IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Gregory Thomas, :

Appellant :

: v. : No. 1139 C.D. 2017

: Submitted: January 12, 2018 John E. Wetzel, Health Care : Services, Tabb Bickell, James : Eckard, and Shawn Kephart :

BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK , Judge HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: May 18, 2018

Gregory Thomas, pro se , app eals an order of the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County (trial court) dismissing his civil rights complaint. In doing so, the trial court sustained the preliminary objections of the Secretary of Corrections, John E. Wetzel ; three Department of Corrections (Department) employees, Tabb Bickell, James Eckard, and Shawn Kephart ( together , Department Officials); and the Department ’s Bureau of Health Care Services (Bureau) . Upon
review , we affirm in part and reverse in part , and remand for furthe r proceedings

. Background

Thomas is incarcerated at the State Correctional Institution (SCI) at Huntingdon

. At issue are his requests to purchase an electric razor and a laptop computer and for surgery to restore his dental bridge , which were denied. After his2

administrative grievances were denied , he filed a Section 1983 1 complaint against Department Officials and the Bureau, alleging violations of his rights under the First and Eighth Amendments to the United States Constitution and under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA). 2

Thomas’ complaint raises three discrete claims. First, the complaint
states that the denial of an electric razor prevents Thomas from practicing his Muslim faith. Second, the complaint asserts that the denial of dental surgery violates Thomas’ rights under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Third, the complaint asserts tha t the denial of Thomas’ request to purchase a computer violates his rights of free speech and free exercise of religion. The facts
relevant to each claim follow.

The complaint alleges that Thomas’ Islamic religion requires him “to shave his private parts and other parts of his body.” Complaint, ¶20; Cert ified Record (C.R.), Item No. 2 at 4. Accordingly, he requested a religious
accommodation to purchase an electric razor. In denying that request, Department
Officials directed him to contact the “ medical [ department ] to see if there is a

1 Section 1983 provides, in pertinent part: Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the d eprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law.... 42 U.S.C. §1983. To hold a state actor liable under Section 1983 “a plaintiff must prove a deprivation of a right guaranteed by the Constitution or the laws of the United States by a defendant acting under color of law. ” Pettit v. Namie , 931 A.2d 790, 801 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007). “A Section 1983 action may be brought in state court.” Jae v. Good , 946 A.2d 802, 809 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008). “Section 1983 does not create substantive rights but, rather, is the vehicle for vindicating rights conferred in the United States Constitution or in federal statutes.” Id

. 2 42 U.S.C. §§2000cc

– 2000cc

– 5.3

medical basis for him to use an electric razor[.]” Complaint, ¶28 ; C.R., Item No. 2
at 5 . Thomas informed the medical department that “his religion prohibit[s] him from using straight razors ”; he has pain in his hands; and he has developed skin
keloids from using commissary razors. Complaint, ¶¶12

- 13 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 3

. When t he medical department denied his request, Thomas filed grievances, which

were denied. The complaint asserts that Department Officials and the Bureau have
violated RLUIPA by impos ing a substantial burden on Thomas’ practice of his religion

. 3 The complaint alleges that Thomas is 56 years old and “can[not] eat and chew [his] food without pain” ; this leads to stomachaches. Complaint, ¶39 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 6 . Dr. Zoak 4 has advised Thomas that he needs surgery to restore his lower bridge

. By denying this surgery, Department Officials and the Bureau
have “knowingly [put Thomas’ ] h ealth in danger to save money. ” Complaint, ¶¶52,
55 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 7

. The complaint further allege s that the Bureau routinely deprives elderly inmates necessary dental care at SCI

- Huntingdon

. Complaint, ¶58 ; C. R ., Item No. 2 at 7 . The complaint asserts that this deliberate indifference to Thomas’ medical need s constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

.

The complaint challenges the denial of Thomas’ request to purchas e a laptop computer and a desktop printer , which he needs to advance his religious

3 The complaint also averred that De partment Officials’ refusal to grant Thomas’ request for an electric razor violate d the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and their deliberate indifference to Thomas’ skin condition violate d the Eighth A mendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. The complaint further raised a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. Because Thomas does not appeal the trial court’s dismissal of those claims, we do not address them on appea l.

