p3764Y�*p450Xremainder without editorial comment.�*p3966Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P1.�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+18X �*p+18XJoost �*p+18Xstipulated �*p+18Xthat �*p+18Xhe �*p+18Xhad �*p+18Xbeen �*p+18Xconvicted �*p+18Xof �*p+18Xa�*p4204Y�*p450Xf�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xny �*p+44Xprior �*p+44Xto �*p+44Xthe �*p+44Xdate �*p+44Xof �*p+44Xthe �*p+44Xalleged �*p+44Xfelon-in-possession�*p4404Y�*p450Xo�*p+2Xf�*p+2Xf�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xe. �*p+4X �*p+4XDuring �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xtrial, �*p+4Xhe �*p+4Xtestified �*p+4Xin �*p+4Xhis �*p+4Xown �*p+4Xdefense. �*p+4X �*p+4XOn�*p4604Y�*p450Xcross-examination, the district court permitted the government to�*p4804Y�*p450Xs�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xw�*p+2X �*p+54Xt�*p+2Xhe �*p+52Xnature �*p+52Xof �*p+52Xthe �*p+52Xprior �*p+52Xfelony, �*p+52Xwhich �*p+52Xthe �*p+52Xgovernment�*p5470Y�*p1008X�*r1A�*b2M�*b26Wù���÷ÿ�øþ��?Óÿ�àô���ïÿ��û��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5570Y�*b2M�*b10W��âÿ�ð��μ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5864Y�*p2370X4�*p564Y�*p450Xparaphrased �*p+30Xas �*p+30Xa �*p+30X"conspiracy �*p+30Xto �*p+30Xinjure, �*p+30Xoppress, �*p+30Xthreaten �*p+30Xand�*p764Y�*p450Xin�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xz�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xted States in the free exercise and�*p964Y�*p450Xenjoyment of a right and privilege secured to him by the laws and�*p1164Y�*p450XCo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X.�*p-2X"�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X8�*p-2X �*p-2XU.S.C.�*p1364Y�*p450X§ 241.  Touting our decision in United States v. Tavares, 21 F.3d�*p1564Y�*p450X1 (1st Cir. 1994) (en banc), Joost assigns error.�*p1764Y�*p1050XIn �*p+6XTavares, �*p+6Xwe �*p+6Xheld �*p+6Xthat �*p+6Xwhen �*p+6Xa �*p+6Xdefendant �*p+6Xwho �*p+6Xhas �*p+6Xbeen�*p1964Y�*p450Xcharged �*p+36Xas �*p+36Xa �*p+36Xfelon �*p+36Xin �*p+36Xpossession �*p+36Xoffers �*p+36Xto �*p+36Xstipulate �*p+36Xto �*p+36Xthe�*p2164Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xx�*p+2Xistence �*p+68Xof �*p+68Xan �*p+68Xearlier �*p+68Xfelony �*p+68Xconviction, �*p+68Xthe �*p+68Xgovernment�*p2364Y�*p450Xordinarily �*p+4Xcannot �*p+4Xadduce �*p+4Xproof �*p+4Xof �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xnature �*p+4X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+4Xas �*p+4Xopposed �*p+4Xto �*p+4Xthe�*p2564Y�*p450Xf�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xct �*p+22X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+22Xof �*p+22Xthat �*p+22Xconviction �*p+22Xfor �*p+22Xthe �*p+22Xpurpose �*p+22Xof �*p+22Xestablishing �*p+22Xthe�*p2764Y�*p450Xst�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XT�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X2�*p-2X1�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2X4�*p-2X-�*p-2X5�*p-2X;�*p-2X �*p-2Xaccord�*p2964Y�*p450XOl�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X1�*p-2X7�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xt�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X6�*p-2X4�*p-2X4�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X6�*p-2X5�*p-2X4�*p-2X-�*p-2X5�*p-2X6�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2X9�*p-2X9�*p-2X7�*p-2X)�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XI�*p-2Xn this�*p3164Y�*p450Xcase, any Tavares-based objection was thrice waived.�*p3364Y�*p1050XB�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xfore �*p+8Xtrial, �*p+8XJoost �*p+8Xarticulated �*p+8Xan �*p+8Xobjection �*p+8Xwhich �*p+8Xthe�*p3564Y�*p450Xdi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xq�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xvalent�*p3764Y�*p450Xo�*p+2Xf�*p+2X �*p+54Xa�*p+2X �*p+54Xg�*p+2Xeneral �*p+52Xmotion �*p+52Xin �*p+52Xlimine �*p+52Xaimed �*p+52Xat �*p+52Xcircumscribing �*p+52Xthe�*p3964Y�*p450Xgovernment's �*p+20Xuse �*p+20Xof �*p+20Xhis �*p+20Xprior �*p+20Xconvictions. �*p+20X �*p+20XJudge �*p+20XTorres �*p+20Xheard�*p4164Y�*p450Xarguments �*p+20Xon �*p+20Xthis �*p+20Xmotion �*p+20Xafter �*p+20Xjury �*p+20Xempanelment �*p+20Xbut �*p+20Xbefore �*p+20Xthe�*p4364Y�*p450Xtaking �*p+10Xof �*p+10Xany �*p+10Xevidence. �*p+10X �*p+10XSolicitous �*p+10Xof �*p+10Xthe �*p+10Xrights �*p+10Xof �*p+10Xthe �*p+10Xpro �*p+10Xse�*p4564Y�*p450Xde�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xj�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xly inquired whether Joost sought to�*p4764Y�*p450Xpress an objection to the evidence that he now challenges.  Joost�*p4964Y�*p450Xde�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X:�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X"�*p-2XI�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xk�*p-2X �*p-2XI�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X'�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XG�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X using�*p5164Y�*p450Xthat." �*p+12X �*p+12XHaving �*p+12Xthus �*p+12Xconceded �*p+12Xthe �*p+12Xpoint, �*p+12XJoost �*p+12Xcannot �*p+12Xnow �*p+12Xchange�*p5364Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xf�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xtes v.�*p5564Y�*p450XCoady, �*p+30X809 �*p+30XF.2d �*p+30X119, �*p+30X121 �*p+30X(1st �*p+30XCir. �*p+30X1987) �*p+30X(refusing �*p+30Xto �*p+30Xpermit�*p1170Y�*p3584X�*r1A�*b2M�*b6W÷ÿ�þÀ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1370Y�*rB�*p2368X�*r1A�*b2M�*b16W��Òÿ�þó���çÿ�€Ä��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1770Y�*rB�*p1232X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W�?èÿ�ð��1⁄2��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2770Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b25W���?÷ÿ�€���èÿ�€Á���ìÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2970Y�*b2M�*b18W��âÿ�þó���Óÿ�ð��Ð��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3170Y�*rB�*p1040X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W��èÿ�þ��±��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5370Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b20W��×���÷ÿ�ðþ���Óÿ�øÚ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5570Y�*b2M�*b10W��ðÿ�þ��„��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5864Y�*p2370X5�*p564Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xn�*p-2X prior representations to the trial�*p764Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X)�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XW�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xhen, during his direct examination,�*p964Y�*p450XJ�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xt�*p+2X �*p+14Xvoluntarily �*p+12Xundertook �*p+12Xto �*p+12Xdescribe �*p+12Xthe �*p+12Xprior �*p+12Xfelony �*p+12Xto �*p+12Xthe�*p1164Y�*p450Xjury, �*p+80Xthereby �*p+80Xinviting �*p+80Xthe �*p+80Xgovernment's �*p+80Xsubsequent �*p+80Xcross-�*p1364Y�*p450Xex�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2X a door cannot be heard to complain�*p1564Y�*p450Xthat the adverse party strolled through the doorway.  See Gill v.�*p1764Y�*p450XThomas, �*p+12X83 �*p+12XF.3d �*p+12X537, �*p+12X541 �*p+12X(1st �*p+12XCir. �*p+12X1996); �*p+12Xsee �*p+12Xgenerally �*p+12XNieves-�*p1964Y�*p450XVillanueva v. Soto-Rivera, ___ F.3d ___, ___ (1st Cir. 1997) [No.�*p2164Y�*p450X96�*p-2X-�*p-2X1�*p-2X2�*p-2X8�*p-2X5�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xp�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2X2�*p-2X5�*p-2X-�*p-2X2�*p-2X6�*p-2X]�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xscussing doctrine).  Finally, Joost�*p2364Y�*p450Xdid not register a contemporaneous objection when the prosecution�*p2564Y�*p450Xpurposed �*p+20Xto �*p+20Xdescribe �*p+20Xthe �*p+20Xconviction. �*p+20X �*p+20XThis, �*p+20Xtoo, �*p+20Xconstitutes �*p+20Xa�*p2764Y�*p450Xw�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xv�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xr. �*p+10X �*p+10XSee �*p+10XUnited �*p+10XStates �*p+10Xv. �*p+10XGriffin, �*p+10X818 �*p+10XF.2d �*p+10X97, �*p+10X99-100 �*p+10X(1st�*p2964Y�*p450XCir. 1987).�*p3164Y�*p1050XBased on this history, it is crystal clear that Joost's�*p3364Y�*p450Xo�*p+2Xw�*p+2Xn�*p+2X �*p+68Xc�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xnduct �*p+66Xprecludes �*p+66Xhim �*p+66Xfrom �*p+66Xchallenging �*p+66Xon �*p+66Xappeal �*p+66Xthe�*p3564Y�*p450Xgo�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XN�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2X sweep�*p3764Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xe �*p+14Xrepeated �*p+14Xprocedural �*p+14Xdefaults �*p+14Xunder �*p+14Xthe �*p+14Xrug �*p+14Xsimply �*p+14Xbecause�*p3964Y�*p450XJo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xnefit of counsel.  A defendant in a�*p4164Y�*p450Xcriminal �*p+36Xcase �*p+36Xis �*p+36Xentitled �*p+36Xto �*p+36Xserve �*p+36Xas �*p+36Xhis �*p+36Xown �*p+36Xattorney, �*p+36Xbut�*p4364Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xx�*p+2Xercising �*p+22Xa �*p+22Xright �*p+22Xof �*p+22Xself-representation �*p+22Xdoes �*p+22Xnot �*p+22Xabsolve �*p+22Xthe�*p4564Y�*p450Xactor from complying with relevant procedural rules.  See Faretta�*p4764Y�*p450Xv. �*p+12XCalifornia, �*p+12X422 �*p+12XU.S. �*p+12X806, �*p+12X835 �*p+12Xn.46 �*p+12X(1975); �*p+12XEagle �*p+12XEye �*p+12XFishing�*p4964Y�*p450XC�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xp�*p+2X.�*p+2X �*p+10Xv. �*p+10XUnited �*p+10XStates �*p+10XDep't �*p+10Xof �*p+10XCommerce, �*p+10X20 �*p+10XF.3d �*p+10X503, �*p+10X506 �*p+10X(1st�*p5164Y�*p450XCir. 1994).�*p5364Y�*p1050XWe �*p+42Xhasten �*p+42Xto �*p+42Xadd �*p+42Xthat, �*p+42Xeven �*p+42Xwere �*p+42Xwe �*p+42Xto �*p+42Xput �*p+42Xthese�*p5564Y�*p450Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xcedural �*p+6Xdefaults �*p+6Xto �*p+6Xone �*p+6Xside, �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xgovernment's �*p+6Xmention �*p+6Xof �*p+6Xthe�*p1570Y�*p3680X�*r1A�*b2M�*b16W��÷ÿ�þþ���óÿ�øÚ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1770Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b34W��ìÿ�ø��õ���÷ÿ�þý���àÿ�€þ���èÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1970Y�*b2M�*b18W��Ýÿ�øó���Ùÿ�þ��Ï��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2770Y�*rB�*p1008X�*r1A�*b2M�*b20W��öÿý���Ñÿ�üñ�çÿ�À���*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4570Y�*rB�*p640X�*r1A�*b2M�*b20W��Ã���÷ÿ�þþ���èÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4770Y�*b2M�*b16W��Ýÿ�ø����Áÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4970Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b16W��ïÿ�ðò���‹ÿ�ðŒ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5064Y�*p450X �*p+6X �*p+6X �*p+6X �*p+6X �*p+6X�*p816XOf �*p+6Xcourse, �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xprobative �*p+6Xvalue �*p+6Xof �*p+6Xa �*p+6Xconviction �*p+6Xoffered �*p+6Xfor�*p5022Y�*p780X�*c16535D�*c54E�(s54W���������������H��0À@@� � � �`�À�€�À� �0��������À `À���(16535X6�*p5164Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Pi�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xpeachment �*p+22Xpurposes �*p+22Xmust �*p+22Xbe �*p+22Xweighed �*p+22Xagainst �*p+22Xits �*p+22Xpotential �*p+22Xfor�*p5264Y�*p450Xunfair prejudice.  See Fed. R. Evid. 609(a)(1).  But this proviso�*p5364Y�*p450Xrarely will benefit a defendant who, like Joost, fails to lodge a�*p5464Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xj�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe use of the evidence.  We need not�*p5564Y�*p450Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xb�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+6Xthis �*p+4Xpoint �*p+4Xtoo �*p+4Xdeeply, �*p+4Xfor �*p+4Xwe �*p+4Xsee �*p+4Xno �*p+4Xsign �*p+4Xthat �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xbalance�*p5664Y�*p450Xwas sufficiently tipped in this instance.�*p5864Y�*p2370X6�*p564Y�*p450Xnature �*p+36Xof �*p+34XJoost's �*p+34Xconviction �*p+34Xduring �*p+34Xcross-examination �*p+34Xdid �*p+34Xnot�*p764Y�*p450Xc�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xravene �*p+14XTavares. �*p+14X �*p+14XTavares �*p+14Xstands �*p+14Xfor �*p+14Xthe �*p+14Xgeneral �*p+14Xproposition�*p964Y�*p450Xthat, when the prosecution proffers evidence of a predicate crime�*p1164Y�*p450Xsolely �*p+30Xto �*p+30Xsatisfy �*p+30Xthe �*p+30Xstatus �*p+30Xelement �*p+30Xof �*p+30Xa �*p+30Xfelon-in-possession�*p1364Y�*p450Xch�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X)�*p-2X �*p-2Xto the�*p1564Y�*p450Xfa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xure of the conviction is ordinarily�*p1764Y�*p450Xir�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xj�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XH�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XT�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs rule�*p1964Y�*p450Xdoes not apply if the nature of the conviction is relevant for an�*p2164Y�*p450Xindependent purpose.  This is such a case.�*p2364Y�*p1050XF�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xd�*p+2X.�*p+2X �*p+14XR. �*p+14XEvid. �*p+14X609(a) �*p+14Xprovides �*p+14Xin �*p+14Xpertinent �*p+14Xpart �*p+14Xthat,�*p2564Y�*p450Xwh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xhe has�*p2764Y�*p450Xbeen �*p+12Xconvicted �*p+12Xof �*p+12Xa �*p+12Xserious �*p+12Xcrime �*p+12X(i.e., �*p+12Xa �*p+12Xcrime �*p+12X"punishable �*p+12Xby�*p2964Y�*p450Xdeath or imprisonment in excess of one year") shall be admissible�*p3164Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xo�*p+2X �*p+34Xi�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xeach �*p+32Xhis �*p+32Xcredibility �*p+32X"if �*p+32Xthe �*p+32Xcourt �*p+32Xdetermines �*p+32Xthat �*p+32Xthe�*p3364Y�*p450Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xb�*p+2Xative �*p+76Xvalue �*p+76Xof �*p+76Xadmitting �*p+76Xthis �*p+76Xevidence �*p+76Xoutweighs �*p+76Xits�*p3564Y�*p450Xpr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xj�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xed."  We have specifically endorsed�*p3764Y�*p450Xthe �*p+20Xuse �*p+20Xof �*p+20Xprior �*p+20Xconvictions �*p+20Xfor �*p+20Xsuch �*p+20Xpurposes �*p+20Xin �*p+20Xpost-Tavares�*p3964Y�*p450Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X-�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X-�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-4Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X.�*p-2X�*p1990X �*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2X.�*p-2Xg�*p-2X.�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XStates v. Powell, 50�*p3922Y�*p1956X�(16535X6�*p-2X�*p4164Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PF.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X4�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X0�*p-2X2�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X9�*p-2X9�*p-2X5�*p-2X)�*p-2X;�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xnited States v. Tracy, 36 F.3d 187,�*p4364Y�*p450X19�*p-2X1�*p-2X-�*p-2X9�*p-2X2�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X9�*p-2X9�*p-2X4�*p-2X)�*p-2X;�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo Tavares, 21 F.3d at 6 ("[I]n some�*p4564Y�*p450Xcases evidence concerning the nature of the prior conviction will�*p4764Y�*p450Xbe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xack of�*p770Y�*p1120X�*r1A�*b2M�*b14W��çÿô�çÿ�À��Þ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1770Y�*rB�*p3632X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��èÿ�€Ó��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3770Y�*rB�*p3920X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��èÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3970Y�*rB�*p2096X�*r1A�*b2M�*b32W��÷ÿ�ðû���óÿ�Àû���Òÿ�àó���ìÿ�þÖ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4170Y�*b2M�*b16Wû�Ñÿ�øó���ïÿ�à±��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4370Y�*rB�*p1840X�*r1A�*b2M�*b23W�?