## Importation of **F resh**  **Tomato F**  **ruit with Stems** 

**( Solanum lycopersicum**  **L.) (Synonym:**  **Lycopersicon**

**esculentum P. Mill.**  **) from**  **the Republic of Korea**  **into the United States**
**A Pathway**
**- Initiated Risk Assessment** 

**July 2010 Rev. 0**  **7**

**Agency Contact:** P lant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Raleigh, North Carolina USAPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 ii 

### Executive Summar**y** The Republic of Korea requested to export fresh tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (S ynonym : Lycopersicon esculentum ) , with stems , into all the United States. The commodity has not been imported into the United States from Korea before. A list of tomato p ests in Korea was prepared based on (1) documents submitted by the Republic of Korea, (2) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) records of intercepted pests, and (3) scientific literature. The co mmodity was not found to be a potential weed. Quarantine pests that were identified to the species level, and found likely to follow the pathway , were qualitatively anal yz ed using the methodology described in the USDA

- APHIS Guidelines 5.02. This analysis allowed APHI S to estimate the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction , and to arrive at an overall b aseline Pest Risk Potential for each quarantine pest likel y to follow the pathway

. Eight quarantine pests likel y t o follow the import pathway were identified. Pests with **high** pest risk potential: Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Py ralidae) Pests with **medium** pest risk potential: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Thrips palmi Karny

(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Pests with **low** pest risk potential: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 , b iovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi ( Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae) Note that adherence to “ Guidelines for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02” (USDA, 2000 ) required that Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3/ Biovar 2 be analyzed. However, as discussed in Appendix 1, the pathogen is not likely to become established via this pathway

. We evaluated the risk Korean tomato fruits pose for introducing Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) (see Appendix 1) and concluded: “ ...the likelihood of introduction is reduced when the low likelihood of establishment is considered

... Even when infected geraniums entered the U. S. in large quantities in 2003, and then came into contact with susceptible crops, there was no evidence that R3B2 was est ablished as a consequence (APHI S, 2004b). Furthermore, given the large volumes of tomatoes already imported into the United States from R3B2 countries without establishment of this pathogen, it seems unlikely that tomato fruit for consumption is an effective pathway

for introduction of R3B2.”Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 iii 

### T **able of Conte nts**  **Executive Summary ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... ii**  **1. Introduction ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 1**  **2. Risk Assessment ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........................ 1**  2.1. Initiating Event: Propo sed Action

................................ ................................ ........................ 1 2.2. Assessment of Weed Potential of Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L.

................................ 1 2.3. Current Status, Decision History and Pest Interceptions

................................ ..................... 2 2.4. Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 5 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ ................................ 26 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ ........................... 26 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ . 38 2.8. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 41 **3. Literature Cited ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... 42**  **4. Authors and Reviewers ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **........... 61**  **5. Appendices ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **............................... 62**  Appendix 1. Likelihood of Entry , Introduction and Establishment of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 with Imported Tomato Fruit with Stems (Solanum lycopersicum L. , Sy nony m: Lycopersicon esculentum ) from the Republic of Korea.

................................ ......... 62 Appendix 2. Risk Management Options for Importation of Fresh Tomato with Stems (Solanum lycopersicum L = Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill) from the Republic of Korea into the United States.

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 67Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 1 

### 1 **. Introduction**  This risk assessment has been prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

(PERAL) to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation , from the Republic of Korea into the United States , of fresh tomatoes with stems (Solanum lycopersicum L

. ; Sy

n: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ). Estimates of risk are expressed in terms of high, medium, or low. The risk assessment is pathway

- initiated in that it is based on the potential pest risks associated with the commodity as it enters the United States. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this pest risk anal ys is are consistent with guidelines provided b y the FAO (IPPC, 1996a). Biological and phytosanitary terms (e.g., introduction , quarantine pest) conform to those outlined in International Standards for Phy tosanitary Measures Publication No. 5, “Glossary of Phy tosanitary Terms” (IPPC, 2002). The IPPC defines pest risk assessment as “Determination of whether a pest is a quarantine pest and evaluation of its introduction potential;” quarantine pest is defined as “A pest of potential economic impo rtance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being off icially controlled” (IPPC, 1996 ). Thus, pest risk assessments should consider both the consequences and likelihood of introduction of quarantine pests. These issues are addressed in this document. Pest risk assessment is one component of an overall pest risk anal ys is. The IPPC describes three stages in pest risk anal ys is (IPPC, 1996 ): initiation (stage 1), risk assessment (stage 2), and risk management (stage 3). This document satisfie s the requirements of stages 1 and 2 . Details of the methodology

and rating criteria used in this document can be found in the publication “Guidelines for Pathway

- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02” (U SDA, 2000). 

### 2 **. Risk**  **Assessment 2.1**  **. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  This commodity

- based, pathway

- initiated assessment is written in response to a request for USDA authorization to allow imports of a particular commodity presenting a potential plant p est risk. Inthis case, the importation into the United States of fresh tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L

. ) fruit with stems from Korea is a potential pathway for introduction of exotic plant pests. Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the United States Code of F ederal Regulations (7 CFR §319.56) provides regulatory

authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States. **2.2 .**  **Assessment of Weed Potential of Tomato,**  **Solanum lycopersicum L**  **.** This step is important to the initiation phase of the assessment process because if the speciesPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 2 being considered for import poses a risk as a weed, then a “pest

- initiated” pest risk assessment may be initiated. If the species to be imported passes the weediness screening, the pathway

- initiated pest risk assessment continues. The results of the weediness screening for S. lycopersicum (Table 1) did not prompt a pest

- initiated risk assessment.

**T able 1. Assessment of the Weed**  **Potential of Solanum lycopersicum**  **L .**  **Commodity:** Solanum lycope rsicum L

. (Solanaceae) **Phase 1:** Solanum lycopersicum L

. , native to South America , is widely cultivated in the United States. **Phase 2:** Is the species listed in:

Yes Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1979) No World's Worst Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1977) No World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997) No Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate N oxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982) No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977) No Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 1989) No Is there any literature reference indicating weediness, e.g
. , AGRICOLA, CABI, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on "species name" combined with "weed"

. **Phase 3:** Conclusion: Solanum lycopersicum L

. (Syn: Lycopersicon esculentum ) is listed in Holm et al

. ( 1979) as a common weed of Taiwan and a weed of unknown importance in Honduras (Belize) and the United States. This plant does not meet the definition o f Federal Noxious Weed because it is not “new to, or not widely prevalent in the United States

. ”

**2.3 .**  **Current Status, Decision History and Pest Interceptions** Currently , fresh tomato fruit imports from Korea are not authorized by 7 CFR §319.56

. Previo us decision history for the importation of tomatoes is summarized in Table 2. There are no records of pest interceptions on tomato from Korea in the USDA

- APHIS, PPQ Port In formation Network (PIN 309).

**Table 2** : Decision history for the entry of tomato into the United States (1950 to present) **Year Country**  **Comments** 1951 Iceland Entry permitted. 1957 France Entry permitted subject to inspection at New York 1959 Ar gentina Entry denied due to presence of Rhagoletis ochraspis in Argentina 1960 Aruba Entry permitted. 1960 Israel Entry denied. 1962 Ecuador Entry permitted (North Atlantic) 1962 Venezuela Entry permitted (North Atlantic) 1964 British Guiana Entry permitted (North Atlantic) 1966 Paraguay Entry permittedPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 3 1968 New

Zealand Entry permitted into Hawaii (port of Honolulu) under condition of direct or

containerized Methyl bromide fumigation as a precaution against Halotydeus destructor 1969 Japan Entry approved into Hawaii. Subject to inspection on arrival. Must be certified as hothouse grown on Honshu Island or north thereof. 1969 Egypt Entry denied. No approved treatments for two Gelechiidae pests 1969 Peru Entry denied. No approved treatments for Rhagoletis ochraspis. 1970 Thailand Requested entry to Guam. Denied due to fruit fly eradi cation program in Guam. 1970 Philippines Entry denied. No approved treatment known to be effective against all the fruit flies attacking tomatoes in the Philippines. (incl. Dacus caudatus ). 1970 Tasmania, Australia Entry denied. Concern over the red

- le gged earth mite. 1970 Australia (Excluding Tasmania) Entry denied. No approved treatment effective against quarantine

- significant tomato pests which occur in Australia. 1971 New

Zealand Entry permitted into Hawaii under condition that shipment is certi fied as to

freedom from red

- legged earth mi te. 1971 Chile Entry denied. No treatment for Rhagoletis ochraspis on tomato. 1972 Spain Existing entry decision amended to include Pacific ports

. Subject to inspection. 1973 Spain & Canary Islands Green tomatoes permitted entry into North Atlantic and North Pacific ports subject to inspection. Transshipments to southern ports or California are prohibited. 1973 Tasmania, Australia Subject to inspection and certification that they have been grown on premises e ntirely free of red

- legged earth mite. Port of Los Angeles only. 1974 New

Zealand Entry denied. No effective treatment for Lepidoptera pests on tomatoes

. 1978 Cook Islands Entry denied. Complex of insect pests for which no treatments are available 197 8 Honduras Entry denied. Complex of fruit flies and other insect pests for w hich no treatments are available. 1978 New

Hebrides Islands Entry denied. Complex of fruit flies and other insect pests for w hich no treatments are available

. 1980 Colombia Entry denied. Has plant pests for which no approved treatment is available. 1982 Chile Entry denied. No acceptable treatment for fruit fly Rhagoletis ochraspis [ tomatis ]. 1982 Ecuador Med fly 1983 Egypt Entry denied. No acceptable treatment for Dacus cilia tus 1983 Costa Rica Entry permitted of commercial shipments only and of green fruit only. Subject to inspection and treatment if warranted. 1984 Netherlands Entry permitted subject to inspection and treatment warranted by pest findings

. 1986 Senegal Entry denied. No acceptable treatment for Dacus ciliatus. 1986 New

Zealand Entry denied. No acceptable treatment. 1987 Channel Islands Entry permitted subject to inspection

. 1987 Canary Islands Commercial shipments of green tomatoes only. Inspection and treatment if warranted by pest findings. 1987 Uruguay Entry permitted of commercial shipments only and of green fruit only. Subject to inspection and treatment if warranted. 1988 Spain Commercial shipments of green tomatoes permitted entry into all ports subject to inspection

. 1988 Israel Entry permitted of commercial shipments only and of green fruit only. 1988 Panama Entry permitted of commercial shipments only. Subject to inspection and treatment if warranted.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 4 **Year Country**  **Comments** 1951 Iceland Entry permitted. 1957 France Entry permitted subject to inspection at New York 1959 Ar gentina Entry denied due to presence of Rhagoletis ochraspis in Argentina 1960 Aruba Entry permitted. 1960 Israel Entry denied. 1962 Ecuador Entry permitted (North Atlantic) 1962 Venezuela Entry permitted (North Atlantic) 1964 British Guiana Entry permitted (North Atlantic) 1966 Paraguay Entry permitted 1968 New

Zealand Entry permitted into Hawaii (port of Honolulu) under condition of direct or

containerized Methyl bromide fumigation as a precaution against Halotydeus destructor 1969 Japan Entry approved into Hawaii. Subject to inspection on arrival. Must be certified as hothouse grown on Honshu Island or north thereof. 1969 Egypt Entry denied. No approved treatments for two Gelechiidae pests 1988 Turkey Entry permitted of commerc ial shipments only and of green fruit only. Subject to inspection and treatment if warranted. 1988 Ar gentina Entry permitted of commercial shipments only and of green fruit only. Subject to inspection and treatment if warranted. 1988 Jordan Entry denied

. No acceptable treatment for Dacus ciliatus. 1989 Brazil Entry permitted of commercial shipments only and of green fruit only. Subject to inspection and treatment if warranted by pest findings. 1989 Australia Entry d enied. Due to quarantine pests whic h are difficult to detect during inspection. 1990 USSR Entry approved. Inspection and treatment if warranted by pest findings 1991 Peru Entry d enied. No approved treatment for Synchytrium endobioticum or Rhagoletis tomatis. 1992 Belize Entry approved. Green fruit only. Subject to inspection. From Med fly free districts only. 1992 Poland Entry approved. Fruit only, subject to inspection 1993 South America (incl. Ar gentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela) Rescission of import p ermits

. No approved treatment for tomato fruit moth Scrobipalpula absoluta.

1993 Chile and Brazil Entry d enied. No approved treatment for Scrobipalpula absoluta. 1994 Spain (Almeria Province) Greenhouse grown red or pink tomatoes are permitted, entry subject to special certification 1995 Morocco Entry d enied. No approved treatment facilities for Ceratitis capitata in Morocco. 1995 South Africa Entry d enied. No approved treatment for pests Pterandrus rosa, Bactrocera punctatifrons, Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis pedestris, Dacus ciliatus, and Dacus bivitattus on tomatoes

. 1995 Senegal Entry d enied. Lack of quarantine treatment for Bactrocera ciliatus on tomato and pest data. 1997 France Entry approved. All ports. From Brittany Region only with a systems approach to mitigate risk of Med fly

.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 5 **2.4 .**  **Pest Categorization** Table 3 present s information about geographic distribution, host associations and regulatory data for tomatoes from Korea ; it serves as a basis for selecting pests for risk assessment. T able 3 includes: (1) the presence of pests in Korea relative to presence in the United States, (2) the generall y affected plant part or parts, (3) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, (4) whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on tomatoes , and (5) pertinent citations for either the distribution , quarantine status, pathway status, or the biology

of the pest.