4 The complaint does not identify Dr. Zoak’s position or medical specialty.4

studies and to communicate with his family

. The complaint specifically targets Secretary Wetzel for discrimination ; for impeding Thomas’ efforts at rehabilitation;
and for creating a “ digital divide ” between Thomas and his friends and family. Complaint, ¶¶87

- 89 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 11 . The complaint asserts that Secretary
Wetzel has violated RLUIPA and violated Thomas’ right to freedom of speech under
the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 5 Preliminary Objections
Department Officials and the Burea u filed preliminary objections

as serting that the complaint failed to state a claim up on which relief may be granted. They also asserted that the Bureau is not a “person” subject to a suit under 42 U.S.C. §1983 and, thus, must be dismissed as a defendant

. Preliminary O bjections, ¶42; C.R., Item No. 19 at 11. Finally, t he preliminary objections assert ed that Thomas
did not exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to the denial of his request to purchase an electric razor

. Attached to the preliminary objection s is a “true and correct copy of the complete documentation [ , ] ” which demonstrates that Thomas ’ grievances were untimely filed . Preliminary Objections, ¶7 ; C.R., Item No. 19 at 2

. Trial Court Decision
On December 12, 2016, the trial court dismissed Thomas’ complaint.
After Thomas appealed , t he trial court directed Thomas to file a statement of errors complained of on appeal

. See P A . R.A.P. 1925(b). 6 The trial court issued an opinion

5 The complaint further averred that Secretary Wetzel violated the Department ’s regulation at 37 Pa. Code §93.4 by disallowing Thomas’ family to purchase approved items for him from outside sources. Because Thomas does not appeal the trial court’s dismissal of that claim, we do not address it here.

6 It states in pertinent part:5

pursuant to P A . R.A.P. 1925(a)(1)

. 7 It explaine d that the complaint did not state an Eighth Amendment claim because it did not allege deliberate indifference to Thomas’ dental needs. F urther , the complaint did not state a RLUIPA claim because
he did not plead that the lack of an electric razor had substantially burdened the practice of his religious faith . Finally, the trial court rejected the RLUIPA and First
Amendment claims arising from the denial of a laptop computer for the stated reason
that the challenge was no more than a challenge to “ pri son policy

. ” Trial Court op. at 5; C.R., Item No. 30 at 5 . Because the trial court sustained the demurrer , it did
not address Department Officials’ argument that Thomas had fail ed to exhaust his
administrative remedies before raising his religious accomm odation claim

.

If the judge ente ring the order giving rise to the notice of appeal (“judge”) desires clarification of the errors complained of on appeal, the judge may enter an order directing the appellant to file of record in the trial court and serve on the judge a concise statement o f the errors complained of on appeal (“Statement”). P A . R.A.P. 1925(b).

7 Rule 1925 ( a )(1) states, in relevant part, as follows: [U]pon receipt of the notice of appeal, the judge who entered the order giving rise to the notice of appeal, if the reasons fo r the order do not already appear of record, shall forthwith file of record at least a brief opinion of the reasons for the order, or for the rulings or other errors complained of, or shall specify in writing the place in the record where such reasons may be found. P A

. R.A.P. 1925 ( a )(1).6 Appeal On appeal, 8 Thomas raises six issues, which we combine into three for clarity. 9 First, Thomas argues that the trial court erred in rejecting his claim that the denial of his requests to purchase an electric razor and laptop c omputer violated
RLUIPA . Second, Thomas argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his claim
that Secretary Wetzel violated his right to free speech under the First Amendment by imped ing his communication with his family and friends. Third, Thomas a rgues that the trial court erred in dismissing his Eighth Amendment claim arising from Department Officials’ alleged deprivation of necessary dental care. Analysis We begin with the question of whether the Bureau is a proper
defendant. To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. §1983, a plaintiff “must establish that [he was] deprived of a right secured by the Const itution or laws of the United States, and that the alleged deprivation was committed under color of state law.” American Manufacturers Mutual Insuranc e Company v. Sullivan , 526 U.S. 40, 49

- 50 (1999).

8 Appellate review of a trial court’s order sustaining preliminary objections and dismissing a complaint is limited to determining whether the trial court committed an error of law or an abuse of discretion. Podolak v. Tob yhanna Township Board of Supervisors , 37 A.3d 1283, 1286

- 87 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2012). When considering preliminary objections, this Court must consider as true all well

- ple a d ed material facts set forth in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts. Mulholland v. Pittsburgh National Bank , 174 A.2d 861, 863 (Pa. 1961). Preliminary objections should be sustained only in cases where it is clear and free from doubt that the facts ple a d ed are legally insufficient to establish a ri ght to relief. Werner v. Zazyczny , 681 A.2d 1331, 1335 (Pa. 1996)

