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                                     BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                         PREMACH ACQUISITION CORPORATION

                             a Delaware corporation


                                    ARTICLE I

                                     Offices


         Section 1.1 Registered Office. The registered office of the Corporation
in the State of Delaware shall be located at 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington,
Delaware, County of New Castle. The name of the Corporation's registered agent
at such address shall be The Corporation Trust Company.

         Section 1.2 Other Offices. The Corporation may also have offices at
such other places both within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of
Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may
require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                                  Stockholders

         Section 2.1 Annual Meetings. An annual meeting of stockholders shall be
held each year for the election of directors at such date, time and place either
within or without the State of Delaware as shall be designated by the Board of
Directors. Any other proper business may be transacted at the annual meeting of
stockholders.

         Section 2.2 Special Meetings. Special meetings of stockholders may be
called at any time by the Board of Directors, the Chairman, if any, the Vice
Chairman, if any, or the President and shall be called by the Chairman or the
Secretary at the request, in writing, stating the purpose or purposes of the
meeting, of stockholders who hold a majority of the outstanding shares of each
class of capital stock entitled to vote at the meeting. Each special meeting
shall be held at such date, time and place either within or without the State of
Delaware as shall be designated by the person or persons calling such meeting at
least ten days prior to such meeting.

         Section 2.3 Notice of Meeting. Unless otherwise provided by law,
whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting,
a written notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the date, time
and place of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or
purposes for which the meeting is called. Unless otherwise provided by law, the


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written notice of any meeting shall be given not less than ten nor more than
sixty days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote
at the meeting. If mailed, notice is given when deposited in the United States
mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at his address as it appears
on the records of the Corporation.

         Section 2.4 Adjournments. Any meeting of stockholders, annual or
special, may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other
place, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned meeting if the time
and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is
taken. At the adjourned meeting, the Corporation may transact any business which
might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for
more than thirty days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed
for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to
each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

         Section 2.5 Quorum. Unless otherwise provided by law or the certificate
of incorporation, at each meeting of stockholders, the presence in person or
representation by proxy of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares
of each class of capital stock entitled to vote at the meeting shall constitute
a quorum for the transaction of business. For purposes of the foregoing, two or
more classes or series of capital stock shall be considered a single class if
the holders thereof are entitled to vote together as a single class at the
meeting. In the absence of a quorum, the stockholders so present and represented
may, by vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of capital stock of the
Corporation so present and represented, adjourn the meeting from time to time
until a quorum shall attend, and the provisions of Section 2.4 of these by-laws
shall apply to each such adjournment. Shares of its own capital stock belonging
on the record date for the meeting to the Corporation or to another corporation,
if a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors of
such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the Corporation,
shall neither be entitled to vote nor be counted for quorum purposes; provided,
however, that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the Corporation to vote
stock, including but not limited to its own stock, held by it in a fiduciary
capacity.

         Section 2.6 Organization. Meetings of stockholders shall be presided
over by the Chairman, if any, or in his absence by the Vice Chairman, if any, or
in his absence by the President, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by a
chairman designated by the Board of Directors, or in the absence of such
designation by a chairman chosen at the meeting. The Secretary shall act as
secretary of the meeting, but in his absence the chairman of the meeting may
appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting.

         Section 2.7 Voting; Proxies. Unless otherwise provided by the
certificate of incorporation, each stockholder entitled to vote at any meeting
of stockholders shall be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock
held by him which has voting power on the subject matter submitted to a vote at
the meeting. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or
to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting
may authorize another person or persons to act for him by proxy, but no such
proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the
proxy provides for a longer period. A duly executed proxy shall be irrevocable
if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it is coupled
with an 


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interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A stockholder may
revoke any proxy which is not irrevocable by attending the meeting and voting in
person or by filing an instrument in writing revoking the proxy or another duly
executed proxy bearing a later date with the Secretary before the proxy is
voted. Unless otherwise required by law, voting of stockholders for the election
of directors need not be by written ballot. Voting of stockholders for all other
matters need not be by written ballot unless so determined at a stockholders
meeting by the vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of
each class of capital sock present in person or represented by proxy at the
meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter submitted to a vote at the
meeting. Unless otherwise provided by law or the certificate of incorporation,
the vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of capital stock of the
Corporation present in person or represented by proxy at a meeting at which a
quorum is present and entitled to vote on the subject matter submitted to a vote
at the meeting shall be the act of the stockholders.

