ÔÍÏÌÍ ⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

¤“ ×Œ—“”¤“Ãfl‘ –Œ—Ã¤›Ã×—“ 

flŸ¤“›« 

Ïð ›⁄Œ –øÆ ̈­ Îð ø2o ÎË 

Å¤–fläÿœä—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓÂ ⁄Œ‘äËÎÏÏäÌÃ 

Œ×“ ÓðÍðäfl“ÓÏ 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2a 

flŸ¤“›«Ê ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄¤–fl ̃Ú 

fl›Ã×—“Ê ⁄·2ø¥ Æ ́¥aÚ 

ÕÀ””flŒ«Ê fiø­ao ±2 · ̈­ ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ ±¶±2a  ̄—Ì ̃ ø2o 

Æa¥ø ̈ao ° ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ ±®·oø2 ̈­ ø2o 

2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ 

 ̄“flflœÕ ̃ o±Æ —ÌÙ ¤–fl ·­ 3øμ·21 

ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

“flflœÕ o±Æ —Ì  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ø2o ©a¥oøÆaÙ 

Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ßÚ ...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±Æ —ÌÙ ¤–fl ·­ ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a 

¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ 

°øÆ ̈­ °aÆ 3·¥¥·±2  ̄°°3 ̃Ù a®°Æa­­ao  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧Æaa oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a­Ú ...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±Æ —ÌÙ ¤–fl ·­ 

ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo æß 

3øμ·21 · ̈ ·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ¤–fl ·­ ø¥­± 3øμ·21 

1⁄2±2o±Æ3·21 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

×2oa®  ̄flœ× ̃ o±Æ —ÌÙ ­a ̈ ̈·21 ø2 flœ× TMø¥ ́a 

±o Ôðð aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ù ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1aÙ ø2o 3øμ·21 °Æ±°±Æ ̈·±2ø¥ 

1⁄2 ̧ø21a­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flœ× TMø¥ ́a­ ±o ÎðÙ ÔÎð 

ø2o ÓððÚ 

‹flÃ¤ÕÊ Ã ̧·­ o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥a ·­ aooa1⁄2 ̈·TMa ±2 

”øß ÓÈÙ ÓððËÚ 

fl‹‹Œ¤ÕÕ¤ÕÊ ¤–fl  ̧ø­ a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ao ø 

o±1⁄2μa ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ ø1⁄2 ̈·±2  ́2oaÆ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ ×‹ 

“±Ú ¤–fläÿœä—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓÚ fl¥¥ 

o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈­ ·2  ̈ ̧a o±1⁄2μa ̈ øÆa ¥·­ ̈ao ±2 

 ̈ ̧a ©©©ÚÆa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ú1±TM ...aæ ­· ̈aÚ 

fl¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧ ¥·­ ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a ·2oa®Ù ­±3a 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ·­ 2± ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2¥ß øTMø·¥øæ¥aÙ 

aÚ1ÚÙ 1⁄2±2o·oa2 ̈·ø¥ æ ́­·2a­­ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

±Æ ± ̈ ̧aÆ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 © ̧±­a o·­1⁄2¥±­ ́Æa ·­ 

Æa­ ̈Æ·1⁄2 ̈ao æß ­ ̈ø ̈ ́ ̈aÚ ›aÆ ̈ø·2 ± ̈ ̧aÆ 

3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ 1⁄2±°ßÆ·1 ̧ ̈ao 3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥Ù 

·­ 2± ̈ °¥ø1⁄2ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ×2 ̈aÆ2a ̈ ø2o ©·¥¥ æa 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2¥ß øTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥ß ·2  ̧øÆo 1⁄2±°ß 

o±Æ3Ú – ́æ¥·1⁄2¥ß øTMø·¥øæ¥a o±1⁄2μa ̈ 

3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥­ øÆa øTMø·¥øæ¥a a· ̈ ̧aÆ 

a¥a1⁄2 ̈Æ±2·1⁄2ø¥¥ß  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ 

©©©ÚÆa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ú1±TM ±Æ ·2  ̧øÆo 1⁄2±°ß ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a fl·Æ ø2o Œøo·ø ̈·±2 ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ ø2o 

×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ›a2 ̈aÆÙ ¤–flÒ‹›Ù ¤–fl ...a­ ̈Ù 

Œ±±3 ÌÌÌÏÙ ÔÌðÔ ›±2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈·±2 flTMaÚÙ 

“...ÚÙ ...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù ‹›Ú Ã ̧·­ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

⁄ø1⁄2·¥· ̈ß ·­ ±°a2 oÆ±3 ËÊÌð øÚ3Ú  ̈± ÏÊÌð 

°Ú3ÚÙ ”±2oøß  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ ⁄Æ·oøßÙ a®1⁄2¥ ́o·21 

¥a1ø¥  ̧±¥·oøß­Ú Ã ̧a ‹±1⁄2μa ̈  ̈a¥a° ̧±2a 

2 ́3æaÆ ·­ ÓðÓäÎÍÍäÔÈÏÓÚ Ã ̧a 

 ̈a¥a° ̧±2a 2 ́3æaÆ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a – ́æ¥·1⁄2 

Œaøo·21 Œ±±3 ·­ ÓðÓäÎÍÍäÔÈÏÏÚ 

⁄—Œ ⁄ÀŒÃÿ¤Œ ×“⁄—Œ”flÃ×—“ ›—“Ãfl›ÃÊ ‹ÆÚ 

‹øTM·o ÷Ú ”1⁄2’aaÙ ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ ø2o 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ×3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ ‹·TM·­·±2Ù —oo·1⁄2a 

±o fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß –¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù 

ÀÚÕÚ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ßÙ 

”ø·¥ ›±oa ›ÎðÏäðÍÙ Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a 

–øÆμÙ “› ÓÈÈÔÔÂ  ̈a¥a° ̧±2aÊ ÁÔÁäÎÏÔä 

ÎÓËËÂ oø®Ê ÁÔÁäÎÏÔäðÓÌÈÂ aÛ3ø·¥Ê 

31⁄2μaaÚoøTMa‡a°øÚ1±TMÚ 

ÕÀ––‘¤”¤“ÃflŒ« ×“⁄—Œ”flÃ×—“Ê 

Ãøæ¥a ±o ›±2 ̈a2 ̈­ 

Ã ̧a o±¥¥±©·21  ̈±°·1⁄2­ øÆa o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧·­ 

°Æaø3æ¥aÊ 

×Ú fiø1⁄2μ1Æ± ́2o 

flÚ Õ ́33øÆß ±o ŒaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a —Ì “flflœÕ 

fiÚ ‘a1·­¥ø ̈·TMa ŒaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

›Ú ŒaTM·a© ±o fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ø2o 

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —Ì

‹Ú Õ ́33øÆß ±o –Æ±°±­ao ŒaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

—Ì “flflœÕ 

¤Ú —Æ1ø2·¶ø ̈·±2 ø2o fl°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧  ̈± ⁄·2ø¥ 

‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2 —Ì “flflœÕ 

××Ú Œø ̈·±2ø¥a o±Æ ⁄·2ø¥ ‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a 

–Æ·3øÆß —Ì Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

flÚ ×2 ̈Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÔÚ —TMaÆTM·a© 

ÓÚ —TMaÆTM·a© ±o ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

ÌÚ —TMaÆTM·a© ±o ÿ ́3ø2 ¤®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ Œ·­μ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈­ 

fiÚ “aao o±Æ ŒaTM·­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a › ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

–Æ·3øÆß —Ì Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

ÔÚ ×2 ̈Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÓÚ ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a “aao o±Æ ŒaTM·­·±2 

ÌÚ ›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ Œa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a “aao o±Æ 

ŒaTM·­·±2 

›Ú ›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ ±2  ̈ ̧a ¤¥a3a2 ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

–Æ·3øÆß —Ì Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

ÔÚ ×2o·1⁄2ø ̈±Æ 

ÓÚ flTMaÆø1·21 Ã·3a 

ÌÚ ⁄±Æ3 

ÏÚ ‘aTMa¥ 

‹Ú ⁄·2ø¥ ‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a –Æ·3øÆß —Ì

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

×××Ú ›±33 ́2·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o – ́æ¥·1⁄2 ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

× Ú Œø ̈·±2ø¥a o±Æ ⁄·2ø¥ ‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a 

Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

flÚ ×2 ̈Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÔÚ —TMaÆTM·a© 

ÓÚ —TMaÆTM·a© ±o a1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­ ¤TM·oa21⁄2a 

ÌÚ —TMaÆTM·a© ±o fi·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥¥ß Œa¥aTMø2 ̈ 

¤®°±­ ́Æa ×2o·1⁄2aÏÚ —TMaÆTM·a© ±o a1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ¤®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

Œ·­μ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈­ 

fiÚ “aao o±Æ ŒaTM·­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a › ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

ÔÚ ×2 ̈Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÓÚ ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a “aao o±Æ ŒaTM·­·±2 

ÌÚ ›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ Œa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a “aao o±Æ 

ŒaTM·­·±2 

›Ú ›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ ±2  ̈ ̧a Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

ÔÚ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ ¤TMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 

ÓÚ ›flÕfl› ·a©­ 

ÌÚ flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ –Æ±°±­ao ›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ 

ÏÚ ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

—° ̈·±2­ 

ÎÚ flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ ⁄·2ø¥ ›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ 

‹Ú ⁄·2ø¥ ‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

 Ú ›Æaø ̈·±2 ±o fl°°a2o·® –â×2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈ø ̈·±2 ±o 

 ̈ ̧a “flflœÕ o±Æ —Ì

flÚ Ÿa2aÆø¥ 

fiÚ ‹ø ̈ø ›±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ 

›Ú ‹ø ̈ø Œa°±Æ ̈·21 ø2o ÿø2o¥·21 ø2o 

Œ± ́2o·21 ›±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ 

 ×Ú fl3æ·a2 ̈ ”±2· ̈±Æ·21 Œa¥ø ̈ao  ̈± ŒaTM·­ao 

—Ì Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ 

 ××Ú ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o Œa¥ø ̈ao ›±2 ̈Æ±¥ 

ŒaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

flÚ ⁄ ́ ̈ ́Æa ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 Õ ̈a°­ 

ÔÚ ‹a­·12ø ̈·±2­ 

ÓÚ Õ ̈ø ̈a ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 –¥ø2­ 

ÌÚ ÃÆø2­Ûæ± ́2oøÆß ¤3·­­·±2­ 

ÏÚ ”±2· ̈±Æ·21 ŒaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

fiÚ Œa¥ø ̈ao ›±2 ̈Æ±¥ ŒaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

 ×××Ú Õ ̈ø ̈ ́ ̈±Æß ø2o ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ŒaTM·a©­ 

flÚ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÓËÍÍÊ Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß 

–¥ø22·21 ø2o ŒaTM·a© 

fiÚ –ø°aÆ©±Æμ Œao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1⁄2 ̈ 

›Ú Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ⁄¥a®·æ·¥· ̈ß fl1⁄2 ̈ 

‹Ú À2o ́2oao ”ø2oø ̈a­ Œao±Æ3 fl1⁄2 ̈ 

¤Ú ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÌÓÊ ⁄aoaÆø¥·­3 

⁄Ú ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÈÎÊ ›±2­ ́¥ ̈ø ̈·±2 

ø2o ›±±Æo·2ø ̈·±2 ...· ̈ ̧ ×2o·ø2 ÃÆ·æø¥ 

Ÿ±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ 

ŸÚ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌðÏÎÊ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 

› ̧·¥oÆa2 ⁄Æ±3 ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧  ̇ 

Õøoa ̈ß Œ·­μÿÚ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÓÔÔÊ fl1⁄2 ̈·±2­ Ã ̧ø ̈ 

Õ·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈¥ß flooa1⁄2 ̈ ¤2aÆ1ß Õ ́°°¥ßÙ 

‹·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2 ±Æ À­a 

×Ú “ø ̈·±2ø¥ Ãa1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1ß ÃÆø2­oaÆ ø2o 

floTMø21⁄2a3a2 ̈ fl1⁄2 ̈ 

÷Ú ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÓËÁËÊ ⁄aoaÆø¥ fl1⁄2 ̈·±2­ 

 ̈± flooÆa­­ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ÷ ́­ ̈·1⁄2a ·2 

”·2±Æ· ̈ß –±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o ‘±©Û×21⁄2±3a 

–±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

’Ú ›±21Æa­­·±2ø¥ ŒaTM·a© fl1⁄2 ̈ 

ŒaoaÆa21⁄2a­ 

×Ú fiø1⁄2μ1Æ± ́2o 

flÚ Õ ́33øÆß ±o ŒaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a —Ì

“flflœÕ 

fiø­ao ±2 · ̈­ ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ —Ì ø2o Æa¥ø ̈ao 

° ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ ±®·oø2 ̈­ ø2o 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­  ̄“flflœÕ ̃ 

o±Æ —ÌÙ ¤–fl ·­ 3øμ·21 ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß “flflœÕ o±Æ —Ì

 ̈± °Æ±TM·oa °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

ø2o ©a¥oøÆaÙ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ßÙ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a  ́2oaÆ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÁÙ ø2o ·­ 

3øμ·21 1⁄2±ÆÆa­°±2o·21 ÆaTM·­·±2­ ·2 oø ̈ø 

 ̧ø2o¥·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ o±Æ —ÌÚ 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

o±Æ —ÌÙ ¤–fl ·­ ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÈÎ °øÆ ̈­ 

°aÆ 3·¥¥·±2  ̄°°3 ̃Ù  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ èèø ̈ 

Æ·­μéé °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø1ø·2­ ̈ ø2 øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛ 

Æa¥ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æø21a 

oÆ±3 oa1⁄2Æaø­ao ¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ø2o 

·21⁄2Æaø­ao Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ­ß3° ̈±3­  ̈± 

­aÆ·± ́­ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈±Æ­ ±o Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 

3±Ææ·o· ̈ß ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß 

oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ TM·­· ̈­ ø2o  ̧±­°· ̈ø¥ 

øo3·­­·±2­ o±Æ Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 1⁄2ø ́­a­Ù ø2o 

°±­­·æ¥ß 1⁄2øÆo·±TMø­1⁄2 ́¥øÆÛÆa¥ø ̈ao 

3±Ææ·o· ̈ß ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ̈± ̈ø¥ 2±2ø1⁄21⁄2·oa2 ̈ø¥ 

ø2o 1⁄2øÆo·±Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ ¤–fl ·­ 

­°a1⁄2·oß·21  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 2aøÆa­ ̈  ̈ ̧± ́­ø2o ̈ ̧ °°3Ú 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

o±Æ —ÌÙ ¤–fl ·­ ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo æß 

3øμ·21 · ̈ ·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

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 ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­  ̈± æa ­a ̈ ø ̈ èè ̈ ̧a 

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­ø3°¥a ±o °aÆ­±2­ 1⁄2±3°Æ·­·21  ̈ ̧a ­a2­· ̈·TMa 1Æ± ́° 

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æa·21Úéé

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fiÚ ‘a1·­¥ø ̈·TMa ŒaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

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 ̄›flfl ̃ 1±TMaÆ2  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧3a2 ̈ ø2o 

ÆaTM·­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕÚ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðË  ̄ÏÓ 

ÀÚÕÚ›Ú ÈÏðË ̃ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

 ̈± ·oa2 ̈·oß ø2o ¥·­ ̈ èèø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈­éé

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© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 3øß Æaø­±2øæ¥ß æa ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao  ̈± 

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© ̧±­a èè°Æa­a21⁄2a ˆ ˆ ˆ ·2  ̈ ̧a ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

ø·Æ Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ oÆ±3 2 ́3aÆ± ́­ ±Æ o·TMaÆ­a 

3±æ·¥a ±Æ ­ ̈ø ̈·±2øÆß ­± ́Æ1⁄2a­Ùéé ø2o o±Æ 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °¥ø2­  ̈± ·­­ ́a 

ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·øÙ ø2o  ̈± ·­­ ́a ø·Æ 

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fl·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø øÆa  ̈± èèø1⁄21⁄2 ́Æø ̈a¥ß 

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±o ·oa2 ̈·o·øæ¥a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

±Æ ©a¥oøÆa © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 3øß æa a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao oÆ±3 

 ̈ ̧a °Æa­a21⁄2a ±o ÅøÃ °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ ·2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

ø·ÆÙ ·2 TMøÆß·21 Ø ́ø2 ̈· ̈·a­ ˆ ˆ ˆÚéé

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flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± °Æ±°±­a ø2o 

°Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈a èè°Æ·3øÆßéé ø2o èè­a1⁄2±2oøÆßéé

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­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðËÚ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÁ ̄æ ̃ ̄Ô ̃ oao·2a­ ø 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø­ ±2a èè ̈ ̧a ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ 

ø2o 3ø·2 ̈a2ø21⁄2a ±o © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

¶ ́o13a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ æø­ao ±2 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ø2o ø¥¥±©·21 ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÙ øÆa ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Úéé

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­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ø­ oao·2ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

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±o © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ·2  ̈ ̧a ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ æø­ao ±2 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·øÙ ·­ 

ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆa 

oÆ±3 ø2ß μ2±©2 ±Æ ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a °Æa­a21⁄2a ±o 

Å ̈ ̧aÃ °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧a ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·ÆÚéé

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±o ­øoa ̈ß ©ø­ ·2 ̈a2oao  ̈± øooÆa­­ 

 ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

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·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 øTMø·¥øæ¥a ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ̈·21Ú × ̈ ©ø­ ø¥­± ·2 ̈a2oao  ̈± 

°Æ±TM·oa ø Æaø­±2øæ¥a oa1Æaa ±o 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ø1ø·2­ ̈  ̧ø¶øÆo­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ 

 ̧ø­ 2± ̈ ßa ̈ ·oa2 ̈·o·aoÚ ‘aøo ×2o ́­ ̈Æ·afl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 TMÚ ¤–flÙ ÍÏÈ ⁄ÚÓo ÔÔÌðÙ ÔÔÎÏ 

 ̄‹› ›·Æ ÔÁËð ̃Ù 1⁄2aÆ ̈Ú oa2·aoÙ ÏÏÁ ÀÚÕÚ 

ÔðÏÓ  ̄ÔÁËð ̃Â fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 –a ̈Æ±¥a ́3 

×2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈a TMÚ ›±­ ̈¥aÙ ÍÍÎ ⁄ÚÓo ÔÔÈÍÙ ÔÔËÍ 

 ̄‹› ›·ÆÚ ÔÁËÔ ̃Ù 1⁄2aÆ ̈Ú oa2·aoÙ ÏÎÎ ÀÚÕÚ 

ÔðÌÏ  ̄ÔÁËÓ ̃Ú fi± ̈ ̧ μ·2o­ ±o  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·aøÆa 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao 

©· ̈ ̧ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ø ̈ ¥aTMa¥­ æa¥±©  ̈ ̧±­a ø ̈ 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̧ ́3ø2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 1⁄2ø2 æa ­ø·o 

 ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ ©· ̈ ̧ Æaø­±2øæ¥a ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 

1⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ßÚ Ã ̧ ́­Ù ·2 ­a¥a1⁄2 ̈·21 °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °Æ±TM·oa ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ·­ 

­aaμ·21 2± ̈ ±2¥ß  ̈± °ÆaTMa2 ̈ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 

¥aTMa¥­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa æaa2 oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao  ̈± æa 

 ̧øÆ3o ́¥ æ ́ ̈ ø¥­±  ̈± °ÆaTMa2 ̈ ¥±©aÆ 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ ¥aTMa¥­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3øß °±­a ø2 

 ́2ø1⁄21⁄2a° ̈øæ¥a Æ·­μ ±o  ̧øÆ3Ù aTMa2 ·o  ̈ ̧a 

Æ·­μ ·­ 2± ̈ °Æa1⁄2·­a¥ß ·oa2 ̈·o·ao ø­  ̈± 

2ø ̈ ́Æa ±Æ oa1ÆaaÚ Ã ̧a ›flfl o±a­ 2± ̈ 

ÆaØ ́·Æa  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ ø 

°Æ·3øÆß “flflœÕ ø ̈ ø ¶aÆ±ÛÆ·­μ ¥aTMa¥ ±Æ 

ø ̈ æø1⁄2μ1Æ± ́2o 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ¥aTMa¥­Ù ­aa 

‘aøo ×2o ́­ ̈Æ·a­ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 TMÚ ¤–flÙ ÍÏÈ 

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3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÚ 

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3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ß ·­ ø °±¥·1⁄2ß 1⁄2 ̧±·1⁄2a ¥ao ̈ 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ß  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ 

¶ ́o13a2 ̈Ú ‘aøo ×2o ́­ ̈Æ·a­ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 

TMÚ ¤–flÙ ÍÏÈ ⁄ÚÓo ø ̈ ÔÔÍÔäÍÓÚ ×2 

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øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÙ ¤–fl 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­ ø­  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈ ́Æa ø2o 

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 ̈ ̧a ­·¶a ±o  ̈ ̧a °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2 ̄­ ̃ ø ̈ Æ·­μÙ ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a μ·2o ø2o oa1Æaa ±o  ̈ ̧a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3 ́­ ̈ æa øooÆa­­aoÚ 

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2a1⁄2a­­øÆß o±Æ  ̈ ̧a­a ° ́Æ°±­a­Ú ... ̧· ̈3ø2 

TMÚ fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø ÃÆ ́1⁄2μ·21 fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2­Ù ÎÌÔ 

ÀÚÕÚ ÏÎÈÙ ÏÈÌÚ ⁄ ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a Õ ́°Æa3a 

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1⁄2±2 ̈a® ̈ ø2o ©· ̈ ̧ ø°°Æa1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 o±Æ · ̈­ 

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oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕä­a ̈ ̈·21 °Æ±1⁄2a­­ 

ˆ ˆ ˆéé ×oÚ ø ̈ ÏÈÓÚÌ

Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÁ ̄o ̃ ̄Ô ̃ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›flfl ÆaØ ́·Æa­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ èè2± ̈ ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ‹a1⁄2a3æaÆ ÌÔÙ ÔÁËðÙ 

ø2o ø ̈ ÎÛßaøÆ ·2 ̈aÆTMø¥­  ̈ ̧aÆaøo ̈aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ­ ̧ø¥¥ 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a ø 

 ̈ ̧±Æ± ́1 ̧ ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

° ́æ¥·­ ̧ao  ́2oaÆ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðË ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

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­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ø2o ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ø2o 

°Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈a ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 2a© ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ø­ 3øß 

æa ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a ·2 ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ 

­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðË ø2o ÅÔðÁ ̄æ ̃ÃÚéé Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÔðÁ ̄o ̃ ̄Ó ̃ ÆaØ ́·Æa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø2 ·2oa°a2oa2 ̈ 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ÆaTM·a© 1⁄2±33· ̈ ̈aa èè­ ̧ø¥¥ 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a ø ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ˆ ˆ ˆ 

ø2o  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ˆ ˆ ˆ ø2o 

­ ̧ø¥¥ Æa1⁄2±33a2o  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

ø2ß 2a© ˆ ˆ ˆ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ø2o ÆaTM·­·±2­ 

±o a®·­ ̈·21 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ø2o ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ø­ 3øß 

æa ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a  ́2oaÆ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðË ø2o 

Å­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÁ ̄æ ̃ÃÚéé Ã ̧·­ ·2oa°a2oa2 ̈ 

ÆaTM·a© o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ·­ °aÆo±Æ3ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

›¥aø2 fl·Æ Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 floTM·­±Æß 

›±33· ̈ ̈aa  ̄›flÕfl› ̃ ±o ¤–flé­ Õ1⁄2·a21⁄2a 

floTM·­±Æß fi±øÆoÚ 

›Ú ŒaTM·a© ±o fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ø2o 

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —Ì

ŸÆ± ́2oÛ¥aTMa¥ —Ì ·­ o±Æ3ao oÆ±3 

æ·±1a2·1⁄2 ø2o ø2 ̈ ̧Æ±°±1a2·1⁄2 °Æa1⁄2 ́Æ­±Æ 

a3·­­·±2­Ú “ø ̈ ́Æø¥¥ß ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆ·21 —Ì ·2  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈Æ±°±­° ̧aÆa 1⁄2ø2 Æa­ ́¥ ̈ oÆ±3 æ·±1a2·1⁄2 

±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 °Æa1⁄2 ́Æ­±Æ­ Æaø1⁄2 ̈·21 ©· ̈ ̧ 

2ø ̈ ́Æø¥¥ß ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆ·21 2· ̈Æ±1a2 ±®·oa­ 

 ̄“—» ̃ ø2o æß ­ ̈Æø ̈±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 —Ì ·2 ̈Æ ́­·±2 

·2 ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈Æ±°±­° ̧aÆaÚ fl2 ̈ ̧Æ±°±1a2·1⁄2 

°Æa1⁄2 ́Æ­±Æ­ ±o —ÌÙ ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ß “—» ø2o 

TM±¥ø ̈·¥a ±Æ1ø2·1⁄2 1⁄2±3°± ́2o­  ̄ —› ̃Ù 

±Æ·1·2ø ̈a oÆ±3 ø ©·oa TMøÆ·a ̈ß ±o 

­ ̈ø ̈·±2øÆß ø2o 3±æ·¥a ­± ́Æ1⁄2a­Ú fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

—Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ °Æ±o ́1⁄2ao æß  ̈ ̧a­a 

a3·­­·±2­ øÆa o·Æa1⁄2 ̈¥ß øooa1⁄2 ̈ao æß 

 ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÙ ­±¥øÆ Æøo·ø ̈·±2Ù ©·2o ­°aao 

ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ 3a ̈a±Æ±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­Ú 

Ã ̧a ¥ø­ ̈ ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì “flflœÕ ©ø­ 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈ao ±2 ÷ ́¥ß ÔËÙ ÔÁÁÈÙ æø­ao ±2 

 ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÍ —Ì fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̄¤–flÙ ÔÁÁÍø ̃ ø2o ÔÁÁÍ —Ì

Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ  ̄¤–flÙ ÔÁÁÍæ ̃Ú ¤–fl ÆaTM·­ao 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ 

±2  ̈ ̧a æø­·­ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧a2 ¥ø ̈a­ ̈ ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ¥·2μ·21 a®°±­ ́Æa­  ̈± ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

—Ì  ̈± øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ø2o ©a¥oøÆa aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

ø ̈ ¥aTMa¥­ ø¥¥±©ao æß  ̈ ̧a ÔÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­  ̄ÍÓ ⁄Œ ÌËËÎÍ ̃Ú Ã ̧a —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ©aÆa ÆaTM·­ao æß Æa°¥ø1⁄2·21  ̈ ̧a 

a®·­ ̈·21 °Æ·3øÆß ÔÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ø ̈ ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðË °°3Ù 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ·­ aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈  ̈± ðÚðËÏ °°3  ́­·21 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo Æ± ́2o·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­Ú Ã ̧a 

o±Æ3 ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©ø­ 

1⁄2 ̧ø21ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ù øTMaÆø1ao ±TMaÆ Ì ßaøÆ­Ú 

Ã ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©ø­ 1⁄2 ̧ø21ao 

æß 3øμ·21 · ̈ ·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ·2 ø¥¥ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

¤–fl ·2· ̈·ø ̈ao  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ÆaTM·a© ·2 

Õa° ̈a3æaÆ Óððð ©· ̈ ̧ ø 1⁄2ø¥¥ o±Æ 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2  ̄ÍÎ ⁄Œ ÎÈËÔð ̃ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o ø ÆaTM·­ao fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ððððÌ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
ÔÍÏÌË ⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

ÏÃ ̧a ›flÕfl› —Ì ŒaTM·a© –ø2a¥ ·21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧a ­aTMa2 

3a3æaÆ­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧øÆ ̈aÆao ›flÕfl›Ù ­ ́°°¥a3a2 ̈ao æß 

o·o ̈aa2 ­ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈Û3ø ̈ ̈aÆ a®°aÆ ̈­ ø°°±·2 ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 

a®°aÆ ̈·­a Æa¥aTMø2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì “flflœÕÚ 

Î ¤–fl 3øoa øTMø·¥øæ¥a 1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈ao TMaÆ­·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

o·2ø¥ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ  ̄¤–flÙ ÓððÈæÙ  ̧a21⁄2ao±Æ ̈ ̧Ù èèÕ ̈øoo 

–ø°aÆéé ̃ ø2o  ̈ ̧a  ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈­ ±2 ÷ ́¥ß ÌÔÙ 

ÓððÈ ±2  ̈ ̧a ¤–fl ...aæ ­· ̈a  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò 

2øøØ­Ú 

Í fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ‘ ́21 fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 TMÚ ... ̧· ̈3ø2  ̄“±Ú 

ÔÊðÌ› ððÈÈËÙ ‹Ú‹Ú›Ú ÓððÌ ̃Ú 

È ⁄±Æ aø­a ±o ÆaoaÆa21⁄2aÙ  ̈ ̧a­a ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ©·¥¥ æa 

ÆaoaÆÆao  ̈± ø­ èè2a©éé ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ±Æ èè2a©éé ­1⁄2·a21⁄2aÙ 

 ́­·21 Ø ́± ̈ø ̈·±2 3øÆμ­ øÆ± ́2o  ̈ ̧a ©±Æo 2a©Ú 

ŒaoaÆÆ·21  ̈± ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©aÆa ° ́æ¥·­ ̧ao  ̈±± 

Æa1⁄2a2 ̈¥ß  ̈±  ̧øTMa æaa2 ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÏ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø­ èè2a©éé ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ·­ ·2 ̈a2oao  ̈± 1⁄2¥aøÆ¥ß 

o·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø ̈a ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧±­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa æaa2 

° ́æ¥·­ ̧ao ­·21⁄2a  ̈ ̧a ¥ø­ ̈ ÆaTM·a© ø2o øÆa ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2 

 ̈ ̧a ÓððÏ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̄ ̈ ̧a­a ­ ̈ ́o·a­ øÆa 

­±3a ̈·3a­ ÆaoaÆÆao  ̈± ø­ 2a©  ̄©· ̈ ̧± ́ ̈ Ø ́± ̈ø ̈·±2 

3øÆμ­ ̃ ±Æ 3±Æa Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù  ̈± ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈a  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aß 

©aÆa 2± ̈ ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÍ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ 

ø2o  ̈ ̧ ́­ øÆa 2a©¥ß øTMø·¥øæ¥a ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a©Ú 

›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ o±Æ —Ì ø2o — ̈ ̧aÆ 

– ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ —®·oø2 ̈­  ̄ ̧a21⁄2ao±Æ ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

èè›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈éé ̃Ú fl °Æ±¶a1⁄2 ̈ ©±Æμ 

°¥ø2  ̄¤–flÙ ÓððÓ ̃ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a °Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 ±o 

 ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ©ø­ Æa¥aø­ao ·2 

“±TMa3æaÆ ÓððÓ o±Æ ›flÕfl› —Ì –ø2a¥ Ï

 ̄ ̧a21⁄2ao±Æ ̈ ̧Ù èè›flÕfl› –ø2a¥éé ̃ ø2o 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ÆaTM·a©Ú ¤–fl  ̧a¥o ø ­aÆ·a­ ±o 

©±Æμ­ ̧±°­ ·2 3·oÛÓððÌ ±2 ­aTMaÆø¥ oÆøo ̈ 

1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆ­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̈± 

±æ ̈ø·2 æÆ±øo ·2° ́ ̈ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a Æa¥aTMø2 ̈ 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 1⁄2±33 ́2· ̈·a­Ú Ã ̧a­a 

©±Æμ­ ̧±°­  ̧a¥°ao  ̈± ·2o±Æ3  ̈ ̧a 

°Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a o·Æ­ ̈ oÆøo ̈ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̄¤–flÙ ÓððÎø ̃Ù © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ©øÆa¥aø­ao o±Æ ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

ÆaTM·a© ±2 ÷ø2 ́øÆß ÌÔÙ ÓððÎÂ ø ›flÕfl› 

–ø2a¥ 3aa ̈·21 ©ø­  ̧a¥o ±2 ”øß ÏäÎÙ 

ÓððÎ  ̈± ÆaTM·a©  ̈ ̧a o·Æ­ ̈ oÆøo ̈ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú fl ­a1⁄2±2o oÆøo ̈ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̄¤–flÙ ÓððÎæ ̃ ©ø­ Æa¥aø­ao o±Æ 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ÆaTM·a© ±2 

fl ́1 ́­ ̈ ÌÔÙ ÓððÎÙ ø2o ©ø­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao 

ø¥±21 ©· ̈ ̧ ø o·Æ­ ̈ oÆøo ̈ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ  ̄¤–flÙ 

ÓððÎ1⁄2 ̃ ø ̈ ø ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ 3aa ̈·21  ̧a¥o 

±2 ‹a1⁄2a3æaÆ ÍäËÙ ÓððÎÚ ×2 ø ⁄aæÆ ́øÆß 

ÔÍÙ ÓððÍ ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ±ooaÆao o·2ø¥ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ±2 

ø¥¥ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆ­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ 

 ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍø ̃Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ 

›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̄¤–flÙ ÓððÍø ̃ ©øÆa¥aø­ao ±2 ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÔÙ ÓððÍÚ ×2 ø ÷ ́2a 

ËÙ ÓððÍ ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍæ ̃  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ±ooaÆao 

øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ øoTM·1⁄2a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ß 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2·21 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆ Ë ±o  ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̄×2 ̈a1Æø ̈·TMa Õß2 ̈ ̧a­·­ ̃  ̈± 

 ̧a¥° ·2o±Æ3  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2o oÆøo ̈ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÚ 

fl ­a1⁄2±2o oÆøo ̈ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ  ̄¤–flÙ 

ÓððÍæ ̃ ©ø­ Æa¥aø­ao ±2 ÷ ́¥ß ÔÈÙ ÓððÍ 

ø2o ÆaTM·a©ao æß  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ±2 

fl ́1 ́­ ̈ ÓÏ ø2o ÓÎÙ ÓððÍÚ ×2 ø2 —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ 

ÓÏÙ ÓððÍ ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ °Æ±TM·oao øoTM·1⁄2a ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ß 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2·21  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2o oÆøo ̈ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ 

 ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍ1⁄2 ̃Ú fl o·2ø¥ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ 

 ̄¤–flÙ ÓððÈø ̃ ©ø­ Æa¥aø­ao ±2 ÷ø2 ́øÆß 

ÌÔÙ ÓððÈÚ flÆ± ́2o  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o  ̈ ̧a Æa¥aø­a 

±o  ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ ·2 ÷ø2 ́øÆß ÓððÈÙ 

¤–fl o·­1⁄2±TMaÆao ø ­3ø¥¥ aÆÆ±Æ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

a®°±­ ́Æa 3±oa¥  ̈ ̧ø ̈ © ̧a2 1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈ao 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈ao ·2 ­¥·1 ̧ ̈ ·21⁄2Æaø­a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

 ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ú Õ·21⁄2a  ̈ ̧a 

a®°±­ ́Æa a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ øÆa ø2 ·2° ́ ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 °±Æ ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ø¥­± Æa­ ́¥ ̈ao 

·2 ­¥·1 ̧ ̈ ·21⁄2Æaø­a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a ¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 

Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ø­ ©a¥¥Ú Ã ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧·­ o·2ø¥ 

Æ ́¥a Æao¥a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈ao a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ù ø2o 

 ̈ ̧ ́­ øÆa ­¥·1 ̧ ̈¥ß o·ooaÆa2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a 

a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ 1⁄2· ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

÷ø2 ́øÆß ÌÔÙ ÓððÈ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÚÎ ×2 ø 

”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÍÙ ÓððÈ ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù 

ÓððÈ ̃Ù  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ±ooaÆao 

øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ øoTM·1⁄2a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

©· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈± Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ ø2o 

ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

—Ì “flflœÕÚ 

Ã ̧a ­1⁄2 ̧ao ́¥a o±Æ 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 

ÆaTM·a©  ̧ø­ æaa2 1±TMaÆ2ao æß ø 1⁄2±2­a2 ̈ 

oa1⁄2Æaa Æa­±¥TM·21 ø ¥ø©­ ́· ̈ o·¥ao ·2 

”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓððÌ æß ø 1Æ± ́° ±o °¥ø·2 ̈·ooÆa°Æa­a2 ̈·21 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ1ø2·¶ø ̈·±2­Ù 

ø¥¥a1·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¤–fl  ̧øo oø·¥ao  ̈± 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ÆaTM·a© ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a °aÆ·±o 

°Æ±TM·oao æß ­ ̈ø ̈ ́ ̈aÚÍ Ã ̧a 3±o·o·ao 

1⁄2±2­a2 ̈ oa1⁄2Æaa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß 1±TMaÆ2­ 

 ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a© °Æ±TM·oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¤–fl ­·12 o±Æ 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 2± ̈·1⁄2a­ ±o °Æ±°±­ao ø2o 

o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥a3øμ·21 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2·21 · ̈­ ÆaTM·a© 

±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì “flflœÕ 2± ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ÷ ́2a ÓðÙ 

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Ã ̧a °Æ±°±­ao oa1⁄2·­·±2  ̄ ̧a21⁄2ao±Æ ̈ ̧ 

èè°Æ±°±­ø¥éé ̃ ©ø­ ­·12ao ±2 ÷ ́2a ÓðÙ 

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 ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a —Ì

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o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ú 

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 ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

fl­ ·2 °Æ·±Æ “flflœÕ ÆaTM·a©­Ù ¤–fl ·­ 

æø­·21 · ̈­ oa1⁄2·­·±2 ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a© ±2 

­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø2o Æa¥ø ̈ao ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø2o 

Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÙ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̧øTMa  ́2oaÆ1±2a 

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 ̈ ̧a ·2 ̈a1Æø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2a 

°Æa­a2 ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ù  ̧øTMa 

 ́2oaÆ1±2a a® ̈a2­·TMa 1⁄2Æ· ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ÆaTM·a© æß 

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oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

Ã ̧a Æ·1±Æ ±o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ÆaTM·a© 3øμa­  ̈ ̧a­a 

­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a·Æ ·2 ̈a1Æø ̈·TMa 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a 3±­ ̈ Æa¥·øæ¥a ­± ́Æ1⁄2a ±o 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ±2 © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈± æø­a 

oa1⁄2·­·±2­ ±2  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕÙ oa1⁄2·­·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ø¥¥ °øÆ ̈·a­ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a ø­ ±o 1Æaø ̈ ·3°±Æ ̈Ú 

“flflœÕ oa1⁄2·­·±2­ 1⁄2ø2  ̧øTMa °Æ±o± ́2o 

·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ø2o ©a¥oøÆaÙ 

ø2o “flflœÕ oa1⁄2·­·±2­ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa æø­ao 

±2 ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa æaa2 Æ·1±Æ± ́­¥ß 

ø­­a­­ao ·2 ø2 ·2 ̈a1Æø ̈·TMa 3ø22aÆ 2± ̈ 

±2¥ß æß ¤–fl æ ́ ̈ ø¥­± æß  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø ̈ ́ ̈±Æ·¥ß 

3ø2oø ̈ao ·2oa°a2oa2 ̈ øoTM·­±Æß 

1⁄2±33· ̈ ̈aaÙ ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ÆaTM·a© 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø1⁄21⁄2±3°ø2·a­  ̈ ̧·­ °Æ±1⁄2a­­Ú floa­1⁄2Æ·æao øæ±TMaÙ ¤–flé­ °Æ±TM·­·±2ø¥ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a­a ­ ̈ ́o·a­ o·o 2± ̈ 

ø2o 1⁄2± ́¥o 2± ̈ °Æ±TM·oa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ μ·2o ±o ·2Û 

oa° ̈ ̧ 1⁄2Æ· ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ÆaTM·a©Ú 

Ã ̧·­ oa1⁄2·­·±2 ·­ 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ ¤–flé­ 

°Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2a ·2 °Æ·±Æ “flflœÕ ÆaTM·a©­Ú Õ·21⁄2a 

 ̈ ̧a ÔÁÈð ø3a2o3a2 ̈­Ù  ̈ ̧a ¤–fl  ̧ø­ 

 ̈øμa2  ̈ ̧a TM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈ “flflœÕ oa1⁄2·­·±2­ 

øÆa  ̈± æa æø­ao ±2 ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø2o 

Æa¥ø ̈ao ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa æaa2 

ø­­a­­ao ø­ ø °øÆ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a °aÆ ̈·2a2 ̈ ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·øÙ ø2o  ̧ø­ 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈¥ß 

o±¥¥±©ao  ̈ ̧·­ ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧Ú Õaa ÈÔ ⁄Œ 

ÍÔÔÏÏÙ ÍÔÔÏË  ̄—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÔÈÙ ÓððÍ ̃  ̄o·2ø¥ 

oa1⁄2·­·±2 ±2 ÆaTM·a© ±o –” “flflœÕ ̃ o±Æ 

ø oa ̈ø·¥ao o·­1⁄2 ́­­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧·­ ·­­ ́a ø2o 

¤–flé­ °ø­ ̈ °Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2aÚ 

fl­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2 ¤–flé­ ÔÁÁÌ oa1⁄2·­·±2 

2± ̈  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕ o±Æ —Ì èè2a©éé

­ ̈ ́o·a­ 3øß ­±3a ̈·3a­ æa ±o ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø21⁄2a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a  ̈± 

oa¥øß ø oa1⁄2·­·±2 ±2 ÆaTM·­·±2 ±o ø 

“flflœÕ ø2o  ̈± ­ ́°°¥a3a2 ̈  ̈ ̧a 

°aÆ ̈·2a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ­±  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ ́o·a­ 1⁄2ø2 æa  ̈øμa2 ·2 ̈± ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈  ̄ÎË ⁄Œ 

ø ̈ ÔÌðÔÌäÔÌðÔÏÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÁÙ ÔÁÁÌ ̃Ú ×2  ̈ ̧a 

°Æa­a2 ̈ 1⁄2ø­aÙ ¤–flé­ °Æ±TM·­·±2ø¥ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o èè2a©éé ­ ̈ ́o·a­ 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈Ù  ̈øμa2 ·2 1⁄2±2 ̈a® ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a 

èè2a©éé ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o o·2o·21­ o± 2± ̈ 

3ø ̈aÆ·ø¥¥ß 1⁄2 ̧ø21a ø2ß ±o  ̈ ̧a æÆ±øo 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ Æa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa 3øoa ·2 

 ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú ⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ Æaø­±2Ù 

Æa±°a2·21  ̈ ̧a ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ÆaTM·a© 

©± ́¥o 2± ̈ æa ©øÆÆø2 ̈ao aTMa2 ·o  ̈ ̧aÆa 

©aÆa  ̈·3a  ̈± o± ­±  ́2oaÆ  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2± ́Æ ̈ ±ÆoaÆ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ððððÏ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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ËÃ ̧a ©±Æo èèaTM·oa21⁄2aéé ·­  ́­ao ·2  ̈ ̧·­ 2± ̈·1⁄2a  ̈± 

ÆaoaÆ  ̈± ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °Æ±TM·oa ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 Æa¥aTMø2 ̈  ̈± 

ø2 øÆaø ±o ·2Ø ́·ÆßÙ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2ø2 ·21⁄2¥ ́oa ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

Æa°±Æ ̈ °±­· ̈·TMa ±Æ 2a1ø ̈·TMa Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±Æ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °Æ±TM·oa 

·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈ø ̈·TMa ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ú 

1±TMaÆ2·21  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2 ̧ao ́¥a o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ 

Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ú fl1⁄21⁄2±Æo·21¥ßÙ ¤–fl ·­ æø­·21 

 ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ oa1⁄2·­·±2­ ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a© ±2  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø2o Æa¥ø ̈ao ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a —Ì ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa  ́2oaÆ1±2a ›flÕfl› ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

ÆaTM·a©Ú ¤–fl ©·¥¥ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ  ̈ ̧a 2a©¥ß 

° ́æ¥·­ ̧ao ­ ̈ ́o·a­ o±Æ ° ́Æ°±­a­ ±o 

oa1⁄2·­·±2 3øμ·21 ·2  ̈ ̧a 2a® ̈ °aÆ·±o·1⁄2 

ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì “flflœÕÙ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ©·¥¥ 

°Æ±TM·oa  ̈ ̧a ±°°±Æ ̈ ́2· ̈ß  ̈± o ́¥¥ß ø­­a­­ 

 ̈ ̧a3  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ ø 3±Æa Æ·1±Æ± ́­ ÆaTM·a© 

°Æ±1⁄2a­­ ·2TM±¥TM·21 ¤–flÙ ›flÕfl›Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2Ú ⁄ ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ o·­1⁄2 ́­­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a­a 

èè2a©éé ­ ̈ ́o·a­ 1⁄2ø2 æa o± ́2o ·2  ̈ ̧a 

Œa­°±2­a  ̈± ›±33a2 ̈­ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

Ã ̧·­ ø1⁄2 ̈·±2 °Æa­a2 ̈­  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ o·2ø¥ oa1⁄2·­·±2­ ±2  ̈ ̧a 

ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú Ã ̧Æ± ́1 ̧± ́ ̈ 

 ̈ ̧·­ °Æaø3æ¥a ø 2 ́3æaÆ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­Ù 

o·2o·21­Ù ø2o oa ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2­ 3øoa æß 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ øÆa 2± ̈aoÚ Ã ̧aß 

·oa2 ̈·oß  ̈ ̧a Æaø­±2·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈­  ̈ ̧·­ 

o·2ø¥ oa1⁄2·­·±2 ø2o øÆa ·2 ̈a2oao  ̈± æa 

o·2ø¥ ø2o 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·TMaÚ 

‹Ú Õ ́33øÆß ±o –Æ±°±­ao ŒaTM·­·±2­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a —Ì “flflœÕ 

⁄±Æ Æaø­±2­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °Æ±°±­ao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú ...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß 

—Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

°Æ±°±­ao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± ø ¥aTMa¥ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a 

Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈð °°3  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ù æø­ao 

±2 ø ÌÛßaøÆ øTMaÆø1a ±o  ̈ ̧a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ú 

Œa¥ø ̈ao ÆaTM·­·±2­ o±Æ —Ì oø ̈ø  ̧ø2o¥·21 

1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ ø2o o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÆaoaÆa21⁄2a 

3a ̈ ̧±o o±Æ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 —Ì ©aÆa ø¥­± 

°Æ±°±­aoÚ Ã ̧a­a ÆaTM·­·±2­ ©aÆa 

°Æ±°±­ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ èèø ̈ 

Æ·­μéé °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø1ø·2­ ̈ ø2 øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛ 

Æa¥ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æø21a 

oÆ±3 oa1⁄2Æaø­ao ¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ø2o 

·21⁄2Æaø­ao Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ­ß3° ̈±3­  ̈± 

­aÆ·± ́­ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈±Æ­ ±o Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 

3±Ææ·o· ̈ßÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß 

oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ TM·­· ̈­ ø2o  ̧±­°· ̈ø¥ 

øo3·­­·±2­ o±Æ Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 1⁄2ø ́­a­Ù ø2o 

°±­­·æ¥ß 1⁄2øÆo·±TMø­1⁄2 ́¥øÆÛÆa¥ø ̈ao 

3±Ææ·o· ̈ßÙ ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ̈± ̈ø¥ 2±2ø1⁄21⁄2·oa2 ̈ø¥ 

ø2o 1⁄2øÆo·±Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ ¤–fl 

ø¥­± °Æ±°±­ao  ̈± ­°a1⁄2·oß  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 2aøÆa­ ̈ 

 ̈ ̧± ́­ø2o ̈ ̧ °°3Ú ¤–fl ­±¥·1⁄2· ̈ao 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈ ±2 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa ¥aTMa¥­ o±©2  ̈± 

ðÚðÍð °°3 ø2o  ́°  ̈± ø2o ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 

Æa ̈ø·2·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±o 

ðÚðË °°3  ̄aooa1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ß ðÚðËÏ °°3  ́­·21 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ oø ̈ø Æ± ́2o·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ ̃Ú 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

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¥aTMa¥­ ±o a®°±­ ́ÆaÚ 

fiø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈Æa21 ̈ ̧ ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù ø2o ±2  ̈ ̧a a® ̈a2 ̈  ̈± © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

¥·μa¥ß Æa­ ́¥ ̈ oÆ±3 a®°±­ ́Æa­  ̈± ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

—Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ æa¥±©  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

¶ ́o1ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±a­ 

2± ̈ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 

øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ß ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ÆaTM·­ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù a­°a1⁄2·ø¥¥ß o±Æ ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 

1Æ± ́°­Ù ø1ø·2­ ̈ ø æÆ±øo øÆÆøß ±o øoTMaÆ­a 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú 

×2 Æaø1⁄2 ̧·21  ̈ ̧·­ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧øo ø¥­± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o æ± ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­ 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a©Ù 

 ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ­±3a °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa ±2  ̈ ̧a 

a® ̈a2 ̈  ̈± © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­ ©± ́¥o 

¥·μa¥ß a®°aÆ·a21⁄2a èèa®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2éé

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3ø12· ̈ ́oa ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ±o a®°aÆ·a21⁄2·21 

TMøÆ·± ́­ øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ © ̧a2 

Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß oø ̈ø  ̄oÆ±3 ÓððÓ  ̈± 

ÓððÏ ̃ øÆa  ́­ao  ̈± ­·3 ́¥ø ̈a 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø2o ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ·2 ø 2 ́3æaÆ ±o  ́Ææø2 øÆaø­ ·2 

 ̈ ̧a ÀÚÕÚÔË ×2 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù ø­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao 

·2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥ 2± ̈·1⁄2a  ̄­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××Ú›ÚÓ ̃Ù 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ©aÆa 

·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ ø2o 

ø­­ ́3° ̈·±2­ ·2 ̧aÆa2 ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ©ø­ 

3±­ ̈ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß  ́­ao  ̈± ­·3 ́¥ø ̈a 

 ̈Æa2o­ ø2o °ø ̈ ̈aÆ2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o æa 

a®°a1⁄2 ̈aoÙ ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­ °Æ±TM·o·21 ·2o±Æ3aoÙ 

æ ́ ̈ ­ ̈·¥¥ ·3°Æa1⁄2·­aÙ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

°± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ 3ø12· ̈ ́oa ±o Æ·­μ­Ú 

×2 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o 

°Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

ø2ø¥ß­a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oao·2a èèa®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2éé æß  ̈ ̧Æaa æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ a®°±­ ́Æa 

¥aTMa¥­Ê ðÚðËðÙ ðÚðÈðÙ ø2o ðÚðÍð °°3Ú 

¤­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ·2 ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­ 

ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a­a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­ 

© ̧·¥a ø ̈ a¥aTMø ̈ao a®aÆ ̈·±2Ù  ́­·21 —Ì ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß oø ̈ø ·2 ÓððÓ ø2o ÓððÏÙ °Æ±TM·oa 

­±3a ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ 

3ø12· ̈ ́oa ±o  ̈ ̧a ·21⁄2·oa21⁄2a ±o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

± ́ ̈1⁄2±3a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2ø22± ̈ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß æa 

aTMø¥ ́ø ̈ao ·2 ø Ø ́ø2 ̈· ̈ø ̈·TMa Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ ·21⁄2Æaø­ao ø·Æ©øß 

Æa­°±2­·TMa2a­­Ù ·21⁄2Æaø­ao ° ́¥3±2øÆß 

·2o¥ø33ø ̈·±2Ù ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 1⁄2a¥¥ ́¥øÆ 

°aÆ3aøæ·¥· ̈ßÙ ø2o oa1⁄2Æaø­ao ° ́¥3±2øÆß 

oaoa2­a 3a1⁄2 ̧ø2·­3­Ú Ã ̧a­a Æa­°·Æø ̈±ÆßÛ 

Æa¥ø ̈ao ° ̧ß­·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̧øTMa æaa2 

oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao  ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ ·2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß °a±°¥a 

ø ̈ —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø­ ¥±© ø­ ðÚðËð °°3Ù 

 ̈ ̧a ¥±©a­ ̈ ¥aTMa¥  ̈a­ ̈ao o±Æ  ̈ ̧a­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú 

Ã ̧a­a ° ̧ß­·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ °Æ±TM·oa 

°¥ø ́­·æ¥a 3a1⁄2 ̧ø2·­3­  ́2oaÆ¥ß·21 

±æ­aÆTMao ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2­ ©· ̈ ̧ ø11ÆøTMø ̈·±2 

±o ø­ ̈ ̧3øÙ ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 3ao·1⁄2ø ̈·±2  ́­aÙ 

·21⁄2Æaø­ao ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ ø2o ©±Æμ øæ­a21⁄2a­Ù 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÔÍ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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·21⁄2Æaø­ao ­ ́­1⁄2a° ̈·æ·¥· ̈ß  ̈± Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 

·2oa1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù ·21⁄2Æaø­ao TM·­· ̈­  ̈± o±1⁄2 ̈±Æ­é

±oo·1⁄2a­ ø2o a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈­Ù ø2o 

·21⁄2Æaø­ao øo3·­­·±2­  ̈±  ̧±­°· ̈ø¥­Ú ×2 

øoo· ̈·±2Ù  ̈ ̧a­a ° ̧ß­·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù ·o 

Æa°aø ̈ao ±TMaÆ  ̈·3aÙ  ̧øTMa  ̈ ̧a °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥  ̈± 

¥aøo  ̈± 1⁄2 ̧Æ±2·1⁄2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ 1⁄2 ̧Æ±2·1⁄2 

æÆ±21⁄2 ̧· ̈·­ ±Æ ¥±21Û ̈aÆ3 oø3ø1a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

¥ ́21­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2ø2 ¥aøo  ̈± Æao ́1⁄2ao Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ±o 

¥·oaÚ 

×2 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a­a TMøÆ·± ́­ 

æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­ o±Æ a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ o±1⁄2 ́­ao °Æ·3øÆ·¥ß ±2 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

ðÚðÈð °°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ © ̧·¥a ø ̈ 

a¥aTMø ̈ao a®aÆ ̈·±2 ø­ ø2 ·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈ 

­ ́ÆÆ±1ø ̈a 3aø­ ́Æa o±Æ °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß 3±Æa 

­aÆ·± ́­  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·2 ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­ 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ °a±°¥a ©· ̈ ̧ ø­ ̈ ̧3øÚ Ã ̧·­ 

¶ ́o13a2 ̈ ©ø­ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈Æ±21 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß °a±°¥a ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a ðÚðËð °°3 a®°±­ ́Æa ¥aTMa¥ ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

2a© aTM·oa21⁄2a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °a±°¥a ©· ̈ ̧ ø­ ̈ ̧3ø 

øÆa ¥·μa¥ß  ̈± a®°aÆ·a21⁄2a ¥øÆ1aÆ ø2o 3±Æa 

­aÆ·± ́­ aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß °a±°¥a ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a ­ø3a ¥aTMa¥ ±o a®°±­ ́ÆaÚ ×2  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ TM·a© ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o 

°Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧·­ aTM·oa21⁄2a o·o 2± ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ 

ø o±1⁄2 ́­ ±2 a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðËð °°3 —ÌÙ ø­ · ̈ 

©± ́¥o 2± ̈ øoaØ ́ø ̈a¥ß ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

·21⁄2Æaø­ao Æ·­μ ±o  ̧øÆ3 oÆ±3 a®°±­ ́Æa o±Æ 

3a3æaÆ­ ±o ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­Ù a­°a1⁄2·ø¥¥ß 

°a±°¥a ©· ̈ ̧ ø­ ̈ ̧3øÚ Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

ø¥­± ¶ ́o1ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o 

oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·­  ̈±± ¥·3· ̈ao  ̈± 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ø °Æ·3øÆß o±1⁄2 ́­ ±2 a®°±­ ́Æao±©2  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ¥±©a­ ̈ æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ±o ðÚðÍð °°3Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ¥ß 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ø¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧  ̈ ̧a ø2ø¥ß­·­ ±o èèa®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2éé ©ø­ 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± a­ ̈·3ø ̈a 

a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧Æaa o·­1⁄2Æa ̈a 

æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­  ̄ðÚðËðÙ ðÚðÈðÙ ø2o 

ðÚðÍð °°3 ̃ © ̧·¥a ø ̈ a¥aTMø ̈ao a®aÆ ̈·±2Ù 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2a° ̈ ·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß TM·a©ao øø 1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́ ́3Ú ×2 ­± o±·21Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ­± ́1 ̧ ̈  ̈± æø¥ø21⁄2a 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ o±Æ  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a·Æ ­aTMaÆ· ̈ß ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

·21⁄2Æaø­·21  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

± ́Æ  ́2oaÆ­ ̈ø2o·21 ±o  ̈ ̧a ¥·μa¥· ̧±±o ±o 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø ̈ ¥±©aÆ —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa ¥aTMa¥­Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ±æ­aÆTMao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ø11Æa1ø ̈a a®°±­ ́Æa 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÓððÓ ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2 

 ̄­ ́33øÆ·¶ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××ÚfiÚÔÙ Ãøæ¥a ÔÙ 

±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥ ̃ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÔÓ ÀÚÕÚ  ́Ææø2 

øÆaø­ ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2ø¥ß­·­Ù 

 ́°±2 ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

 ́°  ̈± øæ± ́ ̈ Óð °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o ø­ ̈ ̧3ø ̈·1⁄2 ±Æ 

ø¥¥ ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ ø1a 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 øÆa ¥·μa¥ß  ̈± 

a®°aÆ·a21⁄2a ±2a ±Æ 3±Æa a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ 

ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a ðÚðÈð °°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ 

¥aTMa¥ © ̧·¥a ø ̈ a¥aTMø ̈ao a®aÆ ̈·±2Â  ̈ ̧a 

ÓððÏ ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ß·a¥oao ø2 a­ ̈·3ø ̈a ±o 

øæ± ́ ̈ Ô °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈ao oÆ±3  ̈ ̧·­ 

1⁄2±3°øÆ·­±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ 

ßaøÆÛ ̈±ÛßaøÆ TMøÆ·øæ·¥· ̈ßÙ Æø21·21  ́°  ̈± ø2 

±ÆoaÆ ±o 3ø12· ̈ ́oa ±Æ 3±Æa ·2 a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ 

±o  ̈ ̧a 2 ́3æaÆ ±o °a±°¥a ø2o  ̈ ̧a 2 ́3æaÆ 

±o ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆa21⁄2a­ ±o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o 

øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧·­ æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ © ̧·¥a ø ̈ 

a¥aTMø ̈ao a®aÆ ̈·±2Ú ”±Æa±TMaÆÙ ©· ̈ ̧·2 ø2ß 

1·TMa2 ßaøÆÙ  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ 

·2o·1⁄2ø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ 1⁄2· ̈ßÛ 

 ̈±Û1⁄2· ̈ß TMøÆ·øæ·¥· ̈ß ·2  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 a®°±­ao ±Æ  ̈ ̧a 2 ́3æaÆ ±o 

±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆa21⁄2a­ ±o a®°±­ ́Æa ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa 

 ̈ ̧·­ æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ © ̧·¥a ø ̈ a¥aTMø ̈ao 

a®aÆ ̈·±2Ú ⁄±Æ a®ø3°¥aÙ 1⁄2· ̈ßÛ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o  ̈ ̧a °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o ø­ ̈ ̧3ø ̈·1⁄2 ±Æ 

ø¥¥ ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ ø1a 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 ¥·μa¥ß  ̈± 

a®°aÆ·a21⁄2a a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÈð °°3 © ̧·¥a ø ̈ 

a¥aTMø ̈ao a®aÆ ̈·±2 Æø21a­ oÆ±3 øæ± ́ ̈ Ô 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈  ́°  ̈± øæ± ́ ̈ Ïð °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ø1⁄2Æ±­­ 

 ̈ ̧a ÔÓ  ́Ææø2 øÆaø­  ́°±2 ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÓ 

­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2Â  ̈ ̧a ÓððÏ ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ß·a¥oao 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æø21a oÆ±3 øæ± ́ ̈ ð  ́°  ̈± 

øæ± ́ ̈ È °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈Ú Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

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Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo 

–ø°aÆ ø2o ­ ́33øÆ·¶ao øæ±TMa øÆa 

·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈ oÆ±3 ø ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

°aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa ø2o ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·TMa ±o °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ 

a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø2o Æ·­μ­  ̈± ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­Ú ×2 

Æaø1⁄2 ̧·21  ̈ ̧·­ °Æ±°±­ao ¶ ́o13a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈ ̧a o±¥¥±©·21 

oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­Ê  ̄Ô ̃ Ã ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o 2 ́3æaÆ­ ±o 

°aÆ­±2­ a®°±­ao ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a ðÚðÈð 

°°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥Â  ̄Ó ̃  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±Æ ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 

°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2 ø2o 2 ́3æaÆ ±o ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆa21⁄2a­ 

±o TMøÆ·± ́­  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·2 øÆaø­  ́°±2 

¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÂ  ̄Ì ̃ 

 ̈ ̧a ßaøÆÛ ̈±ÛßaøÆ ø2o 1⁄2· ̈ßÛ ̈±Û1⁄2· ̈ß 

TMøÆ·øæ·¥· ̈ß ·2 æ± ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Â  ̄Ï ̃  ̈ ̧a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a­a 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Â ø2o  ̄Î ̃ Æa1⁄2±12· ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa 

·­ ø æÆ±øoaÆ øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ± ́ ̈1⁄2±3a­ o±Æ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ Æ·­μ 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ 1⁄2± ́¥o 2± ̈ æa Ø ́ø2 ̈·o·ao  ̄ ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

øÆa °øÆ ̈ ±o ø æÆ±øoaÆ èè°ßÆø3·o ±o 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­éé ̃ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2±°a ±o  ̈ ̧a 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ©ø­ ¥·3· ̈ao  ̈± ¶ ́­ ̈ ø ­ø3°¥a 

±o  ́Ææø2 øÆaø­ ø2o  ̈± ­±3a æ ́ ̈ 2± ̈ ø¥¥ 

ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ù ¥aøo·21  ̈± ø2 

·21⁄2±3°¥a ̈a a­ ̈·3ø ̈·±2 ±o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ —Ì a®°±­ ́Æaø1⁄2Æ±­­  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2± ́2 ̈ÆßÚ Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

ø¥­± 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ©ø­  ̈ ̧a  ́2ø2·3± ́­ 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ¶ ́­ ̈·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 o±Æ 

Æa ̈ø·2·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ °Æ·3øÆß —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 

2± ̈ ­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈¥ß  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Û°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·TMa ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 2aao­  ̈± æa ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥¥ß 

Æao ́1⁄2ao  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈  ̧ ́3ø2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Ù 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ¥ß ·2 ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ ­ ́æ°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ú 

fiø­ao ±2 ø¥¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­Ù 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °Æ±°±­ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 2± ̈ ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a  ̈± 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ß æa1⁄2ø ́­a · ̈ o±a­ 2± ̈ 

°Æ±TM·oa ­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ÆaTM·­·±2 ©± ́¥o Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2 ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù a­°a1⁄2·ø¥¥ß o±Æ 

3a3æaÆ­ ±o ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­Ú 

ÓÚ ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a “aao o±Æ ŒaTM·­·±2 

Ã ̧a øæ±TMa ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ± ́ ̈¥·2a­  ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­  ́­ao 

æß  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± ·2o±Æ3  ̧·­ 

°Æ±°±­ao ¶ ́o13a2 ̈­ øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a øoaØ ́ø1⁄2ß 

±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

Ÿa2aÆø¥ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ Æa1⁄2a·TMao ±2  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±°±­ø¥  ̈ ̧ø ̈ a· ̈ ̧aÆ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ±Æ 

±°°±­ao  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao oa1⁄2·­·±2  ̈± ÆaTM·­a 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 

øooÆa­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2 

 ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 

·21⁄2¥ ́oa­ aTM·oa21⁄2a oÆ±3 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao 

 ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ 

­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù øÆa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

××ÚfiÚÓÚø æa¥±©Ú ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̧ ́3ø2 

a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­ 

øÆa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××ÚfiÚÓÚæÙ ø2o 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ±2 ± ̈ ̧aÆ °±¥·1⁄2ßÛÆa¥ø ̈ao ·­­ ́aøÆa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××ÚfiÚÓÚ1⁄2Ù æa¥±©Ú 

›±33a2 ̈­ ±2 ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 ·­­ ́a­Ù  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ±Æ  ̈ ̧a  ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa 

ø2o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa¥ø ̈a 

 ̈± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a 

øTMaÆø1·21  ̈·3aÙ o±Æ3Ù ±Æ ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa øooÆa­­ao æa¥±© ·2 

­a1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ××Ú›ÚÌ ø2o ××Ú›ÚÏÚ Ÿa2aÆø¥ 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ æø­ao ±2 ·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2Û 

Æa¥ø ̈ao oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 2± ̈ ø °aÆ3·­­·æ¥a 

æø­·­ o±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a 2aao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 2± ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

Œa­°±2­a  ̈± ›±33a2 ̈­ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

øÚ ›±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

¤TM·oa21⁄2a 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 2aao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ °Æ·3øÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ­ ̧øÆ°¥ß 

o·TMaÆ1a2 ̈ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ©aÆa Æa1⁄2a·TMao oÆ±3 

 ̈©± 1a2aÆø¥ ­a ̈­ ±o 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­Ú ”ø2ß 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ Æa1⁄2a·TMao ±2  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±°±­ø¥ ø­­aÆ ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ ·2­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Ù a­°a1⁄2·ø¥¥ß  ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±o ­a2­· ̈·TMa 

1Æ± ́°­Ù ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o 

­øoa ̈ß ø2o ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈aÚ fl3±21  ̈ ̧±­a 1⁄2ø¥¥·21 o±Æ 

ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©aÆa 3ao·1⁄2ø¥ 1Æ± ́°­Ù 

·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 o±Æ a®ø3°¥aÙ  ̈ ̧a fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 

”ao·1⁄2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄fl”fl ̃Ù  ̈ ̧a 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 Ã ̧±Æø1⁄2·1⁄2 Õ±1⁄2·a ̈ß  ̄flÃÕ ̃Ù  ̈ ̧a 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 fl1⁄2øoa3ß ±o –ao·ø ̈Æ·1⁄2­  ̄flfl– ̃Ù 

ø2o  ̈ ̧a fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ›±¥¥a1a ±o › ̧a­ ̈ 

– ̧ß­·1⁄2·ø2­  ̄fl››– ̃Ù ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­ 3ao·1⁄2ø¥ 

o±1⁄2 ̈±Æ­ ø2o ø1⁄2øoa3·1⁄2 Æa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧aÆ­Ú ⁄±Æ 

a®ø3°¥aÙ  ̈ ̧a flÃÕ ­ ̈ø ̈aoÊ 

...a æa¥·aTMa  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ 

1⁄2±ÆÆa1⁄2 ̈¥ß ­ ̈ø ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈Ù æaß±2o ø2ß oa1Æaa ±o 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ßÙ 1⁄2±2TM·21⁄2·21 ø2o 

1⁄2±3°a¥¥·21 aTM·oa21⁄2a  ̧ø­ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± ±¶±2a ø ̈ ¥aTMa¥­ æa¥±©  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ Æa­°±2­·æ¥a o±Æ 3aø­ ́Æøæ¥a ø2o 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù æ± ̈ ̧ ·2 

 ̈aÆ3­ ±o 3±Ææ·o· ̈ß ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ ˆ ˆ ˆ Ã ̧a 

μ2±©2 Æa­°·Æø ̈±ÆßÙ 1⁄2øÆo·ø1⁄2 ø2o °aÆ·2ø ̈ø¥ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ±¶±2a °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 øÆa aø1⁄2 ̧ ·2  ̈ ̧a·Æ 

±©2 Æ·1 ̧ ̈ 3ø¶±Æ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ·­­ ́a­Ú ×2 

1⁄2±3æ·2ø ̈·±2  ̈ ̧aß °Æ±TM·oa ·33ao·ø ̈aÙ 

ø1⁄2 ̈·±2øæ¥a ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o ÆaØ ́·Æa ø 

3aø2·21o ́¥ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °±¥·1⁄2ß Æa­°±2­a 

oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ¤–flÚ ÅflÃÕ a ̈ ø¥Ú °°Ú ÔÙ ÔÔÃ 

Õ·3·¥øÆ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ ©aÆa ø¥­± Æaø1⁄2 ̧ao 

·2 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ æß 3ø2ß 2ø ̈·±2ø¥Ù Õ ̈ø ̈aÙ 

ø2o ¥±1⁄2ø¥ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ1ø2·¶ø ̈·±2­Ù 

·21⁄2¥ ́o·21Ù o±Æ a®ø3°¥aÙ  ̈ ̧a fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 

‘ ́21 fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄fl‘fl ̃ ·2 ø ¶±·2 ̈ ­a ̈ ±o 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ©· ̈ ̧ ­aTMaÆø¥ a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

1Æ± ́°­Ù  ̈ ̧a fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ÿaøÆ ̈ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 

 ̄flÿfl ̃Ù  ̈ ̧a fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 “ ́Æ­afl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄fl“fl ̃Ù  ̈ ̧a fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 – ́æ¥·1⁄2 

ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄fl–ÿfl ̃Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o ›± ́2 ̈ß ø2o ›· ̈ß 

ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ —oo·1⁄2·ø¥­  ̄“fl››ÿ— ̃Ù ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­ 

·2 ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ oÆ±3 

¤–flé­ øoTM·­±Æß °ø2a¥ ±2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2éa2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧  ̄› ̧·¥oÆa2é­ ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

–Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 floTM·­±Æß ›±33· ̈ ̈aaÂ ”øÆ ̈ß 

a ̈ ø¥ÚÙ ÓððÈøÙ ÓððÈæ ̃Ú ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

1Æ± ́°­ ø¥­± 1⁄2±33a2 ̈ao ·2 ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ±o 

ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21  ̈ ̧a 

Õ·aÆÆø ›¥ ́æÙ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ‹aoa2­aÙ  ̈ ̧a 

“ø ̈ ́Æø¥ Œa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­ ‹aoa2­a ›± ́21⁄2·¥ 

 ̄“Œ‹› ̃Ù ¤øÆ ̈ ̧¶ ́­ ̈·1⁄2aÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧a ÀÚÕÚ 

– ́æ¥·1⁄2 ×2 ̈aÆa­ ̈ Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ŸÆ± ́°  ̄ÀÕ 

–×ŒŸ ̃Ú fl¥¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a­a 3ao·1⁄2ø¥Ù 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ ­ ̈ø ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo 2aao­  ̈± æa ÆaTM·­ao ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø2 

aTMa2 3±Æa °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·TMa ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈ ̧ø2 

°Æ±°±­ao æß ¤–fl ·­ 2aaoao  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±o ­a2­· ̈·TMa °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÔË ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ÔÍÏÎÌ 

1Æ± ́°­Ú ”ø2ß ·2o·TM·o ́ø¥ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆø¥­± a®°Æa­­ao ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ TM·a©­Ú 

Ã ̧a 3ø¶±Æ· ̈ß ±o Õ ̈ø ̈a ø2o ¥±1⁄2ø¥ ø·Æ 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ ø ́ ̈ ̧±Æ· ̈·a­ © ̧± 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈ao ±2  ̈ ̧a —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ÆaTM·­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ø­ o·o  ̈ ̧a “ø ̈·±2ø¥ ÃÆ·æø¥ fl·Æ 

fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄“Ãflfl ̃Ú ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

ø1a21⁄2·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·21⁄2¥ ́oa ø1a21⁄2·a­ oÆ±3Ê 

flÆμø2­ø­Â ›ø¥·o±Æ2·øÂ ‹a¥ø©øÆaÂ ×±©øÂ 

×¥¥·2±·­Â ”·1⁄2 ̧·1ø2Â “±Æ ̈ ̧ ›øÆ±¥·2øÂ “a© 

”a®·1⁄2±Â “a© «±ÆμÂ —μ¥ø ̧±3øÂ —Æa1±2Â 

–a22­ß¥TMø2·øÂ À ̈ø ̧Â ...·­1⁄2±2­·2Â ø2o 

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a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ TM·­· ̈­ o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a 

©øÆ3 ­aø­±2Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3aÛ­aÆ·a­ 

­ ̈ ́o·a­ °Æ±TM·oa o·2o·21­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa  ̧·1 ̧¥ß 

­ ́11a­ ̈·TMa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa 

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±o  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß øooa1⁄2 ̈·21  ̈ ̧a ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 Æ·­μ 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2 ¤–flé­ Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a­a Ø ́ø2 ̈· ̈ø ̈·TMa 

Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ 3 ́­ ̈ æa  ́­ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a 1⁄2ø ́ ̈·±2Ù μaa°·21 ·2 3·2o 

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flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ·­ 2± ̈ Æa¥ß·21 ±2 ø2ß 

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a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3aÛ­aÆ·a­ 

­ ̈ ́o·a­ ·2 Æaø1⁄2 ̧·21  ̧·­ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ øæ± ́ ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a 2aao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

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©aøμ2a­­a­ ±o ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 3a ̈ ̧±o­ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

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TMøÆ·øæ¥a­ øÆa  ̧·1 ̧¥ß 1⁄2±ÆÆa¥ø ̈aoÙ ø­ ·­  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2ø­a o±Æ ø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 

3øμa­ · ̈ TMaÆß o·oo·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈  ̈± ·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈  ̈ ̧a 

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3a ̈ ̧±o­ øooÆa­­·21  ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2­Ú 

 ̄Ï ̃ ¤TM·oa21⁄2a ±o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ ”ø2ß 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21  ̈ ̧±­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

øÆ1 ́ao o±Æ ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ̈ ̧±­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆ1 ́ao 

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aTM·oa21⁄2a oÆ±3 3 ́¥ ̈·Û1⁄2· ̈ß  ̈·3aÛ­aÆ·aø2ø¥ß­a­ ø2o 3a ̈øÛø2ø¥ß­a­ ¥·2μ·21 —Ì

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° ́æ¥·­ ̧ao Æa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧  ̧ø­ °Æ±TM·oao 3±Æa 

Æ±æ ́­ ̈Ù 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ aTM·oa21⁄2a ¥·2μ·21 —Ì  ̈± 

1⁄2øÆo·±TMø­1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ø2o Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 

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3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ Ã ̧a flÃÕÙ fl”flÙ ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ­ 

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3 ́¥ ̈·°¥aÛ1⁄2· ̈ß ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù ø2o 3a ̈øÛø2ø¥ß­a­ 

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—Ì a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß oÆ±3 

Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ø2o 1⁄2øÆo·±TMø­1⁄2 ́¥øÆ 1⁄2ø ́­a­Ú 

Ã ̧a­a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ aooa1⁄2 ̈ 

©ø­ ±æ­aÆTMao øo ̈aÆ 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥·21 o±Æ 1⁄2±Û 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈­ ø2o ­aø­±2ø¥ ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­Ú Ã ̧a­a 

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1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °a±°¥a 3øß o·a 

oÆ±3 —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa aTMa2 © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ øÆa ©a¥¥ æa¥±©  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã ̧aß °±·2 ̈ao  ̈± ø 

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Æ·­μ ±o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ø2o  ̈± aTMø¥ ́ø ̈a 

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—Ì ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ o·o 2± ̈ ø°°aøÆ 

 ̈± æa 1⁄2±2o± ́2oao æß  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa ±Æ –” 

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a®·­ ̈aoÙ ©± ́¥o  ̧øTMa  ̈± æa ø ̈ TMaÆß ¥±© 

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1⁄2Æ±­­±TMaÆ ­ ̈ ́oß  ̄Õ1⁄2 ̧©øÆ ̈¶ ÓððÎ ̃ ±o ±TMaÆ 

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æa o ́a  ̈± 1⁄2±2o± ́2o·21 æß  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 

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1⁄2±3°a¥¥·21 aTM·oa21⁄2a  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a —ÌÛ 

3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß o·2o·21­ øÆa 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈Ú Ã ̧aß 

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1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao æß ­a°øÆø ̈a Æa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ 1Æ± ́°­ 

ø ̈ ÷± ̧2­ ÿ±°μ·2­ À2·TMaÆ­· ̈ßÙ ÿøÆTMøÆo 

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 ́­·21  ̈ ̧a·Æ ±©2 3a ̈ ̧±o­ ø2o ­ ̈ ́oß 

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1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ¥·2μ æa ̈©aa2 oø·¥ß —Ì ¥aTMa¥­ 

ø2o  ̈± ̈ø¥ 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ 

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 ̈± oø ̈a o±Æ —Ì aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ø1⁄2 ́ ̈a 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ 

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 ̈± æa 1⁄2±2o± ́2oao æß –”Â  ̧±©aTMaÆÙ 

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­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ ±2  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 1⁄2±aoo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ 

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aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú 

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æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­  ̄ðÚðËðÙ ðÚðÈðÙ ðÚðÍð 

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1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2a° ̈ ±o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2Ù  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ©ø­ 

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¥aTMa¥­Ú 

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a®°Æa­­ao  ̈ ̧a TM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 ©aÆa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆaoÙ  ̈ ̧a2  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ­ ̧± ́¥o o±1⁄2 ́­ ±2¥ß ±2  ̈ ̧a 

ðÚðÍð °°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

 ̧øo æaa2 oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao o±©2  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ 

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a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ðÚðËð °°3 

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oao·2· ̈·±2 ø2o  ́­a ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̈aÆ3 èèa®°±­ ́Æa 

±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2éé ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa 

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©ø­ o±2a ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù ­·21⁄2a 

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 ̈ ̧a  ́2oaÆ¥ß·21 ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2a ·­ 

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ø2ß ­·21¥a æÆ·1 ̧ ̈Û¥·2a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥Ú 

Ã ̧ ́­Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ æa¥·aTMa­ · ̈ ·­ 

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æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­ oÆ±3 ðÚðËð o±©2  ̈± 

ðÚðÍð °°3Ù Æa1⁄2±12·¶·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ a®°±­ ́Æa­ 

±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 3 ́­ ̈ æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

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ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧ ±o  ́­·21 Æa3± ̈a 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

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øTM±·o ø2ß ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈ ±2 ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈Ò2±2Û 

ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ ­ ̈ø ̈ ́­ ±o ø2 øÆaøÚ 

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a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o –Œfi ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

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±o  ̈ ̧a ø1⁄21⁄2 ́Æø1⁄2ß ±o Ÿ¤—Õä›ÿ¤” 3±oa¥Ú 

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1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2Ù ©a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a –Œfi —Ì

TMø¥ ́a­ Æa°±Æ ̈ao æß ⁄·±Æa a ̈ ø¥Ú  ̄ÓððÌ ̃ o±Æ 

øo ̈aÆ2±±2 ­ ́Æoø1⁄2a ø·Æ ±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧a À2· ̈ao 

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TM±¥ ́3a  ̄°°æTM ̃  ̈±±  ̧·1 ̧ ·2  ̈ ̧a ­± ́ ̈ ̧aø­ ̈ 

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±o 3±oa¥ ± ́ ̈° ́ ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ ±æ­aÆTMø ̈·±2­ o±Æ 

1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 3±­ ̈ 2aøÆ¥ß Æao¥a1⁄2 ̈ 

 ̈ ̧±­a 1·TMa2 ·2  ̈ ̧a –Œfi oao·2· ̈·±2Ù ·ÚaÚÙ 

ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥±©aÆ a2o ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±æøæ·¥· ̈ß 

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o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ­± ́ ̈ ̧aø­ ̈ ø2o  ́2oaÆa­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ · ̈ 

æß ø ­3ø¥¥ ø3± ́2 ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 2±Æ ̈ ̧aø­ ̈Ú 

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›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈ o±Æ ­±3a Æa1·±2­ 

±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2± ́2 ̈Æß  ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a ­ ́11a­ ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a 3±oa¥ ø1⁄2 ̈ ́ø¥¥ß ±TMaÆa­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ –ŒfiÚ 

Ã ̧ ́­Ù  ̈ ̧a ·2o¥ ́a21⁄2a ±o ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o –Œfi ±2 Æ·­μ­ ·2 a®1⁄2a­­ ±o 

–Œfi ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo 1⁄2ø2 æa  ̈± ¥±©aÆ ±Æ ·21⁄2Æaø­a  ̈ ̧a 

Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ú ... ̧·¥a  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧±·1⁄2a ±o 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ o±Æ –Œfi 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈a­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

 ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ·2  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ù ¤–fl 

o±a­ 2± ̈ ø1Æaa  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧  ́­ao ·­ 

æ·ø­ao ­·21⁄2a °aaÆÛÆaTM·a©ao aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2­ 

±o  ̈ ̧a 3±oa¥  ̧øTMa ­ ̧±©2 Æa¥ø ̈·TMa¥ß 1±±o 

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ø1Æaa3a2 ̈  ̄·ÚaÚÙ 1a2aÆø¥¥ß ©· ̈ ̧·2 Î °°æ 

o±Æ 3±­ ̈ Æa1·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2± ́2 ̈Æß ̃Ú 

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1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­  ̧øTMa 3·­Æaøo  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› 

–ø2a¥ 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 èè ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 –Œfi ·­  ̈ ̧a æa­ ̈ 

3a ̈ ̧±o  ̈± 3øμa  ̈ ̧·­ a­ ̈·3ø ̈·±2éé

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 ̈ ̧a  ́­a ±o  ̈ ̧a Ÿ¤—Õä›ÿ¤” 3±oa¥·21 

ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧ ø2oÒ±Æ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ o±Æ °Æ·3øÆß 

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3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a­Ú ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› 

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o±Æ · ̈­ 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 ©ø­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2 

 ̈± –Œfi oÆ±3 æaß±2o “±Æ ̈ ̧ fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø ©ø­ 

 ́21⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥øæ¥a æß ¤–fl ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ èèø æa ̈ ̈aÆ 

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3±Æa ©· ̈ ̧ oao·2·21 © ̧ø ̈ a3·­­·±2­  ̈± 

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a­ ̈·3ø ̈a –Œfi ¥aTMa¥­Ú ×2 ÆaTM·a©·21  ̈ ̧a 

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a®°aÆ ̈ ±2  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ·2  ̧·­ 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̧±© –Œfi  ̧øo æaa2 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao  ́­·21  ̈ ̧a Ÿ¤—Õä›ÿ¤” 3±oa¥ 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a èè1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧ 

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ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈aéé  ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍæÙ °Ú 

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±o 3±oa¥ao a®°±­ ́Æa­Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21Ê  ̄· ̃ —Ì

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a®°±­ ́Æa­ ·2  ̈ ̧a øÆaøÂ  ̄·· ̃ —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa­ 

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3aø­ ́Æao ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 3±2· ̈±Æ o ́a  ̈±  ̈· ̈Æø ̈·±2 

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a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ o± 2± ̈ ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈ o±Æ —Ì

øTM±·oø21⁄2a æa ̧øTM·±Æ­Â ø2o  ̄TM ̃  ̈ ̧a fl–¤» 

3±oa¥ ±TMaÆ °Æao·1⁄2 ̈­ a¥aTMø ̈ao TMa2 ̈·¥ø ̈·±2 

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a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 ø2o Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao±Æ ¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 oa1⁄2Æa3a2 ̈­Ú 

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aø1⁄2 ̧ øÆaø øÆa  ́­ao  ̈±  ̈øμa ·2 ̈± ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈ 

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1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­Ú Ã ̧a 1a±1Æø° ̧·1⁄2 

TMøÆ·ø ̈·±2 ±o —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ 

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oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2¥±­a­ ̈ —Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ  ̈± Æa°Æa­a2 ̈ 

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 ̈ ̧a 3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈­ ø ̈ o±©2©·2o 

3±2· ̈±Æ­ øÆa ø°°¥·ao ±2¥ß  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

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±o ø 1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́ ́3 Æø ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 o±1⁄2 ́­·21 ±2 

ø2ß ±2a o·­1⁄2Æa ̈a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥Ù ø­ 

©ø­ o±2a ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù ­·21⁄2a 

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1⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 a2± ́1 ̧  ̈± ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ø o±1⁄2 ́­ ±2 

ø2ß æÆ·1 ̧ ̈Û¥·2a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥Ú ×2 ­± 

o±·21Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

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 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 æa1⁄2±3a 

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a®°±­ ́Æa ¥aTMa¥­Ú Ã ̧ ́­Ù  ̈ ̧a 

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a®°±­ ́Æa a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ø1⁄2Æ±­­  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o 

o·­1⁄2Æa ̈a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 

¤–flé­ a®°±­ ́Æa ø­­a­­3a2 ̈  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa 

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ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ æ ́ ̈ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̧øTMa æaa2 

oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao  ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ ·2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß °a±°¥a 

ø ̈ —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø­ ¥±© ø­ ðÚðËð °°3Ù 

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± ́ ̈1⁄2±3a­  ̧øTMa æaa2  ̈a­ ̈aoÚÓð

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 ̧ø­ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈ ̧a °ø ̈ ̈aÆ2 ±o Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­ 

·2 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø1⁄2Æ±­­  ̈ ̧a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ 

¥aTMa¥­ ±o ðÚðËðÙ ðÚðÈðÙ ø2o ðÚðÍð °°3Ù 

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aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈± æa TMaÆß ¥·3· ̈aoÚ Ã ̧a 

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ø2o ðÚðÍð °°3  ̄© ̧·¥a ø ̈ 3±oaÆø ̈a ±Æ 

1Æaø ̈aÆ a®aÆ ̈·±2 ̃ øÆa ø°°Æ±®·3ø ̈a¥ß Ï ̊Ù 

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Óð ̊Ù ø2o ÏÎ ̊Ù Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ßÚ fl­ 2± ̈ao ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ ßaøÆÛ 

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 ̈ ̧a­a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ·­ ·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈ 

 ̈± Æa1⁄2±12·¶a  ̈ ̧·­ TMøÆ·øæ·¥· ̈ß ·2 

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a®ø3°¥aÙ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ðÚðËðÙ ðÚðÈðÙ ø2o ðÚðÍð 

°°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­Ù  ̈ ̧a­a 

°aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ø1a­ øÆa a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao  ̈± Æø21a oÆ±3 

ø°°Æ±®·3ø ̈a¥ß Ô  ̈± Ôð ̊Ù Ô  ̈± Ïð ̊Ù ø2o 

È  ̈± ÍÎ ̊Ù Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ßÙ ø1⁄2Æ±­­ aø1⁄2 ̧ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a ÔÓ  ́Ææø2 øÆaø­ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÓ 

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Ô ̊Ù ð  ̈± È ̊Ù ø2o Ô  ̈± ÓÎ ̊Ù 

Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ßÙ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÏ 

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...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø1ø·2 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ­ a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao  ̈± Æa3ø·2 

 ́°±2 ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈øμa­ 2± ̈a ±o  ̈ ̧a 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao 3ø12· ̈ ́oa­ ±o ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ Æ·­μ­Ù 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ øÆa °Æa­a2 ̈ao øæ±TMa ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

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ø2o 2±2ø1⁄21⁄2·oa2 ̈ø¥ ø2o 1⁄2øÆo·±Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 

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 ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a­a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ú 

⁄ ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a­a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao Æ·­μ­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o æa 

ø2ø¥ß¶ao ·2  ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ßé­ Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ øÆa ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·TMa ±o ø 3 ́1⁄2 ̧ 

æÆ±øoaÆ øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

a2o°±·2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa °øÆ ̈ ±o ø èè°ßÆø3·o ±o 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­éé  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·21⁄2¥ ́oa TMøÆ·± ́­ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈±Æ­ 

±o 3±Ææ·o· ̈ß  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o 2± ̈ æa ·21⁄2¥ ́oao 

·2  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ 

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a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ TM·­· ̈­ ̃ ø2o 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ °Æ·3øÆ·¥ß øooa1⁄2 ̈ 3a3æaÆ­ ±o ø ̈Û 

Æ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­Ú 

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a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ù ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­ 

 ̈ ̧a æÆ±øoaÆ øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

a2o°±·2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o 2± ̈ æa Ø ́ø2 ̈·o·aoÙ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aß øÆa 

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a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø2o Æ·­μ­  ̈± ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈ ̧ ́­ o·2o­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ °Æ±TM·oa 

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 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 2aao­  ̈± æa ÆaTM·­aoÚ 

fiø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­Ù ø2o 

1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥é­ 

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1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

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1±·21 oÆ±3 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

 ̈± 3aa ̈·21 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù æø­ao 

±2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÓ ø2o ÓððÏ ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ú 

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Æa°Æa­a2 ̈ø ̈·TMa ±o  ̈ ̧a °ø ̈ ̈aÆ2­ o± ́2o ·2 

ø¥¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ø2ø¥ß­a­Ú Ã ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao 

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o·ooaÆa2 ̈ o±Æ3­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ Æø21·21 

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ø2o oÆ±3  ̈ ̧·ÆoÛ  ̈± o·o ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

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øÆa 1a2aÆø¥¥ß ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao 

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¥aTMa¥­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©aÆa ø2ø¥ß¶aoÚ fl­ ­aa2 ·2 

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TMøÆ·øæ·¥· ̈ßÙ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ¥ß ·2  ̈ ̧a °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ 

1⁄2 ̧ø21a­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 1±·21 oÆ±3 ø 

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a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

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±2¥ß ­3ø¥¥ o·ooaÆa21⁄2a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao 

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 ̈ ̧·ÆoÛ  ̈± o·o ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ o±Æ3­ ø ̈ ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o 

ðÚðÈÏ °°3 ­·3 ́¥ø ̈ao  ́­·21 ÓððÓ ø2o 

ÓððÏ —Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oø ̈øÚ 

Ã ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ̈ 

ø 1⁄2¥aøÆ  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Ûæø­ao Æø ̈·±2ø¥a o±Æ 

­a¥a1⁄2 ̈·21 ø °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ 2 ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 o±Æ3 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo oÆ±3 

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 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a o±Æ3 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

·2  ̈ ̧a ø2ø¥ß­a­ Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2 ±2¥ß ­3ø¥¥ 

o·ooaÆa21⁄2a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­ 

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1⁄2· ̈·a­ ¥øÆ1aÆ o·ooaÆa21⁄2a­ øÆa a­ ̈·3ø ̈aoÚ 

Ã ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø Æø21a 

±o 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ûæø­ao o±Æ3­ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈ ̧·ÆoÛ ̈±  ̈ ̧a o·o ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 

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ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a o±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ·2 ­a ̈ ̈·21 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ÿ·TMa2  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ ø 

1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́ ́3 ±o aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

a®°±­ ́Æa­  ̈± TMøÆß·21 ¥aTMa¥­ ±o —ÌÙ  ̈ ̧a 

a® ̈a2 ̈  ̈± © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ·­ øooa1⁄2 ̈ao 

æß a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± ø3æ·a2 ̈ —Ì ·­ Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ø1⁄2 ̈ ́ø¥ 3ø12· ̈ ́oa ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ù 2± ̈ ¶ ́­ ̈ © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ øæ±TMa ø ­°a1⁄2·o·ao ¥aTMa¥Ú 

Ã ̧a °Æ·21⁄2·°ø¥ øoTMø2 ̈ø1a ±o ø 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ûæø­ao o±Æ3 ·­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ·­ 

3±Æa o·Æa1⁄2 ̈¥ß Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ø3æ·a2 ̈ —Ì

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú Œ±æ ́­ ̈Ù 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Û 

æø­ao o±Æ3­Ù ·2  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·ÆoÛ 

 ̈± o·o ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ Ï ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 

o±Æ3Ù 3·2·3·¶a  ̈ ̧a ·2 ̧aÆa2 ̈ ¥ø1⁄2μ ±o 

ßaøÆÛ ̈±ÛßaøÆ ­ ̈øæ·¥· ̈ß ±o a®1⁄2aaoø21⁄2aÛ 

æø­ao o±Æ3­ ø2o °Æ±TM·oa ·2­ ́¥ø ̈·±2 

oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ ±o a® ̈Æa3a 

3a ̈a±Æ±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ aTMa2 ̈­Ú Õ ́1⁄2 ̧ ·2­ ̈øæ·¥· ̈ß 

1⁄2ø2  ̧øTMa  ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±o Æao ́1⁄2·21 ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 æß o·­Æ ́° ̈·21 ±21±·21 

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1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ °Æ±1Æø3­Ú 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æa1⁄2·­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ·2 · ̈­ ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oao 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1ß 

èèø¥¥±©­ ø1⁄21⁄2 ́Æø ̈a 3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈ ±o —Ì

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ©· ̈ ̧ ø °Æa1⁄2·­·±2 ±o °øÆ ̈­ 

°aÆ æ·¥¥·±2éé  ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍ1⁄2 ̃Ú Ã ̧a 

›flÕfl› Æa1⁄2±33a2oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧± ́¥o Æao¥a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧·­ oa1Æaa ±o 

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›flÕfl› –ø2a¥  ́2ø2·3± ́­¥ß ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao 

­°a1⁄2·oß·21  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧·­ oa1Æaa ±o °Æa1⁄2·­·±2Ù ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ©aÆa 3·®aoÚ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

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Õ ̈ø ̈aÒÆa1·±2ø¥ ø1a21⁄2·a­  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ 

“¤Õ›flÀ”Ù –fl ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o 

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 ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao ·21⁄2Æaø­ao °Æa1⁄2·­·±2 ø2o 

æ ́ ̈ o·o 2± ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈  ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈·21  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥Ú ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ ­aTMaÆø¥ 

·2o ́­ ̈Æß ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2­  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ fl–×Ù ¤”flÙ 

flflfl” ̃ ­ ́11a­ ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ̈ 

­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ aTM·oa21⁄2a  ̈± 3±o·oß  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÈ 

oa1⁄2·­·±2  ̈± Æ± ́2o  ̈±  ̈©± oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a­Ú 

Ã ̧a­a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ øÆa øooÆa­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

Œa­°±2­a  ̈± ›±33a2 ̈­ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ­°a1⁄2·o·ao 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧± ́­ø2o ̈ ̧ °°3  ̄ ̈ ̧Æaa oa1⁄2·3ø¥ 

°¥ø1⁄2a­ ̃Ù æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈øooé­ ø2ø¥ß­·­ ø2o 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1ß 

ø¥¥±©­ ø1⁄21⁄2 ́Æø ̈a 3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈ ±o —Ì  ̈± 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ­°a1⁄2·oß·21  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ oa1Æaa ±o °Æa1⁄2·­·±2Ù ø2o ±2  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥é­ Æaø­±2·21 ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2 ©· ̈ ̧ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ 

ø­°a1⁄2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈±  ̈ ̧a o±Æ3 ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ·2 · ̈­ ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °Æ·±Æ  ̈± °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl› Æa1⁄2±33a2oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ èèø Æø21a ±o 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ûæø­ao o±Æ3­ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈ ̧·ÆoÛ ̈±  ̈ ̧a o·o ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2éé æa 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍ1⁄2Ù °Ú Î ̃Ú 

ÕaTMaÆø¥ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao 

3ø·2 ̈ø·2·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ o±Æ3 ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo æa1⁄2ø ́­a · ̈ ­ ̈Æ·μa­ ø2 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a æø¥ø21⁄2a æa ̈©aa2 ­ ̈øæ·¥· ̈ß 

ø2o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­ æa1⁄2ø ́­a ¤–fl 

 ́­ao  ̈ ̧·­ o±Æ3 ·2  ̈ ̧a·Æ ø2ø¥ß­a­  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ 

¤”flÙ “¤Õ›flÀ”Ù ø2o –a22­ß¥TMø2·ø 

‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

–Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ̃Ú Õ±3a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ a®°Æa­­ao  ̈ ̧a TM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

°Æ·3øÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 2± ̈ øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

ø¥­± ­ ́æ3· ̈ ̈ao 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ø 3±Æa  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Û°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·TMa o±Æ3 

±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ o±Æ3 

 ̄aÚ1ÚÙ ø ­a1⁄2±2oÛ±Æ  ̈ ̧·ÆoÛ ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 o±Æ3 ̃  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ fl‘fl a ̈ ø¥Ú ̃Ú ”±­ ̈ 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ © ̧± a®°Æa­­ao  ̈ ̧a TM·a© 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧± ́¥o 2± ̈ æa 

ÆaTM·­ao o·o 2± ̈ °Æ±TM·oa ø2ß TM·a©­ ±2 

ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa o±Æ3­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©± ́¥o æa 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a o±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ­ ̧± ́¥o  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ fl oa© ·2o ́­ ̈Æß ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 

ø2o æ ́­·2a­­ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao 

1⁄2 ̧ø21·21  ̈± ø Î ̈ ̧  ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ o±Æ3  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ 

‹±© › ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥Ù flfl” ̃Ú —2a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ 

 ̄—μ¥ø ̧±3ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o 

ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ø ̈·±2 ̃ ­ ́11a­ ̈ao  ̈ ̧a  ́­a ±o ø 

Í ̈ ̧ ±Æ È ̈ ̧  ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 o±Æ3Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ̈ ø 1⁄2¥aøÆ  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Ûæø­ao 

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 ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 o±Æ3 ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo oÆ±3 ø3±21  ̈ ̧a ±2a­ ø2ø¥ß¶ao 

·2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

o±Æ3 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo °Æ±TM·oa­ ø ­ ̈øæ¥a 

 ̈øÆ1a ̈ o±Æ ·3°¥a3a2 ̈·21 °Æ±1Æø3­  ̈± 

·3°Æ±TMa ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ßÚ Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

ø¥­± ø1Æaa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a øoaØ ́ø1⁄2ß ±o  ̈ ̧a 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 °Æ±TM·oao æß  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±3æ·2ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ø2o o±Æ3 ·­ ø 

o±Æa3±­ ̈ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2Ú fiø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧·­Ù 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ o·2o­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a o±Æ3 ±o 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ Ï ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ù 

­ ̧± ́¥o æa Æa ̈ø·2aoÙ Æa1⁄2±12·¶·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©± ́¥o æa 

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ø ©·oa Æø21a ±o ­aÆ·± ́­  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù 

·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß 

oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ TM·­· ̈­Ù  ̧±­°· ̈ø¥ øo3·­­·±2­Ù 

ø2o °Æa3ø ̈ ́Æa 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÙ ø ̈ ø2o æa¥±© 

ðÚðËð °°3Ú Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± 

¶ ́o1ao ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥ ø2o 

1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́a­  ̈± 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ 

±o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 ø2o Æ·­μÆa3ø·2·21  ́°±2 ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±Æ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ðÚðËð °°3 

¥aTMa¥ °Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ 

TM·a©Ú ⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a Æaø­±2­ ­ ̈ø ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

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­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××Úfi ±2  ̈ ̧a øoaØ ́ø1⁄2ß ±o  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

¶ ́o1a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ­a ̈ 

æa¥±© ðÚðËð °°3Ù ø ¥aTMa¥ ø ̈ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a 

aTM·oa21⁄2a °Æ±TM·oa­ ø  ̧·1 ̧ oa1Æaa ±o 

1⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì

a®°±­ ́Æa aTMa2 ·2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß °a±°¥aÚ 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2a® ̈ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

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 ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ ­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈Ù æ ́ ̈ 2± ̈ 3±Æa  ̈ ̧ø2 

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Æa1⁄2±12·¶·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©± ́¥o 

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¥aTMa¥ 1⁄2ø¥¥­ o±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o æ± ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

oa1Æaa ±o øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa ¥aTMa¥­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 3·1 ̧ ̈ 

æa a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø2ß ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 ¥aTMa¥ ©·¥¥ ·2 

oø1⁄2 ̈ °Æ±TM·oa ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú ×2  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2·Æ1⁄2 ́3­ ̈ø21⁄2a­ °Æa­a2 ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a©Ù 

 ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± aTM·oa21⁄2aÛæø­ao æÆ·1 ̧ ̈ ¥·2a 

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×2­ ̈aøo  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ ø 1⁄2±3æ·2ø ̈·±2 ±o 

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 ̧±¥·­ ̈·1⁄2ø¥¥ß ·2 3øμ·21  ̈ ̧·­ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

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Æaø­±2øæ¥a TMø¥ ́a­Ú 

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a®°±­ ́Æa ¥aTMa¥­ æa¥±© ðÚðËð °°3  ̈ ̧aÆa 

·­ ±2¥ß ø TMaÆß ¥·3· ̈ao ø3± ́2 ̈ ±o 

aTM·oa21⁄2a oÆ±3 1⁄2¥·2·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù 

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·2o·TM·o ́ø¥­ ø ̈ ¥aTMa¥­ ø­ ¥±© ø­ ðÚðÍð 

°°3Ú Ã ̧a 1Æaø ̈ 3ø¶±Æ· ̈ß ±o  ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a 

1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2·21 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ æa¥±© ðÚðËð °°3 ·­ 

oÆ±3 a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ú Ã ̧a 

a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ o± 2± ̈ ·oa2 ̈·oß 

ø2ß æÆ·1 ̧ ̈Û¥·2a  ̈ ̧Æa­ ̧±¥o ¥aTMa¥ o±Æ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú fl ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a  ̈·3aÙ  ̈ ̧a 

a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ øÆa 2± ̈ ·2 ø2o 

±o  ̈ ̧a3­a¥TMa­ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈ aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o ø 

1⁄2ø ́­ø¥ ¥·2μ æa ̈©aa2 a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± —Ì ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆa21⁄2a ±o  ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ­  ̈ ̧a­a ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ·2 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±2 ̈a® ̈ ±o ø¥¥  ̈ ̧a ± ̈ ̧aÆ øTMø·¥øæ¥a 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ·2 aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·21  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa ±o 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÏÓ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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1⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß  ̈ ̧ø ̈ —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ©± ́¥o ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ ø ̈ TMøÆ·± ́­ ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

¥aTMa¥­ æa¥±© ðÚðËð °°3Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈Æ±21  ̧ ́3ø2 1⁄2¥·2·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈±®·1⁄2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈a 

 ̈ ̧a æ·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ °¥ø ́­·æ·¥· ̈ß ø2o 

3a1⁄2 ̧ø2·­3­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì ±2 

ø·Æ©øß ·2o¥ø33ø ̈·±2 ø2o ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

ø·Æ©øß Æa­°±2­·TMa2a­­ ø ̈ a®°±­ ́Æa 

¥aTMa¥­ ±o ðÚðËð °°3 ø2o øæ±TMaÚ 

fiø­ao ±2 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a a2 ̈·Æa 

æ±oß ±o aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­  ̈·3aÙ ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ̈ ̧a 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl›Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °Æ±°±­ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3 

©± ́¥o æa ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o 

­øoa ̈ßÚ fl­ 2± ̈ao ø ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù 

ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ¥aTMa¥ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧·­ Æø21a ·­ 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao  ̈± Æao ́1⁄2a  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ±o ø TMøÆ·a ̈ß 

±o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± —ÌÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ­ß3° ̈±3­ ø2o ¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao ·2 1⁄2¥·2·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ù 

ø2o ·2 a3aÆ1a21⁄2ß oa°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ TM·­· ̈­Ù 

 ̧±­°· ̈ø¥ øo3·­­·±2­Ù ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ 

­ ̈ ́o·a­Ú fl¥¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ øÆa 

·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·TMa ±o ø 3 ́1⁄2 ̧ æÆ±øoaÆ øÆÆøß ±o 

—ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ a2o°±·2 ̈­Ù øÆa°Æa­a2 ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a °ßÆø3·o ±o aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­ ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ øæ­a21⁄2a­ ø2o ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

3ao·1⁄2ø ̈·±2  ́­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa °¥ø ́­·æ¥ß ¥·2μao 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a­a ±æ­aÆTMao aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

 ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa ±o ·3°Æ±TMa3a2 ̈­ ·2 ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß 1⁄2± ́¥o æa 

ø1⁄2 ̧·aTMao æß ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ 

°°3Ù 1·TM·21 ©a·1 ̧ ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­ ø­  ̧a ¶ ́o1ao 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈aÚ fl­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±°±­ø¥ 2± ̈·1⁄2a  ̄­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××Ú‹ÚÏ ̃ ·2 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °Æ·3øÆ·¥ß 

o±1⁄2 ́­ao ±2 a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

ðÚðÈð °°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ ø­ ø2 

·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈ ­ ́ÆÆ±1ø ̈a 3aø­ ́Æa o±Æ 

°± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß 3±Æa ­aÆ·± ́­  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

o±Æ ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 °a±°¥a ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø­ ̈ ̧3øÚ ×2 ­± o±·21Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧  ̈ ̧a ø2ø¥ß­·­ ±o 

èèa®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2éé ©ø­ 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao 

 ̈± a­ ̈·3ø ̈a a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧Æaa 

o·­1⁄2Æa ̈a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­Ù  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2a° ̈ 

·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß TM·a©ao ø­ ø 1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́ ́3Ú 

fl­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao øæ±TMaÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

­ ̈Æ·TMa­  ̈± æø¥ø21⁄2a 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a 

°± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ o±Æ  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a·Æ 

­aTMaÆ· ̈ß ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a ·21⁄2Æaø­·21  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ ± ́Æ  ́2oaÆ­ ̈ø2o·21 ±o 

 ̈ ̧a ¥·μa¥· ̧±±o ±o ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø ̈ ¥±©aÆ 

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æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈ao 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ́°±2 ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21 ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3 

æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÓ ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2Ù  ̈ ̧a 

2 ́3æaÆ ±o ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ ø1a 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 ¥·μa¥ß  ̈± 

a®°aÆ·a21⁄2a a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧·­ 

æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ ·2 ø11Æa1ø ̈a  ̄o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÔÓ 

1⁄2· ̈·a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ̃ ©ø­ a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao 

 ̈± æa ø°°Æ±®·3ø ̈a¥ß Ó  ̈± Ï °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o ø¥¥ 

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¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 Ôð °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 aTMa2 ·2 

1⁄2· ̈·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa1⁄2a·TMa  ̈ ̧a ¥aø­ ̈ oa1Æaa ±o 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 oÆ±3 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·2 ø 

Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ ßaøÆ ©· ̈ ̧ Æa¥ø ̈·TMa¥ß  ̧·1 ̧ —Ì

¥aTMa¥­Ú fl ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a ðÚðÈð  ̈± 

ðÚðÈÎ °°3 Æø21a ©± ́¥o  ̈ ̧ ́­ 

­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥¥ß Æao ́1⁄2a a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 

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Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ßÙ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧±­a a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao  ̈± 

±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ  ́°±2 ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ... ̧·¥a °¥ø1⁄2·21 ¥a­­ ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ±2 

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¥·1 ̧ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ 

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flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ 

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Æø21a ©± ́¥o ¥·μa¥ß Æao ́1⁄2a Æ·­μ­  ̈± ø ̈Û 

Æ·­μ 1Æ± ́°­ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù ø2o æß ·2oaÆa21⁄2a ø1⁄2Æ±­­  ̈ ̧a 

3 ́1⁄2 ̧ æÆ±øoaÆ øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o ±2¥ß æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ø ̈·TMa¥ßÙ Æa¥ø ̈·TMa  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 øoo±Æoao æß  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã ̧·­ ¥a2 ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

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­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± 

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3±­ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ·­­ ́a­ ø2o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2­ Æø·­ao 

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TM·a©­ ±o 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ © ̧± ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ø 

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›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ÆaTM·a©ao  ̈ ̧a 

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oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a °±¥·1⁄2ß ±° ̈·±2­ 

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1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 æß  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ 

›flÕfl› ÆaTM·a©ao  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈ 

±o æ± ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø2o Õ ̈øoo 

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 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a­a o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈­ °Æ±TM·oao ø2 

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ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß aTMø¥ ́ø ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±2 ̈a® ̈ 

±o ø¥¥ øTMø·¥øæ¥a aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 

aTM·oa21⁄2a oÆ±3 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao  ̧ ́3ø2 

a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o  ̈±®·1⁄2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ú ×2 

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 ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø2o æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧·­ æ±oß ±o ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2a ø1⁄2Æ±­­ 

ø¥¥  ̈ß°a­ ±o ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ·­ TMaÆß Æ±æ ́­ ̈Ù 

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2 ́3æaÆ ±o TMøÆ·± ́­  ̈ß°a­ ±o ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

°Æ±TM·oa 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ø2o 1⁄2± ̧aÆa2 ̈ 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o ø2 øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao 

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aTM·oa21⁄2a ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·21 ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2­ ©· ̈ ̧ ø 

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ø2o æa¥±© ðÚðËð °°3 ­ ́°°±Æ ̈­ ÆaTM·­·21 

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flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈ ̧a­a 

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1⁄2ø ́­ø¥ Æa¥ø ̈·±2­ ̧·° æa ̈©aa2 øoTMaÆ­a 

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¥·μa¥ß  ̈± a®°aÆ·a21⁄2a a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o 

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ø11Æa1ø ̈a  ̄o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÔÓ 1⁄2· ̈·a­ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

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ø1a 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ú fiø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a ÓððÏ 

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 ̈ ̧a ðÚðÈð °°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥  ́°±2 

¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21 ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a Æø21a 

±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ú 

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1⁄2±2­·oaÆao æ ́ ̈ °¥ø1⁄2a­ TMaÆß ¥· ̈ ̈¥a ©a·1 ̧ ̈ 

±2  ̈ ̧a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÍð °°3 

1·TMa2  ̈ ̧a TMaÆß ¥·3· ̈ao ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ­ ́°°±Æ ̈·21 ø 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

—Ì ·­ 1⁄2ø ́­ø¥¥ß Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈± TMøÆ·± ́­  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

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±o Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ·2 a®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2 

o±Æ ø¥¥ ø2o ø­ ̈ ̧3ø ̈·1⁄2 ­1⁄2 ̧±±¥ ø1a 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 

ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ ø­ ©a¥¥ © ̧a2 

1⁄2±3°øÆ·21  ̈ ̧a ðÚðÈð °°3 ø2o ðÚðÈÎ 

°°3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

Ÿ·TMa2  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa ±o  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ 

o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ ø2o 

 ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ø­­a­­3a2 ̈  ̄‘ø21­ ̈øooÙ 

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aø1⁄2 ̧ ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥ a®ø3·2ao 

 ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ̈ ø2 ø°°Æa1⁄2·øæ¥a o·ooaÆa21⁄2aÙ 

oÆ±3 ø ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMaÙ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ¶ ́­ ̈ 3aa ̈·21 ø2 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø ̈ ðÚðÈÎ °°3 TMaÆ­ ́­ ø2 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ø ̈ ðÚðÈð °°3Ú ⁄±Æ a®ø3°¥aÙ 

1·TMa2  ̈ ̧a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ·2  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­Ù  ̈ ̧a o·ooaÆa21⁄2a æa ̈©aa2 ø2 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈a ±o Ó °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ø2o Î °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o 

ø­ ̈ ̧3ø ̈·1⁄2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 o±Æ  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa 

æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ±o ðÚðÈð ·­ 2± ̈ ø2 

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 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMaÚ ... ̧·¥a o·Æa1⁄2 ̈·±2ø¥¥ß 

 ̈ ̧aÆa øÆa ¥·μa¥ß  ̈± æa oa©aÆ a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ 

ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧·­ æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ o±Æ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

±o ðÚðÈð  ̈ ̧ø2 ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±o ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ù 

1·TMa2  ̈ ̧a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ·2  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ · ̈ ·­ 2± ̈ ø ̈ ø¥¥ 1⁄2¥aøÆ  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

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...· ̈ ̧ Æa1øÆo  ̈± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̧±©  ̈ ̧a 

Ø ́ø2 ̈· ̈ø ̈·TMa Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ­ ̧± ́¥o 

oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ ·2 ̈± ø oa1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

¥aTMa¥Ù ø­ 2± ̈ao øæ±TMa æ± ̈ ̧ 1Æ± ́°­ ±o 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ 1a2aÆø¥¥ß 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈ ̧a 

Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧a·Æ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ±2 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ¥aTMa¥Ù æ ́ ̈  ̈ ̧aß Æaø1⁄2 ̧ao 

­ ̧øÆ°¥ß o·TMaÆ1a2 ̈ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ ø­  ̈± 

© ̧ø ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ¥aTMa¥ ·­ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ú ”±Æa ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ßÙ  ̈ ̧a 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥Ù ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Ù ø2o 3±­ ̈ 

3ao·1⁄2ø¥ ±Æ1ø2·¶ø ̈·±2­Ù ø2o ­±3a Õ ̈ø ̈a 

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¤–flé­ °Æ±°±­ao Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ 

°°3 ©± ́¥o Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2 ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ Æa­·o ́ø¥ 

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o ́¥¥ß ·2  ̈ ̧a ¶±·2 ̈ ­a ̈ ±o 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ oÆ±3 

fl‘fl ø2o ­aTMaÆø¥ a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

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ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ 1⁄2¥aøÆ¥ß oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø 

3±Æa ­ ̈Æ·21a2 ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±o 

ðÚðÍÎ °°3Ù  ̈ ̧a 3±­ ̈ ­ ̈Æ·21a2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

ø2ø¥ß¶ao æß ¤–flÙ ©± ́¥o ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈¥ß 

oa1⁄2Æaø­a —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao ¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 

oa1⁄2Æa3a2 ̈­Ù Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ­ß3° ̈±3­Ù 

 ̧±­°· ̈ø¥ øo3·­­·±2­Ù ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ø2o 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ èè¤–fl 3 ́­ ̈ øo±° ̈ ø 3±Æa ­ ̈Æ·21a2 ̈ 

±¶±2a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±o ðÚðÍð °°3 ±Æ æa¥±©â

ø ¥aTMa¥  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·21⁄2±Æ°±Æø ̈a­ ø 3±Æa 

øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßéé  ̄fl‘fl a ̈ ø¥ÚÙ 

°Ú ÔðË ̃Ú Ã ̧a­a ­ø3a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ ø¥­± 

1⁄2· ̈ao TMøÆ·± ́­ Æaø­±2­ o±Æ ø­­aÆ ̈·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ¥·μa¥ß 

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2ø ̈ ́Æa ±o  ̈ ̧a ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈  ̈± 

2 ́3æaÆ ±o 1⁄2· ̈·a­Ù °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 1⁄2±TMaÆaoÙ 

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 ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2±°a ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ø2o 

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 ́2oaÆa­ ̈·3ø ̈ao æ± ̈ ̧ ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××ÚfiÚÓÚæ 

øæ±TMa ø2o ·2 3±Æa oa ̈ø·¥ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

Œa­°±2­a  ̈± ›±33a2 ̈­ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ Æaø­±2·21 ø2o 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ Æa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a ©a·1 ̧ ̈  ̧a 

°¥ø1⁄2a­ ±2  ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ·2 

Æaø1⁄2 ̧·21 ø ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a ¥aTMa¥ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao æa¥±© ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

××Ú›ÚÏÚ1⁄2Ú 

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1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 1a2aÆø¥¥ß 

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¥·3· ̈ø ̈·±2­  ́2oaÆ¥ß·21  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

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 ́­ao ·2 ­ ́°°±Æ ̈·21 ø oa1⁄2·­·±2  ̈± ÆaTM·­a 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÂ  ̄Ì ̃  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¤–fl ­ ̧± ́¥o  ̧øTMa 

oao·2ao –Œfi o·ooaÆa2 ̈¥ß ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¤–fl 

 ́2oaÆa­ ̈·3ø ̈ao –Œfi ¥aTMa¥­Ù © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 

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aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø2ø¥ß¶aoÚ ¤–fl  ̧ø­ Æa­°±2oao  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ æ± ̈ ̧ ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××ÚfiÚÓÚæ 

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­ ́11a­ ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

ðÚðËð °°3 æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥Ù © ̧aÆa 

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æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥Ù  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa­ øÆa 

­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥¥ß Æao ́1⁄2ao ø2o a¥·3·2ø ̈ao o±Æ 

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a®°±­ ́Æa a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ aø1⁄2 ̧ 

±o  ̈ ̧a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ¥aTMa¥­ øÆa 2± ̈ 

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aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2ø2 ±2¥ß æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

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°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 øoo±Æoao æß  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

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flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

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1⁄2 ̧±±­·21 ø ¥aTMa¥ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao 

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 ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì Æaø1⁄2 ̧ao ·2  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

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 ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù Æa3ø·2 TMø¥·oÚ ×2 

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flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́a­  ̈± °¥ø1⁄2a 

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­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2a øTMø·¥øæ¥a ·2  ̈ ̧·­ 

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oa1⁄2·­·±2Ú ×2 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a øTMø·¥øæ¥a 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2a  ̧a ¶ ́o1a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈Ù ø­ ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù ø o±1⁄2 ́­ ±2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao 

Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3 ·­ 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a ·2 ¥·1 ̧ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ¥øÆ1a æ±oß ±o 

1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao  ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

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aTM·oa21⁄2aÚ fl­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao øæ±TMaÙ  ̈ ̧·­ æ±oß 

±o aTM·oa21⁄2a o±a­ 2± ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ Æa ̈ø·2·21 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ø­ ­ ́11a­ ̈ao æß 

­±3a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­Ú “±Æ o±a­ · ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ 

­a ̈ ̈·21 ø ¥aTMa¥ ¶ ́­ ̈ æa¥±© ðÚðËð °°3 

æa1⁄2ø ́­aÙ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a a2 ̈·Æa æ±oß ±o 

aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ¥aTMa¥ ©± ́¥o 2± ̈ 

°Æ±TM·oa ø ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ ·21⁄2Æaø­a ·2 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 1⁄2±3°øÆao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ⁄ ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆÙ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ¥aTMa¥ ©± ́¥o 

2± ̈ æa ø°°Æa1⁄2·øæ¥ß æa¥±©  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ·2 

1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao  ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø ̈ 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̧øTMa æaa2 

oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao  ̄·ÚaÚÙ ðÚðËð °°3 ̃Ú Ã ̧·­ 

æ±oß ±o aTM·oa21⁄2a ø¥­± o±a­ 2± ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ 

­a ̈ ̈·21 ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÍð °°3 ±Æ æa¥±©Ù 

ø­ ­ ́11a­ ̈ao æß ± ̈ ̧aÆ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ ø¥­± aTMø¥ ́ø ̈ao  ̈ ̧a 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ø2o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈Ù ø2o 

¶ ́o1a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ aTM·oa21⁄2a o±a­ 2± ̈ 

°Æ±TM·oa ø 1⁄2¥aøÆ a2± ́1 ̧ æø­·­ o±Æ 

1⁄2 ̧±±­·21 ø ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 ¥aTMa¥ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a 

Æø21a ±o ðÚðÈÎ  ̈± ðÚðÈð °°3Ú ×2 3øμ·21 

ø o·2ø¥ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

—Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÈÎ °°3 ·­ øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a 

Æø21a Æa1⁄2±33a2oao æß  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl›  ̄·ÚaÚÙ 

ðÚðÈð  ̈± ðÚðÍð °°3 ̃Ú –¥ø1⁄2·21 1Æaø ̈ 

©a·1 ̧ ̈ ±2  ̈ ̧a TM·a©­ ±o ›flÕfl›Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ 1⁄2øÆao ́¥¥ß 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

· ̈­ ­ ̈ø ̈ao TM·a©­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 æø­·­ 

ø2o °±¥·1⁄2ß TM·a©­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æø21a · ̈ 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oaoÚ ×2 ­± o±·21Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧a o ́¥¥ß ø1Æaa­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2a ­ ́°°±Æ ̈­  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 

2± ̈ øoaØ ́ø ̈a ø2o 3 ́­ ̈ æa ÆaTM·­aoÚ 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈  ̈± ›flÕfl›éÆa1⁄2±33a2oao Æø21a ±o ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ¥aTMa¥­Ù 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ±æ­aÆTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

æø­·­ o±Æ · ̈­ Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2 ø°°aøÆ­  ̈± 

æa ø 3·® ̈ ́Æa ±o ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o °±¥·1⁄2ß 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­Ú Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧a ·­ ·2 1a2aÆø¥ ø1Æaa3a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ 

›flÕfl›é­ TM·a©­ 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2·21  ̈ ̧a 

·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2aÚ 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± 2± ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa 

·­ 2± æÆ·1 ̧ ̈ ¥·2a 1⁄2¥aøÆ¥ß o·Æa1⁄2 ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ̧±·1⁄2a ±o ¥aTMa¥Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ̧±·1⁄2a ±o © ̧ø ̈ 

·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a ·­ 1⁄2¥aøÆ¥ß ø ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÏË ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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°±¥·1⁄2ß ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ a2 ̈Æ ́­ ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ Ã ̧·­ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ 3 ́­ ̈ 

·21⁄2¥ ́oa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈Æa21 ̈ ̧­ 

ø2o ¥·3· ̈ø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a ·2oaÆa21⁄2a­  ̈± æa oÆø©2 oÆ±3 

 ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­Ú ×2 ÆaTM·a©·21  ̈ ̧a æø­·­ o±Æ 

 ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥é­ Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ 

o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æø21a ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ±æ­aÆTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧a Æaø1⁄2 ̧aø o·ooaÆa2 ̈ °±¥·1⁄2ß ¶ ́o13a2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ æø­ao ±2 ø°°øÆa2 ̈¥ß 

°¥ø1⁄2·21 o·ooaÆa2 ̈ ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ·2  ̈©± øÆaø­Ê 

 ̈ ̧a Æ±¥a ±o  ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a floø3­ 

­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a Æa¥ø ̈·TMa ©a·1 ̧ ̈ °¥ø1⁄2ao 

±2  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­Ú ... ̧·¥a  ̧a o± ́2o  ̈ ̧a 

aTM·oa21⁄2a Æa°±Æ ̈·21 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ðÚðÍð 

°°3 ¥aTMa¥ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a floø3­ ­ ̈ ́o·a­  ̈± æa 

 ̈±± ¥·3· ̈ao  ̈± ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ø °Æ·3øÆß o±1⁄2 ́­ 

ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ ¥aTMa¥Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ±æ­aÆTMa­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ø°°aøÆ­  ̈± °¥ø1⁄2a 

1Æaø ̈aÆ ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ±2  ̈ ̧·­ aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ø­ 

·2o·1⁄2ø ̈ao æß · ̈­ Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2 ±o ø 

Æø21a o±©2  ̈± ðÚðÍð °°3Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± ±æ­aÆTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ © ̧·¥a 

 ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o 

ðÚðÍð °°3Ù  ̈ ̧aß ø¥­± ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ø ¥aTMa¥ 

øæ±TMa ðÚðÍðÙ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aß o± 2± ̈ 

æa¥·aTMa  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o floø3­ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ 

3aø2  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̧ø­ 

 ̈± æa ­a ̈ ø ̈ ðÚðÍð °°3Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± ±æ­aÆTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ ø°°aøÆao  ̈± °¥ø1⁄2a 1Æaø ̈aÆ 

©a·1 ̧ ̈ ±2  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ø­ ø æø­·­ o±Æ · ̈­ 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oao Æø21aÚ ×2 ÆaoaÆÆ·21  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ o±Æ 

¥ ́21 o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2Ù Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ­ß3° ̈±3­Ù 

 ̧±­°· ̈ø¥ øo3·­­·±2­ ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÙ  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈Ê 

èèæa2ao·1⁄2·ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·2  ̈aÆ3­ ±o Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 

±o øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ©aÆa 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈ao 

 ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥±©a­ ̈ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̄·ÚaÚÙ ðÚðÍÏ °°3 ̃éé

 ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍ1⁄2Ù °Ú Ï ̃Ú ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 3±Æa  ̧aøTM·¥ß ©a·1 ̧­  ̈ ̧a 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·aø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ßéØ ́ø2 ̈· ̈ø ̈·TMa  ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­Ù ø­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao øæ±TMa ·2 

­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ××ÚflÚÌÚ Ÿ·TMa2  ̈ ̧a­a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­Ù 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ o±a­ 2± ̈ ø1Æaa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a­a ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß 

­aÆTMa ø­ ø °Æ·3øÆß æø­·­ o±Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́o·21 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¥aTMa¥­ ø ̈ ±Æ æa¥±© ðÚðÈð °°3 øÆa 

ÆaØ ́·Æao o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

flo ̈aÆ 1⁄2øÆao ́¥¥ß  ̈øμ·21  ̈ ̧a øæ±TMa 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ ø2o 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­ ·2 ̈± 

ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈Ù ø2o o ́¥¥ß 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o °±¥·1⁄2ß TM·a©­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

›flÕfl›Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ oa1⁄2·oao 

 ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

—Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ú ×2  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈Ù æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß øTMø·¥øæ¥a aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

­a ̈ ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ ¥aTMa¥ ©± ́¥o æa ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a  ̈± 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21  ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±o 

­a2­· ̈·TMa ­ ́æ°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ù oÆ±3 ­aÆ·± ́­ 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 

3±Ææ·o· ̈ßÙ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ ¶ ́o1ao  ̈± æa 1⁄2ø ́­ø¥¥ß 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ ­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 ø2o 

°Æ±¥±21ao a®°±­ ́Æa­  ̈± —ÌÙ ø2o 

°Æa3ø ̈ ́Æa 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ fl ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧·­ ¥aTMa¥ °Æ±TM·oa­ ø ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ ·21⁄2Æaø­a 

·2 °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 1⁄2±3°øÆao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ø2o ·­ ø°°Æa1⁄2·øæ¥ß æa¥±© 

ðÚðËð °°3Ù  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ·2 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao 

 ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø ̈ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 

øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̧øTMa æaa2 oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈aoÚ 

fl ̈ ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÈÎÙ a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ ø2o 

øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ±o ðÚðËð °°3 øÆa 

a­­a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß a¥·3·2ø ̈aoÙ ø2o a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø ̈ 

ø2o øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a æa21⁄2 ̧3øÆμ ±o ðÚðÈð øÆa 

­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥¥ß Æao ́1⁄2ao ±Æ a¥·3·2ø ̈ao o±Æ 

 ̈ ̧a TMø­ ̈ 3ø¶±Æ· ̈ß ±o °a±°¥a ·2 ø ̈ÛÆ·­μ 

1Æ± ́°­Ú fl ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ø ̈ ø ¥aTMa¥ ¥±©aÆ 

 ̈ ̧ø2 ðÚðÈÎ ©± ́¥o ±2¥ß Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ o ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ·oÙ ·2 oø1⁄2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ ø 

1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́ ́3 ±o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ­ ·2 øÆaø­ ©· ̈ ̧ 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

øÆa ©a¥¥ æa¥±©  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ 

±æ­aÆTMao ·2  ̈ ̧a μaß 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao  ̧ ́3ø2 

a®°±­ ́Æa ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø2o ·o  ̈ ̧a Æa°±Æ ̈ao 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2­ ±æ­aÆTMao ·2 

a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ øÆaÙ ·2 oø1⁄2 ̈Ù 

1⁄2ø ́­ø¥¥ß Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈± —Ì ø ̈  ̈ ̧±­a ¥±©aÆ 

¥aTMa¥­Ú fiø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a øTMø·¥øæ¥a aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ·­ 2± ̈ °Æa°øÆao  ̈± 

3øμa  ̈ ̧a­a ø­­ ́3° ̈·±2­Ú Ãøμ·21 ·2 ̈± 

ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈  ̈ ̧a  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa3ø·2 ·2 

·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a aTM·oa21⁄2a oÆ±3 øTMø·¥øæ¥a 

1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥¥ao  ̧ ́3ø2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

a°·oa3·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ø ̈ TMaÆß ¥±© 

¥aTMa¥­Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­· ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

¥·μa¥· ̧±±o ±o ±æ ̈ø·2·21 æa2ao· ̈­  ̈± 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ æa¥±© 

ðÚðÈÎ °°3 —Ì oa1⁄2Æaø­a­Ù © ̧·¥a  ̈ ̧a 

¥·μa¥· ̧±±o ±o ÆaØ ́·Æ·21 Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ·2 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1± æaß±2o 

 ̈ ̧±­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 2aaoao  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ·21⁄2Æaø­a­Ú Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

¶ ́o1a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a æø¥ø21⁄2a  ̈± æa 

oÆø©2Ù æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a a2 ̈·Æa æ±oß ±o 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 øTMø·¥øæ¥a ·2 

 ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a©Ù ·­ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ø ̈ ðÚðÈÎÚ 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈ ø ̈ ðÚðÈÎ °°3 ©± ́¥o æa 

­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÙ ø2o o±a­ 

2± ̈ æa¥·aTMa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø ¥±©aÆ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 

2aaoao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa  ̈ ̧·­ oa1Æaa ±o 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú Ã ̧·­ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ æß  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ­ 

 ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈ o±Æ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ 

2a· ̈ ̧aÆ 3±Æa 2±Æ ¥a­­ ­ ̈Æ·21a2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø2 

2a1⁄2a­­øÆß o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ ° ́Æ°±­a ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ›flfl o±a­ 2± ̈ 

ÆaØ ́·Æa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ æa ­a ̈ ø ̈ 

ø ¶aÆ±ÛÆ·­μ ¥aTMa¥Ù æ ́ ̈ Æø ̈ ̧aÆ ø ̈ ø ¥aTMa¥ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æao ́1⁄2a­ Æ·­μ ­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈¥ß ­± ø­  ̈± 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

3øÆ1·2 ±o ­øoa ̈ßÚ 

‹Ú ⁄·2ø¥ ‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a –Æ·3øÆß —Ì

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æaø­±2­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao øæ±TMaÙ ø2o 

 ̈øμ·21 ·2 ̈± ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­ °Æa­a2 ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø2o Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a øoTM·1⁄2a 

ø2o Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› 

–ø2a¥Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­  ̈± oø ̈aÙ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ oa1⁄2·oao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a 

 ̈ ̧a a®·­ ̈·21 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °Æ·3øÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

Õ°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ßÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ·­ 

ÆaTM·­·21  ̄Ô ̃  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3 ø2o  ̄Ó ̃  ̈ ̧a 

oa1Æaa ±o °Æa1⁄2·­·±2  ̈± © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ ­°a1⁄2·o·ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈ ̧± ́­ø2o ̈ ̧ °°3Ú Ã ̧a ÆaTM·­ao ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ©· ̈ ̧ ø ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÈÎ 

°°3Ù ©± ́¥o æa 3a ̈ ø ̈ ø2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ øTMaÆø1a 

±o  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ±Æ aØ ́ø¥  ̈± 

ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ú ‹ø ̈ø  ̧ø2o¥·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ 

øÆa ­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 2a© fl°°a2o·® – 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ øo±° ̈aoÙ ø­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

 æa¥±©Ú 

fl ̈  ̈ ̧·­  ̈·3aÙ ¤–fl ·­ ø¥­± °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·21 

ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ×2oa® o±Æ —Ì

 ̈± æa 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ·3øÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã ̧a­a ÆaTM·­·±2­ 

øÆa o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao æa¥±© ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ×××Ú ×­­ ́aÆa¥ø ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao —Ì °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 

o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao æa¥±© ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ×Ú 

×××Ú ›±33 ́2·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o – ́æ¥·1⁄2 ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ ±o ø3æ·a2 ̈ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ 

±o 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈­ ·­ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß 3øoa 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a °Æ·3øÆ·¥ß  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ ¤–flé­ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ×2oa®  ̄flœ× ̃ °Æ±1Æø3  ̄Ïð ›⁄Œ 

ÎËÚÎð ̃Ú Ã ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ×2oa® 

 ̧ø­ æaa2 ·2  ́­a ­·21⁄2a · ̈­ ·21⁄2a° ̈·±2 ·2 

ÔÁÁÁ  ̄ÍÏ ⁄Œ ÏÓÎÌð ̃Ú × ̈ °Æ±TM·oaø1⁄21⁄2 ́Æø ̈aÙ  ̈·3a¥ßÙ ø2o aø­·¥ß 

 ́2oaÆ­ ̈ø2oøæ¥a ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 øæ± ́ ̈ oø·¥ß 

¥aTMa¥­ ±o °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2Ú Ã ̧a flœ× a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧aø 2ø ̈·±2ø¥¥ß  ́2·o±Æ3 ­ß­ ̈a3 ±o ·2oa®·21 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ¥aTMa¥­ o±Æ —ÌÙ ›—Ù “—ÓÙ –” 

ø2o Õ—ÓÚ Ã ̧a flœ× 1⁄2±2TMaÆ ̈­ °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ·2 ø 1⁄2±33 ́2· ̈ßé­ ø·Æ  ̈± 

ø 2 ́3æaÆ ±2 ø ­1⁄2ø¥a oÆ±3 ð  ̈± ÎððÚ 

Œa°±Æ ̈ao flœ× TMø¥ ́a­ a2øæ¥a  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

 ̈± μ2±© © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ ø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ¥aTMa¥­ ·2 

ø °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ¥±1⁄2ø ̈·±2 øÆa 1⁄2 ̧øÆø1⁄2 ̈aÆ·¶ao ø­ 

1±±o  ̄ðäÎð ̃Ù 3±oaÆø ̈a  ̄ÎÔäÔðð ̃Ù 

 ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß o±Æ ­a2­· ̈·TMa 1Æ± ́°­  ̄ÔðÔä

ÔÎð ̃Ù  ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß  ̄ÔÎÔäÓðð ̃Ù TMaÆß 

 ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß  ̄ÓðÔäÌðð ̃Ù ±Æ  ̧ø¶øÆo± ́­ 

 ̄ÌðÔäÎðð ̃Ú Ã ̧a flœ× ·2oa® TMø¥ ́a ±o Ôðð 

 ̈ß°·1⁄2ø¥¥ß 1⁄2±ÆÆa­°±2o­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 “flflœÕ o±Æ aø1⁄2 ̧ °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈Ú 

⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÈ —Ì “flflœÕÙ ø2 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ±o ðÚðËÏ °°3 

1⁄2±ÆÆa­°±2o­  ̈± ø2 flœ× TMø¥ ́a ±o ÔððÚ fl2 

flœ× TMø¥ ́a 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 Ôðð 3aø2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ø °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ ·­ ·2 ±2a ±o  ̈ ̧a  ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÏÁ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
ÔÍÏËÏ ⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

1⁄2ø ̈a1±Æ·a­  ̄·ÚaÚÙ  ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß o±Æ ­a2­· ̈·TMa 

1Æ± ́°­Ù  ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ßÙ TMaÆß  ́2 ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ßÙ ±Æ 

 ̧ø¶øÆo± ́­ ̃ ±2 ø 1·TMa2 oøßÂ ø2 flœ× TMø¥ ́a 

ø ̈ ±Æ æa¥±© Ôðð 3aø2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ ·2 ±2a ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ø ̈·­oø1⁄2 ̈±Æß 1⁄2ø ̈a1±Æ·a­  ̄·ÚaÚÙ 1±±o ±Æ 

3±oaÆø ̈a ̃Ú ‹a1⁄2·­·±2­ øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈ 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø ̈ © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈± ­a ̈  ̈ ̧a 

TMøÆ·± ́­ flœ× æÆaøμ°±·2 ̈­Ù  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oa¥·2aø ̈a 

 ̈ ̧a TMøÆ·± ́­ flœ× 1⁄2ø ̈a1±Æ·a­Ù oÆø© 

o·Æa1⁄2 ̈¥ß oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a  ́2oaÆ¥ß·21  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈­  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕ 

ÆaTM·a©Ú 

Ã ̧a fl1a21⁄2ß Æa1⁄2±12·¶ao  ̈ ̧a 

·3°±Æ ̈ø21⁄2a ±o ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a flœ× ·2 ø 

 ̈·3a¥ß 3ø22aÆ  ̈± æa 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ ø2ß 

ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕÚ Ã ̧aÆao±ÆaÙ ¤–fl 

°Æ±°±­ao  ̈± o·2ø¥·¶a 1⁄2±2o±Æ3·21 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a flœ×Ù ·2 1⁄2±22a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a 

fl1a21⁄2ßé­ o·2ø¥ oa1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a —Ì

“flflœÕ ·o ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß 

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±o ÎðÙ ÔÎð ø2o Óðð ̃Ú ¤–fl o·o 2± ̈ 

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·o  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ ÆaTM·­aoÂ  ̄Ó ̃ 

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­ ́°°±Æ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ TM·a©Ù ÀflŒŸ 2± ̈ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

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TM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¥±©aÆ·21  ̈ ̧a ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

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flœ× TMø¥ ́a­ ©± ́¥o 1⁄2±2o ́­a ø2o 3·­¥aøo 

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TM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­·21⁄2a ¤–fl o·o 2± ̈ °Æ±°±­a 

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...·­1⁄2±2­·2 ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o “ø ̈ ́Æø¥ 

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èèˆ ˆ ˆ © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ÓÏÛ ̧± ́Æ –”ÓÚÎ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

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2± ̈·1⁄2a °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·21 ø ÆaTM·­ao o·2aÛ°øÆ ̈·1⁄2¥a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·2 Õa° ̈a3æaÆ ÓððÍÙ æ ́ ̈ ¤–fl ­ ̈·¥¥ 

 ̧ø­ 2± ̈ 1⁄2 ̧ø21ao  ̈ ̧a flœ×  ̈± Æao¥a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ...a Æa1⁄2±33a2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a flœ× æa 

ø3a2oao  ̈± æa 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

±¶±2a ø2o –”ÓÚÎ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Úéé Å...× ‹“ŒÙ °Ú ÌÃ 

⁄·2ø¥¥ßÙ fl‘fl a ̈ ø¥Ú ø2o “¤Õ›flÀ” 

a®°Æa­­ao  ̈ ̧a TM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø2 flœ× TMø¥ ́a ±o 

Ôðð ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ­a ̈ ø ̈ ø2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

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­ ̧±©·21 øoTMaÆ­a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ æa¥±© 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao Æø21a ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oao Æø21a ±o ›flÕfl›Ù ø2o ø¥­± 

1⁄2· ̈ao  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÁ oa1⁄2·­·±2  ̈± ­a ̈ ø2 flœ× 

TMø¥ ́a ±o Ôðð o±Æ –”ÓÚÎ aØ ́ø¥  ̈± Ïð 1Ò 

3Ì © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©ø­ ÍÎ 1Ò3ÌÙ ø­ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ o±Æ 

 ̈ ̧·­ TM·a©Ú ”±­ ̈ ± ̈ ̧aÆ Õ ̈ø ̈a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ­a ̈ ̈·21 ø2 flœ× TMø¥ ́a ±o Ôðð 

aØ ́ø¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

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flœ× ø­ ø 1⁄2±33 ́2·1⁄2ø ̈·±2  ̈±±¥  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ø¥¥±©­  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2  ̈±  ̈øμa a®°±­ ́Æa 

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oøTM±Æao ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a flœ× ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a 

 ̈·3a ø­  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ¤–fl 

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flœ× TMø¥ ́a ±o Ôðð aØ ́ø¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 

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ø2o ø 1⁄2±33 ́2·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMaÚ 

fi± ̈ ̧ ÀflŒŸ ø2o fl‘fl a ̈ ø¥Ú 1⁄2· ̈a  ̈ ̧a 

ÔÁÁÁ flœ× Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ù © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ­a ̈ ø2 flœ× 

TMø¥ ́a ±o Ôðð o±Æ –”ÓÚÎ aØ ́ø¥  ̈± Ïð 1Ò 

3ÌÙ ø ¥±©aÆ ¥aTMa¥  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 –”ÓÚÎ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ø­ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ 

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­ ́æÛ·2oa® o±Æ –”ÓÚÎ ©ø­ oaTMa¥±°ao 

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Ôðð ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 

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ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 3·o°±·2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a Æø21a æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a 

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­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì “flflœÕÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

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fl­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao 3±Æa o ́¥¥ß æa¥±©Ù  ̈ ̧a 

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ÆaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a ¥ø ̈a­ ̈ ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 

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aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì  ̈± 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ù ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 

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TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ­Ù °Æa­a2 ̈ao 

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Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ o±Æ ÆaTM·­·±2­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©aÆa æø­aoÂ  ̄Ó ̃ 

›flÕfl› –ø2a¥ øoTM·1⁄2a ø2o 

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fl­ ©· ̈ ̧ TM·Æ ̈ ́ø¥¥ß ø2ß °±¥·1⁄2ßÛÆa¥aTMø2 ̈ 

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aTM·oa21⁄2a °Æa­a2 ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

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›äÔË ̃Ú 

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1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ ·2øoaØ ́ø ̈aÚ Ã ̧·­ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2 

©ø­ æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a a® ̈a2­·TMa TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ·2 °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ  ̈ ̧a Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ 

a3°·Æ·1⁄2ø¥ o·a¥oÛæø­ao aTM·oa21⁄2a ±2 

æ·±3ø­­ ¥±­­ ·2 ­aao¥·21­Ù ­ø°¥·21­ ø2o 

3ø ̈ ́Æa  ̈Æaa­Ù ø2o o±¥·øÆ ·2¶ ́Æß ·21⁄2·oa21⁄2a 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧ø­ æa1⁄2±3a øTMø·¥øæ¥a ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a©Ù 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈a­  ̈ ̧a ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÆa21⁄2a ±o 

øoTMaÆ­a TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø ̈ ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

¥aTMa¥­ ±o Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ —Ì ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ßÙ ø­ ©a¥¥ øaTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o a®°±­ ́ÆaÛ ø2o Æ·­μÛæø­ao 

ø2ø¥ß­a­ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

©± ́¥o æa °Æao·1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ  ́2oaÆ ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­1⁄2a2øÆ·±­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3aa ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

æÚ ›flÕfl› ·a©­ 

×2 ø ¥a ̈ ̈aÆ  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

 ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ÓððÍ1⁄2 ̃Ù  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› —Ì

–ø2a¥Ù ©· ̈ ̧ o ́¥¥ a2o±Æ­a3a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ̧øÆ ̈aÆao ›flÕfl›Ù  ́2ø2·3± ́­¥ß 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oao  ̈ ̧ø ̈ èèoa­°· ̈a ¥·3· ̈ao Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ 

Æa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧Ù · ̈  ̧ø­ æa1⁄2±3a 1⁄2¥aøÆ ­·21⁄2a  ̈ ̧a 

¥ø­ ̈ ÆaTM·a©  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ø 

©·oa Æø21a ±o TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 

TM·­·æ¥a o±¥·øÆ ·2¶ ́Æß øÆa  ̈± æa a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao 

ø2o  ̧øTMa æaa2 ±æ­aÆTMao ·2 øÆaø­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 

æa¥±©  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

°Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ±¶±2a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Úéé Ã ̧aÆao±ÆaÙ èèæø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a 

—¶±2a –ø2a¥é­ ÆaTM·a© ±o › ̧ø° ̈aÆ­ È ø2o 

Ë Å±o  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÃÙ  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› 

 ́2ø2·3± ́­¥ß ø1Æaa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ·­ 2± ̈ 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a  ̈±  ̈Æß  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥Ù μ2±©2 ±Æ 

ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈aoÙ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈ ø2oÒ±Æ ·2o·Æa1⁄2 ̈Ù 

øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ø3æ·a2 ̈ —Ì æß 

1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́·21  ̈± °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈a ·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥ 

°Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —ÌÚ 

”±Æa±TMaÆÙ  ̈ ̧a 3a3æaÆ­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

›±33· ̈ ̈aa ø2o ø ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ 3ø¶±Æ· ̈ß ±o 

 ̈ ̧a —¶±2a –ø2a¥ ø1Æaa ©· ̈ ̧ ¤–fl ­ ̈øoo 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ ø2o a21⁄2± ́Æø1a  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ ø2 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMa ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±Æ —Ì

ø2o Æa¥ø ̈ao ° ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ ±®·oø2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

·­ o·­ ̈·21⁄2 ̈¥ß o·ooaÆa2 ̈ ·2 øTMaÆø1·21  ̈·3aÙ 

o±Æ3 ø2o ¥aTMa¥ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß 

a®·­ ̈·21 ±Æ °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß ÆaTM·­ao ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoéé  ̄ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù 

ÓððÍ1⁄2 ̃ÚÓÍ

1⁄2Ú flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æé­ –Æ±°±­ao 

›±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ 

fl ̈  ̈ ̧a  ̈·3a ±o °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù ·2 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21 © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧± ́¥o æa ÆaTM·­aoÙ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2øÆao ́¥¥ß 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a Æø ̈·±2ø¥a ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo 

–ø°aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a øoTM·1⁄2a ø2o Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ 

oÆ±3 ›flÕfl›Ù ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­  ̈± 

oø ̈a ±2  ̈ ̧·­ ·­­ ́aÚ ×2 ­± o±·21Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ø1ø·2­ ̈ 

èèøoTMaÆ­aéé —Ì aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù ø­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2 

­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 × ÚflÚÌ ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥Ú ×2 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21 © ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2±2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈a­ ø 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ ø¥­± øoTMaÆ­a  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆaÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

 ̈±±μ ·2 ̈± ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­ Æa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈ ́Æa ø2o 

­ ̈Æa21 ̈ ̧ ±o  ̈ ̧a TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈­Ù  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa  ̈± © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ 

 ̈ ̧a ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ ­ ̧± ́¥o æa 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 ·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­Ù 

ø2o  ̈ ̧a TM·a©­ ±o ›flÕfl› ø2o 3a3æaÆ­ 

±o  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2Ú —2  ̈ ̧a­a æø­a­Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ °Æ±°±­ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ ·2øoaØ ́ø ̈a  ̈± 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆa oÆ±3 μ2±©2 

ø2o ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ú 

—¶±2a ¥aTMa¥­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©± ́¥o æa a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± 

Æa3ø·2 øo ̈aÆ 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©aÆa ¶ ́o1ao  ̈± æa 

­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̈± 1⁄2ø ́­a TM·­·æ¥a o±¥·øÆ ·2¶ ́ÆßÙ 

­aao¥·21 ø2o 3ø ̈ ́Æa  ̈Æaa æ·±3ø­­ ¥±­­Ù 

ø2o 1⁄2Æ±° ß·a¥o Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­  ̈± oa1Æaa­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao øoTMaÆ­a 

oa°a2o·21 ±2  ̈ ̧a ·2 ̈a2oao  ́­a ±o  ̈ ̧a 

°¥ø2 ̈ ø2o · ̈­ ­·12·o·1⁄2ø21⁄2a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

©a¥oøÆaÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±a­ 2± ̈ °Æ±TM·oa øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 oÆ±3 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú — ̈ ̧aÆ —ÌÛ 

·2o ́1⁄2ao aooa1⁄2 ̈­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

¥· ̈aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 ø2 ·3°ø·Æao øæ·¥· ̈ß 

±o 3ø2ß ­a2­· ̈·TMa ­°a1⁄2·a­ ø2o 1a2± ̈ß°a­ 

©· ̈ ̧·2 ­°a1⁄2·a­  ̈± øoø° ̈  ̈± ±Æ ©· ̈ ̧­ ̈ø2o 

± ̈ ̧aÆ a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ­ ̈Æa­­a­Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ øoÆaa¶·21  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa­Ù °a­ ̈ ·2oa­ ̈ø ̈·±2­ 

ø2oÒ±Æ o·­aø­aÙ ø2o  ̈± 1⁄2±3°a ̈a o±Æ 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a Æa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­Ù ©± ́¥o ø¥­± æa 

ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao  ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÚ ×2  ̈ ̧a ¥±21 Æ ́2Ù  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a­a ·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈­  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ ¥±­­ ·2 

TM·1±Æ ̃ 1⁄2± ́¥o ¥aøo  ̈± °Æa3ø ̈ ́Æa °¥ø2 ̈ 

oaø ̈ ̧ ·2 —Ì ­a2­· ̈·TMa ­°a1⁄2·a­Ú Ã ̧± ́1 ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ± ̈ ̧aÆ a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈­ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÎË ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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 ̧øTMa ±2¥ß æaa2 a®ø3·2ao ·2 ·­±¥ø ̈ao 

1⁄2ø­a­Ù aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­  ̈ ̧±­a oa­1⁄2Æ·æao 

øæ±TMa 1⁄2± ́¥o  ̧øTMa ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ o±Æ °¥ø2 ̈ 1⁄2±33 ́2· ̈ß ø2o 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ­°a1⁄2·a­ æ·±o·TMaÆ­· ̈ß ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈Æ ́1⁄2 ̈ ́Æa ø2o o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o © ̧±¥a 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ú Ã ̧a­a 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­ ø¥­± 

­ ́°°±Æ ̈  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 2± ̈ 

øoaØ ́ø ̈a ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ÆaTM·­·±2 ·­ 2aaoao  ̈± 

°Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆa 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú 

ÓÚ ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a “aao o±Æ ŒaTM·­·±2 

Ã ̧a øæ±TMa ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ± ́ ̈¥·2a­  ̈ ̧a 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­  ́­ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± ·2o±Æ3  ̧·­ °Æ±°±­ao 

¶ ́o13a2 ̈­ øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a øoaØ ́ø1⁄2ß ±o  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ÿa2aÆø¥ 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ Æa1⁄2a·TMao ±2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

a· ̈ ̧aÆ ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ao ±Æ ±°°±­ao  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±°±­ao oa1⁄2·­·±2  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

—Ì ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa øooÆa­­ao ·2 

 ̈ ̧·­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú ›±33a2 ̈­ Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ø2o ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈± 

a®°±­ ́Æa ·2o·1⁄2a­ øÆa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 

­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 × ÚfiÚÓÚø æa¥±©Ù ø2o 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ 

±2 TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­ øÆa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

× ÚfiÚÓÚæÚ ›±33a2 ̈­ ±2 ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 ·­­ ́a­Ù 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

aTM·oa21⁄2aÙ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ±2 a®°±­ ́Æa 

·2o·1⁄2a­Ù ±Æ  ̈ ̧a TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

Æ·­μ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa¥ø ̈a  ̈± 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a o±Æ3Ù 

øTMaÆø1·21  ̈·3aÙ ±Æ ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa øooÆa­­ao æa¥±© ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

× Ú›Ú Ÿa2aÆø¥ 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ æø­ao ±2 

·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2ÛÆa¥ø ̈ao oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 

2± ̈ ø °aÆ3·­­·æ¥a æø­·­ o±Æ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21 

 ̈ ̧a 2aao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

øÆa 2± ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Œa­°±2­a  ̈± ›±33a2 ̈­ 

o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

øÚ ¤TM·oa21⁄2a ±o ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø2o ¤®°±­ ́Æa 

×2o·1⁄2aÕa1⁄2 ̈·±2­ × ÚflÚÓ ø2o × ÚflÚÌ øæ±TMa 

°Æ±TM·oa ø ­ ́33øÆß ±TMaÆTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ±2 TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø2o a®°±­ ́Æa ·2o·1⁄2a­ 

 ́­ao æß  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̈± ·2o±Æ3  ̧·­ 

°Æ±°±­ao ¶ ́o13a2 ̈­ øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a øoaØ ́ø1⁄2ß 

±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ —Ì ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ flo·­1⁄2 ́­­ao 3±Æa o ́¥¥ß æa¥±©Ù 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­ 

Æa1⁄2a·TMao ±2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥ Æa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a 

2ø ̈ ́Æa ø2o ­ ̈Æa21 ̈ ̧ ±o  ̈ ̧a TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ù 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ±2 a®°±­ ́Æa ·2o·1⁄2a­Ù ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß 

æa oÆø©2 oÆ±3 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 oa¥¥ 

1a2aÆø¥¥ß ·2 ̈±  ̈©± 1Æ± ́°­Ú 

—2a 1Æ± ́° ±o 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

·21⁄2¥ ́oao 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø2o ¥±1⁄2ø¥ 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ±Æ1ø2·¶ø ̈·±2­  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ 

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±o Æ·­·21 ›—Ó ·2 ø 1⁄2 ̧ø21·21 1⁄2¥·3ø ̈aÙ 

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1⁄2ø ́­ao ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ Æao ́1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ·2 

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©ø ̈aÆ­ ̧aoÂ ø2o  ̄Ì ̃ —Ì 3øß ø3°¥·oß  ̈ ̧a 

øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ·21⁄2Æaø­·21 

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2± ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2±33a2 ̈aÆ­ ø­ 

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fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 Æø21a ·2 ÓððÔäÓððÌ  ̄–aÆ1⁄2ßÙ a ̈ 

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1⁄2±2­·oaÆ  ̈ ̧a­a èè2a©éé ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ·2 3øμ·21 

 ̧·­ o·2ø¥ oa1⁄2·­·±2Ú 

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2± ̈ ±2¥ß æa1⁄2ø ́­a ·2  ̈ ̧a·Æ TM·a©  ̈ ̧a 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a aTM·oa21⁄2a 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́­·TMa¥ß 

oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

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TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ù æ ́ ̈ ø¥­± æa1⁄2ø ́­a  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈øoo 

–ø°aÆ °Æ±TM·oa­ øæ ́2oø2 ̈ aTM·oa21⁄2a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

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o·ooaÆa2 ̈ ·2 o±Æ3 oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ±Æ 

ÆaTM·­ao °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ⁄±Æ a®ø3°¥aÙ 

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æ±oß ±o  ̧·­ ̈±Æ·1⁄2ø¥ ø2o Æa1⁄2a2 ̈ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

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æß  ̈ ̧a ©a·1 ̧ ̈ ±o ­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 aTM·oa21⁄2aÚéé

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1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 oÆ±3 ø2 øÆÆøß ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ­a2­· ̈·TMa TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ú ¤–fl ø¥­± ø1Æaa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a aTM·oa21⁄2a ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø 

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æ·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥¥ß Æa¥aTMø2 ̈ a®°±­ ́Æa­ o±Æ 

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¥· ̈aÆø ̈ ́ÆaÙ ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 ø2 ·3°ø·Æao øæ·¥· ̈ß 

±o 3ø2ß ­a2­· ̈·TMa ­°a1⁄2·a­ ø2o 1a2± ̈ß°a­ 

©· ̈ ̧·2 ­°a1⁄2·a­  ̈± øoø° ̈  ̈± ±Æ ©· ̈ ̧­ ̈ø2o 

± ̈ ̧aÆ a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ­ ̈Æa­­a­Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ øoÆaa¶·21  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa­Ù °a­ ̈ ·2oa­ ̈ø ̈·±2­ 

ø2oÒ±Æ o·­aø­aÙ ø2o  ̈± 1⁄2±3°a ̈a o±Æ 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a Æa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­Ù ©± ́¥o ø¥­± æa 

ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao  ̈± ±1⁄21⁄2 ́ÆÚ ×2  ̈ ̧a ¥±21 Æ ́2Ù  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a­a ·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈­  ̄aÚ1ÚÙ ¥±­­ ·2 

TM·1±Æ ̃ 1⁄2± ́¥o ¥aøo  ̈± °Æa3ø ̈ ́Æa °¥ø2 ̈ 

oaø ̈ ̧ ·2 —Ì ­a2­· ̈·TMa ­°a1⁄2·a­Ú Ã ̧± ́1 ̧ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ± ̈ ̧aÆ a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 1⁄2±3°±2a2 ̈­ 

 ̧øTMa ±2¥ß æaa2 a®ø3·2ao ·2 ·­±¥ø ̈ao 

1⁄2ø­a­Ù aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­  ̈ ̧±­a oa­1⁄2Æ·æao 

øæ±TMa 1⁄2± ́¥o  ̧øTMa ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ o±Æ °¥ø2 ̈ 1⁄2±33 ́2· ̈ß ø2o 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ­°a1⁄2·a­ æ·±o·TMaÆ­· ̈ß ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈Æ ́1⁄2 ̈ ́Æa ø2o o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o © ̧±¥a 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 2± ̈ 3aø2 ̈  ̈± 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ø1ø·2­ ̈ ø¥¥ μ2±©2 ±æ­aÆTMao ±Æ 

ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù æ ́ ̈ ±2¥ß 

 ̈ ̧±­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2ø2 Æaø­±2øæ¥ß æa ¶ ́o1ao  ̈± 

æa øoTMaÆ­a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆaÚ ×2 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21 © ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2±2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈a­ ø 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ øoTMaÆ­a oÆ±3 ø 

° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆa °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMaÙ  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ æa¥·aTMa­ · ̈ ·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a 

 ̈± 1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́a  ̈± Æa¥ß ±2  ̈ ̧a oao·2· ̈·±2 ±o 

èèøoTMaÆ­aÙéé o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 × ÚflÚÌ 

±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·3æao­  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±21⁄2a° ̈ 

±o èè·2 ̈a2oao  ́­aéé ±o  ̈ ̧a a1⁄2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ 

Æa1⁄2a° ̈±Æ­ ø2o Æa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 

øooa1⁄2 ̈aoÙ ø2o ø°°¥·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2±21⁄2a° ̈ 

æaß±2o  ̈ ̧a ­°a1⁄2·a­ ¥aTMa¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 ¥aTMa¥ÚÓÈ ×2 ­± o±·21Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­  ̈øμa2 2± ̈a ±o ø 

2 ́3æaÆ ±o ø1⁄2 ̈·±2­  ̈øμa2 æß ›±21Æa­­  ̈± 

a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ¥ø2o­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa ­a ̈ ø­·oa 

o±Æ ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2  ́­a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa ·2 ̈a2oao  ̈± 

°Æ±TM·oa æa2ao· ̈­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆaÙ 

·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 ¥ø2o­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa  ̈± æa °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ao 

­± ø­  ̈± 1⁄2±2­aÆTMa  ̈ ̧a ­1⁄2a2·1⁄2 TMø¥ ́a ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o ©·¥o¥·oa 

©· ̈ ̧·2 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ øÆaø­Ù ø2o  ̈± ¥aøTMa  ̈ ̧a3 

 ́2·3°ø·Æao o±Æ  ̈ ̧a a2¶±ß3a2 ̈ ±o o ́ ̈ ́Æa 

1a2aÆø ̈·±2­Ú Õ ́1⁄2 ̧ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ¥ø2o­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ao øÆaø­ ±o 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ·2 ̈aÆa­ ̈ 

·21⁄2¥ ́oa 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ °øÆμ­ ø2o o±Æa­ ̈­Ù 

©·¥o¥·oa Æao ́1a­Ù ø2o ©·¥oaÆ2a­­ øÆaø­Ú 

fia1⁄2ø ́­a —ÌÛ­a2­· ̈·TMa ­°a1⁄2·a­ øÆa 

1a2aÆø¥¥ß o± ́2o ·2 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ øÆaø­Ù ø2o 

æa1⁄2ø ́­a ¥aTMa¥­ ±o —Ì ø¥¥±©ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 

­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̈± 1⁄2ø ́­a μ2±©2 ±Æ ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao 

·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

¶ ́o1a­  ̈± æa øoTMaÆ­a  ̈± ­a2­· ̈·TMa 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­ ·2 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 

øÆaø­Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

· ̈ ·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a  ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ·2 °øÆ ̈Ù  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ·21⁄2Æaø­ao 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ø1ø·2­ ̈ —ÌÛ1⁄2ø ́­ao 

·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈  ̈± ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ao TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ o ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ù ÃÆ·æa­ ø2o ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ·2 ̈aÆa­ ̈ 

1Æ± ́°­ ø¥­± ­a ̈ ø­·oa øÆaø­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 

·2 ̈a2oao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ­·3·¥øÆ æa2ao· ̈­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆaÙ o±Æ Æa­·oa2 ̈­ ±2 Õ ̈ø ̈a 

ø2o ÃÆ·æø¥ ¥ø2o­Ù ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­ o±Æ TM·­· ̈±Æ­ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧±­a øÆaø­Ú Ÿ·TMa2  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2¥aøÆ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

·2 ̈aÆa­ ̈ ·2 ø2o TMø¥ ́a ±o 3ø·2 ̈ø·2·21 

 ̈ ̧a­a øÆaø­ ·2 ø 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ o±a­ 2± ̈ 

·3°ø·Æ  ̈ ̧a·Æ ·2 ̈a2oao  ́­aÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧a oø1⁄2 ̈ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3ø2ß ±o  ̈ ̧a­a øÆaø­ 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2 —ÌÛ 

­a2­· ̈·TMa TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

o ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ · ̈ ·­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a 

 ̈± ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·2 °øÆ ̈ 

 ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ·21⁄2Æaø­ao °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ø1ø·2­ ̈ 

—ÌÛ1⁄2ø ́­ao ·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈  ̈± TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­ ·2 ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ­°a1⁄2·ø¥¥ß oa­·12ø ̈ao 

øÆaø­Ú 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÍÓ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ÔÍÏÁÈ 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ­a2­· ̈·TMa 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ ·2 øÆaø­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa 2± ̈ 

æaa2 øoo±Æoao ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ­°a1⁄2·ø¥ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2­Ù 

Æø21·21 oÆ±3 TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2  ́­ao o±Æ 

Æa­·oa2 ̈·ø¥ ±Æ 1⁄2±33aÆ1⁄2·ø¥ ±Æ2ø3a2 ̈ø¥ 

° ́Æ°±­a­Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­  ́Ææø2Ò­ ́æ ́Ææø2 

¥ø2o­1⁄2ø°·21Ù  ̈± ¥ø2o  ́­a 1⁄2ø ̈a1±Æ·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

øÆa  ̧aøTM·¥ß 3ø2ø1ao o±Æ 1⁄2±33aÆ1⁄2·ø¥ 

°Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 1⁄2±33±o· ̈·a­ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ øø1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́Æø¥ 1⁄2Æ±°­Ù  ̈·3æaÆÙ ø2o 

±Æ2ø3a2 ̈ø¥ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ú ⁄±Æ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

 ́­ao o±Æ Æa­·oa2 ̈·ø¥ ±Æ 1⁄2±33aÆ1⁄2·ø¥ 

±Æ2ø3a2 ̈ø¥ ° ́Æ°±­a­Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø­  ́Ææø2Ò 

­ ́æ ́Ææø2 ¥ø2o­1⁄2ø°·21Ù  ̈ ̧aÆa øÆa 

·2o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

·2 ̈a2oao  ́­a ±o ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 1⁄2ø2 

±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ oÆ±3 —Ì a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø¥¥±©ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ... ̧·¥a  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ̈ 

øoaØ ́ø ̈a ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­  ̈·3a  ̈± 

a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ ø ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo æø­ao 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ß ±2 ·3°ø·Æ3a2 ̈ ±o  ́Ææø2Ò 

­ ́æ ́Ææø2 ¥ø2o­1⁄2ø°·21 ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ  ́­a­ ±o 

±Æ2ø3a2 ̈ø¥ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ù  ̧a 2± ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ÆaTM·­ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ ­a2­· ̈·TMa 2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­ 3øß ø¥­± 

°Æ±TM·oa ­±3a oa1Æaa ±o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ±Æ2ø3a2 ̈ø¥ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ú 

...· ̈ ̧ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈  ̈± 1⁄2±33aÆ1⁄2·ø¥ 

°Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 1⁄2±33±o· ̈·a­Ù  ̧±©aTMaÆÙ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 2± ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈­ 

øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a a® ̈a2 ̈  ̈± © ̧·1⁄2 ̧ —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 1⁄2±33aÆ1⁄2·ø¥¥ß 3ø2ø1ao 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 øÆa øoTMaÆ­a oÆ±3 ø ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

©a¥oøÆa °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa øÆa °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ¥ß 

o·oo·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈  ̈± Æaø1⁄2 ̧Ù 1·TMa2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ © ̧ø ̈ ·­ 

μ2±©2 øæ± ́ ̈  ̈ ̧a Æa¥ø ̈·±2­ ̧·° æa ̈©aa2 

—Ì a®°±­ ́Æa­ ø2o ø1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́Æø¥ 1⁄2Æ±° ß·a¥o 

Æa­°±2­a oaÆ·TMa­ ¥øÆ1a¥ß oÆ±3 oø ̈ø 

1a2aÆø ̈ao ø¥3±­ ̈ Óð ßaøÆ­ ø1±Ú Ã ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 

­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­  ̈·3a ø­  ̈± 

© ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a­a oø ̈ø Æa3ø·2 Æa¥aTMø2 ̈  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a 3ø¶±Æ· ̈ß ±o ­°a1⁄2·a­ ø2o 1⁄2 ́¥ ̈·TMøÆ­ ±o 

1⁄2Æ±°­ æa·21 1Æ±©2 ·2  ̈ ̧a o·a¥o  ̈±oøßÚ ×2 

øoo· ̈·±2Ù  ̈ ̧a a® ̈a2­·TMa 3ø2ø1a3a2 ̈ ±o 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 3øß  ̈± ­±3a oa1Æaa 

3· ̈·1ø ̈a °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú Ã ̧a 

3ø2ø1a3a2 ̈ °Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2a­  ́­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a­a 

¥ø2o­ øÆa  ̧·1 ̧¥ß TMøÆ·øæ¥a ø2o øÆa 

oa­·12ao  ̈± ø1⁄2 ̧·aTMa ±° ̈·3ø¥ ß·a¥o­Ù 

 ̈øμ·21 ·2 ̈± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 TMøÆ·± ́­ 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­Ú Ã ̧ ́­Ù © ̧·¥a 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ÆaTM·­ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ ­a2­· ̈·TMa 2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­ 3øß ø¥­± 

°Æ±TM·oa ­±3a oa1Æaa ±o øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ  ̧aøTM·¥ß 3ø2ø1ao 

1⁄2±33aÆ1⁄2·ø¥ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ù  ̈ ̧a 2aao o±Æ 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ·­  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2Ú 

fiø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧a­a 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­Ù ø2o 

 ̈øμ·21 ·2 ̈± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2  ̈ ̧a øoTM·1⁄2a ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ ±o ›flÕfl›Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 øoo±Æoao æß  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 2± ̈ ­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ 

ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 2aao­  ̈± æa 

ÆaTM·­ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

oÆ±3 μ2±©2 ø2o ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ­a2­· ̈·TMa 2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

ø2o ­a2­· ̈·TMa a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 

ø ÆaTM·­ao ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 1⁄2± ́¥o ø¥­± æa 

a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈± ­a2­· ̈·TMa ±Æ2ø3a2 ̈ø¥ 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ú Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± 

1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ·­ 2± ̈ øoaØ ́ø ̈a 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2  ̈± a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ ø ­a°øÆø ̈a 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo æø­ao ±2 ± ̈ ̧aÆ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì ±2 ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆaÚ × ̈ ·­ 

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1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMaÙ ­aø­±2ø¥ ...ÔÓÍ o±Æ3Ú 

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1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ×2 o ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21  ̈ ̧a ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa3ø·2 ·2  ̈ ̧a øTMø·¥øæ¥a æ±oß ±o 

aTM·oa21⁄2a ±o —ÌÛÆa¥ø ̈ao TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

ø2o ·2  ̈ ̧a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ ø2ø¥ß­a­ 

1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ ÆaTM·a©Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

o·oo·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ß ·2 oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 ø ̈ © ̧ø ̈ °±·2 ̈ 

TMøÆ·± ́­  ̈ß°a­ ±o TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ 

æa1⁄2±3a øoTMaÆ­a o±Æ ­a2­· ̈·TMa TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 

ø2o a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3­Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

o±1⁄2 ́­ao  ̧·­ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±2 ø ¥aTMa¥ o±Æ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÍÎ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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ø2 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa ...ÔÓÍ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

 ́°°aÆ a2o ±o  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao Æø21a  ̄·ÚaÚÙ ÓÔ 

°°3Û ̧± ́Æ­ ̃Ú Ã ̧a Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ ø2ø¥ß­·­ 

­ ̧±©­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ...ÔÓÍ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ¥aTMa¥Ù 

 ̈ ̧aÆa ©± ́¥o æa a­­a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß 2± 1⁄2± ́2 ̈·a­ 

©· ̈ ̧ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©± ́¥o æa a®°a1⁄2 ̈ao 

æ± ̈ ̧  ̈± a®1⁄2aao ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø2 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa ...ÔÓÍ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø2o  ̈± 3aa ̈  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoâ ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­Ù æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧·­ 

ø2ø¥ß­·­ ±o 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈¥ß 3±2· ̈±Æao 

1⁄2± ́2 ̈·a­Ù ø ...ÔÓÍ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©± ́¥o æa 

 ́2¥·μa¥ß  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ·2 ø2ß øÆaø­ æaß±2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

¥·μa¥ß  ̈± æa °Æ±TM·oao æß  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­ 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 1a2aÆø¥ ¥ø1⁄2μ ±o Æ ́Æø¥ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

oø ̈ø 3øμa­  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa  ̈± 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±Æ ø2 

ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa ...ÔÓÍ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©± ́¥o æa 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·TMaÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa ©± ́¥o æa  ̈ ̧a 

°± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ o±Æ 2± ̈ °Æ±TM·o·21  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a oa1Æaa ±o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±Æ 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 ·2 øÆaø­ ©· ̈ ̧ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2 ø  ̧·1 ̧ 

1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMaÙ ­aø­±2ø¥ a®°±­ ́Æa æ ́ ̈ o± 

2± ̈ Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2  ̧·1 ̧ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

a®°±­ ́Æa­Ú ... ̧·¥a  ̈ ̧·­ °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ o±Æ 

 ́2oaÆÛ°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ·­ 1⁄2¥aøÆÙ  ̈ ̧a 2 ́3æaÆ 

ø2o ­·¶a ±o øÆaø­ ø ̈ ·­­ ́a ø2o  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa 

±o Æ·­μ ·­  ̧øÆo  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2aÚ ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©± ́¥o ø¥­±  ̈a2o  ̈± 

øTM±·o  ̈ ̧a °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ o±Æ °Æ±TM·o·21 3±Æa 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø2 ·­ 2a1⁄2a­­øÆßÙ ø Æ·­μ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

©± ́¥o øÆ·­a oÆ±3 3±TM·21  ̈± ø 2a© o±Æ3 

o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo oa­°· ̈a 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ·2 oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 

 ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa ±o Æ·­μ o±Æ ø2ß a®°±­ ́Æa ¥aTMa¥ 

ø2o  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a ¥aTMa¥ ±o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù 

ø­ ©a¥¥ ø­  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ·2 °Æao·1⁄2 ̈·21 

a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o Æ·­μ °ø ̈ ̈aÆ2­Ú 

Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao 

 ̈ ̧a TM·a©­ ø2o Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ ±o 

›flÕfl›Ù ø2o ø1Æaa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø 1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMaÙ 

­aø­±2ø¥ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­  ̈ ̧a 3±­ ̈ 

æ·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥¥ß Æa¥aTMø2 ̈ ©øß  ̈± Æa¥ø ̈a 

a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± °¥ø2 ̈ 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ Æa­°±2­aÚ 

ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ ø­ Æao¥a1⁄2 ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈­Ù  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø¥­± 

Æa1⁄2±12·¶a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧aÆa Æa3ø·2 ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 

 ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­ ·2 oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 ±Æ 

Ø ́ø2 ̈·oß·21  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa ±o Æ·­μ 

ø ̈ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈øæ¥a  ̈± TMøÆß·21 ¥aTMa¥­ ±o —Ì

a®°±­ ́ÆaÙ  ̈ ̧a oa1Æaa ±o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

ø2ß ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMaÙ ­aø­±2ø¥ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©± ́¥o °Æ±o ́1⁄2aÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ o±Æ aÆÆ±Æ ·2 

oa ̈aÆ3·2·21  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©·¥¥ 

°Æ±TM·oa ø ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a oa1Æaa ±o 

°Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2â·ÚaÚÙ ­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ æ ́ ̈ 2± ̈ 3±Æa 

 ̈ ̧ø2 © ̧ø ̈ ·­ 2a1⁄2a­­øÆßÚ Ÿ·TMa2  ̈ ̧a­a 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈·a­Ù  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2¥ ́oa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧·21 ø 2a© ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

©· ̈ ̧ ø 1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMaÙ ­aø­±2ø¥ o±Æ3 ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ 

 ̈·3a ©± ́¥o Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ·2  ́21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 æa2ao· ̈­ 

æaß±2o  ̈ ̧±­a øoo±Æoao æß  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø2o  ̈ ̧aÆao±Æa 3øß æa 

3±Æa  ̈ ̧ø2 2a1⁄2a­­øÆß  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa  ̈ ̧a 

ÆaØ ́·­· ̈a oa1Æaa ±o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú 

fiø­ao ±2  ̧·­ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a o ́¥¥ 

Æø21a ±o TM·a©­ ø­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao øæ±TMaÙ  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ¶ ́o1a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a æø¥ø21⁄2a  ̈± æa oÆø©2 ·­  ̈± 

ÆaTM·­a  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± æa 

·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ·2 aTMaÆß ©øß  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ©± ́¥o æa 

­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 ©a¥oøÆa oÆ±3 

μ2±©2 ±Æ ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ù 

ø2o o±a­ 2± ̈ æa¥·aTMa  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ø2 ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMaÙ ­aø­±2ø¥ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·­ 2aaoao 

 ̈± °Æ±TM·oa  ̈ ̧·­ oa1Æaa ±o °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú 

Ã ̧·­ ¶ ́o13a2 ̈ æß  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a¥ß 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ­  ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈ 

o±Æ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ 2a· ̈ ̧aÆ 3±Æa 2±Æ 

¥a­­ ­ ̈Æ·21a2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø2 2a1⁄2a­­øÆß o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ 

° ́Æ°±­aÚ 

‹Ú ⁄·2ø¥ ‹a1⁄2·­·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo 

⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æaø­±2­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao øæ±TMaÙ ø2o 

 ̈øμ·21 ·2 ̈± ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o 

ø­­a­­3a2 ̈­ °Æa­a2 ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø2o Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÙ  ̈ ̧a øoTM·1⁄2a 

ø2o Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›flÕfl› 

–ø2a¥Ù ø2o  ̈ ̧a ° ́æ¥·1⁄2 1⁄2±33a2 ̈­  ̈± oø ̈aÙ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ oa1⁄2·oao  ̈± ÆaTM·­a 

 ̈ ̧a a®·­ ̈·21 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

Õ°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ßÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ·­ 

ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo æß 3øμ·21 

· ̈ ·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ‹ø ̈ø  ̧ø2o¥·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ o±Æ 

 ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a øo±Æ  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ ø2o øÆa 

­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 2a© fl°°a2o·® –  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ 

øo±° ̈aoÙ ø­ o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

æa¥±©Ú ×­­ ́a­ Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao —Ì

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao æa¥±© 

·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ×Ú 

 Ú ›Æaø ̈·±2 ±o fl°°a2o·® –â 

×2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕ o±Æ —Ì

Ã ̧·­ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 °Æa­a2 ̈­ ¤–flé­ o·2ø¥ 

oa1⁄2·­·±2­ Æa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a øoo· ̈·±2 ±o 

fl°°a2o·® –  ̈± Ïð ›⁄Œ °øÆ ̈ Îð ±2 

·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

“flflœÕ o±Æ —ÌÚ ¤–fl o·o 2± ̈ °Æ±°±­a  ̈± 

øooÆa­­ ÆaTM±1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a a®·­ ̈·21 ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ·2  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ú 

Ã ̧aÆao±ÆaÙ ¤–fl ·­ Æa ̈ø·2·21 fl°°a2o·® × 

 ̈± Ïð ›⁄Œ °øÆ ̈ Îð ·2 · ̈­ 1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ o±Æ3Ú fl 

2a© fl°°a2o·® – a®°¥ø·2­  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ø ̈·±2­ 2a1⁄2a­­øÆß o±Æ oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 

© ̧a2  ̈ ̧a 2a© ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa 3a ̈Ú ”±Æa 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ßÙ fl°°a2o·® – øooÆa­­a­ oø ̈ø 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­Ù oø ̈ø 

Æa°±Æ ̈·21 ø2o  ̧ø2o¥·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­Ù 

ø2o Æ± ́2o·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­Ù ø2o °Æ±TM·oaa®ø3°¥a 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ú 

×2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ø¥Ù  ̈©± ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ©aÆa °Æ±°±­aoÊ ø ÌÛ 

3±2 ̈ ̧ ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo a®°Æa­­ao øø 1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMa °aøμÛ©a·1 ̧ ̈ao ·2oa® o±Æ3Â 

±Æ ø ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­a ̈  ̈± æa ·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ⁄±Æ Æaø­±2­ ­ ̈ø ̈ao 

øæ±TMaÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ oa1⁄2·oao  ̈± 

­a ̈  ̈ ̧a ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± æa 

·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ·2 ø¥¥ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã ̧aÆao±ÆaÙ  ̈ ̧a °±Æ ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±°±­ao fl°°a2o·® – °Æ±TM·o·21 oø ̈ø 

 ̧ø2o¥·21 °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ o±Æ ø 2±2Û·oa2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥ 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 2± ̈ ·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2 

 ̈ ̧a o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥aÚ 

’aß a¥a3a2 ̈­ ±o fl°°a2o·® – øÆa 

± ́ ̈¥·2ao æa¥±©Ú 

flÚ Ÿa2aÆø¥ 

fl­ °Æ±°±­aoÙ ¤–fl ·­ øoo·21 ­aTMaÆø¥ 

2a© oao·2· ̈·±2­  ̈± ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÚð ø2o  ́­·21 

 ̈ ̧a­a oao·2· ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧± ́ ̈ fl°°a2o·® 

–Ú 

fiÚ ‹ø ̈ø ›±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ 

¤–fl °Æ±°±­ao oø ̈ø 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 2a© fl°°a2o·® – 

o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©± ́¥o æa  ̈ ̧a ­ø3a ø­  ̈ ̧±­a ·2 

fl°°a2o·® × ø°°¥·1⁄2øæ¥a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a °ÆaÛ 

a®·­ ̈·21 ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã± ­ø ̈·­oß  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈Ù fl°°a2o·® – 

ø­ °Æ±°±­ao ©± ́¥o ÆaØ ́·Æa Áð ̊ oø ̈ø 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­Ù ±2 øTMaÆø1aÙ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ 

°aÆ·±o ø ̈ ø 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈aÙ ©· ̈ ̧ 2± 

­·21¥a ßaøÆ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a °aÆ·±o  ̧øTM·21 ¥a­­ 

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2 ́3æaÆ ±o o·1· ̈­ ·2  ̈ ̧a Æa°±Æ ̈ao oø ̈øÚ 

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 ́­ao ·2 fl°°a2o·® × o±Æ  ̈ ̧a °ÆaTM·± ́­ ËÛ 

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1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ·2  ̈ ̧a ”±oaÆø ̈a 1⁄2ø ̈a1±Æß 

±o  ̈ ̧a flœ×Ú 

 ××Ú ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o Œa¥ø ̈ao 

›±2 ̈Æ±¥ ŒaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

flÚ ⁄ ́ ̈ ́Æa ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 Õ ̈a°­ 

×2  ̈±oøßé­ Æ ́¥aÙ ¤–fl ·­ Æa°¥ø1⁄2·21  ̈ ̧a 

a®·­ ̈·21  ̄ÔÁÁÈ ̃ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ©· ̈ ̧ ÆaTM·­ao 

°Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­âø2o  ̈ ̧a 

·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 Æ ́¥a­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧±­a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­â©·¥¥ Æa3ø·2 ·2 °¥ø1⁄2a o±Æ 

·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 ° ́Æ°±­a­ ø­ ¤–fl 

 ́2oaÆ ̈øμa­ Æ ́¥a3øμ·21  ̈± øooÆa­­  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈Æø2­· ̈·±2 oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÈ —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ÓððË —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú Õ ̈ø ̈a­ øÆa 

ÆaØ ́·Æao  ̈± 1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́a  ̈± oaTMa¥±° ø2o 

·3°¥a3a2 ̈  ̈ ̧a·Æ Õ ̈ø ̈a ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 

–¥ø2­  ̄Õ×–­ ̃ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÈ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ø­ 

 ̈ ̧aß æa1·2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±1⁄2a­­ ±o Æa1⁄2±33a2o·21 

oa­·12ø ̈·±2­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÓððË ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

ÔÚ ‹a­·12ø ̈·±2­ 

flo ̈aÆ ¤–fl a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧a­ ±Æ ÆaTM·­a­ ø 

“flflœÕÙ  ̈ ̧a ›flfl ÆaØ ́·Æa­ ¤–fl ø2o 

Õ ̈ø ̈a­  ̈± æa1·2  ̈øμ·21 ­ ̈a°­  ̈± a2­ ́Æa 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 2a© ±Æ ÆaTM·­ao ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa 

3a ̈Ú Ã ̧a o·Æ­ ̈ ­ ̈a° ·­  ̈± ·oa2 ̈·oß øÆaø­ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a 1⁄2± ́2 ̈Æß  ̈ ̧ø ̈ o± 2± ̈ ø ̈ ̈ø·2  ̈ ̧a 2a© 

±Æ ÆaTM·­ao ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù ±Æ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈a 

 ̈± TM·±¥ø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 2a© ±Æ ÆaTM·­ao 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÈ ̄o ̃ ̄Ô ̃ °Æ±TM·oaèèfiß ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ oø ̈a ø­  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 3øß 

Æaø­±2øæ¥ß ÆaØ ́·ÆaÙ æ ́ ̈ 2± ̈ ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 Ô 

ßaøÆ øo ̈aÆ °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2 ±o ø 2a© ±Æ 

ÆaTM·­ao 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo o±Æ ø2ß °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈  ́2oaÆ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÔðÁÙ  ̈ ̧a Ÿ±TMaÆ2±Æ ±o aø1⁄2 ̧ Õ ̈ø ̈a ­ ̧ø¥¥ 

ˆ ˆ ˆ ­ ́æ3· ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ø ¥·­ ̈ 

±o ø¥¥ øÆaø­  ̄±Æ °±Æ ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧aÆa±o ̃ ·2  ̈ ̧a 

Õ ̈ø ̈aéé  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oa­·12ø ̈a­  ̈ ̧±­a øÆaø­ ø­ 

2±2Ûø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈Ù ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈Ù ±Æ 

 ́21⁄2¥ø­­·o·øæ¥aÚ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÈ ̄o ̃ ̄Ô ̃ ̄fi ̃ ̄· ̃ 

o ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ °Æ±TM·oa­Ù èèÀ°±2 °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2 

±Æ ÆaTM·­·±2 ±o ø 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 

­ ̧ø¥¥ °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a oa­·12ø ̈·±2­ ±o ø¥¥ 

øÆaø­  ̄±Æ °±Æ ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧aÆa±o ̃ ˆ ˆ ˆ øa®°ao· ̈·± ́­¥ß ø­ °Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2øæ¥aÙ æ ́ ̈ ·2 2± 

1⁄2ø­a ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 Ó ßaøÆ­ oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a oø ̈a ±o 

°Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2Ú Õ ́1⁄2 ̧ °aÆ·±o 3øß æa 

a® ̈a2oao o±Æ  ́°  ̈± ±2a ßaøÆ ·2  ̈ ̧a aTMa2 ̈ 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ  ̧ø­ ·2­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ 

·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2  ̈± °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a 

oa­·12ø ̈·±2­Úéé

Ã ̧a  ̈aÆ3 èè°Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2éé  ̧ø­ æaa2 

·2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2± ́Æ ̈­  ̈± æa ­·12ø ̈ ́Æa 

ø2o o·­­a3·2ø ̈·±2 ±o ø Æ ́¥aÚÌÓ fl­ 2± ̈ao 

øæ±TMaÙ  ̈ ̧a ›flfl ÆaØ ́·Æa­ ¤–fl  ̈± 

a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ ø oaøo¥·2a o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­é

­ ́æ3·­­·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a oa­·12ø ̈·±2 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­Ù æ ́ ̈  ́2oaÆ  ̈ ̧a ›flflÙ 

· ̈ 1⁄2ø2 æa 2± ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÔÓÙ ÓððÁÙ 

±2a ßaøÆ øo ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧a °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 

Æ ́¥aÚ Ã ̧aÆao±ÆaÙ Ÿ±TMaÆ2±Æ­ ±o Õ ̈ø ̈a­ 

­ ̧± ́¥o ­ ́æ3· ̈  ̈ ̧a·Æ oa­·12ø ̈·±2 

Æa1⁄2±33a2oø ̈·±2­  ̈± ¤–fl 2± ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 

”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÔÓÙ ÓððÁÚ ¤–flé­ °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2 ±o 

oa­·12ø ̈·±2­ 3 ́­ ̈ ±1⁄21⁄2 ́Æ 2± ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 

”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÔÓÙ ÓðÔðÙ ø¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oø ̈a 3øß 

æa a® ̈a2oao æß  ́°  ̈± ±2a ßaøÆ  ́2oaÆ  ̈ ̧a 

›flfl  ̄2± ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÔÓÙ ÓðÔÔ ̃ ·o 

¤–fl  ̧ø­ ·2­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2  ̈± 

°Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a oa­·12ø ̈·±2­Ú 

¤–fl ·2 ̈a2o­  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ 

1 ́·oø21⁄2a  ̈±  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­ 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2·21  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­ o±Æ a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧·21 

æ± ́2oøÆ·a­ o±Æ oa­·12ø ̈ao øÆaø­Ú ⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

ÆaTM·­ao °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù ©a ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈a Æa¥ß·21 ±2 °ø­ ̈ 

—Ì oa­·12ø ̈·±2 1 ́·oø21⁄2a ·­­ ́ao æß ¤–fl 

°Æ·±Æ  ̈±  ̈ ̧a oa­·12ø ̈·±2­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÔÁÁÈ —Ì

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ÚÌÌ ...a ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈a ©±Æμ·21 

1⁄2¥±­a¥ß ©· ̈ ̧ Õ ̈ø ̈a ø·Æ ø1a21⁄2·a­ ø2o 

ÃÆ·æa­ ±2 a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧·21 2a© 1 ́·oø21⁄2a ±2 

oa­·12ø ̈·±2­Ù ·o 2aaoaoÚ 

ÓÚ Õ ̈ø ̈a ×3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 –¥ø2­ 

›flfl ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÔð °Æ±TM·oa­  ̈ ̧a 1a2aÆø¥ 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ o±Æ Õ×–­Ú ...· ̈ ̧·2 Ì ßaøÆøo ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧a °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2 ±o 2a© ±Æ ÆaTM·­ao 

“flflœÕ  ̄±Æ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ­ ̧±Æ ̈aÆ °aÆ·±o ø­  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ 3øß °Æa­1⁄2Æ·æa ̃ aø1⁄2 ̧ Õ ̈ø ̈a 

3 ́­ ̈ øo±° ̈ ø2o ­ ́æ3· ̈ èè·2oÆø­ ̈Æ ́1⁄2 ̈ ́Æaéé

Õ×–­  ̈± ¤–fl  ̈± øooÆa­­  ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

±o ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÔð ̄ø ̃ ̄Ô ̃Ú Ã ̧ ́­Ù Õ ̈ø ̈a­ ­ ̧± ́¥o 

­ ́æ3· ̈  ̈ ̧a­a Õ×–­ 2± ¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ 

ÔÓÙ ÓðÔÔÚ Ã ̧a­a èè·2oÆø­ ̈Æ ́1⁄2 ̈ ́Æa Õ×–­éé

°Æ±TM·oa ø­­ ́Æø21⁄2a­ ±o Õ ̈ø ̈a Æa­± ́Æ1⁄2aø2o ø ́ ̈ ̧±Æ· ̈·a­Ù ø2o a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧  ̈ ̧a æø­·1⁄2 

Õ ̈ø ̈a °Æ±1Æø3­Ù  ̈± ·3°¥a3a2 ̈Ù 3ø·2 ̈ø·2Ù 

ø2o a2o±Æ1⁄2a 2a© ±Æ ÆaTM·­ao ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

×2 øoo· ̈·±2  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ·2oÆø­ ̈Æ ́1⁄2 ̈ ́Æa Õ×–­Ù 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ø°°¥ß  ̈± ø¥¥ Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ù ›flfl  ̈· ̈¥a ×Ù 

°øÆ ̈ ‹ ± ́ ̈¥·2a­  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

o±Æ ø1⁄2 ̧·aTM·21 1⁄2¥aø2 ø·Æ ·2 oa­·12ø ̈ao 

2±2ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ øÆaø­Ú Ã ̧a­a 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ ·21⁄2¥ ́oa  ̈·3a¥·2a­ o±Æ 

© ̧a2 oa­·12ø ̈ao 2±2ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ øÆaø­ 

3 ́­ ̈ ø ̈ ̈ø·2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù oaøo¥·2a­ o±Æ 

oaTMa¥±°·21 Õ×–­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈a  ̧±© 

 ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a ©·¥¥ a2­ ́Æa ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù ø2o ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2 a3·­­·±2­ 

1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­Ú ¤–fl °¥ø2­  ̈± 

øooÆa­­  ̧±©  ̈ ̧a­a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­Ù ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ 

ø­ ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø2o 

ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ oø ̈a­Ù Æaø­±2øæ¥a o ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ 

°Æ±1Æa­­Ù 2a© ­± ́Æ1⁄2a ÆaTM·a©Ù 

1⁄2±2o±Æ3· ̈ßÙ ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ ·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­Ù ø°°¥ß  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÆaTM·­ao —Ì

“flflœÕ ·2 ø °Æ±°±­ao Æ ́¥a3øμ·21 ·2 

⁄ø¥¥ ÓððËÚ fl¥­± ·2  ̈ ̧ø ̈ Æ ́¥a3øμ·21 ¤–fl 

©·¥¥ a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ oaøo¥·2a­ o±Æ ­ ́æ3·­­·±2 

±o 2±2ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ øÆaø Õ×–­ æ ́ ̈ 

ø2 ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a oaøo¥·2a­ ©·¥¥ æa 2± 

¥ø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 Ì ßaøÆ­ øo ̈aÆ o·2ø¥ oa­·12ø ̈·±2Ú 

‹a°a2o·21 ±2  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2¥ø­­·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o ø2 

øÆaøÙ  ̈ ̧a Õ×– 3 ́­ ̈ °Æ±TM·oa o±Æ 

ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧·2 Ì ßaøÆ­  ̄o±Æ øÆaø­ 

1⁄2¥ø­­·o·ao 3øÆ1·2ø¥ ̃  ̈± Óð ßaøÆ­  ̄o±Æ 

øÆaø­ 1⁄2¥ø­­·o·ao a® ̈Æa3a ̃ øo ̈aÆ o·2ø¥ 

oa­·12ø ̈·±2­Ú 

ÌÚ ÃÆø2­Ûæ± ́2oøÆß ¤3·­­·±2­ 

›Æ±­­ æ±ÆoaÆ —Ì 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2­ oÆ±3 

©· ̈ ̧·2 “±Æ ̈ ̧ fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø  ̄›ø2øoø ø2o 

”a®·1⁄2± ̃ a2 ̈aÆ·21  ̈ ̧a ÀÚÕÚ øÆa 1a2aÆø¥¥ß 

 ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧ ̈  ̈± æa ­3ø¥¥Ú Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÈÁfi ±o  ̈ ̧a 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÍÁ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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ÌÏ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ ¤3·­­·±2 ×2TMa2 ̈±Æß °±­ ̈ao ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

o±¥¥±©·21 ...aæ ­· ̈aÊ  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò1⁄2 ̧·aoÒ 

 ̈Æa2o­Ò·2oa®Ú ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

ÌÎ ×2 ­±3a 1⁄2ø­a­ 2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ a3·­­·±2­ 3øß 1⁄2ø ́­a ±Æ 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈¥ß 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈a  ̈± TM·±¥ø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ±¶±2a 

­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ¤–fl  ̧ø­ ·­­ ́ao Æ ́¥a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øooÆa­­  ̧±© 

 ̈ ̧a­a èèa®1⁄2a° ̈·±2ø¥ aTMa2 ̈­éé 1⁄2ø2 æa o·­1⁄2± ́2 ̈ao ·2 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß oa ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2­Ú Ã ̧a ¤®1⁄2a° ̈·±2ø¥ ¤TMa2 ̈­ 

Œ ́¥a  ̄ÈÓ ⁄Œ ÔÌÎÍð  ̄”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÓÙ ÓððÈ ̃ ·3°¥a3a2 ̈­ 

›flfl ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÔÁ ̄æ ̃ ̄Ì ̃ ̄fi ̃ ø2o ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÈ ̄o ̃ ̄Ì ̃ 

ø ́ ̈ ̧±Æ· ̈ß  ̈± a®1⁄2¥ ́oa ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oø ̈ø 

oÆ±3 Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß oa ̈aÆ3·2ø ̈·±2­ Æa¥ø ̈ao  ̈± 

a®1⁄2aaoø21⁄2a­ ±Æ TM·±¥ø ̈·±2­ ±o  ̈ ̧a “ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­  ̄“flflœÕ ̃Ú ×o ø2 aTMa2 ̈ ·­ 

oa ̈aÆ3·2ao æß ¤–fl  ̈± æa ø Ø ́ø¥·oß·21 a®1⁄2a° ̈·±2ø¥ 

aTMa2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a øooa1⁄2 ̈ao øÆaø 3øß øTM±·o æa·21 oa­·12ø ̈ao 

ø­ 2±2ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈Ù æa·21 Æaoa­·12ø ̈ao ø­ 

2±2ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈Ù ±Æ æa·21 Æa1⁄2¥ø­­·oao  ̈± ø  ̧·1 ̧aÆ 

1⁄2¥ø­­·o·1⁄2ø ̈·±2Ú Ã ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ o±Æ oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈·21 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈ a¥aTMø ̈ao ±¶±2a ¥aTMa¥­ øÆa  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈ ±o ø 

Ø ́ø¥·oß·21 a®1⁄2a° ̈·±2ø¥ aTMa2 ̈ øÆa °Æ±TM·oao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

¤®1⁄2a° ̈·±2ø¥ ¤TMa2 ̈­ Œ ́¥aÚ 

›¥aø2 fl·Æ fl1⁄2 ̈ ø¥¥±©­ oa­·12ø ̈ao 

2±2ø ̈ ̈ø·23a2 ̈ øÆaø­  ̈± °a ̈· ̈·±2 ¤–fl  ̈± 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ ­ ́1⁄2 ̧ ø ¥±1⁄2ø¥· ̈ß 3·1 ̧ ̈ 

 ̧øTMa 3a ̈ ø 1⁄2¥aø2 ø·Æ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo èèæ ́ ̈ o±Æéé

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°Æ±TM·oa o±Æ 2± ̈·oß·21 °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß 

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±oo·1⁄2·ø¥­ ±o øooa1⁄2 ̈ao ­3ø¥¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ 

 ̈±  ̧øTMa 3aø2·21o ́¥ ø2o  ̈·3a¥ß ·2° ́ ̈ ·2 

 ̈ ̧a oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o ¤–fl Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß 

°Æ±°±­ø¥­ ©· ̈ ̧ ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ ⁄aoaÆø¥ 

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·2o±Æ3·21Ù ao ́1⁄2ø ̈·21Ù ø2o øoTM·­·21 

­3ø¥¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ ±2 1⁄2±3°¥·ø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ 

 ̈ ̧a Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­Ú 

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3ø2oø ̈a­  ̄ ́2oaÆ  ̈ ̧a Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß 

°Æ±TM·­·±2­ ±o Ã· ̈¥a ×× ±o  ̈ ̧a À”Œfl ̃ o±Æ 

Õ ̈ø ̈aÙ ¥±1⁄2ø¥Ù ±Æ ÃÆ·æø¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ ±Æ 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ·TMø ̈a ­a1⁄2 ̈±ÆÚ Ã ̧a Æ ́¥a ·3°±­a­ 2± 

2a© a®°a2o· ̈ ́Æa ±Æ a2o±Æ1⁄2aøæ¥a o ́ ̈ß ±2 

ø2ß Õ ̈ø ̈aÙ ¥±1⁄2ø¥ ±Æ ÃÆ·æø¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ ±Æ 

 ̈ ̧a °Æ·TMø ̈a ­a1⁄2 ̈±ÆÙ ø2o ¤–fl  ̧øoa ̈aÆ3·2ao  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2­ 2± 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3·1 ̧ ̈ 

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1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­Ú ⁄ ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ3±ÆaÙ ø­ ·2o·1⁄2ø ̈ao 

°ÆaTM·± ́­¥ßÙ ·2 ­a ̈ ̈·21 ø “flflœÕ ¤–fl 

1⁄2ø22± ̈ 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ  ̈ ̧a a1⁄2±2±3·1⁄2 ±Æ 

 ̈a1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ oaø­·æ·¥· ̈ß ±o ø ̈ ̈ø·2·21 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù ø¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧ 

­ ́1⁄2 ̧ oø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­ 3øß æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao  ̈± ø 

oa1Æaa ·2  ̈ ̧a oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o Õ ̈ø ̈a 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÈÔ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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°¥ø2­  ̈± ·3°¥a3a2 ̈  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú Õaa 

ø¥­± fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ÃÆ ́1⁄2μ·21 fl­­é2­ TMÚ ¤–flÙ 

ÔÈÎ ⁄Ú Ìo ø ̈ ÔðÏÌ  ̄2± ̈·21  ̈ ̧ø ̈ æa1⁄2ø ́­a 

¤–fl ·­ °Æa1⁄2¥ ́oao oÆ±3 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ·21 1⁄2±­ ̈­ 

±o ·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 ·2 a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧·21 

“flflœÕÙ °Æa°øÆø ̈·±2 ±o ø Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß 

×3°ø1⁄2 ̈ fl2ø¥ß­·­ ° ́Æ­ ́ø2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

À2o ́2oao ”ø2oø ̈a­ Œao±Æ3 fl1⁄2 ̈ ©± ́¥o 

2± ̈ o ́Æ2·­ ̧ ø2ß ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 © ̧·1⁄2 ̧  ̈ ̧a 

1⁄2± ́Æ ̈ 1⁄2± ́¥o 1⁄2±2­·oaÆ ·2 ÆaTM·a©·21  ̈ ̧a 

“flflœÕ ̃Ú Ã ̧ ́­Ù  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a ·­ 2± ̈ ­ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ ±o ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ÓðÓ ø2o 

ÓðÎ ±o  ̈ ̧a À”ŒflÚ ¤–fl  ̧ø­ oa ̈aÆ3·2ao 

 ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a 1⁄2±2 ̈ø·2­ 2± Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3·1 ̧ ̈ ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈¥ß ±Æ 

 ́2·Ø ́a¥ß øooa1⁄2 ̈ ­3ø¥¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­Ú 

¤Ú ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÌÓÊ ⁄aoaÆø¥·­3 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÌÓÙ a2 ̈· ̈¥ao 

èè⁄aoaÆø¥·­3éé  ̄ÍÏ ⁄Œ ÏÌÓÎÎÙ fl ́1 ́­ ̈ ÔðÙ 

ÔÁÁÁ ̃Ù ÆaØ ́·Æa­ ¤–fl  ̈± oaTMa¥±° ø2 

ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈øæ¥a °Æ±1⁄2a­­  ̈± a2­ ́Æa 

èè3aø2·21o ́¥ ø2o  ̈·3a¥ß ·2° ́ ̈ æß Õ ̈ø ̈a 

ø2o ¥±1⁄2ø¥ ±oo·1⁄2·ø¥­ ·2  ̈ ̧a oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß °±¥·1⁄2·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa oaoaÆø¥·­3 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­Úéé èè–±¥·1⁄2·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa 

oaoaÆø¥·­3 ·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­éé ·­ oao·2ao ·2 

 ̈ ̧a ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ  ̈± ·21⁄2¥ ́oa 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa èè­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ù ±2  ̈ ̧a Æa¥ø ̈·±2­ ̧·° 

æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈ ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ù ±Æ ±2  ̈ ̧a o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2 ±o 

°±©aÆ ø2o Æa­°±2­·æ·¥· ̈·a­ ø3±21  ̈ ̧a 

TMøÆ·± ́­ ¥aTMa¥­ ±o 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈Úéé

Ã ̧·­ o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥a o±a­ 2± ̈  ̧øTMa 

oaoaÆø¥·­3 ·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­Ú × ̈ ©·¥¥ 2± ̈  ̧øTMa 

­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ù 

±2  ̈ ̧a Æa¥ø ̈·±2­ ̧·° æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈ ø2o  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ù ±Æ ±2  ̈ ̧a 

o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2 ±o °±©aÆ ø2o 

Æa­°±2­·æ·¥· ̈·a­ ø3±21  ̈ ̧a TMøÆ·± ́­ 

¥aTMa¥­ ±o 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈Ù ø­ ­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÌÓÚ Ã ̧a Æ ́¥a o±a­ 

2± ̈ ø¥ ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧a Æa¥ø ̈·±2­ ̧·° æa ̈©aa2  ̈ ̧a 

⁄aoaÆø¥ 1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈ ø2o  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈aÆa1øÆo·21  ̈ ̧a a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧3a2 ̈ ø2o 

·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 ±o ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

·3°Æ±TMa3a2 ̈ °Æ±1Æø3­ ø­ 1⁄2±o·o·ao ·2 

 ̈ ̧a ›flflÚ À2oaÆ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÁ ±o  ̈ ̧a ›flflÙ 

¤–fl ·­ 3ø2oø ̈ao  ̈± a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ “flflœÕÂ 

 ̧±©aTMaÆÙ ›flfl ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÔÍ °Æa­aÆTMa­  ̈ ̧a 

