DA 12-0003

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2012 MT 171

IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE

OF LOUIS G. HANNUM, SR.,

 Deceased.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Sanders, Cause No. DP 10-23

Honorable Deborah Kim Christopher, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Don C. St. Peter, St. Peter Law Offices, P.C., Missoula, Montana

Naomi R. Leisz, Leisz Law Office, P.C., Trout Creek, Montana

For Appellees:

Dirk A. Williams, Danielle A. Coffman, Crowley Fleck PLLP, Missoula, 

Montana

Shane A. Vannatta, Reid J. Perkins, Worden Thane P.C., Missoula, 

Montana

Submitted on Briefs: June 27, 2012

 Decided: August 10, 2012

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

August 10 2012
2

Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Louis G. Hannum, Jr. (Louis Jr.) appeals from an Order issued by the Twentieth 

Judicial District Court, Sanders County, removing him for cause as the personal

representative of the estate of Louis G. Hannum, Sr. (Louis Sr.). We affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Louis Sr. passed away on August 12, 2010, and is survived by his children, Louis Jr., 

Mike and Mark; and his grandchildren, Monika, Veronica, Michelle, Naomi, Zachary, Esther 

and Jim. Louis Sr. was predeceased by his daughter, Cheryl Gallagher, who was Esther’s 

and Jim’s mother. 

¶3 On October 6, 2005, Louis Sr. executed his Last Will and Testament (2005 Will). 

The 2005 Will specifically revoked Louis Sr.’s prior will from 1995, and appointed his son, 

Louis Jr., as the personal representative of Louis Sr.’s estate. Pursuant to the 2005 Will, 

each of Louis Sr.’s seven surviving grandchildren was to receive $1,000. The remainder of 

Louis Sr.’s estate was to be distributed equally between his four children, with Cheryl’s 

share to be distributed equally to her children, Esther and Jim.

¶4 Louis Jr. filed an application for informal probate of will and appointment of personal 

representative of Louis. Sr.’s estate on September 2, 2010. The following day, Louis Jr. filed 

a pleading labeled “Notice and Information to Heirs and Devisees” to inform Louis Sr.’s 

surviving relatives that Louis Jr. had been appointed the personal representative of the estate. 

The notice was sent to Louis Jr., Mike, Mark, Esther and Jim, but not to the remaining 

grandchildren. Naomi did, however, know of Louis Jr.’s appointment because Naomi is 
3

Louis Jr.’s daughter and she is acting as his counsel. It is unclear whether Zachary, Louis 

Jr.’s son, was aware of these proceedings. Notably, Louis Jr. did not send notice to Louis 

Sr.’s grandchildren Monika, Veronica and Michelle.

¶5 The next document Louis Jr. filed, on July 20, 2011, was entitled “Final Accounting, 

Petition for Determination of Testacy, For Determination of Heirs, and For Settlement and 

Distribution of Testate Estate by Personal Representative” (Final Accounting). The Final 

Accounting was served on Louis Jr., Mike, Mark, Esther and Jim, but once again, Louis Jr. 

did not serve the remaining grandchildren. Louis Jr., however, affirmatively stated to the 

District Court that he had mailed the Final Accounting to all persons interested under the 

will. 

¶6 Louis Jr. attached an Inventory to the Final Accounting that purportedly included 

everything to be disbursed under the 2005 Will. The Inventory included two promissory 

notes, valued at $625,000 total, that were allegedly owed to the estate. However, the 

Inventory contained no reference to the date, payment terms, balance actually due, interest 

rate or any other aspect of the notes. Significantly, the notes were not mentioned in Louis 

Sr.’s 2005 Will, but rather his 1995 will. According to Esther, Jim and Mike, the promissory 

notes had been fully paid off.

¶7 The Inventory also included 31 shares of Pitman Warehousing Stock1 valued at 

$189,689. Louis Jr. unilaterally determined the stock was undervalued when it was sold by 

Louis Sr. in 2005, and because of this undervaluation, he increased the value of the estate by 
4

the amount of money Louis Sr. should have allegedly received from the sale of stock. Of 

the 31 shares, 15 had been sold to Esther, and 16 to William Messenger. William is Mike’s 

ex-son-in-law and has no legal relationship to Esther.

¶8 Additionally, the Inventory included $542,500 worth of allegedly invalid gifts made 

by Louis Sr., out of his personal Vanguard account, to various family members. Louis Jr. 

unilaterally declared the gifts invalid, and made no attempt to invalidate the gifts through a 

court proceeding. These gifts included monies given to Esther, Jim and Mike, as well as 

gifts to Mike’s wife, Mike’s children and their spouses, a Bobby Doody, and a Teresa 

Gallagher.