         Section 2.8 Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record. In
order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of
or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof or to
express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to
receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any
rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion
or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of
Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be more than sixty
nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting, more than ten days after
the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date with respect to the
taking of corporate action by written consent without a meeting is adopted by
the Board of Directors, nor more than sixty days prior to any other action. If
no record date is fixed: (a) the record date for determining stockholders
entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the
close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given or,
if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day
on which the meeting is held; (b) the record date for determining stockholders
entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting,
when no prior action by the Board of Directors is necessary, shall be the day on
which the first written consent is expressed; (c) the record date for
determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in
writing without a meeting, when prior action by the Board of Directors is
required, shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of
Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action; and (d) the record
date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of
business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution
relating thereto. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice
of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the
meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record
date for the adjourned meeting.

         Section 2.9 List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote. The Secretary shall
make, at least ten days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of
the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical
order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares
registered in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the
examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during
ordinary business hours, for a period of at least ten days prior to the meeting,
either at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which place
shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the


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place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also be produced and kept
at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof and may be
inspected by any stockholder who is present.

         Section 2.10 Consent of Stockholders in Lieu of Meeting. Unless
otherwise provided by the certificate of incorporation, any action required by
law to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders of the
Corporation, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting
of such stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and
without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken,
shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the
minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action
at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and
voted. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by
less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who
have not consented in writing.

                                   ARTICLE III

                               Board of Directors

         Section 3.1 Powers; Number; Qualifications. Unless otherwise provided
by law or the certificate of incorporation, the business and affairs of the
Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of
Directors. Unless otherwise provided by the certificate of incorporation, the
Board of Directors shall consist of such number of directors as the Board of
Directors shall from time to time designate. Unless otherwise provided by the
certificate of incorporation, directors need not be stockholders.

         Section 3.2 Election; Term of Office; Resignation; Removal; Vacancies.
Each director shall hold office until his successor is elected and qualified or
until his earlier resignation or removal. Any director may resign at any time
upon written notice to the Corporation directed to the Board of Directors or the
Secretary. Such resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein, and
unless otherwise specified therein no acceptance of such resignation shall be
necessary to make it effective. Any director or the entire Board of Directors
may be removed, with or without cause, by the vote of the holders of a majority
of shares of capital stock then entitled to vote at an election of directors.
Whenever the holders of shares of any class or series of capital stock are
entitled to elect one or more directors by the provisions of the certificate of
incorporation, the provisions of the preceding sentence shall apply, in respect
to the removal without cause of a director or directors so elected, to the vote
of the holders of the outstanding shares of that class or series of capital
stock and not to the vote of the holders of the outstanding shares of capital
stock as a whole. Unless otherwise provided by the certificate of incorporation,
vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the
authorized number of directors elected by all of the stockholders having a right
to vote as a single class may be filled by the vote of a majority of the
directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by the vote of the
sole remaining director. Whenever the holders of shares of any class or classes
of capital stock or series thereof are entitled to elect one or more


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directors by the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, vacancies and
newly created directorships of such class or classes or series thereof may be
filled by the vote of a majority of the directors elected by such class or
classes or series thereof then in office, or by the vote of the sole remaining
director so elected.

         Section 3.3 Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of
Directors shall be held at such dates, times and places either within or without
the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors shall from time to time
determine.

         Section 3.4 Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of
Directors may be called at any time by the Chairman, if any, the Vice Chairman,
if any, the President or by any two members of the Board of Directors. Each
special meeting shall be held at such date, time and place either within or
without the State of Delaware as shall be fixed by the person or persons calling
the meeting.

         Section 3.5 Notice of Meetings. Written notice of each meeting of the
Board of Directors shall be given which shall state the date, time and place of
the meeting. The written notice of any meeting shall be given at least
twenty-four hours in advance of the meeting to each director. Notice may be
given by letter, telegram, telex or facsimile and shall be deemed to have been
given when deposited in the United States mail, delivered to the telegraph
company or transmitted by telex or facsimile, as the case may be.

         Section 3.6 Telephonic Meetings Permitted. Members of the Board of
Directors or any committee designated by the Board of Directors may participate
in a meeting of the Board of Directors or of such committee by means of
conference telephone or similar communication equipment by means of which all
persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in
the meeting pursuant to this by-law shall constitute presence in person at such
meeting.

         Section 3.7 Quorum; Vote Required for Action. Unless otherwise required
by law, at each meeting of the Board of Directors, the presence of one-third of
the total number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business. The vote of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which
a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors, unless the vote
of a greater number is required by law or the certificate of incorporation. In
case at any meeting of the Board of Directors a quorum shall not be present, the
members of the Board of Directors present may by majority vote to adjourn the
meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the
meeting, until a quorum shall attend.

         Section 3.8 Organization. Meetings of the Board of Directors shall be
presided over by the Chairman, if any, or in his absence by the Vice Chairman,
if any, or in his absence by the President, or in their absence by a chairman
chosen at the meeting. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but
in his absence the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as
secretary of the meeting.


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         Section 3.9 Action by Directors Without a Meeting. Unless otherwise
provided by the certificate of incorporation, any action required or permitted
to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or any committee designated
by the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting if all members of the
Board of Directors or of such committee consent thereto in writing, and the
writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of
Directors or such committee.

         Section 3.10 Compensation of Directors. Unless otherwise provided by
the certificate of incorporation, the Board of Directors shall have the
authority to fix the compensation of directors, which compensation may include
the reimbursement of expenses incurred in connection with meetings of the Board
of Directors or a committee thereof.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                   Committees

         Section 4.1 Committees. The Board of Directors may, by resolution
passed by a majority of the whole Board of Directors, designate one or more
committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the
Corporation. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as
alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified
member of such committee at any meeting thereof. In the absence or
disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members thereof
present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he or
they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of
Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified
member.

         Section 4.2 Power of Committees. Any committee designated by the Board
of Directors, to the extent provided in a resolution of the Board of Directors,
shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of
Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation and
may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may
require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to take any
action which by law may only be taken by the Board of Directors or to take any
action with reference to: amending the certificate of incorporation (except that
a committee may, to the extent authorized in the resolution or resolutions
providing for the issuance of shares of stock adopted by the Board of Directors,
fix the designation and any of the preferences or rights of such shares relating
to dividends, redemption, dissolution, any distribution of assets of the
Corporation or the conversion into, or the exchange of such shares for, shares
of any other class or classes or any other series of the same or any other class
or classes of stock of the Corporation or fix the number of shares of any series
of stock or authorize the increase or decrease of the shares of any series),
adopting an agreement of merger or consolidation, recommending to the
stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the
Corporation's property and assets, recommending to the stockholders a
dissolution of the Corporation or a revocation of dissolution, removing or
indemnifying directors or amending these 


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by-laws; and, unless a resolution of the Board of Directors expressly so
provides, no such committee shall have the power or authority to declare a
dividend, to authorize the issuance of stock or to adopt a certificate of
ownership and merger pursuant to Section 253 of the General Corporation Law of
the State of Delaware.

         Section 4.3 Committee Rules. Unless the Board of Directors otherwise
provides, each committee designated by the Board of Directors may adopt, amend
and repeal rules for the conduct of its business. In the absence of a resolution
by the Board of Directors or a provision in the rules of such committee to the
contrary, the presence of a majority of the total number of members of such
committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the
vote of a majority of the members present at a meeting at which a quorum is
present shall be the act of such committee.

                                    ARTICLE V

                                    Officers

         Section 5.1 Officers; Elections. As soon as practicable after the
annual meeting of stockholders in each year, the Board of Directors shall elect
from its membership or outside thereof a President and a Secretary. The Board of
Directors may also elect from its membership a Chairman of the Board of
Directors (herein called "Chairman") and a Vice Chairman of the Board of
Directors (herein called "Vice Chairman"), and from its membership or outside
thereof one or more Vice Presidents, one or more Assistant Vice Presidents, one
or more Assistant Secretaries, a Treasurer and one or more Assistant Treasurers
and such other officers or agents as it may determine. Unless otherwise provided
by the certificate of incorporation, any number of offices may be held by the
same person.

         Section 5.2 Term of Office; Resignation; Removal; Vacancies. Except as
otherwise provided by the Board of Directors when electing any officer, each
officer shall hold office until the first meeting of the Board of Directors
after the annual meeting of stockholders next succeeding his election, or until
his successor is elected and qualified or until his earlier resignation or
removal. Any officer may resign at any time upon written notice to the
Corporation directed to the Board of Directors and the Secretary. Such
resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein, and unless
otherwise specified therein no acceptance of such resignation shall be necessary
to make it effective. The Board of Directors may remove any officer or agent
with or without cause at any time. Any such removal shall be without prejudice
to the contractual rights of such officer or agent, if any, with the
Corporation, but the election of an officer or agent shall not of itself create
any contractual rights. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation
by death, resignation, removal or otherwise may be filled for the unexpired
portion of the term by the Board of Directors.

         Section 5.3 Powers and Duties. The officers of the Corporation shall
have such powers and duties in the management of the Corporation as shall be
stated in these by-laws or in a resolution of the Board of Directors which is
not inconsistent with these by-laws and, to the extent not so 


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stated, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control
of the Board of Directors. The Secretary shall have the duty to record in a book
to be kept for that purpose the proceedings of the meetings of the stockholders,
the Board of Directors and any committees designated by the Board of Directors.

         Section 5.4 Other Officers; Security. The other officers, if any, of
the Corporation shall have such duties and powers as generally pertain to their
respective offices and such other duties and powers as the Board of Directors
shall from time to time delegate to each such officer. The Board of Directors
may require any officer, agent or employee to give security, by bond or
otherwise, for the faithful performance of his duties.

         Section 5.5 Compensation of Officers. The compensation of each officer
shall be fixed by the Board of Directors and no officer shall be prevented from
receiving such compensation by virtue of his also being a director.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                                      Stock

         Section 6.1 Certificates. Every holder of one or more shares of capital
stock of the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by or in
the name of the Corporation by the Chairman or Vice Chairman, if any, or the
President or a Vice President, and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer,
if any, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, certifying the number of
shares owned by him in the Corporation. Any or all of the signatures on the
certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar
who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate
shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such
certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect
as if he were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue.

         Section 6.2 Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Stock Certificates; Issuance of
New Certificates. The Corporation may issue a new certificate of stock in the
place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost,
stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may require the owner of the lost,
stolen or destroyed certificate, or his legal representative, to give the
Corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made
against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such
certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

                                   ARTICLE VII

                    Indemnification of Directors and Officers

         Section 7.1 Right to Indemnification. Each person who was or is made a
party or is threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any
threatened, pending or completed 


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action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative (hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he is or
was a director or officer of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request
of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another
corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise,
including service with respect to an employee benefit plan (hereinafter an
"indemnitee"), whether the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an
official capacity as a director, officer, employee or agent or in any other
capacity while serving as a director, officer, employee or agent, shall be
indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent
authorized by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as the same
exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only
to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader
indemnification rights than permitted prior thereto), against all reasonable
expense, liability and loss (including, without limitation, reasonable
attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement) incurred or
suffered by such indemnitee in connection therewith and such indemnification
shall continue as to an indemnitee who has ceased to be a director, officer,
employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the indemnitee's heirs,
executors and administrators; provided, however, that, except as provided in
Section 7.02 below with respect to proceedings to enforce rights to
indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in
connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only
if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors of
the Corporation. The right to indemnification conferred in this ARTICLE VII
shall be a contract right and shall include the right to be paid by the
Corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in advance of
its final disposition (hereinafter an "advancement of expenses"); provided,
however, that, if the Delaware General Corporation Law requires, an advancement
of expenses incurred by an indemnitee in his capacity as a director or officer
(and not in any other capacity in which service was or is rendered by such
indemnitee) shall be made only upon delivery to the corporation of an
undertaking (hereinafter an "undertaking"), by or on behalf of such indemnitee,
to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final
judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter a
"final adjudication") that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for
such expenses under this ARTICLE VII or otherwise.

         Section 7.2 Right of Indemnitee to Bring Suit. If a claim under Section
7.01 above is not paid in full by the Corporation within sixty days after a
written claim has been received by the Corporation, except in the case of a
claim for an advancement of expenses, in which case the applicable period shall
be thirty days, the indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit against the
Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful in whole or
in part in any such suit, or in a suit brought by the Corporation to recover an
advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the indemnitee
shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting or defending such
suit. In (a) any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a right to
indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee to
enforce a right to an advancement of expenses) it shall be a defense that and
(b) in any suit by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses
pursuant to the terms of an undertaking the Corporation shall be entitled to
recover such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the indemnitee has not met
the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the General Corporation Law of
the State of Delaware. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its
Board of Directors, independent legal counsel or its 


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stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such
suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is proper in the circumstances
because the indemnitee has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in
the Delaware General Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the
Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent counsel or its
stockholders) that the indemnitee has not met such applicable standard of
conduct, shall create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the
applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of such a suit brought by the
indemnitee, be a defense to such suit. In any suit brought by the indemnitee to
enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of expenses hereunder,
or by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the
terms of an undertaking, the burden of proving that the indemnitee is not
entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this
ARTICLE VII or otherwise shall be on the Corporation.

         Section 7.3 Non-Exclusivity of Rights under this ARTICLE. The rights to
indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred in this ARTICLE VII
shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter
acquire under any statute, provision of the certificate of incorporation,
by-law, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

         Section 7.4 Insurance. The Corporation may purchase and maintain
insurance on its own behalf or on behalf of any person who is or was a director,
officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the
request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any
expense, liability or loss asserted against him in any such capacity, or arising
out of his status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power
to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the
General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

         Section 7.5 Indemnification of Employees and Agents. The Corporation
may, to the extent authorized at any time from time to time by the Board of
Directors, grant rights to indemnification and the advancement of expenses to
any employee or agent of the Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions
of this ARTICLE VII with respect to the indemnification and advancement of
expenses of directors and officers of the Corporation.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                  Miscellaneous

         Section 8.1 Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be
determined by the Board of Directors.


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         Section 8.2 Seal. The Corporation may have a corporate seal which shall
have the name of the Corporation inscribed thereon and shall be in such form as
may be approved from time to time by the Board of Directors.

         Section 8.3 Waiver of Notice of Meetings of Stockholders, Directors and
Committees. Whenever notice is required to be given by law, the certificate of
incorporation or these by-laws, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person
entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be
deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall
constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a
meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting,
to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened. Unless otherwise provided by the certificate of incorporation, neither
the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special
meeting of the stockholders, directors or members of a committee of directors
need be specified in any written waiver of notice.

         Section 8.4 Interested Directors, Officers, Quorum. No contract or
transaction between the Corporation and one or more of its directors or
officers, or between the Corporation and any other corporation, partnership,
association or other organization in which one or more of its directors or
officers are directors or officers, or have a financial interest, shall be void
or voidable solely for this reason, or solely because the director or officer is
present at or participates in the meeting of the Board of Directors or committee
thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or solely because his or
their votes are counted for such purpose, if: (a) the material facts as to his
relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed or
are known to the Board of Directors or the committee, and the Board of Directors
or committee in good faith authorizes the contract or transaction by the
affirmative vote of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though the
disinterested directors be less than a quorum; or (b) the material facts as to
his relationship or interest and as to the contract or transaction are disclosed
or are known to the stockholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or
transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of the stockholders;
or (c) the contract or transaction is fair as to the Corporation as of the time
it is authorized, approved or ratified, by the Board of Directors, a committee
thereof or the stockholders. Common or interested directors may be counted in
determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or
of a committee which authorizes the contract or transaction.

         Section 8.5 Books and Records. The books and records of the Corporation
may be kept within or without the State of Delaware at such place or places as
may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. Any records
maintained by the Corporation in the regular course of its business, including
its stock ledger, books of account and minute books, may be kept on, or be in
the form of, punch cards, magnetic tape, photographs, microphotographs or any
other information storage device provided that the records so kept can be
converted into clearly legible form within a reasonable time. The Corporation
shall so convert any records so kept upon the request of any person entitled to
inspect the same.


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<PAGE>


         Section 8.6 Amendment of By-Laws. These By-laws may be amended or
repealed, and new by-laws adopted, by the Board of Directors, but the
stockholders entitled to vote may adopt additional by-laws and may amend or
repeal any by-law whether or not adopted by them.



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