Æ·1 ̧ ̈­ ±o Õ ̈ø ̈a­  ̈± a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧ 3±Æa 

­ ̈Æ·21a2 ̈ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ ·o oaa3ao 

2a1⁄2a­­øÆß æß ø Õ ̈ø ̈aÚ ⁄ ́Æ ̈ ̧aÆ3±ÆaÙ  ̈ ̧·­ 

Æ ́¥a o±a­ 2± ̈ ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈ ›flfl ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔðÈ 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a­  ̧øTMa 

°Æ·3øÆß Æa­°±2­·æ·¥· ̈ß o±Æ 

·3°¥a3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕÚ ⁄·2ø¥¥ßÙ 

ø­ 2± ̈ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ¤  ̄øæ±TMa ̃ ±2 À”ŒflÙ 

 ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a o±a­ 2± ̈ ·3°±­a ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 

1⁄2±­ ̈­ ±2 Õ ̈ø ̈aÙ ¥±1⁄2ø¥Ù ±Æ ÃÆ·æø¥ 

1±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ ±Æ  ̈ ̧a °Æ·TMø ̈a ­a1⁄2 ̈±ÆÚ Ã ̧ ́­Ù 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÌÓ o±a­ 2± ̈ ø°°¥ß 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥aÚ 

⁄Ú ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÈÎÊ ›±2­ ́¥ ̈ø ̈·±2 

ø2o ›±±Æo·2ø ̈·±2 ...· ̈ ̧ ×2o·ø2 ÃÆ·æø¥ 

Ÿ±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­ 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÈÎÙ a2 ̈· ̈¥ao 

èè›±2­ ́¥ ̈ø ̈·±2 ø2o ›±±Æo·2ø ̈·±2 ©· ̈ ̧ 

×2o·ø2 ÃÆ·æø¥ Ÿ±TMaÆ23a2 ̈­éé  ̄ÍÎ ⁄Œ 

ÍÈÓÏÁÙ “±TMa3æaÆ ÁÙ Óððð ̃Ù ÆaØ ́·Æa­ ¤–fl 

 ̈± oaTMa¥±° ø2 ø1⁄21⁄2± ́2 ̈øæ¥a °Æ±1⁄2a­­  ̈± 

a2­ ́Æa èè3aø2·21o ́¥ ø2o  ̈·3a¥ß ·2° ́ ̈ æß 

 ̈Æ·æø¥ ±oo·1⁄2·ø¥­ ·2  ̈ ̧a oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß °±¥·1⁄2·a­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̧øTMa  ̈Æ·æø¥ 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­Úéé Ã ̧·­ o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥a o±a­ 2± ̈ 

 ̧øTMa ÃÆ·æø¥ ·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­Ù ø­ ­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÈÎÚ × ̈ o±a­ 2± ̈  ̧øTMa 

ø ­ ́æ­ ̈ø2 ̈·ø¥ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈ aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±2 ±2a ±Æ 

3±Æa ×2o·ø2 ÃÆ·æa­Ù ­·21⁄2a ÃÆ·æa­ øÆa 2± ̈ 

±æ¥·1ø ̈ao  ̈± øo±° ̈ ±Æ ·3°¥a3a2 ̈ ø2ß 

“flflœÕÚ Ã ̧ ́­Ù ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÈÎ 

o±a­ 2± ̈ ø°°¥ß  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥aÚ 

fl¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÔÈÎ o±a­ 

2± ̈ ø°°¥ß  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥aÙ ¤–fl 1⁄2±2 ̈ø1⁄2 ̈ao 

ÃÆ·æø¥ a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ °Æ±oa­­·±2ø¥­ 

o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥aÚ 

¤–fl ­ ̈øoo °øÆ ̈·1⁄2·°ø ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Æa1 ́¥øÆ¥ß 

­1⁄2 ̧ao ́¥ao ÃÆ·æø¥ fl·Æ 1⁄2ø¥¥ ­°±2­±Æao æß 

 ̈ ̧a “ø ̈·±2ø¥ ÃÆ·æø¥ fl·Æ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 

o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a ­°Æ·21 ±o ÓððÈ ø­  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ±°±­ø¥ ©ø­  ́2oaÆ oaTMa¥±°3a2 ̈Ú ¤–fl 

­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ß ­±¥·1⁄2· ̈ao øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ 

1⁄2±33a2 ̈ ±2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao Æ ́¥a oÆ±3 

ÃÆ·æø¥ ±oo·1⁄2·ø¥­Ú ›±33a2 ̈­ oÆ±3 ÃÆ·æø¥ 

±oo·1⁄2·ø¥­ ±2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao Æ ́¥a øÆa 

­ ́33øÆ·¶ao ·2  ̈ ̧a Œa­°±2­a  ̈± 

›±33a2 ̈­ o±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈Ú 

ŸÚ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌðÏÎÊ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 

› ̧·¥oÆa2 ⁄Æ±3 ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧  ̇ 

Õøoa ̈ß Œ·­μ­ 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌðÏÎÙ èè–Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 

› ̧·¥oÆa2 oÆ±3 ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

Œ·­μ­ ø2o Õøoa ̈ß Œ·­μ­éé  ̄ÍÓ ⁄Œ ÔÁËËÎÙ 

fl°Æ·¥ ÓÌÙ ÔÁÁÈ ̃ ø°°¥·a­  ̈± ø2ß Æ ́¥a  ̈ ̧ø ̈Ê 

 ̄Ô ̃ ×­ oa ̈aÆ3·2ao  ̈± æa èèa1⁄2±2±3·1⁄2ø¥¥ß 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈éé ø­ oao·2ao  ́2oaÆ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa 

—ÆoaÆ ÔÓËÍÍÙ ø2o  ̄Ó ̃ 1⁄2±21⁄2aÆ2­ ø2 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ ­øoa ̈ß Æ·­μ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

¤–fl  ̧ø­ Æaø­±2  ̈± æa¥·aTMa 3øß  ̧øTMa ø 

o·­°Æ±°±Æ ̈·±2ø ̈a aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ú ×o 

 ̈ ̧a Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ø1⁄2 ̈·±2 3aa ̈­ æ± ̈ ̧ 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·øÙ 

 ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ß 3 ́­ ̈ aTMø¥ ́ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ ­øoa ̈ß aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a °¥ø22ao Æ ́¥a ±2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ù ø2o 

a®°¥ø·2 © ̧ß  ̈ ̧a °¥ø22ao Æa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ·­ 

°ÆaoaÆøæ¥a  ̈± ± ̈ ̧aÆ °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥¥ß aooa1⁄2 ̈·TMa 

ø2o Æaø­±2øæ¥ß oaø­·æ¥a ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa­ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆao æß  ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ßÚ 

Ã ̧·­ o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥a ·­ ­ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈  ̈± ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa 

—ÆoaÆ ÔÌðÏÎ æa1⁄2ø ́­a · ̈ ·­ ø2 

a1⁄2±2±3·1⁄2ø¥¥ß ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß 

ø1⁄2 ̈·±2 ø­ oao·2ao æß ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ 

ÔÓËÍÍÙ ø2o ©a æa¥·aTMa  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ Æ·­μ øooÆa­­ao æß 

 ̈ ̧·­ ø1⁄2 ̈·±2 3øß  ̧øTMa ø o·­°Æ±°±Æ ̈·±2ø ̈a 

aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ú fl1⁄21⁄2±Æo·21¥ßÙ ©a  ̧øTMa 

aTMø¥ ́ø ̈ao  ̈ ̧a a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ 

­øoa ̈ß aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± —Ì °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 

ø3±21 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ú Ã ̧a­a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a 

­·¶a ±o  ̈ ̧a °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2 øooa1⁄2 ̈ao øÆa 

­ ́33øÆ·¶ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ËÚÈ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ ø2o ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÌÚÍ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆÙ ø2o  ̈ ̧a Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o ± ́Æ 

aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o —Ì °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 

±2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 øÆa o·­1⁄2 ́­­ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2­ 

××Úflä› ±o  ̈ ̧·­ °Æaø3æ¥aÚ 

ÿÚ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÓÔÔÊ fl1⁄2 ̈·±2­ Ã ̧ø ̈ 

Õ·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈¥ß flooa1⁄2 ̈ ¤2aÆ1ß Õ ́°°¥ßÙ 

‹·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2 ±Æ À­a 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÌÓÔÔÙ èèfl1⁄2 ̈·±2­ 

›±21⁄2aÆ2·21 Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ Ã ̧ø ̈ 

Õ·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈¥ß flooa1⁄2 ̈ ¤2aÆ1ß Õ ́°°¥ßÙ 

‹·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2Ù ±Æ À­aéé  ̄ÍÍ ⁄Œ ÓËÌÎÎ  ̄”øß 

ÓÓÙ ÓððÔ ̃ ̃Ù ÆaØ ́·Æa­ ¤–fl  ̈± °Æa°øÆa ø2o 

­ ́æ3· ̈ ø Õ ̈ø ̈a3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2aÆ1ß ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ±o  ̈ ̧a —oo·1⁄2a ±o 

×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß flooø·Æ­Ù 

—oo·1⁄2a ±o ”ø2ø1a3a2 ̈ ø2o fi ́o1a ̈Ù o±Æ 

1⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ø1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ·oa2 ̈·o·ao ø­ èè­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 

a2aÆ1ß ø1⁄2 ̈·±2­Úéé Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ï ̄æ ̃ ±o 

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ø1⁄2 ̈·±2 æß ø2 ø1a21⁄2ß  ̄2±Æ3ø¥¥ß 

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°Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·±2 ±o ø o·2ø¥ Æ ́¥a ±Æ 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 2± ̈·1⁄2a­ ±o ·2Ø ́·ÆßÙ 

øoTMø21⁄2a 2± ̈·1⁄2a­ ±o °Æ±°±­ao 

Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ù ø2o 2± ̈·1⁄2a­ ±o °Æ±°±­ao 

Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ê  ̄Ô ̃ ̄· ̃ Ã ̧ø ̈ ·­ ø ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ø1⁄2 ̈·±2  ́2oaÆ ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ 

ÔÓËÍÍ ±Æ ø2ß ­ ́1⁄21⁄2a­­±Æ ±ÆoaÆÙ ø2o  ̄·· ̃ ·­ 

¥·μa¥ß  ̈±  ̧øTMa ø ­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈ 

±2  ̈ ̧a ­ ́°°¥ßÙ o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2Ù ±Æ  ́­a ±o 

a2aÆ1ßÂ ±Æ  ̄Ó ̃  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ·­ oa­·12ø ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ±o  ̈ ̧a —oo·1⁄2a ±o 

×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß flooø·Æ­ ø­ ø 

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—oo·1⁄2a ±o ”ø2ø1a3a2 ̈ ø2o fi ́o1a ̈  ̧øoa­·12ø ̈ao  ̈ ̧·­ Æ ́¥a3øμ·21 ø­ ø 

­·12·o·1⁄2ø2 ̈ a2aÆ1ß ø1⁄2 ̈·±2Ú fl1⁄21⁄2±Æo·21¥ßÙ 

¤–fl  ̧ø­ °Æa°øÆao ø Õ ̈ø ̈a3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2aÆ1ß 

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› ̧ø° ̈aÆ Á ±o  ̈ ̧a Œ×fl 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ao o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ 

Æ ́¥a3øμ·21Ú fl 1⁄2±°ß ±o  ̈ ̧a Œ×fl ·­ 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a ·2  ̈ ̧a Œ×fl o±1⁄2μa ̈  ̄¤–fläÿœä

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ø2ø¥ß­·­ a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ °± ̈a2 ̈·ø¥ ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 

ø2 ·¥¥ ́­ ̈Æø ̈·TMa 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ ­ ̈Æø ̈a1ß o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

ðÚðÈð °°3 °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa 

±2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 1⁄2±ø¥Ù 1⁄2Æ ́oa ±·¥Ù 

2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ 1ø­Ù ø2o a¥a1⁄2 ̈Æ·1⁄2· ̈ßÂ ±2 a2aÆ1ß 

°Æ·1⁄2a­Â ±2 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1·a­ øo±° ̈ao 

æß  ̈ ̧a a¥a1⁄2 ̈Æ·1⁄2· ̈ß 1a2aÆø ̈·21 ­a1⁄2 ̈±ÆÂ ø2o 

±2  ̈ ̧a 3·® ±o a¥a1⁄2 ̈Æ·1⁄2· ̈ß 1a2aÆø ̈·±2Ú ¤–fl 

æa¥·aTMa­  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a a2aÆ1ß ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ 

a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ ·¥¥ ́­ ̈Æø ̈·TMa 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ 

­ ̈Æø ̈a1ß o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ðÚðÈð °°3 °Æ·3øÆß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo ø¥ ̈aÆ2ø ̈·TMa øÆa  ̧·1 ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 

 ̈ ̧±­a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ©± ́¥o æa a­ ̈·3ø ̈ao o±Æ ø2 

·¥¥ ́­ ̈Æø ̈·TMa 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ ­ ̈Æø ̈a1ß o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

°Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ¥aTMa¥ ±o ðÚðÈÎ °°3 

© ̧·1⁄2 ̧ ©ø­ ­a¥a1⁄2 ̈ao æß  ̈ ̧a 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ ÿ±©aTMaÆÙ o ́a  ̈± 

3±oa¥·21 ¥·3· ̈ø ̈·±2­Ù ¤–fl o·o 2± ̈ 

1a2aÆø ̈a ­a°øÆø ̈a a­ ̈·3ø ̈a­ ±o  ̈ ̧a a2aÆ1ß 

·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ­°a1⁄2·o·1⁄2ø¥¥ß ©· ̈ ̧ ø2 

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·¥¥ ́­ ̈Æø ̈·TMa 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ ­ ̈Æø ̈a1ß oa­·12ao o±Æ 

ø °Æ·3øÆß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ±o ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ú × ̈ ·­ 

·3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈  ̈± 2± ̈a  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a ›flfl 3øμa 

1⁄2¥aøÆ  ̈ ̧ø ̈  ̈ ̧a a1⁄2±2±3·1⁄2 ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈­ 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao ©· ̈ ̧ ø ̈ ̈ø·2·21 ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa 2± ̈  ̈± æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 

­a ̈ ̈·21 ±Æ ÆaTM·­·21  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕÚ 

fl1⁄21⁄2±Æo·21¥ßÙ ø¥ ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧  ̈ ̧a Õ ̈ø ̈a3a2 ̈ ±o 

¤2aÆ1ß ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­  ̧ø­ æaa2 °Æa°øÆaoÙ  ̈ ̧a 

Æa­ ́¥ ̈­ ±o ¤–flé­ a2aÆ1ß ø2ø¥ß­·­  ̧øTMa 

2± ̈ æaa2 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao ·2 ·­­ ́·21  ̈ ̧·­ o·2ø¥ 

Æ ́¥aÚ 

×Ú “ø ̈·±2ø¥ Ãa1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1ß ÃÆø2­oaÆ ø2o 

floTMø21⁄2a3a2 ̈ fl1⁄2 ̈ 

fl­ 2± ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a °Æ±°±­ao Æ ́¥aÙ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÔÓ ̄o ̃ ±o  ̈ ̧a “ø ̈·±2ø¥ Ãa1⁄2 ̧2±¥±1ß 

ÃÆø2­oaÆ ø2o floTMø21⁄2a3a2 ̈ fl1⁄2 ̈ ±o ÔÁÁÎ 

 ̄“ÃÃflfl ̃Ù – ́æ¥·1⁄2 ‘ø© ÔðÏäÔÔÌÙ ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

ÔÓ ̄o ̃  ̄ÔÎ ÀÚÕÚ›Ú ÓÈÓ 2± ̈a ̃ o·Æa1⁄2 ̈­ ¤–fl 

 ̈±  ́­a TM±¥ ́2 ̈øÆß 1⁄2±2­a2­ ́­ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ ·2 

· ̈­ Æa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ø1⁄2 ̈·TM· ̈·a­  ́2¥a­­  ̈± o± ­± 

©± ́¥o æa ·21⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧ ø°°¥·1⁄2øæ¥a 

¥ø© ±Æ ± ̈ ̧aÆ©·­a ·3°Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2ø¥Ú ±¥ ́2 ̈øÆß 

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 ̈a­ ̈ 3a ̈ ̧±o­Ù ­ø3°¥·21 °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­Ù ø2o 

æ ́­·2a­­ °Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2a­ ̃  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa oaTMa¥±°ao ±Æ 

øo±° ̈ao æß TM±¥ ́2 ̈øÆß 1⁄2±2­a2­ ́­ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ æ±o·a­Ú Ã ̧a “ÃÃflfl o·Æa1⁄2 ̈­ 

¤–fl  ̈± °Æ±TM·oa ›±21Æa­­Ù  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ —”fiÙ 

a®°¥ø2ø ̈·±2­ © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a fl1a21⁄2ß oa1⁄2·oa­ 

2± ̈  ̈±  ́­a øTMø·¥øæ¥a ø2o ø°°¥·1⁄2øæ¥a 

TM±¥ ́2 ̈øÆß 1⁄2±2­a2­ ́­ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

Ã ̧·­ ø1⁄2 ̈·±2 o±a­ 2± ̈ ·2TM±¥TMa  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú Ã ̧aÆao±ÆaÙ ¤–fl o·o 2± ̈ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆ  ̈ ̧a  ́­a ±o ø2ß TM±¥ ́2 ̈øÆß 

1⁄2±2­a2­ ́­ ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú 

÷Ú ¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÓËÁËÊ ⁄aoaÆø¥ 

fl1⁄2 ̈·±2­ Ã± flooÆa­­ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

÷ ́­ ̈·1⁄2a ·2 ”·2±Æ· ̈ß –±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o 

‘±©Û×21⁄2±3a –±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

¤®a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa —ÆoaÆ ÔÓËÁË  ̄ÎÁ ⁄Œ ÈÍÓÁÂ 

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¶ ́­ ̈·1⁄2aÚ × ̈­ 3ø·2 °Æ±TM·­·±2 o·Æa1⁄2 ̈­ 

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°Æø1⁄2 ̈·1⁄2øæ¥a ø2o °aÆ3· ̈ ̈ao æß ¥ø©Ù  ̈± 

3øμa a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ¶ ́­ ̈·1⁄2a °øÆ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a·Æ 

3·­­·±2 æß ·oa2 ̈·oß·21 ø2o øooÆa­­·21Ù 

ø­ ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈aÙ o·­°Æ±°±Æ ̈·±2ø ̈a¥ß  ̧·1 ̧ 

ø2o øoTMaÆ­a  ̧ ́3ø2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o  ̈ ̧a·Æ °Æ±1Æø3­Ù 

°±¥·1⁄2·a­Ù ø2o ø1⁄2 ̈·TM· ̈·a­ ±2 3·2±Æ· ̈ß 

°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ø2o ¥±©Û·21⁄2±3a 

°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ·2  ̈ ̧a À2· ̈ao Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ú 

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Æ ́¥a ©·¥¥ 2± ̈  ̧øTMa o·­°Æ±°±Æ ̈·±2ø ̈a¥ß 

 ̧·1 ̧ ø2o øoTMaÆ­a  ̧ ́3ø2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 3·2±Æ· ̈ß ±Æ 

¥±©Û·21⁄2±3a °±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ æa1⁄2ø ́­a · ̈ 

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 ̧·1 ̧ ø2o øoTMaÆ­a  ̧ ́3ø2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ ±Æ 

a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2 ø2ß 

°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 ø2ß 3·2±Æ· ̈ß ±Æ 

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­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —Ì ø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2Ú 

’Ú ›±21Æa­­·±2ø¥ ŒaTM·a© fl1⁄2 ̈ 

Ã ̧a ›±21Æa­­·±2ø¥ ŒaTM·a© fl1⁄2 ̈Ù Î 

ÀÚÕÚ›Ú ËðÔ a ̈ ­aØÚÙ ø­ øooao æß  ̈ ̧a Õ3ø¥¥ 

fi ́­·2a­­ Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ¤2o±Æ1⁄2a3a2 ̈ 

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 ̈ ̧ø ̈ æao±Æa ø Æ ́¥a 3øß  ̈øμa aooa1⁄2 ̈Ù  ̈ ̧a 

ø1a21⁄2ß °Æ±3 ́¥1ø ̈·21  ̈ ̧a Æ ́¥a 3 ́­ ̈ 

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 ̈ ̧a ÀÚÕÚ ÿ± ́­a ±o Œa°Æa­a2 ̈ø ̈·TMa­Ù ø2o 

 ̈ ̧a ›±3° ̈Æ±¥¥aÆ Ÿa2aÆø¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a À2· ̈ao 

Õ ̈ø ̈a­ °Æ·±Æ  ̈± ° ́æ¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a Æ ́¥a ·2 

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aooa1⁄2 ̈·TMa ”øß ÓÈÙ ÓððËÚ 

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Œ·­μ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈ o±Æ Õa¥a1⁄2 ̈ao ÀÆæø2 flÆaø­Ú 

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­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

flæ ̈ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈a­ ×21⁄2Ú  ̄ÓððÈæ ̃ Ãa1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ Œa°±Æ ̈ 

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ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ù ÀÚÕÚ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

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­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

floø3­Ù ...Ú ›Ú  ̄ÓððÓ ̃ ›±3°øÆ·­±2 ±o 1⁄2 ̧ø3æaÆ 

ø2o oø1⁄2aÛ3ø­μ ÍÚÍÛ ̧± ́Æ a®°±­ ́Æa­  ̈± ±¶±2a 

±2 ° ́¥3±2øÆß o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ø2o ­ß3° ̈±3­ 

Æa­°±2­a­Ú ×2 ̧ø¥ø ̈·±2 Ã±®·1⁄2±¥Ú ÔÏÊ ÈÏÎäÈÍÏÚ 

floø3­Ù ...Ú ›Ú  ̄ÓððÌø ̃ ›±3°øÆ·­±2 ±o 

1⁄2 ̧ø3æaÆ ø2o oø1⁄2a 3ø­μ ÍÚÍÛ ̧± ́Æ a®°±­ ́Æa 

 ̈± ðÚðË °°3 ±¶±2a TM·ø ­Ø ́øÆaÛ©øTMa ø2o 

 ̈Æ·ø21 ́¥øÆ °Æ±o·¥a­ ±2 ° ́¥3±2øÆß 

Æa­°±2­a­Ú ×2 ̧ø¥ø ̈·±2 Ã±®·1⁄2±¥Ú ÔÎÊ ÓÍÎäÓËÔÚ 

floø3­Ù ...Ú ›Ú  ̄ÓððÌæ ̃ Œa¥ø ̈·±2 ±o ° ́¥3±2øÆß 

Æa­°±2­a­ ·2o ́1⁄2ao æß ÍÚÍ  ̧± ́Æ a®°±­ ́Æa­ 

 ̈± ðÚðË °°3 ±¶±2a ø2o ÓÛ ̧± ́Æ a®°±­ ́Æa­ 

 ̈± ðÚÌð °°3 TM·ø 1⁄2 ̧ø3æaÆ ø2o oø1⁄2aÛ3ø­μ 

·2 ̧ø¥ø ̈·±2Ú ×2 ̧ø¥ø ̈·±2 Ã±®·1⁄2±¥Ú ÔÎÊ ÈÏÎä

ÈÎÁÚ 

floø3­Ù ...Ú ›Ú  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ ›±3°øÆ·­±2 ±o 1⁄2 ̧ø3æaÆ 

ÍÚÍ  ̧± ́Æ a®°±­ ́Æa­  ̈± ðÚðÏäðÚðË °°3 ±¶±2a 

TM·ø ­Ø ́øÆaÛ©øTMa ø2o  ̈Æ·ø21 ́¥øÆ °Æ±o·¥a­ ±2 

° ́¥3±2øÆß Æa­°±2­a­Ú ×2 ̧ø¥ø ̈·±2 Ã±®·1⁄2±¥Ú 

ÔËÊ ÔÓÈäÔÌÍÚ 

fl¥¥·ø21⁄2a ±o fl ́ ̈±3±æ·¥a ”ø2 ́oø1⁄2 ̈ ́ÆaÆ­ 

 ̄flfl” ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ Õa2 ̈  ̈± 

Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ‘Ú ÷± ̧2­±2 ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÔÁÔÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 fl1⁄2øoa3ß ±o –ao·ø ̈Æ·1⁄2­  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÎÈðÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÔðÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o Õ ̈ø ̈a ÿ·1 ̧©øß ø2o 

ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ø ̈·±2 —oo·1⁄2·ø¥­  ̄flflÕÿÃ— ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÌÓÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 › ̧a3·­ ̈Æß ›± ́21⁄2·¥  ̄fl›› ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÔÎÁÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ¤2 ̈aÆ°Æ·­a ×2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈a  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒä

ÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÌÔÓÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ¤¥a1⁄2 ̈Æ·1⁄2 –±©aÆ  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎä

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÓÏÌÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ÿaøÆ ̈ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ‘Ú ÷± ̧2­±2Ù 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏðÎÁÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÎÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ‘ ́21 fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2Ò¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

‹aoa2­aÒÕ·aÆÆø ›¥ ́æ  ̄fl‘fl a ̈ ø¥Ú ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ Õa2 ̈  ̈± Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ‘Ú ÷± ̧2­±2 ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÓÍÔÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 “ ́Æ­a­ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒä

ÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏðÎÁÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÎÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 –a ̈Æ±¥a ́3 ×2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈a  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒä

ÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÔÏÔÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 Ã ̧±Æø1⁄2·1⁄2 Õ±1⁄2·a ̈ßÒfl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 

”ao·1⁄2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2Òfl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ›±¥¥a1a ±o 

› ̧a­ ̈ – ̧ß­·1⁄2·ø2­Òfl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o 

›øÆo·±TMø­1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ø2o – ́¥3±2øÆß 

Œa ̧øæ·¥· ̈ø ̈·±2Òfl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ›±¥¥a1a ±o 

–ÆaTMa2 ̈·TMa ”ao·1⁄2·2aÒfl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ›±¥¥a1a ±o 

—1⁄21⁄2 ́°ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø2o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

”ao·1⁄2·2aÒ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 

”ao·1⁄2ø¥ ‹·Æa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o Œa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ›øÆa  ̄flÃÕ 

a ̈ ø¥Ú ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± 

Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ù flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÌðÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 Ã ̧±Æø1⁄2·1⁄2 Õ±1⁄2·a ̈ß  ̄Óððð ̃ ... ̧ø ̈ 

1⁄2±2­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈a­ ø2 øoTMaÆ­a aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±o ø·Æ 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2· fl3Ú ÷Ú Œa­°·ÆÚ ›Æ· ̈Ú ›øÆa ”aoÚ 

ÔÍÔÊ °°Ú ÍÍÎäÍÈÌÚ 

fl2oaÆ­a2Ù ›Ú –ÚÂ ÿ±1­a ̈ ̈Ù ...Ú ¤ÚÂ ...a­­¥·21Ù ŒÚÂ 

–¥±1⁄2 ̧aÆÙ ”Ú  ̄ÔÁÁÔ ̃ —¶±2a oa1⁄2Æaø­a­ ­°Æ·21 

Æ±± ̈ 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ ø2o Æ±± ̈ 1⁄2øÆæ± ̧ßoÆø ̈a 1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈ 

·2 °±2oaÆ±­ø °·2a  ̈ ̧a ßaøÆ o±¥¥±©·21 

a®°±­ ́ÆaÚ ›ø2Ú ÷Ú ⁄±ÆÚ Œa­Ú ÓÔÊ ÔÓËËäÔÓÁÔÚ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÈÌ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
ÔÍÎðË ⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

fl22ø°±¥·­ ›a2 ̈aÆ Œa°±Æ ̈ o±Æ Õ1⁄2·a21⁄2aÛfiø­ao 

– ́æ¥·1⁄2 –±¥·1⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ 

Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏðËÈÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

fl°°ø¥ø1⁄2 ̧·ø2 ”± ́2 ̈ø·2 ›¥ ́æ  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒä

ÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÔÎÁÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

flÆ·¶±2ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈ 

 ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÓðÍÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

flÆμø2­ø­ ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈ 

 ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÓÈÌÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

flÆ2±¥o ÷ÚŒÚÂ ŒÚ ‘Ú ‹a22·­Â ŸÚ ÕÚ Ã±22a­a2Ù 

 ̄ÓððÌ ̃ ‹·ø12±­ ̈·1⁄2 aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 ±o 2 ́3aÆ·1⁄2ø¥ 

ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 3±oa¥­ ©· ̈ ̧ ­°a1⁄2·ø¥·¶ao 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ ±æ­aÆTMø ̈·±2­Ê  ̈a­ ̈·21  ̈ ̧a 

›±33 ́2· ̈ß ” ́¥ ̈·­1⁄2ø¥a fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

3±oa¥·21 ­ß­ ̈a3  ̄›”flœ ̃ ø ̈ ­a¥a1⁄2 ̈ao Õ—Õ 

ÁÎ 1Æ± ́2o ­· ̈a­Ù fl ̈3±­Ú ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÌÈÊ ÔÔËÎä

ÔÔÁËÚ 

fia¥¥Ù ”Ú ‘ÚÂ ”1⁄2‹aÆ3± ̈ ̈Ù flÚÂ Æa1aÆÙ ÕÚ ‘ÚÂ 

Õø3a ̈Ù ÷Ú ”ÚÂ ‹±3·2·1⁄2·Ù ⁄Ú  ̄ÓððÏ ̃ —¶±2a 

ø2o ­ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ·2 ÁÎ ÀÚÕÚ  ́Ææø2 

1⁄2±33 ́2· ̈·a­Ù ÔÁËÈäÓðððÚ ÷fl”fl ÷Ú fl3Ú 

”aoÚ fl­­±1⁄2Ú ÓÁÓÊ ÓÌÈÓäÓÌÈËÚ 

fia¥¥Ù ”Ú ‘ÚÂ ‹±3·2·1⁄2·Ù ⁄ÚÂ Õø3a ̈Ù ÷Ú ”Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ 

fl 3a ̈øÛø2ø¥ß­·­ ±o  ̈·3aÛ­aÆ·a­ ­ ̈ ́o·a­ ±o 

±¶±2a ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ©· ̈ ̧ 1⁄2±3°øÆ·­±2  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ 3±Ææ·o· ̈ßÙ 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÙ ø2o ø·Æ 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ­ ̈ ́oßÚ ¤°·oa3·±¥±1ß ÔÍÊ ÏÌÍä

ÏÏÎÚ 

fia¥¥Ù ”Ú ‘ÚÂ –a21Ù ŒÚ ‹ÚÂ ‹±3·2·1⁄2·Ù ⁄Ú  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ 

Ã ̧a a®°±­ ́ÆaÛÆa­°±2­a 1⁄2 ́ÆTMa o±Æ ±¶±2a ø2o 

Æ·­μ ±o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ø2o  ̈ ̧a øoaØ ́ø1⁄2ß ±o 

1⁄2 ́ÆÆa2 ̈ ±¶±2a Æa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­Ú ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

–aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈ÚÊ o±·ÊÔðÚÔÓËÁÒa ̧°ÚËËÔÍÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a 

±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒo®Úo±·Ú±Æ1Ò ÅÓÌ ÷ø2 ́øÆßÙ 

ÓððÍÃÚ 

fiÆ±©2Ù ÷Ú ÕÚ Ã ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ±¶±2a ±2 ¥ ́21 

o ́21⁄2 ̈·±2 ø ̈ ðÚðÍ °°3 ·2  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ß øo ́¥ ̈­Ú 

÷ ́2a ÔÏÙ ÓððÈÚ ”a3±  ̈±  ̈ ̧a —¶±2a “flflœÕ 

ŒaTM·a© ‹±1⁄2μa ̈Ú ¤–fläÿœä—flŒäÓððÎä

ðÔÈÓäðÔÈÎÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ 

©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ 

­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

fi ́Æ2­Ù ŒÚ ”ÚÙ ÿ±2μø¥øÙ fiÚ ÿÚÙ  ̈a1⁄2 ̧Ú 1⁄2±±Æo­Ú 

 ̄ÔÁÁð ̃ Õ·¥TM·1⁄2­ ±o “±Æ ̈ ̧ fl3aÆ·1⁄2øÊ ÔÚ 

›±2·oaÆ­Â ÓÚ ÿøÆo©±±o­Ú fl1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́Æa 

ÿø2oæ±±μ ÍÎÏÚ ÀÚÕÚ ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o 

fl1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́ÆaÙ ⁄±Æa­ ̈ ÕaÆTM·1⁄2aÙ ...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù 

‹›Ú TM±¥Ú ÓÙ ËÈÈ °Ú 

fiß ́2Ù ‹Ú...ÚÙ › ̧·21Ù ÷Ú’ÚÕÚ  ̄¤o­Ú ̃Ù ÔÁÁÁÚ 

Õ1⁄2·a21⁄2a fl¥1±Æ· ̈ ̧3­ ±o  ̈ ̧a ¤–fl ”±oa¥­ÛÌ 

›±33 ́2· ̈ß ” ́¥ ̈·­1⁄2ø¥a fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ”±oa¥ 

 ̄›”flœ ̃ ”±oa¥·21 Õß­ ̈a3Ú ¤–flÒÍððÒŒäÁÁÒ 

ðÌðÙ ÀÚÕÚ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 

fl1a21⁄2ßÙ —oo·1⁄2a ±o Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ø2o 

‹aTMa¥±°3a2 ̈Ù ...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù ‹› ÓðÏÍðÚ 

›ø¥·o±Æ2·ø ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß 

 ̄›ø¥ ¤–fl ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ 

Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÔÓÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

›¥aø2 fl·Æ Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 floTM·­±Æß ›±33· ̈ ̈aa 

 ̄›flÕfl› ̃  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ ÃÆø2­1⁄2Æ·° ̈ ±o – ́æ¥·1⁄2 

”aa ̈·21 ÿa¥o ·2 Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ 

“Ú›Ú ±2 fl ́1 ́­ ̈ ÓÏÙ ÓððÍÚ 

›±®Ù ...Ú ”ÚÂ ›ø3ø¥·aÆÙ ‘Ú  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ Ã ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈ ±o 

3aø­ ́Æa3a2 ̈ aÆÆ±Æ ±2 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ ±¶±2a oa­·12 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­Ú ”a3±  ̈±  ̈ ̧a —¶±2a 

“flflœÕ ŒaTM·a© ‹±1⁄2μa ̈Ú ¤–fläÿœä—flŒä

ÓððÎäðÔÈÓäððÓÍÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê 

 ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò 

±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

‹a¥ø©øÆa Ÿ±TMaÆ2±ÆÒ—¶±2a ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ 

›±33·­­·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ 

Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÔÌÏÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

‹a¥ø©øÆaÙ Õ ̈ø ̈a ±o  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎä

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏËÔÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

‹±© › ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ ›±3°ø2ß  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎä

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÌÈÍÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ËÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

¤oaÆÙ fiÚ ø2o ÕÚ « ́Ù ÓððÍÊ fl °aÆo±Æ3ø21⁄2a 

aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ÓððÏ Æa¥aø­a ±o ”±oa¥­Û 

Ì ›”flœÙ fl ̈3±­Ú ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÏðÊ ÏËÔÔäÏËÓÏÚ 

Õ°a1⁄2·ø¥ ·­­ ́a ±2 ”±oa¥ ¤TMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2Ê 

¤TMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 ±o ÀÆæø2 ø2o Œa1·±2ø¥ ¤ ́¥aÆ·ø2 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ”±oa¥­Ú 

¤21·2a ”ø2 ́oø1⁄2 ̈ ́ÆaÆ­ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄¤”fl ̃ 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÔðÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ‹aoa2­aÒ¤øÆ ̈ ̧ ÷ ́­ ̈·1⁄2a  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÌÈËÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÔÁÁÍø ̃ fl·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 1⁄2Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ ±¶±2a ø2o Æa¥ø ̈ao 

° ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ ±®·oø2 ̈­Ú Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a 

–øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ø2o 

‹aTMa¥±°3a2 ̈Â ¤–fl Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–flÒÍððÒ 

fl–äÁÌÒððÏø⁄ä1⁄2⁄Ú ÌTMÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a oÆ±3Ê 

“Ã×ÕÙ Õ°Æ·21o·a¥oÙ flÂ –fiÁÍäÔËÎÎËÓÙ 

–fiÁÍäÔËÎÎÁðÙ ø2o –fiÁÍäÔËÎÍðËÚ 

flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ1⁄2o° ́æÚa°øÚ1±TMÒ 

21⁄2aøÒ1⁄2o3ÒÆa1⁄2±Æo·­°¥øßÚ1⁄2o3·oa·o„ÓËÌÔÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÔÁÁÍæ ̃ 

ŒaTM·a© ±o “ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÊ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o 

Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o Ãa1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ ×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ú 

—flœ–Õ Õ ̈øoo –ø°aÆ  ̄⁄·2ø¥ ̃ Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ 

ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

–¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Â ¤–fl Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú 

¤–flÒÏÎÓÒŒäÁÍäððÈÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê 

 ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò 

±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì °Æ ­°Ú ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÓ ̃ 

–Æ±¶a1⁄2 ̈ ...±Æμ –¥ø2 o±Æ ŒaTM·­ao fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ —¶±2a ø2o Œa¥ø ̈ao 

– ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ —®·oø2 ̈­Ú Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ 

ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê “ø ̈·±2ø¥ ›a2 ̈aÆ o±Æ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈Â ¤–fl Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú 

“›¤fläŒäÔðÍËÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÎø ̃ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ —¶±2a ø2o Œa¥ø ̈ao 

– ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ —®·oø2 ̈­  ̄⁄·Æ­ ̈ ¤® ̈aÆ2ø¥ 

ŒaTM·a© ‹Æøo ̈ ̃Ú ...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù ‹›Ê “ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

›a2 ̈aÆ o±Æ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈Â ¤–fl 

Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–flÒÍððÒŒäðÎÒððÏøflä1⁄2flÚ 

flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ1⁄2o° ́æÚa°øÚ1±TMÒ 

21⁄2aøÒ1⁄2o3ÒÆa1⁄2±Æo·­°¥øßÚ1⁄2o3·oa·o„ÔÔÏÎÓÌÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÎæ ̃ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ —¶±2a ø2o Œa¥ø ̈ao 

– ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ —®·oø2 ̈­  ̄Õa1⁄2±2o ¤® ̈aÆ2ø¥ 

ŒaTM·a© ‹Æøo ̈ ̃ ...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù ‹›Ê “ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

›a2 ̈aÆ o±Æ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈Â ¤–fl 

Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–flÒÍððÒŒäðÎÒððÏøfiä1⁄2fiÚ 

flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ1⁄2o° ́æÚa°øÚ1±TMÒ 

21⁄2aøÒ1⁄2o3ÒÆa1⁄2±Æo·­°¥øßÚ1⁄2o3·oa·o„ÔÌÈÌðÈÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÎ1⁄2 ̃ 

ŒaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2aÊ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ú 

—flœ–Õ ­ ̈øoo °ø°aÆ  ̄⁄·Æ­ ̈ ‹Æøo ̈ ̃Ú Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ 

ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

–¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Â ¤–fl Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú 

¤–fläÏÎÓÒ‹äðÎäððÓÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê 

 ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ 

­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ ­°Ú ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÍø ̃ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß ›Æ· ̈aÆ·ø o±Æ —¶±2a ø2o Œa¥ø ̈ao 

– ̧± ̈±1⁄2 ̧a3·1⁄2ø¥ —®·oø2 ̈­Ú  ̄⁄·2ø¥ ̃ 

...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù ‹›Ê “ø ̈·±2ø¥ ›a2 ̈aÆ o±Æ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ fl­­a­­3a2 ̈Â ¤–fl Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú 

¤–flÒÍððÒŒäðÎÒððÏøfiä1⁄2fiÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a 

ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ1⁄2o° ́æÚa°øÚ1±TMÒ21⁄2aøÒ1⁄2o3Ò 

Æa1⁄2±Æo·­°¥øßÚ1⁄2o3·oa·o„ÔÏÁÁÓÌÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÍæ ̃ 

ŒaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2aÊ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ú 