÷ÿ�€���óÿ�àþ���èÿ�à„��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5270Y�*rB�*p1584X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W��÷ÿ�ø��Ä��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5864Y�*p2370X7�*p564Y�*p450Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xbative �*p+6Xvalue �*p+6Xon �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xprior �*p+6Xconviction �*p+6Xelement �*p+6Xof �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xcrime.").�*p764Y�*p450XSo it is here:  the nature of the conviction was relevant for the�*p964Y�*p450Xin�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xifying�*p1164Y�*p450Xdefendant, and therefore was admissible.�*p1366Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P2.�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+12X �*p+12XJoost �*p+12Xnext �*p+12Xcontends �*p+12Xthat �*p+12Xthe �*p+12Xlower �*p+12Xcourt �*p+12Xerred �*p+12Xin�*p1604Y�*p450Xad�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XI�*p-2XI�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xto rob�*p1804Y�*p450Xan armored truck in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951.�*p2004Y�*p450XHis �*p+36Xpoint �*p+36Xis �*p+36Xthat, �*p+36Xbecause �*p+36Xboth �*p+36Xthe �*p+36XHobbs �*p+36XAct �*p+36Xand �*p+36Xfelon-in-�*p2204Y�*p450Xpo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X the same overall course of events,�*p2404Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+12Xj�*p+2Xury �*p+10Xshould �*p+10Xnot �*p+10Xhave �*p+10Xbeen �*p+10Xallowed �*p+10Xto �*p+10Xhear �*p+10Xthat �*p+10Xanother �*p+10Xjury�*p2604Y�*p450Xpreviously �*p+6Xhad �*p+6Xrendered �*p+6Xa �*p+6Xguilty �*p+6Xverdict �*p+6Xon �*p+6Xthe �*p+6XHobbs �*p+6XAct �*p+6Xcharge�*p2804Y�*p450X(�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xd�*p+2X, �*p+14Xby �*p+14Ximplication, �*p+14Xhad �*p+14Xfound �*p+14Xtroopers �*p+14XO'Donnell �*p+14Xand �*p+14XDelPrete�*p3004Y�*p450Xc�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xd�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xb�*p+2Xle). �*p+36X �*p+36XHere �*p+36Xagain, �*p+36Xthe �*p+36Xpoint �*p+36Xis �*p+36Xprocedurally �*p+36Xdefaulted.�*p3204Y�*p450XA�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xthough �*p+52XJoost �*p+52Xsought �*p+52Xunsuccessfully �*p+52Xto �*p+52Xhave �*p+52Xhis �*p+52XHobbs �*p+52XAct�*p3404Y�*p450Xconviction �*p+20Xexcluded �*p+20Xvia �*p+20Xhis �*p+20Xpretrial �*p+20Xmotion �*p+20Xin �*p+20Xlimine, �*p+20Xhe �*p+20Xthen�*p3604Y�*p450Xf�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xd�*p+2X �*p+6Xt�*p+2Xo �*p+4Xobject �*p+4Xwhen �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xprosecution �*p+4Xbrought �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xmatter �*p+4Xup �*p+4Xin �*p+4Xa�*p3804Y�*p450Xli�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xx�*p-2Xt�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XM�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xk�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xlimine�*p4004Y�*p450Xto exclude evidence is insufficient to preserve a claim of error;�*p4204Y�*p450Xth�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xat the�*p4404Y�*p450Xti�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XG�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X8�*p-2X3�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2X5�*p-2X4�*p-2X1�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xluding�*p4604Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xat �*p+16Xa �*p+16Xparty �*p+16X"cannot �*p+16Xrely �*p+16Xsolely �*p+16Xon �*p+16Xhis �*p+16Xin �*p+16Xlimine �*p+16Xobjection �*p+16Xto�*p4804Y�*p450Xpreserve the evidentiary issue for appeal"); Griffin, 818 F.2d at�*p5004Y�*p450X105 (stressing that evidentiary objections normally are preserved�*p5204Y�*p450Xf�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xr�*p+2X �*p+6Xa�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xpeal �*p+4Xonly �*p+4Xif �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xcourt �*p+4Xrules �*p+4X"in �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xactual �*p+4Xsetting �*p+4Xof �*p+4Xthe�*p5404Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xl�*p+2X"); �*p+10Xsee �*p+10Xalso �*p+10XUnited �*p+10XStates �*p+10Xv. �*p+10XNoah, �*p+10X___ �*p+10XF.3d �*p+10X___, �*p+10X___ �*p+10X(1st�*p5604Y�*p450XCir. 1997) [No. 97-1403, slip op. at 9-10].�*p1610Y�*p1952X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W��åÿ�ð��í��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4410Y�*rB�*p2240X�*r1A�*b2M�*b18W��÷ÿ�ðþ���ôÿ�ø��ÿ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4610Y�*b2M�*b18WÓ���ûÿ�þý���ëÿ�€3��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4810Y�*rB�*p3136X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��çÿ�€μ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5410Y�*rB�*p1008X�*r1A�*b2M�*b32W��÷ÿ�àþ���óÿ�üý���Ñÿ�ðò���óÿ�üˆ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5164Y�*p450X �*p-4X �*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X�*p772XT�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xg�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xent also argues that the evidence bore on Joost's�*p5122Y�*p738X�*c16535D�*c55E�(s54W���������������H�€�€�€�€�€�€�€�€ € €@€@€€€ÿà�€�€�€�€�à�(16535X7�*p-2X�*p5264Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Pla�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xk�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xredisposition to procure the firearm �(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P an element of the�*p5364Y�*p450Xaffirmative defense of entrapment.  See United States v. Gifford,�*p5464Y�*p450X1�*p+2X7�*p+2X �*p+34XF�*p+2X.3d �*p+32X462, �*p+32X468 �*p+32X(1st �*p+32XCir. �*p+32X1994). �*p+32X �*p+32XBecause �*p+32Xthe �*p+32Xevidence �*p+32Xwas�*p5564Y�*p450Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xerly �*p+14Xadmitted �*p+14Xfor �*p+14Ximpeachment �*p+14Xpurposes, �*p+14Xwe �*p+14Xneed �*p+14Xnot �*p+14Xaddress�*p5664Y�*p450Xthis argument.�*p5864Y�*p2370X8�*p564Y�*p1050XIn all events, we descry no error.  The trial court, in�*p764Y�*p450Xthe exercise of the substantial discretion that Fed. R. Evid. 609�*p964Y�*p450Xc�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xf�*p+2Xers, �*p+14Xsupportably �*p+14Xdetermined �*p+14Xthat �*p+14Xthe �*p+14Xprobative �*p+14Xvalue �*p+14Xof �*p+14Xthe�*p1164Y�*p450XHo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xj�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xffect.�*p1364Y�*p450XHence, the conviction was admissible for impeachment purposes.�*p1322Y�(16535X7�*p1566Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P3�*p-2X.�*p-2X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p-4X �*p-4XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-4Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-4Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xy�*p1804Y�*p450Xa�*p+2Xs�*p+2X �*p+6Xt�*p+2Xo�*p+2X �*p+6Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe �*p+4Xreason �*p+4Xhe �*p+4Xprovided �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xfirearm �*p+4Xare �*p+4Xunavailing. �*p+4X �*p+4XHaving�*p2004Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xc�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xed �*p+12Xmuch �*p+12Xof �*p+12Xthe �*p+12Xtestimony �*p+12Xhimself, �*p+12Xand �*p+12Xnot �*p+12Xhaving �*p+12Xobjected�*p2204Y�*p450Xcontemporaneously �*p+40Xto �*p+40Xthe �*p+40Xrest, �*p+40XJoost �*p+40Xcannot �*p+40Xnow �*p+40Xbe �*p+40Xheard �*p+40Xto�*p2404Y�*p450Xch�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xal.  In any event, evidence related�*p2604Y�*p450Xto�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xant to�*p2804Y�*p450Xrebutting his entrapment claim.  Hence, its admissibility depends�*p3004Y�*p450Xup�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xb�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xj�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2Xed. R.�*p3204Y�*p450XE�*p+2Xv�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xd�*p+2X. �*p+38X403. �*p+38X �*p+38XWe �*p+38Xare �*p+38Xon �*p+38Xrecord �*p+38Xthat �*p+38X"[o]nly �*p+38Xrarely �*p+38X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+38Xand �*p+38Xin�*p3404Y�*p450Xex�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs �(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P will we, from the vista�*p3604Y�*p450Xof�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xd�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xerse a district court's on-the-spot�*p3804Y�*p450Xj�*p+2Xu�*p+2Xd�*p+2Xg�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xnt �*p+6Xconcerning �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xrelative �*p+6Xweighing �*p+6Xof �*p+6Xprobative �*p+6Xvalue �*p+6Xand�*p4004Y�*p450Xun�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X.�*p-2X"�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XP�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xkage Mach. Co., 865 F.2d 1331, 1340�*p4204Y�*p450X(�*p+2X1�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xt�*p+2X �*p+6XC�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xr�*p+2X. �*p+4X1988). �*p+4X �*p+4XThis �*p+4Xcase �*p+4Xfalls �*p+4Xwithin �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xgeneral �*p+4Xrule �*p+4Xrather�*p4404Y�*p450Xthan the long-odds exception to it.�*p4606Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P4.�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P  Joost also maintains that the district court should�*p4844Y�*p450Xha�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xb�*p-2Xased on the Speedy Trial Act (STA),�*p4010Y�*p1424X�*r1A�*b2M�*b16W��èÿ�Àô���Âÿ�€—��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5370Y�*rB�*p2608X�*r1A�*b2M�*b24W��÷ÿ�àþ���Òÿ�þó���çÿ�€â��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5864Y�*p2370X9�*p564Y�*p450X18 U.S.C. § 3161.  In general, the STA requires the government to�*p764Y�*p450Xc�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xce �*p+52Xthe �*p+52Xretrial �*p+52Xof �*p+52Xa �*p+52Xcriminal �*p+52Xdefendant �*p+52Xwho �*p+52Xhas �*p+52Xbeen�*p964Y�*p450Xsu�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xhan "seventy days from the date the�*p1164Y�*p450Xaction �*p+40Xoccasioning �*p+40Xthe �*p+40Xretrial �*p+40Xbecomes �*p+40Xfinal." �*p+40X �*p+40X18 �*p+40XU.S.C. �*p+40X§�*p1364Y�*p450X3161(e).  Nevertheless, the statute enumerates several periods of�*p1564Y�*p450Xd�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xy�*p+2X �*p+6Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xat �*p+4Xare �*p+4Xexcludable �*p+4Xfrom �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xspeedy �*p+4Xtrial �*p+4Xmeasure. �*p+4X �*p+4XSee �*p+4X18�*p1764Y�*p450XU.�*p-2XS�*p-2X.�*p-2XC�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X§�*p-2X �*p-2X3�*p-2X1�*p-2X6�*p-2X1�*p-2X(�*p-2Xh�*p-2X)�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X here.�*p1964Y�*p1050XT�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+6XS�*p+2XT�*p+2XA�*p+2X �*p+6Xclock �*p+4Xbegan �*p+4Xto �*p+4Xrun �*p+4Xon �*p+4XAugust �*p+4X30, �*p+4X1996 �*p+4X(the �*p+4Xday�*p2164Y�*p450Xafter our mandate in Joost I became final).  See United States v.�*p2364Y�*p450XMa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xk�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X6�*p-2X6�*p-2X9�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X2�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X2�*p-2X8�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X3�*p-2X3�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X 1982).  Thirty-four countable days�*p2564Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xpsed �*p+42Xbefore �*p+42XJoost's �*p+42Xthen-counsel, �*p+42XThomas �*p+42XBriody, �*p+42Xmoved �*p+42Xto�*p2764Y�*p450Xwi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XB�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xy�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2XT�*p-2XA�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xk�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xiod of�*p2964Y�*p450Xd�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xlay �*p+4Xthat �*p+4Xensued �*p+4Xuntil �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xmotion �*p+4Xwas �*p+4Xresolved �*p+4X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+4Xthe �*p+4Xtwenty-one�*p3164Y�*p450Xd�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xy�*p+2Xs�*p+2X �*p+14Xf�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xm�*p+2X �*p+14XOctober �*p+12X3 �*p+12Xto �*p+12XOctober �*p+12X23 �*p+12X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+12Xis �*p+12Xexcludable. �*p+12X �*p+12XSee, �*p+12Xe.g.,�*p3364Y�*p450XUn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XP�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xk�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X3�*p-2X0�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd 542, 550 (4th Cir. 1994) (stating�*p3564Y�*p450Xthat "the Courts of Appeals have repeatedly upheld exclusions for�*p3764Y�*p450Xpe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xons to�*p3964Y�*p450Xwi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2X"�*p-2X)�*p-2X;�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XH�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xd�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X0�*p-2X2�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X2�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X0�*p-2X6�*p-2X2�*p-2X, 1064�*p4164Y�*p450X(2d Cir. 1990) (excluding period from filing of defense counsel's�*p4364Y�*p450Xmotion �*p+30Xto �*p+30Xwithdraw �*p+30Xuntil �*p+30Xsubstitution �*p+30Xof �*p+30Xcounsel); �*p+30Xcf. �*p+30XUnited�*p4564Y�*p450XSt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XR�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xz�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X6�*p-2X3�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X1�*p-2X59, 1163 (1st Cir. 1995) (excluding�*p4764Y�*p450Xpe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X until�*p4964Y�*p450Xhearing on the motion).�*p5164Y�*p1050XO�*p+2Xn�*p+2X �*p+22XOctober �*p+22X23, �*p+22Xthe �*p+22Xcourt �*p+22Xgranted �*p+22XBriody's �*p+22Xmotion �*p+22Xand�*p5364Y�*p450Xa�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xinted �*p+74XLouis �*p+74XRobbio �*p+74Xas �*p+74Xsuccessor �*p+74Xcounsel. �*p+74X �*p+74XThe �*p+74Xcourt�*p5564Y�*p450Xsi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2X"�*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xexceed�*p1570Y�*p3984X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��÷ÿ�àÚ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2170Y�*rB�*p1696X�*r1A�*b2M�*b23W��çÿ�€Ã���öÿ�€���Ñÿ�øÚ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2370Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b12W��ôÿ�ü�������*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3170Y�*b2M�*b20W�� ́���÷ÿ�þù���óÿ�€â��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3370Y�*b2M�*b18W��Óÿ�àô���ìÿ�ø��Å��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3970Y�*rB�*p1776X�*r1A�*b2M�*b14W��Óÿ�üó��?ìÿ ̃��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4370Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b20W��μ���÷ÿ�üü���ìÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4570Y�*b2M�*b16W��ìÿó���áÿ�€��·��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5864Y�*p2340X10�*p564Y�*p450Xon�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xy�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X"�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2X"�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xnds of�*p764Y�*p450Xju�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xx�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xest of�*p964Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+44Xp�*p+2Xu�*p+2Xb�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xc �*p+42Xand �*p+42Xthe �*p+42Xdefendant �*p+42Xin �*p+42Xa �*p+42Xsooner �*p+42Xtrial." �*p+42X �*p+42XThe �*p+42XSTA�*p1164Y�*p450Xexplicitly �*p+60Xauthorizes �*p+60Xsuch �*p+60Xcontinuances �*p+60Xif �*p+60Xneeded �*p+60Xto �*p+60Xallow�*p1364Y�*p450Xreasonable �*p+18Xtime �*p+18Xfor �*p+18Xthe �*p+18Xdefendant �*p+18Xto �*p+18Xobtain �*p+18Xcounsel �*p+18Xor �*p+18Xfor �*p+18Xnew�*p1564Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X8�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2X.�*p-2XS�*p-2X.�*p-2XC�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X§�*p-2X �*p-2X3�*p-2X1�*p-2X6�*p-2X1�*p-2X(�*p-2Xh�*p-2X)�*p-2X(�*p-2X8�*p-2X)�*p-2X(�*p-2XB�*p-2X)(iv);�*p1764Y�*p450Xs�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+6Xa�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xo�*p+2X �*p+4XUnited �*p+4XStates �*p+4Xv. �*p+4XSpring, �*p+4X80 �*p+4XF.3d �*p+4X1450, �*p+4X1457 �*p+4X(10th �*p+4XCir.)�*p1964Y�*p450X(i�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2X"�*p-2X[�*p-2Xa�*p-2X]�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xq�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn time�*p2164Y�*p450Xand �*p+30Xcontinuity �*p+30Xof �*p+30Xcounsel �*p+30Xare �*p+30Xclearly �*p+30Xpermissible �*p+30Xreasons �*p+30Xfor�*p2364Y�*p450Xg�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xnting �*p+6Xa �*p+6Xcontinuance �*p+6Xand �*p+6Xtolling �*p+6Xthe �*p+6XSpeedy �*p+6XTrial �*p+6XAct"), �*p+6Xcert.�*p2564Y�*p450Xdenied, 117 S. Ct. 385 (1996).  The continuance that Judge Torres�*p2764Y�*p450Xgranted �*p+36Xwas �*p+34Xreasonable �*p+34Xand �*p+34Xjustified �*p+34Xunder �*p+34Xthe �*p+34Xcircumstances.�*p2964Y�*p450XTh�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2XO�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2X2�*p-2X3 to December 9 is excludable.  See�*p3164Y�*p450X18 U.S.C. §  3161(h)(8)(A).�*p3364Y�*p1050XO�*p+2Xn�*p+2X �*p+8XDecember �*p+6X9, �*p+6Xin �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xmidst �*p+6Xof �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xcontinuance �*p+6Xperiod,�*p3564Y�*p450XRo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xalth reasons.  This motion remained�*p3764Y�*p450Xpending �*p+30Xuntil �*p+30XDecember �*p+30X23, �*p+30Xwhen �*p+30Xthe �*p+30Xcourt �*p+30Xheld �*p+30Xa �*p+30Xhearing �*p+30Xand�*p3964Y�*p450Xgr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2XB�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xy�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xperiod�*p4164Y�*p450Xof�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2XR�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xx�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xom the�*p4364Y�*p450XSTA count.�*p4564YD�*p+2Xu�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xng �*p+14Xthe �*p+14Xsame �*p+14Xhearing, �*p+14Xthe �*p+14Xcourt �*p+14Xpermitted �*p+14XJoost �*p+14Xto�*p4764Y�*p450Xpr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xj�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xenewed�*p4964Y�*p450Xth�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XT�*p-2Xhus, no additional STA days accrued�*p5164Y�*p450Xbe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2XD�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2X2�*p-2X3�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XD�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2X3�*p-2X1�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xmissal�*p5364Y�*p450Xm�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xn�*p+2X �*p+32Xthat �*p+32Xundergirds �*p+32Xthis �*p+32Xassignment �*p+32Xof �*p+32Xerror. �*p+32X �*p+32XSince �*p+32Xonly�*p5564Y�*p450Xth�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X-�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xy�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xb�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xg�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xent up�*p1570Y�*p2352X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W��÷ÿ�ü��ô��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1770Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b34W��÷ÿ�üþ���òÿ�àþ���Ñÿ�àó���ëÿ�à��ì��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2370Y�*b2M�*b12W�� ���ðÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2570Y�*b2M�*b10W��ìÿ�ø��ˆ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2970Y�*rB�*p4160X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��÷ÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p3664Y�*p450X �*p+2X �*p+2X �*p+2X �*p+2X �*p+2X�*p796XAfter �*p+2Xreading �*p+2Xthe �*p+2Xpertinent �*p+2Xtext �*p+2Xof �*p+2X18 �*p+2XU.S.C. § 922(g), see�*p3622Y�*p760X�*c16535D�*c56E�(s54W��������������H?à � � � � � �/À0 ��������������À�``�€�(16535X8�*p3764Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Psupra note 1, the court instructed the jurors that:�*p3964Y�*p1050XPo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xnition is in or�*p4064Y�*p1050Xaffecting �*p+10Xcommerce �*p+10Xwithin �*p+10Xthe �*p+10Xmeaning �*p+10Xof �*p+10Xthe�*p4164Y�*p1050Xs�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xtute[] �*p+42X[i]f �*p+42Xat �*p+42Xsome �*p+42Xtime �*p+42Xafter �*p+42Xit �*p+42Xwas�*p4264Y�*p1050Xmanufactured, �*p+60Xand �*p+60Xbefore �*p+60Xthe �*p+60Xoffense �*p+60Xwas�*p4364Y�*p1050Xcommitted, �*p+48Xthat �*p+48Xfirearm �*p+48Xor �*p+48Xammunition �*p+48Xwas�*p4464Y�*p1050Xtransported between states or between a state�*p4564Y�*p1050Xan�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xign country and�*p4664Y�*p1050Xstate.�*p4864Y�*p1050XThe Government doesn't have to prove that the�*p4964Y�*p1050Xfirearm �*p+10Xwas �*p+10Xin �*p+10Xthe �*p+10XDefendant's �*p+10Xpossession �*p+10Xat�*p5064Y�*p1050Xthe �*p+80Xtime �*p+80Xit �*p+80Xtraveled �*p+80Xin �*p+80Xinterstate �*p+80Xor�*p5164Y�*p1050Xinternational �*p+50Xcommerce �*p+50Xor �*p+50Xat �*p+50Xthe �*p+50Xtime �*p+50Xit�*p5264Y�*p1050Xc�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xssed �*p+42Xthe �*p+42Xstate �*p+42Xline. �*p+42X �*p+42XPossession �*p+42Xof �*p+42Xa�*p5364Y�*p1050Xfirearm �*p+60Xor �*p+60Xammunition �*p+60Xthat �*p+60Xhas �*p+60Xmoved �*p+60Xin�*p5464Y�*p1050Xinterstate �*p+10Xcommerce �*p+10Xor �*p+10Xin �*p+10Xcommerce �*p+10Xbetween �*p+10Xa�*p5564Y�*p1050Xf�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xg�*p+2Xn �*p+6Xcountry �*p+6Xand �*p+6Xa �*p+6Xstate, �*p+6Xat �*p+6Xany �*p+6Xtime �*p+6X[,]�*p5664Y�*p1050Xis possession in or affecting commerce.�*p5864Y�*p2340X11�*p564Y�*p450Xto�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xss the�*p764Y�*p450Xindictment.�*p966Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P5�*p+2X.