. As such review raises a question of law, our scope of review is plenary. Podolak , 37 A.3d at 1287.
9 On appeal, Thomas argues that he “belongs to protected class as a [h]andicap,” and De partment Officials violated Title II of the American s with Disabilities Act , 42 U.S.C. §§12131

- 12165, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act , 29 U.S.C. §794, by discriminating against him. Thomas Brief at 18. Because Thomas did not raise this claim in the complaint, it is not preserved for our review on appeal.7

Neither states nor state governmental entities are “persons” subject to suit under 42 U.S.C. §1983. Will v. Michigan Department of State Police , 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989). Thus, the Bureau is not subject t o suit here, and we affirm the trial court’s order to
the extent it dismissed any claim the complaint raised under 42 U.S.C. §1983 against
the Bureau

. We next turn to the substantive claims Thomas has raised against Department Officials.

I. Religious La nd Use and Institutionalized Persons Act Thomas argues that the trial court erred by dismissing his claim s under
RLUIPA

. Department Officials respond that the complaint did not plead facts to
show that the denial of Thomas’ request s to purchase an electri c razor and computer substantially burdened the practice of his religion

.

RLUIPA was enacted by Congress in 2000 to extend the protections of the federal Religious Freedom Res toratio n Act, 42 U.S.C. §§2000bb

-- 2000bb

- 4 , to individuals who reside in state and local institutions that receive federal financial
assistance. Section 3 (a) of RLUIPA provides, in relevant part:

No government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution ... even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of the burden on that person

-- (1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compe lling governmental interest.

42 U.S.C. §2000cc

- 1 (a)

. RLUIPA protects any exercise of religion , but “ a prisoner’s request for an accommodation must be sincerely based on a religious belief and not some other motivation.” Holt v. Hobbs , __U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. 853, 862 (2015). Once8

the prisoner makes the prima facie showing that his religious exercise has been substantially burdened, the burden shifts to the government to show that its refusal to grant the prisoner’s request for a religio us accommodation is the least restrictive means of furthering a compelling governmental interest. Thomas v. Corbett , 90 A.3d 789, 794

- 95 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).

In their preliminary objections, Department Officials did not dispute the sincerity of Thomas’ Isl amic faith ; rather, they argued that Thomas’ inability to
shave with an electric razor did not substantially burden the practice of his religion. A governmental action creates a substantial burden on religious exercise if “it truly pressures the offender to significantly modify his religious behavior and greatly violates his religious beliefs.” Mobley v. Coleman , 65 A.3d 1048, 1053 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013)

. Specifically:

[ T]he effect of a government action or regulation is significant when it either (1) influe nces the adherent to act in a way that violates his religious beliefs, or (2) forces the adherent to choose between, on the one hand, enjoying some generally available, nontrivial benefit, and, on the other hand, following his religious beliefs. On the op posite end of the spectrum, however, [ a ] government action or regulation does not rise to a level of a substantial burden on religious exercise if it merely prevents the adherent from enjoying some benefit that is not otherwise generally available or actin g in a way that is not otherwise generally allowed.

Id. at 1053

- 54 (quoting Adkins v. Kaspa r , 393 F.3d 559, 570 (5th Cir. 2004), cert. denied , 545 U.S. 1104 (2005) ).

Thomas’ complaint asserts that the Islamic religion requires him to shave, and the commissary razor caused him to develop keloids on his skin. Department Officials denied Thomas’ request to purchas e an electric razor as not medically necessary

. However, a ccording to the complaint , “[o]ther inmates are9

allowed to shave in the manner tha t suit[s] th em for personal reasons [ , and they] have electric trimmers to shave with.” Complaint, ¶32 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 5. The complaint further allege s that Department Officials denied Thomas’ grievances because “they want to dictate their personal o pinions of [his] religious request.” Complaint, ¶30 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 5 . These averments, if true, demonstrate a
substantial burde n on Thomas’ religious exercise.

Department Officials counter that they denied the request to purchase
an electric razo r because of safety and security concerns . T h e se concerns lack any basis in the pleading. As this Court held in Mobley , 65 A.3d at 1053 , the Department’s claims of valid penological interest cannot be advanced at the preliminary objection s phase of the p roceeding.

Because Thomas ’ complaint has made the prima facie showing that his religious exercise was substantially burdened, Department Officials must show that
the ir refusal to allow the purchase of an electric razor was “ the least restrictive

means ” of furthering a compelling governmental interest. Thomas , 90 A.3d at 794

- 95. This requires evidence.