**T able 3.**  Pests in Korea associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ). **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **ARTHROPODS ACARI**  **Eriophyidae** Aculops lycopersici (Massee) KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004 ; Jeppson et al ., 1975; Kim et al ., 2002; Nair, 1975 **Tarsonemidae** Polyphagotarsonem us latus (Banks) KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004 ; Hill, 1983 Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski KR, US L No No CABI, 2004 ; Nakao, 1991 Tarsonemus waitei Banks (= T

. setifer Ewing) KR, US I, L No No Cobanoglu, 1995; CABI, 2004 ; Dale et al ., 1976; Jeppson et al ., 1975; Lindquist, 1978; Nemoto, 1985 **Tetranychidae** Bryobia praetiosa Koch KR, US I, L No No Bolland et al ., 1998; Jeppson et al ., 1975 Tetranychus urticae Koch (= Tetranychus cinnabarinus [Boisduval]) KR, US (CA, HI, TX) F, L No Yes Bolland et al ., 1 998; CABI, 2004 ; Hill, 1983; KNPQS, 2000a ; Lee et al ., 1999 a

1 Distribution (specific states are listed only if distribution is limited): AZ = Arizona; CA = California; FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; KR = Korea; LA = Louisiana; MI = Michigan; NY = New York; TX = Texas; US = United States (widespread); WA = Washington 2 Plant Parts: F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence; L = Leaf; R = Root; S = Stem; Sd = Seed 3 [Yes] indicates that this species is not under official control but the U.S. is temporarily considering it as a quarantine species until its official status is recognized (NIS, 2004). 4 Organisms listed at the level of genus, although regarded as quarantine pests because of their uncertain i dentity, are not considered for further analysis as their identity is not defined clearly enough to ensure that the risk assessment is performed on a distinct organism ( IPPC , 2001).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 6 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **COLEOPTERA Anobiidae**  Stegobium paniceum (L.) KR, US Sd No No 5 CABI, 2004 ; Lee et al ., 1992 **Chrysomelidae** Psylliodes angusticollis Baly KR L Yes No KNPQS, 2000a **Coccinellidae** Epilachna vigintioctomaculata Motschulsky KR F, L Yes No 6 KNPQS, 2000a Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) KR F, L Yes No 7 KNPQS, 2000a **Curculionidae** Listroderes costirostris Schönherr KR, US L, S No No 8 CABI, 2004 Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky KR, US Sd No Yes CABI , 2004 ; Olalquiaga, 1980 **COL LEMBOLA**  **Sminthuridae** Bourletiella hortensis (Fitch) KR, US L, S No No 9 Arnett, 2000; KNPQS, 2000a **DIPTERA Agromyzidae**  Chromatomyia horticola Goureau KR L Yes No CABI, 2004 Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Liriomyza trifolii Burgess KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a **Drosophilidae** Drosophila melanogaster Meigen KR, US F No No 10 CABI, 2004; Mason et al ., 1976 **Sciaridae** Bradysia spp. KR R Yes No Lee et al ., 2001a Bradysia difformis Frey (= Bradysia agrestis Sasakawa) KR, US (NY) R, S No No 11 Kim et al ., 2004; Menzel et al ., 2003

5 Species is a stored

-product pest (CABI, 2004) and unlikely to occur on f resh tomato. 6 Pest is a mode rately large (adult length: 7.5 mm ♀, 6 mm ♂) and brightly colored, external feeder (KFRI, 2000) that is unlikely to remain with tomato fruit through harvest and processing. 7 Pest is a moderately large (adult length: 5

- 8 mm) and brightly colored, external feeder (CABI, 2004) that is unlikely to remain with tomato fruit through harvest and processing. 8 Adults may feed externally on stems, cutting them off at the base (CABI, 2004). 9 Minute arthropods that are prone to jump when disturbed (Borror et al., 19 89), and thus are unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and processing. 10 Species is attracted to overripe or fermenting fruit (Hardy, 1965), not of marketable quality. 11 Larvae may be found on the stems of young plants (Menzel et al., 2003 ).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 7 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **Tephritidae** Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki) KR F Yes Yes Han et al ., 1994; KNPQS, 2000a; Okadome, 1962 **HETEROPTERA Coreidae**  Acanthocoris sordid

us Thunberg KR F, L, S Yes No 12 KNPQS, 2000a; Mitchell, 2000 **Miridae** Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) KR, US (FL) I, L, S No No 13 CABI, 2004 **Pentatomidae** Dolycoris baccarum (L.) KR F, L Yes No 14 KNPQS, 2000a Nezara antennata Scott KR F, L Yes No 15 CABI, 2004; Li et al ., 2001; NHRI, 2005; Shiraki, 1952b Nezara viridula (L.) KR, US F, L, S No No 16 CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin) KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; Nair, 1975; Son et al ., 2000 **HOMOPTERA Aleyrodidae**  Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring KR, US L No No CABI, 2004 Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004 Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood KR, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a; Mound & Halsey, 1978 **Aphididae** Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko KR L Yes No KNPQS, 2 000a Aphis craccivora Koch KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983 Aphis fabae Scopoli KR, US I, L No No CABI, 2004 Aphis gossypii Glover KR, US I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a

12 Pest is a highly active, externally feeding insect (Mitchell, 2000) unlikely to remain with the commodity . 13 Literature suggests that N. tenuis is an active, externally feeding insect (e.g., Wheeler, 2000a, b), unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and processing. 14 Pest is a moderately large (9

- 12 mm; Bernoux, 2002), active insect (Panizzi et al., 2000) that is unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and processing. 15 Pest tends to feed on developing fruit (Li et al., 200 1; NHRI, 2005), and is unlikely to be present on harvested tomato. 16 Immature stages are found mainly on leaves (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969). Adults are large insects (length: 15 mm; CABI, 2004) that are unlikely to remain with tomato fruit through harvest and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 8 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Aphis spiraecola Patch (= Aphis citricola van der Goot) KR, US I, L N o No CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach KR, US L No No Jensen et al ., 2005; Kim et al ., 2000b; KNPQS, 2000a Brachycaudus helichrysi Kaltenbach KR, US I, L No No CABI, 2004 Cavariella salicicola (Matsumura) KR L Yes No KNPQS, 2000a H yalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) KR, US L No No KNPQS, 2000a; Stoetzel & Miller, 1998 Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) KR, US I, L No No CABI, 2004; Mau & Martin Kessing, 1993; Pham et al ., 2003 Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2 000a Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) KR, US (FL, HI, LA) L No No CABI, 2004; UH

CTAHR, 2005 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KR, US L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki) KR, US R No No CABI, 2004 **Cicadellidae** Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) (= Empoasca decedens [Paoli]) KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; El

- Kady et al ., 1974; Haghighian & Sadeghi, 200 1 Cicadella viridis L. KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; Naito, 1976; Vlasov et al ., 1992 Empoasca vitis (Gothe) KR L Yes No KNPQS, 2000a Orosius orientalis (Matsumura) KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; Nagaich & Giri, 1973 **Diaspididae** Aspidiotus destructor Signoret KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; Watson, 2005 Aspidiotus nerii Bouché KR, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; Watson, 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 9 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) KR, US L No No Ben

- Dov et al ., 2005; Watson, 2005 Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) KR, US L No No Watson, 2005 Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) KR, US (FL, HI) F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; Watson, 2005 **Pseudococcidae** Planococcus citri (Risso) KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004 Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) KR, US F, I, L, R, S No Y es Kosztarab, 1996; Ben

Dov et al ., 2005 **LEPIDOPTERA Gelechiidae**  Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) KR, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; KNPQS, 2000a **Hepialidae** Endoclita excrescens (Butler) KR F, L Yes No 17 KNPQS, 2000a **Lymantriidae** Lymantria dispar (L.) KR, US L Yes No CABI, 2004; Forbush & Fernald, 1896 **Noctuidae** Aedia leucomelas (L.) KR F, L Yes No 18 Choi et al ., 2000; Tóth & Cagáň, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Adris tyrannus (Guenée) (= Eudocima tyrannus [Guenée]) KR F, L Yes No 19 KNPQS, 2000a; Zhang, 1994 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) KR, US L, S No No 20 CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) KR L, S Yes No 21 CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Anomis flava (F.) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004; Ferguson et al ., 1999; Hill, 1983 Autographa gamma (L.) (= Plusia gamma [L.]) KR F, L Yes No 22 Avidov & Harpaz, 1969; Hill, 1987; Ronkay, 1982

17 Larvae attack developing fruit (Kim et al ., 1997), and are unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. 18 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth (Choi et al., 2000), w hich will not remain through harvest and processing. 19 Fruit is attacked by

the adult moth (Lee et al., 1970), w hich will not remain through harvest and processing. 20 Larvae feed externally as cutworms at the base of stems near soil level (Carter, 1984). 21 Larvae feed externally as cutworms at the base of stems near soil level (Carter, 1984). 22 Larvae may feed on the surface of fruit (CABI, 2004), but are unlikely to remain through harvest and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 10 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Calyptra thalictri (Borkhausen) KR F Yes No 23 KNPQS, 2000a Chrysodeixis eriosoma Doubleday KR, US (HI) F, L Yes No 24 CABI, 2004 Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) (= O threis fullonica L.) KR, US (HI) F Yes No 25 CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Hadula trifolii (Hufnagel) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) KR F, I, L Yes Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) KR F, I, L Yes Yes CABI, 2004 ; KNPQS, 2000a Mamestra brassicae (L.) KR F, I, L, S Yes Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Oraesia excavata (Butler) KR F Yes No 26 KNPQS, 2000a Mythimna separata Walker KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983 Peridroma saucia (Hübner) KR, US F, I, L, S No No 27 CAB I, 2004; Kim et al ., 2000a Pyrrhia umbra (Hufnagel) KR, US (MI) F, L No Yes CABI, 2004; Evans, 1989; KNPQS, 2000a; Mirzalieva & Mirzaliev, 1988 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) KR, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Spodoptera litura (F.) KR, US (HI) F, L Yes No 28 CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a; Schreiner, 2000 Spodoptera mauritia (Guenée) KR, US (HI) L, S Yes No 29 CABI, 2004; Sohn & Ronkay, 2001 Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) KR, US L No No CABI, 2004 Xestia c

- nigrum (L.) KR, US I, L, S No No 30 CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 20 00a **Pyralidae** Chilo suppressalis (Walker) KR, US (HI) S Yes No 31 Ebert, 1973

23 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth (Lee et al., 1970), w hich will not remain through harvest and processing. 24 Larvae may chew into green tomato fruit (EPPO, 2005a), but are unlikely to remain through harvest and processing. 25 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth (Zhang, 1994), w hich will not remain through harvest and processing. 26 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth (Lee et al., 1970), w hich will not remain through harvest and processing. 27 Larvae may attack developing fruit (CABI, 2004), but are unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. 28 Larvae may attack the green fruit , but do not generally bore into the fruit (Schreiner, 2000), and are unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest (CABI, 2004). 29 Larvae may feed externally on stems, cutting them off at the base (CABI, 2004). 30 Larvae may feed externally on stems, cutting them off at the base (CABI, 2004). 31 Tomato is a questionable host for Chilo suppressalis. Ebert (1973) is the only record of C. suppressalis on tomato. In this survey the pest was believed to only be on tomato because its primary host, rice, was harvested and no other food was available. Eb ert states that tomato is not a preferred or typical host. Therefore, C. suppressalis wo uld not typically occur inPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Omiodes indicata (F.) KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) KR L, S Yes Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (= Pyrausta nubilalis Huebner) KR, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; Carter, 1984; Shiraki, 1952b Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) KR, US Sd No No 32 CABI, 2004; Savov, 1973 Udea ferrugalis (Hübner) KR L Yes No Lee et al ., 1999b; Zandigiacomo, 1992; Zhang, 1994 **Sphingidae** Achero ntia styx (Westwood) KR F, L Yes No 33 CABI, 2004; Choi et al ., 2000 Agrius convolvuli (L.) KR L Yes No CABI, 2004; Shiraki, 1952b Dolbina exacta Staudinger KR L Yes No KNPQS, 2000a **ORTHOPTERA Acrididae**  Atractomorpha lata (Motschulsky) (= Atractomorpha bedeli Bolivar) KR L Yes No ISPI, 2005; Kim et al ., 1987; KNPQS, 2000a; Shiraki, 1952a Podisma mikado Bolivar KR L 27 Yes No CSHS, 2005; Shiraki, 1952a **Gryllotalpidae** Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois KR, US (HI) R Yes No CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983 **T HYSANOPTERA**  **Phlaeothripidae** Haplothrips aculeatus (F.) KR I, L Yes No CABI, 2004; Miyazaki & Kudo, 1988 Haplothrips chinensis Priesner KR I Yes No Miyazaki & Kudo, 1988; Wang, 1997; Woo, 1988 **Thripidae** Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) KR, US (WA) F, I, L No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) KR, US F, I, L No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a
production sites and would not be likely to follow the pathway. 32 Species is a stored

-product pest (Savov, 1973). 33 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth (Choi et al., 2000), w hich will not remain through harvest and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) KR, US I, L No No KNPQS, 2000a; Nakahara, 1997 Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter) KR, US (AZ, CA, FL, H I) I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2004; Mau & Martin, 1993 Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) KR I, L Yes No CABI, 2004; Lee et al ., 2003; Miyazaki & Kudo, 1988 Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) KR, US (FL) I No No CABI, 2004; Mound & Kibby, 1998 Mycterothri

ps glycines (Okamoto) KR L Yes No Lee et al ., 2003; Miyazaki & Kudo, 1988; Mound & Kibby, 1998 Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood KR, US (HI) F, I, L Yes Yes CABI, 2004; Lee et al ., 2003; Miyazaki & Kudo, 1988 Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) KR, US F, I, L No Yes CABI , 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Thrips palmi Karny KR, US (FL, HI) F, I, L, S [Yes] Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a Thrips setosus Moulton KR L Yes No Lee et al ., 2003; Loomans & Murai, 1997; Miyazaki & Kudo, 1988 Thrips tabaci Lindeman KR, US F, I, L No Yes CABI, 2004; KNPQS, 2000a **BACTERIA 34**  Burkholderia glumae (Kurita and Tabei) Urakami Burkholderiales: Burkholderiaceae KR, US R, S No Yes Jeong et al ., 2003; Rush 2003; Shahjahan et al ., 2000 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp

. michiganensis (Smith) Davis A ctinomycetales: Microbacteriaceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Anonymous, 1998; Strand, 1998

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al . (Syn: Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora [Jones] Hauben ) Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae KR, US F, L, R, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choi et al

. 1988; Park et al . 1997; Alippi et al ., 1997

34 Bacterial nomenclature and taxonomy as in Euzéby (2005), or validly published in International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB) or in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder (Syn: Dickeya chrysanthemi, Pectobacterium chrysanthemi [Burkholder] Brenner) Enterobacterial es: Enterobacteriaceae KR, US F, L, R, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Chellemi et al ., 1998; Choi & Han, 1989, 1990; Jin et al

. , 1994

Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkholder (Syn: Pectobacterium rhapontici (Millard) Patel and Kulkarni) Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae KR, US F, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Choi et al ., 1990

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae KR, US F, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Choi et al

. 1988; Jones et al ., 1983; Wilkie & Dye, 1974 Pseudomonas corrugata Robe rts and Scarlett Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae KR, US F, L, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Sutra et al ., 1997 Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis (Brown) Stevens Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choi & Han, 1990; Bartz, 1979; Ibe & Grogan, 1983 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae KR, US I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Lee et al ., 2002; Gitaitis et al ., 1985 Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkhol der) Dowson Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae KR, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choi & Kim ,1989; Colin, 1986Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Ralstonia solanacearum Race 1 (Smith) Yabuuchi (Syn: Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith) Burkholderiales: Ralstoniacea e KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2005; Jeong et al ., 2003; Hayward & Hartman, 1994; EPPO, 2005e; Cho & Shin, 2004 Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 / Biovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi (Syn: Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith) Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae KR Wh ole plant Yes Yes 35 CPC, 2005; Jeong et al ., 2003; Hayward & Hartman, 1994; EPPO, 2005e; Cho & Shin, 2004

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young (Syn: Agrobacterium tumefaciens [Beijerinck & van Delden] Conn) Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae KR, US R, S No No CPC, 2005; El

- Sherif & Elwakil, 1991; Kwon et al ., 2005

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (ex Doidge) spp . nov., spp . rev. Jones (

X. campestris pv. vesicatoria , Group A strains) Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae KR, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005 ; Jones et al ., 2004; Jung & Hwang, 2000; Bouzar et al ., 1994

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dowson (Syn: Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria [Doidge] Dye, Group B strains) Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae KR, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Jo nes et al ., 2004; Jung & Hwang, 2000; Bouzar et al ., 1994; EPPO, 2005b

**FUNGI and CHROMISTANS 36**  Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissl. Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Alternaria solani Sorauer Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

35 See CPHST

- PERAL Ad Hoc Report “ Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, biovar 2 Likelihood of Entry, Introduction, and Establishment, and Mitigation Recommendations: Supplement to the USDA

- APHIS Pest Risk Ass essment Importation of fresh tomato fruit with stems (Solanum lycopersicum L) from the Republic of South Korea into the United States” in Appendix, which concludes that although the pathogen may enter with the commodity, it is not likely to become establis hed. 36 Fungal and Chromistan nomenclature and taxonomy as in Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory

– USDA

- ARS (Farr et al ., 2005), Index Fungorum (2005) , supplemented by other literature sources; Mycotaxon, Mycologia etc. In Kingdom Chromista, this is indicated with the pathogen name.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fr.) Wiltshire (Syn: Alternaria citri var. cerasi Rudolph, Alternaria tomato [Cooke] Weber) Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, U S F, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al