�*p+2X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+14X �*p+14XW�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+12Xmake �*p+12Xshort �*p+12Xshrift �*p+12Xof �*p+12XJoost's �*p+12Ximbricated �*p+12Xclaims�*p1204Y�*p450Xthat the district court's jury instruction concerning the "in and�*p1404Y�*p450Xa�*p+2Xf�*p+2Xfecting �*p+52Xcommerce" �*p+52Xelement �*p+52Xof �*p+52Xthe �*p+52Xcrime �*p+52Xof �*p+52Xconviction �*p+52Xwas�*p1604Y�*p450Xdeficient, and relatedly, that the statute of conviction violates�*p1804Y�*p450Xthe Commerce Clause.�*p2004Y�*p1050XWe �*p+18Xset �*p+18Xout �*p+18Xthe �*p+18Xchallenged �*p+18Xinstruction �*p+18Xin �*p+18Xthe �*p+18Xmargin.�*p1962Y�(16535X8�*p2204Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PPe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xhe district court's refusal to give�*p2404Y�*p450Xa more exacting charge.  See United States v. Blais, 98 F.3d 647,�*p2604Y�*p450X6�*p+2X5�*p+2X0�*p+2X �*p+78X(1st �*p+76XCir. �*p+76X1996) �*p+76X(upholding �*p+76Xa �*p+76Xsubstantially �*p+76Xidentical�*p2804Y�*p450Xi�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xu�*p+2Xction), �*p+32Xcert. �*p+32Xdenied, �*p+32X117 �*p+32XS. �*p+32XCt. �*p+32X1000 �*p+32X(1997); �*p+32Xsee �*p+32Xalso�*p3004Y�*p450XSc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X4�*p-2X31 U.S. 563, 575 (1977) (concluding�*p3204Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xt �*p+26Xsection �*p+26X922(g) �*p+26Xrequires �*p+26Xonly �*p+26X"the �*p+26Xminimal �*p+26Xnexus �*p+26Xthat �*p+26Xthe�*p2410Y�*p1936X�*r1A�*b2M�*b23W��öÿ�€���Ñÿ�øó���ïÿ�à±��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2810Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b34WÊ���ïÿ�€ý���ëÿ�à•���öÿ�€ý���óÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3010Y�*b2M�*b18W��Úÿ�€ô���Óÿ�ü��×��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3670Y�*b2M�*b12W��TM���÷ÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3770Y�*b2M�*b10W��ðÿ�þ��„��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5864Y�*p2340X12�*p564Y�*p450Xfirearm have been, at some time, in interstate commerce"); United�*p764Y�*p450XStates v. Gillies, 851 F.2d 492, 495 (1st Cir. 1988) (same).�*p964Y�*p1050XJ�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xt's �*p+14Xconstitutional �*p+14Xargument �*p+14Xis �*p+14Xa �*p+14Xdead �*p+14Xletter. �*p+14X �*p+14XIn�*p1164Y�*p450XJoost �*p+10XI, �*p+10X92 �*p+10XF.3d �*p+10Xat �*p+10X14, �*p+10Xwe �*p+10Xrejected �*p+10Xthat �*p+10Xvery �*p+10Xargument �*p+10Xand �*p+10Xthus�*p1364Y�*p450Xde�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XB�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X0�*p-2X1 F.3d�*p1564Y�*p450X15�*p-2X5�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X6�*p-2X7�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X9�*p-2X9�*p-2X6�*p-2X)�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xctrine�*p1764Y�*p450X"p�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xessive�*p1964Y�*p450Xstages �*p+18Xof �*p+18Xa �*p+18Xsingle �*p+18Xcase �*p+18Xonce �*p+18Xthose �*p+18Xissues �*p+18Xhave �*p+18Xbeen �*p+18Xdecided");�*p2164Y�*p450XUn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XR�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2X-�*p-2XM�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xz�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X3�*p-2X1�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X2�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X4�*p-2X8�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X5�*p-2X0�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X 1991)�*p2364Y�*p450X(s�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2X)�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XB�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xy�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2X"�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2X.�*p-2X"�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XU�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XStates�*p2564Y�*p450Xv. Bennett, 75 F.3d 40, 49 (1st Cir. 1996).�*p2766Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P6.�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P  Joost's next plaint implicates the district court's�*p3004Y�*p450Xdeterminations �*p+20Xthat �*p+20Xhe �*p+20Xwas �*p+20Xan �*p+20Xarmed �*p+20Xcareer �*p+20Xcriminal �*p+20Xwithin �*p+20Xthe�*p3204Y�*p450Xmeaning of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).  The government founded the "armed�*p3404Y�*p450Xc�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xer �*p+16Xcriminal" �*p+16Xdesignation �*p+16Xon �*p+16Xfour �*p+16XRhode �*p+16XIsland �*p+16Xbreaking-and-�*p3604Y�*p450Xentering �*p+70Xconvictions �*p+70Xand �*p+70Xthe �*p+70Xaforementioned �*p+70Xconviction �*p+70Xfor�*p3804Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X civil rights.  After conducting an�*p4004Y�*p450Xevidentiary hearing, the district court determined that Joost fit�*p4204Y�*p450Xthe statutory description of an armed career criminal.  We detect�*p4404Y�*p450Xn�*p+2Xo�*p+2X �*p+44Xt�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xc�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+44Xof �*p+42Xerror �*p+42Xin �*p+42Xthis �*p+42Xconclusion. �*p+42X �*p+42XIn �*p+42Xall �*p+42Xevents, �*p+42Xthe�*p4604Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xv�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xd�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xtiary �*p+36Xallegations �*p+36Xthat �*p+36XJoost �*p+36Xhawks �*p+36Xin �*p+36Xthis �*p+36Xregard �*p+36Xwere�*p4804Y�*p450Xsquarely �*p+6Xraised �*p+6Xand �*p+6Xdecisively �*p+6Xrepudiated �*p+6Xin �*p+6XJoost �*p+6XI, �*p+6X92 �*p+6XF.3d �*p+6Xat�*p5004Y�*p450X1�*p+2X4�*p+2X, �*p+16Xand �*p+16Xthis �*p+16Xclaim �*p+16Xis �*p+16Xnot �*p+16Xopen �*p+16Xfor �*p+16Xfurther �*p+16Xperscrutation. �*p+16X �*p+16XSee�*p5204Y�*p450XCohen, 101 F.3d at 167; Rivera-Martinez, 931 F.2d at 150.�*p5406Y�*p1050X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0P7.�*p-2X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p-2X �*p-2XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xs�*p-2X a bead on the sentencing�*p5644Y�*p450Xco�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xfelon-in-possession sentence should�*p570Y�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b12W��¤���ìÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p770Y�*b2M�*b18W��ìÿ�øó���èÿ�þ��±��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1170Y�*b2M�*b8W��çÿ��Œ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1370Y�*rB�*p2352X�*r1A�*b2M�*b22W��÷ÿ�üþ���ðÿ�ðó�Úÿ�þÀ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2170Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b18W��Óÿ�àô���Ëÿ�À��æ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2370Y�*rB�*p624X�*r1A�*b2M�*b10W��È�Òÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p2570Y�*b2M�*b10W��èÿ�ø��—��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4810Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b12W��Ö���èÿ�ü·��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5010Y�*b2M�*b12W��TM���÷ÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5210Y�*b2M�*b16W��ðÿ�þo���Êÿ�à„��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5264Y�*p450X �*p-4X �*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X�*p772XS�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2X5�*p-2XG�*p-2X1�*p-2X.3(c) states that, when applicable, "the sentence�*p5222Y�*p738X�*c16535D�*c57E�(s54W���������������H�à� �� �@�@�€�€����€ @À € € € @  @0€���(16535X9�*p-2X�*p5364Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Pfor �*p+40Xthe �*p+40Xinstant �*p+40Xoffense �*p+40Xmay �*p+40Xbe �*p+40Ximposed �*p+40Xto �*p+40Xrun �*p+40Xconcurrently,�*p5464Y�*p450Xpa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xecutively to the prior undischarged�*p5564Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xm�*p+2X �*p+14Xo�*p+2Xf �*p+12Ximprisonment �*p+12Xto �*p+12Xachieve �*p+12Xa �*p+12Xreasonable �*p+12Xpunishment �*p+12Xfor �*p+12Xthe�*p5664Y�*p450Xinstant offense."�*p5864Y�*p2340X13�*p564Y�*p450Xn�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xt�*p+2X �*p+46Xrun �*p+44Xentirely �*p+44Xconcurrently �*p+44Xwith �*p+44Xthe �*p+44Xundischarged �*p+44Xterm �*p+44Xof�*p764Y�*p450Xi�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xonment �*p+66Ximposed �*p+66Xfor �*p+66Xthe �*p+66XHobbs �*p+66XAct �*p+66Xconviction. �*p+66X �*p+66XThis�*p964Y�*p450Xremonstrance �*p+30Xis �*p+30Xproperly �*p+30Xbefore �*p+30Xus, �*p+30Xbut �*p+30Xit �*p+30Xlacks �*p+30Xforce. �*p+30X �*p+30XThe�*p1164Y�*p450Xd�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xtrict �*p+6Xcourt �*p+6Xsentenced �*p+6XJoost �*p+6Xpursuant �*p+6Xto �*p+6XUSSG �*p+6X§5G1.3(c), �*p+6Xas �*p+6Xit�*p1364Y�*p450Xa�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xpeared �*p+8Xin �*p+8Xthe �*p+8X1995 �*p+8Xedition �*p+8Xof �*p+8Xthe �*p+8Xsentencing �*p+8Xguidelines.�*p4034X �*p+8X �*p+8XSee�*p1322Y�*p3998X�(16535X9�*p1564Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PUn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XH�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X9�*p-2X2�*p-2X0�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X2�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X0�*p-2X4�*p-2X0�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X1�*p-2X0�*p-2X4�*p-2X1�*p-2X-�*p-2X4�*p-2X2�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2X1�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2X.�*p-2X 1990)�*p1764Y�*p450X(e�*p-2Xx�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xx�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xof the�*p1964Y�*p450Xgu�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe of sentencing controls).  Joost's�*p2164Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xential �*p+26Xargument �*p+26Xis �*p+26Xthat �*p+26Xthe �*p+26Xdistrict �*p+26Xcourt �*p+26Xshould �*p+26Xnot �*p+26Xhave�*p2364Y�*p450Xe�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xl�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xy�*p+2Xed �*p+12Xsection �*p+12X5G1.3(c) �*p+12Xat �*p+12Xall, �*p+12Xbut �*p+12Xshould �*p+12Xhave �*p+12Xemployed �*p+12XUSSG�*p2564Y�*p450X§5�*p-2XG�*p-2X1�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2X(�*p-2Xb�*p-2X)�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xq�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xoncurrent discharge of two terms of�*p2764Y�*p450Xi�*p+2Xm�*p+2Xp�*p+2Xr�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xonment �*p+12Xif �*p+12Xthe �*p+12Xconduct �*p+12Xthat �*p+12Xunderlies �*p+12Xone �*p+12Xoffense �*p+12Xhas �*p+12Xbeen�*p2964Y�*p450Xfully taken into account in determining the offense level for the�*p3164Y�*p450Xo�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xr �*p+44Xoffense, �*p+44Xand �*p+44Xshould �*p+44Xhave �*p+44Xordered �*p+44Xthe �*p+44Xentire �*p+44Xfelon-in-�*p3364Y�*p450Xpo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xurrently with the earlier Hobbs Act�*p3564Y�*p450Xsentence.�*p3764Y�*p1050XT�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+26Xc�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xoice �*p+24Xbetween �*p+24XUSSG �*p+24X§5G1.3(b) �*p+24Xand �*p+24XUSSG �*p+24X§5G1.3(c)�*p3964Y�*p450Xusually �*p+36Xturns �*p+36Xupon �*p+36Xthe �*p+36Xextent �*p+36Xto �*p+36Xwhich �*p+36Xthe �*p+36Xtwo �*p+36Xoffenses �*p+36Xare�*p4164Y�*p450Xrelated, �*p+36Xand �*p+34Xsuch �*p+34Xrelatedness �*p+34Xinquiries �*p+34Xare �*p+34Xnecessarily �*p+34Xfact-�*p4364Y�*p450Xse�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xate review is for clear error.  See�*p4564Y�*p450XUn�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xv�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2XS�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2X3�*p-2X1�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2X.�*p-2X3d 595, 599 (8th Cir. 1994); United�*p4764Y�*p450XS�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xs�*p+2X �*p+22Xv�*p+2X.�*p+2X �*p+22XMcCaskey, �*p+20X9 �*p+20XF.3d �*p+20X368, �*p+20X382 �*p+20X(5th �*p+20XCir. �*p+20X1993); �*p+20Xsee �*p+20Xalso�*p4964Y�*p450XUnited �*p+6XStates �*p+6Xv. �*p+6XShewmaker, �*p+6X936 �*p+6XF.2d �*p+6X1124, �*p+6X1129 �*p+6X(10th �*p+6XCir. �*p+6X1991)�*p1370Y�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b12W��TM���÷ÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1570Y�*b2M�*b18W��Óÿ�àô���Ýÿ�€��Ô��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4370Y�*b2M�*b12W��TM���÷ÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4570Y�*b2M�*b26W��Óÿ�àô���èÿ�À��ü���ìÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4770Y�*b2M�*b34W��ëÿ�àð���äÿ�à��õ���÷ÿ�þý���óÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p4970Y�*b2M�*b16W��Ñÿ�Àò�àÿ�ü��Ô��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p5064Y�*p450X �*p+52X �*p+52X �*p+52X �*p+52X �*p+52X�*p1046XJoost �*p+52Xhimself �*p+52Xasserted �*p+52Xthat �*p+52Xthe �*p+52Xtwo �*p+52Xoffenses �*p+52Xwere�*p5022Y�*p1010X�*c16535D�*c58E�(s54W���������������Hÿð€�€�� � � �@�@�@�€�€�€���������������(16535X:�*p5164Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Pd�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xinguishable �*p+14Xwhen �*p+14Xhe �*p+14Xsuccessfully �*p+14Xmoved �*p+14Xfor �*p+14Xseverance �*p+14Xof �*p+14Xthe�*p5264Y�*p450XHo�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2XA�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X-�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X-�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xg�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xtrial.�*p5364Y�*p450XWe�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xw�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xm�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xb�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2X ways.�*p5464Y�*p450XS�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xe�*p+2X �*p+12XU�*p+2Xnited �*p+10XStates �*p+10Xv. �*p+10XTierney, �*p+10X760 �*p+10XF.2d �*p+10X382, �*p+10X388 �*p+10X(1st �*p+10XCir. �*p+10X1985)�*p5564Y�*p450X("Having one's cake and eating it, too, is not in fashion in this�*p5664Y�*p450Xcircuit.").�*p5864Y�*p2340X14�*p564Y�*p450X(using clear error standard to review "the district court's fact-�*p764Y�*p450Xi�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xensive �*p+6Xinquiry" �*p+6Xinto �*p+6Xwhether �*p+6Xtwo �*p+6Xoffenses �*p+6Xare �*p+6Xrelated �*p+6Xfor �*p+6Xthe�*p964Y�*p450Xpurpose �*p+30Xof �*p+30Xsentencing). �*p+30X �*p+30XThe �*p+30Xinquiry �*p+30Xis �*p+30Xinformed �*p+30Xby �*p+30Xthe �*p+30Xcore�*p1164Y�*p450Xpu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2X5�*p-2XG�*p-2X1�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2X(�*p-2Xb�*p-2X)�*p-2X:�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X"�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X would�*p1364Y�*p450Xr�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xult �*p+6Xfrom �*p+6Xreceiving �*p+6Xa �*p+6Xsecond �*p+6Xsentence �*p+6Xfor �*p+6Xactivities �*p+6Xthat �*p+6Xwere�*p1564Y�*p450Xconsidered �*p+20Xas �*p+20Xrelevant �*p+20Xconduct �*p+20Xin �*p+20Xa �*p+20Xprior �*p+20Xproceeding." �*p+20X �*p+20XUnited�*p1764Y�*p450XStates �*p+12Xv. �*p+12XKimble, �*p+12X107 �*p+12XF.3d �*p+12X712, �*p+12X714-15 �*p+12X(9th �*p+12XCir.) �*p+12X(citation �*p+12Xand�*p1964Y�*p450Xi�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xernal �*p+6Xquotation �*p+6Xmarks �*p+6Xomitted), �*p+6Xcert. �*p+6Xdenied, �*p+6X117 �*p+6XS. �*p+6XCt. �*p+6X2471�*p2164Y�*p450X(1997).�*p2364Y�*p1050XI�*p+2Xn�*p+2X �*p+26Xt�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xs �*p+24Xcase, �*p+24XJudge �*p+24XTorres �*p+24Xeschewed �*p+24Xsection �*p+24X5G1.3(b)�*p2564Y�*p450Xb�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xc�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xuse �*p+44Xhe �*p+44Xfound �*p+44Xthat �*p+44Xthe �*p+44XHobbs �*p+44XAct �*p+44Xand �*p+44Xfelon-in-possession�*p2764Y�*p450Xo�*p+2Xf�*p+2Xf�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xs�*p+2Xes �*p+12Xwere �*p+12Xdistinct. �*p+12X �*p+12XThat �*p+12Xfinding �*p+12Xis �*p+12Xnot �*p+12Xclearly �*p+12Xerroneous.�*p2964Y�*p450XI�*p+2Xn�*p+2Xdeed, �*p+22Xnothing �*p+22Xin �*p+22Xthe �*p+22Xrecord �*p+22Xindicates �*p+22Xa �*p+22Xnecessary �*p+22Xconnection�*p3164Y�*p450Xbetween �*p+18Xthe �*p+18XHobbs �*p+18XAct �*p+18Xand �*p+18Xfelon-in-possession �*p+18Xoffenses.�*p3894X �*p+18X �*p+18XJoost�*p3122Y�*p3858X�(16535X:�*p3364Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0Pob�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2XO�*p-2X'�*p-2XD�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2XD�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2XP�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xick-up�*p3564Y�*p450Xon�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xd�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xk�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X Rhode�*p3764Y�*p450XIsland.  The discussions and actions that formed the bases of the�*p3964Y�*p450Xt�*p+2Xw�*p+2Xo�*p+2X �*p+38Xv�*p+2Xi�*p+2Xolations �*p+36Xfocused �*p+36Xon �*p+36Xdifferent �*p+36Xsubjects �*p+36Xand �*p+36Xoccurred �*p+36Xin�*p4164Y�*p450Xdifferent �*p+40Xtime �*p+40Xframes �*p+40Xand �*p+40Xat �*p+40Xdifferent �*p+40Xplaces. �*p+40X �*p+40XUnder �*p+40Xthese�*p4364Y�*p450Xci�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xw�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xat the�*p4564Y�*p450Xtwo offenses were not sufficiently interrelated to give rise to a�*p4764Y�*p450Xmandatory �*p+10Xconcurrent �*p+10Xsentence �*p+10Xon �*p+10Xthe �*p+10Xfelon-in-possession �*p+10Xcharge.�*p1570Y�*p3984X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��ìÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1770Y�*rB�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b18W��ìÿ�øñ���ìÿ�ø�� ̄��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p1970Y�*b2M�*b18W��ü��?ïÿý���ìÿ�ø¤��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5470Y�*b2M�*b24W��÷ÿ�üý��?Ñÿ�üñ�çÿ�À��Þ��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��*b0M�*p4964Y�*p450X �*p-4X �*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2X�*p772XJ�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X'�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xther contention that his sentence violates the Ex�*p4922Y�*p738X�*c16535D�*c59E�(s54W���������������H�� €@@€ € € € @@ €?€@@À`€ € € € @@ €���(16535X;�*p-2X�*p5064Y�*p450X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PPo�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2XF�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2XC�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xn�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xu�*p-2Xs�*p-2X.�*p-2X �*p-2X �*p-2XT�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xon his�*p5164Y�*p450Xth�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xshould have applied the 1994 rather�*p5264Y�*p450Xthan �*p+20Xthe �*p+20X1995 �*p+20Xversion �*p+20Xof �*p+20Xthe �*p+20Xguidelines �*p+20Xbecause �*p+20Xthe �*p+20Xcommentary�*p5364Y�*p450Xfo�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2X5�*p-2XG�*p-2X1�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2X(�*p-2Xb�*p-2X)�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xe�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xs�*p-2X �*p-2Xm�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xndant-�*p5464Y�*p450Xfr�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xw�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xferent) commentary appearing in the�*p5564Y�*p450Xl�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xt�*p+2Xe�*p+2Xr�*p+2X. �*p+36X �*p+36XBut �*p+36XJudge �*p+36XTorres �*p+36Xsupportably �*p+36Xconcluded �*p+36Xthat �*p+36Xneither�*p5664Y�*p450Xversion of section 5G1.3(b) was in play.�*p5864Y�*p2340X15�*p564Y�*p450XSee �*p+36Xgenerally �*p+34XUSSG �*p+34X§1B1.3(a)(1) �*p+34X(defining �*p+34Xrelevant �*p+34Xconduct �*p+34Xto�*p764Y�*p450Xinclude actions "occurr[ing] during the commission of the offense�*p964Y�*p450Xof�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xp�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xr�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xe�*p-2X,�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xe�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xrse of�*p1164Y�*p450Xat�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xm�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xd�*p-2X �*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xp�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xb�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xy�*p-2X �*p-2Xf�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xr�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xo�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xf�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xnse");�*p1364Y�*p450XUS�*p-2XS�*p-2XG�*p-2X �*p-2X§�*p-2X1�*p-2XB�*p-2X1�*p-2X.�*p-2X3�*p-2X(�*p-2Xa�*p-2X)�*p-2X(�*p-2X2�*p-2X)�*p-2X �*p-2X(�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xg�*p-2X �*p-2Xt�*p-2Xh�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xr�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xv�*p-2Xa�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xc�*p-2Xo�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xt�*p-2X �*p-2Xa�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xs�*p-2Xo�*p-2X �*p-2Xi�*p-2Xn�*p-2Xc�*p-2Xl�*p-2Xu�*p-2Xd�*p-2Xe�*p-2Xs acts�*p1564Y�*p450X"that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or�*p1764Y�*p450Xplan as the offense of conviction").�*p1964Y�*p1050XT�*p+2Xh�*p+2Xa�*p+2Xt �*p+6Xends �*p+6Xthe �*p+6Xmatter. �*p+6X �*p+6XInasmuch �*p+6Xas �*p+6XUSSG �*p+6X§5G1.3(b) �*p+6Xdoes�*p2164Y�*p450Xn�*p+2Xo�*p+2Xt�*p+2X �*p+16Xapply �*p+14Xand �*p+14XUSSG �*p+14X§5G1.3(c) �*p+14X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+14Xwhich �*p+14Xdoes �*p+14Xapply �*p+14X�(16536XF�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0P �*p+14Xspecifically�*p2364Y�*p450Xauthorizes the imposition of a sentence partially concurrent with�*p2564Y�*p450Xan �*p+30Xundischarged �*p+30Xterm �*p+30Xof �*p+30Ximprisonment �*p+30X"to �*p+30Xachieve �*p+30Xa �*p+30Xreasonable�*p2764Y�*p450Xp�*p+2Xu�*p+2Xnishment �*p+22Xfor �*p+22Xthe �*p+22Xinstant �*p+22Xoffense," �*p+22XJoost's �*p+22Xargument �*p+22Xthat �*p+22Xthe�*p2964Y�*p450Xlower court deviated from the guidelines is unavailing.�*p2922Y�(16535X;�*p3164Y�*p1050X�(0N�(s3t0b0s12.00v10.00h0PWe �*p+20Xneed �*p+20Xgo �*p+20Xno �*p+20Xfurther. �*p+20X �*p+20XAlthough �*p+20XJoost �*p+20Xhas �*p+20Xcarefully�*p3364Y�*p450Xcombed the record in search of reversible error, there is none to�*p3564Y�*p450Xbe found.  Accordingly, his conviction and sentence must be�*p3966Y�*p450X�(19U�(s4099t3b0s10h0PAffirmed.�*p570Y�*p448X�*r1A�*b2M�*b18W��÷ÿ�àü���àÿ�€��¥��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p3972Y�*b2M�*b10W��äÿ�€�����*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*p5570Y�*rB�*p3920X�*r1A�*b2M�*b8W��èÿ�þå��*b3M�*b0W�*b0W�*rB��E�%-12345X
```