Department Officials also argue that because Thomas’ grievance regarding the electric razor was untimely filed, he failed to exhaust his
administrativ e remedies with respect to his religious accommodation claim. Preliminary Objections, ¶7 ; C.R., Item No. 19 at 2 . In support, Department Officials attached an “Amended Final Appeal Decision” to the preliminary objections, which states that Thomas’ grieva nce “was not submitted within fifteen (15) working days after the events upon which claims are based.” Preliminary Objections, Exhibit A,
at 1 ; C.R., Item No. 19 at 24 . The grievance att ached to that decision shows that Thomas’ request to purchase an ele ctric razor was denied on July 13, 2015, and he10

filed the grievance on July 14, 2015. Preliminary Objections, Exhibit A, at 2; C.R.,
Item No. 19 at 25. T he grievance Thomas attached to his complaint shows that his request for a religious accommodation t o purchase an electric razor was denied on June 25, 2015, and that he filed a grievance on July 3, 2015. Complaint, Razor
Exhibit ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 44

. Because there is a factual dispute about whe n the grievance was filed , an evidentiary record is needed

.

In ruling upon a demurrer, we accept as true all well

- pleaded allegations of material fact and all inferences reasonably deducible from them. Mulholland , 174 A.2d at 863. Because it is not “clear and free from doubt th e law will not permit recovery under the alleged facts[,] any doubt must be resolved by a refusal to sustain the demurrer.” Lawrence v. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections , 941 A.2d 70,
72

- 7 2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007) . For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred by dismissing Thomas’ RLUIPA claim with respect to the denial of his request to purchase the electric razor.

As to Thomas’ RLUIPA claim that the lack of a computer and printer has substantially burdened his ability to practice his religi on, we conclude the complaint does not allege facts sufficient to show a burden. T he complaint alleges
that Thomas want s to store religious study files on a computer, but it does not allege
that he cannot study religion without a computer or that he has b een denied access to any texts or religious items associated with his religion. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Thomas’ RLUIPA claim with respect to the denial of a computer and printer.11 II. First Amendment Claim Thomas argues that he has a First Amendment right to communicate with family and friends, which was violated by Secretary Wetzel ’s denial of his

access to digital communication

. 10 Thomas Brief at 18. The trial court dismissed
that claim for the stated rea son that Thomas was asking “the Court to provide him with an exception outside of the prison policy.” Trial Court op. at 5 ; C.R., Item No.
30 at 5

. Whether a complaint pleads a constitutional violation requires a two

step analysis. First, the complain t must identify the inmate ’s constitutional right at issue . Second, the complaint must show an infringement on that right that “ rises to the level of a constitutional violation, given the specialized standard of review applied to prison regulations and pr actices. ” Brown v. Department of Corrections , 932 A.2d 316, 318 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007) (quotation omitted)

.

In support of his free speech claim, Thomas cite s a decision of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals that “prisoners maintain a F ir st Amendment right to communicate with family and friends, and that e

- mail can be a means of exercising this right.” Solan v. Zickefoose , 530 F . App ’ x 109, 110 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal

10 In his complaint and on appeal, Thomas stated, in passing, that Secretary Wetzel, by not permitting him to purchase a computer and printer, discriminated against him because of his mental ill ness. Complaint, ¶90; Thomas Brief at 15. The trial court dismissed Thomas’ complaint without addressing that claim. To the extent that Thomas raised an equal protection claim under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, we find it meritless . To state an equal protection claim, Thomas must allege that he received treatment different from other similar ly situated individuals based upon his membership in a particular class. Myers v. Ridge , 712 A.2d 791 , 799 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998). Here, Thomas d id not allege that Secretary Wetzel allowed any similarly situated inmate to purchase a computer or printer . A fair reading of his complaint reveals that inmates are not allowed to possess computers or printers , although they are allowed to exchange MP3 players for computer tablets. Accordingly, the trial court properly sust ained Department Officials’ demurrer to Thomas’ equal protection claim.12

quotation omitted). At issue in Solan was a federal prison program designed to make

e

- mail available in all Federal Bu reau of Prisons facilities. When an inmate was precluded from using that system , he brought a civil rights action against the warden. By contrast, here , Thomas’ complaint do es not allege that he lacks access to a prison

co mputer system to send and receive e

- mails in the prison . Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly dismissed Thomas ’ First Amendment claim.

III. Eighth Amendment Claim Finally, Thomas argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his
Ei ghth Amendment claim with respect to his need for dental surgery

. He argues that Department Officials have chose n to disregard the pain he experiences from his inadequate bridge

. Thomas asserts that the denture adjustment he received was not a reasonable treatment because he no longer has “a bridge to sit a denture on [

. ] ”
Thomas Brief at 22. Department Officials respond that the mere fact that Thomas disagreed with the course of treatment offered by them does not demonstrate
deliberate indifference to Thomas’ medical needs

.

