IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA 18

- 712

Filed: 2 June 2020

Beaufort County, No. 15 CVS 262
Carteret County, No. 16 CVS 1272
SOUND RIVERS, INC. and NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL FEDERATION, INC., Petitioners,

v. N.C. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES, Respondent, MARTIN MARIETTA MATERIALS, INC., Respondent

Intervenor

.

Appeal by respondent North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality,

Division of Water Resources, respondent

- intervenor Martin Marietta Materials, Inc.
,
and cross

- appeal by petitioners Sound Rivers, Inc. and North Carolina Coastal

Federation, Inc., from order s e ntered 13 November 2015 by Judge W. Douglas
Parsons in Superior Court, Beaufort County, 30 October 2017, 4 December 2017, and
20 December 2017 by Judge Joshua W. Willey, Jr in Superior Court, Carteret County.

Heard in the Court of Appeals 22 May 2019

.

Sou thern Environmental Law Center, by Geoffrey R. Gisler, Blakely E. Hildebrand
, and Jean Zhuang, for petitioner

- appellee s

. Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Asher P. Spiller and Assistant Attorney General Scott A. Conklin, for respondent

appellant.
Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, L.L.P., by Matthew B. Tynan, George W. House, Alexa nder Elkan and V. Randall Tinsley, for respondent

- intervenor

- appellant.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

- 2

- STROUD
, Judge.

This case arises from the issuance of a N ational Pollutant Discharge

E limination System Permit (“Permit”) by respondent North Carolina Department of
Environmental Quality, Division of Water Resources (“DEQ”) to respondent

intervenor Martin Marietta Materials, Inc., (“ Martin Marietta ”) allowing r espondent

Martin Marietta to discharge waste water from Vanceboro Qua rry (“quarry”) into

“ unnamed tributaries to Blounts Creek [.] ” The Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) of
the Office of Administrative Hearings (“OAH”) entered a f inal d ecision affirming the

issuance of the Permit. Petitioners Sound Rivers, Inc. and North Carolina Coastal
Federation, Inc. (“Petitioners”) filed a petition for judicial review with the superior

court

. 1 The superior court reversed the ALJ’s f inal d ecision based upon a failure to
“ensure reasonable compl iance with the biological integrity standard” (“biological
integrity standard”) found in the North Carolina Administrative Code (“ Code ”) but
concluded that the Permit was in compliance with other water quality standards,
including “swamp waters supplementa l classification and the state antidegradation
rule” (“swamp waters”) and pH (“pH standards”)

.

1 Petitioner Sound Rivers, Inc. was known as the Pamlico

- Tar River Foundation when the original petition for a contested case hearing was filed; it noted its name had changed to Sound Rivers, Inc. effective 1 April 2015 in its 20 April 2015 petition for judicial review. For simplicity, we will refer to the petitioner throughout th is opinion as Sound Rivers.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

- 3

- Respondent Martin Marietta and respondent DEQ appeal from the superior
court’s order reversing the ALJ’s order due to its conclusion on biological integrity

sta ndards. Petitioners cross

- appeal from the superior court’s order based upon its

conclusion th at the Permit reasonably ensured compliance with water quality
standards regarding swam p waters and pH standards. We note at the outset that at

all stages of the proceedings , the parties have filed numerous documents, including

briefs, motions, proposed drafts of order s , responses, and exhibits; in this opinion we

will mention only those documents relevant to the issue on appeal as the documents

are so voluminous, but we have reviewed all of the documents before us and a fter
review of the briefs, record, and transcripts, we affirm the superior court’s order as to
swamp waters and pH standards and r everse as to the biological integrity standard.

I. Fa ctual and Procedural B ackground
In September of 2013, Sound Rivers and North Carolina Coastal Federation
filed a petition for a contested case hearing on DEQ’s issuance of the Permit on 24
July 2013 to Martin Marietta

. According to the petition, t he Permit authorized

Martin Marietta to “ the discharg e of 12 million gallons of mine wastewater into
tributaries of Blounts Creek each day .” Petitioners alleged the Permit violated
“applicable laws” attached and incorporated into the petition.

The Permit was issued under the provisions of North Carolina General Statute
§ 143

- 215.1 and “ other lawful standards and regulations promulgated and adoptedS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- by the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission, and the Federal

Water Pollution Control Act, as amended [

. ] ” The Permit was effective on 1 September
2013 and would expire on 31 August 2018. 2 The Permit allowed Martin Marietta to
discharge water pumped from its quarry “ from two pit clarification ponds” identified

on an attached map into “receiving waters designated as unnamed tributaries to

Blounts Creek in the Tar

- Pamlico River Basin in accordance with effluent limitations,
monitoring requirements, and other conditions set f orth in Part s I, II, and III” of the

Permit. The supplement to the Permit cover sheet noted that the “unnamed
tributary” into which the waste water would be discharged was “classified as C

Swamp NSW waters in the Tar

- Pamlico River Basin.” In this opinion, we will refer

to the waters into which waste water from the quarry would be discharged as “Blounts

Creek.”

I n September of 2013, respondent DEQ submitted a prehearing statement
identifying the issues to be resolved as

2 No party has argued this case may be moot based upon the fact that the Permit as issued would have expired in 2018. “A case is ‘moot’ when a determination is sought on a matter which, when rendered, cannot have any practical effect on the existing contro versy. Thus, the case at bar is moot if an intervening event had the effect of leaving plaintiff with no available remedy. A moot claim is not justiciable, and a trial court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over a non

- justiciable claim. Moreove r, if the issues before the court become moot at any time during the course of the proceedings, the usual response is to dismiss the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” Cumberland Cnty. Hosp. Sys., Inc. v. N.C. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs.
, 242 N.C. App. 524, 528

- 29, 776 S.E.2d 329, 333 (2015) (citations, quotation marks, brackets omitted). But an exception to the mootness doctrine applies to this case because it is “capable of repetition, yet evading review[.]” Id. at 529, 776 S.E.2d at 3 33

- 3 4 (“Two elements are required for the capable of repetition, yet evading review exception to apply: (1) the challenged action is in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation or expiration, and (2) there is a reasonable expect ation that the same complaining party would be subjected to the same action again.” (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted)).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- [(1)] whether Respondent, properly iss ued the Permit pursuant to Article 21, Chapter 143 of the North Carolina General Statutes and the applicable rules promulgated thereunder, including but not limited to 15 A NCAC 2B.0200 et. seq. ; and [(2)] whether Respondent, in issuing the Permit substanti ally prejudiced Petitioner’s rights and erred in one or more of the five ways enumerated in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 23(a).

Martin Marietta , who had intervened, also submitted a prehearing statement

contending the Permit “would not violate water quality st andards” and noted that

the Permit had been issued “ after years of pre

- permitting work, the submission of

engineering, economic, and ecological studies and materials by Martin Marietta, and
extensive review and analysis by DWR [, Division of Water Resource s,] and other
state and federal government agencies. ” Martin Marietta contended state and federal
regulatory personnel had thoroughly analyzed the proposed permit over about
eighteen months, including “ site visits, field work, numero us communications and
meetings, the further submission of materials and studies by Martin Marietta, and
public comment and a public hearing, in which Petitioners and their members and

counsel participated. ” Thus, Martin Marietta contended state and federa l regulatory
personnel had already considered the “claims asserted by Petitioner s in this contested

case ” and DEQ “c orrectly concluded that the proposed discharge allowed by the NPDS
Permit would not violate water quality standards and lawfully and appropr iately

issued the NPDES Permit. ”

On 6 November 2013, P etitioners filed their prehearing statement contendingS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- that the Permit did not comply with biological integrity standards, protection of

swamp waters, and pH standards, and identifying the issues as :

1

. The Clean Water Act and state laws implementing it prohibit discharges that violate any water quality standard. State water quality standards for waters like Blounts Creek prohibit any discharge that will make a waterbody unsuitable for native plant s and animals, violating its “biological integrity.” Martin Marietta’s proposed discharge of 12 million gallons of mine wastewater per day into Blounts Creek would displace native fish, macroinvertebrates (insects, mollusks, crayfish, etc.) and plant s. Did DWR exceed its authority, act erroneously, fail to use proper procedure, act arbitrarily or capriciously or fail to act as required by rule or law “err”) by authorizing the discharge?

2. The Clean Water Act and state laws implementing it prohibit discharges that violate any water quality standard. The state water quality standard for pH is the normal pH for the waterbody receiving a discharge, which is between 4.0 and 5.5 in Blounts Creek. Did DWR err by authorizing a discharge th at would raise the pH in the creek to a minimum of 6.3 to 6.9?

3. The Clean Water Act and state laws implementing it require classification of waters to protect existing uses. North Carolina has classified Blounts Creek as swamp waters to protect ch aracteristics unique to these waters, including low flow and velocity, low pH, and high tannin levels. Did DWR err by issuing a permit for a discharge that will cause Blounts Creek to have higher flow and velocity, near neutral pH, and low tannin lev els, thereby no longer qualifying as swamp waters?

In November of 2014 P etitioner s file d a motion for su mmary judgment on theS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- issues of whether Petitioners were “ persons aggrieved” under North Carolina’s

Administrative Procedure Act and whether DWR had exceeded its authority or failed
to act as required by law based upon failure to ensure compliance with the biological
integrity water quality standard
, the pH water quality standard , and Blounts Creek’s
swamp waters classification. Petitioners also submitted numerous affidavits to

support their motion. On 25 November 2014, Martin Marietta filed a motion for
summary judgment.

On 23 March 2015, the ALJ entered an order granting summary judgment for

respondents. The order stated at length the undisp uted facts and conclud ed

“ P etitioners are not ‘ P ersons A ggrieved [;] ’ ” “Respondent’s Decision to Issue the

Permit was Not in V iolation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 23(a) [ ; ]” “R esp ondent Ensured
Compliance with Biological Integrity S tandard [ ; ]” “Respondent Ensu red Compliance
with pH Water Quality S tandards [ ; ]” and “Respondent Protected Existing U ses [

. ]”

The ALJ also noted the “Re

- opener P rovision” of the Permit :

The permit issued to the Respondent

- Intervenor allows the Respondent to re

- open and modify the per mit if water quality standards are threatened or other monitored data cause concern. Even if Petitioner provided evidence of specific and particularized potential violations of water quality standards, the re

- opener provision assures reasonable compliance with those standards.

In summary, the ALJ concluded,

There is no evidence that Petitioners’ rights have been substantially prejudiced, or that RespondentS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to use proper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failed to act as required by law or rule.
For the reasons discussed herein, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Respondent’s Motion for Summary Judgment is allowed; Respondent

- Intervenor’s Motion for Summar y J udgment is allowed. Petitioner s ’ Motion for Summary Judgment is denied, and Petitioners are not entitled to the relief requested in the petition.

On 20 April 2015, P etitioners filed a petition for judicial review of the summary
judgment order contesting the ALJ’s determinations

. On 20 May 2015, Martin

Marietta responded to and filed a motion to dismiss petitioners’ petition for judicial

review
, arguing the superior court did no t have subject matter jurisdiction because

petitioners are not “ persons aggrieved ” and therefore not entitled to judicial review.

On 13 November 2015, the superior court entered i ts order denying Martin Marietta ’s
motion to dismiss and denying petitioner’ s petition on all grounds except for the issue

of “ persons aggrieved. ” The superior court concluded petitioners were persons
aggrieved and remanded the matter back to OAH for a “full plenary hearing [

. ] ”
After a “hearing on the merits May 31, 2016 through June 9, 2016[,]” on 30

November 2016, the ALJ issued a 62

- page final decision. The final decision addressed

four primary issues:

Issue 1: “pH Claim”: Whether Petitioners have met their burden of proving that Respondent exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to use proper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failed to act as required by law or rule in determining the NPDESS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the pH water quality standard.
Issue 2: “Swamp Waters Claim”: Whether Petitioners have met their burden of proving that Respondent exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to u se proper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failed to act as required by law or rule in determining the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with water quality standards and regulations related to the “Swamp Waters” supplemental classi fication.
Issue 3: “Biological Integrity Claim”: Whether Petitioners have met their burden proving that Respondent exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to use proper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failed to act as required by law or rule in determining the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity water quality standard.
Issue 4: Substantial Prejudice: Whether Petitioners have met have their burden of proving that Respondent substantially prejudiced Petitioners’ rights in issuing the NPDES Permit.

The ALJ made 311 findings of fact ; we will address some of these findings of

fact below in detail in our discussion of the challenged findings applicable to each

issue. The order ultimately denied Petitioners’ claims based upon two alte rnative
and independent grounds: First, “ Petitioners failed to meet their burden of proving
by a preponderance of evidence that Respondent DWR exceeded its authority or
jurisdiction, acted erroneous ly, acted arbitrarily and capriciously, used improper
procedure, or failed to act as required by law or rule in issuing the NPDES Permit.”S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- Second, as an independent and alternative basis for the ruling, “ Petitioners failed to
carry their burden of proof b y a preponderance of the evidence that their rights have
been substantially prejudiced by Respondent DWR ’s issuance of the NPDES Permit.”

In December of 2016, P etitioners filed a petition in superior court for judicial

review of the ALJ’s final decision. Petitioner s alleged the o rder was in error in that

“ The Final Decision Contains Findings of Fact Unsupported by Substantial Evidence,
Findings That Are Arbitrary, Capricious, or an Abuse Of Discretion, and Findings
Affected By Other Errors Of Law [;]” “T he ALJ’s Conclusion That Petitioners Are Not
Substantially Prejudiced Is Erroneous [;]” “ The ALJ’s Grant of Deference to DWR

Staff And [Martin Marietta] Consultants Is An Error Of Law [;]” “ The ALJ’s

Conclusion That DWR Complied with the Biological Integrity Standard Is

Erroneous [;]” “ The ALJ’s Conclusion That DWR Complied with the pH Standard Is

Erroneous [;]” “ The ALJ’s Conclusions of Law Regarding the Swamp Waters
Classification And Antidegradation Rules Are Erroneous [;]” and “ The ALJ’s

Conclusion That the Required Reopener Provision Ensures Compliance With Water
Quality Standards Is Erroneous [.]”

O n 30 January 2017, Martin Marietta filed a motion to dismiss the petition
under North Carolina General Statute § 150B

- 46 and North Carolina Rule of Civil

Proce dure 12 because the petition for judicial review was not timely served. On 30
October 2017, the superior court denied Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss. On 4S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- December 2017, the superior court denied Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss for

failure to st ate a claim under North Carolina Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
On 20 December 2017, the superior court entered its order on petition for

judicial review. The superior court noted these issues:

I. Did the ALJ err in admitting, considering, or determi ning the credibility or weight of evidence?

II. Did the ALJ err in upholding DWR’s issuance of the Permit as reasonably ensuring compliance with: A. The swamp waters supplemental classification and antidegradation rule; B. The water quality standard f or pH; and C. The water quality standard for biological integrity?

III. Did the ALJ err in holding that the Permit’s monitoring and reopener provisions further reasonably ensure compliance with state water quality standards?

IV. Did the ALJ err in holding that Petitioners failed to prove their rights were substantially prejudiced?

The superior co urt entered its order in paragraph form with no numbered findings of

fact and with two conclusions of law. Ultimately, the superior court concluded
Petitioners were “substantially prejudiced by the issuance of the Permit and are
entitled to the relief sought.” On the substantive issues regarding water quality

standards, the superior court concluded that DEQ “ d id not ensure reasonable
compliance with the biological integrity standard as set forth in 15A N.C.A. C. 02BS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- .211(2), 0220(2), and 0202(11) ” and therefore reversed the final d ecision of the ALJ

and vacated the Permit.
Over the course of 10 days
, all partie s filed written notices of appeal and cross

appeal, seeking review of the following orders:

1. 13 November 2015 orde r granting summary judgment to P etitioners regarding being “ persons aggrieved ” and den y i ng all other matters;

2. 27 February 2017 ruling from the superior court denying Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss and granting Petitioner s ’ motion for extension of time;

3. 30 October 2017 order memorializing 27 February 2017 ruling that denied Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss and granted Petition er s ’ motion for extension of time ;

4. 4 December 2017 order denying Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss, and

5. 20 December 2017 superior court order on the petition for judicial review vacating the Permit

.
II. Preliminary Issues
We begin our analysis by addressing preliminary issues.

A. Martin Marietta ’s Motion to Dismiss
On 30 January 2017, Martin Marietta filed a motion to dismiss the p etition for
judicial review under North Carolina General Statute § 150B

- 46 and North Carolina

Rule of Civil Proced ure 12 because it was not timely served on Martin Marietta . On
30 October 2017, the superior court denied Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss.
North Carolina General Statute § 150B

- 46 (2017) provides, “ Within 10 days after the
petition is filed with the court, the party seeking the review shall serve copies of theS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- petition by personal service or by certified mail upon all who were parties of record to

the administrative proceedings. ” According to the motion, t he petition was filed on

28 December 2016, bu t Martin Marietta was not actually served until 17 January

2017. On 30 October 2017, the superior court denied Martin Marietta ’s motion to

dismiss and extended the time for service.

Martin Marietta relies upon In re State ex rel. Employment Sec urity

Commission , 234 N.C. 651, 68 S.E.2d 311 (1951), arguing Petitioner’s appeal must be

dismissed due to late service of the notice:

There is no inherent or inalienable right of appeal from an inferior court to a Superior Court or from a Superior Court to the Supreme Court. A fortiori , no appeal lies from an order or decision of an administrative agency of the State or from the judgments of special statutory tribunals whose proceedings are not according to the course of the common law, unless the right is gra nted by statute. If the right exists, it is brought into being, and is a right granted, by legislative enactment. There can be no appeal from the decision of an administrative agency except pursuant to specific statutory provision therefor. Obviously t hen, the appeal must conform to the statute granting the right and regulating the procedure. The statutory requirements are mandatory and not directory. They are conditions precedent to obtaining a review by the courts and must be observed. Noncompliance therewith requires dismissal.

. . . . This statement of the grounds of the appeal must be filed within the time allowed for appeal. Its purpose is to give notice to the Commission and adverse parties of the alleged errors committed by the Commission and limit theS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- scope of the hearing in the Superior Court to the specific questions of law raised by the errors assigned. Clearly it was intended, and must be construed, as a condition precedent to the right of appeal. Noncompliance therewith is fatal.

Id. at 653

- 54, 68 S.E.2d at 312 (emphasis added). A lthough the petition for judicial
review was timely filed
, Martin Marietta contends because Petitioners failed to serve
the notice of appeal upon Martin Marietta within 10 days under North Car olina
General Statute § 150B

- 46, the superior court never obtained subject matter
jurisdiction

. The s uperior court thus had no jurisdiction to extend the time for

service , so Martin Marietta ’s motion to dismiss should have been allowed for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction.
We review a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction de novo

. See Hardy ex rel. Hardy v. Beaufort Cty. Bd. of Educ. , 200 N.C. App. 403, 408, 683
S.E.2d 774, 778 (2009) (“Subject matter jurisdiction is a prerequisite for the exercise
of judicial authority over any case or controversy. The standard of review on a motion
to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction i s de novo.
(citation omitted)). While the file stamp is not legible on the petition for judicial

review, Martin Marietta concedes that t he petition was filed with the superior court

on 28 December 2016, and thus within the time perio d established by North Carolina
General Statute § 150B

- 45 to invoke jurisdiction from the final decision entered onS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 30 November 2016. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 45 (2017) 3 (“To obtain judicial review

of a final decision under this Article, the person seek ing review must file a petition
within 30 days after the person is served with a written copy of the decision.”). In NC

Dep artmen t of Pub lic Safety v. Owens
, this Court held “that the superior court has
the authority to grant an extension in time, for goo d cause shown, to a party to serve
the petition beyond the ten days provided for under G.S. 150B

– 46.” 245 N.C. App.
230, 234, 782 S.E.2d 337, 340 (2016). Under Owens , the superior court had subject

matter juri sdiction and properly extended the time for s ervice and thus denied the

motion to dismiss

. See id. Because Martin Marietta raises only the issue of subject

matter jurisdiction in its brief, and not the substance of the good cause shown, we end
our analysis here

. This argument is overruled.

B

. Standing of Petitioners as “ Persons Aggrieved”

Martin Marietta next contends that the superior court erred in determining
that petitioners were substantially prejudiced by DEQ’s issuance of the Permit

.

At the outset, we must determine our standard of review. That standard of review will depend upon the nature of the error alleged in the petition for judicial review. If errors of law are alleged, our review is de novo. If the alleged error is that the final agency decision is not supported by the eviden ce, we employ the whole record test.

Curtis v. N. C. Dep’

t of Transp. , 140 N.C. App. 475, 478, 537 S.E.2d 498, 501 (2000)

3 North Carolina General Statute § 150B

- 45 was amended in 2018; the amendment does not affect this

case. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 45 (2018).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- (citation s and quotation marks omitted).
North Carolina General Statute § 150B

- 23 provides,

(a) A contested case shall be commenced by paying a fee in an amount established in G.S. 150B

- 23.2 and by filing a petition with the Office of Administrative Hearings and, except as provided in Article 3A of this Chapter, shall be conducted by that Office. Th e party who files the petition shall serve a copy of the petition on all other parties and, if the dispute concerns a license, the person who holds the license. A party who files a petition shall file a certificate of service together with the petition. A petition shall be signed by a party, an attorney representing a party, or other representative of the party as may specifically be authorized by law, and, if filed by a party other than an agency, shall state facts tending to establish that the agency na med as the respondent has deprived the petitioner of property, has ordered the petitioner to pay a fine or civil penalty, or has otherwise substantially prejudiced the petitioner ’ s rights and that the agency: (1) Exceeded its authority or jurisdiction; (2) Acted erroneously; (3) Failed to use proper procedure; (4) Acted arbitrarily or capriciously; or (5) Failed to act as required by law or rule. The parties in a contested case shall be given an opportunity for a hearing without undue delay. Any person aggrieved may commence a contested case hereunder.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 23 (a) (2013) (emphasis added)

. 4 Petitioners have not alleged
they were deprived of property or were ordered to pay a fine or civil penalty
, and thus
they must show substantial prejudice. See id. North Carolina General Statute §

4 Subsection(f) was amended in 2018. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 23 (2018).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 150B

- 29 provides, “The party with the burden of proof in a contested case must
establish the facts required by G.S. 150B

- 23(a) by a preponderance of the evidence.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 29 (2013) . Thus, in this case
, petitioners had to establish
substantial prejudice by a preponderance of the evidence. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§

150B

- 23,

- 29.

In Empire Power Co. v. N orth C arolina Department of E nvironmental H ealth

an d N atural R esources , our Supreme Court discussed the meaning of the term
“person aggrieved” in a case with a similar context, arising from issuance of a draft
air quality permit for a proposed turbine electric generating station. 337 N.C. 569,

572, 447 S.E.2d 768, 770 (1994). As explained in Empire Power Co.
,

Under the NCAPA, any “person aggrieved” within the meaning of the organic statute is entitled to an administrative hearing to determine the person’s rights, duties, or privileges. N.C.G.S. § 150B

– 23(a). “‘Person aggrieved’ means any person or group of persons of common interest directly or indirectly affected substantially in his or its person, property, or employment, by an administrative decision.” N.C.G.S. § 150B

– 2(6). Under the predecessor j udicial review statute, which did not define the term, the Court gave it an expansive interpretation:

The expression “person aggrieved” has no technical meaning. What it means depends on the circumstances involved. It has been variously defined: “Adversely or injuriously affected; damnified, having a grievance, having suffered a loss or injury, or injured; also having cause for complaint. More specifically the word(s) may be employed meaning adversely affected in respect of legalS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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Opinion of the Court

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- rights, or suffering from an infringement or denial of legal rights.” In re Assessment of Sales Tax , 259 N.C. at 595, 131 S.E.2d at 446 (quoting 3 C.J.S. Aggrieved , at 509 (1973)). For the following reasons, we conclude that Clark is a “person aggrieved” as defined by the NCAPA wi thin the meaning of the organic statute. Clark alleged that DEHNR issued the permit allowing construction and operation of air emission sources at the LCTS in violation of its statutory and regulatory duties: to act on all permit applications “so as to ef fectuate the [legislative] purpose . . . by reducing existing air pollution and preventing, so far as reasonably possible, any increased pollution of the air from any additional or enlarged sources,” N.C.G.S. § 143

– 215.108(b); to reduce levels of ozone pol lution in the Mecklenburg County area; to assess fully the impact of emissions of air pollutants from the LCTS on levels of ozone pollution in Mecklenburg County; to assess fully the impact of sulfur dioxide emissions from the LCTS; to require air pollutio n control technology adequate to control the emission of potentially harmful pollutants from the LCTS; and to require Duke Power to cause air quality offsets. Clark also alleged that DEHNR issued the permit in violation of its statutory duty to adequately address comments filed by Clark and other members of the public during the public comment period. Clark further alleged that, as the owner of property immediately adjacent to and downwind of the site of the proposed LCTS

— which will emit tons of harmful a ir pollutants if constructed and operated in accordance with its air quality permit

— he and his family will suffer injury to their health, the value of their property, and the quality of life in their home and their community. In enacting the air pollution control provisions, the General Assembly, as noted above, declared its intent to achieve and to maintain for the citizens of the State a total environment of superior quality. Recognizing that the water and air resources of the State belong to the people, the General Assembly affirm[ed] the State’sS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- ultimate responsibility for the preservation and development of these resources in the best interest of all its citizens and declare[d] the prudent utilization of these resources to be essential to the ge neral welfare. N.C.G.S. § 143

- 211. To further that intent, the General Assembly mandated that standards of water and air purity be designed, and programs implemented to achieve those standards, to protect human health, to prevent injury to plant and anim al life, to prevent damage to public and private property , to insure the continued enjoyment of the natural attractions of the State, to encourage the expansion of employment opportunities, to provide a permanent foundation for healthy industrial developme nt and to secure for the people of North Carolina, now and in the future, the beneficial uses of these great natural resources. Id. (emphasis added). Clearly, Clark alleged sufficient injury in fact to interests within the zone of those to be protected an d regulated by the statute, and rules and standards promulgated pursuant thereto, the substantive and procedural requirements of which he asserts the agency violated when it issued the permit

. As an adjacent property owner downwind of the LCTS, Clark may be expected to suffer from whatever adverse environmental consequences the LCTS might have. In addition, a judgment in favor of Clark would substantially eliminate or redress the injury likely to be caused by the decision to permit Duke Power to build the LCTS. Clark therefore is a “person aggrieved” within the meaning and intent of the air pollution control act. See Orange County v. Dept. of Transportation , 46 N.C. App. 350, 360

– 62, 265 S.E.2d 890, 898

– 99, disc. rev. denied
, 301 N.C. 94 (1980) (plaintif fs were all “aggrieved,” within the meaning of the NCAPA provision, by a decision of the State Board of Transportation on the location of an interstate highway where the individual plaintiffs wereS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- property owners within the proposed corridor of the highway , the members of plaintiff non

- profit corporation were citizens and taxpayers who lived in or near the proposed highway corridor, plaintiff county ’ s tax base and planning jurisdiction would be affected, and individual plaintiffs would be affected as taxpay ers; further, the “procedural injury” implicit in the failure of an agency to prepare an environmental impact statement was itself a sufficient “injury in fact” to support standing as an “aggrieved party” under former N.C.G.S. § 150A

– 43, as long as such in

jury was alleged by a plaintiff having sufficient geographical nexus to the site of the challenged project that he might be expected to suffer whatever environmental consequences the project might have); State of Tennessee v. Environmental Management Comm. , 78 N.C. App. 763, 766

– 67, 338 S.E.2d 781, 783 (1986) (a consent special order issued by respondent agency to a corporation allowing it to discharge effluents into a river was issued without a hearing and by its own terms purported to take precedence over the terms of a proposed National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit to the corporation, so that the right of petitioner to be heard was impaired; petitioner therefore qualified as an “aggrieved person” for purposes of judicial review; further, petitioner alleged that its property rights in the river were affected, and these allegations also established petitioner's “aggrieved person” status); see generally 2 Am. Jur. 2d Administrative Law §§ 443

– 50 (1994) (“Persons Adversely Affected or Aggrieve d”).

Id. at 588

- 90, 447 S.E.2d at 779

- 81 (alterations in original) ( emphasis added).

Here , similar to Empire Power Co. and the cases quoted within Empire
,
Petitioners alleged substantial prejudice in that the Permit was issued without

compliance with applicable regulations in that Martin Marietta ’s “proposed discharge
of 12 million gallons of mine wastewater per day into Blounts Creek would displaceS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- native fish, macroinvertebrates (insects, mollusks, crayfi sh, etc.) and plants [
, ]” and
the wastewater would cause “higher flow and velocity, near neutral pH, and low
tannin levels” meaning Blounts Creek would no longer qualify as swamp waters. See

generally id.
More specifically, one of the individuals who fil ed an affidavit in support of

Petitioners, Mr. Jimmy Daniels, averred that he was a member of the Pamlico

- Tar

River Foundation and both his “home and business, [“Cotton Patch Landing, a boat

ramp and marina
, ” ] are right on the banks of Blounts Creek.” Mr. Daniels described
in detail the biodiversity in Blounts Creek and how it draws people “from all across
the state[.]” Mr. Daniels averred that he boated “a couple of times a week” and
enjoyed the wildlife diversity ; through Cotton Patch Landing
, he sells f ishing

supplies, stores and maintains boats, and engages in commercial activit ies involving

his boat ramp. Mr. Daniels also noted the hundreds of thousands of dollars he has

invested into his business and stated that based on his experience with Blounts

Creek, he believed Martin Marietta ’s wastewater being dumped “into the
headwaters” “will change the way the whole system works.” Mr. Daniels explained
specifically why and how the wastewater would affect his business and personal

interests a nd noted “word of mouth concerning the discharge” had already had a
negative effect on Cotton Patch Landing when a fishing tournament previously held
at Cotton Patch Landing was moved due to fears over how the wastewater wouldS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- impact fishing for the tourna ment. Mr. Daniels noted Cotton Patch Landing lost
approximately $5,000 from the tournament move. Again, Mr. Daniels is but one of
many affiants noting similar issues with the wastewater being dumped into Blounts

Creek. We view the interests of Mr. Danie ls and other affiants about wastewater in

Blounts Creek to be similar to the complainant in Empire Power Co. , who alleged,

as the owner of property immediately adjacent to and downwind of the site of the proposed LCTS

— which will emit tons of harmful air p ollutants if constructed and operated in accordance with its air quality permit

— he and his family will suffer injury to their health, the value of their property, and the quality of life in their home and their community.

Id. at 589, 447 S.E.2d at 780.

W hile Martin Marietta contends that P etitioner’s alleged prejudice amounts
only to speculation as to the effects of the discharge of water allowed by the Permit,
allegations as to potential prejudice here are no different from the allegations of

potential a ir pollution in Empire Power Co. , as the actual effects cannot be known for

certain until the discharge occurs. See generally id. , 337 N.C. 569, 447 S.E.2d 768.

In addition, this Court has clarified that in a challenge based upon an alleged failure

of an agency or department of the State to follow its own guidelines
, the prejudice
standard differs from that in other types of civil cases

. See, e.g., N. C. Forestry Ass’n

v. N. C. Dep’t of Env’t & Nat ural Res., Div. of Water Quality , 357 N.C. 640, 644, 588

S.E.2d 880, 882

– 83 (2003) (“In general, individuals adversely affected by aS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- discretionary agency decision generally have standing to complain that the agency
based its decision upon an improper legal ground. ” ( citation and quotation marks
omitted)). O ther wise the burden of showing substantial prejudice would be “nearly
impossible”:
Because the substance of those policies required the

Department to consider a number of discretionary factors, however, we pointed out that a showing of prejudice would be “nearly impossible” for the petitioner to achieve. Specifically, we observed that to show prejudice from failure to follow policy, the petitioner would have to show, not only how he stood in relation to other employees in the same class as to type of appoi ntment, length of service, and work performance, but he would have to show the weight which the Department would attribute to each of those factors. The Commission and the reviewing court would be relegated to speculating how the Department would weigh ea ch factor. Therefore, we held that it was sufficient to show prejudice for the petitioner to establish that the Department failed to follow the mandatory policies of the Commission, which had been promulgated pursuant to statutory authority. A separate sh owing of prejudice was unnecessary in that circumstance.
Surgical Care Affiliates, LLC v. N.C. Dep ’ t of Health & Human Servs. , 235 N.C. App.
620, 627, 762 S.E.2d 468, 473 (2014) (citations and brackets omitted).

Here, Petitioners alleged that the Divisi on of Water Resources violated its own

applicable regulations by issuing the Permit to Martin Marietta which authorized

“ the discharge of 12 million gallons of mine wastewater into tributaries of BlountsS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- Creek each day.” Petitioners have alleged D EQ failed to follow its own polic ies in
issuing the P ermit and that the discharge of waste water into Blounts Creek, if done

in a manner not in compliance with the applicable regulations, would damage the
water quality , the fish and other biota in Blounts Creek
, and the personal and

commercial benefits derived from Blounts Creek

. Petitioners are “within the zone of

those to be protected and regulated by the statute, and rules and standards
promulgated pursuant thereto, the substantive and procedural requirements of
which he asserts the agency violated when it issued the permit.” Empire Power Co.
, 337 N.C. at 589, 447 S.E.2d at 780. The superior court did not err in concluding

Petitioners demonstrated their rights were substantially prejudiced and thus they

are “person[s] aggrieved[.]” Id. at 590, 447 S.E.2d at 780. This argument is

overruled. 5

5 Implicit in this holding is also a rejection of Martin Marietta’s argument that “North Carolina courts have held that only the state, and not individual plaintiffs, can enforce public trust rights” such as interests in fishing, boating, and recreation. As DEQ acknowledges, the cases Martin Marietta cites for this proposition are inapposite. This is not a claim under public trust doctrine or any other com mon law action, see Town of Nags Head v. Cherry, Inc. , 219 N.C. App. 66, 723 S.E.2d 156 (2012); Fish House, Inc. v. Clarke , 204 N.C. App. 130 (2010), but instead a request for review of an agency action pursuant to the North Carolina Administrative Procedu re Act. In such an action, the organic statute at issue defines the rights, duties, and privileges that provide the grounds for the administrative hearing. Empire Power Co. , 337 N.C. at 583, 447 S.E.2d at 583. North Carolina’s water quality statutes and associated rules specifically protect water quality for recreational uses. See, e.g., N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 214.1(3) (year) (directing adoption of water quality standards and classifications that consider the use and value of waters of the state for “rec reation”); 15A NCAC 02b.0101(c)(1) (stating Class C are freshwaters protected for “secondary recreation” and “fishing”). Petitioners “interests in the waters affected” by the discharge at issue “are discrete and particular to [its] certain members who liv e near, or who visit, fish, or shellfish in the affected waters, and are not merely a generalized public interest.” Holly Ridge Assoc., LLC v. N.C. Dept’ of Env’t & Natural Resources , 176 N.C. App. 594, 603, 627 S.E.2d 326, 333 (2006), rev’d on other grou nds , 361 N.C. 531, 648 S.E.2d 830 (2007).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- III. Substantive Issues regarding Permit
We now turn to the substantive issues regarding issuance of the Permit.

A. Standard of R eview

Petitioners raised three argum ents regarding D EQ’s failure to ensure
compliance with applicable water quality standards. The s uperior c ourt determined
that the ALJ’s order was in error only as to the findings and conclusion regarding
that DEQ ensured “ reasonable compliance with the bi ological integrity standard as

set forth in 15A N.C.A. C. 02B .211(2), 0220(2), and 0202(11) [,] ” and DEQ and Martin

Marietta appeal this determination. The s uperior c ourt affirmed the ALJ’s findings

and conclusions regarding the other standards

– swamp waters and pH standards

–

and Petitioners cross

- appealed these determinations. We will therefore address the

arguments as to each substantive issue in the order as a d dressed by the s uperior

c ourt.

The North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act

(APA ), codified at Chapter 150B of the General Statutes, governs trial and appellate court review of administrative agency decisions. The APA provides a party aggrieved by a final decision in a contested case a right to judicial review by the superior court. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 150B

– 43 and

– 50 (2017). A party to the review proceeding in superior court may then appeal from the superior court’s final judgment to the appellate division. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

– 52 (2017). The APA sets forth the scope and standard of review for each court.
EnvironmentaLEE v. Dept of Environment
, 258 N.C. App. 590 , 595 , 813 S.E.2d 673,S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 677 (2018)

. When a superior court exercises judicial review over

an agency’s final decision, it acts in the capacity of an appellate court. The AP A limits the scope of the superior court’s judicial review as follows: (b) The court reviewing a final decision may affirm the decision or remand the case for further proceedings. It may also reverse or modify the decision if the substantial rights of the petitioners
may have been prejudiced because the findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions are: (1) In violation of constitutional provisions; (2) In excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency or administrative law judge; (3) Made upon unlawful procedure; (4) Affected by other error of law; (5) Unsupported by substantial evidence admissible under G.S. 150B

- 29(a), 150B

- 30, or 150B

- 31 in view of the entire record as submitted; or (6) Arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of disc retion. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

- 51 (201 7 ). The superior court’s standard of review is dictated by the nature of the errors asserted. The APA sets forth the standard of review to be applied by the superior court as follows. (c) In reviewing a final decision in a contested case, the court shall determine whether the petitioner is entitled to the relief sought in the petition based upon its review of the final decision and the official record. With regard to asserted
errors pursua nt to subdivisions (1) through (4) of subsection (b) of this section, the court shall conduct its review of the final decision using the de novo standard of review. With regard to asserted errors pursuant to subdivisions (5) and (6) of subsection (b) of t his section, the court shall conduct its review ofS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- the final decision using the whole record standard of review. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

– 51(c).

Id. at 595

- 96 , 813 S.E.2d at 677

– 78 ( citations, quotation marks, and brackets
omitted).
Our Supreme Court has ob served that the first four

grounds enumerated under this section may be characterized as law

- based inquiries, whereas the final two grounds may be characterized as fact

- based inquiries. Moreover, it is well settled that in cases appealed from administrati ve tribunals, questions of law receive de novo review, whereas fact

- intensive issues such as the sufficiency of the evidence to support an ALJ’s decision are reviewed under the whole record test. Under the de novo standard of review, the Court considers th e matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment. However, our Supreme Court has made clear that even under our de novo standard, a court reviewing a question of law in a contested case is without authority to make new findings of fact. Under the wh ole record test, the reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for the ALJ’s as between two conflicting views, even though it could reasonably have reached a different result had it reviewed the matter de novo . Instead, we must examine all the recor d evidence

— that which detracts from the ALJ’s findings and conclusions as well as that which tends to support them

— to determine whether there is substantial evidence to justify the ALJ’s decision. Substantial evidence is relevant evidence a reasonable mi nd might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. We undertake this review with a high degree of deference because it is well established that in an administrative proceeding, it is the prerogative and duty of the ALJ, once all the evidence has been presented and considered, to determine the weight and sufficiency of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses,S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- to draw inferences from the f acts, and to appraise conflicting and circumstantial evidence. The credibility of witnesses and the probative value of particular testimony are for the ALJ to determine, and the ALJ may accept or reject in whole or part the testimony of any witness.

N. C arolina Dep ’

t of Pub. Safety v. Ledford , 247 N.C. App. 266, 286

– 87, 786 S.E.2d

50, 63

– 64 (2016) (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

T his Court reviews the s uperior c ourt’s order to determine if the s uperior c ourt
applied the correct standa rd of review based upon the “grounds for reversal or
modification” argued before the superior court. EnvironmentaLEE
, 258 N.C. App. at

598, 813 S.E.2d at 67 8

- 79

.

[I] n reviewing a superior court order examining an agency decision, an appellate court must determine whether the agency decision (1) violated constitutional provisions; (2) was in excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency; (3) was made upon unlawful procedure; (4) was affected by other error of law; (5) was unsupported by

s ubstantial admissible evidence in view of the entire record; or (6) was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

– 51 (2001). In performing this task, the appellate court need only consider those grounds for reversal or modif ication raised by the petitioner before the superior court and properly assigned as error and argued on appeal to this Court.

Id.

B. Applicable Regulations and DefinitionsS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- N orth Carolina General Statute § 143

- 214.1 directs the North Carolina

Environment al Management Commission to classify all bodies of water 6 in the state
and to adopt standards for each classification. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 214.1 (2013),

see also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 212 (2013). One body of water may include areas with
different p rimary classifications and supplemental classifications, depending upon
“the existing or contemplated best usage of the various streams and segments of
streams in the basin, as determined through studies and evaluations and the holding
of public hearings f

or consideration of the classifications proposed.” 15A N.C.A.C

.
2B.0301 (2013)

. The water quality standards applicable to a body of water are
determined by the classification. See generally 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0301 (2013)

. The
primary classification of the portion of Blounts Creek at issue is Class C along with
supplemental classifications of Sw (“swamp waters”) and NSW (“nutrient sensitive
waters”). See generally 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0101, .0301 (2013)

.
Class C classification is appropriate for “freshwaters pro tected for secondary
recreation, fishing, aquatic life including propagation and survival, and wildlife. All
freshwaters shall be classified to protect these uses at a minimum.” 15A N .C.A.C.

2B.0101 (2013)

. Sw classification applies to “waters which hav e low velocities and

6 “(6) ‘Waters’ means any stream, river, brook, swamp, lake, sound, tidal estuary, bay, creek, reservoir, waterway, or other body or accumulation of water, whether surface or underground, public or private,

or n atural or artificial, that is contained in, flows through, or borders upon any portion of this State, including any portion of the Atlantic Ocean over which the State has jurisdiction.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 212(6) (2013).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- other natural characteristics which are different from adjacent streams.” Id. NSW
classification applies to “waters subject to growths of microscopic or macroscopic
vegetation required limitations on nutrient inputs.” Id. More specifically, as to
supplemental classifications, Sw is defined to “mean those waters which are classified

by the Environmental Management Commission and which are topographically

located so as to generally have very low velocities and other character istics which are
different from adjacent streams draining steeper topography. ” 15A N.C.A.C.
2B.0202. Nsw is defined to “mean those waters which are so designated in the
classification schedule in order to limit the discharge of nutrients (usually nitroge n
and phosphorus).” Id.
As for the broader classification of Class C, those water quality standards are

provided in 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211 , entitled “FRESH SURFACE WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS FOR CLASS C WATERS[.]” See 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211. For Class C

waters, pH “shall be normal for the waters in the area, which range between 6.0 and
9.0 except that swamp waters may have a pH as low as 4.3 if it is the result of natural
conditions[.]” Id. The “Best Usage” of Class C waters is “aquatic life propagation and

ma intenance of biological integrity (including fishing and fish), wildlife, secondary
recreation, agriculture, and any other usage except for primary recreation or as a
source of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing purposes[.]” Id.

“Con ditions Related to Best Usage” note “the waters shall be suitable for aquatic lifeS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- propagation and maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife, secondary recreation,
and agriculture. Sources of water pollution which preclude any of these uses on either

a short

- term or long

- term basis shall be considered to be violating a water quality

standard.” Id.

C

. Biological I ntegrity
The trial court reversed the portion of the ALJ’s final decision regarding DEQ’s

compliance with the biological integrity standards

. Martin Marietta contends the
superior court “ Failed To Defer to DWR, Misinterpreted the Biological Integrity
Standard, and Improperly Found Facts[.]” In other words, r espondents argue the

trial court made an error of law by misinterpret ing the requirements of the applicable
regulations as to “biological integrity ; ” misunderstood the science behind the
applicable regulations ; and f ail ed to use the proper standard of review in addressing

the issues before it

. Martin Marietta specifically con tends,

The Superior Court failed to defer to DWR as it is required to do, misunderstood the permitting rules and what DWR did, and reversed the ALJ’s holding on biological integrity under the following erroneous analysis: (1) “DWR must protect the indigenous community”; (2) the “plain language” of the standard establishes “base line metrics” that must be “determined” or “measured” to apply the standard properly; and (3) without “determining the base line metrics,” DWR “could not ensure reasonable

co mpliance” [ sic ] with the standard.
(Ellipses omitted.)S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- Petitioners argue the s uperior c ourt correctly interpreted the biological
integrity standard:

The issue before the Court is one of law: does the

biological integrity standard require DWR to measure the terms in the rule and to protect the indigenous community of fish, insects, and other animals that live in Blounts Creek? The Superior Court recognized that under the lawful interpretation of the rule, DWR must measure the terms in the standard and est ablish specific reference conditions before issuing a permit.
As the interpretation of the biological integrity standard applied by the s uperior c ourt
is an issue of law, we review this determination de novo

. N. Carolina Dep’t of Pub.
Safety , 247 N.C. App. at 286, 786 S.E.2d at 63.

This issue require s consideration of how DEQ measures and evaluate s
“biological integrity” as part of its general duties in protecting water quality and in

th e context of issuance of a Permit . T he ALJ made extensive finding s of fact and

conclusions of law on this issue
, 7 many of which Petitioners challenge :

44. Petitioners claim that, in issuing the NPDES Permit, DWR failed to reasonably ensure compliance with the biological integrity standard.

7 In Petitioners’ brief to the s uperior court Petitioners challenge the findings of fact and conclusions of law in such a manner that it is difficult to keep track of what actually is at issue before the court. For instance, in paragraph 81 of Petitioners’ brief they challenge findings of fact “19, 23

- 25,” and then in paragraph 82 they challenge findings of fact “17

- 20, 22

- 25[,]” the latter which obviously encompasses the former and broadens it; this is but one of many such examples. Petitioners have divided their challenges based upon the topic they deem to be at issue, but for this Court’s purposes we simply note that Petitioners challenged many of the ALJ’s substantive findings of fact and conclusions of law as to biological integrity, but the challenges were so extensive we have not listed all of them, although we have considered all.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 45. Under applicable North Carolina rules, one of the existing uses of all classified surface waters is “maintenance of biological integrity.” See 15A NCAC 02B .0211(1) (2013) (freshwater), and 02B .0220(1) (2013) (saltwater).

46. The term “biological integrity” is defined in 15A NCAC 02B .0202(11) as follows: “the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization similar to that of reference conditions.”

47. The biological integrity standards applicable to upper and lower Blounts Creek state: the waters shall be suitable for aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integrity . . . . Sources of water pollution which preclude any of these uses on either a short

- term or long

- term basis shall be considered to be violating a water quality standard . . . . 15A NCAC 02B .0211(2) (2013) (freshwater standard). See also 15A NCAC 02B .0220(2) (2013) (same standard for saltwat er).

48. DWR interprets the applicable rules and definitions to mean that an NPDES permit complies with the biological integrity standard if the permit’s terms and conditions reasonably ensure that the permitted discharge will not preclude maintenance of the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization similar to that of reference conditions.

49. The biologi cal integrity standard is administered by DWR and relates to a highly technical and scientific subject area within DWR’s expertise.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 50. As required by North Carolina case law and the APA, the undersigned accords deference and gives due regard to DWR’s in terpretation of its own rules.

51. Even if the undersigned were not required to defer to DWR’s interpretation of the biological integrity standard rules, the undersigned finds that DWR’s interpretation is longstanding, is reasonable, and is consistent wi th and supported by the plain language of the rules, and therefore the undersigned will decide Petitioners’ biological integrity claim based on DWR’s interpretation of the rules.

52. The preponderance of the evidence shows that, in evaluating and determi ning whether the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity standard, DWR (through its staff) applied its knowledge and expertise, and:

a. identified the Blounts Creek system, meaning Blounts Creek and its tributaries, as the appropriate “aquatic ecosystem”; b. determined that the appropriate “reference conditions” were the existing conditions of the Blounts Creek system before the proposed discharge;

c. studied and assessed the existing, pre

discharge ecological resources o f the Blounts Creek system; d. determined the degree and geographic scope of potential physical and chemical impacts of the proposed discharge;

e. determined the predicted changes to the ecosystem and ecological resources from the proposed discharge to b e limited; and f. concluded that the effects predicted to occur as a result of the permitted discharge would not violate the standard, and, in fact, a violation would not occur unless the impacts to the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem were much greater i n degree and geographic scope than those predicted to occur.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 53. Petitioners’ arguments that DWR misinterpreted and misapplied key aspects of the biological integrity standard and understated the effects of the permitted discharge present questions of la w and fact, and mixed questions of law and fact. Petitioners’ arguments have been thoroughly considered and rejected by the undersigned as unpersuasive and unsupported by the preponderance of evidence.
“Aquatic Ecosystem”

54. Petitioners have asserted that the relevant “aquatic ecosystem” should be defined more narrowly and that DWR must use a single stream segment as the ecosystem unit for assessing compliance. See Petition at 3.

55. The term “aquatic ecosystem” is not defined by North Carolina stat ute or rule.

56. The determination and application of “aquatic ecosystem” in a specific context is complex and requires significant scientific expertise and judgment, and should be accorded deference. See County of Durham v. N.C. Dept. of Environment an d Natural Resources, 131 N.C. App. at 396

- 97, 507 S.E.2d at 311 (1998), disc. rev. denied, 350 N.C. 92, 528 S.E.2d 361 (1999).

57. DWR’s interpretation and application of this term are reasonable, rational, and in accordance with the language and purpose of the biological integrity standard.

58. To the extent DWR’s selection of an appropriate aquatic ecosystem is considered a factual determination, it is one which falls directly within the agency’s expertise and is therefore entitled to “due regard” pur suant to the APA.

“Reference Conditions”

59. Petitioners have asserted that DWR failed to conduct a biological integrity analysis by inadequatelyS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- sampling for “species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization” throughout the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem.

60. The determination and application of “reference conditions” in a specific context is complex and requires significant scientific expertise and judgment, and should be accorded deference.

61. DWR’s interpretation and application of this term are reasonable, rational, and in accordance with the language and purpose of the biological integrity standard.

62. To the extent DWR’s selection of appropriate “reference conditions” is considered a factual determination, i t is one which falls directly within the agency’s expertise and is therefore entitled to “due regard” pursuant to the APA.

63. The preponderance of the evidence shows that Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem’s existing conditions (“reference conditions”) a re dynamic, vary over time and geographic location, and can be affected by many environmental factors.

64. The preponderance of the evidence shows that DWR had sufficient information such that the biological sampling efforts Petitioners sought were unnec essary.

65. Before issuing the Permit, DWR determined that: (a) the proposed discharge likely would not cause significant erosion or sedimentation; (b) pH likely would not exceed 6.9 in the upper Blounts Creek and was unlikely to change significantly in lower Blounts Creek; (c) relative salinity impacts would likely be on the order of 1 ppt and salinities would remain within the variability of the system; (d) shifts in macrobenthic invertebrates would likely be toward an increase in diversity and would b e geographically limited to the upper reaches of Blounts Creek; and (e) the proposed discharge is not likely toS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- adversely impact fish communities of the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem. These determinations by DWR are reasonable and supported by the prepo nderance of the evidence.

66. DWR determined that the likely effects of the permitted discharge are limited in degree, limited in geographic scope, and not deleterious.

67. The preponderance of the evidence supports DWR’s conclusion and shows that the permitted discharge will not have any significant detrimental effect on the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem, including the many miles of C and Sw stream segments of other tributaries of Blounts Creek.
Impacts of the Proposed Discharge

68. Petitioners argued that DWR underestimated or understated the effects th e proposed discharge will likely have on the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem, including effects on flow, pH, salinity, benthos, fish, and the existing biological community o f Blounts Creek.

69. DWR’s findings and inferences regarding the predicted effects of the proposed discharge fall within “specialized knowledge of the agency.” As such, the undersigned is required to give such facts and inferences “due regard” pursuant to the APA. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B

34(a).

70. The preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that DWR applied its knowledge and expertise in its collection and review of the data and reports obtained during the permitting process, and drew reasonable inferences and conclusion s based on those data and reports.

71. The preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that DWR reasonably evaluated and adopted the findingsS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- of the Kimley Horn reports (Exs. R13, R15) and the CZR report (Ex. R16) after satisfying itself of the reliabilit y of these studies.

72. The preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that: (a) DWR applied its discretion and expertise in its review of the comments it received from the public (including Petitioners [] ), EPA, and other state agencies during the permit ting process; and (b) the substantive comments were considered and accounted for by DWR based on DWR’s expertise, judgment, and rational evaluation of the comments and other evidence.

73. To the extent Petitioners contend that DWR acted arbitrarily and c apriciously in its evaluation of the evidence, its gathering and evaluation of relevant data and information, its interpretation and application of the biological integrity standard, and its conclusion that the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance wi th the biological integrity standard, Petitioners failed to present any evidence that DWR acted “whimsically” or in “bad faith.”

74. The undersigned finds that DWR’s evaluation of the NPDES permit application, reports and data submitted during the permit process, the data independently collected by DWR, and the comments received from the public, state agencies and EPA was reasonable, rational, thorough, supported by a preponderance of the evidence in the record, and undertaken in good faith.

75. The und ersigned finds the evidence and expert opinion testimony as well as the lay opinion testimony, even if admitted, presented by Petitioners, does not overcome DWR’s determinations, with respect to the likely impacts and effects of the permitted discharge, wh ich were thoroughly evaluated based on DWR’s knowledge, expertise, and judgment, and well

- supported by a preponderance of the evidence.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 76. The undersigned has considered all of the evidence of potential impacts presented by Petitioners and their experts , and finds, based on a preponderance of the evidence, that Petitioners’ evidence either does not contradict DWR’s determinations or is not persuasive and not sufficient to overcome the data, studies, and other information reasonably considered and relied on by DWR in evaluating compliance with the biological integrity standard.

77. Petitioners failed to present evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption that DWR acted appropriately in determining the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity standard.

78. The preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that DWR:

a. reasonably interpreted the biological integrity standard; b. reasonably and rationally applied the biological integrity standard to the relevant informat ion and facts regarding the proposed discharge;

c. reasonably determined that, although certain changes are predicted to occur as a result of the proposed discharge, the predicted effects would not preclude the ability of the relevant aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization similar to that of reference conditions; and d. reasonably and rationally determined that the NP DES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity standard.

79. Petitioners failed to meet their burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that DWR exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to use
p roper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failedS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- to act as required by law or rule in determining the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity water quality standard. See 15A NCAC 02B. 0202(11), 15A NCAC 02B .0 211(2) (2013), and 15A NCAC 02B .0220(2) (2013).

80. DWR’s decision that the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity water quality standard is affirmed.

The s uperior c ourt did not determine that any of the findings of f act made by
the ALJ were unsupported by the record, but instead determined on de novo review
that DWR’s interpretation of the “biological integrity standard rules and related

definitions” was not reasonable and was “ contrary to the language of the standard

and definitions. ” The superior court reject ed both DEQ’s and the ALJ’s interpretation
of the biological integrity standard , and Martin Marietta and DEQ challenge this

conclusion on appeal as reflected in their arguments that the superior court “Failed

To Defer to DWR, Misinterpreted the Biological Integrity Standard, and Improperly

Found Facts[:] 8 ”

Class C waters must be “ suitable for aquatic life

propagation and maintenance of biological integrity ” among other uses. 15A NCAC 02B.0211(2) The term

“ Biologi cal Integrity ” is defined by 15A NCAC 02B.202(11)

as “ the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization simil ar to that of reference conditions ”

.

The rules do not define the terms “ species

8 The following quote from the superior court order arguably includes some findings of fact, but the superior court stated its decision as based upon de novo review of a legal issue.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- composition ”
, “ diversity ”
, “ population densities ” or

“ functional organization ” . Dr. Overton was offered and accepted by the AU as an expert in the field of fisheries ecology, larval fish ecology, fisheries management, and fish sampling methods and analysis. He testified that species composition counts the number of species in a system. Species diversity counts the number species present and the relative abundance of each specie s. Population density describes how many individuals are in a defined area and functional organization describes the organization of biological community. Tom Reeder with DWR testified that he did not know if there was such a thing as a biological integrit y analysis; that he had never really heard of such a thing. He further testified that no statutes or rules set forth numeric standards or explicit methods or metrics by which DWR must make a determination that a NPDES permit reasonably ensures compliance wi t h the biological integrity standard. Rather, the standard requires DWR to exercise its discretion, expertise and professional judgment to determine whether the anticipated impacts of a proposed discharge are such that the discharge will preclude the abi lity of an “ aquatic ecosystem ” to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities, and functional organization “ similar ” to that of “ reference conditions ”

. DWR staff conceded that the agency did not evaluate species composition, diversity, population density, or functional organization in Blounts Creek. Mr. Reeder justified the failure to evaluate these metrics by saying that he considered the impact of the permitted discharge to be de minimus . In essence the agency reached the ultimate conclusion that the impact of the permitted discharge was de minimus first, without evaluating species composition, diversity, population density, and functional organization, and then used the ultimate conclusion to conclude that evaluation of the metrics was unnecessary. With respect to questions of law, the reviewing court employs a de novo review. When applying de novo review, the Court may freely substitute its judgment for that of theS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- agenc y. In re Appeal of N. C. Sa v . & Loan League , 302 N. C. 458 (1981) Incorrect statutory interpretation is an error of law which allows the court to apply a de novo review. Brooks v. Rebarco, 91 N.C. App. 459 (1988) However even when reviewing a case de novo courts recognize the longstanding tradition of according deference to an agency ’ s interpretation of its rules. A reviewing Court should defer to agency ’ s interpretation of a statutes or rules it administers so long as the agency interpretation is reasonabl e and based upon a permissible construction of the statute or rule. County of Durham v. N.C. Dep ’ t of Env ’ t and Natural Res. , 131 N.C. App. 395 (1998). Interpretations that conflict with the clear intent and purpose of the law are entitled to no deference. Burgess v. Your House of Raleigh, Inc. , 326 N.C. 205 (1990) An agency ’ s interpretation of its own regulations will be in enforced unless clearly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation ’ s plain language. WASCO LLC. V. N.C. Dep ’ t of Env ’ t & Natural R es. , 799 S.E. 2 nd 405 (2017) The terms “ species composition, diversity, populations densities, and functional organization ” used in the biological integrity standard must be given meaning. Kyle v. Holston Group , 188 N.C. App. 686 (2008) The standard requires DWR to maintain the indigenous biological community by insuring that the post discharge

“ species composition, diversity, population densities, and functional organization are similar to that of reference conditions ” determined before the discharge is permitted. The rule is clear that referenced conditions must be evaluated on the basis of and as defined in those terms. Yet the DWR staff conceded that they did not measure any of the biological integrity metrics in Blounts Creek when

eva luating the permit ’ s compliance with the standard. Thus, DWR failed to determine the base line metrics required by 15A NCAC 02B.0202(11) and could not, therefore, ensure reasonable compliance with the biological integrity standard. The Biological integrity standard is clear; DWR must protect the indigenous community by determining reference conditions in terms of an evaluated impacts onS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- the community ’ s species composition, diversity, population density and functional organization. Reference conditions must be specific enough to allow the agency to apply the biological integrity standard properly. DWR failed to apply the plain language of the biological integrity standard. Therefore DWR did not “ reasonably ensure compliance with ” the biological integrity stan dard

. Consequently the agency exceeded its authority and erred as a matter of law when issuing the permit. Based upon a de novo review of the biological integrity standard rules and related definitions the Court concludes that DWR ’ s interpretation of the r ule is not reasonable and is contrary to the language of the standard and definitions. Conclusions of law 51 through 53, 61, 62, 64 through 67,70, 75, 77 through 80, 110 through 112 are reversed. 9
Ultimately, the s uperior c ourt determined , contrary to the ALJ’s conclusion,

that D EQ’s interpretation of the biological integrity standard was not reasonable and

was contrary to the language of the sta n dard and definitions. The superior court did

not determine that the ALJ’s findings of fact were unsupported by substantial
evidence but instead found legal error as to the meaning and application of the
biological integrity standard. The primary difference between the ALJ’s order and

the s uperior c ourt’s order i s its determination of the “clear” meaning of the biological

integrity standard and its resulting determination not to d efer to agency expertise.
Again, t he superior court concluded that

[ t ] he Biological integrity standard is clear; DWR must protect the indigenous community by determining reference conditions in terms of an evaluated impacts on the community ’ s species composition, diversity, population

9 This section is quoted as it was in the record before us, including spacing and punctuation.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- density and functional organization. Reference conditions must be specific enough to allow the agency t o apply the biological integrity standard properly. DWR failed to apply the plain language of the biological integrity standard.

But as the superior court notes, many of the operative words in the applicable
regulations are not defined

. Despite the s uper ior c ourt’s conclusion that “the

Biological integrity standard is clear [
, ] ” it could be clear only to the extent the
operative terms in the standard are defined. However, the superior court appl ied

“clear” definitions where the regulations simply do not p rovide definitions. The
superior court defined the biological integrity standard to mean that “DWR must
protect the indigenous community by determining reference conditions in terms of an
evaluated impacts on the community’s species composition, diversity , population
density and functional organization.” But this is not the standard as defined by the

applicable regulations. Again, classification is determined by “the existing or
contemplated best usage of the various streams and segments of streams in the basin,
as determined through studies and evaluations and the holding of public hearings for
consideration of the classifications proposed.” 1 5A N.C.A.C. 2B.0301 (2013)
(emphasis added). The North Carolina Administrative Code (“Code”) contemplates
the existing state of the water or its possible best usage. See id. The “Best Usage” of
Class C waters is “aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integrity
(including f

ishing and fish), wildlife, secondary recreation, agriculture, and any other
usage except for primary recreation or as a source of water supply for drinking,S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- culinary, or food processing purposes[.]” 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211. “Conditions Related

to Best Usag e” note “the waters shall be suitable for aquatic life propagation and
maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture.
Sources of water pollution which preclude any of these uses on either a short

- term or
long

- term ba sis shall be considered to be violating a water quality standard.” Id.
(emphasis added).

The Code does not require the biological integrity of an aquatic ecosystem to

remain exactly or even substantially the same as it had once been, for example, prior
to discharge. See generally 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0301. To violate a water quality
standard, the discharge of water must “ preclude any of these uses on either a short

term or long

- term basis[.]” 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211. “Preclude” is not defined in the

statute , but its ordinary meaning is to “ close ” and “to make impossible by necessary

consequence: rule out in advance[.]” Merriam

- Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 977
(11th ed. 2003). In other words, to violate a water quality standard the discharge of

water must make “aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integrity,
wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture” nearly impossible. 15A N.C.A.C.

2B.0211; see generally Merriam

- Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 977.

Further, t he superior court did not reverse the ALJ’s findings of fact as to
DEQ’s expertise applying the regulations which ultimately led to the contested

conclusion by the ALJ that DEQ had complied with the biological integrity standard :S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 131. Mr. Reeder testified that with the assistance of DWR staff, he used his best professional judgment, experience and expertise to determine that the appropriate “aquatic ecosystem” was the watershed system of Blounts Creek and its tributaries. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1149

- 1150)

132. Mr. Reeder considered “reference conditions” to be the existing conditions in the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem without the proposed discharge. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1142

- 1144, 1149

- 1150; Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 662

- 663; Fleek, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 99 2

- 993)

. . . .
136. Mr. Reeder took into consideration and weighed Mr. Fleek’s opinions regarding the effects of the proposed discharge on benthos in the upper reaches immediately downstream of the proposed discharge outfalls. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 66 0

- 661)

137. Mr. Reeder understood Mr. Fleek’s professional opinion to be that benthic macroinvertebrates would likely become more diverse near the discharge outfalls and that farther downstream any such impacts would lessen or dissipate. (Reeder, Tr. Vol . 4 pp. 660

- 661)

138. Mr. Reeder also understood that the many other tributaries of the Blounts Creek aquatic ecosystem, and the biota inhabiting those areas, would be unaffected by the permitted discharge. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1142

- 1151, 1162

- 1165, 1172; Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 658

- 671; Ex. R23; Ex. R1; Ex. R16)
Despite these findings of fact, Petitioners argue d , and the Superior Court found, that

D EQ’s interpretation of the regulations and process for evaluation of the impact of

the proposed dischar ge were not “reasonable” and thus not subject to deference.

One of respondents ’ main contentions before this Court is that the superiorS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- court failed to apply the correct l egal standard in deferring to D EQ as to the

interpretation and application of t h e biological integrity standards . The superior

court determined “DWR failed to determine the base line metrics required by 15A
NCAC 02B.0202(11) and could not, therefore, ensure reasonable compliance with the
biological integrity standard
, ” but
, according t o Mr. Reeder
, “no statutes or rules set
forth numeric standards or explicit methods or metrics by which DWR must make a
determination that a NPDES permit reasonably ensures compliance with the
biological integrity standard.” As DEQ explains,

the Superior Court’s “plain language” interpretation is not based on the plain language of applicable regulations at all. By stepping outside the plain language of the regulations and dictating what information the agency’s biologists and engineers must consider when evaluating compliance with a technical environmental standard, the Superior Court improperly substituted its judgment for that of the agency . . . [, and]

. . . . As a pure question of regulatory interpretation, the Superior Court’s “plain language” rea ding is flatly incorrect. The “plain language” of the standard says nothing about what process the agency must go through or what information the agency must collect to reasonably ensure compliance with the standard. Rather, the regulations leave this de termination to the “reasonabl[e]” discretion of DWR’s environmental scientists to be evaluated on a case

- by

- case basis. 15A NCAC 2H.0112(c).

The superior court considered a few lines of testimony of Mr. Reeder , “Tom

Reeder with DWR testified that he did not know if there was such a thing as a
biological integrity analysis; that he had never really heard of such a thing.” But thisS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- interpretation takes the testimony out of context and is not supported by the whole

record as noted by the next sentence in th e order noting he further testified accurately
“that no statutes or rules set forth numeric standards or explicit methods or metrics
by which DWR must make a determination that a NPDES permit reasonably ensures
compliance with the biological integrity stan dard.” In fact, t he s uperior c ourt did not
determine that the ALJ’s finding s regarding D EQ ’s investigation of the expected
effects of the water discharge on biological integrity were not supported by the whole

record, but relied upon this statement by Mr. Reeder along with an erroneous
definition of “biological integrity ” to conclude that

DWR staff conceded that the agency did not evaluate species composition, diversity, population density, or functional organization in Blounts Creek. Mr. Reeder justified the failure to evaluate these metrics by saying that he considered the impact of the permitted discharge to be de minimus

. In essence the agency reached the ultimate conclusion that the impact of the permitted discharge was de minimu s first, without evaluating species composition, diversity, population density, and functional organization, and then used the ultimate conclusion to conclude that evaluation of the metrics was unnecessary.

But DEQ certainly did not “concede [] ” that it “ d id not evaluate specifies
composition, diversity, population density, or functional organization[]” despite the
portions of Mr. Reeder’s testimony the superior court and Petitioners take out of

context

. DEQ simply did not perform evaluations to Petitioner s ’ desired

s pecifications , but this is vastly different from failing to evaluat e at all. The questionS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- for the s uperior court, and for this Court, is not whether D EQ could have done more
or different testing or analysis or whether the ALJ could have found different facts

.
Th e questions before us are whether the ALJ’s findings of fact are supported by the

whole record; N. Carolina Dep’t of Pub. Safety , 247 N.C. App. at 286, 786 S.E.2d at

64; whether D E Q evaluated the Permit application in accord with the ap plicable

regulations ; and whether DEQ’s interpretation of those regulations was reasonable.

See Hilliard v. N.C. Dep’t of Corr. , 173 N.C. App. 594, 598, 620 S.E.2d 14, 17 (2005)
(“On judicial review, an agency’s interpretation of its own regulations will be enforced
unless clearly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation’s plain language.”); see
generally N. Carolina Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Ledford , 247 N.C. App. 266, 286

– 87, 786
S.E.2d 50, 63

– 64 (2016) (“[O]ur Supreme Court has made clear that even under our
de novo standard, a court reviewing a question of law in a contested case is without
authority to make new findings of fact

. Under the whole record test, the reviewing
court may not substitute its judgment for the ALJ’s as between two conflicting views
, even though it could reasonably have reached a different result had it reviewed the

matter de novo. Instead, we must ex amine all the record evidence

— that which
detracts from the ALJ’s findings and conclusions as well as that which tends to

support them

— to determine whether there is substantial evidence to justify the

ALJ’s decision. Substantial evidence is relevant eviden ce a reasonable mind might

accept as adequate to support a conclusion. We undertake this review with a highS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- degree of deference because it is well established that in an administrative proceeding,
it is the prerogative and duty of the ALJ, once all the evi dence has been presented
and considered, to determine the weight and sufficiency of the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses, to draw inferences from the facts, and to appraise
conflicting and circumstantial evidence. The credibility of witnesses and the probative
value of particular testimony are for the ALJ to determine, and the ALJ may accept or
reject in whole or part the testimony of any witness .” ( e mphasis added))

.
The whole record supports the ALJ’s findings that D EQ evaluated species

compos ition, diversity, population density
, and functional organization in accord with

its established procedures and expertise. Mr. Reeder was “ the acting director of the
Division of Water Quality and the director of the Division of Water Resources” when

the P ermit was approved ; eventually the two divisions were merged . Mr. Reeder

approved the P ermit, but he was by no means the only employee of DEQ involved in

the consideration of the P ermit. Many employees of DEQ
, as well as consultants
including CZR Incorporated (“CZR”) and Kimley

- Horn and Associates (“Kimley
Horn”) , performed the actual sampling and analysis of water quality , fish, and

benthos in Blounts Creek. Mr. Reeder testified at length regarding DEQ’s

inve s tigation and analysis of “ biological integrity” in Blount’s Creek. As a whole, in

context , M r. Reeder testified “ b iological integrity” is a narrative standard, not a

numeric standard:S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- Well, I mean you can ’ t go to an [Standard Operating Procedure]

— there ’ s no [Standard Operating Procedure] that says biological integrity analysis. Like I couldn’t call Eric Fleek on the phone and say, “ Hey, Eric, go out and do a biological integrity analysis. ” What you do is you go out and do exactly what Eric did, is you do a biological assessment and you lo ok at the technical memorandum, and according to that you make a decision based upon your best professional judgment and all the data as to whether you think this narrative standard for biological integrity will be violated or not.

Mr. Eric Fleek was an environmental supervisor at DEQ

. Mr. Fleek testified his
branch, the Biological Assessment Branch, evaluated water quality by “sampling for
fish. We also do sampling for benthic macroinvertebrates. And by assessing a water
body and the biology that live s there, you can use them as proxies to determine what
the water quality is like there.” Mr. Fleek also testified that there were “protocols for
doing that sampling” of Blounts Creek in reference to the S tandard Operating

Procedure

.
Our record contains one of Petitioners’ exhibits in arguing DEQ failed to
comply with its own standards, DEQ’s “STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

BIOLOGICAL MONITORING[,] STREAM FISH CO M M UNITY ASSESSMENT
PROGRAM[,]” (“S tandard Operating Procedures ”) and

the purpose of this manual [is] to provide details on standard operating procedures of the Biological Assessment Unit of the Division of Water Quality (DWQ or Division) for the collection and analysis of stream fish community assessment data. Consistency in data collection and ana lysis is the cornerstone for evaluatingS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- biological integrity. The procedures provided are a synthesis of widely used methods and methods developed from the experience of personnel within the Unit. These methods have been shown to provide repeatable and u seful data for water quality evaluation.

. . . . The Stream Fish Community Assessment Program was designed as an additional basinwide assessment tool and has been in existence since 1991. It ’ s core mission is to sample a set of fixed sites on lower Stra hler order wadeable creeks, streams, and rivers on a five

- year rotating basis to support the DWQ ’ s Basinwide Management Plan Program.

W hile the S tandard Operating Procedures address “biological integrity [
, ] ” they

do not require a particular type of anal ysis to be done for a P ermit application ;
instead, the staff of DEQ uses its expertise to determine what types of testing or
sampling need to be done for each application, depending upon its unique

circumstances.

The Standard Operating Procedures also de scribe the “NORTH CAROLINA
INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY” which has been in use since the early 1990s:

The Division has been monitoring the biological integrity of stream fish communities since the early 1990s. The biological monitoring tool that is used is referred to as the North Carolina Index of Biological Integrity (NCIBI). The NCIBI method was developed for assessing a stream’s biological integrity by examining the structure and health of its fish community. The North Carolina Administrative Code def ines Biological Integrity as: “ . . . the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities, and functional organization similar to that of re ference conditions ” (15AS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- NCAC 02B .0200; NCAC 2004). The NCIBI is a modification of the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) initially proposed by Karr (1981) and Karr, et al. (1986).
The NCIBI incorporates information about species richness and composition, trophic composition, fish abundance, and fish condition. The NCIBI summarizes the effects of all classes of factors influencing aquatic faunal communities such as water quality, energy source, habitat quality, flow regime, and biotic interactions. While a ny change in a fish community can be caused by many factors, certain aspects of the community are generally more responsive to specific influences. Species composition measurements reflect habitat quality effects. Information on trophic composition reflec ts the effect of biotic interactions and energy supply. Fish abundance and condition information indicates additional water quality effects. It should be noted, however, that these responses may overlap. For example, a change in fish abundance may be du e to decreased energy supply or a decline in habitat quality, not necessarily a change in water quality.

The scores derived from this index are a measure of the ecological health of the waterbody and may not directly correlate to water quality. For example, a stream with excellent water quality, but with poor or fair fish habitat, may not be rated excellent with this index. However, a stream which rated excellent on the NCIBI should be expected to have excellent water quality.

Further, the NCIBI s ets out specific metrics to assess biological integrity:
The NCIBI incorporates information about species richness and composition, pollution indicator species, trophic composition, fish abundance, fish condition, and reproductive function by the cumulati ve assessment of 12 parameters or metrics (Tables 1

- 3). Each metric is designed to contribute unique information to the overall assessment. The values provided by the metrics are converted into scores on a 1, 3, and 5 scale. A score of 5S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- represents cond itions commonly associated with undisturbed reference streams in the specific river basin or ecoregion. A score of 1, however, indicates that conditions deviate greatly from those typically observed in undisturbed streams of the region. All metrics for e ach of the three regions were calibrated using regional reference sites.

The scores for all metrics are then summed to obtain the overall NCIBI score, an even number between 12 and 60. The score is then used to determine the biological integrity class of the stream (i.e., Poor, Fair, Good

- Fair, Good, or Excellent) (Karr 1981 , Karr, et al. 1986). A fish community rated Excellent is comparable to the best situations with minimal human disturbance; all regionally expected species for the habitat and stre am size, including the most intolerant forms, are present along with a full array of size classes and a balanced trophic structure. Conversely, a fish community rated Poor deviates greatly from the reference condition. The number of fish is fewer than

ex pected, usually fewer than expected number of species, an absence of intolerant species, and an altered trophic structure. Communities rated Good, Good

- Fair, or Fair fall within this disturbance gradient.
Currently, if a fish community is rated Excelle nt, Good, or Good

- Fair it is deemed to be Fully Supporting its Aquatic Life Use Support stream classification. If a fish community is rated Fair or Poor it is deemed to be Not Supporting its Life Use Support stream classification and the water quality sta ndard is not being met. Waters that have an Excellent fish community rating are also eligible for reclassification to a[n] Outstanding Resource Waters or to a High Quality Waters supplemental classifications.

The S tandard Operating Procedures set forth t welve metrics, grouped into five
categories:

1. Species richness and composition (Metric Nos. 1 andS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 3

- 5) 2. Indicator species (Metric Nos. 6 and 7) 3. Trophic function (Metric Nos. 8

- 10) 4. Abundance and condition (Metric Nos. 2 and 11) 5. Reproductive f

unction (Metric No. 12)

The particular metrics used may vary depending upon the type of water and region
of the state. For example, the species of fish measured metric number 4 are different

in mountain streams than in and around coastal waters . The S ta ndard Operating

Procedures also set out sampling procedures and instructions for laboratory
processing for samples. To assess the quality of a stream, information obtained from
sampling is compared to reference conditions

. “The scores for all 10 or 12 metrics are

then summed to obtain the overall NCIBI score. Finally, the score (an even number
between 12 and 60) is then used to determine the biological integrity class of the
stream from which the sample was collected[.]”

Reg arding permits, the S tandard Operating Procedures provide , “The location
of permitted dischargers should be reviewed, using the database provided by the

Division ’ s Basinwide Information Management System” and notes that “[w]atershed

specific special stu dy sites that are designed to address a specific, short

- term question
(e.g., Use Attainability, impacts from a permitted discharger , watershed
modifications, etc.) are usually sampled only once and may be sampled anytime

between March and December.” (Emph asis added.)S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- As part of its analysis of the permit application, CZR did sampling and

prepared a report addressing the metrics noted in the S tandard Operating

Procedures regarding fish and benthos. This report noted that fish s urveying was

done “in accorda nce with NCDWQ 2006 Standard Operating Procedure
, Stream Fish
Community Assessment Program ( NCDENR 2006a ). ” “Benthic invertebrate
sampling occurred on 11 April 2011 following the swamp stream method as described
in NCDWQ 2006 Standard Operating Procedures for collection of benthic
invertebrates in the Level IV Ecoregion Swamp Region B of the coastal plain of North

Carolina NCDENR 2006b

. ”
DEQ initially reviewed Martin Marietta ’s application for the P ermit , then
requested additional information to address s everal questions:

1. Please define a zone of impact (ZOI) and show that it is not degraded, considering hydraulic, biota, & saline water impacts as discussed below. Hydraulic : The point downstream at which the proposed discharge can be considered insignificant

. Consider the frequency of bank overflow and the effects of increased water levels
, velocity changes
, and erosion

. Impacts should be based on a major rainfall event such as an 80 th percentile ( two in 10

- year ) storm , and a base flow

. Biota : The point at which the proposed discharge is considered to be insignificant
, relative to anadromous fish ( e

. g

. finfish ) changes in velocity
, pH
, temperature DO

. Evaluate effects during documented spawning times ( as per the NC Wildlife Resources Commission and the National Marine Fisheries Service ) and during periods of lower stream flows

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- Saline Water : The point at which the freshwater impact of the proposed discharge is considered insignificant

. Using the ZOI identified for the hydraulic component
, deter mine the distance to a downstream point of saline stability and evaluate impacts 2

. Please provide a process flow diagram for the mine dewatering and stormwater discharge
, including the flow around the proposed stockpile area

. What is the approximate size and capacity of the settling pond that will be located next to the mining pit ? 3. What is the size and capacity of the closed loop settling system and the future overburden storage area? 4. Please provide an expanded Engineering Alternatives Analysis (E AA ). This should include the alternatives of reinjection of pit drainage and the treatment and conveyance of this discharge for potable or other reusable purposes. The E AA must be performed according to the guidelines in the Division ’ s website. This includes a 20

- year present worth analysis of all feasible options.

In answer to these questions, Martin Marietta provided a Technical

M emorandum pr epared by Kimley Horn summarizing “the results of several analyses
performed to address comments reg arding stream stability, potential flooding, and
water quality issues associated with the proposed discharge [,]” including “ the
predicted zones of potential impact [;] ” a revised NP D ES Water Flow Map showing

“ the process flow diagram for mine dewatering and stormwater discharge [ ; ] and

“ expanded Engineering Alternatives Analysis ( EAA ) dated September 14, 2012 , prepared by Groundwater Management Associates
, Inc

. . . . according to the
guidelines in the DWQ website and includ[ing] a 20

- year present worth a nalys is ofS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- all feasible options.” Further, i n October of 2012, CZR also prepared a Technical
Memorandum addressing “potential direct and indi rect effects on ident ified fish

populations from predicted changes in Blounts Creek water quality as identified by ”

Kimley Hor n’s Technical M emorandum.

In summary , hundreds of pages of the record on appeal and hundreds of pages
of testimony address the analysis of “biological integrity,” as well as salinity, pH, and
many other factors evaluated by D E Q to determine whe ther the Permit should be

issued. To the extent that the s uperior c ourt made a finding of fact in noting that

Tom Reeder with DWR testified that he did not know if there was such a thing as a biological integrity analysis; that he had never really heard of such a thing. He further testified that no statutes or rules set forth numeric standards or explicit methods or metrics by which DWR must make a determination that a NPDES permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity standard[,]
this finding is technically supported by the record because Mr. Reeder did so testify.

But neither the superior court nor this Court may substitute its findings of fact for
those of the ALJ; we review the ALJ’s findings of fact only to determine if they a re
supported by the whole record. See Ledford , 247 N.C. App. at 286

– 87, 786 S.E.2d at

63

– 64. The ALJ’s findings are supported by the whole record, as discussed above.

C ontrary to the s uperior c ourt’s conclusions, M r. Reeder’s testimony indicated the

tho rough and extensive evaluation that DEQ under took to ensure biological integrity
, although this cannot be neatly summed up as one official analysis plainly laid out inS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- a specific s tandard o perating p rocedure. The ALJ’s findings as to the biological

integrity analysis are supported by the whole record. The superior c ourt therefore
erred by essentially substituting its own findings of fact regarding Mr. Reeder’s

testimony and by making legal conclusions as to bi ological integrity based upon a

misinterpretation of the standard. Therefore, as to DEQ’s and Martin Marietta ’s

main contention on appeal we agree that the trial court erred in reversing the ALJ’s

order as to the biological standard , and we now turn to ad dress Petitioners’ issues on

cross

- appeal.

D

. Swamp Waters Classification

Petitioner s cross

- appealed from the superior c ourt’s order based upon its

determination that D EQ’s approval of the Permit violated the water quality
standards set forth for swamp water classification

. DEQ and Martin Marietta argue
we should affirm the findings and conclusions of the ALJ and superior court regarding

swamp waters. As noted above, a body of water may have a supplemental
classification in addition to its primary clas sification

. See generally 15A N.C. Admin.
Code 2B.0301. The portions of Blounts Creek at issue have a supplemental
classification of “swamp waters” which again is defined as “ those waters which are
classified by the Environmental Management Commission and which are
topographically located so as to generally have very low velocities and other
characteristics which are different from adjacent streams draining steeperS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- topography.” 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0202. Swamp water classification applies to “waters

which have low velocities and other natural characteristics which are different from
adjacent streams.” 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0101.

The ALJ identified the issue regarding swamp waters as follows:

Issue 2: “Swamp Waters Claim”: Whether Petitioners have met their bur den of proving that Respondent exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to use proper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failed to act as required by law or rule in determining the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures
comp liance with water quality standards and regulations related to the “Swamp Waters” supplemental classification.
The ALJ made the following findings regarding the swamp water

classification:

18. Contrary to Petitioners’ assertions, the evidence demonstr ates that the “swamp method” and the term “swamp stream” in the SOP are unrelated to the “swamp waters” supplemental classification. (Fleek, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1103

- 1105; Ex. R34, p.6; Fleek, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 980

- 981; Ex. P58; Ex. P59)

19. Mr. Fleek reviewed the CZR Habitat Assessment and provided input to Mr. Belnick. In Mr. Fleek’s evaluation, he concluded that there could be an increase in diversity and population of benthos near the proposed discharge outfalls because the discharge would lead to less stre ssful conditions. (Fleek, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1108

- 1111, 1114

- 1116; Ex.R4; Ex. 51)

. . . . Petitioners’ Swamp Waters ClaimS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 81. Petitioners claim that the NPDES Permit does not reasonably ensure compliance with what Petitioners characterize as a requiremen t to “protect” swamp waters “characteristics.” Petition 4

- 5.

82. “Swamp Waters” are defined as “waters which are classified by the Environmental Management Commission and which are topographically located so as to generally have very low velocities and other characteristics which are different from adjacent streams draining steeper topography.” 15A NCAC 02B.0202(62). See also 15A NCAC 02B.0101(e)(2) and 02B .0301(c).

83. Petitioners claim that DWR has a duty to preserve swamp waters in their existing condition, and they objected to the predicted changes in physical and chemical parameters in upper Blounts Creek, specifically dissolved oxygen, pH, flow velocity, and tannins. Petitioners have characterized the predicted changes to these parameters as

u nlawfully eliminating swamp waters characteristics and

uses.

84. DWR disagrees with Petitioners in that DWR has a duty under the applicable rules and laws to preserve waters with the supplemental classification “swamp waters” in their existing condition. DWR asserts, consistent with its longstanding interpretation and past practices, that the only effect of the Sw supplemental classification is to modify the water quality standards for dissolved oxygen and pH by lowering the minimum limits otherwise requ ired for Class “C” waters. See 15A NCAC 02B .0211(3)(b) and (3)(g) (2013).

85. Petitioners failed to identify any statute or rule that expressly protects “low tannins”, “low pH”, “low dissolved oxygen”, or “low velocity” attributes of swamp waters.

86. Petitioners have not cited a law or rule that requires additional protection or use for waters with theS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- supplemental classification “swamp waters.”

87. The swamp waters supplemental classification and the water quality standards administered by DWR relate to a highly technical and scientific subject area within DWR’s expertise.

88. As the agency delegated the responsibility for NPDES permitting and enforcement of North Carolina’s water quality standards, DWR’s interpretation and application of the State’s water quality standards, and its surface water classifications and supplemental classifications are entitled to deference. Hilliard v. N.C. Dept. of Corrections, 173 N.C. App. 594, 598, 620 S.E.2d 14, 17

- 18 (2005).

89. DWR’s interpretation and a pplication of the highly technical rules it administers, including the swamp waters and antidegradation rules, are reasonable, longstanding, in accord with past DWR practices, and consistent with and supported by the plain language of the relevant rules.

90. Petitioners have presented no evidence, authority, or argument that persuades the undersigned to overrule DWR’s rational interpretation and application of the State’s swamp waters and antidegradation laws and rules.

91. Some supplemental classificat ions may trigger protection or uses in addition to the protections or uses for Class C waters. For example, the “Outstanding Resource Waters” supplemental classification states that such waters “require special protection to maintain existing uses.” 15A NCAC 02B .0101(e)(4).

92. The specificity of additional protections and uses explicitly applicable by rule to some supplemental classifications is further evidence that, if the “swamp waters” supplemental classification was intended to provide additional protections, the rules would have specifically provided for such protections. See, e.g.,S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- Mangum v. Raleigh Bd. Of Adjustment, 196 N.C. App. 249, 255, 674 S.E.2d 742, 747 (2009) (“One of the longstanding rules of interpretation and construction in this st ate is expressio unius est exclusio alterius, the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.”) (citations omitted).

93. The term “swamp waters” is a regulatory term that guides the assignment of the Sw supplemental classification to particular stream segments; and once the assignment is made by rule, the only regulatory effect of the assignment of the swamp waters supplemental classification is to lower the acceptable minimum values for pH and dissolved oxygen. See 15A NCAC 02B .0211(3)(b) and (3)(g) (2013). Upper Blounts Creek, for example, has been assigned the “Sw” supplemental classification by formal rulemaking. 15A NCAC 02B .0316(a) (Index Number 29

- 9

- 1

- (1)).

94. Petitioners’ arguments that DWR misinterpreted and misapplied the swamp wa ters supplemental classification present questions of law and fact, and mixed questions of law and fact. Petitioners’ arguments have been thoroughly considered and rejected by the undersigned as unpersuasive and unsupported by the preponderance of evidenc e.

95. Petitioners rely on a sentence from the State’s antidegradation policy: “Existing uses, as defined by Rule .0202 of this Section, and the water quality to protect such uses shall be protected by properly classifying surface waters and having standards suff icient to protect these uses.” 15A NCAC 02B .0201(b). See Petition at 4

- 5.

96. According to its plain language, this provision is implemented by formal rulemaking that establishes classifications, uses and water quality standards, and that assign class ifications, uses and standards to individual surface water segments. See, e.g., 15A NCAC 02B .0211 (2013) (uses and standards for Class C waters, including waters with the supplemental “Sw” classification), 15AS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- NCAC 02B .0316(a) (Index Number 29

- 9

- 1

- (1) ( assignment of classifications to upper Blounts Creek).

97. There are antidegradation permitting procedures that did apply to DWR’s evaluation and issuance of the NPDES Permit, but Petitioners have not argued that these applicable procedures were not foll owed.

98. The preponderance of the evidence demonstrates that DWR reasonably interpreted the laws and rules governing swamp waters and the state’s antidegradation policy, and reasonably applied those laws and rules to the data, studies, and other informa tion submitted or obtained during the course of DWR’s NPDES permitting review and decision.

99. Petitioners failed to present evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption that DWR acted appropriately in determining the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with water quality standards or regulations related to the “Swamp Waters” supplemental classification.

100. Petitioners failed to meet their burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that DWR exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, failed to use proper procedure, acted arbitrarily or capriciously, or failed to act as required by law or rule in determining that the laws and rules do not require protection of the existing conditions or characteristics of surface wate rs with the supplemental classification “swamp waters” and that the NPDES Permit reasonably ensures compliance with water quality standards and rules related to the “Swamp Waters” supplemental classification.

101. DWR’s decision that the NPDES Permit rea sonably ensures compliance with all applicable water quality standards and rules, including those relating to the swamp waters supplemental classification, is affirmed.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- . . . .
110. Petitioners failed to present evidence sufficient to overcome the presu mption that DWR acted appropriately in issuing the Permit.

111. Petitioners failed to meet their burden of proving Respondent DWR exceeded its authority or jurisdiction, acted erroneously, acted arbitrarily and capriciously, used improper procedure, or f ailed to act as required by law or rule in issuing the NPDES Permit.

112. DWR’s issuance of the NPDES Permit is affirmed in all respects.

. . . .
119. Petitioners contend that the NPDES Permit is unlawful because the Permit does not reasonably ensure compliance with what Petitioners characterize as a requirement to “protect” swamp waters “characteristics,” which they contend include “low velocity,” “low dissolved oxygen,” “low pH,” and “high tannins.” (Petition 4

- 5)

120. “Swamp Waters” are defined as “waters which are classified by the Environmental Management Commission and which are topographically located so as to generally have very low velocities and other characteristics which are different from adjacent streams draining steeper topography.” 15A NCAC 2B.0202(62). See also 15A NCAC 2B .0101(e)(2) and 2B .0301(c).

121. The “swamp waters” supplemental classification modifies the water quality standards for dissolved oxygen and pH in the upper Blounts Creek segment by lowering the minimum pH an d dissolved oxygen values otherwise required for Class “C” waters:
(b) Dissolved oxygen:

. . . for non

- trout waters, not less than a daily average of 5.0 mg/1 with aS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- minimum instantaneous value of not less than 4.0 mg/1; swamp waters, lake coves or backwaters, and lake bottom waters may have lower values if caused by natural conditions;

. . . . (g) pH: shall be normal for the waters in the area, which generally shall range between 6.0 and 9.0 except that swamp waters may have a pH as low as 4.3 if it is the result of natural conditions[.]
15A NCAC 2B .0211(3)(b), (g) (2013)

122. Under DWR’s longstanding interpretation of the statutes and rules that it administers, the supplemental classification of swamp waters does not provide any additional protections to water bodies to which it is assigned; and low flow and velocity, low pH, low dissolved oxygen, and high tannins are not uses, standards, characteristics, or parameters of swamp waters that are required to be maintained or protected. (Reeder , Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1154

- 1157; Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 653

- 657; Belnick, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 523

- 524, 557

- 558; Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 653

- 657; Belnick, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 1059

- 1060)

123. The CZR report states that with the proposed discharge, upper Blounts Creek may no longer exhibit intermittent flow, low dissolved oxygen concentrations, and high tannins. (Ex. R16 p. 10)

124. The report also states that, with the proposed discharge, the use of the swamp stream sampling method may no longer be appropriate to evalua te benthic macroinvertebrates. (Ex. R16 p. 10)

125. The report does not state that the swamp waters supplemental classification requires the preservation or maintenance of low dissolved oxygen, high tannins, low velocities, and low pH as contended by Pe titioners. (Ex.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- R16 p. 10)

126. Based on the evidence before it, DWR concluded that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with all applicable water quality standards, including those applicable to upper Blounts Creek, which has a C primary classification and a Sw supplemental classification.
(Alterations in original.)

The s uperior c ourt affirmed the ALJ’s final decision as to the swamp water

classification issue. The s uperior court stated the issue as follows

II. Did the ALJ err in upholding DWR ’ s issuance of the Permit as reasonably ensuring compliance with:

A. The swamp waters supplemental classification and antidegradation rule [.]

The s uperior c ourt addressed Petitioners’ swamp water claim as follows :

North Carolina ’ s water quality regulations protect North Carolina ’ s surface waters by: (1) establishing surface water classifications based primarily on the “ best

uses ” of surface waters, see 15A NCAC 02B .0101; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 214.1(b); (2) establishing water quality standards that protect assigned uses of “ primary classifications, ” see, e.g. , 15A NCAC 02B .0211 (water quality standards for Class C waters); and (3) assigning classifications to individual segments of surface waters throughout the State, see 15A NCAC 02B .0201 et seq. Some segments are also assigned “ supplemental classifications, ” which may alter water quality standards otherwise applicable. See 15 NCAC 02B .0101(e). The state antidegradation rule provides t hat “ [e]xisting uses

. .

. and the water quality to protect such uses shall be protected by properly classifying surface waters and having standards sufficient to protect these uses. ” 15A NCAC 02B .0201(b).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- The Permit authorizes Martin Marietta to discharg e commingled stormwater and groundwater from two settling basins at its proposed quarry into the upper reaches of Blounts Creek. The parties do not dispute the primary classification and supplemental classifications assigned to Blounts Creek. Blounts Creek from its source to Herring Run (referred to by the parties as “ upper Blounts Creek ” ) is assigned the primary classification of Class C and the supplemental classifications of Swamp Waters ( “ Sw ” ) and Nutrient Sensitive Waters ( “ NSW ” ). Petitioners argu e that assignment of the swamp waters supplemental classification to upper Blounts Creek affixed “ swamp water habitat ” as a “ special use ” of that portion of the Creek; in turn, Petitioners argue, the antidegradation rule requires DWR to protect certain

“ na tural characteristics ” of swamp waters such as “ low flow, ” “ low velocity, ” and “ dark color. ” The A LJ rejected Petitioners ’ argument, concluding that the swamp waters supplemental classification does not provide any additional protections to swamp waters be yond the water quality standards for protecting the uses of Class C waters. The AL J concluded the only effect of the swamp waters supplemental classification is to make the water quality standards for pH and dissolved oxygen less stringent than otherwise required for Class C waters. Final Decision Conclusion of Law ( “ COL ” ) ¶ 93. The Court reviews the ALJ ’ s conclusions of law and statutory and regulatory interpretations de novo and findings of fact under the whole record test.

“ Swamp waters ” are defined as “ those waters which are classified by the Environmental Management Commission and which are topographically located so as to generally have very low velocities and other characteristics which are different from adjacent streams draining ste eper topography, ” 15A NCAC 02B .0202(62), or “ waters which have low velocities and other natural characteristics which are different from adjacent streams. ” 15A NCAC 02B .0101(e)(2). DWR interprets state water quality rules to require no additional prote ction for water segments assigned the swamp waters supplemental classificationS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- (beyond the protections required by the standards for the primary water quality classification, which in this case is Class C), an interpretation the AL J considered de novo and upheld as reasonable and consistent with the plain language of North Carolina ’ s water quality standards. Final Decision COL ¶¶ 88

- 90, 98. The Court reviews this regulatory interpretation issue de novo and affirms the ALJ conclusion. Interpretation of admini strative regulations

“ properly begins with the plain words ” of the regulation. Cole v. N.C. Dep ’

t of Pub. Safety
, 800 S.E.2d 708, 714 (N.C. Ct. App.), disc. rev. denied
, 803 S.E.2d 156 (2017). The Court ’ s de novo review of the antidegradation rule and rules governing the swamp waters supplemental classification shows that no “ plain words ” identify or protect a swamp waters “ use ” or identify or protect swamp waters “ characteristics. ” 15A NCAC 02B .0202(62), .0101(e)(2), .0211(6), .0211(14), .0220(5), .0 220(12), .0301(c). The Court ’ s de novo review of the water quality rules as a whole indicates that if the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission ( “ EMC ” ) intends to protect a particular attribute or condition or use of surface waters, it does s o in the text of its rules. With respect to uses of a surface water, the rules explicitly identify the uses associated with primary surface water classifications and, in some cases, supplemental classifications, and state narrative and numeric water quali ty standards to protect such uses. See, e.g.
, 15A NCAC 02B .0101(c)

- (e), .0211(1), .0212(1), .0214(1), .216(1), .0218(1), .0219(1), .0220(1), .0221(1), .0222(1), .0231(a). There is no such identification of uses for the swamp waters supplemental classification and no effect on applicable water quality standards except to make less stringent the standards for pH and dissolved oxygen that would otherwise apply. The plain language and structure of the water quality rules indicates there is no intent to protect any alleged “ use ” particular to the swamp waters supplemental classification. See, e.g., Mangum v. Raleigh Bd. of Adjustment
, 196 N.C. App. 249, 255, 674 S.E.2d 742,S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 747 (2009) ( “ One of the long

- standing rules of interpretation and constructio n in this state is expressio unius est exclusio alterius
, the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. ” ). Similarly, with respect to characteristics of a water body, the rules show that the EMC knows how to protect a specific characteristic if it so desires. For example, the water quality rules establish explicit flow requirements for high quality waters. 15A NCAC 02B .0224(1)(v) (setting maximum volume of wastewater discharge into high quality waters). There is no text in the swamp waters

su pplemental classification rules (or elsewhere in the water quality rules) requiring protection of particular

“ swamp water characteristics. ” With the exception of “ low velocity, ” the characteristics cited by Petitioners

—
“ periods of low or no flow, low ve locity, low pH, low dissolved oxygen, and high tannin levels ”

— do not appear in any water quality rule. References in the rules to “ low velocity ” pertain only to a quality that swamp waters

“ generally have, ” 15A NCAC 02B .0202(62), not to a quality those waters must have. Significantly no rules pro t ect or assure that waters with the swamp waters supplemental classification will have low velocity, periods of low or no flow, or high tannin levels. The Court is not vested with rule making authority. The water quality standards for pH and dissolved oxygen applicable to Class C waters are made less stringent for water bodies with the swamp waters supplemental classification, and this appears to the Court to be the on ly effect of that supplemental classification. 15A NCAC 02B .0211(3)(b), (g) (2013). Even if Petitioners ’ interpretation of the swamp waters and antidegradation rules could be characterized as reasonable, DWR ’ s interpretation nonetheless is reasonable and is affirmed. The Court notes that, as found by the A LJ , and supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole, DWR ’ s interpretation is longstanding and consistent with the plain language and the structure of the water quality rules. The Court gi ves deference to DWR ’ s interpretation that the water quality rules do not create special protections for characteristics such as “ lowS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- flow, low velocity, and dark color, ” or otherwise. The Court also notes that the state ’ s water quality rules provide a mea ns by which the EMC may classify waters as High Quality Waters or classify unique and special surface waters of the state as Outstanding Resource Waters, and thereby provide a means of protecting certain characteristics of those waters that are not otherwise protected by water quality standards. 15A NCAC 02B .0225(a)(2). The record evidence does not show that Petitioners have sought such regulatory protections for Blounts Creek. 15A NCAC 02B .0225. The C ourt is not persuaded that PUD No. 1 v. Washington Department of Ecology
, 511 U.S. 700 (1994), supports Petitioners ’ Swamp Waters Claim. Petitioners have not shown that there is any designated use associated with the “ swamp waters ” supplemental classifica tion that is required to be maintained or protected under North Carolina ’ s water quality rules or otherwise. The Court has reviewed the Final Decision findings in relation to Petitioners ’ Swamp Waters Claim, see, e.g, Final Decision FOF ¶¶ 119

- 126, 158

- 202, and based on its review of the whole record, the Court concludes that substantial evidence supports these findings. These findings support the ALJ ’ s conclusion that Petitioners failed to carry their burden before OAH to prove DWR acted erroneously or ar bitrarily or otherwise unlawfully in determining that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with all applicable water quality standards, including the swamp waters supplemental classification and the state antidegradation rule. The Final Decision findin gs of fact and conclusions of law and holding that Petitioners failed to carry their burden and that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the swamp waters supplemental classification and the state antidegradation rule are affirmed and upheld.

Pet itioners do not challenge the facts as found by the ALJ or discussed by the

superior court regarding swamp waters but rather argue “[t]he issue before the CourtS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- is one of law: does Blounts Creek’s classification as swamp waters protect the creek’s

use as a unique habitat?” Petitioners contend that D EQ and the s uperior c ourt
interpret ed the swamp water secondary clas s ification as serving only “to weaken the
creek’s protections, to allow for more pollution in Blounts Creek ,” and if the

classification were interpreted properly, the swamp waters classification “is like all

other water classifications in North Carolina

-- it protects our creeks and rivers.”

Petitioners further contend the swamp waters classification actually gives
“additional protection for wat erways that have special characteristics found in

swamp waters and, as a result provides habitat for the fish, insects, and other

animals that are well suited to that environment.” Thus, Petitioners argue that the
secondary classification of swamp waters requires that the natural character istics of

swamp water to remain essentially unchanged and that DEQ’s “extreme
interpretation” of the swamp waters classification as accepted by the ALJ and
superior court, “does not provide any protection at all” and “on ly weakens . . .
standards to allow for more pollution in Blounts Creek.”

Martin Marietta contend s that neither North Carolina law nor the Clean

Water Act (“CWA”) require “‘ natural ’ conditions or characteristics” of a body of water

to remain unchanged. M artin Marietta contends both state and federal law recognize
the need to balance many interests and needs related to use of water and waterS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- quality, including public health, fish and wild l ife, recreation, industry, and

agriculture :
The CWA requires each State to adopt and

implement water quality standards, which “consist of the designated uses of the navigable waters involved and the water quality criteria for such waters based upon such uses.” 33 U.S.C.A. § 1313 (c)(2)(A). Such stan dards shall be such as to protect the public health or welfare, enhance the quality of water and serve the purposes of this chapter. Such standards shall be established taking into consideration their use and value for public water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, recreational purposes, and agricultural, industrial, and other purposes
, and also taking into consideration their use and value for navigation. 33 U.S.C. § 1313(c)(2)(A) (emphasis added); see PUD No. 1 , 511 U.S. at 704.

Martin Marietta argues that

[t] he very existence of the NPDES program refutes the theory that the CWA requires “natural” conditions or characteristics to remain unchanged. The program provides for the issuance of permits that authorize discharge of wastewater into wate rs of the U.S. 33 U.S.C. § 1342. By introducing wastewater into a water body, the quality and quantity of the water in the receiving water body necessarily changes.

Petitioners counter that D EQ has previously taken a position contrary to its

position in this case as it “enforced against a polluter for not adequately protecting

swamp waters ” in the case of House of Raeford Farms, Inc. v. N orth Carolina

Dep artmen t of Env ironmen t al and Natural Resources , 242 N.C. App. 294, 774 S.E.2dS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 911 (2015). Petitioners, quoting House of Raeford , contend that DEQ’s previous
interpretation of the swamp waters classification was “that ‘ the designated uses for

the swamp waters

. . . were deemed to be impaired. ’ ” But House of Raeford does not

contradict D EQ’s ac ti o n in this case

.
In House of Raeford
, DEQ investigated pollution in a creek, ultimately tracing
the source to House of Raeford’s chicken processing facility. See id. D EQ

representatives found that

“t he creek was just full of sludge from bank to ban k and as far as the eye could see. It was an unbelievable site.” She testified the sludge was fresh because it was a light tan color: “It starts out looking like a milkshake and then as it decomposes, it gets darker because of the septicity.” The sludge ad hered to the shorelines and was so thick on the surface of the water that it had formed ridges. The sludge was darker and thinner downstream from the House of Raeford.

Id. at 297, 774 S.E.2d at 914 (brackets omitted)

. “[ F ] ecal samples from Cabin Branch
Creek, directly behind the House of Raeford facility

. . . confirmed a fecal coliform

density greater than 60,000 colonies per 100 milliliters ” and based upon this

contamination, “ the designated uses for the swamp waters below the House of
Raeford facility were deemed to be impaired. ” Id. at 297

- 98, 774 S.E.2d at 914.
Contrary to Petitioner’s argument, House of Raeford demonstrates that swamp
waters do have protection, but that protection is consistent with the water qualityS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- standards established for Class C waters

. See id. at 300, 774 S.E.2d at 916. In House
of Raeford
, DEQ

assessed civil penalties against House of R aeford as follows: $25,000 for violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

– 215.1(a)(6); causing or permitting waste to be discharged to or in any manner intermixed with the waters of the State in violation of the water quality standards applicable to the assigned c lassifications or in violation of any effluent standards or limitations established for any point source, unless allowed as a condition of any permit, special order or other appropriate instrument issued or entered into by the Commission under the provisio ns of the Article.

$25,000 for violation of 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(3)(b); violating the dissolved oxygen water quality standard for Class C

– Sw waters of the State.

$25,000 for violation of 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(3)(c); by allowing settleable solids and sludg e in excess of the water quality standard for Class C

– Sw waters of the State.

Id. at 308, 774 S.E.2d at 920. Thereafter,

The ALJ found the imposition of civil penalties under 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(3)(b) and 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(3)(c) were erroneous, but upheld the imposition of the $25,000.00 fine under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

– 215.1(a)(6). The [Environmental Management Commission] imposed a total maximum civil penalty of $50,000.00 against House of Raeford for violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

– 215.1(a)(6) and 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(3)(c).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- The superior court assessed a civil penalty of $25,000.00 for violation of N.C. Gen. Stat § 143

– 215.1(a)(6) for causing or permitting waste to be discharged into or intermixed with the waters of the State in violation of the water quality standard set forth in 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(3)(c).

Id. at 308, 774 S.E.2d at 920

– 21.
House of Raeford addressed penalties for discharge of waste in violation of

water quality standards in a manner not allowed by a permit and as such was an
enforcement action for a water quality violation and not a proceeding for a permit

application as presented by this case. See id. , 242 N.C. App. 294, 774 S.E.2d 911.

North Carolina General Statute 143

- 215.1 recognizes that some discha rges of waste

which may otherwise not be allowed under applicable water quality standard s may
be allowed as provided by a permit:

( a) Activities for Which Permits Required.

-- Except as provided in subsection (a6) of this section, no person shall do any of the following things or carry out any of the following activities unless that person has received a permit from the Commission and has complied with all conditions set forth in the permit:

. . . . (6) Cause or permit any waste, directly or indirectly, to be discharged to or in any manner intermixed with the waters of the State in violation of the water quality standards applicable to the assigned classifications or in violation of any effluent standards or limitations established for any point source, unless allowed as a condition of any permit, special order or other appropriate instrument issued or entered into by theS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- Commission under the provisions of this Article.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 215.1 (2013) (emphasis added).

We agree with Martin Marietta ’s and DEQ’s interpretation of the law in that
protection does not require that Blounts Creek remain entirely the same. Further,
as the ALJ determined and the superior court affirmed, “DWR concluded that the

Permit reasonably ensures compliance with all applicable water quality standards,
including those applicable to upper Blounts Creek, which has a C primary
classification and a Sw supplemental classification.” The findings of fact establish

that the disch arge of water into Blounts Creek may change some areas of the aquatic

ecosystem and the changes will vary based upon distance from the outfall . For
example, “there could be an increase in diversity and population of benthos near the

proposed discharge out falls because the discharge would lead to less stressful

conditions.” The superior court acknowledges the dis charge of water will change

Blounts Creek , but keeping that change within acceptable limits is the purpose of the

Permit. The Permit allows chang es to the waters of Blounts Creek in accord with the
limitations and provisions of the P ermit , and those limitations are in accord with
water quality standards applicable to Class C waters. On de novo review of
Petitioners’ issue “of law[,]” t he ALJ and s uperior C ourt correctly concluded that

D EQ’s issuance of the Permit did not violate water quality standards as applicable to
“swamp waters” of Blounts Creek.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- E

. pH Water Quality Standard s
Much like the previous argument, Petitioners’ argument as to pH is based in
large part on the characteristics of the secondary classification of swamp waters.
Petitioners argue that the ALJ and s uperior c ourt erred in approving the Permit

because the wast ewater will increase the pH in Blounts C reek to “to levels that do
not occur naturally and are not characteristic of swamp waters.” Essentially,
Petitioners argue that the water quality standards for pH mandate that the swamp

waters retain all of their ch aracteristics , including low pH

. Petitioners contend that

[l] ow pH is a defining characteristic of swamp waters and is essential to maintaining habitat that is protected by the swamp waters classification. The permit allows Martin Marietta to increase pH in Blounts Creek to levels that do not occur naturally and are not characteristic of swamp waters. Under existing conditions, pH in Blounts Creek is as low as 4.37 and is almost always below 6.0. (T2 p 342:15

- 17, 357:8

- 358:15 [App. 24, 25

- 26]); ( see also R p 1199). The permit allows Martin Marietta to increase pH to 8.5. ( See R p 1589

- 1615). The issue before the Court is one of law: does the pH standard protect the normal, natural pH of Blounts Creek?

Martin Marietta contends that if the regulations were interpreted and applied
as Petitioners argue

it would: (1) transform a straightforward water quality standard for pH into a byzantine and costly regulatory maze consisting of thousands of different sets of mandatory pH values or r anges; (2) force DWR to implement an expensive, time

- consuming, and essentially unworkable site

- by

- site regulatory scheme to establish separate “normal” pH for each stream segment; and (3) create a newS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- source of regulatory uncertainty, cause delay in permi tting and enforcement, and impose the expense of sampling and analysis anytime there is a need to know the pH standard applicable to a water body segment. Such an exorbitantly

resource

- intensive agency activity is not feasible, not necessary, and not dict ated by the language of the pH standard.
The ALJ made the following findings regarding pH:

1 06. The water quality standard governing pH for upper Blounts Creek requires that pH “shall be normal for the waters in the area, which generally shall range between 6.0 and 9.0 except that swamp waters may have a pH as low as 4.3 if it is the result of natural conditions.” 15A NCAC 2B .0211(3)(g) (2013).

107. DWR’s longstanding interpretation of the pH standard for Class C water bodies is that the pH must b e 6.0 to 9.0; but if the water body has a supplemental classification of swamp waters (Sw), the lower range of pH can be extended down to 4.3 (if the low pH is caused by natural conditions). Thus, the pH standard for a C, Sw water body would be 4.3 to 9.0 . (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 524, 632; Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 653

- 657)

108. No evidence was presented that DWR has ever interpreted the pH standard differently.

109. No evidence was presented that DWR has ever interpreted or applied the pH standard to re quire that low pH must be maintained in Sw waters. (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 524, 631

- 632; Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 653

- 657)

110. DWR does not interpret the standard to require site

specific sampling and analysis. (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 4 p. 562)

111. Rathe r the standard itself defines “normal” pH to be 6.0 to 9.0 in Class C waters, with permissible lower values (down to 4.3) in Sw waters if the lower values are causedS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- by natural conditions. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp.653

- 657)

112. DWR’s longstanding interpre tation is also reflected in NPDES permits issued across the State and in DWR’s assessment of waters for impairment. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 4 pp. 653

- 657)

113. Available data indicate that the existing pH in upper Blounts Creek ranges from approximately 4.5 d ownstream from the outfalls to approximately 5.3 to 6.5 at Dr. Bean’s upstream sampling site. (Ex. P12; Ex. P23)

114. The expected pH of the discharge effluent is approximately 6.9; and the pH in upper Blounts Creek with the permitted discharge is expec ted to range from approximately 6.3to 6.9. (Ex. R1 p.4; Ex. P21)

115. Dr. Bean agreed with the Kimley Horn report prediction that the pH of upper Blounts Creek would not exceed 6.94 at full discharge. 10 (Ex. P12 p. 36)

116. The Permit requires that the pH of the permitted discharge be within the range of 5.5 to 8.5. Thus, the pH of upper Blounts Creek with the permitted discharge is predicted and required to remain within the range of 4.3 to 9.0. (Ex. R29)

117. Petitioners’ attorneys conceded that the pH of neither the discharge nor the effluent would be in excess of 9 or below 4.3. (Tr. Vol. 4 p. 657)

118. Based on the evidence before it, DWR concluded that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the pH water quality standard.

10 Dr. Eban Bean was a witness for Petitioners.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- The s uperior c ourt affirmed the ALJ’s findings and conclusions as to pH, as

follows:
At the time the Permit was issued, the pH standard

for Class C waters applicable to upper Blounts Creek read as follows: pH: shall be normal for the waters in the area, which generally shall range between 6.0 and 9.0 except that swamp waters may have a pH as low as 4.3 if it is the result of natural conditions. 15A NCAC 02B .0211(3)(g) (2013). In their pH Claim, Petitioners argue that the rule

re quired DWR to undertake site

- specific sampling to determine what “ normal ” pH is for the receiving waters in the area of the proposed discharge, which, in turn, must be maintained. Petitioners argue that: DWR did not determine “ normal ” pH for upper Blounts Creek; the Permit pH limit of 5.5 to 8.5 allows the permitted discharge to cause upper Blounts Creek to exceed its “ normal ” pH; and the Permit therefore fails to reasonably ensure compliance with the pH standard. DWR interprets the pH standard as setting a maximum allowable pH of 9.0 and a minimum allowable pH of 6.0, except that the lower limit may be as low as 4.3 in swamp waters, if pH below 6.0 is the result of natural conditions. DWR interprets the rule as not requiring site

specific sampling or test ing. Based on its interpretation of the pH rule, DWR established a Permit limit for pH of the discharge effluent of 5.5 to 8.5. The A LJ concluded that DWR ’ s interpretation is reasonable and consistent with the plain language of the rule, and rejected Peti tioners ’ pH claim because the Permit ’ s pH limits reasonably ensure compliance with the pH standard. The Court reviews the ALJ ’ s factual determinations under the whole record test and asserted legal errors and interpretation of rules de novo

. The Court is n ot persuaded that the pH rule createsS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 82

- or requires a site

- specific standard for pH in receivi ng waters. First, the interpretation of administrative regulations “ properly begins with the plain words ” of the regulation. Cole , 800 S.E.2d at 714. The “ plain words ” of the pH rule do not require a site

- specific standard or site

specific sampling to determine a site

- specific standard. The rule states that pH “ shall be normal for the waters in the area, ” and then provides that: (a) “ normal for the waters in the area ” “ generally shall range between 6.0 and 9.0, ” and (b) a lower pH may be allowed (to a minimum of 4.3) “ if it is the result of natural conditions. ” DWR interprets the rule itself to define what “ normal ” pH is for a stream segment that has been assigned the classifications Class C

- Sw: 6.0 to 9.0, or 4.3 to 9.0 if the lower pH results from natural conditions. Second, as noted in the Final Decision, this interpretation is supported by the EMC ’ s 2014 technic al amendment, which deleted the words “ generally shall ” from the pH standard. 15A NCAC 02B .0211(14) (2015). This technical amendment further clarifies that “ normal for waters in the area ” is defined by the numerical range set forth in the text of the ru le. Moreover, the current text of the pH rule is consistent with the language of other water quality standards that explicitly state the numeric limits required. See, e.g. , 15A NCAC 02B .0211(3), (5), (6), (9), (11). The only exception to the applicable pH range is in swamp waters, where the lower limit may be decreased

— made less stringent

— if low pH is the result of natural conditions. Third, the state ’ s water quality standards make clear that site

- specific standards are the exception, not the
norm, and are explicitly set forth where they exist. E.g.
, 15A NCAC 02B .0110 (requiring site

- specific strategies for waters providing habitat for federally listed threatened and endangered species), .0211(11) (allowing creation of site

- specific standard for me tals), .0226 (providing that

“ site

- specific water quality standards may be granted by the Commission on a case

- by

- case basis ” ). No site

- specific standards for pH are described or required in the water quality rules applicable here.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- Fourth, even if Petiti oners ’ proposed interpretation of the pH standard were reasonable, in reviewing agency regulatory interpretations, the Court agrees with the ALJ ’ s determination that DWR ’ s interpretation is reasonable and consistent with the plain language of the regulatio n. The Court accords deference to that interpretation. Based on the Court ’ s de novo interpretation of the pH rule, the Court upholds DWR ’ s interpretation of the pH rule and declines to accept Petitioners ’ claim that the rule requires site

- specific assessment. The Court has reviewed the Final Decision findings in relation to Petitioners ’ pH Claim, see, e.g. , FOF ¶¶ 90, 104

- 118, 145

- 151, 164

- 170, and based on its review of the whole record, the Court concludes that substantial evidence supports these f indings, and that Petitioners failed to carry their burden before OAH to prove DWR acted erroneously or arbitrarily or otherwise unlawfully in determining that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the pH standard. The Final Decision findings of fact and conclusions of law and holding that Petitioners failed to carry their burden and that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with the pH standard are affirmed and upheld.

The Superior Court correctly addressed each of the Petitioners’ argum ent s . As
the ALJ and Superior Court determined, the D EQ’s interpretation of the pH rules is

reasonable and consistent with the regulations. The regulations do not require that
the pH of swamp wa ters stay the same as they currently are and that no new
discharg es be allowed if the discharge would change the pH. Again, the law require s
the balancing of many interests and expertise in analyzing the conditions of the
waters affected by each permit application. On de novo review of Petitioners’ issueS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 84

- “of law[,]” the ALJ and superior c ourt correctly concluded that DEQ’s issuance of the
Permit did not violate pH water quality standards of Blounts Creek.

F

. Reopener Provision

Petitioner s last argue that the “required reopen er provision does not authorize
DWR to issue a permit expected to violate water quality standards.” (Original in all
caps.) Peti ti oner notes that

[f] or unexpected water quality standard violations that occur after a permit is issued, DWR has the authori ty to reopen and modify a permit

— a condition that is memorialized in standard conditions for all discharge permits. See 15A N.C. Admin. Code 02H .0114(a) [App. 140]; 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.41(a) and 122.41(f) [App. 105

- 6] (R p 1603). This standard condition h as been referred to as a “reopener provision.”
(Emphasis added.) Petitioner s contend the superior court erred by determining that

the reopener provision “ c an absolve the agency of its obligation to deny a permit
without ensuring compliance with either the swamp waters classification or the pH
water quality standard. ”

Martin Marietta argues that the premise of Petitioner’s argument is erroneous

because “ the Permit reasonably ensures compl iance with and does not violate any
water quality standards, and Petitioners failed to carry their burden of proof to show

otherwise.” As already noted, we agree. Neither the ALJ nor s uperior c ourt
determined that a reopener provision can “absolve” DEQ of com pliance with water
quality standards. Instead, the ALJ determined the Permit reasonably ensuresS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 85

- compliance with the water quality standards , and the s uperior c ourt determined the

P ermit reasonably ensured compliance with all water quality standards except
“biological integrity
, ” but we have reversed that conclusion.
The Permit was issued based upon predictions of the expected impact of the
discharge of wastewater into Blounts Creek , but if those predictions prove to be

wrong, D EQ has authority to modify or revoke the Permit

. To ensure compliance
with water quality standards, t he ALJ found the P ermit requires monitoring of
Blounts Creek after discharge of water from the quarry begins :

145. On July 24, 2013, DWR issued the final NPDES Permit in the same f

orm as it had been presented to the EPA. (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 1053

- 1054; Ex. R29; Ex. R27).

146. The Permit terms include discharge controls, effluent and instream monitoring, and benthic biological monitoring requirements. (Ex. R29)

147. Effluen t monitoring requirements include flow, total suspended solids, total iron, turbidity, settleable solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, temperature, and pH. (Ex. R29 pp.3

- 4)

148. The Permit also requires instream monitoring at two downstream station s (D1 and D2) for pH, salinity, temperature, and turbidity. (Ex. R29)

149. The Permit requires benthic sampling at four locations, the results of which must be submitted at least six months prior to the expiration of the permit (which expires every five years). (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 1054

- 1055; Fleek, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1123

- 1128; Ex. R29)

150. The benthic monitoring provision requiresS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 86

- submission of a sampling plan to DWR for approval prior to sampling, and requires compliance with DWR sampling protocols. (Fleek, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1123

- 1128; Ex. R29)

In addition, the Permit requires Martin Mariett a “ to obtain other state authorizations

for its proposed quarry ” which also address “ potential impacts on water quality ,”
including “ a certification under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act and a consistency

concurrence from the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management (“DCM”). ” The

ALJ order also found :

153. On May 15, 2013, DWR issued Water Quality Certification DWQ #11

- 1013 (“401 Certification”) to Respondent

- Intervenor. (Ex. M MM 46)

154. The 401 Certification requires, among other things: (a) that construction activities must follow best management practices “so that no violations of state water quality standards, statutes, or rules occur”; (b) a monitoring plan for some of the same concerns raised and addressed in the NPDES permit process, inc luding: “measures to monitor physical and chemical stability of headwater streams to ensure that the project does not result in violation of water quality standards,” and an annual report summarizing the monitoring results; and (c) that Martin Marietta con duct the authorized activities “consistent with State water quality standards.” (Ex. M M M46 pp. 4

- 6)

155. DWR is authorized to modify the 401 Certification, if needed, to ensure compliance. (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 1064

- 1068; Ex. M M M46 p. 6)

156. In F ebruary 2014, DCM issued Coastal Management Program Consistency Concurrence DCM #20120010 (“Coastal Consistency Concurrence”) that requires Respondent

- Intervenor to, among other things: (a)S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- coordinate with DCM to develop fisheries monitoring that will asse ss impacts of the proposed project on fish species and habitat in the Blounts Creek system; (b) coordinate with DCM to develop a monitoring protocol that will assess potential impacts of the proposed project on stream bank stability within the Blounts Cree k system; (c) comply with the NPDES Permit and provide a copy of all benthic monitoring reports to DCM; and (d) comply with the 401 Certification and provide a copy of all wetland hydrology monitoring reports to DCM. (Belnick, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 1057

- 1059; Ex . R32 p. 2)

157. DWR may revisit the NPDES Permit and modify or revoke it at any t ime based on information from the monitoring and reporting requirements of the Permit as well as information collected pursuant to the Coastal Consistency Concurrence and the 401 Certification. (Reeder, Tr. Vol. 7 pp. 1151

- 1153; Ex. R32; Belnick, Tr. Vol. 6 pp. 1059; Ex. R32; Ex. R29)

This Court addressed a similar argument regarding potential future water
quality violations in Deep River Citizens’ Coal ition v. N orth C a rolina Dep artmen t of

En vironment and Natural Res ources , 165 N.C. App. 206, 598 S.E.2d 565 (2004). The

Petitioner argued the E nvironmental Management Commission (“EMC”) and trial
court erred by determining the Randleman Dam and Reservoir project “would not

violate certain water quality standards [,] specifically “water quality standards for

chlorophyll a .” Id. at 209, 598 S.E.2d at 567. Petitioners contended the computer
models used by EMC to predict the effects of the project on chlorophyll a level were

“flawed and unreliable.” Id. at 212, 598 S.E.2d at 569. Although some modelsS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 88

- predicted chlorophyll levels within the applicable standard, other computer models

predicted levels in excess

. See id. T his Court noted that when

the Director of t he Division of Water Quality issued the 401 Certification, he was aware of the potential for water quality standard violations and “specifically considered the existing Randleman Lake Water Supply Watershed Nutrient Management Strategy and the opportunity that the State would have to impose additional restrictions on nutrient sources in the event of actual or threatened water quality standard violations after the reservoir is constructed.” We agree with respondents that “no one will know precisely whether or to what extent exceedances

. . . of the Standard will occur until construction of the dam and impoundment of the lake have been completed” but that mere “knowledge of the potential for exceedances

. . . of the chlorophyll a standard was not sufficient t o preclude DENR from issuing the 401 Certification.” The trial court therefore had before it substantial and competent evidence that, in the event water quality standards were actually threatened, the State could impose additional restrictions to avoid chl orophyll a violations. We conclude the trial court did not err in concluding that DENR provided reasonable assurance that the State ’ s water quality standards would not be violated by the proposed project.

Id . at 213, 598 S.E.2d at 569 (brackets omitted)

.
Just as in Deep River , “no one will know precisely whether or to what extent ”
violations of various water quality standards , including standards not addressed in
this opinion, may occur until after discharge of wastewater begins

. Id. The ALJ and

superior court determined that the Permit reasonably ensures compliance with water
quality standards, but the Permit requires specific monitoring and reports, and if a

violation does occur, D EQ can modify or revoke the Permit to prevent furtherS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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- 89

- violations of water quality standards. The reopener provision in no way allows DEQ

“ to issue a permit expected to violate water quality standards” as Petitioner contends.

This argument is without merit.

IV. Conclusion
Ultimately, we affirm the superior court’s orde r as to the ALJ’s conclusions on

compliance with pH standards and swamp water and reverse the s uperior c ourt’s
order as to the ALJ’s findings and conclusions on compliance with the biological
integrity standards. As a practical matter, t his means the ALJ correctly determined

the Permit was properly and validly issued in accord with applicable regulations.
AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part.
Judge BROOK concurs in part and concurs in the result in part with separate

opinion.
Judge HAMPSON concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion.No. COA18

- 712

– Sound Rivers, Inc. v. N.C. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality

BROOK, Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the result in part.

I agree with the lead opinion’s rejection of Martin Marietta’s motion to dismiss.
I further agree with the lead opinion’s conclusion that Petitioners demonstrated their

rights were substantially prej udiced and are thus “person[s] aggrieved” within the
meaning of Section 150B

- 23(a). And I agree with the lead opinion’s rejection of
Petitioners’ argument pertaining to the reopener provision. Accordingly, I join these

portions of the opinion in full.

I also agree with the lead opinion that we must affirm the superior court’s order
as to DEQ’s compliance with the swamp waters supplemental classification and the
pH water quality standards. I further agree that we must reverse the superior court’s

order as to the ALJ’s findings and conclusions regarding compliance with the

biological integrity standard. I concur only in the result as to these issues, however,
because I would decide them strictly on the basis of the deference owed DEQ’s

interpretation of th ese regulations and the ALJ’s assessment of the record.
As the lead opinion notes, the crux of the dispute is whether DEQ

misinterpreted the biological integrity, swamp water, and pH regulations and, as a
result, failed to engage in a sufficiently rigorous process.
The scope of our review as to these issues is limited. “[U] nless clearly
erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation’s plain language[,]” we defer to “anS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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.

2 agency’s interpretation of its own regulations[.]” Hilliard v. N.C. Dep’t of Corr. , 173
N.C. App. 594, 598, 620 S.E.2d 14, 17 (2005). And, in assessing whether the factual
record evinces compliance with the agency’s interpretation of its regulations, we are

similarly constrained:

[O]ur Supreme Court has made clear that even under our de novo standard, a court reviewing a question of law in a contested case is without authority to make new findings of fact. Under the whole record test, the reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for the ALJ’s as between two conflicting views, even tho ugh it could reasonably have reached a different result had it reviewed the matter de

novo . Instead, we must examine all the record evidence

— that which detracts from the ALJ’s findings and conclusions as well as that which tends to support them

— to determi ne whether there is substantial evidence to justify the ALJ’s decision. Substantial evidence is relevant evidence a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. We undertake this review with a high degree of deference because it is we ll established that ‘[i]n an administrative proceeding, it is the prerogative and duty of the ALJ, once all the evidence has been presented and considered, to determine the weight and sufficiency of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses, to dra w inferences from the facts, and to appraise conflicting and circumstantial evidence. The credibility of witnesses and the probative value of particular testimony are for the ALJ to determine, and the ALJ may accept or reject in whole or part the testimony of any witness.’
N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Ledford , 247 N.C. App. 266, 286

- 87, 786 S.E.2d 50, 63

- 64
(2016) (internal citations and marks omitted) (quoting City of Rockingham v. N.C.
Dep’t of Envt. & Natural Res., Div. of Water Quality , 224 N.C. App. 228, 239, 736
S.E.2d 764, 771 (2012)).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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3 These standards compel us to affirm the ALJ here. As discussed by the lead
opinion, the agency’s interpretations of its own regulations in question are not clearly

erroneous. Further, and again as chronicled by the lead opinion, there is evidence
(much of it unchallenged by Petitioners and thus binding on our Court) a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support the ALJ’s conclusions that DEQ complied

with its long

- standing regulatory interpretations in issuin g this permit.

I write separately because, pursuant to the controlling case law and standard
of review, I would stop there. Whatever the merits of agency deference, it governs
our deliberation and, coupled with the deference owed to the ALJ, decides this case.
I respectfully concur in part and concur in the result in part.No. COA18

- 712

– Sound Rivers, Inc. v. N.C. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality

HAMPSON, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I agree with the majority opinion’s conclusion Petitioners demonstrated their
rights were substantially prejudiced and are “person[s] aggrieved” within the
meaning of Section 150B

- 23(a). I also concur in the majority opinion’s conclusions

the trial court should be affirmed as to the ALJ’s conclusions on compliance with pH
standards and swamp water. I dissent, however, from the majority opinion’s

conclusion the trial court erred by failing to give DWR’s interpretation of the
“biological integrity standard” appropriate deference. Rather, I would affirm the trial
court’s conclusion DWR did not demonstrate compliance with the biological integrity
standard. As such, I would affirm the trial court’s Order in full including, specifically,

the determination the ALJ’s Final Decision should be reversed and the Permit be

revoked.
The role of an appellate court in reviewing a trial court’s order

affirming a decision by an administrative agency is two

- fold. We must: (1) determine the appropriate standard of review and, when applicable, (2) determine whether the trial court properly applied this standard. De novo review is applied where an error of law is alleged.
York Oil Co. v. N.C. Dep’t of Env’t, Health, & Natural Res. , 164 N.C. App. 550, 554,

596 S.E.2d 270, 2 73 (2004) (citations and quotation marks omitted). As the majority

opinion notes, the issue before this Court is a question of law reviewed de novo. See
N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Ledford , 247 N.C. App. 266, 286, 786 S.E.2d 50, 63 (2016).S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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2 “ ‘When the issue on appeal is whether a state agency erred in interpreting a
regulatory term, an appellate court may freely substitute its judgment for that of the

agency and employ de novo review.’ ” York Oil Co. , 164 N.C. App. at 554, 596 S.E.2d

at 273 (citing Britt v. N.C. Sheriffs’ Educ. and Training Stds. Comm’n , 348 N.C. 573,
576, 501 S.E.2d 75, 77 (1998)). “ [A]n administrative agency’s interpretation of its
own regulation should be accorded due deference unless it is plainly erroneous or

inconsist ent with the regulation.” Id . at 554

- 55, 596 S.E.2d at 273 (citation and
quotation marks omitted). Consequently, “ [a]lthough the interpretation of a statute
by an agency created to administer that statute is traditionally accorded some
deference by appel late courts, those interpretations are not binding.” WASCO LLC
v. N.C. Dep’t of Env’t & Nat. Res. , 253 N.C. App. 222, 228, 799 S.E.2d 405, 410

- 11
(2017) (citing Savings & Loan League v. Credit Union Comm.
, 302 N.C. 458, 465

- 66,
276 S.E.2d 404, 410 (1981) (quotation marks omitted)).
“It is the public policy of the State to maintain, protect, and enhance water
quality within North Carolina.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143

- 211(b) (2019). Accordingly, the
North Carolina Environmental Management Commission is required to adopt water
quality standards for bodies of water throughout North Carolina. See N.C. Gen. Stat.
§§ 143

- 214.1,

- 212. As the majority opinion detailed, Blounts Creek is classified as a
Class C body of water with additional portions classified as Sw an d NSW. Bodies of
water that fall under Class C classification are subject to the water quality standards
set forth in 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211. Notably, the best usage of Class C waters includesS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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3 “aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integri ty (including fishing
and fish), wildlife, secondary recreation, agriculture[.]” 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(1)
(2018) (emphasis added).

“ Biological integrity” is defined as “the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to

support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having
species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization
similar to that of reference conditions.” 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0202(11) (2018). Therefore,
as a Class C body of water, emissions into Blounts Creek must not impair the
biological integrity of the water body. See 15A N.C.A.C. 2B.0211(2) (“Sources of water
pollution that preclude any of these uses on either a short

- term or long

- term basis
shall be considered to be violating a water quality standard[.]” ).

I would affirm the trial court’s conclusion DWR “did not ensure reasonable
compliance with the biological integrity standard set forth in 15A N.C.A.C
02B.0211(2), 0220(2) and 0202(11).” I recognize this Court affords deference to an
agency’s interpr etation of its own regulations; however, that necessarily means the
agency actually has an interpretation of the regulation. In the present case, the
Record does not indicate DWR had any interpretation for the “biological integrity
standard” that it emplo yed when evaluating the water quality standards prior to
issuing the NPDES permit at issue to which deference is due. Instead

— as the
majority opinion notes and the ALJ found

— final decision maker and Director of DWRS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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4 Mr. Reeder testified that he ‘[did not] know if there is such a thing’ as a biological integrity analysis, and he ‘never really heard of such a thing’ in that there are no statutes or rules setting out numeric standards or explicit methods or metrics by which DWR must make a determination that a n NPDES permit reasonably ensures compliance with the biological integrity standard.
Further, “Mr. Fleek provided review, input, and opinions as to potential biological

effects, Mr. Fleek was not asked to provide, nor did he provide, an opinion as to
whether proposed discharge would comply with the biological integrity standard.”

T he majority opinion here relies on the fact that there “are no statutes or rules

setting out numeric standards or explicit methods or metrics by which DWR must

make a determi nation” in concluding that DWR was entitled to our deference in its
interpretation of the biological integrity standard. Indeed, a fter the fact, DWR now
contends it complied with the biological integrity standard because the “Standard
Operating Procedure” encompasses the parameters defined in 15A N.C.A.C.
2B.0202(11) as supporting biological integrity. However, this ignores the

requirement that the parameters supporting biological integrity be considered
together and before the issuance of the NPDES permi t.
In this regard, unlike the majority, I see no conflict between the ALJ’s findings
of fact and the trial court’s findings and legal conclusions. The ALJ documented the
actions taken by DWR in reviewing the Permit Application but yet accepts that none

of those actions were taken in the context of a specific analysis of biological integrity.
This is not in tension with the trial court’s decision. To the contrary, the trial courtS OUND R IVERS , I NC

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5 determined, notwithstanding DWR’s efforts to retroactively justify its decis ion, the
regulation is clear: in reviewing a Permit Application, DWR is required to undertake
sufficient analysis to ensure the biological integrity standard (as that term is defined)

is met. 11 It is just as clear on this Record, DWR did not undertake that analysis in
reviewing the application. 12 Thus, as the trial court concluded, DWR was not entitled
to any deference in how it interpreted or analyzed a biological integrity standard that
it failed to interpret or analyze. Put another way: interpreting the regulation
requiring DWR to reasonably ensure any discharge would not preclude the protected
use of Blounts Creek to maintain its biological integrity in a manner that allows DWR
to functionally ignore that very requirement during the permitting process w ould be

11 I do not read the trial court’s decision as declaring every aspect of the biological integrity standard, its component parts, or the specific measurements required to be clear and unambiguous and not subject to any deference in its interpretation and application. Rather, I read the trial court’s decision as concluding simply that the regulation expressly and clearly requires DWR
, in reviewing an application
, to specifically undertake steps to ensure compliance with the biological integrity standard, including analysis of the definitional components of that standard. It is no stretch to further conclude that in order to ascertain w hether or not a proposed application would preclude “the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities and functional organization simila r to that of reference conditions[,]” 15A N.C.A.C. 2 B .0202(11) (2018), an affirmative determination of the “reference conditions” is necessarily required.

12 Indeed, on this Record, there is reason to believe had DWR contemporaneously conducted any type of analysis envisioned by the regulation, it may well have reached a different conclusion. For example, the Record reflects email correspondence in which Mr. Fleek notes:

The biota presently found in the Blounts Creek system is adapted to intermittent flow, low pH, and low dissolved oxygen. The proposed discharge will alter the natural physcio

- chemcial [sic] parameters of this system . . .

. As such, many of the taxa currently found in this system which are adapted to the natural condition will be replaced by taxa that are adapted to more permanent flows, higher pH, and higher dissolved oxygen levels. The taxa that are naturally occurring to this type of stream system will be replaced with taxa that are not typical to this type of system. . . . These types of streams, and the taxa which inhabit them, are not normally found in North Carolina’s coastal plain.S OUND R IVERS , I NC

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6 plainly inconsistent with the plain language of the regulation and, thus, DWR is not
entitled to any deference in such an interpretation. Pamlico Marine Co., Inc. v. N. C.
Dep’t of Natural Resources , 80 N.C. App. 201, 206, 341 S.E.2d 108, 112 (198 6)
(“Ordinarily, an administrative agency’s interpretation of its own regulation is to be
given due deference by the courts unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with
the regulation.”(citation omitted)).
I therefore disagree with the majority opin ion and would affirm the trial court’s

conclusion DWR did not reasonably demonstrate compliance with the biological
integrity standard. Accordingly, I would also affirm the trial court’s Order requiring

the Permit be revoked.