COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Humphreys, Athey and Callins

Argued at Virginia Beach, Virginia

ROY QUIONNE ARTIS

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 1407-21-1 JUDGE DOMINIQUE A. CALLINS

JANUARY 17, 2023

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE

John W. Brown, Judge

Kelsey Bulger, Senior Assistant Public Defender (Virginia Indigent 

Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.

Lauren C. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Roy Quionne Artis appeals his conviction for possession of marijuana under the 

now-repealed Code § 18.2-250.1. Artis contends that his conviction is void ab initio because 

Code § 18.2-250.1 was repealed prior to his conviction, and he was therefore convicted for 

conduct that was no longer a crime. Artis also asserts that the trial court erred by imposing an 

enhanced sentence of twelve months’ imprisonment and a $2,500 fine under the recidivist 

provision in Code § 18.2-250.1 because his indictment did not charge him with a second or 

subsequent offense under that statute, nor was his prior conviction proven at trial to the jury. For 

the following reasons, we affirm Artis’s conviction, but we vacate the sentencing order and 

remand for resentencing.

BACKGROUND

The material facts of the case are not in dispute. On November 4, 2020, Artis was 

indicted in the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake for possession with intent to distribute 

PUBLISHED
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marijuana, in violation of Code § 18.2-248.1. The indictment charged that Artis “[o]n or about 

February 25, 2020, did unlawfully and feloniously sell, give, distribute, or possess with intent to 

sell, give, or distribute more than one-half ounce but less than five pounds of Marijuana in 

violation of § 18.2-248.1 of the Code of Virginia (1950) as amended.”

On April 7, 2021, the General Assembly repealed the marijuana possession statute, Code 

§ 18.2-250.1. 2021 Va. Acts Spec. Sess. I chs. 550-51, cl. 3. The repealing act stated that “the 

repeal of § 18.2-250.1 of the Code of Virginia shall become effective on July 1, 2021.” Id. cl. 8.

Artis was tried by a jury from November 18-19, 2021. At the end of the trial, the jury 

was instructed that it could find Artis guilty of the lesser-included offense of possession of 

marijuana under Code § 18.2-250.1 if it found that Artis possessed marijuana and the amount 

weighed more than one-half ounce but less than five pounds. The jury found Artis guilty of 

possession of marijuana and was discharged.

At sentencing before the trial judge, the Commonwealth introduced for the first time, 

without objection, evidence showing that Artis had a prior conviction for marijuana possession in 

April 2014. Over objection from defense counsel, the trial judge imposed an enhanced sentence 

of twelve months’ imprisonment and a $2,500 fine based on Artis’s prior marijuana possession 

conviction. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

This case presents questions of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo.

Jordan v. Commonwealth, 286 Va. 153, 156 (2013).

I

“The common law of England, insofar as it is not repugnant to the principles of the Bill 

of Rights and Constitution of this Commonwealth, shall continue in full force . . . and be the rule 
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of decision, except as altered by the General Assembly.” Code § 1-200. The common-law rule 

of abatement was enunciated by our highest court in Scutt v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. 54 (1817):

According to Hale, if an offence be made Treason or Felony, by 

Act of Parliament, and then the Act be repealed, the offences 

committed before such repeal, and the proceedings thereupon are 

discharged by such repeal, and cannot be proceeded upon after 

such repeal, unless a special clause in the Act of repeal be made, 

enabling such proceeding, after the repeal, for offences committed 

before.

Id. at 55-56 (citing 1 Hale’s H.P.C. p. 291, 309). Applying the common-law rule of abatement, 

the Court in Scutt reversed the conviction of a defendant who was tried under a criminal statute 

that had been repealed prior to his trial. Id. at 57. Subsequently, in Attoo v. Commonwealth, 

4 Va. 382, 383 (1823), and Commonwealth v. Leftwich, 26 Va. 657, 659 (1827), the Court 

reversed the convictions of defendants who were convicted under a criminal statute that had been 

repealed and replaced with a new statute containing a harsher penalty for the offense. The result 

in Attoo and Leftwich was a “technical” abatement that effectively resulted in a legislative 

pardon: the common-law rule prohibited prosecution under the repealed statute, and the 

constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws prohibited prosecution under the new 

harsher statute.1 By contrast, “[a] nontechnical abatement of prosecution resulted at common 

law when a statute was changed so that the conduct in question no longer was a crime.” United 

States v. Stephens, 449 F.2d 103, 105 n.6 (9th Cir. 1971) (emphasis added).

