FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

JUNE 23, 2009

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 08-15710

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 06-61897-CV-KAM

L.M.P.,

on behalf of, E.P., D.P. and K.P., minors,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,

COMMISSIONER OF THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF

EDUCATION,

John Winn,

Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(June 23, 3009)

Before BARKETT, HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

L.M.P., on behalf of her autistic triplets, E.P., D.P. and K.P. (“Triplets”),

appeals from a final judgment dismissing her complaint which sought a declaration

that the Triplets’ right to a due process hearing under the Individuals with

Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.,was violated

because Administrative Law Judges (“ALJ”) in Florida do not have authority to

grant equitable relief. In dismissing L.M.P.’s complaint, the district court

concluded that it lacked authority over this matter as L.M.P. had not presented a

“case” or “controversy” as required by Article III of the United States Constitution.

I. Background

This is L.M.P.’s second appeal before this Court. In her prior appeal, D.P.

ex. rel. E.P. v. Sch. Bd. of Broward County, 483 F.3d 725 (11th Cir. 2007), L.M.P.

challenged the local school district’s denial of her request to continue services that

the Triplets received pursuant to Individualized Family Service Plans (“IFSPs”)

under the Early Intervention Program administered under Part C of the IDEA.

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Upon turning three years of age, the Triplets aged out of the Part C program and

 “Pursuant to IFSPs, disabled infants and toddlers may be provided with developmental 1

services such as speech, occupational, and physical therapy services; medical services for

diagnosis and evaluation purposes; and social work services.” D.P. ex. rel. E.P. v. Sch. Bd. of

Broward County, 483 F.3d 725, 726 (11th Cir. 2007). 

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became eligible for services under Part B of the IDEA, which guarantees that

disabled children, three years and older, receive a free appropriate public education

(“FAPE”), see 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(a), and attempts to do so through the

provision of services that have been identified in a child’s Individualized

Education Program (“IEP”). See 20 U.S.C. § 1414. This Court concluded that the

plain language of the IDEA did not entitle the Triplets to ongoing services under

their IFSPs even though the local school district and the parents had not agreed on

a valid IEP upon the Triplets’s third birthdays. D.P., 483 F.3d at 730.

In a separate administrative proceeding, L.M.P. also raised claims that the

local school district had denied the Triplets their substantive and procedural rights

to a FAPE under Part B of the IDEA. The ALJ dismissed the case, but without

making a determination whether the Triplets had been denied a FAPE. That case,

L.M.P. on behalf of E.P., D.P., and K.P., minors v. Sch. Bd. of Broward County,

Fla., Case No. 05-60845-Civ-Marra, is presently being litigated in the district

court.

This appeal stems from L.M.P.’s fourth administrative action before the

Florida Division of Administrative Hearings (“DOAH”) in which she sought a

declaration that the Florida Department of Education violated the Triplets’s rights

under the IDEA to a final decision in a due process hearing because the DOAH

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does not give its ALJs power to grant the equitable relief that L.M.P. had been

seeking in this and all prior administrative proceedings. The specific equitable

remedy that L.M.P. asserts that the ALJ should be authorized to provide in this

appeal as well as in all previous administrative proceedings is the reimbursement

of the costs incurred by the Triplets’s parents for all of the services that they have

provided to the children from the time of their third birthdays. The ALJ dismissed

the case finding he lacked subject matter jurisdiction because L.M.P. had not raised

any complaint that the Triplets had been denied a FAPE due to the identification,

evaluation, or educational placement of the Triplets. L.M.P. sought review of the

unfavorable ALJ decision in district court as is provided for pursuant to § 1414 of

the IDEA.

In denying L.M.P.’s motion for summary judgment, the district court

concluded that the fact that the IDEA may make more remedies available to state

or federal courts than it does to ALJs in administrative due process hearings does

not render the decisions of the ALJs in such hearings less than “final.” Later

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when dismissing the case, the district court found that the issue of whether the

 The IDEA provides that “[i]n any action brought under this paragraph, the court— . . . 2

(iii) basing its decision on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as the court

determines is appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)(iii) (emphasis added). We agree with the

district court’s conclusion that this provision of the statute speaks to the authority for granting

relief that the courts possess and does not by its plain language extend the same authority to

ALJs. 

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ALJs should have the same equitable powers under the IDEA as the courts is

speculative because L.M.P. has not yet established that the Triplets’s rights to a

FAPE under the IDEA has been violated such that they potentially are entitled to

an equitable remedy. Specifically, the court noted that no determination has been

made in an administrative hearing or state or federal court that the Triplets’s IEPs

are inadequate or that they are entitled to any services that the local school district

has not provided and thus, the Triplets have not shown any injury that an ALJ or

district court is able to redress.