I n Estelle v. Gamble , 429 U.S. 97 , 104 (1976), the U.S. Supreme Court
held that “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain,’

... proscr ibed by the Eighth
Am endment.” (intern al citation omitted). However, c laims of negligent diagnosis

or treatment or disagreement with the course of treatment do not rise to the level of a constitutional violation merely because the patient is a prisoner. Id . at 106 . Rather, “[i]n order to state a cognizable claim, a prisoner must allege acts or omissions sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. ”
Id.13 Whether the medical need of an inmate is sufficiently serious is an objective inqu iry. Id. at 106

- 07; Tindell v. Department of Corrections , 87 A.3d 1029, 1038 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). In making that inquiry, this Court considers the following factors : (i) whether the medical need “ has been diagnosed by a physician as requiring treatment; ” (ii) whether the need is “ so obvious that a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention; ” (iii) whether the “ denial or delay of treatment causes an inmate to suffer a life

- long handicap or permanent loss; ” (iv) whether the “ den ial or delay of treatment results in unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain; ” (v) whether the need “ significantly affects an individual’s daily activities; or ” (vi) whether the medical need “ causes chronic and substantial pain. ”
Tindell , 87 A.3d at 103 8

- 39.

Next, the prisoner must allege acts or omissions that demonstrate deliberate indifference on the part of prison officials , which requires the
demonstration of a state of mind akin to criminal recklessness. See Farmer v.
Brennan , 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994) (a prison official cannot be found liable under the Eighth Amendment unless the official knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety ). P rison officials who respond reasonably to an alleged
risk do not vi olate the Eighth Amendment, even where the measures taken failed to
abate the substantial risk. Id. at 844 . Examples of deliberate indifference include
circumstances where the prison official: “ (i) kn [ ew ] of a prisoner’s need for medical
treatment but in tentionally refuse [ d ] to provide it; (ii) delay [ ed ] necessary medical

treatment [ for ] a non

- medical reason; (iii) prevent e [ d ] a prisoner from receiving needed or recommended medical treatment; or (iv) persist [ ed ] in a particular course
of treatment in the face of resultant pain and risk of permanent injury. ” Tindell , 87
A.3d at 1040.14 The question before this Court is whether Thomas has pleaded fact s that, if proven, will state a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim. Department
Officials do not assert that Thomas’ claim about his dental problem is not sufficiently serious. The trial court dismissed this claim because it concluded that
Thomas did not plead “deliberate indifference” on the part of Department Officials

. Trial Court op. at 3 ; C.R., Item No. 30 at 3 . We disagree. The complaint alleges
that Department Officials are aware that Dr. Zoak has recommended surgery but they approved only denture adjustment s , which “they know to be inadequate[.]” Complaint, ¶58 ; C.R., Item No. 2 at 7

. These avermen ts reflect more than a disagreement over the treatment plan and, if proven, satisfy the intent necessary to meet the requirement of the deliberate indifference standard.

In reviewing an order sustaining preliminary objecti o ns , we are mindful
that “it mus t appear with certainty that the law will not permit recovery, and, where any doubt exists as to whether the preliminary objections should be sustained, the
doubt must be resolved in favor of overrul ing the preliminary objections

. ” Pennsylvania State Lodge , Fraternal Order of Police v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, 909 A.2d 413, 416 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). Thus, we are constrained to conclude that the trial court erred in sustaining Department Officials’ prelim inary objections to Tho mas’ Eighth
Amendment c laim.
Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s decision is reversed and
remanded insofar as it (1) dismissed Thomas’ RLUIPA claim against Department
Officials related to his request for a religious accommodation to purchase an electric
razor and (2) dismissed Thomas’ Eighth Amendment c laim against Department15

Officials with respect to inadequate dental care. Department Officials must answer
those claims. The trial court’s order is otherwi se affirmed.

______________________________________ MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President JudgeIN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Gregory Thomas, :

Appellant :

: v. : No. 1139 C.D. 2017

: John E. Wetzel, Health Care : Services, Tabb Bickell, James : Eckard, and Shawn Kephart :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 18 th day of May , 20 18 , it is hereby ORDERED that
the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon County , dated December 12, 2016, sustaining the preliminar y objections filed in the above

- captioned case, is hereby AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part, and this matter is R EMANDED in accordance with the attached opinion.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

______________________________________ MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge