T.C. Summary Opinion 2013-91

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

GALE JORDAN, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

LORA A. JARRETT, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket Nos. 3058-12S, 3059-12S. Filed November 18, 2013.

Latif Oduola-Owoo, for petitioners.

Christopher D. Bradley, for respondent.

SUMMARY OPINION

BUCH, Judge: These cases were heard pursuant to section 7463 of the

Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petitions were filed. Pursuant to

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Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal 1

(continued...)
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section 7463(b), the decisions to be entered are not reviewable by any other court,

and this opinion may not be treated as precedent for any other case.

Respondent determined a deficiency of $900 in petitioner Gale Jordan’s

Federal income tax for 2008 and an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a)

of $180. Respondent determined a deficiency of $3,385 in petitioner Lora A.

Jarrett’s Federal income tax for 2008 and an accuracy-related penalty under

section 6662(a) of $677. The issues for decision are: (1) whether petitioners were

carrying on a rental property business in 2008 and (2) whether petitioners are

liable for the accuracy-related penalties. We find that the property was not placed

in service in 2008 and thus petitioners may not deduct the expenses relating to the

property for 2008. Further, petitioners are liable for their respective accuracyrelated penalties.

Background

At the time petitioners filed their petitions, they resided in Virginia. 

Petitioners purchased a single-family house in Virginia on August 25, 2008. 

Petitioner Gale Jordan made repairs of $3,500 and reported other expenses of

$6,622 relating to the property on her 2008 Schedule E, Supplemental Income and

(...continued) 1

Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the year in issue, and all Rule references are to

the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
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Loss. Petitioner Lora A. Jarrett made repairs of $5,064 and reported other

expenses of $8,614 relating to the property on her 2008 Schedule E. Petitioners

purchased the house with the intent to rent it, but it was not actually rented at any

time in 2008.

Petitioners’ sole rental applicant in 2008 applied to rent the house on July

16, 2008, which was before petitioners acquired it. However, petitioners did not

check the 2008 applicant’s creditworthiness until November 24, 2008. As a result

of that credit check, petitioners determined they would not rent the house to the

2008 applicant.

Petitioners had a second rental applicant in 2009, a woman who applied to

rent the house on January 30, 2009. The 2009 applicant was eligible for Section 8

housing assistance. After the application, HUD sent an inspector, who stated that 2

additional repairs to the house were required before the applicant could rent it. 

Petitioner Lora A. Jarrett testified at trial regarding the inspection, stating: 

The Section 8 housing program under the United States Housing Act of 2

1937 authorizes a private landlord who rents to a low-income tenant to receive

assistance payments from the Department of Housing and Urban Development

(HUD) in an amount calculated to make up the difference between the tenant’s

rent payments and the contract rent agreed upon by the landlord and HUD. See

Cisneros v. Albine Ridge Grp., 508 U.S. 10, 12 (1993); see also 42 U.S.C. sec.

1437f (2006).
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because it was Section 8, at the time that she put in her application

and we thought it okay, Section 8 sent an inspector out, and we had a

few additional things that we had to do before they would--took--

finally approved her application. So to us, yes, it was [ready for rent],

until they came back and said, we need you to do these things. And

we did them, and that’s when she was able to move in.

The second applicant moved into the house in March 2009. Petitioners reported a

placed-in-service date for the house of March 1, 2009, on their respective 2009

Forms 4562, Depreciation and Amortization.

On December 1, 2011, respondent issued a notice of deficiency to each

petitioner determining that the house was not ready and available to rent in 2008

and thus the expenses petitioners incurred for the property should have been

capitalized. As a result of that determination respondent recharacterized their

claimed real estate tax payments and mortgage interest payments as itemized

deductions. These adjustments also caused a computational adjustment to

petitioner Lora A. Jarrett’s recovery rebate credit. Additionally, respondent

determined an accuracy-related penalty for each petitioner under section 6662(a).

Petitioners timely filed petitions disputing respondent’s determinations.

Discussion

Section 162(a) generally allows a deduction for ordinary and necessary

expenses paid in connection with carrying on a trade or business. Section 212
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generally allows a deduction for expenses paid or incurred in connection with an

activity engaged in for the production or collection of income or for the

management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of

income. Such expenses, however, must be associated with a trade or business or

other income-producing activity that is functioning at the time the expenses are

incurred. A taxpayer is not carrying on a trade or business for section 162(a) 3

purposes until the business is functioning as a going concern and performing the

activities for which it was organized. Business operations with respect to the

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activity must have actually commenced. “Until that time, expenses related to that 5

activity are not ‘ordinary and necessary’ expenses currently deductible under

section 162 (nor are they deductible under section 212) but rather are ‘start-up’ or

Hardy v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 684, 687 (1989), aff’d in part, remanded

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in part, 1990 U.S. App. LEXIS 19670 (10th Cir. Oct. 29, 1990); see also Woody v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-93, aff’d, 403 Fed. Appx. 519 (D.C. Cir. 2010);

Glotov v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-147. 

Richmond Television Corp. v. United States, 345 F.2d 901, 907 (4th Cir. 4

1965), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 382 U.S. 68 (1965); see also

Glotov v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-147.

McKelvey v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-63, aff’d, 76 Fed. Appx. 5

806 (9th Cir. 2003).
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‘pre-opening’ expenses.” Startup expenses, although not currently deductible,

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may generally be deducted over time pursuant to section 195.

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Whether a taxpayer’s activities constitute the carrying on of a trade or

business requires an examination of the facts and circumstances of each case. 

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The Court has focused on three factors to indicate the existence of a trade or

business: (1) whether the taxpayer undertook the activity intending to earn a

profit; (2) whether the taxpayer is regularly and actively involved in the activity;

and (3) whether the taxpayer’s activity has actually commenced.

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The parties have stipulated to the first factor.

With respect to the second factor, in 2008 petitioners were not yet regularly

and actively involved in the activity. Petitioners’ activity was property rental. To

support the assertion that they were regularly and actively involved in holding out

Woody v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-93 (citing Hardy v. 6

Commissioner, 93 T.C. at 687-688).

Woody v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-93.

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Woody v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-93; see also Commissioner v.

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Groetzinger, 480 U.S. 23, 36 (1987); Higgins v. Commissioner, 312 U.S. 212

(1941); O’Donnell v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 781 (1974), aff’d without published

opinion, 519 F.2d 1406 (7th Cir. 1975).

See Woody v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-93; see also McManus v. 9

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-457, aff’d without published opinion, 865 F.2d

255 (4th Cir. 1988).
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the house for rent in 2008, petitioners state that they engaged in word-of-mouth

advertising throughout 2008. However, the only evidence of actively working to

rent the property is the single 2008 rental application that was completed more

than a month before petitioners owned the property. There is no evidence

supporting any advertising in 2008 after petitioners purchased the house. Instead,

the evidence reflects that petitioners did not attempt to rent the house immediately

after they purchased it; rather, they made repairs to it. It appears the first time they

turned their attention back to renting the house was November 24, 2008, when

they checked the creditworthiness of the first applicant. Alternatively, the facts

supporting petitioners’ claim that they were regularly actively engaged in renting

out the property in 2009 include the 2009 application, the communications with

HUD for the Section 8 program, the HUD inspection, the additional repairs

required and made, and the 2009 applicant’s actually renting the house starting in

March 2009.

The third factor requires that the activity has actually commenced. The

mere purchase of a property is not enough if that property is not held out for rent

or actually rented. The fact that a taxpayer was looking for or secured a tenant 10

before actually purchasing the property is not sufficient to indicate the start of a

Charlton v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 333, 338 (2000). 10
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business. Therefore, petitioners’ word-of-mouth advertising and solicitation of

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the 2008 application before they owned the house does not rise to the level of

starting a business. A taxpayer is not carrying on a trade or business under section

162(a) until the business is functioning as a going concern and performing the

activities for which it was organized. Therefore, until the repairs are completed 12

and the house is held out for rent or actually rented, petitioners’ business is not

functioning as a going concern. It is notable that HUD required additional repairs

before it would agree that the house was suitable for rental by the 2009 applicant. 

From that, it is clear that the house was not ready to be occupied in 2008.

We also find it noteworthy that both petitioners reported a placed-in-service

date for the house of March 1, 2009, on their 2009 Federal income tax returns.13

A review of the record reflects that petitioners were not regularly and

actively involved in renting out the property in 2008. The activity did not

commence until sometime in 2009, when the 2009 application was submitted, 

Johnsen v. Commissioner, 83 T.C. 103 (1984), rev’d on other grounds, 11

794 F.2d 1157 (6th Cir. 1986); Woody v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-93.

Richmond Television Corp. v. United States, 345 F.2d at 907; see also 12

Golotov v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-147. 

See Mendes v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. 308, 312 (2003) (finding that

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positions taken in a tax return signed by a taxpayer may be treated as admissions).
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petitioners had dealings with HUD, the house was made suitable for occupancy,

and the house was actually rented. Petitioners have not met their burden to show

that the startup phase was completed and that the business began in 2008. Thus,

the repairs and other expenses relating to the property were not ordinary and

necessary business expenses for 2008 and are considered startup expenses that

cannot be currently deducted.

Accuracy-related penalty

Section 6662(a) and (b)(1) imposes a 20% penalty on any portion of an

underpayment that is attributable to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.

The term “negligence” includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to

comply with the provisions of the Code; the term “disregard” includes any

careless, reckless, or intentional disregard. Neither petitioner disputed the 14

penalty in her petition or an amended petition. Rule 41(b) provides for issues to

be tried by consent. Petitioners retained counsel for trial, but they did not raise the

issue of penalties at trial. Therefore, each petitioner is liable for the accuracyrelated penalty for 2008.

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Sec. 6662(c). 14

See Rule 34(b)(4). 15
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Conclusion

We conclude that the house was not placed in service in 2008; therefore,

petitioners are not entitled to deduct expenses related to the house on their

respective 2008 Schedules E. Further, petitioners are liable for their respective

accuracy-related penalties for 2008.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decisions will be entered for

respondent.