II. Discussion

Upon review of the parties’ briefs, the record and the district court’s orders

we find no reversible error. We agree the district court properly dismissed

L.M.P.’s complaint on the basis that it lacks authority to decide this matter under

Article III of the United States Constitution. Federal courts are empowered under

Article III to adjudicate only “cases” or “controversies.” Midrash Sephardi, Inc. v.

Town of Surfside, 366 F.3d 1214, 1223 (11th Cir. 2004). In order for there to be a

“case” or “controversy” that a federal court can adjudicate, a plaintiff must make a

sufficient showing of an injury that the court’s decision-making can redress.

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 Courts have developed various doctrines to evaluate the case or controversy 3

requirement of Article III, including the doctrines of standing and ripeness. The ripeness

doctrine “asks whether there is sufficient injury to meet Article III's requirement of a case or

controversy and, if so, whether the claim is sufficiently mature, and the issues sufficiently

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We agree with the district court’s determination that L.M.P.’s claim that her

Triplets have been denied a final decision in their due process hearing because the

ALJ lacks authority to grant the equitable relief she requested, i.e. reimbursement

for the costs of the services that she has been providing since the Triplets’s third

birthdays, is not justiciable. It is not at all clear that the ALJ cannot order

reimbursement. However, before an ALJ or a court can consider whether L.M.P. is

eligible for reimbursement for the costs of services that she has been providing for

her children, L.M.P. must first establish that the Triplets’s rights under the IDEA

have been violated, i.e. that they have been denied their guaranteed right to a

FAPE. See M.M. ex rel. C.M. v. Sch. Bd. of Miami-Dade County, 437 F.3d 1085,

1097 (11th Cir. 2006); Burlington v. Dept. of Educ., 471 U.S. 359, 369-70 (1985).

This she has not done (although perhaps her pending federal court complaint

against the local school district will ultimately result in such a finding). Here, it is

defined and concrete, to permit effective decisionmaking by the court.” Cheffer v. Reno, 55

F.3d 1517, 1524 (11th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). Standing is “a threshold jurisdictional

question which must be addressed prior to and independent of the merits of a party's claims.” 

Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964, 974 (11th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). 

Standing requires the plaintiff to demonstrate: 1) an injury in fact or an invasion of a legally

protected interest; 2) a direct causal relationship between the injury and the challenged action;

and 3) a likelihood of redressability.” Midrash, 366 F.3d at 1223 (citing Lujan v. Defenders of

Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)). We find that because both doctrines, in essence, require

a showing of an injury that this court’s decision-making on the particular claim raised will

resolve and because L.M.P. has not shown any such injury, her claim is non-justiciable under

Article III. 

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merely speculative whether the ALJ would order reimbursement to the Triplets’s

parents for the costs of the services they have been providing on their own because

it has not yet been determined whether the local school district has violated the

Triplets’s rights under the IDEA, i.e. has denied them a FAPE. Without such an

injury, there is no trigger of relief and hence, it would be speculative on our part to

discuss the extent of the remedial powers of the ALJs.

L.M.P. argues, however, that her asserted injury is not that the Triplets have

been denied a FAPE but that they have been denied a final due process hearing and

that as a result the Triplets’s parents have incurred unnecessary litigation expenses.

L.M.P. claims that because the ALJ in the various administrative proceedings has

either not awarded her the relief requested or has concluded that he was without

jurisdiction to decide certain of L.M.P.’s claims, these administrative decisions are

not “final.”

We find no error in the district court’s conclusion that even if ALJs are

without the same power to grant equitable relief as the courts, this in no way

renders the decisions of the ALJs any less final for purposes of the administrative

action. Moreover, the determination by the ALJ that he was without jurisdiction to

render a decision on L.M.P.’s claims as presented does not make that decision less

than final. The relevant provisions of the IDEA statute explicitly state that the

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decisions at both the initial due process hearing and at the administrative review

level are considered final and are capable of being reviewed by a state or federal

court if the aggrieved party so chooses, which L.M.P. has done. See 20 U.S.C. §

1415(i)(1). Simply because an ALJ may not be able to grant all possible forms of

relief does not make the decision that he does render any less final for purposes of

the IDEA. Thus, we do not agree that the Triplets have been injured because the

ALJs did not or were unable to order the relief that they were seeking.

Accordingly, the district court’s dismissal of L.M.P.’s complaint is hereby

AFFIRMED.

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