—flœ–Õ ­ ̈øoo °ø°aÆÚ  ̄Õa1⁄2±2o ‹Æøo ̈ ̃Ú 

Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß –¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Â ¤–fl 

Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–fläÏÎÓÒ‹äðÎäððÓÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a 

±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ ­°Ú ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÈø ̃ 

ŒaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2aÊ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ú 

—flœ–Õ ­ ̈øoo °ø°aÆÚ  ̄⁄·2ø¥ ̃ ÷ø2 ́øÆß ÓððÈÚ 

Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß –¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Â ¤–fl 

Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–fläÏÎÓÒŒäðÈäððÌÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a 

±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ ­°Ú ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÈæ ̃ 

ŒaTM·a© ±o  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2aÊ ø­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o 

­1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 ø2o  ̈a1⁄2 ̧2·1⁄2ø¥ ·2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2Ú 

—flœ–Õ ­ ̈øoo °ø°aÆÚ  ̄À°oø ̈ao ⁄·2ø¥ ̃ ÷ ́¥ß 

ÓððÈÚ Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß –¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Â ¤–fl 

Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–fläÏÎÓÒŒäðÈäððÈÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a 

±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ ­°Ú ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß  ̄ÓððÈ1⁄2 ̃ 

—¶±2a –±° ́¥ø ̈·±2 ¤®°±­ ́Æa fl2ø¥ß­·­ o±Æ 

Õa¥a1⁄2 ̈ao ÀÆæø2 flÆaø­Ú  ̄À°oø ̈ao ⁄·2ø¥ ̃ ÷ ́¥ß 

ÓððÈÚ Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÃÆ·ø21¥a –øÆμÙ “›Ê —oo·1⁄2a ±o 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß –¥ø22·21 ø2o Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­Â ¤–fl 

Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–fläÏÎÓÒŒäðÈäðÔðÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a 

±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

¤®®±2 ”±æ·¥ ›±Æ°±Æø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎä

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓäÏÔÍÌÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÈÏ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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⁄·±ÆaÙ flÚ ”ÚÂ ÷ø1⁄2±æÙ ‹Ú ÷ÚÂ fiaßÙ ×ÚÂ «ø2 ̈±­1⁄2øÙ 

ŒÚ ”ÚÂ ⁄·a¥oÙ fiÚ ‹ÚÂ ⁄ ́­1⁄2±Ù flÚ ›ÚÂ ...·¥μ·2­±2Ù 

÷Ú ŸÚ  ̄ÓððÓ ̃ fiø1⁄2μ1Æ± ́2o ±¶±2a ±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧a 

À2· ̈ao Õ ̈ø ̈a­ ·2 ­ ́33aÆÊ ±Æ·1·2Ù  ̈Æa2oÙ ø2o 

1⁄2±2 ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2  ̈± °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 a°·­±oa­Ú ÷Ú 

Ÿa±° ̧ß­Ú Œa­Ú  ̄fl ̈3±­Ú ̃ ÔðÈ ̄‹ÔÎ ̃Ê ÔðÚÔðÓÁÒ 

ÓððÔ÷‹ðððÁËÓÚ 

⁄·±ÆaÙ flÚ ”ÚÂ ÷ø1⁄2±æÙ ‹Ú ÷ÚÂ ‘· ́Ù ÿÚÂ «ø2 ̈±­1⁄2øÙ 

ŒÚ ”ÚÂ ⁄ø·Æ¥·aÙ ÃÚ ‹ÚÂ ⁄ ́­1⁄2±Ù flÚ ›ÚÂ ‘·Ù œÚ 

 ̄ÓððÌ ̃ øÆ·øæ·¥· ̈ß ·2 ­ ́Æoø1⁄2a ±¶±2a 

æø1⁄2μ1Æ± ́2o ±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧a À2· ̈ao Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ê 

·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ o±Æ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß –±¥·1⁄2ßÚ ÷Ú ±o 

Ÿa±° ̧ß­·1⁄2ø¥ Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧Ù ÔðË ̄‹ÓÏ ̃ÔÁäÔäÔÁä

ÔÓÚ 

Ÿa2 ̈Ù ÷Ú ⁄ÚÂ ÃÆ·1⁄2 ̧aÙ ¤Ú ...ÚÂ ÿ±¥o±ÆoÙ ÃÚ ŒÚÂ 

fia¥ø21aÆÙ ’ÚÂ fiÆø1⁄2μa2Ù ”Ú fiÚÂ fia1⁄2μa ̈ ̈Ù ...Ú 

ÕÚÂ ‘aøoaÆaÆÙ fiÚ –Ú  ̄ÓððÌ ̃ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o 

¥±©Û¥aTMa¥ ±¶±2a ø2o o·2a °øÆ ̈·1⁄2¥a­ ©· ̈ ̧ 

Æa­°·Æø ̈±Æß ­ß3° ̈±3­ ·2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø­ ̈ ̧3øÚ ÷fl”fl ÷Ú fl3Ú ”aoÚ fl­­±1⁄2Ú ÓÁðÊ 

ÔËÎÁäÔËÍÈÚ 

Ÿa±Æ1·ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o “ø ̈ ́Æø¥ Œa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­Ù 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ‹·TM·­·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aâ

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒäÓððÎäðÔÈÓä

ÏÔÌÍÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

Ÿ±¥o­ ̈a·2Ù flÚ ÿÚÂ ”·¥¥a ̈Ù ‹Ú fiÚÂ ”1⁄2’øßÙ ”ÚÂ 

÷øa1¥aÙ ‘ÚÂ ÿ±Æ±©· ̈¶Ù ‘ÚÂ ›±±°aÆÙ —ÚÂ 

ÿ ́o3ø2Ù ŒÚÂ ÷ø1⁄2±æÙ ‹Â —¥ ̈3ø2­Ù ÕÂ ›¥øÆμaÙ 

flÚ  ̄ÓððÏ ̃ ×3°ø1⁄2 ̈ ±o fl­·ø2 a3·­­·±2­ ±2 

±æ­aÆTMø ̈·±2­ ø ̈ ÃÆ·2·oøo ÿaøoÙ ›ø¥·o±Æ2·øÙ 

o ́Æ·21 ×Ã›Ã Ó’ÓÚ ÷Ú ±o Ÿa±° ̧ß­·1⁄2ø¥ 

Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧Ù ÔðÁ ̄‹ÓÌÕÔÈ ̃Ù o±·Ê ÔðÚÔðÓÁÒ 

ÓððÌ÷‹ððÏÏðÍÚ 

ŸÆa11Ù ÷Ú ...ÚÂ ÷±2a­Ù ›Ú ŸÚÂ ‹ø©­±2Ù ÃÚ ¤Ú 

 ̄ÓððÌ ̃ ÀÆæø2·¶ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2  ̈Æaa 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ 

·2  ̈ ̧a TM·1⁄2·2· ̈ß ±o “a© «±Æμ ›· ̈ßÚ “ø ̈ ́Æa 

ÏÓÏÊ ÔËÌäÔËÈÚ 

ÿø2­±2Ù –ÚÙ Õø3 ́a¥­±2Ù ‘ÚÙ ... ́¥¥­1⁄2 ̧¥a1aÆÙ ÕÚÙ 

ÃøææaÆaÆÙ ÃÚÂ ¤o©øÆo­Ù ŸÚ  ̄ÔÁÁÏ ̃ èèÕaø­±2ø¥ 

°ø ̈ ̈aÆ2­ ±o ¥·1 ̧ ̈Û­ø ̈ ́Æø ̈ao ° ̧± ̈±­ß2 ̈ ̧a­·­ 

ø2o ¥aøo 1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2 ̈ø21⁄2a o±Æ 3ø ̈ ́Æa ø2o 

­aao¥·21 œ ́aÆ1⁄2 ́­ Æ ́æÆø ‘Ú o±¥·ø1aÊ 

o·ooaÆa2 ̈·ø¥ ­a2­· ̈·TM· ̈ß  ̈± ±¶±2a a®°±­ ́ÆaÚéé

ÃÆaa – ̧ß­·±¥±1ß ÔÏÊÔÌÎÔäÔÌÍÍÚ 

ÿa1⁄2μÙ ...Ú ...ÚÂ ›±©¥·21Ù ¤Ú fiÚ  ̄ÔÁÁÈ ̃ Ã ̧a 2aao 

o±Æ ø ¥±21  ̈aÆ3 1⁄2 ́3 ́¥ø ̈·TMa ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

±¶±2a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoâø2 a1⁄2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ °aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMaÚ 

¤”  ̄÷ø2 ́øÆß ̃Ê ÓÌäÌÌÚ 

ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ŒÚ  ̄ÓððÍø ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 ›flÕfl› 

› ̧ø·Æ3ø2 Œ±1a2a ÿa2oaÆ­±2  ̈± ¤–fl 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ú ⁄aæÆ ́øÆß 

ÔÍÙ ÓððÍÙ ¤–flä›flÕfl›äðÍäððÌÚ 

ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ŒÚ  ̄ÓððÍæ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 ›flÕfl› 

› ̧ø·Æ3ø2 Œ±1a2a ÿa2oaÆ­±2  ̈± ¤–fl 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ú ÷ ́2a ÎÙ 

ÓððÍÙ ¤–flä›flÕfl›äðÍäððÈÚ 

ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ŒÚ  ̄ÓððÍ1⁄2 ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 ›flÕfl› 

› ̧ø·Æ3ø2 Œ±1a2a ÿa2oaÆ­±2  ̈± ¤–fl 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ú —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ 

ÓÏÙ ÓððÍÙ ¤–flä›flÕfl›äðÈäððÔÚ 

ÿa2oaÆ­±2Ù ŒÚ  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 ›flÕfl› 

› ̧ø·Æ3ø2 Œ±1a2a ÿa2oaÆ­±2  ̈± ¤–fl 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ú ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÍÙ 

ÓððÈÙ ¤–flä›flÕfl›äðÈäððÓÚ 

ÿ·¥¥Ù flÚfiÚ  ̄ÔÁÍÎ ̃ Ã ̧a a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ ø2o 

o·­aø­aÊ ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±Æ 1⁄2ø ́­ø ̈·±2· –Æ±1⁄2Ú ŒÚ 

Õ±1⁄2Ú ”aoÚ ÎËÊ ÓÁÎäÌððÚ 

ÿ±1­a ̈ ̈Ù ...Ú ¤ÚÂ Ã·21aßÙ ‹Ú ÃÚÂ ÿa2oÆ·1⁄2μ­Ù ›ÚÂ 

Œ±­­·Ù ‹Ú  ̄ÔÁËÁ ̃ Õa2­· ̈·TM· ̈ß ±o ©a­ ̈aÆ2 

1⁄2±2·oaÆ­  ̈± Õ—Ó ø2o ­aø­±2ø¥ ·2 ̈aÆø1⁄2 ̈·±2 ±o 

ø1⁄2·o o±1 ø2o ±¶±2aÚ ×2Ê —¥­±2Ù ŒÚ ’ÚÂ 

‘ao± ̧2Ù flÚ ÕÚÙ ao­Ú ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 

±2 ©a­ ̈aÆ2 o±Æa­ ̈­ Åø2 fl ̇...”fl 

­ß3°±­· ́3Â ÷ ́2aÂ fl2ø ̧a·3Ù ›flÃÚ fl·Æ 

–±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ›±2 ̈Æ±¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2Â °°Ú ÏÍÁäÏÁÔ 

 ̄fl–›fl  ̈Æø2­ø1⁄2 ̈·±2­ ­aÆ·a­Ê 2±Ú ÔÍ ̃Ú 

ÿ±Æ­ ̈Ù ŒÚÂ ‹ ́ooÙ ”Ú  ̄ÔÁÁÎ ̃Ú ›±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 oø ̈ø 

 ̈Æø2­o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o  ̈ ̧a Ø ́øoÆø ̈·1⁄2 Æ±¥¥æø1⁄2μ 

3a ̈ ̧±o±¥±1ß  ̄Œ± ́2o ÓÙ ŒaTM·­ao ̃Ú 

À2° ́æ¥·­ ̧ao 3a3±Æø2o ́3  ̈± ŒÚ 

Œ±oÆ+u1 ́a¶Ù ÀÚÕÚ ¤–flÙ ÷ ́2a ËÚ 

ÿ±Æ­ ̈3ø2Ù ‹Ú ÿÚÂ ⁄±¥·2­æaaÙ ‘Ú ÷ÚÂ ×TMa­Ù –Ú ÷ÚÂ 

flæo ́¥ÛÕø¥øø3Ù ÕÚÂ ”1⁄2‹±22a¥¥Ù ...Ú ⁄Ú  ̄ÔÁÁð ̃ 

—¶±2a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ø2o ° ́¥3±2øÆß 

Æa­°±2­a Æa¥ø ̈·±2­ ̧·°­ o±Æ ÍÚÍÛ ̧Æ a®°±­ ́Æa­ 

©· ̈ ̧ o·TMa  ̧± ́Æ­ ±o 3±oaÆø ̈a a®aÆ1⁄2·­a  ̈± 

ðÚðËÙ ðÚÔðÙ ø2o ðÚÔÓ °°3Ú fl3Ú ŒaTMÚ Œa­°·ÆÚ 

‹·­Ú ÔÏÓÊ ÔÔÎËPÔÔÍÌÚ 

ÿ ́ø21Ù «ÚÂ ‹±3·2·1⁄2·Ù ⁄ÚÂ fia¥¥Ù ”Ú ‘Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ 

fiøßa­·ø2  ̧·aÆøÆ1⁄2 ̧·1⁄2ø¥ o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈ao ¥ø1 

3±oa¥­ o±Æ ­ ́33aÆ ±¶±2a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 

1⁄2øÆo·±ÛÆa­°·Æø ̈±Æß 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÚ 

¤2TM·Æ±23a ̈Æ·1⁄2­ ÔÍÊ ÎÏÈPÎÍÓÚ 

×¥¥·2±·­ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ –Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ß 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP 

ÏðÍÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÌÙ ÓððÈÚ 

×2o·ø2ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

”ø2ø1a3a2 ̈  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ 

Õa2 ̈  ̈± Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ù flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÈÈÈÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

×±©ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o “ø ̈ ́Æø¥ Œa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP 

ÏðÈËÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÔÙ ÓððÈÚ 

×­aæÆø2o­Ù ÷Ú ŸÚÂ ‹·1⁄2μ­±2Ù ŒÚ ¤ÚÂ Œaææa1⁄2μÙ ÷ÚÂ 

’øÆ2±­μßÙ ‹Ú ⁄Ú  ̄Óððð ̃ ×2 ̈aÆø1⁄2 ̈·21 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 

3 ́¥ ̈·°¥a ­ ̈Æa­­a­ ±2 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ ø2o 

° ̧ß­·±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ °Æ±1⁄2a­­a­ ·2 2±Æ ̈ ̧aÆ2 o±Æa­ ̈ 

 ̈Æaa­Ú ×2Ê ”·1⁄2μ¥aÆÙ ŒÚ flÚÂ fi·Æ­oaßÙ ŒÚ flÚÂ 

ÿ±3Ù ÷ÚÙ ao­Ú Œa­°±2­a­ ±o 2±Æ ̈ ̧aÆ2 ÀÚÕÚ 

o±Æa­ ̈­  ̈± a2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 1⁄2 ̧ø21aÚ “a© 

«±ÆμÙ “«Ê Õ°Æ·21aÆÛ aÆ¥ø1Â °°Ú ÔÏÁPÔËðÚ 

 ̄¤1⁄2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ­ ̈ ́o·a­Ê TMÚ ÔÌÁ ̃Ú 

×­aæÆø2o­Ù ÷Ú ŸÚÂ ”1⁄2‹±2ø¥oÙ ¤Ú –ÚÂ ’Æ ́1aÆÙ ¤ÚÂ 

ÿa2oÆaßÙ ŸÚÂ –aÆ1⁄2ßÙ ’ÚÂ –Æa1· ̈¶aÆÙ ’ÚÂ Õ±æaÆÙ 

÷ÚÂ ’øÆ2±­μßÙ ‹Ú ⁄Ú  ̄ÓððÔ ̃ ŸÆ±© ̈ ̧ Æa­°±2­a­ 

±o –±° ́¥ ́­  ̈Æa3 ́¥±·oa­ 1⁄2¥±2a­  ̈± 

·2 ̈aÆø1⁄2 ̈·21 1⁄2øÆæ±2 o·±®·oa ø2o 

 ̈Æ±°±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 ±¶±2aÚ ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú –±¥¥ ́ ̈Ú ÔÔÎÊ 

ÌÎÁPÌÈÔÚ 

× ̈±Ù ’ÚÂ ‹a ‘a±2Ù ÕÚ ⁄ÚÂ ‘·°°3ø22Ù ”Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ 

fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2­ æa ̈©aa2 ±¶±2a ø2o oø·¥ß 

3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÙ ø2ø¥ß­·­ ø2o 3a ̈øÛø2ø¥ß­·­Ú 

¤°·oa3·±¥±1ß ÔÍÊ ÏÏÍPÏÎÈÚ 

’øÆ2±­μßÙ ‹Ú⁄ÚÙ –Æa1· ̈¶aÆÙ ’ÚÕÚÙ ÆøμÙ ‹ÚŒÚÙ 

’ ́æ·­μaÙ ”Ú¤ÚÙ ÿa2oÆaßÙ ŸÚŒÚÙ ...a·2­ ̈a·2Ù 

‹ÚÙ “±­ø¥Ù ”Ú  ̇ –aÆ1⁄2ßÙ ’Ú¤Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ Õ1⁄2ø¥·21 

±¶±2a Æa­°±2­a­ ±o o±Æa­ ̈  ̈Æaa­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

a1⁄2±­ß­ ̈a3 ¥aTMa¥ ·2 ø 1⁄2 ̧ø21·21 1⁄2¥·3ø ̈aÚ 

–¥ø2 ̈ ›a¥¥ ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÓËÙ ÁÍÎPÁËÔÚ 

’a2 ̈ ́1⁄2μß ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ø2o – ́æ¥·1⁄2 

–Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ›øæ·2a ̈  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP 

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔËÍÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

’·21Ù ÷ÚÕÚÙ ”Ú ¤Ú ’ ́æ·­μaÙ ’Ú ÕÚ –Æa1· ̈¶aÆÙ ŸÚ 

ŒÚ ÿa2oÆaßÙ ¤Ú –Ú ”1⁄2‹±2ø¥oÙ ›Ú –Ú 

Ÿ·øÆo·2øÙ Ú ÕÚ œ ́·22Ù ‹Ú ⁄Ú ’øÆ2±­μßÚ 

 ̄ÓððÎ ̃ ÃÆ±°±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 —Ì 1⁄2±3°Æ±3·­a­ 2a ̈ 

°Æ·3øÆß °Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·±2 ·2 ß± ́21 ­ ̈ø2o­ ±o 

 ̈Æa3æ¥·21 ø­°a2Ù °ø°aÆ æ·Æ1⁄2 ̧ ø2o ­ ́1øÆ 

3ø°¥a ·2 Æa­°±2­a  ̈± a¥aTMø ̈ao ø ̈3±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 

›—ÓÚ “a© – ̧ß ̈±¥±1·­ ̈Ú ÔÍËÊÍÓÌPÍÌÍÚ 

’± ́ ̈Æøμ·­Ù –ÚÂ Õ ́ ̧Ù ÿÚÿÚÂ ÕøÆ2ø ̈Ù ÷Ú flÚÂ fiÆ±©2Ù 

’Ú ...ÚÂ ›± ́¥¥Ù fiÚflÂ Õ1⁄2 ̧©øÆ ̈¶Ù ÷Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ 

› ̧øÆø1⁄2 ̈aÆ·¶ø ̈·±2 ±o °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a ø2o 1øa®°±­ ́Æa­ ±o ­a2­· ̈·TMa ­ ́æ°±° ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

¥·TM·21 ·2 fiø¥ ̈·3±Æa ø2o fi±­ ̈±2Ú ÿ¤× 

Œa­aøÆ1⁄2 ̧ Œa°±Æ ̈ ÔÌÔÚ 

‘ø21­ ̈øooÙ ÷Ú  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ fl2ø¥ß­·­ ±o À21⁄2aÆ ̈ø·2 ̈ß ·2 

—¶±2a –±° ́¥ø ̈·±2 ¤®°±­ ́Æa ”±oa¥·21Ú 

÷ø2 ́øÆß ÌÔÙ ÓððÈÚ ”a3±  ̈±  ̈ ̧a —¶±2a 

“flflœÕ ŒaTM·a© ‹±1⁄2μa ̈Ú ¤–flPÿœP—flŒP 

ÓððÎPðÔÈÓPðÔÈÏÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê 

 ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò 

±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

‘ø ́Æa21⁄2aÙ ÷ÚflÚÙ ’± ̧ ́ ̈Ù ŒÚ÷ÚÙ fl3 ́2o­±2Ù ŒÚŸÚÙ 

 ̄ÔÁÁÌ ̃Ú À­a ±o ÃŒ¤ŸŒ—  ̈± ­·3 ́¥ø ̈a  ̈ ̧a 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ±¶±2a ±2  ̈ ̧a 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ ±o Æao 

­°Æ ́1⁄2a ­aao¥·21­Ú ⁄±Æa­ ̈ Õ1⁄2·a21⁄2aÚ ÌÁÊ ÏÎÌP 

ÏÍÏÚ 

‘ø ́Æa21⁄2aÙ ÷Ú flÚÂ Œa ̈¶¥øooÙ ...Ú flÚÂ ’aÆ2Ù ÷Ú ÕÚÂ 

‘aaÙ ¤Ú ÿÚÂ ÿ±1­a ̈ ̈Ù ...Ú ¤ÚÂ ...a·2­ ̈a·2Ù ‹Ú flÚ 

 ̄ÓððÔ ̃ –Æao·1⁄2 ̈·21  ̈ ̧a Æa1·±2ø¥ ·3°ø1⁄2 ̈ ±o 

±¶±2a ø2o °Æa1⁄2·°· ̈ø ̈·±2 ±2  ̈ ̧a 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ ±o 

¥±æ¥±¥¥ß °·2a ø2o ßa¥¥±© °±°¥øÆ  ́­·21 

¥·2μao ÃŒ¤ŸŒ— ø2o Æ¤‘Ÿ 3±oa¥­Ú ⁄±ÆÚ 

¤1⁄2±¥Ú ”ø2ø1aÚ ÔÏÍÊ ÓÏÈPÓÍÌÚ 

‘ao± ̧2Ù flÚÕÚÂ Œ ́2a1⁄2μ¥a­Ù Ú›ÚÂ ’Æ ́°øÙ ÕÚ ÚÂ 

Õ ̧øo©·1⁄2μÙ ‹ÚÕÚ  ̄ÔÁËÁ ̃ ×3°±Æ ̈ø2 ̈ 

1⁄2±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­ o±Æ a­ ̈øæ¥·­ ̧·21 ø ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

±¶±2a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo  ̈± °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈ TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2Ú 

÷fl–›fl ÌÁÙ °°Ú ÔðÌÁPÔðÏÎÚ 

‘aTMßÙ ÷Ú ×ÚÂ › ̧a3aÆß2­μ·Ù ÕÚ ”ÚÂ ÕøÆ2ø ̈Ù ÷Ú flÚ 

 ̄ÓððÎ ̃ —¶±2a a®°±­ ́Æa ø2o 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ßÙ ø2 

a3°·Æ·1⁄2 fiøßa­ 3a ̈øÆa1Æa­­·±2 ø2ø¥ß­·­Ú 

¤°·oa3·±¥±1ß ÔÍÊ ÏÎËPÏÍËÚ 

‘·°oaÆ ̈Ù ⁄Ú ...ÚÂ –aÆÆßÙ ÿÚ ”ÚÙ ÷ÆÚÂ ”·¥¥aÆÙ ÷Ú –ÚÂ 

fiø ̈ßÙ ÷Ú ‹ÚÂ ...ß¶1øÙ ŒÚ ¤ÚÂ ›øÆ3±oßÙ ÕÚ ¤Ú 

 ̄Óððð ̃ Ã ̧a ...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2 À2·TMaÆ­· ̈ßÛ¤–Œ× 

TMa ̈aÆø2­K 1⁄2± ̧±Æ ̈ 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ ́oßÊ 

°Æa¥·3·2øÆß Æa­ ́¥ ̈­Ú ×2Ê ŸÆø2 ̈Ù ‘Ú ‹ÚÙ aoÚ 

–”ÓðððÊ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧Ú 

×2 ̧ø¥ø ̈·±2 Ã±®·1⁄2±¥Ú ÔÓ ̄­ ́°°¥Ú Ï ̃Ê ÏÔPÈÌÚ 

‘± ́·­·ø2ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈ 

 ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏðÁÍÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÌÙ ÓððÈÚ 

”1⁄2›¥ ́2aßÙ ‘Ú  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ —¶±2a ÔÛÿ± ́Æ  ̈± ËÛÿ± ́Æ 

Œø ̈·±­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÓððÓPÓððÏ ‹a­·12 ø¥ ́a 

–aÆ·±oÚ ÷ø2 ́øÆß ÔËÙ ÓððÈÚ ”a3±  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

—¶±2a “flflœÕ ŒaTM·a© ‹±1⁄2μa ̈Ú ¤–flPÿœP 

—flŒPðÔÈÓPððÈÌÚ 

”1⁄2‹±22a¥¥Ù ...Ú ⁄ÚÂ ’a ̧Æ¥Ù ÿÚŒÚÂ flæo ́¥Û 

Õø¥øø3Ù ÕÚÂ ×TMa­Ù –Ú÷ÚÂ ⁄±¥·2­æaaÙ ‘Ú÷ÚÂ 

‹aTM¥·2Ù ŒÚfiÚÂ —K“a·¥Ù ÷Ú÷ÚÂ ÿ±Æ­ ̈3ø2Ù ‹Ú ÿÚ 

 ̄ÔÁÁÔ ̃ Œa­°·Æø ̈±Æß Æa­°±2­a ±o  ̧ ́3ø2­ 

a®°±­ao  ̈± ¥±© ¥aTMa¥­ ±o ±¶±2a o±Æ ÍÚÍ 

 ̧± ́Æ­Ú flÆ1⁄2 ̧Ú ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ ÏÍÊ ÔÏÎPÔÎðÚ 

”øÆ ̈ßÙ ”Ú  ̄ÓððÈø ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 ›ÿ–fl› › ̧ø·Æ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÌÚ ¤–flPÿœP 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPðÔðÎÚ 

”øÆ ̈ßÙ ”Ú  ̄ÓððÈæ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 ›ÿ–fl› › ̧ø·Æ 

 ̈±  ̈ ̧a flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ Õa° ̈a3æaÆ ÏÚ ¤–flP 

ÿœP—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÓðÌÔÚ 

”1⁄2‘ø ́1 ̧¥·2Ù ÕÚfiÚÙ “±­ø¥Ù ”ÚÙ ... ́¥¥­1⁄2 ̧¥a1aÆÙ 

ÕÚ‹ÚÙ Õ ́2Ù ŸÚ  ̄ÓððÈø ̃ ×2 ̈aÆø1⁄2 ̈·TMa aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 

±¶±2a ø2o 1⁄2¥·3ø ̈a ±2  ̈Æaa 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ ø2o 

©ø ̈aÆ  ́­a ·2 ø ­± ́ ̈ ̧aÆ2 fl°°ø¥ø1⁄2 ̧·ø2 o±Æa­ ̈ 

·2  ̈ ̧a ÀÕflÚ “a© – ̧ß ̈±¥±1·­ ̈ ÔÈÏÊÔðÁPÔÓÏÚ 

”1⁄2‘ø ́1 ̧¥·2Ù ÕÚfiÚÙ ... ́¥¥­1⁄2 ̧¥a1aÆÙ ÕÚ‹ÚÙ Õ ́2Ù ŸÚ 

ø2o “±­ø¥Ù ”Ú  ̄ÓððÈæ ̃ ×2 ̈aÆø1⁄2 ̈·TMa aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 

±¶±2a ø2o 1⁄2¥·3ø ̈a ±2 ©ø ̈aÆ  ́­aÙ ­±·¥ 

3±·­ ̈ ́Æa 1⁄2±2 ̈a2 ̈ ø2o ­ ̈Æaø3o¥±© ·2 ø 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÈÎ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
ÔÍÎÔð ⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ 

­± ́ ̈ ̧aÆ2 fl°°ø¥ø1⁄2 ̧·ø2 o±Æa­ ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧a ÀÕflÚ 

“a© – ̧ß ̈±¥±1·­ ̈ ÔÈÏÊ ÔÓÎPÔÌÍÚ 

”±Æ ̈·3aÆÙ ’Ú ”ÚÂ “aø­Ù ‘Ú ”ÚÂ ‹±1⁄2μaÆßÙ ‹Ú ...ÚÂ 

Œao¥·2aÙ ÕÚÂ Ãø1aÆÙ ×Ú fiÚ  ̄ÓððÓ ̃ Ã ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈ 

±o ø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ±2 ·22aÆÛ1⁄2· ̈ß 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2 ©· ̈ ̧ 

ø­ ̈ ̧3øÚ ¤ ́ÆÚ Œa­°·ÆÚ ÷Ú ÔÁÊ ÍÁÁPÈðÎÚ 

” ́­­a¥3ø2Ù ŒÚ›ÚÂ ‘ao± ̧2Ù flÚÕÚÂ ”ø­­3ø2Ù 

...Ú÷ÚÂ ÿaø ̈ ̧Ù ŒÚ‘Ú  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ fl 1⁄2Æ· ̈·1⁄2ø¥ ÆaTM·a© 

ø2o ø2ø¥ß­·­ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ́­a ±o a®°±­ ́ÆaÛ ø2o 

o¥ ́®Ûæø­ao ±¶±2a ·2o·1⁄2a­ o±Æ °Æao·1⁄2 ̈·21 

TMa1a ̈ø ̈·±2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­Ú fl ̈3±­Ú ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú 

ÏðÊÔËÍÁPÔËËËÚ 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o ›¥aø2 fl·Æ fl1a21⁄2·a­ 

 ̄“fl›flfl ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ 

Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÓÈÏÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o Œa1·±2ø¥ ›± ́21⁄2·¥­ 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÎðÏÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 ±o ”ø2 ́oø1⁄2 ̈ ́ÆaÆ­ 

 ̄“fl” ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± 

”±¥¥ß flÚ —K“a·¥¥  ̄fl­­·­ ̈ø2 ̈ flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ 

—oo·1⁄2a ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 ø2o 

› ̧·ao ×2o±Æ3ø ̈·±2 —oo·1⁄2aÆ ̃ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao 

Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒP

ÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÓÈÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ –øÆμ ÕaÆTM·1⁄2a  ̄“–Õ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÁÌÏÚ Õa° ̈a3æaÆ ÓÈÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ ÃÆ·æø¥ fl·Æ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2  ̄“Ãflfl ̃ 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÔÍÁÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“aTMøoø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ›±2­aÆTMø ̈·±2  ̇ 

“ø ̈ ́Æø¥ Œa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÈÌÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

“a© ÷aÆ­aß ›¥aø2 fl·Æ ›± ́21⁄2·¥  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒP

ÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÔÁÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“a© «±Æμ Õ ̈ø ̈a ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ ›±2­aÆTMø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒP

ÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏðÁÁÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“a© «±Æμ Õ ̈ø ̈a ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o 

ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏËÍÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

“a© ”a®·1⁄2± ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß fi ́Æaø ́  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÁÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÎÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

“±Æ ̈ ̧ ›øÆ±¥·2ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ 

ø2o “ø ̈ ́Æø¥ Œa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­  ̄“›‹¤“Œ ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ Õa2 ̈  ̈± Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ‘Ú ÷± ̧2­±2 ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÏÁÈÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

“±Æ ̈ ̧aø­ ̈ Õ ̈ø ̈a­ o±Æ ›±±Æo·2ø ̈ao fl·Æ À­a 

”ø2ø1a3a2 ̈  ̄“¤Õ›flÀ” ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ÷± ̧2­±2Ù 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±Æ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÍÎÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÏÙ ÓððÈÚ 

—μ¥ø ̧±3ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ø ̈·±2 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÌÍÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÎÙ ÓððÈÚ 

—Æa1±2 ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏðÔÏÚ Õa° ̈a3æaÆ ÓðÙ ÓððÈÚ 

—¶±2a ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ ›±33·­­·±2  ̄—Ã› ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÔÌÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÎÙ ÓððÈÚ 

–a22­ß¥TMø2·ø ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

–Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ 

Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ 

–Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÌðÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ Á ÓððÈÚ 

–aÆ1⁄2ßÙ ’Ú ¤ÚÂ “±­ø¥Ù ”ÚÂ ÿa·¥3ø2Ù ...ÚÂ ‹ø22Ù 

ÃÂ Õ±æaÆÙ ÷ÚÂ ‘a11aÙ flÚ ÿÚÂ ’øÆ2±­μßÙ ‹Ú ⁄Ú 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ “a© a®°±­ ́ÆaÛæø­ao 3a ̈Æ·1⁄2 

ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧ o±Æ aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·21 —Ì Æ·­μ  ̈± “±Æ ̈ ̧ 

fl3aÆ·1⁄2ø2 ø­°a2 o±Æa­ ̈­Ú ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

–±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ÔÏÈÊÌ ÎÎÏPÎÍÍÚ 

Œa ̈¶¥øooÙ ...Ú flÚÂ flÆ ̈ ̧ ́ÆÙ ”Ú flÚÂ ŸÆ ́¥μaÙ “Ú ¤ÚÂ 

...a·2­ ̈a·2Ù ‹Ú flÚÂ Ÿ±¥¥ø2o­Ù fiÚ  ̄Óððð ̃ À­a 

±o ø ­·21¥aÛ ̈Æaa ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2 3±oa¥  ̈± °Æao·1⁄2 ̈ 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ±¶±2a ø2o oÆ± ́1 ̧ ̈ ±2 1Æ±© ̈ ̧ ±o 

ø © ̧· ̈a o·Æ  ̈ÆaaÚ ÃÆaa – ̧ß­·±¥Ú ÓðÊ ÔÁÎPÓðÓÚ 

Œ·¶¶±Ù ”  ̄ÓððÎ ̃Ú ¤TMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 ±o ø Ø ́øoÆø ̈·1⁄2 

ø°°Æ±ø1⁄2 ̧ o±Æ øo¶ ́­ ̈·21 o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2­ ±o 

 ̧± ́Æ¥ß ±¶±2a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­  ̈± 3aa ̈ ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ú “±TMa3æaÆ ÈÙ ÓððÎÚ 

flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ 

 ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ 

­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

Œ·¶¶±Ù ”Ú  ̄ÓððÍ ̃Ú fl o·­ ̈Æ·æ ́ ̈·±2ø¥ 

1⁄2±3°øÆ·­±2 æa ̈©aa2 o·ooaÆa2 ̈ Æ±¥¥æø1⁄2μ 

3a ̈ ̧±o±¥±1·a­ ø°°¥·ao  ̈± ø3æ·a2 ̈ ±¶±2a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­Ú fl ́1 ́­ ̈ ÓÌÙ ÓððÍÚ flTMø·¥øæ¥a 

±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ©©©Úa°øÚ1±TMÒ ̈ ̈2Ò2øøØ­Ò 

­ ̈ø2oøÆo­Ò±¶±2aÒ­ ±Ì 1⁄2Æ  ̈oÚ ̧ ̈3¥Ú 

Œ±1⁄2 ̧a­ ̈aÆ Œa°±Æ ̈  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ›Æ· ̈·1⁄2ø¥ 

›±2­·oaÆø ̈·±2­ ·2 ¤TMø¥ ́ø ̈·21 Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 

¤TM·oa21⁄2a ±o ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ ¤ooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

—¶±2aÊ Œa°±Æ ̈ ±o ø ...±Æμ·21 ›±2oaÆa21⁄2a 

 ̧a¥o ·2 Œ±1⁄2 ̧a­ ̈aÆÙ “«Ù ÷ ́2a ÎÙ ÓððÈÚ Õa2 ̈ 

ø­ ø2 ø ̈ ̈ø1⁄2 ̧3a2 ̈ æß Œ±1aÆ ”1⁄2›¥a¥¥ø2  ̈± 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao 

Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒP

ÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÈÓÈÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ Á ÓððÈÚ 

Œ±1⁄2μß ”± ́2 ̈ø·2 ›¥aø2 fl·Æ fl1⁄2 ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÏÓËÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ Á ÓððÈÚ 

ÕøÆ2ø ̈Ù ÷Ú flÚÂ Õ1⁄2 ̧©øÆ ̈¶Ù ÷ÚÂ ›ø ̈ø¥ø2±Ù –Ú ÷ÚÂ Õ ́ ̧Ù 

ÿÚ ÿÚ  ̄ÓððÔ ̃ Ÿø­a± ́­ °±¥¥ ́ ̈ø2 ̈­ ·2 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆ a°·oa3·±¥±1ßÊ 

1⁄2±2o± ́2oaÆ­ ±Æ ­ ́ÆÆ±1ø ̈a­· ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

–aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈Ú ÔðÁÊ ÔðÎÌPÔðÍÔÚ 

ÕøÆ2ø ̈Ù ÷Ú flÚÂ fiÆ±©2Ù ’Ú ...ÚÂ Õ1⁄2 ̧©øÆ ̈¶Ù ÷ÚÂ 

›± ́¥¥Ù fiÚ flÚÂ ’± ́ ̈Æøμ·­Ù –Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

1ø­ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø2o °aÆ­±2ø¥ °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 

3ø ̈ ̈aÆ a®°±­ ́Æa­Ê ·3°¥·1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ o±Æ ­ ̈ ́oß·21 

 ̈ ̧a  ̧aø¥ ̈ ̧ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o °øÆ ̈·1⁄2¥a­Ú 

¤°·oa3·±¥±1ß ÔÍÊ ÌËÎPÌÁÎÚ 

ÕøÆ2ø ̈Ù ÷Ú flÚÂ ›± ́¥¥Ù fiÚ flÚÂ Õ1⁄2 ̧©øÆ ̈¶Ù ÷Â Ÿ±¥oÙ 

‹Ú ŒÚÂ Õ ́ ̧Ù ÿÚ ÿÚ  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ ⁄ø1⁄2 ̈±Æ­ øooa1⁄2 ̈·21 

 ̈ ̧a ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 æa ̈©aa2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø2o °aÆ­±2ø¥ a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± 

°øÆ ̈·1⁄2¥a­ ø2o 1ø­a­Ú ¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ 

–aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈Ú ÔÔÏ ̄Î ̃ÊÍÏÁPÍÎÏÚ 

Õø­aμÙ ÃÚ ...ÚÂ Œ·1⁄2 ̧øÆo­±2Ù ›Ú ÷ÚÂ ⁄a2o·1⁄2μÙ ¤Ú 

flÚÂ fiaTM·21 ̈±2Ù ÕÚ ŒÚÂ ’Æa­­Ù ‘Ú ...Ú  ̄ÔÁÁÔ ̃ 

›øÆÆß±TMaÆ aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o ø1⁄2·o Æø·2 ø2o ±¶±2a ±2 

 ̈ ̧a ° ̧ß­·±¥±1ß ±o 3 ́¥ ̈·°¥a o¥ ́­ ̧a­ ±o 

¥±æ¥±¥¥ß °·2a ­aao¥·21­Ú ⁄±ÆÚ Õ1⁄2·Ú ÌÈÊ ÔðÈËP

ÔðÁËÚ 

Õ1⁄2 ̧©øÆ ̈¶Ù ÷Ú  ̄ÓððÎ ̃ ÿ±© ­a2­· ̈·TMa ·­  ̈ ̧a 

ø­­±1⁄2·ø ̈·±2 æa ̈©aa2 ±¶±2a ø2o oø·¥ß 

oaø ̈ ̧­  ̈± 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥ o±Æ  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa· fl3Ú ÷Ú 

Œa­°·ÆÚ ›Æ· ̈Ú ›øÆa ”aoÚ ÔÈÔÊ ÍÓÈPÍÌÔÚ 

Õ1⁄2 ̧·¥o1⁄2Æ± ́ ̈Ù ÷Ú ÕÚÂ Õ ̧a°°øÆoÙ ‘ÚÂ ‘ ́3¥aßÙ ÃÚÂ 

Õ¥ø ́1 ̧ ̈aÆÙ ÷Ú ›ÚÂ ’±a2·1Ù ÷Ú œÚÂ Õ ̧ø°·Æ±Ù ŸÚ 

ŸÚ  ̄ÓððÍ ̃ fl3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ø2o 

ø­ ̈ ̧3ø a®ø1⁄2aÆæø ̈·±2­ ·2 1⁄2 ̧·¥oÆa2Ê ø2 a·1 ̧ ̈ 

1⁄2· ̈ß ø2ø¥ß­·­Ú fl3Ú ÷Ú ¤°·oa3·±¥Ú 

ÔÍÏ ̄Î ̃ÊÎðÎPÎÔÈÚ 

Õ· ̈1⁄2 ̧Ù ÕÚÂ ›±®Ù –Ú ”ÚÂ ›±¥¥·2­Ù ...Ú ÷ÚÂ 

ÿ ́2 ̈·21o±ÆoÙ ›Ú  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ×2o·Æa1⁄2 ̈ Æøo·ø ̈·TMa 

o±Æ1⁄2·21 ±o 1⁄2¥·3ø ̈a 1⁄2 ̧ø21a  ̈ ̧Æ± ́1 ̧ ±¶±2a 

aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±2  ̈ ̧a ¥ø2oÛ1⁄2øÆæ±2 ­·2μÚ “ø ̈ ́Æa 

 ̄‘±2o±2Ù ÀÚ’Ú ̃ ÏÏËÊ ÈÁÔPÈÁÏÚ 

Ãøß¥±ÆÙ ›ÚŒÚ LLflŸÕ×”Ê ”±oa¥ ‹a­1⁄2Æ·° ̈·±2 ø2o 

‹±1⁄2 ́3a2 ̈ø ̈·±2ÚKK fl1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́Æø¥ Õa1⁄2 ̈±Æ 

”±oa¥­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a À2· ̈ao Õ ̈ø ̈a­Ú ›ÚŒÚ Ãøß¥±ÆÙ 

’ÚÿÚ Œa·1⁄2 ̧a¥oaÆoaÆÙ ø2o ÕÚŒÚ ÷± ̧2­±2Ù ao­Ú 

fl3a­ ×flÊ ×±©ø Õ ̈ø ̈a À2·TMaÆ­· ̈ß –Æa­­Ù 

 ̄ÔÁÁÌ ̃Ú 

Ãøß¥±Æ ŒÚ  ̄ÔÁÁÏ ̃ LL‹a ̈aÆ3·2·­ ̈·1⁄2 TMaÆ­ ́­ 

­ ̈±1⁄2 ̧ø­ ̈·1⁄2 aTMø¥ ́ø ̈·±2 ±o  ̈ ̧a ø11Æa1ø ̈a 

a1⁄2±2±3·1⁄2 aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o °Æ·1⁄2a ­ ́°°±Æ ̈ 

°Æ±1Æø3­KK fl1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́Æø¥ Õß­ ̈a3­ ÏÏÊ ÏÍÔP

ÏÈÌÚ 

Ãa3°¥aÙ –Ú ÷ÚÂ Œ·a1⁄2 ̧aÆ­Ù ŸÚ ÿÚÂ ”·¥¥aÆÙ –Ú ŒÚÂ 

‘a22±®Ù ŒÚ ...Ú  ̄ÔÁÁÌ ̃ ŸÆ±© ̈ ̧ Æa­°±2­a­ ±o 

°±2oaÆ±­ø °·2a  ̈± ¥±21 ̈aÆ3 a®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± 

±¶±2aÙ ©a ̈ ø2o oÆß ø1⁄2·o·1⁄2 oa°±­· ̈·±2Ù ø2o 

oÆ± ́1 ̧ ̈Ú ›ø2Ú ÷Ú ⁄±ÆÚ Œa­Ú ÓÌÊ ÎÁPÍÍÚ 

Ãa®ø­ ›±33·­­·±2 ±2 ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÏÌÎÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

Ãa®ø­ ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÏðÁÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

Ã·21aßÙ ‹Ú ÃÚÂ ‘ø ́Æa21⁄2aÙ ÷Ú flÚÂ ...aæaÆÙ ÷Ú flÚÂ 

ŸÆaa2aÙ ÷ÚÂ ÿ±1­a ̈ ̈Ù ...Ú ¤ÚÂ fiÆ±©2Ù ÕÚÂ ‘aaÙ 

¤Ú ÿÚ  ̄ÓððÔ ̃ ¤¥aTMø ̈ao ›—Ó ø2o  ̈a3°aÆø ̈ ́Æa 

ø¥ ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧a Æa­°±2­a ±o –·2 ́­ °±2oaÆ±­ø  ̈± 

±¶±2aÊ fl ­·3 ́¥ø ̈·±2 ø2ø¥ß­·­Ú ¤1⁄2±¥Ú 

fl°°¥ÚÔÔÊ ÔÏÔÓPÔÏÓÏÚ 

ÀÚÕÚ ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o fl1Æ·1⁄2 ́¥ ̈ ́ÆaÙ ÓððÍÚ Ã ̧a 

–‘fl“ÃÕ ‹ø ̈øæø­a  ̄ ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ°¥ø2 ̈­Ú ́­oøÚ1±TMÙ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÈÍ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
⁄aoaÆø¥ Œa1·­ ̈aÆ Ò ±¥Ú ÈÌÙ “±Ú Íð Ò Ã ̧ ́Æ­oøßÙ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÓÈÙ ÓððË Ò Œ ́¥a­ ø2o Œa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ÔÍÎÔÔ 

‹a1⁄2a3æaÆ ÓððÍ ̃Ú “ø ̈·±2ø¥ –¥ø2 ̈ ‹ø ̈ø 

›a2 ̈aÆÙ fiø ̈±2 Œ± ́1aÙ ‘flÚ 

À ̈ø ̧ ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ œ ́ø¥· ̈ßÙ 

‹·TM·­·±2 ±o fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÌËÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

À ̈·¥· ̈ß fl·Æ Œa1 ́¥ø ̈±Æß ŸÆ± ́°  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ 

ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒP

ÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ 

‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔËÌÚ 

—1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

À2·±2 ±o ›±21⁄2aÆ2ao Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·­ ̈­  ̄À›Õ ̃  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ 

‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú 

—flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÈÍËÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

 aoø¥Ù ÕÚÂ fiÆø ́aÆÙ ”ÚÂ ... ̧· ̈aÙ ŒÚÂ –a ̈μø ́Ù ÷Ú 

 ̄ÓððÌ ̃ fl·Æ °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ø2o oø·¥ß 3±Æ ̈ø¥· ̈ß ·2 

ø 1⁄2· ̈ß ©· ̈ ̧ ¥±© ¥aTMa¥­ ±o °±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2Ú 

¤2TM·Æ±2Ú ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ –aÆ­°a1⁄2 ̈Ú ÔÔÔÊ ÏÎPÎÔÚ 

...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2 Õ ̈ø ̈a ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o 

ÃÆø2­°±Æ ̈ø ̈·±2  ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o 

›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎP

ðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ 

fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓPÏÔÎÈÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ËÙ 

ÓððÈÚ 

...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2 Õ ̈ø ̈a ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o ¤1⁄2±¥±1ß 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

ÏÓÍÈÚ —1⁄2 ̈±æaÆ ÁÙ ÓððÈÚ 

...a·2­ ̈a·2Ù ‹ÚflÚÙ fia¥±·2Ù ŒÚ”ÚÙ ŒÚ‹Ú «ø2ø· 

 ̄ÔÁÁÔ ̃ LL”±oa¥·21 1⁄2 ̧ø21a­ ·2 Æao ­°Æ ́1⁄2a 

1⁄2øÆæ±2 æø¥ø21⁄2a ø2o ø¥¥±1⁄2ø ̈·±2 ·2 Æa­°±2­a 

 ̈± ·2 ̈aÆø1⁄2 ̈·21 ±¶±2a ø2o 2 ́ ̈Æ·a2 ̈ ­ ̈Æa­­ÚKK

ÃÆaa – ̧ß­·±¥±1ß ÁÊ ÔÓÈPÔÏÍÚ 

...a·2­ ̈a·2Ù ‹ÚflÚÙ ÷ÚflÚ ‘ø ́Æa21⁄2aÙ ...ÚflÚ Œa ̈¶¥øooÙ 

÷ÚÕÚ ’aÆ2Ù ¤ÚÿÚ ‘aaÙ ...Ú¤Ú ÿ±1­a ̈ ̈Ù ÷Ú ...aæaÆ 

 ̄ÓððÎ ̃ –Æao·1⁄2 ̈·21  ̈ ̧a aooa1⁄2 ̈­ ±o 

 ̈Æ±°±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 ±¶±2a ±2 Æa1·±2ø¥ 

°Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈·TM· ̈ß ±o °±2oaÆ±­ø °·2a ø2o © ̧· ̈a 

o·ÆÚ ⁄±Æa­ ̈ ¤1⁄2±¥±1ß ø2o ”ø2ø1a3a2 ̈ ÓðÎÊ 

ÈÌPËÁÚ 

...·­1⁄2±2­·2 ‹a°øÆ ̈3a2 ̈ ±o “ø ̈ ́Æø¥ Œa­± ́Æ1⁄2a­ 

 ̄ÓððÈ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ ø2o ›±33a2 ̈­ Õa2 ̈  ̈± ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ 

“±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓ ÆaÊ –Æ±°±­ao Œ ́¥aO

“ø ̈·±2ø¥ fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoo±Æ —¶±2aÚ ‹±1⁄2μa ̈ “±Ú —flŒPÓððÎPðÔÈÓP

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... ̧· ̈o·a¥oÙ ŒÚÂ fi·¥¥aÆÙ ...ÚÂ ÷ ́­μ±Ù ”ÚÂ ø2o 

’a·­¥aÆÙ ÷Ú  ̄ÔÁÁÍ ̃ fl –Æ±æøæ·¥·­ ̈·1⁄2 

fl­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ Œ·­μ­ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao 

©· ̈ ̧ Õ ̧±Æ ̈Û ø2o ‘±21ÛÃaÆ3 ¤®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± 

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‘øæ±Æø ̈±ÆßÙ flÆ1±22aÙ ×‘Ú 

... ̧· ̈o·a¥oÙ ŒÚ  ̄ÔÁÁÈ ̃ fl –Æ±æøæ·¥·­ ̈·1⁄2 

fl­­a­­3a2 ̈ ±o ÿaø¥ ̈ ̧ Œ·­μ­ fl­­±1⁄2·ø ̈ao 

©· ̈ ̧ Õ ̧±Æ ̈Û ̈aÆ3 ¤®°±­ ́Æa  ̈± ÃÆ±°±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 

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÷± ̧2­±2Ù ÃÚŒÚ  ̄ÔÁÁË ̃ LL—TMaÆTM·a© ±o —¶±2a 

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—¶±2a fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoÙKK °°ÚÏËÌPÎÔÍ 

·2Ê ÃÚ Õ1⁄2 ̧2a·oaÆÙ aoÚ fl·Æ –±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 ·2  ̈ ̧a 

ÓÔ­ ̈ ›a2 ̈ ́ÆßÊ –Æ·±Æ· ̈ß ×­­ ́a­ ø2o –±¥·1⁄2ß 

¤¥­aTM·aÆÂ fl3­ ̈aÆoø3Ú 

...±¥ooÙ ŸÚÃÚ  ̄ÔÁÁÎ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 › ̧ø·Æ3ø2 ±o 

›¥aø2 fl·Æ Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 floTM·­±Æß ›±33· ̈ ̈aa  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ¤–fl flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ oø ̈ao “±TMa3æaÆ 

ÌðÙ ÔÁÁÎÚ ¤–flPÕflfiP›flÕfl›P‘ÃŒPÁÍPððÓÚ 

...±¥ooÙ ŸÚÃÚ  ̄ÔÁÁÍ ̃ ‘a ̈ ̈aÆ oÆ±3 › ̧ø·Æ3ø2 ±o 

›¥aø2 fl·Æ Õ1⁄2·a2 ̈·o·1⁄2 floTM·­±Æß ›±33· ̈ ̈aa  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a ¤–fl flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÙ oø ̈ao fl°Æ·¥ ÏÙ 

ÔÁÁÍÚ ¤–flPÕflfiP›flÕfl›P‘ÃŒPÁÍPððÍÚ 

«± ́21Ù ÃÚ ⁄ÚÂ Õø2¶±2aÙ ÕÚÙ ao­Ú  ̄ÓððÓ ̃ fl 

oÆø3a©±Æμ o±Æ ø­­a­­·21 ø2o Æa°±Æ ̈·21 ±2 

a1⁄2±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ 1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2Ê ø2 Õflfi Æa°±Æ ̈Ú 

...ø­ ̧·21 ̈±2Ù ‹›Ê ÀÚÕÚ ¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ 

–Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2 fl1a21⁄2ßÙ Õ1⁄2·a21⁄2a floTM·­±Æß 

fi±øÆoÂ Æa°±Æ ̈ 2±Ú ¤–flPÕflfiP¤–¤›PðÓPððÁÚ 

flTMø·¥øæ¥a ±2¥·2a ø ̈Ê  ̧ ̈ ̈°ÊÒÒ 

ß±­a3· ̈aÚa°øÚ1±TMÒ­øæÒ­øæ°Æ±o ́1⁄2 ̈Ú2­oÒ 

›Ì⁄ËÁ¤ÎÁË‹ËÏÌfiÎËËÎÓÎÈð›flððÈÎÈÔÈ¤Ò 

 ̧⁄·¥aÒa°a1⁄2ðÓððÁøÚ°ooÚ 

‘·­ ̈ ±o Õ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈­ 

Ïð ›⁄Œ –øÆ ̈ Îð 

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°±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥Ù ›øÆæ±2 3±2±®·oaÙ 

‘aøoÙ “· ̈Æ±1a2 o·±®·oaÙ —¶±2aÙ 

–øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈a 3ø ̈ ̈aÆÙ Õ ́¥o ́Æ ±®·oa­Ú 

Ïð ›⁄Œ –øÆ ̈ ÎË 

¤2TM·Æ±23a2 ̈ø¥ °Æ± ̈a1⁄2 ̈·±2Ù fl·Æ 

°±¥¥ ́ ̈·±2 1⁄2±2 ̈Æ±¥Ù Œa°±Æ ̈·21 ø2o 

Æa1⁄2±Æoμaa°·21 ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­Ú 

‹ø ̈aoÊ ”øÆ1⁄2 ̧ ÔÓÙ ÓððËÚ 

Õ ̈a° ̧a2 ‘Ú ÷± ̧2­±2Ù 

flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ 

⁄±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æaø­±2­ ­ ̈ø ̈ao ·2  ̈ ̧a °Æaø3æ¥aÙ 

 ̈· ̈¥a ÏðÙ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆ × ±o  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±oa ±o ⁄aoaÆø¥ 

Æa1 ́¥ø ̈·±2­ ·­  ̈± æa ø3a2oao ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

–flŒÃ Îðâ“flÃ×—“fl‘ –Œ×”flŒ« fl“‹ 

Õ¤›—“‹flŒ« fl”fi×¤“Ã fl×Œ œÀfl‘×Ã« 

ÕÃfl“‹flŒ‹Õ 

ÔÚ Ã ̧a ø ́ ̈ ̧±Æ· ̈ß 1⁄2· ̈ø ̈·±2 o±Æ °øÆ ̈ Îð 

1⁄2±2 ̈·2 ́a­  ̈± Æaøo ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

fl ́ ̈ ̧±Æ· ̈ßÊ ÏÓ ÀÚÕÚ›Ú ÈÏðÔÙ a ̈ ­aØÚ 

ÓÚ Õa1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÎðÚÔÎ ·­ øooao  ̈± Æaøo øo±¥¥±©­Ê 

y ÎðÚÔÎ “ø ̈·±2ø¥ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2aÚ 

 ̄ø ̃ Ã ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

°Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2a  ̄—Ì ̃ ·­ ðÚðÈÎ 

°øÆ ̈­ °aÆ 3·¥¥·±2  ̄°°3 ̃Ù oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1aÙ 3aø­ ́Æao æß ø ÆaoaÆa21⁄2a 

3a ̈ ̧±o æø­ao ±2 fl°°a2o·® ‹  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ 

°øÆ ̈ ø2o oa­·12ø ̈ao ·2 ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ 

°øÆ ̈ ÎÌ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆ ±Æ ø2 aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈ 

3a ̈ ̧±o oa­·12ø ̈ao ·2 ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ 

°øÆ ̈ ÎÌ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆÚ 

 ̄æ ̃ Ã ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

—Ì ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa 3a ̈ 

ø ̈ ø2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a 

© ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ øTMaÆø1a ±o  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ 

o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ±Æ 

aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ù ø­ oa ̈aÆ3·2ao ·2 

ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a ©· ̈ ̧ fl°°a2o·® –  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ 

°øÆ ̈Ú 

ÌÚ fl°°a2o·® – ·­ øooao  ̈± Æaøo øo±¥¥±©­Ê 

fl°°a2o·® –  ̈± –øÆ ̈ Îðâ×2 ̈aÆ°Æa ̈ø ̈·±2 

±o  ̈ ̧a –Æ·3øÆß ø2o Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß “ø ̈·±2ø¥ 

fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ 

—¶±2a 

ÔÚ Ÿa2aÆø¥ 

 ̄ø ̃ Ã ̧·­ ø°°a2o·® a®°¥ø·2­  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø 

 ̧ø2o¥·21 1⁄2±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ ø2o 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ø ̈·±2­ 

2a1⁄2a­­øÆß o±Æ oa ̈aÆ3·2·21 © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a 

2ø ̈·±2ø¥ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ ±¶±2a  ̄—Ì ̃ 

­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2 | ÎðÚÔÎ øÆa 3a ̈ ø ̈ ø2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ —Ì

ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈aÚ —¶±2a ·­ 

3aø­ ́Æao ·2  ̈ ̧a ø3æ·a2 ̈ ø·Æ æß ø ÆaoaÆa21⁄2a 

3a ̈ ̧±o æø­ao ±2 fl°°a2o·® ‹ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ °øÆ ̈Ù øø°°¥·1⁄2øæ¥aÙ ø2o oa­·12ø ̈ao ·2 ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a 

©· ̈ ̧ °øÆ ̈ ÎÌ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆÙ ±Æ æß ø2 

aØ ́·TMø¥a2 ̈ 3a ̈ ̧±o oa­·12ø ̈ao ·2 ø1⁄21⁄2±Æoø21⁄2a 

©· ̈ ̧ °øÆ ̈ ÎÌ ±o  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆÚ ‹ø ̈ø Æa°±Æ ̈·21Ù 

oø ̈ø  ̧ø2o¥·21Ù ø2o 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ø ̈·±2 °Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ 

 ̈± æa  ́­ao ·2 3øμ·21 1⁄2±3°øÆ·­±2­ æa ̈©aa2 

Æa°±Æ ̈ao —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø2o  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥­ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa ­°a1⁄2·o·ao ·2  ̈ ̧a 

o±¥¥±©·21 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2­Ú ... ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈± a®1⁄2¥ ́oaÙ 

Æa ̈ø·2Ù ±Æ 3øμa øo¶ ́­ ̈3a2 ̈­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø 

øooa1⁄2 ̈ao æß a®1⁄2a° ̈·±2ø¥ aTMa2 ̈­Ù ·21⁄2¥ ́o·21 

­ ̈Æø ̈±­° ̧aÆ·1⁄2 —Ì ·2 ̈Æ ́­·±2 ø2o ± ̈ ̧aÆ 2ø ̈ ́Æø¥ 

aTMa2 ̈­Ù ·­ oa ̈aÆ3·2ao æß  ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ 

 ́2oaÆ || ÎðÚÔÙ ÎðÚÔÏ ø2o ÎÔÚÁÌðÚ 

 ̄æ ̃ Ã ̧a  ̈aÆ3­  ́­ao ·2  ̈ ̧·­ ø°°a2o·® øÆa 

oao·2ao ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a ·­  ̈ ̧a Æ±¥¥·21 øTMaÆø1a ±o 

a·1 ̧ ̈  ̧± ́Æ¥ß —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø­ a®°¥ø·2ao 

·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ó ±o  ̈ ̧·­ ø°°a2o·®Ú 

fl22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 

ÆaoaÆ­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧  ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ TMø¥ ́a 3aø­ ́Æao ø ̈ 

ø 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a o ́Æ·21 ø °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ ßaøÆÚ 

‹ø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ÆaoaÆ­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 3ø®·3 ́3 

1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈ao ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a o±Æ ø °øÆ ̈·1⁄2 ́¥øÆ oøß 

ø­ a®°¥ø·2ao ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ó ±o  ̈ ̧·­ ø°°a2o·®Ú 

‹a­·12 TMø¥ ́a­ øÆa  ̈ ̧a 3a ̈Æ·1⁄2­  ̄·ÚaÚÙ 

­ ̈ø ̈·­ ̈·1⁄2­ ̃  ̈ ̧ø ̈ øÆa 1⁄2±3°øÆao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a “flflœÕ 

¥aTMa¥­  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2a 1⁄2±3°¥·ø21⁄2aÙ 1⁄2ø¥1⁄2 ́¥ø ̈ao ø­ 

­ ̧±©2 ·2 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 Ì ±o  ̈ ̧·­ ø°°a2o·®Ú 

—Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­aø­±2 ÆaoaÆ­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ­°ø2 ±o 

 ̈·3a ©· ̈ ̧·2 ø 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ ßaøÆ © ̧a2 ·2o·TM·o ́ø¥ 

Õ ̈ø ̈a­ øÆa ÆaØ ́·Æao  ̈± 3aø­ ́Æa ø3æ·a2 ̈ —Ì

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ø­ ¥·­ ̈ao ·2 °øÆ ̈ ÎË fl°°a2o·® 

‹  ̈±  ̈ ̧·­ 1⁄2 ̧ø° ̈aÆÚ 

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ÓÚ –Æ·3øÆß ø2o Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ 

œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2a 

ÓÚÔ ‹ø ̈ø Œa°±Æ ̈·21 ø2o ÿø2o¥·21 

›±2TMa2 ̈·±2­ 

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°øÆ ̈­ °aÆ 3·¥¥·±2  ̄°°3 ̃  ̈±  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥ 

°¥ø1⁄2aÙ ©· ̈ ̧ øoo· ̈·±2ø¥ o·1· ̈­  ̈±  ̈ ̧a Æ·1 ̧ ̈ ±o 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a  ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈aoÚ Œ ́22·21 ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a­ ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ao oÆ±3  ̈ ̧a 

 ̧± ́Æ¥ß —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 oø ̈ø o±Æ aø1⁄2 ̧  ̧± ́Æ 

±o  ̈ ̧a ßaøÆ ø2o ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa ­ ̈±Æao ·2  ̈ ̧a o·Æ­ ̈Ù 

±Æ ­ ̈øÆ ̈Ù  ̧± ́Æ ±o  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °aÆ·±oÚ fl2 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao TMø¥·o ·o ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ 

ÈÎ ̊ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̧± ́Æ¥ß øTMaÆø1a­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

°aÆ·±o øÆa øTMø·¥øæ¥aÚ ×2  ̈ ̧a aTMa2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ±2¥ß Í 

±Æ È  ̧± ́Æ¥ß øTMaÆø1a­ øÆa øTMø·¥øæ¥aÙ  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ao ±2  ̈ ̧a æø­·­ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

 ̧± ́Æ­ øTMø·¥øæ¥a  ́­·21 Í ±Æ È ø­  ̈ ̧a o·TM·­±ÆÚ 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ °aÆ·±o­ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧Æaa ±Æ 3±Æa 3·­­·21 

 ̧± ́Æ­ ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 1⁄2±2­·oaÆao TMø¥·o ø¥­±Ù ·oÙ øo ̈aÆ 

­ ́æ­ ̈· ̈ ́ ̈·21 ±2aÛ ̧ø¥o  ̈ ̧a 3·2·3 ́3 oa ̈a1⁄2 ̈øæ¥a 

¥·3· ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a 3·­­·21  ̧± ́Æ¥ß 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­Ù 

 ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ 1Æaø ̈aÆ 

 aÆ‹ø ̈a fl ́1‰ÌÔ‚ÓððÎ ÔÍÊÔÍ ”øÆ ÓÍÙ ÓððË ÷μ ̈ ÓÔÏððÔ –— ððððð ⁄Æ3 ðððÈÈ ⁄3 ̈ ÏÈðÔ Õo3 ̈ ÏÈðð ¤Êƒ⁄Œƒ⁄”ƒÓÈ”ŒŒÓÚÕŸ” ÓÈ”ŒŒÓ °©ø¥μaÆ ±2 –Œ—‹Ô–›ÈÔ ©· ̈ ̧ ŒÀ‘¤ÕÓ
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 ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ Ã ̧a 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ao 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 

Æa°±Æ ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧Æaa oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a­  ̄ ̈ ̧a o·1· ̈­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a Æ·1 ̧ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a øÆa 

 ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈aoÙ 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø  ̧ø2o¥·21 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æa°±Æ ̈ao oø ̈ø ̃Ú 

‹ø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­Ú  ̄ø ̃ Ã ̧aÆa øÆa ÓÏ °±­­·æ¥a 

Æ ́22·21 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ o±Æ 

aø1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ oøß o ́Æ·21  ̈ ̧a —Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

­aø­±2Ú Ã ̧a oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 o±Æ ø 1·TMa2 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ oøß ·­  ̈ ̧a 

 ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a ÓÏ °±­­·æ¥a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ao o±Æ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oøßÚ Ã ̧·­ 

°Æ±1⁄2a­­ ·­ Æa°aø ̈aoÙ ß·a¥o·21 ø oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 

o±Æ aø1⁄2 ̧ 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ oøß ©· ̈ ̧ ø3æ·a2 ̈ —Ì

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oø ̈øÚ fia1⁄2ø ́­a  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1aøÆa Æa1⁄2±Æoao ·2  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈øÆ ̈  ̧± ́ÆÙ  ̈ ̧a oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ oÆ±3  ̈©± 

1⁄2±2­a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa oøß­ 3øß  ̧øTMa ­±3a  ̧± ́Æ¥ß 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ·2 1⁄2±33±2Ú Ÿa2aÆø¥¥ßÙ 

±TMaÆ¥ø°°·21 oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1aøÆa 2± ̈ ¥·μa¥ßÙ a®1⁄2a° ̈ ·2  ̈ ̧±­a 2±2Û ́Ææø2 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ¥±1⁄2ø ̈·±2­ ©· ̈ ̧ ¥a­­ °Æ±2± ́21⁄2ao 

o· ́Æ2ø¥ TMøÆ·ø ̈·±2 ·2  ̧± ́Æ¥ß 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­Ú 

 ̄æ ̃ fl2 —Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oøß ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 1⁄2± ́2 ̈ao 

ø­ ø TMø¥·o oøß ·o TMø¥·o ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a­ øÆa 

øTMø·¥øæ¥a o±Æ ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ÈÎ ̊ ±o °±­­·æ¥a  ̧± ́Æ­ 

·2  ̈ ̧a oøß  ̄·ÚaÚÙ ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ÔË ±o  ̈ ̧a ÓÏ øTMaÆø1a­ ̃Ú 

×2  ̈ ̧a aTMa2 ̈  ̈ ̧ø ̈ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ÈÎ ̊ ±o  ̈ ̧a ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a­ øÆa øTMø·¥øæ¥aÙ ø oøß ­ ̧ø¥¥ ø¥­± æa 

1⁄2± ́2 ̈ao ø­ ø TMø¥·o oøß ·o  ̈ ̧a oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 o±Æ  ̈ ̧ø ̈ oøß ·­ 

1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

ÓÚÓ –Æ·3øÆß ø2o Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß Õ ̈ø2oøÆoÛ 

Æa¥ø ̈ao Õ ́33øÆß Õ ̈ø ̈·­ ̈·1⁄2 

Ã ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÛÆa¥ø ̈ao ­ ́33øÆß ­ ̈ø ̈·­ ̈·1⁄2 ·­ 

 ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ù a®°Æa­­ao ·2 °øÆ ̈­ °aÆ 

3·¥¥·±2Ù øTMaÆø1ao ±TMaÆ  ̈ ̧Æaa ßaøÆ­Ú Ã ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ 

øTMaÆø1a ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ao  ́­·21  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧Æaa 

3±­ ̈ Æa1⁄2a2 ̈Ù 1⁄2±2­a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMa 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ ßaøÆ­ ±o 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oø ̈ø 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­ oa­1⁄2Æ·æao ·2  ̈ ̧·­ 

ø°°a2o·®Ú Ã ̧a 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ao ÌÛßaøÆ øTMaÆø1a ±o 

 ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 

Æa°±Æ ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧Æaa oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a­  ̄ ̈ ̧a o·1· ̈­  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a Æ·1 ̧ ̈ ±o  ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2a øÆa 

 ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈aoÙ 1⁄2±2­·­ ̈a2 ̈ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø  ̧ø2o¥·21 

°Æ±1⁄2ao ́Æa­ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Æa°±Æ ̈ao oø ̈ø ̃Ú 

ÓÚÌ ›±3°øÆ·­±2­ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a –Æ·3øÆß ø2o 

Õa1⁄2±2oøÆß —¶±2a Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ 

 ̄ø ̃ Ã ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o ­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa 3a ̈ ø ̈ ø2 ø3æ·a2 ̈ 

ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a © ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ 

øTMaÆø1a ±o  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 ·­ 

¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ±Æ aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ú 

 ̄æ ̃ Ã ̧·­ 1⁄2±3°øÆ·­±2 ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa æø­ao ±2  ̈ ̧Æaa 

1⁄2±2­a1⁄2 ́ ̈·TMaÙ 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ ßaøÆ­ ±o ø·Æ 

Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oø ̈øÚ Ã ̧·­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈ ·­ 

3a ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ °aÆ·±o ø ̈ ø 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a 

·o oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a 

1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ øÆa øTMø·¥øæ¥a o±Æ ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ Áð ̊ 

±o  ̈ ̧a oøß­ ©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a —Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­aø­±2Ù 

±2 øTMaÆø1aÙ o±Æ  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ °aÆ·±oÙ ©· ̈ ̧ ø 

3·2·3 ́3 oø ̈ø 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈ ·2 

ø2ß ±2a ßaøÆ ±o ø ̈ ¥aø­ ̈ ÈÎ ̊ ±o  ̈ ̧a oøß­ 

©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a —Ì 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­aø­±2Ú ... ̧a2 

1⁄2±3° ́ ̈·21 © ̧a ̈ ̧aÆ  ̈ ̧a 3·2·3 ́3 oø ̈ø 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈­  ̧øTMa æaa2 3a ̈Ù 

3a ̈a±Æ±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ ±Æ ø3æ·a2 ̈ oø ̈ø 3øß æa 

­ ́oo·1⁄2·a2 ̈  ̈± oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈a  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 3a ̈a±Æ±¥±1·1⁄2ø¥ 

1⁄2±2o· ̈·±2­ ±2 3·­­·21 oøß­ ©aÆa 2± ̈ 

1⁄2±2o ́1⁄2·TMa  ̈± 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ øæ±TMa  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ 

±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ”·­­·21 oøß­ ø­­ ́3ao ¥a­­ 

 ̈ ̧a2  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo øÆa 1⁄2± ́2 ̈ao o±Æ 

 ̈ ̧a ° ́Æ°±­a ±o 3aa ̈·21  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ 

ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈Ù ­ ́æ¶a1⁄2 ̈  ̈±  ̈ ̧a ø°°Æ±TMø¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a 

ø°°Æ±°Æ·ø ̈a Œa1·±2ø¥ flo3·2·­ ̈Æø ̈±ÆÚ 

 ̄1⁄2 ̃ «aøÆ­ ©· ̈ ̧ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 

 ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆo ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa ·21⁄2¥ ́oao 

aTMa2 ·o  ̈ ̧aß  ̧øTMa ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a oø ̈øÚ 

Ã ̧ ́­Ù ·2 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈·21  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ øTMaÆø1a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧ 

3ø®·3 ́3 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ù 1⁄2ø¥a2oøÆ ßaøÆ­ ©· ̈ ̧ 

¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ÈÎ ̊ oø ̈ø 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ­ ̧ø¥¥ æa 

·21⁄2¥ ́oao ·2  ̈ ̧a 1⁄2±3° ́ ̈ø ̈·±2 ·o  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ 

øTMaÆø1a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2 

·­ 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2  ̈ ̧a ¥aTMa¥ ±o  ̈ ̧a ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ 

 ̄o ̃ ›±3°øÆ·­±2­ ©· ̈ ̧  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa oa3±2­ ̈Æø ̈ao æß 

a®ø3°¥a­ Ô ø2o Ó ·2 °øÆø1Æø° ̧­  ̄o ̃ ̄Ô ̃ ø2o 

 ̄o ̃ ̄Ó ̃ Æa­°a1⁄2 ̈·TMa¥ß ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

¤»fl”–‘¤ ÔÚâfl”fi×¤“Ã ”—“×Ã—Œ×“Ÿ Õ×Ã¤ flÃÃfl×“×“Ÿ Ãÿ¤ –Œ×”flŒ« fl“‹ Õ¤›—“‹flŒ« —Ì ÕÃfl“‹flŒ‹Õ

«aøÆ 

–aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ TMø¥·o 

oøß­  ̄©· ̈ ̧·2 

 ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æao 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

­aø­±2 ̃ 

Ô­ ̈ ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

Ó2o ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

ÌÆo ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

Ï ̈ ̧ ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

Î ̈ ̧ ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

ÓððÏ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ Ôðð ðÚðÁÓ ðÚðÁð ðÚðËÎ ðÚðÈÁ ðÚðÈË 

ÓððÎ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÁÍ ðÚðËÏ ðÚðËÌ ðÚðÈÎ ðÚðÈÓ ðÚðÈð 

ÓððÍ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÁË ðÚðËð ðÚðÈÁ ðÚðÈÈ ðÚðÈÍ ðÚðÍð 

flTMaÆø1a ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÁË ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ðÚðÈÎ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ

 ̄Ô ̃ fl­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ¤®ø3°¥a ÔÙ  ̈ ̧·­ 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a 3aa ̈­  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ æa1⁄2ø ́­a  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ 

øTMaÆø1a ±o  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 

3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­ 

 ̄·ÚaÚÙ ðÚðÈÎÍÍÍ ˆ ˆ ˆ °°3Ù  ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈ao  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ 

°°3 ̃ ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ±Æ aØ ́ø¥  ̈± ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ú Ã ̧a 

oø ̈ø 1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­ ÆaØ ́·Æa3a2 ̈ ·­ ø¥­± 3a ̈ 

æa1⁄2ø ́­a  ̈ ̧a øTMaÆø1a °aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ ±o oøß­ ©· ̈ ̧·2 

 ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æao 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­aø­±2 ©· ̈ ̧ TMø¥·o 

ø3æ·a2 ̈ 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 oø ̈ø ·­ 1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 Áð ̊Ù 

ø2o 2± ­·21¥a ßaøÆ  ̧ø­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ÈÎ ̊ oø ̈ø 

1⁄2±3°¥a ̈a2a­­Ú ×2 ¤®ø3°¥a ÔÙ  ̈ ̧a ·2o·TM·o ́ø¥ 

ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a­  ́­ao  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ 

o± ́Æ ̈ ̧ 3ø®·3 ́3  ̧øTMa ø¥­± æaa2  ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈ao  ̈± 

 ̈ ̧a  ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2aÚ 

¤»fl”–‘¤ ÓÚâfl”fi×¤“Ã ”—“×Ã—Œ×“Ÿ Õ×Ã¤ ⁄fl×‘×“Ÿ Ã— ”¤¤Ã Ãÿ¤ –Œ×”flŒ« fl“‹ Õ¤›—“‹flŒ« —Ì ÕÃfl“‹flŒ‹Õ

«aøÆ 

–aÆ1⁄2a2 ̈ TMø¥·o 

oøß­  ̄©· ̈ ̧·2 

 ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æao 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 

­aø­±2 ̃ 

Ô­ ̈ ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

Ó2o ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

ÌÆo ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

Ï ̈ ̧ ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

Î ̈ ̧ ÿ·1 ̧a­ ̈ 

oø·¥ß 3ø® ËÛ 

 ̧± ́Æ ›±21⁄2Ú 

 ̄°°3 ̃ 

ÓððÏ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÁÍ ðÚÔðÎ ðÚÔðÌ ðÚÔðÌ ðÚÔðÌ ðÚÔðÓ 

ÓððÎ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÈÏ ðÚÔðÏ ðÚÔðÌ ðÚðÁÓ ðÚðÁÔ ðÚðËË 

ÓððÍ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÁË ðÚÔðÌ ðÚÔðÔ ðÚÔðÔ ðÚðÁÎ ðÚðÁÏ 

flTMaÆø1a ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ËÁ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ ðÚðÁÍ ÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚÚ

fl­ ­ ̧±©2 ·2 ¤®ø3°¥a ÓÙ  ̈ ̧a °Æ·3øÆß ø2o 

­a1⁄2±2oøÆß —Ì ­ ̈ø2oøÆo­ øÆa 2± ̈ 3a ̈ o±Æ  ̈ ̧·­ 

3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a æa1⁄2ø ́­a  ̈ ̧a ÌÛßaøÆ øTMaÆø1a ±o 

 ̈ ̧a o± ́Æ ̈ ̧Û ̧·1 ̧a­ ̈ oø·¥ß 3ø®·3 ́3 ËÛ ̧± ́Æ 

øTMaÆø1a —Ì 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2­  ̄·ÚaÚÙ ðÚðÁÍÌÌÌ 

ˆ ˆ ˆ °°3Ù  ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈ao  ̈± ðÚðÁÍ °°3 ̃ ·­ 

1Æaø ̈aÆ  ̈ ̧ø2 ðÚðÈÎ °°3Ù aTMa2  ̈ ̧± ́1 ̧  ̈ ̧a oø ̈ø 

1⁄2ø° ̈ ́Æa ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 ÈÎ ̊ ø2o  ̈ ̧a øTMaÆø1a oø ̈ø 

1⁄2ø° ̈ ́Æa o±Æ  ̈ ̧a Ì ßaøÆ­ ·­ ¥a­­  ̈ ̧ø2 Áð ̊ 

©· ̈ ̧·2  ̈ ̧a ÆaØ ́·Æao 3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­aø­±2Ú ×2 

¤®ø3°¥a ÓÙ  ̈ ̧a ·2o·TM·o ́ø¥ ËÛ ̧± ́Æ øTMaÆø1a­ 

 ́­ao  ̈± oa ̈aÆ3·2a  ̈ ̧a ø22 ́ø¥ o± ́Æ ̈ ̧ 

3ø®·3 ́3  ̧øTMa ø¥­± æaa2  ̈Æ ́21⁄2ø ̈ao  ̈±  ̈ ̧a 

 ̈ ̧·Æo oa1⁄2·3ø¥ °¥ø1⁄2aÚ 

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fl3æ·a2 ̈ fl·Æ œ ́ø¥· ̈ß Õ ̈ø2oøÆo­ o±Æ —¶±2a 

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3±2· ̈±Æ·21 ­· ̈a ·­ oao·2ao ø­  ̈ ̧ø ̈ 

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­ ̈ø2oøÆoÚ ⁄±Æ ø 1⁄2±21⁄2a2 ̈Æø ̈·±2Ûæø­ao ­ ̈ø2oøÆoÙ 

 ̈ ̧a ø·Æ Ø ́ø¥· ̈ß oa­·12 TMø¥ ́a ·­ ­·3°¥ß  ̈ ̧a 

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ø­ o±¥¥±©­Ê 

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oÚ fiß ÆaTM·­·21 ­a1⁄2 ̈·±2 ÔÌÚ 

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Õa2­· ̈·TMa 

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