. 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Yu, 2001

Alternaria tomatophila Simmons Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F, L, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Frazer & Zitter, 2003; Mutschler et al ., 2005; Yu, 2001 Aspe rgillus fumigatus Fresen. Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae KR, US F, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Aspergillus niger Tiegh. Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae KR, US F No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kim br. (Syn: Corticium rolfsii Curzi, Pellicularia rolfsii E. West; Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) Polyporales: Atheliaceae KR, US Whole plant No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Syn: Sclerotinia fuckeliana de Bary; Anamorph: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.) Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Cercospora canescens Ellis & Martin (Syn: Cercospora vignicaulis Tehon) Mycosphaerellales: Myc osphaerellaceae KR, US L No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Shin & Braun, 1993 Cercospora nicotianae Ellis & Everh. (Syn: Cercospora raciborskii Sacc. & Syd.) Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae KR, US L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005
Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Link (Syn: Cladosporium epiphyllum [Pers.] Fries, Helminthosporium flexuosum Corda) Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae KR, US F, L No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Co lletotrichum acutatum Simmonds (Syn: Glomerella acutata Guerber & Correll) Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005
Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby (Syn: Vermicularia capsici Syd., Colletotrichum indicum Dastur) Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes (Syn: Colletotrichum atramentarium [Berk. & Broome] Taubenhaus) Phyllach orales: Phyllachoraceae KR, US I, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005; Lee et al . 1991; Cho & Shin, 2004; Hong & Hwang, 1998

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.:Fr.) Grove (Syn: Vermicularia compacta Cooke & Ellis, Vermicularia dematium [Pers.] Fr., Vermi cularia dianthi Westend.) Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Colletotrichum nigrum Ellis & Halst. Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae KR, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004 Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curtis) Wei (Syn: Helminthosporium cassiicola Berk. & Curtis, H

. vignae Olive, Cercospora vignicola E. Kawam.) Pleosporales: Corynesporascaceae KR, US F, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Diaporthe phas eolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. (Syn: D

. batatas Harter & Field, D

. phaseolorum var. batatatis [Harter & Field] Wehm., Diaporthe sojae Lehman) Diaporthales: Valsaceae KR, US F, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Erysiphe cichoracearum var. cichoracearum (DC) Mérat (Syn: E

. cichoracearum , Golvinomyces cichoracearum [DC] Gelyuta, Numerous in Farr et al., 2005) Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Erysiphe orontii (Castagne) Braun (Syn: Erysiphe cucurbitacearum Zheng & Chen, Erysiphe polyphaga Hammarl., Erysiphe tabaci Sawada) Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici Snyder & H.N. Hansen (Syn: Fusarium bulbigenum var. lycopersici [Bruschi] Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarium lycopersici Sacc., Fusarium lycopersici Bruschi) Hypocreales: Nectriaceae KR, US L, R, S, Sd No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis

- lycopersici J arvis & Shoemaker Hypocreales: Nectriaceae KR, US L, R, S, Sd No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen (Syn: Fusarium vasinfectum Atk) Hypocreales: Nectriaceae KR, US F, L, R, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Geotrichum candidum Link (Syn: Oospora lactis [Fresen.] Sacc., Oospora lactis var. parasitica Pritchard & Porte Teleomorph: Galactomyces geotrichum [Butler & Petersen] Redhead & Malloch) Saccharomycetale s: Incertae sedis KR, US F No Yes CPC, 2005; Wells & Butterfield, 1999; Bartz et al ., 2001; Farr et al ., 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Gibberella avenacea Cook (Syn: Anamorph: Fusarium avenaceum [Fr.] Sacc.) Hypocreales: Nectriaceae KR, US F, I, R, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Sung et al ., 1977

Gibberella zeae (Schwein.:Fr.) Petch (Syn: Gibberella roseum [Link] Snyder & Hans., Gibberella roseum f. sp. cerealis [Cooke] Snyder & Hans.; Anamorph: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) Hypocreales: Nectriaceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 20 05; Chung et al ., 1982; Lee et al ., 1995; Farr et al ., 2005

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk (Syn: Physalospora anthurii R. Fisch., Physalospora cattleyae Maubl. & Lasnier; Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Penz.] Penz. & Sacc.,) Incertae sedis: Glomerellaceae KR, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Chung, 1993; Farr et al ., 2005

Grovesinia pyramidalis Cline, Crane & Cline (Syn: Cristulariella moricola [Hino] Redhead, Sclerotium cinnamomi Sawada) Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae KR, US L No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Dillard et al ., 1995
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (Syn: Dothiorella phaseoli [Maubl.] Petr. & Syd., Macrophoma phaseoli Maubl., Macrophoma phaseolina Tassi) (Ascomycete

- Incertae sedi s: Incertae sedis) KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004

Macrosporium spp . (Syn: Alternaria spp .) KR F, L, S Yes Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Mycovellosiella fulva (Cooke) Arx (Syn: Cladosporium fulvum Cooke, Fulvia fulva [Cooke] Cif.) Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Myrothecium roridum Tode:Fr. (Syn: Myrothecium advena Sacc., Gliocladium nigrum Moreau & Moreau) Hypocreales: Incerta e sedis KR, US L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome (Syn: Fusarium martii Appel & Wollenw., Fusarium solani [Mart.] Sacc.) Hypocreales: Nectriaceae KR, US R, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 200 5; Farr et al ., 2005

Oidiopsis sicula Scalia (Syn: (Anamorph)

- Leveillula taurica [Lév] Arnaud) Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. Eurotiales: Trichocoma ceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Penicillium expansum Link (Syn: Coremium glaucum Link, Penicillium glaucum Link) Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae KR, US F, L No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Penicillium italic um Wehmer Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae KR, US F, I, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae KR, US F No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Phoma exigua var. exigua Desm. Pleosporales: Incerta e sedis KR, US L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al

. , 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Boerema et al ., 2004 Phoma destructiva var. destructiva Plowr. (Syn: Diplodina destructiva [Plowr.] Petr., Phyllosticta lycopersici Peck) Pleosporales: Incertae sedis KR, US F, L, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Boerema et al ., 2004
Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; French, 1989; Cho & Shin, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Phytop hthora capsici Leonian (Syn: Phytophthora parasitica var. capsici [Leonian] Sarej.) (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, L, R, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996; Cho & Shin, 2004; Lee et al ., 2001b
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996 Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Syn: Phytophthora melonis Katsura, Pythium teratosporon Sideris) (Kingdom

- Chromista) P ythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US R No No Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica Waterhouse (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US L, R, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2 005
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, I, L, S, Sd No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, R, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (Syn: P. nicotianae var. parasitica [Dastur] Waterh., P. parasitica Dastur, P. parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker) (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh. (Syn: Pleospora frangulae Fuckel, Pleospora herbarum var. citrorum Sacc.; Anamorph: Stemphylium herbarum Simmons) Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

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**Pathway References**  Pleospora tarda Simmons (Syn: Stemphylium botryosum Wallr.) Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Schneid. & Gerlach Pleosporales: Incertae sedis KR, US R No No Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US F, R, S No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Pythium debaryanum Hesse (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR,US R No No Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Pythium deliense Meurs (Syn: Pythium indicum Balakr.) (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US R No No Cho & Shi n, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Pythium irregulare Buisman (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US R, S No No 37 CPC, 2005; Moon & Schneider 1996 Pythium myriotylum Drechsler (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US R, S No No 36 CPC, 2005; Lee et al ., 1975; Farr et al ., 2005 Pythium spinosum Sawada (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, US R, S No No 36 Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Pythium ultimum Trow (Kingdom

- Chromista) Pythiales: Pythiaceae KR, U S R, S No No 3 7 CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill. (Syn: Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Mucor stolonifer Ehrenb. Mucorales: Mucoraceae KR, US F No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Sclerotinia minor Jagger He lotiales: Sclerotiniaceae KR, US F, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

37 Although stems are listed as affected plant parts for these Pythium spp., typically infections occur where the stem contacts the soil (Jones et al ., 1993; Blancard, 1992).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 22 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Septoria lycopersici var. lycopersici Speg. (Syn: Septoria lycopersici Speg.) Mycosphaerellales: Mycosphaerellaceae KR, US F, L No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Shin & Sameva, 1999, 2004 Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) Yamam. (Syn: Stemphylium floridanum Hannon & Weber, Thyrospora lycopersici Enj oji) Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F, I, L No Yes CPC, 2005; Farr et al

. 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Yu, 2001

Stemphylium solani Weber Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US L No No Farr et al ., 2005; Cho & Shin, 20 04; Yu, 2001 Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons (Syn: Macrosporium parasiticum Thüm., Stemphylium parasiticum [Thüm.] Elliott ex Henry; Teleomorph: Pleospora allii [Rabenh.] Ces. & De Not.) Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae KR, US F, L No Yes CPC, 2005; Ch o & Yu, 1998; Chary et al

. 1980

Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (Syn: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn [Anamorph]) Ceratobasidiales: Ceratobasidiaceae KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Trichothecium roseum (Pers. ) Link (Syn: Cephalothecium roseum Corda) (Ascomycetes) Incertae sedis: Incertae sedis KR, US F, I No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris (Syn: Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendr) Microascales: Incertae sedis KR, US R No No Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005

Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthier Hypocreales: Incertae sedis KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; CPC, 2005; Farr et al ., 2005 Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Hypocreales: Incertae sedis KR, US F, I, L, R, S, Sd No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 23 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  **PROTOZOA** Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea Tomlinson Plasmodiophorales: Plasmodiophoraceae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004

**VIRUSES / VIR OIDS**  **38** Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Alfamovirus Bromoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2005; Park et al ., 1975; Brunt et al ., 1996a Beet Curly Top Virus Hybrigeminivirus Geminiviridae KR, US L No No 39 CPC, 2005; Lee et al ., 1999c; Brunt et al ., 1996b; Martin & Thomas, 1986 Broad Bean Wilt Virus Fabavirus Comoviridae KR, US L, S No No CPC, 2005; Lee et al ., 2000; Chang & Chung, 1987 Cucumber Mosaic Virus Cucumovirus Bromoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Fuchs et al ., 1996; Lee et al ., 1997 Cucumber Mosaic Virus

- Satellite RNA KR, US Whole plant No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; Jaegle et al . 1990; Cillo et al ., 2004 Peanut Stunt Virus Cucumovirus Bromoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes 40 CPC, 2005; Brunt et al ., 1996c; Kim et al ., 198 8; Mink, 1972 Potato Leafroll Virus Luteovirus Luteoviridae KR, US F, I, L, S No No 41 CPC, 2005; Hahm et al ., 1991; Hassan et al ., 1985 Potato Virus Y Potyvirus Potyviridae KR, US F, I, L, R, S No No 4 1 CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Brunt et al ., 1996d Tobacco Mosaic Virus Satellivirus (Syn: Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus) KR, US Whole plant No Yes Cho & Shin, 2004; Brunt et al ., 1996e; ICTVdB, 2004a Tobacco Mosaic Virus Tobamovirus (Syn: Tomato Mosaic Virus) Luteoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2 005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Brunt et al ., 1996f

38 Virus nomenclature and taxonomy as in ICTVdB ( 2002). 39 Beet curly top virus may follow the pathway, but is unlikely to be transmitted in the absence of leafhopper vectors (Cicadellidae) on the commodity (Duffus, 1986). 40 There is evidence of seed transmission in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) at low levels (0.1%) and in soybean (Glycine max) at 3

- 4% (CPC, 2005), although seed transmission in tomato has not been reported. 41 Potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y may follow the pathway, but are unlikely to be transmitted in the absence of aphid vectors on the commodity (Stevenson, et al ., 2001).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 24 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Tomato Aspermy Virus Cucumovirus Bromoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2005; Choi et al ., 2001; ICTVdB, 2004b Tomato Mosaic Virus Tobamovirus (Syn: Tobacco Mosaic Virus

- Tomato strain) Luteoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004
Tomato Ringspot Virus Nepovirus Comoviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes CPC, 2005; EPPO, 2005c Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Tospovirus Bunyaviridae KR, US Whole plant No Yes 42 CPC, 2005; Brunt et al ., 1996g **NE MATODES**  **43** Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae KR, US F, L, S No Yes CPC, 2005; Hunt, 1993; Handoo & Ellington, 2005; Evans et al ., 1993 Ditylenchus destructor Thorne Tylenchida: Anguinidae KR , US R No No CPC, 2005; Young & Seong, 1995; Nickle, 1991 Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev Tylenchida: Anguinidae KR, US L, S No No CPC, 2005; Choi, 1975; Park et al ., 1993; Handoo & Ellington, 2005; Evans et al ., 1993 Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Stein er) Golden (Syn: Helicotylenchus microlobus ) Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Choi, 1975; Handoo & Ellington, 2005; Potter & Olthof, 1993 Heterodera glycines Ichinohe Tylenchida: Heteroderidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; EPPO, 2005d; Handoo & Ellington, 2005 Hirschmanniella imamuri Sher Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae KR R Yes No Choo et al., 1987 Hirschmanniella oryzae (van Breda de Haan) Luc & Goodey Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Park et al ., 1970
Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood Tylenchida: Heteroderidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choi, 1981; Potter & Olthof, 1993

42 The virus is persistently transmitted by thrips (Nault, 1997), one of which, T hrips palmi, is a vector (Yeh et al., 1992) and likely to follow the pathway. 43 Nematode nomenclature and taxonomy as in CPC (2005) and Nickle (1991).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 25 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribu tion**  **1 Plant Part** 

**Affected 2**  **Quaran**
 

** tinePest****3 ,**  **4 Follow** 

**Pathway References**  Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood Tylenchida: Heteroderidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choi, 1981; Potter & Olth of, 1993 Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood Tylenchida: Heteroderidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choi, 1981; Potter & Olthof, 1993; Shepherd & Barker, 1990 Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood Tylenchida: Heteroderidae KR , US R No No CPC, 2005; Cho & Shin, 2004; Choo et al ., 1987; Potter & Olthof, 1993 Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi (Syn: Paratrichodorus christiei) Dorylaimida: Trichodoridae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Handoo & Ellington, 2005
Paratrichodorus po rosus (Allen) Siddiqi Dorylaimida: Trichodoridae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Lee, 1976; Handoo & Ellington, 2005 Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005

Pratylenchus neglectus (Ren sch) Filipjev & S. Stekhoven Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae KR R Yes No Brodie et al ., 1993; Potter & Olthof, 1993; Anonymous, 1998 Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Choi et al ., 1992; Moon et al ., 1995, Park et al ., 1998a Xiphinema americanum Cobb Dorylaimida: Xiphinematidae KR, US R No No CPC, 2005; Handoo & Ellington, 2005; Lee & Han, 1976Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 26 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway **Table 4. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway Or**  **ganism** B actrocera depressa (Shiraki) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lep idoptera: Pyralidae) Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 / Biovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi ( Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae ) 44 Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

**2 .6**  **. Consequences of Introduction**  Potential consequences of introduction are rated using five risk elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology , host ranges, and climatic/geographic distributi ons of the pests. For each risk element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points) or High (3 points). (The criteria used to determine each rating are outlined in USDA [2000]. ) A Cumulative Risk Rating is then calculated b y summing al l risk element values. The values determined for the Consequences of Introduction for each quarantine pest in Korea of tomatoes are summarized in Table 5

. **Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** The geographic distributio n of B

. depressa is within temperate to tropical Asia. It ranges from Hokkaido, south through the remaining islands of Japan and the Ry uky u archipelago, to mainland China (Sichuan) and Taiwan (White & Elson

Harris, 1992; Carrol et al ., 2002). The species i s widely distributed in Korea (Han et al ., 1994). Given this distribution, it is estimated that B

. depressa could become established in the United States in Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11. High (3)

**Host Range** Hosts are predominantly

Cucurbitaceae. The fly

ha s been recorded on Cucurbita moschata and C

. maxima , Cucumis metuliferus and C

. sativus , Citrullus lanatus , Lagenaria siceraria , and Trichosanthes kirilowii (White & Elson

- Harris, 1992; Mun et al ., 2003). Larvae of B

. depressa are reported to infest fruit of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum [Solanaceae]) in Korea (Han et al ., 1994) and Japan (Okadome, 1962). Because B

. depressa has been found in areas (e.g., mountainous regions of the Ry uky u Islands), from which cucurbits are absent, High (3)

44 Adherence to “ Guidelines for Pathway - Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02” (USDA, 2000 ) requires that Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3/ Biovar 2 be analyzed. However, as discussed in Appendix 1, the pathogen is not likely to become established via this pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 27 **Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  White & Elson

- Harris (1992) suggested that the species probably had additional, non - cucurbit hosts. **Dispersal Potential** No information is available on reproduction in B

. depressa . If its biology is similar to that of other Bactrocera species (Fletcher, 1989a; CABI, 2004), the species may

exhibit high fecundity (e.g., > 1000 eggs per female), as is typ ical of the poly phagous dacine Tephritidae (Fletcher, 1987). Migratory movements are exhibited by

several species of Bactrocera , in which flights up to 94 km ( B

. tryoni [Frogg att]) have been reported (Fletcher, 1989b). However, investigations into the population structure of B

. depressa by Mun et al . (2003) indicated that the frequency

of long

- distance dispersal in this species is extremely low. Also, the fly ’s restricted, East Asian distribution and a complete lack of U.S. port interception records (USDA

- APHIS Port Information Network [PI N 309] database) suggest that it is not spread widel y in commerce. Risk associated with the dispersal potential of B

. depressa is estimated to be medium. Medium (2)

**Economic Impact** Bactrocera depressa is said to be a significant pest of Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin or winter squash) and C

. maxima (Hubbard squash) in Korea and Japan (Mun et al ., 2003). In their survey , Han et al . (1994) reported severe damage to C

. moschata (≥ 31% of fruits); lesser damage (10

- 30%) to Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), and ornamental pumpkin; and “mild” damage (≤ 10%) in tomato and melon. Damage is caused by larvae tunneling throu gh and macerating fruit tissue (Fletcher, 1987). As Bactrocera spp. are quarantine pests for numerous countries, including French Poly nesia, New Caledonia, Turkey , Madagascar, Argentina, Brazil, New Zealand, S yria, Uruguay , and Chile (PRF, 2005), introduction of B

. depressa could result in a loss of foreign markets for U.S. agricultural commodities, such as tomato and cucurbits. Additionally , the introduction of B. depressa could trigger eradication or control program, similar to those that have been initiated for other Tephritid fruit flies. The evidence supports an estimation of risk associated with the pest’s economic impact of high. High (3)

**Environmental Impact** This pest potentially

threatens native plants listed as Threatened or Endangered in Title 5 0, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12). As close relatives of known hosts, Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis , Solanum incompletum , S

. sandwicense , and S

. drymophilum are considered at risk of atta ck should B

. depressa be introduced into the United States. Further, its introduction would likely result in the initiation of chemical or biological control programs similar to those targeting other tephritid pests (Roessler, 1989; Sivinski, 1996). High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 28 **Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  Climate/Host Interaction This pest is widely distributed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australasia, and occurs in several island groups of the Pacific (CABI, 2004) ; its distribution includes areas that experience continental climates (e.g., Germany, Ukraine; Fig. 1)

. The moth is absent from the western hemisphere. Based on this temperate to tropical distribution, it is estimated that c limatic conditions within Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11 (ARS, 1990 ; Carter, 1984 ) would be suitable for establishment of this pest in the United States

. High ( 3 )

**Host Range** Helicoverpa armigera infest s many different crop and non

- crop plants across several families , including Poacea e (Zea mays , Sorghum bicolor , Triticum aestivum ), Sol anacea e (Solanum lycopersicum , S

. tuberosum , Nicotiana tabacum , Datura metel), Malvaceae ( Gossypium hirsutus , Abelmoschus esculentus ), Fabaceae (

Pisum sativum , Phaseolus vulgari s , Arachis hypogaea , Glycine max), Rutaceae ( Citrus spp.), Brassicacea e ( Brassica oleracea ) , Asteraceae ( Lactuca sativa , Helianthus annuus ) , Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthus spp .), and Li liaceae ( Allium cepa ) (Carter, 1984; Zhang, 1994 ; CABI, 2004 ). High ( 3 )

**Dispersal Potential** Females lay from 300

- 3000 eggs during their lifetim e (Avidov & Harpaz, 1969); there may be up to six generations per ye ar (CPC, 2005). The pest is c apable of flying long distances

. For example, adults are known to migrate from southern Europe to the U.K. (CABI, 2004). L arvae may be dispersed long distances in fruits (CPC, 200 5 ; EPPO, 1997). Since 1984, the pest has been intercepted at U.S. ports at least 307 times on numerous commodities in cargo (PIN 309), thus indicating that international commerce may serve as an efficient means for its wide dispersal. L arvae are said to be frequentl y imported into Britain in fresh tomatoes and other produce (Carter, 1984). High ( 3 )

**Economic Impact** Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest every where it is established. Larvae attack several crops , including tomato, maize, co tton, cabbage, and potato (Carter, 1984; CPC, 200 5 ) , that are of considerable economic importance in the United States

. Damage is caused by larvae boring into flower buds and fruits (Hill, 1983). In India, losses of up to 50% of the potato crop have been recorded (CPC, 200 5 ). In tomato crops, yield losses exceeding 70% have been reported in Pakistan (Aheer et al ., 1998). Insecticides routinely have been relied upon for control (e.g., Farooq Ahmad, 1998) , which increases costs of crop production. As an A2 qu arantine pest for Europe and East and Southern Africa, and an A1 quarantine pest for Brazil (EPPO, 1997 , 2003 ) , establishment of H

. armigera in the United S tates would likely lead to loss of export markets. High ( 3 )

**Environmental Impact** Hosts of H

. armigera l arvae include plants in the genera Allium, Amaranthus , Helianthus, Prunus, Solanum, and Vigna (CABI, 2004)

. The pest thus represents a potential threat to related species in the United States listed as Threatened or Endangered (e.g., Allium munzii , Am aranthus brownii , A

. pumilus , Helianthus eggertii , H

. paradoxus , H

. schweinitzii , Prunus geniculata , Solanum High ( 3 )Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 29 **Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  incompletum

. S

. sandwicense , S

. drymophilum , and Vigna o

- wahuensis )

. Introduction and establishment of th is pest could result in the initiation of biological control programs, as has occurred to combat closely related species of pest Heliothinae (e.g., H

. zea [Boddie]; Oatman, 1978)

.

**Figure 1** . Plant hardiness zones for Europe (source: http://www.backyardgardener.com/zone/europe1zone. html).
**Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** Helicoverpa assulta is distributed from the temperate zone to the tropics of the Old World (CABI, 2004)

. Itoccurs in sub

- Saharan Africa, through out South , Southeast , and East As ia , and ranges south through Oceania to Australasia ; its distribution includes areas that experience continental climates (e.g., China [Beijing, Hebei]; Fig. 2). C limatic conditions are estimated to be suitable for the survival and establishment of this in sect in the United States in Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11 (ARS, 1990 ; Zhang, 1994 ). High ( 3 )

**Host Range** Helicoverpa assulta appears mainly to attack members of the Sol anacea e , including Nicotiana spp. , Datura stramonium , Solanum lycopersicum , S

. High ( 3 )Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 30 **Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  melongena , Capsicum annuum , and Physalis spp .; other hosts are Zea mays (Poaceae), Crocosmia sp p . (Iridaceae), Perilla sp p . (Labiatae), Vigna unguiculata and Pisum sativum (Fabaceae), and Piper spp . (Piperaceae) ( Zh ang, 1994; Robinson et al ., 2001; CPC, 200 5 ). Tomato has been reported to be the most important alternate host to tobacco (Marcos & Rejesus, 1992). **Dispersal Potential** Fecundity ranging from 423

- 505 eggs per female has been reported, and may be influenced b y host plant (Nandihalli & Lee, 1995 a)

. Up to three generations per ye ar have been reported in Japan (CABI, 2004). Helicoverpa spp. ( e.g., H

. zea ) may disperse many miles by flight (Metc alf et al ., 1962). Larvae of this pest can be dispersed in shipped tomotoe s (NPQS, 2000). The pest has been intercepted at U.S. ports in various commodities on at least 18 occasions (PIN 309). Evidence suggests that this pest has high reproductive and dispersal potentials. High ( 3 )

**Economic Impact** In Korea , population densities of this pest has been known to reach action thresholds requiring treatment (NPQS, 2000)

. Damage is caused b y l arvae boring into the fruits, which not only causes direct damage, but also may facilitate the entry of bacteria causing soft rots (Park et al ., 1998 b ). In Korea, the moth is the most seriously

damaging insect pest of Capsicum annuum (Kim et al ., 2002 b ). Rates of damage in unprotected tobacco crops exceeded 23% (Nandihalli & Lee, 1995b). Insecticidal applications are a prevalent control tactic (Yang et al ., 2004) , which raise s pro duction costs

. The insect is a quarantine pest for New Zealand (PRF, 2005), suggesting that its introduction could result in the loss of that market for U.S agricultural products. High ( 3 )

**Environmental Impact** Hosts of H

. assulta include plants in the genera Cucurbita , Vigna , and Solanum (CPC, 200 5 ; Zhang, 1994) , which suggests that close relatives listed as Threatened or Endangered, such as Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis , Solanum incompletum

. S

. sandwicense , S

. drymophilum , and Vigna o

- wahu ensis , could be at risk of attack should the pest be introduced into the United States. Outbreaks on crops would likely trigger biological or chemical control programs , as have been initiated elsewhere (e.g., Hirai et al ., 1996; Yang et al ., 2004)

. High ( 3 )Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 31 **Figure 2** . Plant hardiness zones in China (source: http://www.backyardgardener.com/zone/china.html )
**Mamestra brassicae (L.)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** Mamestra brassica e occurs throughout Europe , ranging into temperate and subtropical Asia , and northern Africa (Carter, 1984) ; the distribution is mainly between 70oN and 30oN (CABI, 2004)

. This distribution correspond s roughly to Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11 within the Unite d States (ARS, 1990 ; Carter, 1984 ). High ( 3 )
**Host Range** This poly phagous pest attack s crops in several families , including Brassicaceae (particularl y varieties of Brassica oleracea ), Asteraceae ( Lactuca sativa , Chrysanthemum spp . ), Chenopodiaceae ( Beta vulgaris ), Fabaceae ( Pisum sativum , Phaseolus vulgaris ), Liliaceae ( Allium sativum ), Sol anaceae (Solanum lycopersicum , S

. tuberosum , Nicotiana tabacum ), Rosaceae ( Prunus persica ), Caryophyllaceae (

Dianthus caryophyllus ), Poaceae (Zea mays ), Vitaceae ( Vitis vinifera ), Fagaceae ( Quercus spp .), and Polygonaceae ( Rheum spp . ) ( Carter, 1984; Zhang, 1994 ; CABI, 2004 ). Although brassicas are said to be the most preferred hosts (CABI, 2004), Rojas et al . (2001) found no difference in the mean number of eggs deposited on cabbage and tomato by females in choice tests. High ( 3 )

**Dispersal Potential** Fecundity averages 500

- 1500 eggs per female; there may be three generations per ye ar (CABI, 2004). Larvae may disperse locall y, from host to host, over short distances (CABI, 2004). Adults are said to be “sedentary” (Bues et al ., 1988) and ”non

- migratory” (Poitout & Bues, 1976), indicating a low potential for rapid, High ( 3 )Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 32 **Mamestra brassicae (L.)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  long

- distance dispersal. However, the pest has been intercepted at U.S. ports at least 983 times on various comm odities in cargo (including tomato; PIN 309), indicating its potential to move long distances rapidly in commerce. **Economic Impact** Mamestra brassicae is considered to be a serious pest of many crops, in which even small larval populations may be quite damaging (Hill, 1987). Damage is caused b y larvae defoliating and tunneling into the interiors of plants or plant organs , including fruits, such as apple and tomato (Carter, 1984; CABI, 2004). Feeding damage of 50% has been recorded in sugar beet (O nodera, 1998). Cabbage crops may

suffer losses of up to 80% (CABI, 2004). Under certain cropping s ys tems, damage may be too great to produce a commerciall y viable cabbage crop (Brandsaeter et al ., 1998). Control ty pically involves the application of insecticides (Steene, 1995; Beltrami et al ., 2004), which increases costs of production. As the moth is a quarantine pest for New Zealand, the former states of Yugoslavia, and Southern Africa (EPPO, 2003; PRF, 2005), its introduction could result in a loss of fo reign markets for U.S. agricultural products, such as tomato, cabbage, and cut flowers. High ( 3 )

**Environmental Impact** Hosts of this pest include species of Solanum , Allium , Quercus , and Prunus

. It therefore represents a potential threat to listed native plants, such as Solanum incompletum

. S

. sandwicense , S

. drymophilum , Allium munzii , Quercus hinckleyi , and Prunus geniculata

. Because of its status as a serious pest, introduction of M

. brassicae likely

would result in the initiation of chemical or biologi cal control programs , as has occurred elsewhere ( Rost, 1979). High ( 3 )

**Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** Ostrinia furnacalis ranges from cold temperate regions to the tropics, occurring throughout South and East Asia (including Siberia, China, In dia, Pakistan, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines , and Indonesia) , Australia, Papua New Guinea, and parts of Oceania ( e.g., the Mariana , Caroline, and Solomon I slands ) (CABI, 2004) . Based on this distribution, the climatic conditions suitable for the survival and establishment in the United States correspond to Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11 (ARS, 1990; Zhang, 1994). High (3)

**Host Range** Zea mays is the main host of O

. furnacalis (CABI, 2004) , but the moth feeds on or in plants in several other families , including Cannabaceae ( Canabis sativa , Humulus lupulus ) , Asteraceae ( Artemisia spp . ), Sol anaceae ( Capsicum annuum , Solanum lycopersicum , S

. melongena ), Malvaceae ( Gossypium spp . ) , Fabaceae ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthus spp .), and Polygonaceae ( Polygonum spp .) (Zhang, 1994; Robinson et al ., 2001; CABI, 2004)

. In Poaceae, in addition to Z

. mays , hosts include Panicum miliaceum , Saccharum spp., Sorghum spp., Setaria spp., and Eleusine indica (Robinson et al ., 2001). High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 33 **Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Dispersal Potential** F emale s lay

500

- 1500 eggs in groups , mainl y on the undersides of leaves (Hill, 1983)

. This species has one or a few generations per year in the northern part of its range, and continuous and overlapping generation s in the tropics (Parker et al, 1995; CABI, 2004)

. Although Hill (1983) claimed that adults may fl y several kilometers, indications are that O. furnacalis does not readily disperse . For example, in mark

- release

- recapture studies, Wang et al . (1994) concluded that, although potentiall y capable of migrating long distances, most adults did not do so. Since 1984, there has been onl y a single interception of the moth recorded at a U.S. port (PI

N 309). Medium ( 2 )

**Economic Impact** O strinia furnacalis is one of th e most important pest s of maize in Asia and Australasia (Hill, 1983). Damage is caused b y larvae boring into and within stems of hosts. Yield l osses in maize crops of 4.8

- 30.9% in the Philippines and >20% in China have been recorded (Yang et al ., 1993; CAB I, 2004)

. Cultural practices and the application of insecticides are common control methods (Hill, 1983), which increase crop production costs. As this moth is an A1 quarantine pest for Brazil and Southern and East Africa (EPPO, 2003), its introduction int o the United States could result in a loss of foreign markets. High (3)

**Environmental Impact** This pest represents a potential threat to native plants listed as Threatened or Endangered, such as Amaranthus brownii , A

. pumilus , Solanum incompletum

. S

. sand wicense , S

. drymophilum , Panicum fauriei var. carteri and P

. niihauense

. As a pest of several species of Poaceae (Nafus & Schreiner, 1991), the moth may pose a potential threat to native grassland and prairie in the western United States. Its introduction likely would spur the initiation of chemical or biological control programs, as is common practice in other regions (Nafus & Schreiner, 1991). High ( 3 )

**Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 / Biovar 2**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** R alstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 (R3

- B2) strains are widely distributed throughout Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe, Africa, and South America (Elphinstone, 2005 c ). Commerciall y cultivated hosts of the bacterium, including Solanum and Lycopersicon spp., are grown in more than six plant hardiness zones of the Unite d States (NASS, 2005; USDA

-NRCS, 2005). Climatic conditions and host range are suitable for the survival and establishment of this pest in at least 4 Plant Hardiness Zones of the Unite d States (US DA, 2003). High (3)

**Host Range** The natural host range of R. solanacearum R3

- B2 strains is extensive , and includes both solanaceous and non

- solanaceous crops and weeds (Janse et al ., 2004). Hosts infected belong to several plant families: Solanaceae, Asteraceae , High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 34 **Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 / Biovar 2**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  Brassicaceae , Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitacea e , Geraniaceae, Fabaceae , Portulacaceae, Labiatae, Capparadidaceae, Polygonaceae, Urticaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Poaceae , Convolvulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, Tropaeolaceae, and Verbenaceae (Janse et al., 2004). The following are hosts reported in the literature (Janse et al ., 2004). **Solanaceae:** Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum melongena, Solanum phureja, Cyphomandra betaceae **Solanaceous weeds:** Datura stramonium, Phy salis sp p . , Physalis angulatum, Solanum carolinense, Solanum cinereum, Solanum dulcamara, Solanum nigrum **Non -**  **solanaceous natural host plants:** Bidens pinnata, Brassica rapa, Chenopodium spp. , Melampodium perfoliatum, Momordica charantia, Pelargonium zonale, Phaseolus vulgaris, Portulaca oleracea, Salvia reflexa **Natural latent hosts:** Cleome monophylla, Galinsoga ciliate, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana rustica, Polygonum capitata, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Urtica dioica, Beta vulgaris, Brassica juncea. , B. napus, Brassica rapa, Browallia speciosa, Cerastium glomeratum, Chenopodium abrosioides , C. amaranticolor , C. paniculatum, Cucurbita pepo, Drymaria cordata, Erodium moschatum, Eupatorium cannabinum, Galinsoga parviflora, Glycine max, Gnaphalium elegans, He lianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Hyoscyamus niger, Ipomea spp ., Lycopersicon chilense, Nicandra physaloides, Nicotiana alata, Phaseolus vulgari, Phaseolus multiflorus, Physalis floridana, Pisum sativum, Rumex spp., Salpiglossis sinuate, Spergula arvensis, Solanum capsisastrum, Solanum caripense, Solanum luteum, Solanum sarrachoides, Solanum xanthophyllum, Soliva anthemidifolia, Tagetes spp ., Tropaeolum majus, Verbena brasiliensis, Vicia faba, Vigna sinensis **Dispersal Potential** Ralstonia solanacearum R3

- B2 bacteria are transmitted through contaminated soil, irrigation water, equipment or personnel (Coutinho, 2005). Spread has been demonstrated through infected potato tubers, plant

- to
-plant through soil, in waterway s (streams and irrigation ponds) (Caruso et al . 2003) and on infected weed hosts (Stevenson et al

. , 2001). Infection occurs ty pically through wounds or natural openings in the plant’s surface, e.g. injured roots, stem wounds or stomata (EPPO 2005e). The bacteria may be spread b y transplanting or propagating infected plants, b y cutting infected plant material then cutting healthy plant material without disinfecting cutting tools, and b y watering plants with contaminated irrigation water (USDA

- APHIS, 2003). Ralstonia solanacearum R3

- B2 does not easily

spread from plant to plant contact, by water splashing, nor is it spread aerial ly (USDA

- APHIS, 2003). The primary pathway for international spread is via infected plant material, such as vegetative plant parts or infested soil. Infected plant parts, including fruit and stems, may be transported long distances , dispersing the pathogen. The bacteria may survive in the soil for relativel y short periods of time (Sequeira, 1994). Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 35 **Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 / Biovar 2**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Economic Impact** Ralstonia solanacearum R3

- B2 may cause serious direct yi eld loss in infected hosts, both in agricultural food crops and ornamentals, in addition to economic impacts of monitoring and eradicating if the organism is introduced to new areas, such as the United S tates , where it has quarantine status ( Elphinstone, 2005 c ). Yield losses due to R. solanacearum R3

- B2 vary depending upon cropping practices, host, cultivar, and soil ty pe. In tomato production, bacterial wilt caused losses ranging from 15

- 55% in Taiwan, significant plant mortality (10

- 100%) an d yi eld loss (0

- 91%) in India, and is widespread (88% infested) in production fields in Uganda (Elphinstone, 2005 c ). Impacts to other crop plants such as potato, tobacco, and ornamental plants also are economically significant. Global estimates of the impact of bacterial wilt on potato alone indicate that 1.5 million h a are affected , resulting in losses exceeding $950 million annually (Elphinstone, 2005 c ). Costs of monitoring and eradication of R. solanacearum R3

- B2 after introduction on geranium to the Uni ted S tates in 2003 were substantial (Writer, 2003; USDA

- APHI S, 2003). Lo ss of world markets for U

. S

. products due to establishment of R. solanacearum R3

- B2 would have a serious negative impact on U

. S

. agriculture. The bacterium is an A2 quarantine pest for Europe and a quarantine pest for Canada (EPPO, 2003). High (3)

**Environmental Impact** Several species of both solanaceous and non

- solanaceous crops and weeds are infected b y R. solanacearum R3

- B2 (Janse et al ., 2004). Among species listed as Threatened o r Endangered in the United S tates (USFWS, 1999) several may be potential hosts of R. solanacearum R3

- B2 strains. Several species belong in the family Solanaceae: Goetzea elegans, Nothocestrum breviflorum, N. peltatum, Solanum drymophilum, S. incompletum an d S. sandwicense. Additional species listed as Threatened or Endangered belonging to the same genera as other known susceptible species include: Bidens micrantha spp. kalealaha , Bidens wiebkei , Portulaca sclerocarpa , Cucurbita okeechobeensis spp. okeechobe ensis, Helianthus eggertii , Helianthus paradoxus , Helianthus schweinitzii , Verbena californica , Vigna o

- wahuensis (USFWS, 1999). Populations of the species listed above may

be at risk if this bacterium enters and becomes established in the United States. D irect effects of infection as well as eradication efforts needed to control introduced populations of this pathogen would be detrimental to these species. High (3)

**Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** The distribution of S

. dorsalis is largely subtropical to tropical, although its occurrence in Korea and Honshu, Japan , suggests that it can survive in cold temperate regions. I

ts range extends in Asia from Pakistan to Japan, south to the Philippines, and through parts of Mela nesia to Australia (CPC, 200 5 ). The pest has a restricted distribution in Africa. I t is estimated that S

. dorsalis could become established in the United States within Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11 (ARS, 1990). High ( 3 )Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 36 **Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Host Range** Scirtothrips dorsalis has been recorded on hosts in several families, including Allium cepa (Liliaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Gossypium spp . (Malvaceae), Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae), Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), Nelumbo spp . (Nelumbonaceae), Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) (CPC, 200 5 ) ; Zea mays (Poaceae), Zizyphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), Fragaria chiloensis (Rosaceae), Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) (Chang, 1991); and Actinidia chinensis (Actinidiaceae) (Sakakibara & Nishigaki, 1988). High ( 3 )

**Dispersal Potential** Fecundity ranges from 40

- 68 eggs per female; a female: male sex ratio of 6:1 has been reported (CPC, 2005 ). In China, 10

- 15 generations p er year have been recorded (Li et al ., 2004). The potential of Scirtothrips spp. for natural spread appears to be limited (EPPO, 1997). I n international trade, S. dorsalis could be carried on plant materials; however, interceptions have been rare. For exam ple, over the last 13 years, the species has been intercepted at U.S. ports on only 19 occasions in cargo (PI

N 309 ). Medium (2)

**Economic Impact** In chili pepper, heavy

infestation causes premature leaf drop (CPC, 2005) ; a yi eld reduction as high as 90% ha s been reported (Kumar, 1995) . I n I ndia, the thrips is routinely controlled on this crop with various insecticides (Rai & Solanki, 2002) , which increases production costs. As S

. dorsalis is listed as an A 1 quarantine pest for Europe (EPPO, 1997), its estab lishment in the United States could result in the loss of foreign markets for various agricultural commodities. High ( 3 )

**Environmental Impact** This pest has the potential to attack listed native plants in the United States, such as Allium munzii and Zizi

phus celata . Its introduction could spur the initiation of biological control programs , as has occurred with other thrips in the United States and elsewhere ( e.g., Clausen, 1978)

. High ( 3 )

**Thrips palmi Karny**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  **Climate/Host Interaction** Thri ps palmi is subtropical to tropical in distribution; populations in temperate climates are able to overwinter in greenhouses or other artificial situations (CPC, 2005 ). This thrips occurs in Asia, from Pakistan to Indonesia, in parts of the tropical Pacifi c and Africa, and, most recently, in the Caribbean , northern South America , and the state of Florida. I

t is estimated that this species could establish additional populations in the United States only in southern regions , in areas corresponding to Plant Ha rdiness Zones 9

- 11. Medium ( 2 )

**Host Range** Among primary

hosts are species of Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae, including Cucurbita pepo and Solanum melongena . The thrips also has been recorded on High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 37 **Thrips palmi Karny**  **Risk r**  **ating s**  Allium cepa (Liliaceae), Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Glycine max (Fabaceae), Gossypium spp . (Malvaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Oryza sativa (Poaceae), Persea americana (Lauraceae), and Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) (CPC, 200 5 ). **Dispersal Potential** Fecundity may exce ed 200 eggs per female ( CPC, 2005 ). At least 10 generations per year have been recorded on cucurbits (Chang, 1991). Originally restricted to South and Southeast Asia, over the past 25 y ears, T

. palmi has spread rapidly

to Australia, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere (CPC, 2005 ). Bournier (1986) suggested that rapid, long

- distance dispersal is facilitated by the wind and aircraft transport of infested plant materials. The species has been intercepted over 8100 times at U.S. ports during the last 20 years (P IN309). This pest thus exhibits high reproductive and dispersal capacities. High (3)

**Economic Impact** Thrips palmi is a serious pest of cucurbits and eggplant. Losses of 50

- 90% in these crops have been reported (CPC, 2005). On cucumber, feeding stunts pl ants, causes premature bud and fruit drop, and may deform surviving fruits; infestations as low as one thrips per leaf resulted in fewer tendrils and leaves, and killed plants (Childers, 1997). The species is a vector of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (CPC , 2005). It is reported to be difficult to control chemically, requiring repeated applications of insecticides to achieve acceptable levels of control (Sakimura et al ., 1986). It is listed as an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (EPPO, 1997)

. However, as T

. pa lmi is established in the United States, and under no apparent official control, additional introductions are unlikely to result in a further loss of foreign markets for domestically

produced commodities. The weight of evidence suggests that risk associate d with the economic impact of this species is in the medium range. Medium (2 )

**Environmental Impact** This pest has the potential to attack plants listed as Endangered or Threatened and occurring beyond its present distribution in the United States (e.g., A llium munzii , Helianthus spp.). Further introduction s could result in the initiation of biological control programs, which has been considered in other countries (e.g., Japan; Hirose et al ., 1993). High (3)

**Table 5. Risk Rating for Consequences of Int roduction**  **Pest Climate/Host** 

**Interaction Host** 

**Range Dispersal** 

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Environmen** 
****

**tal Impact Cumulative** 

**Rating** Bactrocera depressa High (3) High (3) Med (2) High ( 3 ) High (3) High (14 ) Helicoverpa armigera High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Helicoverpa assulta High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Mamestra brassicae High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Ostrinia furnacalis High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (14) Ralsto nia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (14)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 38 **Pest Climate/Host** 

**Interaction Host** 

**Range Dispersal** 

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Environmen** 
****

**tal Impact Cumulative** 

**Rating** Scirtothrips dorsalis High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (14) Thrips palmi Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (13)

**2.7 .**  **Likelihood of In troduction**  Likelihood of introduction is a function of both the quantity of the commodity

imported annuall y and pest opportunity , which consists of five criteria that consider the potential for pest survival along the pathway

(USDA, 2000). The values determined for the Likelihood of Introduction for each pest are summarized in Table 6

. Adherence to the guidelines required that we analyze the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2. Therefore, for consistency , the results of our anal ys is using th e guidelines are included in the discussion below. However, for reasons that could not be addressed using the current PRA guidelines , this pest is not likely to become established in the United States via the importation of tomatoes from Korea. (See Append ix 1, “ Likelihood of Entry , Introduction and Establishment of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 with Imported Tomato Fruit with Stems (Solanum lycopersicum L. , S ynonym : Lycopersicon esculentum ) from the Republic of Korea .”) 2.7. 1. Quantity of commodi ty imported annually The rating for the quantity imported annual ly is based on the amount reported by the exporter, and is converted into standard units of 40

- foot

- long shipping containers. The initial volume of tomatoes to be shipped to the United States is estimated to be approximately one container per ye ar (KNPQS, 2000b) . Therefore, this element is ranked low for all pests. 2.7. 2. Survive post

- harvest treatment P ost
- harvest treatment for tomatoes from Korea will consist of hand

- wiping harvested fruit p rior to shipment (KNPQS, 2000b)

. Bactrocera depressa, the noctuid m oths Helicoverpa armigera, H

. assulta, and Mamestra brassica e , as internal fruit feeders, would be expected to have a high probability

(> 10%; USDA, 2000) of surviving such minimal post

- har vest treatment
. The p yr alid moth Ostrinia furnacalis , if present within stems, would be subject to no post

- harvest treatment, and, thus, also would has a high probability of surviving. Thus, the rating for this risk element is considered high for these ins ects
. Similarly, superficial treatment is not likely to affect an internal bacterial infection of fruit. Thus Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 is also rated high for this element. The thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis and Thrips palmi are external feeders , and would hav e a lesser probability

of surviving post

- harvest treatment. However, depending on their stage (egg, larva, adult) or instar, these insects might find shelter on fruit beneath the cal yx . For example, many thrips (which may

be as small as 0. 5 mm in length) seek protection in narrow crevices on their hosts, and there is little wandering from these sites; thrips eggs are inserted into plant tissues (Lewis, 1973). Such cry

ptic behavior could afford them considerable protection from detection or removal. The thrips are considered to have a probability of surviving post

- harvest treatment ofPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 39 between 0.1% and 10% (i.e., in the medium range; USDA, 2000). 2.7. 3. Survive Shipment According to information provided b y the Korean National Plant Quarantine Service (KNPQS, 2000b) , tomato e s will be shipped via air

- cargo at a temperature of about 10oC. In sect survival at low temperatures is influenced b y the duration of exposure (Chapman, 1998). Low temperatures above freezing are not immediately fatal for mos t insects; some may remain alive for considerable periods even at temperatures around 0°C. As temperatures drop, phy siological adjustments that occur in the process of acclimation may lengthen the period during which insects can withstand the deleterious e ffects of chilling (Salt, 1961). For example, the tropical species, T

. palmi , has been reported to survive temperatures as low as

–3° to

–7°C in unheated greenhouses in Japan (EPPO, 1997 ). The relatively benign conditions under which , and the rapid means b y which, tomato fruit will be shipped Korea should be favorable for the survival of any accompanying insects . Thus, all insects are rated high for this risk element. Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 is known to survive long

- distance transport. For e xample, the bacteria survived in geranium cuttings from Kenya during transport to the United S tates and the European Union (USDA

- APHIS, 2003; Janse et al ., 2004). Thus, R. solanacearum race 3 , biovar 2 is also rated high for this risk element. 2.7. 4. Not detected at a port of entry Estimating the risk that pests will not be detected at a port

- of

- entry involv es consideration of pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment. Depending on the age of the infestation, internal feeders have a high probability o f escaping detection at a port

- of

- entry , unless fruit is cut open. Oviposition wounds made by B

. depress a females, or entrance holes of H

. armigera, H. assulta or M

. brassicae , on the outside of fruit might be detected b y visual inspection. Other entrance holes under the cal y

x and larvae in fruit would be more difficult to see. Similarly , for C

. suppressalis and O

. furnacalis , holes in stems might be evident, their detection facilitated b y the presence of frass (fecal material) (Valdez & Adalla, 1983; Catin dig & Heong, 2003). Because sy mptoms of infestation may be evident, these pests are rated m edium for this risk element. Scirtothrips dorsalis and T

. palmi are external feeders ; thus, their presence or the damage they produce would tend to have a higher probability of detection than that of internal pests

. However, if concealed beneath the caly x or in packing materials, or if present in the egg stage, these minute insects would be more difficult to discover. Thrips are diminutive insects, individually

so sm all that they

easily pass unnoticed (Lewis, 1973). In particular, it is said to be extremely difficult to detect adults, larvae, or eggs in bulky shipments of plant material (Lewis, 1997). These species are rated m edium for this risk element. Fruit and attached stems and cal yc es may harbor bacteria without showing sy mptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 infection. Visual detection is not an effective means of exclusion for this bacterium. This pest is rated high for this risk element. 2.7. 5. I mported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival Tomatoes from Korea are likely to be sold in every

state. However, if it is assumed that demand for them is proportional to the size of the consumer population in potential markets, then imports might be concentrated more in some regions of the United States than in others, not all of whichPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 40 may be conducive to pest survival. According to the latest census data (USCB, 200 5 ), 30% and 46% of the population resides in states whol ly or partly within Plant Hardiness Zones 9, 10, or 11 and 8, 9, 10, or 11, respectivel y. Three of the most populous states (California, Florida, and Texas) contain areas within Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 11, and are likely to constitute large markets for the imports . Assuming that infestations will be randomly distributed among shipments, because they

are considered capable of surviving in a range of states (those containing areas within Zones 8 or 9 and above) that may comprise a moderately

high percentage o f likely markets for Korean tomato , Bactrocera depressa, S

. dorsalis and T

. palmi are estimated to present a medium risk of being moved to habitat suitable for survival

. The remaining insects are estimated to be capable of survival in areas of the United States within Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11. States within these zones contain more than 89% of the U.S. population

. Moreover, this region includes several of the most populous states (i.e., Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania ; USCB, 2005 ), to which a significant percentage of tomato imports likely would be diverted. Risk associated with the likelihood that these pests will be moved to suitable habitat in the United States is estimated to be high. Since the earl y 1990 s, evidence indicates that R. solanacea rum race 3, biovar 2 may be established in the ecos ys tems of several European countries (Van Elsas et al ., 2000). R alstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 causes disease in susceptibl e hosts in both tropical and temperate climates ( Janse, 1996, 2004; Elphin stone, 2005 c ). Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 infect s several major commercial hosts (potato, tomato, pepper, geranium) that grow throughout the United States in field or greenhouse locations (CPC, 200 5 ). The bacterium also infect s numerous weed hosts in wh ich it survive s until susceptible cultivated crops or ornamental hosts become available (Janse et al ., 2004 ). It is rated high for this risk element. 2.7. 6. Come into contact with host material suita ble for reproduction Assessment of the probability that a plant pest will come into contact with host material must take into account not only the availability , in time and space, of its host plants and of the particular plant parts fed upon or used for reproduction, but also the pest’s inherent powers of movem ent allowing it to find and colonize hosts successfull y during the limited period of time, in which it remains viable

. Although hosts of several of the pests include wild or cultivated species, such as those in the genera Prunus and Solanum , which have ext ensive distributions (including southern regions) in the United States (NASS, 2003 ; USDA

-NRCS, 2005 ), their presence in areas of potential pest establishment, by itself, has little relevance to an assessment of a pest’s prospects for successful host findin g. B ecause tomatoes will be imported for consumption only , the fruits would be expected to have a limited chance of introduction directly into the natural or agricultural environments, in which hosts might be found. The PIN 309 database, maintained by APH IS , provides a record of interceptions at U.S. ports of quarantine pests on various commodities (fruits and vegetables). As only a small percentage of goods passing through the ports is inspected, a reasonable assumption is that at least some of these pest s also are present in the many more items that are entering the country without inspection, and are thus presented with opportunities to become established. Yet, there is no record of establishment for many of these pests. For example, since 1984 , Mamestra brassicae and Helicoverpa armigera have been intercepted at U.S. ports at least 983 and 307Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 41 times , respectivel y, on various commodities for consumption (PI N 309). During that period, neither moth has succeeded in becoming established. Superimposed on the question of host access is that concerning the influence many of the mortality factors (e.g., predators; inclement weather) present in any environment (and the stochasticity

often operating in these; Mack et al ., 2000) would have on the probability that a small animal, such as an insect , would survive long enough to encounter hosts. Ina study of the success of various groups of invading organisms, Williamson & Fitter (1996) found that no greater than 1% of insects introduced into a new region became estab lished. For the above reasons, risk that they

will come into contact with host material is estimated to be medium for most of the pests, with the following exception

. Thrips palmi is established in Florida (Nakahara, 1994). That this species has a high probability of coming into contact with host material suitable for reproduction is demonstrated clearl y b y the fact that it already has done so. Risk, therefore, is estimated to be high. Disposal of infested host material near agricultural areas, greenhouses, or unmanage d ecos ys tems could open pathway s to other susceptible hosts, such as cultivated potato, tomato, and pepper or weed hosts. Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 survives in soil in association with plant debris , with roots of weed hosts (Hay ward, 1991) or in a viable , but non - culturable state (Grey

and Steck, 2001). In geranium production, ebb and flow irrigation sy stems in greenhouses are conducive to disease development (NAPPO, 2001). The main path for international spread is b y infected plant parts. Ralstonia can easil y be spread by water in field and greenhouse settings ( Janse et al., 2004 ). Itis rated high for this risk element.

**Table 6. Likelihood of Introduction Pest**  **Quantity**

**i mport**  **e d**  **Survive**

**post -**  **harvest treatment**  **Survive**

**shipment No**  **t**

**detected at POE**  **Moved to**

**suitable habitat**  **Contact**

**with host material**  **Cumulative**

**Rating** Bactrocera depressa Low (1) High (3) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) Medium (13 ) Helicoverpa armigera Low (1) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (14 ) Helicoverpa assulta Low (1) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (14) Mamestra brassicae Low (1) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (14) Ostrinia furnacalis Low (1) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (14) Ra lstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16)
Scirtothrips dorsalis Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) Medium (12) Thrips palmi Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Medium (13)

**2.8 .**  **C onclusion**  The summation of the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of introduction yields Pest Risk Potential values (USDA, 2000) (Table 7 ). This is an estimate of the risk s associated with this importation.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 42 Pests with a Pest Risk Potential value of Low do not require specific mitigation measures, whereas a value within the Medium range indicates that specific phy tosanitary measures may

be necessary . The PPQ Guidelines state that a High Pest Risk Potential means th at specific phy tosanitary measures are strongl y recommended, and that port

- of

- entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phy tosanitary security . The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken as part of Risk Management and is not addressed in this document.

**Table 7. Pest Risk Potential Pest species**  **Consequences of Introduction**  **Likelihood of**

**Introduction Pest Risk** 

**Potential** Bactrocera depressa High (14 ) Medium (13 ) High (27) Helicoverpa armigera High (15) Medium (14) High (29) Helicoverpa assulta High (15) Medium (14) High (29) Mamestra brassicae High (15) Medium (14) High (29) Ostrinia furnacalis High (14) Medium (14) High (28) Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 High (14) High (16) High 45 (30) Scirtothrips dorsalis High (14) Medium (12) Medium (26) Thrips palmi High (13) Medium (13) Medium (26)


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### 4 **. Authors**  **and Reviewer s**  **A uthors**  **:** A. D. Neeley , Entomologist, USDA APHI S PPQ / CPHST

- PERAL L. M. Ferguson, Plant Patho logist, USDA APHIS PPQ / CPHST

- PERAL T. W. Culliney, Entomologist, USDA APHIS PPQ / CPHST

- PERAL C. Devorshak, Entomologist, USDA APHIS PPQ / CPHST

- PERAL **R eviewer**  **s :**  T. W. Culliney, Entomologist, USDA APHIS PPQ / CPHST

- PERAL F. Mehdizadegan , Plant Pathologist , USDA APHIS PPQ / CPHST

- PERALPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 62 

### 5. **Appendi ces**  **Appendix 1. Likelihood of Entry, Introduction and Establishment of**  **Ralstonia solanacearum**  **Race 3 Biovar 2 with Imported Tomato Fruit with S tems (**  **Solanum lycopersicum**  **L., Synonym: Lycopersicon esculentum**  **) from the Republic of Korea.**  **Contacts:** Lisa M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist, USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL , Raleigh, North Carolina, ( lisa.m.ferguson@aphis.usda.gov). Scott C. Redlin, Plant Pathologist, USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL , Raleigh, North Carolina ( scott.c.redlin@aphis.usda.gov ) **Executive Summary** We analyzed the likelihood of entry , introduction, and establishment of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 B iovar 2 (R3B2) via the importation of fresh field

- grown Korean tomato fruit with stems for consumption. Anal ys is follows previous work on likelihood of entry , introduction and establishment of R. solanacearum R3B2 on tomato fruit ( Capsicum annuum L. var. a nnuum ) from the Republic of Korea, conducted b y APHIS (Hennessey and Redlin , 2005)

. The consequences of introduction of R3B2 are high. Bacterial wilt, caused b y R. solanacearum (races 1 and 3), occurs in most years in Korea, damaging Solanaceous hosts most severel y under hot, humid growing conditions (Jeong, et al ., 2003; Lim & Kim, 1994; Mew & Ho, 1977; Tung et al ., 1990). Prevalence of R3B2 strains in Korean tomato is unknown, but if infection occurs, stems of fruit are likely

to be infected. Because the current request for tomato importation includes attached stems, R3B2 could enter with imported fruit. The likelihood of introduction and establishment are low, but likelihood of entry is uncertain because it is unclear if tomato fruit are infested with R3B 2 bacteria.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Request:** Evaluate the likelihood of entry , introduction, and establishment (IPPC, 2002) of R. solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 on field

- grown tomato fruit with stems and need for mitigation. This document is based on a previous Ad hoc reques t for paprika pepper from J. Van Dersal, Korea Trade Director, PIM, through R. Sequeira, NSPL , CPHST, 2005. **A. Likelihood of Entry** The PRA for this commodity (PERAL, 2005) submitted to the PPQ Phy tosanitary I ssues Management (PIM) staff anal yz ed “Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3” (sy nony mous with
“Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2” (R3B2)) (French, 1995). This PRA concluded that R3B2 follows the pathway with high consequences if introduced. Below we present evidence on host status, infectivity , and likelihood of entry : **1. Presence in Korean tomato:** Evidence that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., Sy nony m: Lycopersicon esculentum ) is a host of R. solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 comes from USDA

-Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 63 APHI S, 2004, Janse et al

. 2005, and Hartman et al

. 1991. Two reports (NIAST, 2002; Park, 2002) submitted to APHIS by the Korean NPPO indicated that the R3B2 was associated with pepper in Korea. Intheir official evaluatio n of the PRA sent to APHI S (Korea, 2004), the Korean government acknowledged having “ Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3” in pepper and offered mitigation measures, however Korea did not provide evidence for that determination. We conclude that these strains rep orted in Korea may also infect tomato, due to clear host association of R. solanacearum R3B2 with tomato, lack of host specificity within the Solanaceae and reports of R. solanacearum infecting tomato in Korea (Cho & Shin, 2004; Jeong et al ., 2003). In response to a recent inquiry about R3B2 in peppers, the Korean National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) indicated that R3B2 was not commonly found in Korea, although they provided no survey

evidence to support the statement (Ball, 2005). The Korean NPPO responded, that R. solanacearum R3B2 had not been recorded in pepper ( and later clarified it had not been recorded in tomato either) , but onl y in potato in limited growing areas of Korea (NPPO, 2005 ; NPPO, 2006 ). **2. Fruit as a host:** There is evidence th at R. solanacearum R3B2 does not infect tomato fruit or seed (Allen, 2005; Elphinstone, 2005a; Martins et al ., 2005). **3. Attached fruit stems as a host:** The fruit will be hand

- harvested, but stems and cal yx es of the fruit remain attached to the tomato fr uit (Van Dersal, 2005). If tomato plants are infected, it is likely that at least stems and cal yx es attached to the fruits will be infected (Martins et al ., 2005; Elphinstone, 2005a). Martins et al ., 2005 conducted experiments with infected tomatoes and re covered R. solanacearum (Biovars 1 & 3) from leaves, roots, stems and sepals (part of the cal yx ), but not from fruits, flower petals, nor seeds. Additionally, knives used for harvesting may spread the bacteria from infected to healthy stems, an effective m eans of spreading the pathogen from plant to plant shown during harvest of infected geraniums (USDA

- APHI S, 2004). **4. Host fruit being exported:** Direct losses in tomato yield caused by Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 vary

widely based on cultivar, timing of infection (Kishun, 1987), soil ty pe, climate, farming practices and bacterial strains (Elphinstone, 2005c). If the pathogen causes plant mortality prior to fruit set, it is unlikely that fruit with stems/caly xes containing the bacterium will be harvested. However, infected plants may not die, nor even show s ymptoms of bacterial wilt before producing fruit (Allen, 2005; Hartman et al ., 1991). In large scale tomato production, R. solanacearum

- infected plants occur in a patchy distribution (Hartman et al ., 199 1) and all marketable fruit, whether from healthy or infected plants are likel y to be harvested. Ty picall y fruit showing obvious s ymptoms of any disease would be removed in the packinghouse, but R. solanacearum R3B2

- infested fruit with stems may appear m arketable and be exported. **5. Likelihood of Entry:** Despite little published evidence regarding fruit as a source of R3B2, Ralstonia solanacearum experts (Allen, 2005; Priou, 2005) have expressed the opinion that there is a low likelihood that the bacteria could enter with the commodity

. **Conclusion:** Experimental evidence and expert judgment indicate low likelihood of entry of R3B2 into the U

. S

. via the importation of fresh tomato with stems for consumption. However, uncertainty about infection of tomato fruit and stems could increase that likelihood. The NPPO claims that the pathogen has been recorded for potatoes, but not for paprika peppers nor forPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 64 tomatoes in Korea

. This statement comes from an official document of the exporting NPPO which also stated that R3B2 “is not found very often in Korea.” Conclusions on entry based on peppers previously

anal yzed may

not be wholl y applicable to tomatoes or other solanaceous fruits because of differences in susceptibility and lack of available data. **B. Likelih ood of Establishment**  There are more studies on the ability of R3B2 to infect tomatoes than peppers. However, there are no studies assessing the risk to U. S. agriculture of importing tomatoes or any other fruit, for consumption from R3B2

- infested source s. Below we address the likelihood of establishment in agricultural areas resulting from entry of R3B2 in tomato fruit with stems: **1. Possible pathways:** To illustrate the fate of exotic organisms on imported fresh produce we used a relevant study . Eight pathways were investigated b y Gould et al

. (2004) in a risk anal ys is that looked at fresh asparagus infested with lepidopteran eggs. The study examined disposal methods at 14 commercial import warehouses in the U.S. that represented 85% of the asparagus imports from Peru. That report concluded that of the discarded product (not initially sold for consumption): 76.0 % went unbagged into dumpsters; 4.5% went bagged into dumpsters; 11.2% was compacted then placed in landfill; 7.3% went to soup kitchens (consumed); 0.5% was put in the garbage disposal (municipal sewage); 0% went as discounted produce (consumed); 0% was composted; 0% went for animal feed. Dumpsters leading to landfills are a dead

- end pathway for insect pests in municipal waste such as, Anoplopho ra glabripennis (Auclair et al ., 2005). However, very

different assumptions apply to survival and spread of soil and waterborne bacteria, such as Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 (Hong & Moorman, 2005). Infected plant material in cull piles or disposal sites, h as been linked to contamination of surface water, credited with spreading R. solanacearum R3B2 (Caruso, et al. 2005). **2. Consumer pathways:** Consumers purchase fruit and take it home from supermarkets. A first discard scenario includes consuming fruit, but discarding stems and cal yx es into a garbage disposal and finally

into the waste water (sewage) system. In a second discard scenario, stems and cal yx es are bagged and put into the trash destined for landfill. In the U.S. over 75% of the population is ser

ved by centralized waste water collection and treatment, the remaining population using other on

- site systems to treat sewage and waste water (EPA 2004; Zipper, 2003). Waste water (sewage) treatment standards have been developed to reduce populations of pathogens harmful to humans, which would likely be effective to reduce populations of bacteria such as R. solanacearum R3B2 (EPA, 2004; Zipper, 2003). There are no studies on the quantity of fruits and vegetables discarded in backyard compost in the U. S. On e foreign study estimated that up to 0.5% of U. S. apples purchased in Japan ended up as compost (Roberts et al ., 1998). Another study

estimated that 5% of U. S. cherries purchased in New Zealand ended up as compost (Wearing et al ., 2001). If it is assumed that 5% composting mirrors U. S. practices, then it is unlikely

that the commodity

would be discarded on compost piles. Although no studies have been done, it is assumed that all compost produced by consumers is used on home gardens or yards and not spread directly onto agricultural fields. **3. Irrigation water pathway:** A main method of spread of the pathogen in crop s ys tems is by contaminated irrigation water (USDA

- APHIS, 2004; Caruso et al., 2005). Sy mptoms of bacterialPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 65 wilt have been observed in susceptible solanaceous crops after irrigation with water from contaminated rivers. Outbreaks in Scotland and Spain have been traced to contaminated rivers along which infected solanaceous weeds, serving as reservoirs for the pathogen, were present. Once introd

uced into river or surface water, the pathogen may remain viable and continue to be infective for two months at 25°C (Caruso et al ., 2005). Itis not known how much runoff from backyard compost piles contributes to irrigation water in the U. S., but the fo llowing is assumed: **a.** There is probabl y low likelihood that most U.S. homeowner compost piles are near streams that are used for irrigation of agricultural crops, although there are no published reports on this. Iti s unclear if stormwater or irrigation run - off from homeowner’s properties deposited in local ponds, lakes, streams and rivers (Waskom & Bauder, 2002), may indeed be physically

s eparate from irrigation water sources for commercial agricultural production (Waskom & Bauder, 2002). **b.** Itis unl ikely

that the pathogen would survive in compost for more than a few days (Elphinstone, 2005b) or weeks, depending on the quality of the compost. In a study of compost at 52°C, R. solanacearum was destroyed within one day (Ryckeboer et al

. , 2002). In a study

of compost at <40°C, R. solanacearum was inactivated within six weeks (Termershuizen et al ., 2003). In a study of 35°C compost piles, the related bacterium Pseudomonas phaseolicola was inactivated after four day s (Lopez

- Real & Foster, 1985). Burial of infected geraniums under compost is one of the mitigations suggested for controlling the pathogen, according to USDA

- APHI S (2004).

**c.** The scenario which would allow pathogens from infected tomatoes to enter irrigation water would involve several intermediate steps, including rain or irrigation run

- off within the limited amount of time bacteria remain viable, run

- off flowing into a stream, uptake into an irrigation sy stem, and contact with a susceptible host. Therefore, it is probably unlikely that infecte d tomatoes would contaminate irrigation water and come into contact with crops. **4.** APHI S has long permitted the entry of tomato and pepper fruit for consumption from countries where R3B2 is known to occur. These commodities have been permitted entry with only a port of entry

inspection for R3B2. Inspections target visible pest or sy mptoms on fruit. Asy mptomatic but infected fruits would not be detected during inspection (PERAL , 2005). In 2004 the US imported an estimated 2,054,645,000 lbs of tomatoes and an expected 2,095,000,000 lbs in 2005 (ERS, 2005). To date, no known introductions of R3B2 have occurred as a result of these importations. This supports the assumption that even if R3B2 entered with fruit, there is a low likelihood of establishment. **Con clusions:**  Inthe PRA (PERAL , 2005) it was determined that there would be high risk consequences of introduction into temperate areas of the U. S., especially those near commercial potato and tomato production areas. In the PRA (PERAL , 2005), the likelihood of introduction and overall risk potential were also rated high. This analysis concludes that the likelihood of introduction is reduced when the low likelihood of establishment is considered. The likelihood that R3B2 could infect susceptible backyard host s and become established by use of infested homeowner compost is probably higher than the likelihood that the pathogen could infect agricultural crops as a result of homeowner use of compost. Even when infected geraniumsPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 66 entered the U. S. in large quantiti es in 2003, and then came into contact with susceptible crops, there was no evidence that R3B2 was established as a consequence (USDA

- APHI S, 2004). Furthermore, given the large volumes of tomatoes already imported into the United States from countries with R3B2 without establishment of this pathogen, it seems unlikely that tomato fruit for consumption is an effective pathway for introduction of R3B2. Because other fruits from susceptible hosts for consumption, including tomatoes, eggplants, bitter gourd, and string beans (Janse et al ., 2005) imported from countries reporting R3B2, would be likely to follow similar consumer pathways as described for above, the conclusions about establishment also would apply to them. Table 1 summarizes the conclusions of this analysis.

**Table 1.** Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2: Unmitigated entry , establishment, and introduction, summary of likelihood estimates for tomato grown for consumption from Korea. **Event Likelihood**  Pathogen is present in Korea High (PERAL, 2005; NPPO, 2005) Pathogen is prevalent in tomato in Korea Unknown

– low based on previous anal ys is of pepper (Ball, 2005; NPPO, 2005) Magnitude of consequences of introduction High (PERAL, 2005) Asy mptomatic but infected fruits would not be detected at po rt of entry High (PERAL, 2005) Pathogen enters in as ymptomatic but infected commodity Low (Allen, 2005; Priou, 2005; Martins et al., 2005) Low quality , s ymptomatic fruit would not be culled Low Commercial culls go to commercial compost, compactor, a nimal feed, garbage disposal, soup kitchen, or discounted produce Low Commercial culls go to dumpster High In fected culls in a dumpster would contaminate irrigation water Low Establishment from fruits, stems, and seeds that are discarded into the garb age disposal where they end up in sewage or bagged and put in the trash where they

end up in a municipal landfill Low
High proportion of commodity discarded on compost piles Low U. S. homeowner compost piles are near streams that are used for irrigation Low The pathogen would survive in compost for more than a few day s or weeks Low In fected tomatoes s in compost would contaminate irrigation water Low Establishment Low Introduction LowPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 67 **Appendix 2. R isk Management Options for Importation o**  **f Fresh Tomato with Stems (**  **Solanum lycopersicum L =**  **Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill) from the Republic of Korea**  **into the United States. 1. Introduction**  The Republic of Korea requested permission to export fresh tomato fruit into the United States. Becau se the commodity

has not been imported from Korea before, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) conducted a pathway

- initiated risk assessment to determine the unmitigated risks associated with importing fresh tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L = Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill) from Korea (USDA, 2005). In conducting the assessment, APHI S analysts first prepared a list of Korean pests associated with tomatoes based on (1) documents submitted by the Republic of Korea, (2) USDA APHI S records of intercepted pests, and (3) scientific literature. From this list, the analy sts then determined which quarantine pests (identified to the species level) were likely to follow the tomato pathway

and qualitatively anal yz ed them to determine the unmitigated risk each poses to the United States. The 200 7 Pest Risk Assessment identified the following pests as having high unmitigated pest risk potential: Bactrocera depressa (Diptera: Tephritidae) Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Py ralidae) The following pests were identified as having a medium unmitigated risk potential: Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) The following pests were identified as having a low unmitigated risk potential: Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 The proposed importation of fresh tomato fruit from Korea, if approve d, would be regulated b y amendment to existing fruits and vegetables regulations [7 CFR § 319.56]. This document outlines possible phy

tosanitary measures and provides evidence to conclude that these measures will effectivel y prevent the introduction of quarantine pests. The appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the application of a single phy tosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. The Plant Protection Act of 2000 (SEC. 401. 7 U.S.C. 7701) defines “Systems Approach” as “...a defined set of phytosanitary procedures, at least two of which have an independent effect in mitigating pest risk associated with the movement of commodities.” Similarly , the FAO StandardPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 68 for Integrated Measures for Pest Risk Management (June 2002) proposed that a Sy stems Approach be defined as, “The integration of different pest risk management measures, at least two of which act independently , and which cumulatively achieve the desired level of phy tosanitary protection” (FAO, 2002

. Pest risk management is the decision

- making process of reducing the risk of introduction of a quarantine pest (FAO, 1999) Sy stems Approaches are employed b y an importing country as an alternative to the use of single measures that achieve an appropriate level of phyt osanitary protection when a single phytosanitary measure is nonexistent, infeasible or undesirable. Combining specific mitigation measures in a way that provides overlapping or sequential safeguards is distinctly

different fro m appl ying single mitigation methodologies such as fumigation or inspection. Specific measures may be selected from a range of pre

- harvest and post
- harvest measures (e.g., survey s, inspections, sanitation, chemical treatments, etc) and include mitigation m easures to compensate for uncertainty. PPQ uses sy stems approaches for the importation of many

commodities including tomatoes from Spain, France, Morocco, and Western Sahara ( 7 CFR § 319.28, U.S. Federal Register, 2010 ), and lettuce and peppers from Is rael ( 7 CFR § 319.56 .24 U.S. Federal Register, 2006 ). These programs have performed successfull y for many ye ars. The phy tosanitary measures required b y 7 CFR § 319.56

- 28 (U.S. Federal Register, 2010 ) for importing greenhouse grown tomatoes from Spain, France , Morocco and West Sahara, and Australia include fruit fly trapping protocols, poor host status, and inspection.
**2. Phytosanitary Options**  **A. Establishment of Pest** 
**- free Areas:**  As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest

free areas or pest

- free places of production may be completely

effective in satisfying an importing country ’s appropriate level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 1996b, 1999). This option has proven to be successful in practice, obviating the need for post

- harvest commodity treatments to achieve probit

- 9

- level security (e.g., TDOA, 2003). Establishment and maintenance of pest

- free areas or production sites should be in compliance with international standards (e.g., IPPC, 1996b, 1999; NAPPO, 2004b). **B. Establishment of Areas o**  **f Low Pest Prevalence:** According to the IPPC, an area of low pest prevalence may

comprise all of a country , part of a country , or all or parts of several countries, in which a particular pest species occurs at low population densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillance and control or eradication measures (FAO, 1999). Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence should comply with international standards (e.g., NAPPO, 2003; IPPC, 2005). For example , elem ents of an operational plan for establishment and maintenance of such areas might include a geographic description to delimit the area; specification of an upper limit to pest densities; means to document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain re cords; specification of phy tosanitary procedures (e.g., survey , pest control); and movement controls to prevent pest entry or re - entry

into the area. The international standards recommend that the exporting country consult with the importing country in the earl y stages of implementation to ensure that importing country requirements are met. InPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 69 particular, target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be established in consultation with the importing country. Any protocol for establishing and maintaining a pest

- free area or area of low pest prevalence also should include a pest

- reporting procedure and emergency action plan to address target pest detections in the pest

- free or low

-prevalence zones (IPPC, 1999, 2005; NAPPO, 2003, 2004b). **C. Suppression/Control:**  Sanitation can effectively control pests, directl y by eliminating the pests, and indirectl y b y eliminating safe hiding places and reducing food sources and inoculum levels (Agrios 1997; Bessin 2001; Jones and B enson 2001; Roosjen et al. 1999). Screens and doors exclude the entry

of flying or crawling pests that cannot fit through them (Bessin 2001; Roosjen et al. 1999; Metcalf and Metcalf 1993). Greenhouse production of tomatoes protects fruit from most pe sts that would require the use of pesticides and fungicides if they were field

- grown (Jones, 1999 ). Current regulations (7 CFR § 319.56

- 2 8 ) require that tomatoes from Spain, France, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chile, and Australia be grown in insect

-proof, pe st
- free greenhouses. To prevent pests from entering, the greenhouses are required to be equipped with double self

- closing doors, and any

vents or openings in the greenhouses (other than the double closing doors) are to be covered with screening in order to prevent the entry of pests into the greenhouse. To exclude plant pests, the mesh size of the screen is critical (By rne, 1998). Two recent publications give the mesh size of screen required to keep out certain pests, as shown in **Table 1**

. In order to eliminate all insects from entering the greenhouses through the screening the screen size would have to be 0.2 mm or smaller ( **Table 1** ). Smaller screen sizes create additional problems in greenhouses, such as increased heat and fungal problems as a result of re duced air flow (Ghidiu and Roberts 2002; Ferguson and Murphy 2000). However, the standard screen size of 0.6 mm for tomato greenhouses effectivel y excludes medium to large insects, such as moths and fruit flies.
**Table 1: Screen Hole Size (microns) 1 to Prevent Pest Entry.**  **Pest Ghidiu and Roberts, 2002**  **Bethke, 1994** Leafminers 640 608 Whiteflies 462 239 Aphids 340 355 Flower thrips 192 215 1 1 millimeter = 1,000 microns Although some of the smallest pests may not be excluded by

0.6 mm screening, most pests would be expected to be excluded. Additionally , according to Baker (2005), “Although the pore sizes of some screening materials are large enough that the thrips are capable of wedging through, the screening still excludes many thrips. Evidently , the se materials are not recognized by thrips as a suitable substrate to feed on. When the thrips probes the screening it may instinctively

resume flight searching for a suitable plant.”Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 70 Since the start of the tomato systems approaches in Spain and France the pest interceptions have been very low (Table 2).
**Table 2. Performance of Selected Tomato Import Programs Event**  **Spain France**  Start of the program 1994 1998 Total shipment numbers 7543 68 **Taxonomy Pest interceptions**  **a (no.)**  Agromyzidae (Diptera) 12 1 Thrips species (Thys anoptera) 2 0 Macrolophus spp . (Heteroptera: Miridae) 0 3 Miridae (Heteroptera) 1 0 Theba (Mollusca: Helicidae) 2 0 Fusarium/Cladosporium 2 0 Stemphylium 3 0 **Total 22**  **4** a PI N 309, 2005 The screening effectiveness is demonstrate d by the low numbers of interceptions and the absence of interceptions on larger inspections. As illustrated, the pests that were intercepted on tomatoes from these countries were generally very small, such as Agromyz idae and ny mphal Miridae. The small siz e of these insects allowed them to fit though the greenhouse screening. However, as discussed, a smaller screen size, which would eliminate all insects, creates additional problems in greenhouses. **D. Phytosanitary certification inspections and monitoring** : Fruit should be sampled and inspected periodically

during the growing season and after harvest. Current regulations (7 CFR § 319.56

- 2 8 ) for tomatoes from Spain, France, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chile, and Australia require that the national plant prote ction organizations inspect the greenhouses at least two months prior to shipping to establish their freedom from high risk quarantine pests. To monitor for Bactrocera depressa, current regulations (7 CFR § 319.56

- 2 8 ) for tomatoes from Spain, France, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chile, and Australia require McPhail traps , with an approved protein bait , be placed inside a buffer area 500 meters wide surrounding the registered greenhouses at a density of 1 traps/ 10 ha for a total of at least 10 traps. If to matoes are grown in a greenhouse, at least one of these traps needs to be near a greenhouse. The current regulations in 7 CFR § 319.56

- 2 8 require traps to be serviced every seven day s and that traps be set for at least two months before export and continue to the end of the harvest. Inside the greenhouses: McPhail traps, with an approved protein bait, are placed inside the greenhouses at a density of 4 traps/ha, with a minimum of at least 2 traps/greenhouse. Traps should be serviced on a weekly basis. Unlike other Bactrocera species, B. depressa is not known to respond to methyl

- eugenol or cuelure (IAEA, 2003; White & Elson

- Harris, 1992 )

. Protein baits and spiroketal may be used as attractants (IAEA, 2003).Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 71 For monitoring for thrips in greenhouses, Lewis (1 997) suggests hanging flat sticky cards just above the crop, though cylindrical surface traps placed within a meter of crop level may be the most effective (Lewis, 1997). Since thrips are often attracted to specific colors, more information is needed on wh at color of sticky trap would be most effective. Yellow sticky traps have been shown to be effective in monitoring for certain thrips , especiall y Frankliniella occidentalis (Steiner & Goodwin, 2005 ; L ewis, 1997 ) and are popular because yellow is generall y the best color for attracting other pests such as whiteflies and aphids

. Inthe past, b lue or white traps have been used for Thrips palmi, and white or yellow traps have been used for Scirtothrips citri (Lewis, 1997) ; therefore, white sticky traps may

be m ost effective. Results of survey s should be negative for larvae of fruit flies, moths and external pests

. Within a registered greenhouse, capture of a single fruit fly or other quarantine pest should result in the immediate cancellation of exports from that greenhouse until the source of the infestation is determined, the infestation has been eradicated, and measures are taken to preclude any future infestation. Outside the registered greenhouse, if one fruit fl y of the species Bactrocera depressa is captured, the trap density and frequency

of the trap inspection should be increased to detect a reproducing colony . Capture of three B. depressa within 2 kilometers of each other and within 30 days should result in the cancellation of exports from all registered greenhouses within 2 kilometers of the finds until the source of infestation is determined and the fruit fly infestation is eradicated similar to the current requirements for tomatoes from Australia (7 CFR § 319.56

- 2 8 )

. For each of the described monito ring measures, statistical procedures are available and should be used to verify , to a specified confidence level, the pest

- free status of an area, given negative survey or trapping results (e.g., Venette et al ., 2002; Barclay & Hargrove, 2005). Each ship ment of tomatoes should be accompanied by a phytosanitary

certificate of inspection issued by NPQS . Additionally , production areas should be subject to periodic, unannounced inspections by

certified inspectors from PPQ and NPQS to ensure that they meet stipulated requirements. **Post -**  **harvest safeguards and packinghouse procedures** : Harvested tomatoes should be covered with screens, plastic tarpaulins, or other pest

-proof covers while in transit to the packing house and while awaiting packing. The tomatoes sh ould be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest exclusionary

packing house, consistent with the regulations already in place for Spain, France, Morocco and West Sahara, and Australia ( 7 CFR § 319.56

- 2 8 ). They should be packed in pest proof containers f or shipment to the United States. Tomatoes should be sized and culled (to remove damaged and deformed fruit). Inthe packinghouse, fruit should undergo mechanical brushing and cleansing using compressed air or other treatment to remove external pests, particularly from the region of the stem and cal yx . Fruit then should be immersed in a water bath containing surfactant and, perhaps, a surface sterilant, such as chlorine bleach (e.g., NaOCl). Surfactants, such as common dishwashing detergent, may show a hi gh degree of insecticidal activity with minimal risk of phytotoxicity. For example, Liu & Stansly (2000) achieved mortalities of 95

- 99% in leaf

- infesting populations of silverleaf whitefly ( Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) treated with detergent

- wat er solutions ranging in concentration from 2

- 30 ml L - 1 . Detergent

- water solutions of about 1 ml L - 1 are effective inPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 72 killing meal ybugs and other Coccoidea on plants (Townsend, 1993). All fruit should be inspected prior to packing. Consignments should be transported in sealed, refrigerated vehicles. While packing the tomatoes for export to the United States, the packing house should only accept tomatoes from registered approved production sites. **Quarantine treatments** : Several quarantine treatments have be en approved for tomatoes and are listed in the PPQ Treatment manual (USDA, 2004a)

. Vapor heat treatments have been shown to be effective on tomato against the Tephritid fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis, B. curcubitae , and Ceratitis capitata. Vapor heat tre atment consists of raising the temperature of the fruit b y saturated water vapor at 112oF until the center of the fruit reaches 112oF. The fruit is held at 112oF for 8.75 hours then cooled immediately . Pretreatment conditioning is optional but may prolong the life of the fruit. Vapor heat treatment for fruit flies is required for all tomato shipments from Hawaii. This treatment may also be effective against B. depressa , which is associated with tomatoes from Korea, but more research is needed. Methyl bromi de (CH 3 Br) fumigation is an option for disinfesting many tomato pests. Itis effective in killing eggs and larvae of internal Diptera and Lepidoptera, as well as some surface feeders such as thrips, infesting fresh fruit. Methylbromide may be used to treat hitchhikers and surface pests such as thrips, scales, leafminers, spider mites, etc (T

- 104

- a - 1). Under this treatment schedule, tomatoes are fumigated at a dosage rate of 3lbs/1000ft3 at a temperature above 50oF for two hours. For internal pests on tomatoes including the tomato fruit moth Scrobopalpula absoluta and tomato fruit fly Rhagoletis tomatis, treatment schedule T

- 101

- c - 3

- 1 requires that tomatoes be treated at a temperature of 70oF or above at a dosage rate of 3lbs/1000ft 3 for two hours. This treatment is required for tomatoes from Chile. Treatment schedule T

- 101

- c - 3 for tomatoes from Hawaii requires that fruit at a dosage rate of 2lbs/1000ft 3 for 3.5 hours for temperatures above 70oF and for 4 hours for temperatures between 65 and 69oF. This treatment may

be effective against other internal pests, including those associated with tomatoes from Korea, but more research is needed. Treatment of commodities with ionizing radiation, employing x

- rays, gamma rays (from 60 Co or 137 Cs), or electron beams (b eta rays), has been shown to be an effective means of controlling pests to achieve quarantine security (Hallman, 2000; Fields & White, 2002). Irradiation is listed as a treatment for tomatoes from Hawaii for Bactrocera spp. and Ceratitis capitata according to treatment schedule T105

- a - 1. APHI S has also established a final rule for generic doses of irradiation that require “a minimum generic dose of 150 Gy

for all fruit flies of the family Tephritidae,” and “a minimum generic dose of 400 Gy

for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera” for “all regulated articles (i.e., fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, and foliage)” (Shea, 2006). There are two exceptions to these generic doses: 1) “lower minimum doses for certain fruit flies,” and 2) “new approved minimum doses for 10 plant pests” (Shea, 2006). Based on the final rule (Shea, 2006), irradiation is approved for all insect pests of concern on tomato from Korea at the following doses:
 150 Gy : Bactrocera depressa (Diptera: Tephritidae)Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 73  400 Gy : Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ostrinia furnacalis (L epidoptera: Py ralidae) ; Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) , Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Since the object of irradiation is sterilization and not necessaril y mortality, documentation of the dosage must accompany all irradiated shipments. The probit

- 9

- level security afforded by

a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by

a large volume of infested fruit (Powell, 2003). For this reason , adoption of a particular quarantine treatment should be in conjunction with efforts to maintain pest populations in production zones below specified densities (e.g., 0.01 fruit fl y trap - 1 day- 1 ; DeHaven, 2005), as would satisfy requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005). **Point**
**- of** 
**- entry sampling and inspection**  : Upon arrival in the United States, consignments should b e inspected, with particular attention given to paperwork and seals on vehicles, to ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact. A random sample of fruit from each consignment should be inspected to detect a pest infestation rat e of 10% or greater (USDA, 2004b ). **3. Oversight Pre**  **- shipment programs**  : Inspection, treatment , or other mitigative measures performed in the greenhouse and packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHI S and NPQS personnel , and in accordance with specified phy tosanitary procedures . Such programs require monitoring all aspects of the application of any required phy tosanitary measures and also aim to identify

shortcomings or opportunities for program modifications (IPPC, 2002b)

. Provision should be made for the formal recognition of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of conditions for revoking approvals or refusing certification for export to the United States.
**Shipments traceable to place of origin in Korea** : A requirement that tomatoes be packed in containers with identification labels indicating the specific place of origin is necessary to ensure traceability

to each production site. **4. Conclusions**  There are several options available for mitigating the pests of conc ern from tomatoes from Korea. A sy stems approach may consist of a combination of measures including monitoring and management programs to achieve and maintain greenhouse sanitation, prevalence, packinghouse inspection and treatments, quarantine treatments, and maintenance of consignment security and traceability

in transit, is most feasible. Options for risk mitigation are summarized in Table 3. This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific program or s ys tems approach. Itidentifies risks and provides information regardingPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 74 known mitigation measures. The specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document.

**Table 3. Summ**  **ary of risk mitigation options (tomato,** Solanum lycopersicum **from Korea). Measure(s)**  **Pests Efficacy**  Pest

- free areas or places of production All Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of protection Suppression/Control Medium to large pests

including Bactrocera depressa, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, Mamestra brassicae, Ostrinia furnicalis, may also be effective against thrips Plants will be grown solely in a greenhouse in which sanitary procedures are adequate to exclude plant pests. Regular inspections are recognized as an important part of a pest management program (Kahn and Mathur 1999). Bactrocera depressa, a dult moths of Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, Mamestra brassicae, and Ostrinia furnacalis , are relatively large ( CABI 2004; USDA 1982; Whittle 1986) and would easily be excluded by 0.6 mm mesh screening. Entryways equipped with automatically closing doors exclude flying adults of these pests (Kahn and Mathur 1999). Sanitation effectively controls or eliminates all types of pests directly by eliminating the pests, and indirectly by eliminating safe hiding places and reducing food sources and inoculum levels (Agrios 1997; Bessin 2001; Greer and Diver 2000; Jones and Benson 2001; Roosjen et al

. 1999). Inspections an d monitoring All, but must be used in

combination with other measures The relatively large size of Bactrocera depressa, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa assulta, Mamestra brassicae, Ostrinia furnicalis, and would allow detection of these pests at least d uring some stages of their development (CABI 2004; USDA 1982; Whittle 1986). Fruit flies can be effectively monitored for exclusion through variety of proven traps (IAEA, 2003). Damage caused by T. palmi is easy to identify because it is not unlike that caused by many other species of thrips. Heavily infested plants are characterized by a silvered or bronzed appearance of the leaves, stunted leaves and terminal shoots and fruit is scarred and deformed (CABI 2004). On chilli peppers ( Capsicum frutescens ), S. dorsalis may occur in such large numbers that young leavesPest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 75 **Measure(s) Pests**  **Efficacy** shrivel and curl ('leaf curl disease') with leaves and buds eventually abscising (CABI 2004). Feeding results in tissue browning and continuous lines or scratch marks in the epidermis of leaves (CABI 2004). Feeding on fruit may cause scarring or staining (Chang et al

. 1995). Thrips may be monitored within crops by checking the undersides of one or two leaves on 10 to 20 plants throughout the greenhouse weekly. Thrips can be detected early by checking several plants on each bench throughout the greenhouse on a weekly basis. Using yellow or blue sticky cards can help detect entrance of winged thrips into the greenhouse (Chen, 2000). Stic k y traps have been shown to be effective in monitoring for thrips (Lewis, 1997; Steiner & Goodwin, 2005) ; however, more information is needed to determine the best color of trap, especially in attracting S. dorsalis (Lewis, 1997) Phytosanitary certification All, but must be used in

combination with other measures Requiring a phytosanitary certificate specifically listing the pests of concern identified in the pest risk assessment effectively requires NPQS to inspect the tomatoes specifically for these pests. Furthermore, listing these pests on the phytosanitary certificate raises the awareness of U.S. inspectors to the pests of concern with this commodity. Packinghouse procedures All, but should be used

in combination with other measures Packing within 24 hours of harvest in a pest exclusionary house and safeguarding during transit reduces the exposure of harvested tomatoes to infestation by maintaining the pest exclusionary barrier established by the greenhouse and just as the greenhouse does (Jones, 1999 ) provides protection from pests. Vapor heat treatment Fruit flies Approved for certain Tephritid fruit flies; more research is needed to verify would also be effective against B. depressa Irradiation combined with low pest prevalence All PPQ

-recognized treatment
Methyl bromide fumigation combined with low pest prevalence All Approved for certain internal pests of tomatoes, (USDA, 2004a) ; more research is needed to verify it would also be effective against the specific internal pests associated with Korean tomatoes.Pest Risk Assessment for Tomatoes from Korea

Rev. 07 July 20, 2010 76 **5. Literature Cited**  Agrios, G.N. 199 7. Plant pathology

. 4 th Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California. APHI S. 2004b. New pest response guidelines: Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2

- southern wilt of geranium. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspecti on Service, Pest Detection and Management Programs. Riverdale, MD. 74 pp. Baker. J.R. (Ed.) 2005. Insect and Related Pests of Flowers and Foliage Plants. Some important, common, and potential pests in the southeastern United States. North Carolina State University

Cooperative Extension Service. Online version: http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/Foliage/entomol/ncstate/nccredit.htm

. Last accessed 9 August, 2005

. Barry , D.W. (Ed.) 1996. Greenh ouse Pesticide Management. Section 10

– Management of Greenhouse Diseases [Web page] http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/pesticid/publications/GreenH/gpm

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