Under the common law, the legislature could “save” a prosecution from abatement so 

long as it inserted “a special clause in the Act of repeal . . . enabling such proceeding, after the 

repeal, for offences committed before,” Scutt, 4 Va. at 56, referred to as a “saving clause.” This 

1

“In the United States, the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws meant 

that a defendant could not be charged under either law: the doctrine of abatement combined with 

the prohibition against ex post facto laws resulted in an effective pardon every time a penal 

statute was amended.” Eileen L. Morrison, Resurrecting the Amelioration Doctrine: A Call to 

Action for Courts and Legislatures, 95 B.U. L. Rev. 335, 340 (2015).
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method ultimately proved to be unsatisfactory, however, because “[w]ith numerous statutory 

changes, legislatures . . . often failed to include an express saving clause in the amended statute, 

resulting in the unanticipated triggering of the abatement doctrine.” S. David Mitchell, In With 

the New, Out With the Old: Expanding the Scope of Retroactive Amelioration, 37 Am. J. Crim. 

L. 1, 24 (2009). Thus, “[a]s a way of preventing abatements of criminal prosecutions and other 

liabilities when legislatures failed to provide special savings clauses in the repealing legislation, 

state legislatures began . . . to adopt general savings statutes applicable thereafter to all repeals, 

amendments, and reenactments of criminal and civil liabilities.” Holiday v. United States, 683 

A.2d 61, 66 (D.C. 1996). These general saving statutes “shift[ed] . . . the legislative presumption 

from one of abatement unless otherwise specified to one of non-abatement in the absence of 

contrary legislative direction.” Comment, Today’s Law and Yesterday’s Crime: Retroactive 

Application of Ameliorative Criminal Legislation, 121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 120, 127 (1972).

The Virginia general saving statute was first codified in Code tit. 9, ch. 16, § 18 (1849), 

and the original version is nearly identical to the version now codified in Code § 1-239.2 Code 

§ 1-239, provides, in relevant part:

No new act of the General Assembly shall be construed to repeal a 

former law, as to any offense committed against the former law, or 

as to any act done, any penalty, forfeiture, or punishment incurred, 

or any right accrued, or claim arising under the former law, or in 

any way whatever to affect any such offense or act so committed 

2 The 1849 version of the Virginia general saving statute provided, in relevant part:

No new law shall be construed to repeal a former law, as to any

offence committed against the former law, nor as to any act done,

any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred, or any right

accrued, or claim arising under the former law, or in any way

whatever to affect any such offence or act so committed or done,

or any penalty, forfeiture or punishment so incurred, or any right

accrued, or claim arising before the new law takes effect[.]

The only notable difference between the original version and Code § 1-239 is that Code § 1-239

replaced the phrase “new law” with “new act of the General Assembly.”
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or done, or any penalty, forfeiture, or punishment so incurred, or 

any right accrued, or claim arising before the new act of the 

General Assembly takes effect[.]

In this appeal, Artis contends that his conviction for marijuana possession under Code 

§ 18.2-250.1 is void ab initio because this code section was repealed prior to his conviction. He 

asserts that Code § 1-239 does not apply when the General Assembly performs an absolute and 

unqualified repeal of a criminal statute that decriminalizes an offense and that this Court should 

instead apply the common-law rule of abatement—in this case, a nontechnical abatement. In 

Artis’s view, this common-law rule has not been abrogated entirely by Code § 1-239 and still 

operates in Virginia for nontechnical abatement. Artis further argues that the phrase “construed 

to repeal” in Code § 1-239 indicates that this code section applies only when it is ambiguous 

whether the General Assembly intended to repeal a statute. Since there is no ambiguity that the 

General Assembly intended to repeal Code § 18.2-250.1, Artis claims that Code § 1-239 does not 

apply to him.

We cannot agree. “Courts are not permitted to rewrite statutes. This is a legislative 

function. The manifest intention of the legislature, clearly disclosed by its language, must be 

applied.” Anderson v. Commonwealth, 182 Va. 560, 566 (1944). “The plain, obvious, and 

rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any curious, narrow, or strained 

construction.” Commonwealth v. Zamani, 256 Va. 391, 395 (1998). “A statute is not to be 

construed by singling out a particular phrase; every part is presumed to have some effect and is 

not to be disregarded unless absolutely necessary.” Id. “[W]e examine a statute in its entirety, 

rather than by isolating particular words or phrases.” Cummings v. Fulghum, 261 Va. 73, 77 

(2001). “The rules of statutory interpretation argue against reading any legislative enactment in 

a manner that will make a portion of it useless, repetitious, or absurd.” Jones v. Conwell, 227 

Va. 176, 181 (1984). “[E]very act of the legislature should be read so as to give reasonable 
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effect to every word and to promote the ability of the enactment to remedy the mischief at which 

it is directed.” Id.

First, we hold that Code § 1-239 equally applies in circumstances where the General 

Assembly explicitly and unambiguously repeals a statute. The fatal flaw in Artis’s argument 

regarding “construed to repeal” in Code § 1-239 is that it completely ignores the later phrase “in 

any way whatever to affect” in the statute. Under a proper reading of Code § 1-239, the word 

“construed” operates not only on “to repeal,” but also operates on “in any way whatever to 

affect.” To read Code § 1-239 otherwise would cause the word “to” in “in any way whatever to

affect” to be superfluous and would render that entire phrase grammatically incorrect. The 

phrase “in any way whatever to affect” is also preceded by the disjunctive word “or,” which 

signifies an alternative application for the word “construed” in the statute. Thus, when the 

General Assembly explicitly and unambiguously repeals a statute, that repeal shall not be 

“construed . . . in any way whatever to affect” any offenses, acts, penalties, forfeitures, 

punishments, rights, or claims under the former law.

Second, we hold that Code § 1-239 equally applies in circumstances where the General 

Assembly performs an absolute and unqualified repeal of a criminal statute that decriminalizes 

an offense. The language in Code § 1-239 is broad and sweeping, encompassing every “new act 

of the General Assembly,” and applying, among other things, to every “offense committed,” 

every “act done,” and every “claim arising” under the former law. No language in Code § 1-239 

clearly states or implies that it does not apply in circumstances where the General Assembly 

performs a full repeal of a criminal statute, nor does any language in Code § 1-239 indicate that 

it was not meant to apply where the General Assembly makes certain conduct no longer a crime. 

And it is axiomatic that the General Assembly’s repeal of a statute is an “act” of the General 

Assembly, subject to the requirements of Code § 1-239. See Gionis v. Commonwealth, 76
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Va. App. 1, 9-10 (2022) (“[W]e conclude that a ‘new act of the General Assembly’ under Code 

§ 1-239 does include a legislative action that simply repeals a statute in full.”). Therefore, the 

General Assembly’s absolute and unqualified repeal of a criminal statute that decriminalizes an 

offense is not exempt from the requirements of Code § 1-239.

Finally, we hold that Code § 1-239 has abrogated the common-law rule of abatement in 

its entirety. “[A] statutory provision will not be held to change the common law unless the 

legislative intent to do so is plainly manifested.” Herndon v. St. Mary’s Hosp., Inc., 266 Va. 

472, 476 (2003). “A statutory change in the common law is limited to that which is expressly 

stated or necessarily implied because the presumption is that no change was intended.” Boyd v. 

Commonwealth, 236 Va. 346, 349 (1988). “When an enactment does not encompass the entire 

subject covered by the common law, it abrogates the common-law rule only to the extent that its 

terms are directly and irreconcilably opposed to the rule.” Id. “[T]he Legislature is presumed to 

have known and to have had the common law in mind in the enactment of a statute.” Wicks v. 

City of Charlottesville, 215 Va. 274, 276 (1974). “The statute must therefore be read along with 

the provisions of the common law, and the latter will be read into the statute unless it clearly 

appears from express language or by necessary implication that the purpose of the statute was to 

change the common law.” Id.

As noted in Ruplenas v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 972, 975-77 (1981), the Virginia 

general saving statute was “intended to change the common-law rule of abatement” and “was an 

attempt to change the results enunciated in the cases of [Leftwich], [Attoo], and [Scutt].” There is 

no question that the General Assembly was aware of the common-law rule of abatement when it 

originally enacted the general saving statute, nor is there any question that the statute was 

specifically designed to combat the inherent problems associated with the common-law rule. 

And the broad, all-encompassing language of the general saving statute makes plainly manifest 
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that the legislative intent in enacting the statute was to ensure that there would be no 

circumstance under which the common-law rule of abatement could ever come into operation 

again. Code § 1-239 is completely incompatible with the common-law rule in all its forms, 

including both technical and nontechnical abatement, and there is no avenue by which any aspect 

of the common-law rule can be read into or harmonized with Code § 1-239. Consequently, the 

common-law rule of abatement is no longer law in Virginia.

The General Assembly’s absolute repeal of Code § 18.2-250.1 contained no express 

language stating that prosecutions still pending under this statute would be abated. The repeal 

also stated that it would become effective on July 1, 2021. 2021 Va. Acts Spec. Sess. I, chs. 

550-51, cl. 8. Accordingly, pursuant to Code § 1-239, Artis’s conviction for marijuana 

possession committed on February 25, 2020 and indicted on November 4, 2020 is not void 

ab initio and will be affirmed.

II

At the time of Artis’s current offense for marijuana possession, Code § 18.2-250.1 

provided that “[a]ny person who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be 

confined in jail not more than 30 days and fined not more than $500, either or both; any person, 

upon a second or subsequent conviction of a violation of this section, is guilty of a Class 1 

misdemeanor.” Artis asserts that the trial court’s imposition of an enhanced sentence of twelve 

months’ imprisonment and a $2,500 fine is void ab initio because his indictment did not charge 

him with a second or subsequent offense under Code § 18.2-250.1, nor did the Commonwealth 

prove his prior marijuana possession conviction at trial to the jury. In response, the 

Commonwealth contends that Artis’s prior marijuana conviction was a “sentencing aggravator” 

that was not required to be charged in his indictment or proven to the jury.
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In Pierce v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 383, 386 (1986), we specifically held that “in 

order for the Commonwealth to take advantage of the enhanced punishment provided in [Code 

§ 18.2-250.1], it must prove a second or subsequent conviction for unlawful possession of 

marijuana under Code § 18.2-250.1(A).” (Emphasis added). This Court did not elaborate on the 

basis for this holding, including whether a prior conviction must be proven as an element of the 

offense or as a sentencing enhancement. Nevertheless, our holding in Pierce is the controlling 

precedent on this issue and is fully dispositive of Artis’s second assignment of error.3 See 

3 Pierce, though controlling, falls short of illuminating. In its absence, however, we face 

something of a lacuna in the law. “Though the common law did not create recidivist crimes as 

such, it did develop a well-recognized order of proof in such cases.” Washington v. 

Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 276, 278 (2005) (en banc), aff’d, 272 Va. 449 (2006). Specifically, 

this Court has acknowledged that “if a defendant is charged with violating a recidivist statute, 

proof of the defendant’s prior felony convictions is admissible as a ‘required predicate for 

enhanced punishment.’” Id. at 289 (Humphreys, J. concurring) (quoting Berry v. 

Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 209, 213 (1996)).

In 1819, the General Assembly enacted amendments to the Virginia Penitentiary Act of 

1796 which codified judicial treatment of recidivist procedure in the Commonwealth. 

Approximately one century later, in 1918, the General Assembly amended the Virginia 

Penitentiary Act and renamed and reframed recidivist procedure in the Virginia Habitual 

Criminal Act. This subsequent Act remained the “law of the land” as it were, for many years, 

until it was repealed in its entirety in 1982. Since that repeal, the General Assembly has not 

addressed recidivist procedure in sweeping legislation, instead only enacting crime-specific 

recidivism statues. Id. at 281 n.3. And after Pierce was decided in 1986, the General Assembly 

did not revise the recidivist language we relied upon in that case until it completely 

decriminalized the possession of marijuana in 2020.

Presently, not all criminal statutes that address recidivist offenses set forth a “pleading 

and proof procedure,” nor do all statutes that articulate a procedure do so uniformly. See, e.g., 

Code § 18.2-248 (possession with intent to distribute), Code § 18.2-57.2 (assault and battery 

against a family or household member), Code § 18.2-311.2 (third conviction of firearm offenses) 

(all specifically requiring that the fact of prior conviction be “alleged in the warrant, indictment 

or information”); Code § 18.2-270 (DUI) (presenting four different sentencing options that each

require proof of both one or more prior convictions and that those convictions occurred within a 

specific time frame, with each option carrying a different sentencing range); Code § 18.2-46.3:1 

(third or subsequent conviction of criminal street gang crimes), Code § 18.2-53.1 (use or display 

of a firearm in committing a felony) (both statutes specifying sentence enhancement as part of a 

separate and distinct offense).

The resulting panoply of procedures leaves in doubt the legislative intent with respect to

the procedural implementation of enhanced punishment provisions in various statutes. Although 

not foreclosing the possibility that other statutory or common-law considerations may justify 

otherwise, United States Supreme Court jurisprudence specifically exempts a prior conviction as 
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Johnson v. Commonwealth, 252 Va. 425, 430 (1996) (“[A] decision of a panel of the Court of 

Appeals becomes a predicate for application of the doctrine of stare decisis until overruled by a 

decision of the Court of Appeals sitting en banc or by a decision of [the] [Virginia Supreme]

Court.”). And “[i]n Virginia, the doctrine of stare decisis is more than a mere cliché.” Hardesty 

v. Hardesty, 40 Va. App. 663, 670 n.2 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Selected Risks Ins. Co. v. Dean, 

233 Va. 260, 265 (1987)). The doctrine assures “‘consistent, predictable, and balanced 

application of legal principles,’” and affirms to “‘the public that an appellate court’s judgments 

are not arbitrary and that the court is controlled by precedent that is binding without regard to the 

personal views of its members.’” Id. (first quoting Dean., 233 Va. at 260; and then quoting 

Newman v. Erie Ins. Exch., 256 Va. 501, 510 (1998) (Compton, J., joined by Carrico, C.J., 

dissenting)). Ever mindful of the limits of our authority, we proceed with solicitude for the 

doctrine of stare decisis and the ends it serves.

Accordingly, the question of whether a prior conviction must be treated as if it is an 

element of the underlying offense or a mere sentencing enhancement that frames the available 

sentencing options for a trial court is not one we must answer here. Our present inquiry begins 

and ends with the application of the precedent in Pierce to the record before us, where it is clear 

that the predicate conviction upon which the trial court sought to impose the enhanced 

punishment was neither alleged nor proven.

Consequently, the trial court erred by imposing an enhanced sentence of twelve months’ 

imprisonment and a $2,500 fine. Accordingly, the sentencing order is void ab initio and will be 

a constitutionally required fact that must be pled in a charging instrument and found by a 

factfinder at trial. See Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and cases applying it. 

Therefore, ultimately resolving and clarifying questions with respect to the use of prior 

convictions as sentencing enhancements is properly the province of the General Assembly.
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vacated, and the case will be remanded for resentencing consistent with the penalty range for 

first-offense marijuana possession under Code § 18.2-250.1.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Artis’s conviction for marijuana possession under the 

now-repealed Code § 18.2-250.1 is affirmed, the sentencing order is vacated, and the case is 

remanded for resentencing consistent with the penalty range for first-offense marijuana 

possession under Code § 18.2-250.1.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.