¶9 In total, Louis Jr.’s unverified additions to the inventory increased its value by 

$1,357,189, and raised the total value of the probate assets to $1,624,959.84. Based upon 

this increase, Louis Jr. claimed and asked the court to approve $32,899.20 in personal 

representative fees for himself and $49,348.80 in attorney fees for his daughter/counsel. 

¶10 From the $1,624,959.84, Louis Jr. subtracted his claimed personal representative fees, 

his daughter’s attorney fees, and administrative expenses to arrive at the “total available for 

final distribution,” which was $1,542,109.30. From there, he deducted the amounts of the 

promissory notes in the form of specific bequests to himself and his brother Mark, despite his 

admission that the notes were devised in the revoked 1995 will and were not mentioned in 

the 2005 Will. This left $917,109 to be distributed. 

 

1

 Pitman Warehousing is a Hannum family S-corporation located in New Jersey.
5

¶11 Louis Jr. next calculated each beneficiary’s final distribution. In his computations, 

Louis Jr. deducted from Esther’s share of the estate money that Esther allegedly owed to 

compensate the estate for the undervalued Pitman Warehousing stocks she purchased, for the 

undervalued shares William Messenger purchased, for the invalid gifts she received, and for 

the invalid gifts Bobby Doody received. This left Esther purportedly owing the estate 

$267,889. Louis Jr., however, forgot to factor in the $114,638 that he calculated the estate 

owed Esther. Similarly, Louis Jr. reduced Jim’s distribution by deducting the gifts to Jim 

and Teresa Gallagher. This left Jim owing $10,062 to the estate. Louis Jr. also deducted 

from Mike’s distribution gifts to Mike’s wife, his daughters, his son-in-law, and two ex-sonsin-law. After these deductions, Mike supposedly owed the estate $52,825.

¶12 Nowhere in his Final Accounting did Louis Jr. mention the $1,000 bequests to the 

grandchildren as provided in the 2005 Will.

¶13 After including these reimbursements to the estate, Louis Jr. calculated he would 

receive $541,775, as would his brother Mark. Using these figures, Louis Jr. specifically 

requested that the estate “should be distributed” as outlined and asked the court to approve 

the Final Accounting in his prayer for relief.

¶14 On August 15, 2011, in response to Louis Jr.’s actions, Esther and Jim filed a motion 

to remove Louis Jr. as personal representative of Louis Sr.’s estate. On September 6, 2011, 

Mike joined in Esther’s and Jim’s motion to remove Louis Jr. and filed a brief in support. 

Both briefs expressly objected to Louis Jr.’s Final Accounting and Inventory. The District 

Court held a hearing on the motion to remove Louis Jr. as personal representative on 
6

November 1, 2011, and on December 14, 2011, the District Court issued its Order removing 

Louis Jr. as personal representative and appointing attorney John Mercer as the successor 

personal representative.2

¶15 In its Order, the District Court concluded that Louis Jr. violated numerous fiduciary 

duties, and as a result, his removal for cause was appropriate. The court treated the Final 

Accounting as that required by § 72-3-1005, MCA, and the Inventory as that required by 

§ 72-3-607, MCA. In its conclusions of law, the District Court determined that Louis Jr. had 

failed in his duty to administer the probate according to the 2005 Will, a duty imposed by 

§ 72-34-101, MCA, when he included the value of the alleged promissory notes and 

distributed them between himself and Mark without authority under the 2005 Will. The 

court additionally found that Louis Jr. failed in his duty to avoid conflicts of interest, in his 

duty to use ordinary skill and prudence, in his duty to exercise discretionary powers 

reasonably, and in his duty to file or otherwise deliver to interested parties, within nine 

months of his appointment, an inventory of estate assets that included a full and true value of 

the decedent’s interest in every item listed in the inventory. Louis Jr. appeals his removal 

for cause.

¶16 We restate the issue on appeal as follows:

¶17 Did the District Court err when it removed Louis Jr. for cause as the personal 

representative of Louis Sr.’s estate?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

 

2 The District Court appointed Mercer because the familial successor personal representatives had either waived their 
7

¶18 We review a district court’s decision regarding the removal of an estate’s personal 

representative to determine whether the court abused its discretion. In re Estate of 

Anderson-Feeley, 2007 MT 354, ¶ 6, 340 Mont. 352, 174 P.3d 512. A trial court abuses its 

discretion when it acts arbitrarily without employment of conscientious judgment or exceeds 

the bounds of reason resulting in substantial injustice. In re Everett, 2012 MT 8, ¶ 11, 363 

Mont. 296, 268 P.3d 507.

¶19 We review a district court’s findings of fact to ascertain whether they are clearly 

erroneous. In re Estate of McDermott, 2002 MT 164, ¶ 22, 310 Mont. 435, 51 P.3d 486. A 

finding is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial credible evidence, if the trial 

court has misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if a review of the record leaves us 

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. McDermott, ¶ 22. 

The district court’s conclusions of law are reviewed for correctness. McDermott, ¶ 22.

DISCUSSION

¶20 Louis Jr. argues that the District Court erred when it treated his Final Accounting and 

Inventory as a petition to the court for formal approval instead of a proposed distribution as 

allowed by § 72-3-903, MCA. Pursuant to § 72-3-903, MCA, “After the probable charges 

against the estate are known, the personal representative may mail or deliver a proposal for 

distribution to all persons who have a right to object to the proposed distribution.” 

¶21 Louis Jr.’s arguments notwithstanding, it is clear from the Final Accounting that it 

was not merely a proposed distribution, but rather a petition to the court for formal approval. 

 

right to be appointed, or as the District Court concluded, expressed no interest in being the personal representative.
8

 Instead of mailing the Final Accounting to other interested parties, as outlined in § 72-3-

903, MCA, Louis Jr. asked the court to distribute the assets of the estate in accordance with 

his Final Accounting and Inventory without giving the other interested parties time to object 

prior to filing. In addition, Louis Jr. never once mentioned the word “proposal” in his 

document or its cover letter, admitted at the removal hearing that nothing in the document 

suggested it was a proposal, and never submitted an amended Final Accounting to correct 

any errors. Accordingly, the District Court did not err when it treated the Final Accounting 

as that required by § 72-3-1005, MCA, and the Inventory as that required by § 72-3-607, 

MCA.

¶22 Louis Jr. additionally argues that the District Court’s Findings of Fact, ¶¶ 9, 10 and 

16, are not supported by substantial credible evidence. Those findings state:

9. [Personal Representative] Louis G. Hannum, Jr.’s Inventory was filed after 

the 9 month deadline required by Montana law (Mont. Code Ann. § 72-3-607), 

and does not provide the content, accuracy, and ascertainment of values. The 

Inventory is not in the proper form. [Personal Representative] Louis G. 

Hannum, Jr. did not send the inventory to all interested parties.

10. [Personal Representative] Louis G. Hannum, Jr.’s Accounting is 

insufficient as to form, oath, content, accuracy, and completeness. 

. . .

16. At this point, neither of the branches of [Louis Sr.’s] family trusts the 

other.

¶23 Louis Jr. asserts that the District Court erred because his petition was merely a 

proposal, and that it therefore did not need to abide by the requirements in the probate code. 

 Because we agree with the District Court that Louis Jr.’s Final Accounting and Inventory 
9

constituted a formal request for approval, and not a proposal, he was required to comply with 

the requirements of § 72-3-607, MCA, and § 72-3-1005, MCA. A personal representative 

must prepare an inventory within nine months of his appointment that includes an inventory 

of the decedent’s property and its fair market value at the time of the decedent’s death. 

Section 72-3-607, MCA. A final accounting must be made “under oath showing the amount 

of money received and expended by the personal representative, the amount of all claims 

presented against the estate, and the names of the claimants and all other matters necessary to 

show the state of its affairs.” Section 72-3-1005, MCA. 

¶24 Louis Jr. failed to comply with § 72-3-607, MCA, by filing his Inventory more than 

nine months after his appointment. Louis Jr. also failed to comply with the requirements of 

§ 72-3-1005, MCA, he did not include the $1,000 bequests to Louis Sr.’s grandchildren, and 

he included highly speculative values in his accounting. Accordingly, the District Court’s 

Findings of Fact Numbers 9 and 10 are supported by substantial credible evidence.

¶25 In regards to Finding of Fact Number 16, the District Court was in the best position to 

determine if hostility existed between the parties because it heard testimony, observed the 

parties’ interactions, and read their briefing at the District Court. The District Court’s 

conclusion is supported in the record, which demonstrates that the parties are not on good 

terms. Louis Jr.’s attempt to collect over $300,000 from Esther, Jim and Mike, while 

simultaneously awarding himself nearly $600,000 certainly is not evidence of love and 

cooperation between the parties. Thus, Finding of Fact Number 16 is supported by 

substantial credible evidence, and is therefore not clearly erroneous. 
10

¶26 Louis Jr. further argues that there were no legal grounds for his removal. He states 

that the District Court incorrectly relied on a conflict of interest between himself and the 

other beneficiaries, that the Final Accounting was a proposal, and that any errors in the 

Inventory could be remedied with court supervision. Esther, Jim and Mike argue that Louis 

Jr.’s removal was appropriate because he breached his duty to administer the trust, his duty 

to avoid conflicts of interest and his duty of loyalty.

¶27 A district court may remove a personal representative for cause if it is in the best 

interests of the estate or if it is shown that a personal representative has “failed to perform 

any duty pertaining to office.” Section 72-3-526(2), MCA (emphasis added). Thus, breach 

of a single duty is sufficient to justify removal for cause. A personal representative is under 

a duty to administer the estate according to the terms of any probated and effective will and 

the probate code. Section 72-3-610, MCA. The fiduciary duties of a trustee also apply to a 

personal representative in a probate matter, including the duty to administer the estate 

according to the decedent’s will. Section 72-3-610, MCA; § 72-34-101, MCA. 

¶28 A trial judge has broad discretion to remove a personal representative provided the 

grounds for removal are valid and supported by the record. In re Estate of Greenheck, 2001 

MT 114, ¶ 19, 305 Mont. 308, 27 P.3d 42. However, an order of removal is harsh and 

severe, and irregularities that are not directly harmful will be overlooked, and if the court can 

remedy the matter readily, no removal will be ordered. In re Estate of Townsend, 243 Mont. 

185, 188-89, 793 P.2d 818, 820 (1990). 
11

¶29 With these rules in mind, we conclude that the District Court correctly ruled that 

Louis Jr. failed in his duty to administer the estate in accordance with the 2005 Will and the 

probate code. The 2005 Will explicitly states that each of Louis Sr.’s grandchildren was to 

receive $1,000 upon his death; Louis Jr. did not include these bequests in his Final 

Accounting and Inventory. In addition, the 2005 Will did not include the two promissory 

notes, yet Louis Jr. included them in the Final Accounting and Inventory. Louis Jr. even 

admitted that his distribution of the notes was based on the revoked 1995 will. Accordingly, 

Louis Jr. failed to administer the estate according to the 2005 Will.

¶30 Louis Jr. also failed to administer the estate in accordance with the probate code. 

Pursuant to the code, Louis Jr. had 30 days after his appointment to notify all heirs and 

devisees of his appointment and the identity of the court in which the probate had been filed. 

 Section 72-3-603, MCA. There is no evidence that Louis Jr. or his counsel sent the required 

notice to at least three devisees, Monika, Veronica and Michelle. 

¶31 Louis Jr., pursuant to § 72-3-607, MCA, was also required to file or otherwise deliver 

to interested parties, within nine months after appointment, an inventory of estate assets that 

includes “a full and true value of the decedent’s interest in every item listed in the 

inventory.” Filing an inventory in which assets are omitted and valuations are subject to 

question does not fulfill this requirement. Townsend, 243 Mont. at 189, 793 P.2d at 821. 

Louis Jr. breached his duty to administer the estate in accordance with the probate code when 

he filed his Inventory late, when his Inventory did not comply with § 72-3-607, MCA, and 

when his Final Accounting did not comply with § 72-3-1005, MCA. Moreover, as in 
12

Townsend, Louis Jr. further breached his duty when he included valuations that were subject 

to question, such as the promissory notes, Pittman Warehousing shares, and invalid gifts, in 

his Final Accounting and Inventory. 

¶32 Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court correctly determined that Louis Jr. 

breached his duty to administer the estate in accordance with the 2005 Will and the probate 

code. We need not address Louis Jr.’s remaining arguments that he did not breach other 

fiduciary duties because a district court must only find that a personal representative failed to 

perform any duty in order to remove the personal representative for cause. Section 72-3-

526(2)(b), MCA. 

¶33 In reaching its decision, the District Court relied on substantial credible evidence. 

Though we disfavor removing a personal representative, the District Court has broad 

discretion in its decision to remove a personal representative, and we conclude that the 

District Court did not abuse that discretion when it removed Louis Jr. for cause. 

CONCLUSION

¶34 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the District Court’s Order removing Louis Jr. 

for cause as the personal representative of the estate of Louis Sr.

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

/S/ BETH BAKER
13

Justice James C. Nelson, specially concurring.

¶35 I concur in the result of the Court’s Opinion, but not in all that is said. It is clear that 

Louis Jr. was malfeasant in conducting his duties as personal representative and that he was 

properly removed as personal representative by the District Court. While my analysis for 

reaching this legal conclusion would differ from that of the Court’s, it is not necessary that I 

set out that analysis, since the Court has reached the correct result in any event.

¶36 Therefore, I specially concur.

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON