CHAPTER 78. OIL AND GAS WELLS

Subch. Sec.

A. GENERAL PROVISIONS ... 78.1

B. PERMITS, TRANSFERS AND OBJECTIONS ... 78.11

C. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ... 78.51

D. WELL DRILLING, OPERATION AND PLUGGING ... 78.71

E. WELL REPORTING ... 78.121

F. [Reserved] ... 78.141

G. BONDING REQUIREMENTS ... 78.301

H. UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE ... 78.401

X. STATEMENTS OF POLICY ... 78.901

Authority

The provisions of this Chapter 78 issued under the Oil and Gas Act (58 P. S. § § 601.101

—601.605); the Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S. § § 501—518); the Oil

and Gas Conservation Law (58 P. S. § § 401—419); Article XIX­A of The Administrative

Code of 1929 (71 P. S. § § 510­1—510­108); The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.1—

691.1001); and the Solid Waste Management Act (35 P. S. § § 6018.101—6018.1003);

amended under section 604 of the Oil and Gas Act (58 P. S. § 601.604); sections 5(b)(1),

304 and 402(a) of The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.5(b)(1), 691.304(a) and

691.402(a)); section 105(a) of the Solid Waste Management Act (35 P. S. § 6018.105(a));

and sections 1901­A, 1917­A, 1920­A, 30 and 31 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P.

S. § § 510­1, 510­17, 510­20, 510­103 and 510­104), unless otherwise noted.

Source

The provisions of this Chapter 78 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17

Pa.B. 3235, unless otherwise noted.

Cross References

This chapter cited in 25 Pa. Code § 102.8 (relating to PCSM); 25 Pa. Code § 102.14

(relating to riparian buffer requirements); and 25 Pa. Code § 287.2 (relating to scope).

Subchapter A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec.

78.1. Definitions.

78.2. Scope.

78.3. [Reserved].

78.4. [Reserved].

78.5. [Reserved].

78.6. [Reserved].

§ 78.1. Definitions.

The following words and terms, when used in this chapter, have the following meanings,

unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, or as otherwise provided in this chapter:

Act—The Oil and Gas Act (58 P. S. § § 601.101—601.605).

Attainable bottom—The depth, approved by the Department, which can be achieved after a

reasonable effort is expended to clean out to the total depth.

Casing seat—The depth to which casing is set.

Cement—A mixture of materials for bonding or sealing that attains a 7­day maximum

permeability of 0.01 millidarcies and a 24­hour compressive strength of at least 500 psi in

accordance with applicable standards and specifications.

Cement job log—A written record that documents the actual procedures and specifications

of the cementing operation.

Certified laboratory—A laboratory accredited by the Department under Chapter 252

(relating to laboratory accreditation).

Coal area—An area that is underlain by a workable coal seam.

Coal protective casing—A string of pipe which is installed in the well for the purpose of

coal segregation and protection. In some instances the coal protective casing and the surface

casing may be the same.

Conductor pipe—A short string of large­diameter casing used to stabilize the top of the

wellbore in shallow unconsolidated formations.

Conventional formation—A formation that is not an unconventional formation.

Conventional well—

(i) A bore hole drilled or being drilled for the purpose of or to be used for construction

of a well regulated under 58 Pa.C.S. § § 3201—3274 (relating to development) that is not an

unconventional well, irrespective of technology or design.

(ii) The term includes, but is not limited to:
(A) Wells drilled to produce oil.

(B) Wells drilled to produce natural gas from formations other than shale formations.

(C) Wells drilled to produce natural gas from shale formations located above the base

of the Elk Group or its stratigraphic equivalent.

(D) Wells drilled to produce natural gas from shale formations located below the base

of the Elk Group where natural gas can be produced at economic flow rates or in economic

volumes without the use of vertical or nonvertical well bores stimulated by hydraulic

fracture treatments or multilateral well bores or other techniques to expose more of the

formation to the well bore.

(E) Irrespective of formation, wells drilled for collateral purposes, such as monitoring,

geologic logging, secondary and tertiary recovery or disposal injection.

Deepest fresh groundwater—The deepest fresh groundwater bearing formation penetrated

by the wellbore as determined from drillers logs from the well or from other wells in the area

surrounding the well or from historical records of the normal surface casing seat depths in

the area surrounding the well, whichever is deeper.

Drill cuttings—Rock cuttings and related mineral residues generated during the drilling of

an oil or gas well.

Fresh groundwater—Water in that portion of the generally recognized hydrologic cycle

which occupies the pore spaces and fractures of saturated subsurface materials.

Gas storage field—A gas storage reservoir and all of the gas storage wells connected to the

gas storage reservoir.

Gas storage reservoir—The portion of a subsurface geologic formation or rock strata used

for or being tested for storage of natural gas that:

(i) Has sufficient porosity and permeability to allow gas to be injected or withdrawn, or

both.

(ii) Is bounded by strata of insufficient porosity or permeability, or both, to allow gas

movement out of the reservoir.

(iii) Contains or will contain injected gas geologically or by pressure control.

Gas storage well—A well located and used in a gas storage reservoir for injection or

withdrawal purposes, or an observation well.

Gel—A slurry of clay or other equivalent material and water at a ratio of not more than 7

barrels of water to each 100 pounds of clay or other equivalent matter.

Intermediate casing—A string of casing set after the surface casing and before production

casing, not to include coal protection casing, that is used in the wellbore to isolate, stabilize

or provide well control.
L.E.L.—Lower explosive limit.

Noncementing material—A mixture of very fine to coarse grained nonbonding materials,

including unwashed crushed rock, drill cuttings, earthen mud or other equivalent material

approved by the Department.

Noncoal area—An area that is not underlain by a workable coal seam.

Nonporous material—Nontoxic earthen mud, drill cuttings, fire clay, gel, cement or

equivalent materials approved by the Department that will equally retard the movement of

fluids.

Nonvertical unconventional well—

(i) An unconventional well drilled intentionally to deviate from a vertical axis.

(ii) The term includes wells drilled diagonally and wells that have horizontal bore holes.

Observation well—A well used to monitor the operational integrity and conditions in a gas

storage reservoir, the reservoir protective area or strata above or below the gas storage

horizon.

Owner—A person who owns, manages, leases, controls or possesses a well or coal

property. For purposes of sections 203(a)(4) and (5) and 210 of the act (58 P. S.

§ § 601.203(a)(4) and (5) and 601.210), the term does not include those owners or

possessors of surface real property on which the abandoned well is located who did not

participate or incur costs in the drilling or extraction operation of the abandoned well and

had no right of control over the drilling or extraction operation of the abandoned well. The

term does not apply to orphan wells except where the Department determines a prior owner

or operator benefited from the well as provided in section 210(a) of the act.

Perimeter area—An area that begins at the outside coal boundaries of an operating coal

mine and extends within 1000 feet beyond those boundaries or an area within 1000 feet

beyond the mine permit boundaries of a coal mine already projected and permitted but not

yet being operated.

Permanently cemented—Surface casing or coal protective casing that is cemented until

cement is circulated to the surface or is cemented with a calculated volume of cement

necessary to fill the theoretical annular space plus 20% excess.

Private water supply—A water supply that is not a public water supply.

Production casing—A string of pipe other than surface casing and coal protective casing

which is run for the purpose of confining or conducting hydrocarbons and associated fluids

from one or more producing horizons to the surface.

Public water supply—A water system that is subject to the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking

Water Act (35 P. S. § § 721.1—721.17).

Reportable release of brine—Spilling, leaking, emitting, discharging, escaping or

disposing of one of the following:
(i) More than 5 gallons of brine within a 24­hour period on or into the ground at the well

site where the total dissolved solids concentration of the brine is equal or greater than 10,000

mg/l.

(ii) More than 15 gallons of brine within a 24­hour period on or into the ground at the

well site where the total dissolved solids concentration of the brine is less than 10,000 mg/l.

Retrievable—When used in conjunction with surface casing, coal protective casing or

production casing, the casing that can be removed after exerting a prudent effort to pull the

casing while applying a pulling force at least equal to the casing weight plus 5000 pounds or

120% of the casing weight, whichever is greater.

Seasonal high groundwater table—The saturated condition in the soil profile during

certain periods of the year. The condition can be caused by a slowly permeable layer within

the soil profile and is commonly indicated by the presence of soil mottling.

Sheen—An iridescent appearance on the surface of the water.

Soil mottling—Irregular marked spots in the soil profile that vary in color, size and

number.

Surface casing—A string or strings of casing used to isolate the wellbore from fresh

groundwater and to prevent the escape or migration of gas, oil or other fluids from the

wellbore into fresh groundwater. The surface casing is also commonly referred to as the

water string or water casing.

Tophole water—Water that is brought to the surface while drilling through the strata

containing fresh groundwater and water that is fresh groundwater or water that is from a

body of surface water. Tophole water may contain drill cuttings typical of the formation

being penetrated but may not be polluted or contaminated by additives, brine, oil or man

induced conditions.

Total depth—The depth to which the well was originally drilled, subsequently drilled or

the depth to which it was plugged back in a manner approved by the Department.

Tour—A workshift in drilling of a well.

Unconventional formation—A geological shale formation existing below the base of the

Elk Sandstone or its geologic equivalent stratigraphic interval where natural gas generally

cannot be produced at economic flow rates or in economic volumes except by vertical or

horizontal well bores stimulated by hydraulic fracture treatments or by using multilateral

well bores or other techniques to expose more of the formation to the well bore.

Unconventional well—A bore hole drilled or being drilled for the purpose of or to be used

for the production of natural gas from an unconventional formation.

Vertical unconventional well—An unconventional well with a single vertical well bore.

Water protection depth—The depth to a point 50 feet below the surface casing seat.

Water purveyor—The owner or operator of a public water supply.
Water supply—A supply of water for human consumption or use, or for agricultural,

commercial, industrial or other legitimate beneficial uses.

Well operator or operator—The person designated as the well operator or operator on the

permit application or well registration. If a permit or registration was not issued, the term

means a person who locates, drills, operates, alters or plugs a well or reconditions a well

with the purpose of production therefrom. In cases where a well is used in connection with

the underground storage of gas, the term also means a storage operator.

Well site—The area occupied by the equipment or facilities necessary for or incidental to

the drilling, production or plugging of a well.

Workable coal seam—One of the following:

(i) A coal seam in fact being mined in the area in question under the act and this chapter

by underground methods.

(ii) A coal seam which, in the judgment of the Department, reasonably can be expected

to be mined by underground methods.

Authority

The provisions of this § 78.1 amended under 27 Pa.C.S. § § 4103(a), 4104 and 4105;

sections 201(d) and 604 of the Oil and Gas Act (58 P. S. § § 601.201(d) and 601.604)

(Repealed); section 1920­A of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. § 510­20); 35

Pa.C.S § 7321; and 58 Pa.C.S. § § 3211(d) and 3274.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.1 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B.

3235; amended July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229; amended December

16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended March 30, 2001, effective

March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736; amended January 27, 2006, effective January 28, 2006, 36

Pa.B. 465; amended October 23, 2009, effective October 24, 2009, 39 Pa.B. 6232; amended

February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805; amended January 25, 2013,

effective January 26, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 526; amended June 13, 2014, effective June 14, 2014,

44 Pa.B. 3517. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (365441) to (365445).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.66 (relating to reporting releases).

§ 78.2. Scope.

This chapter specifies procedures and rules for the drilling, alteration, operation and

plugging of oil and gas wells, and for the operation of a coal mine in the vicinity of an oil or

gas well.

Source
The provisions of this § 78.2 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B.

3235; amended July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (128367) to (128368).

§ 78.3. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of this § 78.3 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B.

3235; reserved July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229. Immediately preceding

text appears at serial pages (128368) and (121567).

§ 78.4. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of this § 78.4 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B.

3235; reserved July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229. Immediately preceding

text appears at serial page (121567).

§ 78.5. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of this § 78.5 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B.

3235; reserved July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229. Immediately preceding

text appears at serial page (121567).

§ 78.6. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of this § 78.6 adopted July 31, 1987, effective August 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B.

3235; reserved July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229. Immediately preceding

text appears at serial page (121567).

Subchapter B. PERMITS, TRANSFERS

AND OBJECTIONS
PERMITS AND TRANSFERS

Sec.

78.11. Permit requirements.

78.12. Compliance with permit.

78.13. Permit transfers.

78.14. Transfer of well ownership or change of address.

78.15. Application requirements.

78.16. Accelerated permit review.

78.17. Permit renewal.

78.18. Disposal and enhanced recovery well permits.

78.19. Permit application fee schedule.

OBJECTIONS

78.21. Opportunity for objections and conferences; surface landowners.

78.22. Objections by owner or operator of coal mine.

78.23. Time for filing objections by owner or operator of coal mine.

78.24. Information to be provided with objections by owner or operator of coal mine.

78.25. Conferences—general.

78.26. Agreement at conference.

78.27. Continuation of conference.

78.28. Final action if objections do not proceed to panel.

78.29. Composition of panel.

78.30. Jurisdiction of panel.

78.31. Scheduling of meeting by the panel.

78.32. Recommendation by the panel.

78.33. Effect of panel on time for permit issuance.

PERMITS AND TRANSFERS

§ 78.11. Permit requirements.

(a) No person may drill or alter a well unless that person has first obtained a permit from

the Department.

(b) No person may operate a well unless one of the following conditions has been met:

(1) The person has obtained a permit under the act.

(2) The person has registered the well under the act.

(3) The well was in operation on April 18, 1985, under a permit that was obtained under
the Gas Operations Well­Drilling Petroleum and Coal Mining Act (52 P. S. § § 2104, 2208,

2601 and 2602) (Repealed).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.11 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.18 (relating to disposal and enhanced recovery well

permits).

§ 78.12. Compliance with permit.

A person may not drill, alter or operate an oil or gas well except in accordance with a permit

or registration issued under the act and in compliance with the terms and conditions of the

permit, this chapter and the statutes under which it was promulgated. A copy of the permit

shall be kept at the well site during drilling or alteration of a well.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.12 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138804).

§ 78.13. Permit transfers.

(a) No transfer, assignment or sale of rights granted under a permit or registration may be

made without prior written approval of the Department. Permit transfers may be denied for

the reasons set forth in section 201(e)(4) and (5) of the act (58 P. S. § 601.201(e)(4) and

(5)).

(b) The Department may require the transferee to fulfill the drilling, plugging, well site

restoration, water supply replacement and other requirements of the act, regardless of

whether the transferor commenced the activity and regardless of whether the transferor

failed to properly perform the transferor’s obligations under the act.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.13 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.14. Transfer of well ownership or change of address.

(a) Within 30 days after the sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance or exchange of a well,

the new owner or operator shall notify the Department, in writing, of the transfer of

ownership.

(b) The notice shall include the following information:
(1) The names, addresses and telephone numbers of the former and new owner, and the

agent if applicable.

(2) The well permit or registration number.

(3) The effective date of the transfer of ownership.

(4) An application for a well permit transfer if there is a change in the well operator.

(c) The permittee shall notify the Department of a change in address or name within 30

days of the change.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.14 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (193955) to (193956).

§ 78.15. Application requirements.

(a) An application for a well permit shall be submitted on forms furnished by the

Department and contain the information required by the Department to evaluate the

application.

(b) The permit application will not be considered complete until the applicant submits a

complete and accurate plat, an approvable bond or other means of complying with section

215 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215), the fee in compliance with § 78.19 (relating to permit

application fee schedule), proof of notification, necessary requests for variance or waivers or

other documents required to be furnished by law or the Department. The person named in

the permit shall be the same person named in the bond or other security.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.15 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended April 17, 2009, effective April 18, 2009, 39 Pa.B. 1982. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (276300).

§ 78.16. Accelerated permit review.

In cases of hardship, an operator may request an accelerated review of a well permit

application. For the purposes of this section, hardship includes cases where immediate action

is necessary to protect public health or safety, to control pollution or to effect other

environmental or safety measures, and extraordinary circumstances beyond the control of the

operator. Permits issued shall be consistent with the requirements of the act.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.16 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.
§ 78.17. Permit renewal.

An operator may request a 1­year renewal of a well permit. The request shall be

accompanied by a permit fee, the surcharge required in section 601 of the act (58 P. S.

§ 601.601), and an affidavit affirming that the information on the original application is still

accurate and complete, that the well location restrictions are still met and that the surface

owners, coal owners and operators, gas storage operators, where the permit renewal is for a

proposed well location within an underground gas storage reservoir or the reservoir

protective area, and water supply owners within 1,000 feet have been notified of this request

for renewal. The request shall be received by the Department at least 15 calendar days prior

to the expiration of the original permit.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.17 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (263008).

§ 78.18. Disposal and enhanced recovery well permits.

(a) A person may not drill a disposal or enhanced recovery well or alter an existing well to

be a disposal or enhanced recovery well unless the person:

(1) Obtains a well permit under § 78.11 (relating to permit requirements).

(2) Submits with the well permit application a copy of the well permit, approved permit

application and required related documentation submitted for the disposal or enhanced

recovery well to the EPA under 40 CFR Part 146 (relating to underground injection control

program).

(3) Submits a copy of a control and disposal plan for the disposal or enhanced recovery

well and related facilities that meets the requirements of § 91.34 (relating to activities

utilizing pollutants).

(4) Submits a copy of an erosion and sedimentation plan for the disposal or enhanced

recovery well site that meets the requirements of Chapter 102 and § 78.53 (relating to

erosion and sediment control; and erosion and sedimentation control).

(b) By December 18, 1995, an operator of disposal or enhanced recovery wells which were

operating before December 18, 1995, shall submit to the Department a list of the operator’s

disposal or enhanced recovery wells including:

(1) The Department’s permit or registration number for each well on this list.

(2) The corresponding permit number issued to each well on this list by the EPA.

(c) A person who operates multiple well projects may submit one copy of the documents

required under subsection (a) if the documents are applicable to the entire project.

Source
The provisions of this § 78.18 adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994,

24 Pa.B. 6284.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 95.10 (relating to treatment requirements for new and

expanding mass loadings of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)).

§ 78.19. Permit application fee schedule.

(a) An applicant for a conventional well shall pay a permit application fee according to the

following schedule:

Conventional Wells

Total Well Bore Length in Feet Total Fee

0 to 2,000 $250

2,001 to 2,500 $300

2,501 to 3,000 $350

3,001 to 3,500 $400

3,501 to 4,000 $450

4,001 to 4,500 $500

4,501 to 5,000 $550

5,001 to 5,500 $650

5,501 to 6,000 $750

6,001 to 6,500 $850

6,501 to 7,000 $950

7,001 to 7,500 $1,050

7,501 to 8,000 $1,150

8,001 to 8,500 $1,250

8,501 to 9,000 $1,350

9,001 to 9,500 $1,450

9,501 to 10,000 $1,550

10,001 to 10,500 $1,650

10,501 to 11,000 $1,750

11,001 to 11,500 $1,850

11,501 to 12,000 $1,950

(b) An applicant for a conventional well exceeding 12,000 feet in total well bore length

shall pay a permit application fee of $1,950 + $100 for every 500 feet the well bore extends

over 12,000 feet. Fees shall be rounded to the nearest 500­foot interval under this subsection.

(c) An applicant for an unconventional well shall pay a permit application fee according to

the following:
(1) $4,200 for a vertical unconventional well.

(2) $5,000 for a nonvertical unconventional well.

(d) If, when drilled, the total well bore length of the conventional well exceeds the length

specified in the permit application due to target formation being deeper than anticipated at

the time of application submittal, the operator shall pay the difference between the amount

paid as part of the permit application and the amount required under subsections (a) and (b).

(e) An applicant for a conventional well with a well bore length of 1,500 feet or less for

home use shall pay a permit application fee of $200.

(f) At least every 3 years, the Department will provide the EQB with an evaluation of the

fees in this chapter and recommend regulatory changes to the EQB to address any disparity

between the program income generated by the fees and the Department’s cost of

administering the program with the objective of ensuring fees meet all program costs and

programs are self­sustaining.

Authority

The provisions of this § 78.19 amended under sections 201(d) and 604 of the Oil and Gas

Act (58 P. S. § § 601.201(d) and 601.604) (Repealed); section 1920­A of The

Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. § 510­20); and 58 Pa.C.S. § § 3211(d) and 3274.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.19 adopted April 17, 2009, effective April 18, 2009, 39 Pa.B.

1982; amended October 23, 2009, effective October 24, 2009, 39 Pa.B. 6232; amended June

13, 2014, effective June 14, 2014, 44 Pa.B. 3517. Immediately preceding text appears at

serial pages (351786) and (345877).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.15 (relating to application requirements).

OBJECTIONS

§ 78.21. Opportunity for objections and conferences; surface landowners.

(a) The surface landowner of the tract on which the proposed well is located may object to

the well location based on the assertion that the well location violates section 205 of the act

(58 P. S. § 601.205) or on the basis that the information in the application is untrue in a

material respect, and request a conference under section 501 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.501).

(b) The objection and request for a conference shall be filed in writing with the Department

within 15 calendar days of receipt of the plat by the surface landowner. The objection shall

contain the following:

(1) The name, address and telephone number of the person submitting the objection.
(2) The name of the well operator, and the name and number of the proposed well.

(3) A statement of the objection and a request for a conference if a conference is being

requested.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.21 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.22. Objections by owner or operator of coal mine.

The owner or operator of an operating coal mine or a coal mine already projected and

platted, but not yet being operated, may file written objections to a proposed well location

with the Department if the following apply:

(1) The well, when drilled, would penetrate within the outside coal boundaries of such a

mine or within 1,000 feet beyond the boundaries.

(2) In the opinion of the owner or operator, the well will unduly interfere with or endanger

the mine or persons working in the mine.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.22 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.23. Time for filing objections by owner or operator of coal mine.

(a) A coal mine owner or operator who objects to a proposed gas well for financial

considerations, and wishes to go before a panel with an objection over which the panel has

jurisdiction, shall file objections to a proposed gas well within 10­calendar days of the

receipt of the plat.

(b) A coal mine owner or operator who does not wish to go before a panel with an

objection over which the panel has jurisdiction, or who is not raising financial objections to

the proposed gas well, shall file objections to a proposed oil or gas well within 15 calendar

days of the receipt of the plat.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.23 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).
§ 78.24. Information to be provided with objections by owner or operator of coal

mine.

(a) The objections shall be filed in writing and shall contain the following information, if

applicable:

(1) The name, address and telephone number of the person filing the objection, and the

date on which a copy of the plat was received.

(2) The name and address of the applicant for the well permit and the name and number of

the well.

(3) The type of well—for example, oil, gas, injection and the like—that is the subject of

the objections.

(4) The location of the well in relation to the coal owned or operated by the objecting

party.

(5) The area through which the well will be drilled, specifically:

(i) Whether the well will be drilled through a mining area that is projected, platted or

permitted, but not yet being operated.

(ii) Whether the well will be drilled through a perimeter area.

(iii) Whether the well will penetrate a workable coal seam.

(iv) Whether the well will be located above an active mine.

(v) Whether the well will penetrate an operating mine.

(6) A copy of the plans, maps or projections of the mining area underlying the proposed

gas well showing the location of the proposed well.

(7) Whether the owner or operator believes that the well will pose undue interference or

endangerment to the mine, and the nature of the threat.

(8) The financial impact posed by the well, to which objections may be heard by a panel

under § 78.30 (relating to jurisdiction of panel).

(9) Whether the well will violate the act, the Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act (58

P. S. § § 501—518) or another applicable law administered by the Department.

(b) The objections shall include an alternate location, if possible, on the tract of the well

operator that would overcome the objections or at which the interference would be

minimized. The Department is not bound to consider alternate locations that are proposed

after the close of the first conference.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.24 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.
Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.25. Conferences—general.

(a) If a timely objection to the location is filed by the coal owner or operator under

§ § 78.22—78.24 (relating to objections by owner or operator of coal mine; time for filing

objections by owner or operator of coal mine; and information to be provided with

objections by owner or operator of coal mine), or if objections are made by the Department,

the Department will fix a time and place for a conference within 10 calendar days from the

date of service of the objections upon the well operator, unless all parties agree to an

extension of time for the conference.

(b) The Department may decide not to hold a conference if it determines that the objections

are not valid or if the objection is resolved.

(c) The Department will attempt to schedule the conference as late as possible in the 10­day

period if the well is subject to the Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S.

§ § 501—518). The Department will not schedule a conference under section 202 of the act

(58 P. S. § 601.202) if it receives written notice that the gas well operator or the coal mine

owner or operator has made a written request to convene a panel to resolve objections to the

location of a gas well over which a panel has jurisdiction in accordance with § § 78.29—

78.33.

(d) The conference shall be governed by § § 78.26—78.28 (relating to agreement at

conference; continuation of conference; and final action if objections do not proceed to

panel).

(e) The Department or a person having a direct interest in the subject matter of the act may

request a conference any time to attempt to resolve by mutual agreement a matter arising

under the act.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.25 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.30 (relating to jurisdiction of panel).

§ 78.26. Agreement at conference.

(a) If the parties reach an agreement at the conference, and if the Department approves the

location, the Department will cause the agreement to be reduced to writing.

(b) If the Department does not reject the agreement within 10 calendar days after the

agreement is reduced to writing, the agreement becomes effective.

(c) An agreement reached at the conference shall be consistent with the requirements of the
act and applicable statutes. An agreement that is not in accordance with the act, the Coal and

Gas Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S. § § 501—518) and applicable law shall be deemed

to be null and void.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.26 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.27. Continuation of conference.

The Department may continue the conference for good cause. Good cause includes one or

more of the following:

(1) The need for supplemental data, maps or surveys.

(2) The need to verify that the agreement or a proposed well location is consistent with the

requirements of the act, the Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act (58 P.S. § § 501—

518) and other applicable requirements.

(3) The need for the presence of essential witnesses whose unavailability is due to good

cause.

(4) The need for further investigation into the allegations that are the basis for the

objections.

(5) Agreement by all parties that a continuance is beneficial to the resolution of the

objections.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.27 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.28. Final action if objections do not proceed to panel.

If the panel does not have jurisdiction of the objections, under § 78.30 (relating to

jurisdiction of panel), or if the panel has jurisdiction but the parties choose not to proceed to

a panel, the Department may proceed to issue or deny the permit, under sections 201 and 202

of the act (58 P. S. § § 601.201 and 601.202). No permit will be issued for a well at a

location that in the opinion of the Department would endanger the safety of persons working

in a coal mine.
Source

The provisions of this § 78.28 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.29. Composition of panel.

(a) If the gas well operator and the objecting coal owner or operator are unable to agree

upon a drilling location, and the gas well is subject to the jurisdiction of a panel under

§ 78.30 (relating to jurisdiction of panel), the well operator or a coal owner or operator may

convene a panel.

(b) The panel shall consist of one person selected by the objecting coal owners or operators,

a second person selected by the permit applicant and a third selected by these two.

(c) The parties shall submit their positions to the panel within such time as the panel

prescribes, in accordance with section 12 of the Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act

(58 P. S. § 512).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.29 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.30. Jurisdiction of panel.

(a) A panel shall hear objections by the owner or operator of the coal mining area only if

the proposed gas well is not subject to the Oil and Gas Conservation Law (58 P. S. § § 401

—419) and one of the following applies:

(1) The well will be drilled through an area that is projected and permitted, but not yet

being operated.

(2) The well will be drilled through a perimeter area.

(3) The well will penetrate a workable coal seam, and will be located above an active

mine, but will not penetrate an operating mine.

(b) The panel shall hear only objections that were filed by the owner or operator of the

mining areas set forth in subsection (a).

(c) If after a conference in accordance with § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general), the

Department has unresolved objections, the panel does not have jurisdiction to convene or to
hear objections.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.30 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.24 (relating to information to be provided with

objections by owner or operator of coal mine); 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences

—general); 25 Pa. Code § 78.28 (relating to final action if objections do not proceed to

panel); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.29 (relating to composition of panel).

§ 78.31. Scheduling of meeting by the panel.

The panel shall convene a meeting within 10­calendar days of the panel chairperson’s

receipt of a written request to do so by the permit applicant or by the objecting coal owner or

operator.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.31 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general); and 25 Pa.

Code § 78.32 (relating to recommendation by the panel).

§ 78.32. Recommendation by the panel.

(a) The panel shall make its recommendation of where the proposed well should be located,

based upon the financial considerations of the parties.

(b) The panel shall make its recommendation within 10­calendar days of the close of the

meeting held under § 78.31 (relating to scheduling of meeting by the panel).

(c) If the Department determines that the first recommended location endangers a mine or

the public, it will reject the location and notify the panel to make another recommendation.

The panel shall submit another recommended location to the Department within 10 calendar

days of the Department’s notification.

(d) If the Department determines that the second recommended location endangers a mine

or the public, the Department may designate a location where it has determined that the well

will not unduly interfere with or endanger the mine or the public and issue a permit for the

well at that designated location. However, if the Department has not designated such a

location, and if the Department determines that a well drilled at any proposed or panelrecommended alternate location will unduly interfere with or endanger the mine or the

public, it will deny the permit.
(e) No permit will be issued for a well at a location that would, in the opinion of the

Department, endanger the safety of persons working in a coal mine.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.32 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

§ 78.33. Effect of panel on time for permit issuance.

The period of time during which the objections are being considered by a full panel is not

included in the 45­day period for the issuance or denial of a permit under section 201(e) of

the act (58 P. S. § 601.201(e)).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.33 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.25 (relating to conferences—general).

Subchapter C. ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Sec.

78.51. Protection of water supplies.

78.52. Predrilling or prealteration survey.

78.53. Erosion and sediment control.

78.54. General requirements.

78.55. Control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional well sites.

78.56. Pits and tanks for temporary containment.

78.57. Control, storage and disposal of production fluids.

78.58. Existing pits used for the control, storage and disposal of production fluids.

78.59. [Reserved].

78.60. Discharge requirements.

78.61. Disposal of drill cuttings.
78.62. Disposal of residual waste—pits.

78.63. Disposal of residual waste—land application.

78.64. Containment around oil tanks.

78.65. Site restoration.

78.66 Reporting releases.

§ 78.51. Protection of water supplies.

(a) A well operator who affects a public or private water supply by pollution or diminution

shall restore or replace the affected supply with an alternate source of water adequate in

quantity and quality for the purposes served by the supply as determined by the Department.

(b) A landowner, water purveyor or affected person suffering pollution or diminution of a

water supply as a result of drilling, altering or operating an oil or gas well may so notify the

Department and request that an investigation be conducted. The notice and request must

include the following:

(1) The name, address and telephone number of the person requesting the investigation.

(2) The type, location and use of the water supply.

(3) Available background quality and quantity data regarding the water supply, if known.

(4) Well depth, pump setting and water level, if known.

(5) A description of the pollution or diminution.

(c) Within 10 days of the receipt of the investigation request, the Department will

investigate the claim and will, within 45 days of receipt of the request, make a

determination. If the Department finds that pollution or diminution was caused by the

drilling, alteration or operation activities or if it presumes the well operator responsible for

polluting the water supply of the landowner or water purveyor under section 208(c) of the

act (58 P. S. § 601.208(c)), the Department will issue orders to the well operator necessary

to assure compliance with this section.

(d) A restored or replaced water supply includes any well, spring, public water system or

other water supply approved by the Department, which meets the criteria for adequacy as

follows:

(1) Reliability, cost, maintenance and control. A restored or replaced water supply, at a

minimum, must:

(i) Be as reliable as the previous water supply.

(ii) Be as permanent as the previous water supply.

(iii) Not require excessive maintenance.

(iv) Provide the water user with as much control and accessibility as exercised over the

previous water supply.
(v) Not result in increased costs to operate and maintain. If the operating and

maintenance costs of the restored or replaced water supply are increased, the operator shall

provide for permanent payment of the increased operating and maintenance costs of the

restored or replaced water supply.

(2) Quality. The quality of a restored or replaced water supply will be deemed adequate if

it meets the standards established under the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Act (35 P. S.

§ § 721.1—721.17), or is comparable to the quality of the water supply before it was

affected by the operator if that water supply did not meet these standards.

(3) Adequate quantity. A restored or replaced water supply will be deemed adequate in

quantity if it meets one of the following as determined by the Department:

(i) It delivers the amount of water necessary to satisfy the water user’s needs and the

demands of any reasonably foreseeable uses.

(ii) It is established through a connection to a public water supply system that is capable

of delivering the amount of water necessary to satisfy the water user’s needs and the

demands of any reasonably foreseeable uses.

(iii) For purposes of this paragraph and with respect to agricultural water supplies, the

term reasonably foreseeable uses includes the reasonable expansion of use where the water

supply available prior to drilling exceeded the actual use.

(4) Water source serviceability. Replacement of a water supply includes providing

plumbing, conveyance, pumping or auxiliary equipment and facilities necessary for the

water user to utilize the water supply.

(e) If the water supply is for uses other than human consumption, the operator shall

demonstrate to the Department’s satisfaction that the restored or replaced water supply is

adequate for the purposes served by the supply.

(f) Tank trucks or bottled water are acceptable only as temporary water replacement for a

period approved by the Department and do not relieve the operator of the obligation to

provide a restored or replaced water supply.

(g) If the well operator and the water user are unable to reach agreement on the means for

restoring or replacing the water supply, the Department or either party may request a

conference under section 501 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.501).

(h) A well operator who receives notice from a landowner, water purveyor or affected

person that a water supply has been affected by pollution or diminution, shall report receipt

of notice from an affected person to the Department within 24 hours of receiving the notice.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.51 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (350764) and (317133).

§ 78.52. Predrilling or prealteration survey.
(a) A well operator who wishes to preserve its defense under section 208(d)(1) of the act

(58 P. S. § 601.208 (d)(1)) that the pollution of a water supply existed prior to the drilling or

alteration of the well shall conduct a predrilling or prealteration survey in accordance with

this section.

(b) A person who wishes to document the quality of a water supply to support a future

claim that the drilling or alteration of the well affected the water supply by pollution may

conduct a predrilling or prealteration survey in accordance with this section.

(c) The survey shall be conducted by an independent certified laboratory. A person

independent of the well owner or well operator, other than an employee of the certified

laboratory, may collect the sample and document the condition of the water supply, if the

certified laboratory affirms that the sampling and documentation is performed in accordance

with the laboratory’s approved sample collection, preservation and handling procedure and

chain of custody.

(d) An operator electing to preserve its defenses under section 208(d)(1) of the act shall

provide a copy of the results of the survey to the Department and the landowner or water

purveyor within 10­business days of receipt of the results. Test results not received by the

Department within 10 business days may not be used to preserve the operator’s defenses

under section 208(d)(1) of the act.

(e) The report describing the results of the survey must contain the following information:

(1) The location of the water supply and the name of the surface landowner or water

purveyor.

(2) The date of the survey, and the name of the certified laboratory and the person who

conducted the survey.

(3) A description of where and how the sample was collected.

(4) A description of the type and age, if known, of the water supply, and treatment, if any.

(5) The name of the well operator, name and number of well to be drilled and permit

number if known.

(6) The results of the laboratory analysis.

(f) A well operator who wishes to preserve the defense under section 208(d)(2) of the act

that the landowner or water purveyor refused the operator access to conduct a survey shall

confirm the desire to conduct this survey and that access was refused by issuing notice to the

person by certified mail, or otherwise document that access was refused. The notice must

include the following:

(1) The operator’s intention to drill or alter a well.

(2) The desire to conduct a predrilling or prealteration survey.

(3) The name of the person who requested and was refused access to conduct the survey

and the date of the request and refusal.
(4) The name and address of the well operator and the address of the Department, to

which the water purveyor or landowner may respond.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.52 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234; amended January

27, 2006, effective January 28, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 465; amended February 4, 2011, effective

February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (317133)

to (317134).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.141 (relating to scope).

§ 78.53. Erosion and sediment control.

During and after earthmoving or soil disturbing activities, including the activities related to

siting, drilling, completing, producing, servicing and plugging the well, constructing,

utilizing and restoring the access road and restoring the site, the operator shall design,

implement and maintain best management practices in accordance with Chapter 102

(relating to erosion and sediment control) and an erosion and sediment control plan prepared

under that chapter. Best management practices for oil and gas well operations are listed in

the Oil And Gas Operators Manual, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of

Environmental Protection, Guidance No. 550­0300­001 (April 1997), as amended and

updated.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.53 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (266200).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.18 (relating to disposal and enhanced recovery well

permits); 25 Pa. Code § 78.57 (relating to control, storage and disposal of production

fluids); 25 Pa. Code § 78.60 (relating to discharge requirements); 25 Pa. Code § 78.61

(relating to disposal of drill cuttings); 25 Pa. Code § 78.62 (relating to disposal of residual

waste—pits); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.63 (relating to disposal of residual waste—land

application).

§ 78.54. General requirements.

The well operator shall control and dispose of fluids, residual waste and drill cuttings,

including tophole water, brines, drilling fluids, drilling muds, stimulation fluids, well

servicing fluids, oil, production fluids and drill cuttings in a manner that prevents pollution

of the waters of this Commonwealth and in accordance with § § 78.55—78.58 and 78.60—

78.63 and with the statutes under which this chapter is promulgated.
Source

The provisions of this § 78.54 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning;

emergency response for unconventional well sites).

§ 78.55. Control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional well

sites.

(a) Preparation and implementation of plan. Prior to generation of waste, the well operator

shall prepare and implement a plan under § 91.34 (relating to activities utilizing pollutants)

for the control and disposal of fluids, residual waste and drill cuttings, including tophole

water, brines, drilling fluids, additives, drilling muds, stimulation fluids, well servicing

fluids, oil, production fluids and drill cuttings from the drilling, alteration, production,

plugging or other activity associated with oil and gas wells.

(b) Requirements. The plan must identify the control and disposal methods and practices

utilized by the well operator and be consistent with the act, The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S.

§ § 691.1—691.1001), the Solid Waste Management Act (35 P. S. § § 6018.101—

6018.1003) and § § 78.54, 78.56—78.58 and 78.60—78.63. The plan must also include a

pressure barrier policy that identifies barriers to be used during identified operations.

(c) Revisions. The operator shall revise the plan prior to implementing a change to the

practices identified in the plan.

(d) Copies. A copy of the plan shall be provided to the Department upon request and shall

be available at the well site during drilling and completion activities for review.

(e) Emergency contacts. A list of emergency contact phone numbers for the area in which

the well site is located must be included in the plan and be prominently displayed at the well

site during drilling, completion or alteration activities.

(f) Emergency response for unconventional well sites.

(1) Applicability. This subsection applies to unconventional wells.

(2) Definitions. For the purposes of this subsection, the following definitions apply:

Access road—A road connecting a well site to the nearest public road, private named road,

administrative road with a name and address range, or private unnamed road with an address

range.

Address—A location, by reference to a road or a landmark, made by a county or

municipality responsible for assigning addresses within its jurisdiction.

Administrative road—A road owned and maintained by the Commonwealth open to the

public at the discretion of the Commonwealth that may or may not have a name and address
range.

Emergency responder—Police, firefighters, emergency medical technicians, paramedics,

emergency management personnel, public health personnel, State certified hazardous

materials response teams, Department emergency personnel and other personnel authorized

in the course of their occupations or duties, or as an authorized volunteer, to respond to an

emergency.

Entrance—The point where the access road to a well site connects to the nearest public

road, private named road, administrative road with a name and address range, or a private

unnamed road with an address range.

GPS coordinates—The coordinates in latitude and longitude as expressed in degrees

decimal to at least six digits after the decimal point based upon the World Geodetic System

1984 Datum or any other datum approved by the Department.

PEMA—The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency.

Private named road—A private road with a name and address range.

Private road—A road that is not a public road.

Private unnamed road—A private road that is not a private named road.

Public road—A road owned and maintained by the Commonwealth, a county within this

Commonwealth, a municipality within the Commonwealth or any combination thereof that

is open to the public.

Public safety answering point—An entity operating in cooperation with local

municipalities and counties to receive 9­1­1 calls for a defined geographic area and process

calls according to a specific operational policy.

Well site name—The name used to designate the well site by the operator on the well

permit application submitted to the Department.

(3) Registration of addresses.

(i) Prior to construction of an access road to a well site, the operator of an

unconventional well shall request a street address for the well site from the county or

municipality responsible for assigning street addresses.

(ii) The operator shall determine the GPS coordinates for both the well site and the

entrance to the well site. The GPS coordinates must have a horizontal accuracy of plus or

minus 6.67 feet or better. If there is more than one well on a well site, one set of GPS

coordinates must be used for the well site.

(iii) The operator shall register the following with PEMA, the Department, the Public

Safety Answering Point and the county emergency management organization within the

county where the well site is located:

(A) The well site name.
(B) The well site address.

(C) The GPS coordinates for the entrance and the well site.

(iv) When there is a change of well site address, the operator shall register the new

address as provided in subparagraph (iii).

(v) When there is a change of the entrance due to a change in the well site address or

otherwise, the operator shall register the GPS coordinates for the entrance as provided in

subparagraph (iii).

(vi) The following shall be retained at the well site for reference when contacting

emergency responders:

(A) The well site name.

(B) The well site address.

(C) The GPS coordinates for the entrance and the well site.

(4) Signage.

(i) Prior to construction of the access road, the operator of an unconventional well shall

display a reflective sign at the entrance.

(ii) The sign must meet the following requirements:

(A) The sign must be fabricated with approved retroreflective sheeting material

meeting ASTM 4956 Type III.

(B) The sign must have a white background with a 2­inch red border and black

numbers and letters. Signs for entrances on administrative roads may use other colors

provided that the signs use contrasting colors between the background, border, numbers and

letters.

(C) The sign must be of sufficient size to accommodate the required information

described in this section. The minimum size of a sign must be 36 inches in height and 48

inches in width.

(D) The sign must follow the format of Figure 1 and contain:

(I) The address number for the well site displayed horizontally on the first line of the

sign in text no smaller than 4 inches in height.

(II) The full address of the entrance, including the county and municipality in which

the entrance is located.

(III) The well operator’s company name.

(IV) The 24­hour contact telephone information for the operator of the well site.

(V) The GPS coordinates for the entrance.
(VI) The well site name.

(VII) The wording ‘‘In Case of Emergency Call 9­1­1.’’

(iii) The sign must be mounted independently from other signage.

(iv) The bottom of the sign must be positioned a minimum of 3 feet above ground level.

(v) The sign may not contain other markings.

(vi) A sign, as viewed from the applicable road, may not be obstructed from view by

vegetation, equipment, vehicles or other obstruction.

(vii) During drilling operations, the American Petroleum Institute (API) permit numbers

of the wells at the site may be posted on a nonreflective sign below the principal sign. The

API sign may be removed after the well is completed, provided that it is not otherwise

required to be posted.

Figure 1. Sample Site Entrance Signage

(Not to scale)
(5) Emergency response planning.

(i) The operator of an unconventional well shall develop and implement an emergency

response plan that provides for equipment, procedures, training and documentation to

properly respond to emergencies that threaten human health and safety for each well site.

The plan shall incorporate National Incident Management System planning standards,

including the use of the Incident Command System, Incident Action Planning and Common

Communications Plans. The plan must include:

(A) The emergency contact information, including phone numbers, for the well

operator’s local representative for the well site and the well operator’s 24­hour emergency

phone number.

(B) The emergency notification procedures that the operator shall utilize to contact

emergency responders during an emergency.

(C) A description of the well site personnel’s response to the following well site

emergencies:

(I) Fire.

(II) Medical emergency.

(III) Explosion or similar event.

(IV) Spill.

(V) Security breach or other security event.

(VI) Any other incident that necessitates the presence of emergency responders.

(D) A description of the procedure to be used to provide the most current information

to emergency responders in the event of an emergency, including the following:

(I) The current Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) required under law to be present

at the well site.

(II) The location of the MSDSs at the well site.

(III) The name of the position in the operator’s organization responsible for providing

the information in subclauses (I) and (II).

(E) A list containing the location of any fire suppression and spill control equipment

maintained by the well operator at the well site.

(F) A description of any emergency equipment available to the operator that is located

off of the well site.

(G) A summary of the risks and hazards to the public within 1/2 mile of the well site

and the associated planning assumptions.

(H) An outline of the emergency response training plan that the operator has
established.

(ii) The emergency response plan in subparagraph (i) may consist of two parts:

(A) A base plan common to all of the operator’s well sites containing some of the

elements described in subparagraph (i).

(B) A site­specific plan containing the remaining elements described in subparagraph

(i).

(iii) The operator shall submit a copy of the current emergency response plan for that

well site unless the permit provides otherwise. For plans using the approach in subparagraph

(ii), the operator may submit one base plan provided that the site­specific plans are submitted

for each well site.

(iv) The operator shall review the plan and submit an update annually on or before

March 1 each year. In the event that updates are not made to the plan for that review period,

the operator shall submit a statement indicating the review was completed and updates to the

plan were not necessary.

(v) The plan and subsequent updates shall be submitted to:

(A) PEMA.

(B) The Department.

(C) The county emergency management agency.

(D) The Public Safety Answering Point with jurisdiction over the well site.

(vi) A copy of the plan shall be available at the well site during all phases of operation.

(vii) The emergency response plan must address response actions for the following

stages of operation at the well site:

(A) Preparation of the access road and well site.

(B) Drilling of the well.

(C) Hydraulic fracturing and stimulation of the well.

(D) Production.

(E) Well site restoration.

(F) Plugging of the well.

(viii) The requirements in subparagraphs (i)—(vii) may be met by implementing

guidance issued by the Department in coordination with PEMA.

(6) Transition.

(i) This subsection is effective January 26, 2013, except as provided in subparagraph
(ii).

(ii) For a well site containing a well that is being drilled or has been drilled as of January

26, 2013, or a well site for which a well permit has been issued but wells have not started

drilling as of January 26, 2013, or a well site for which an administratively complete

application is pending as of January 26, 2013, as provided in subparagraph (i), the following

applies:

(A) Paragraph (3) is effective on February 25, 2013.

(B) Paragraph (4) is effective on July 25, 2013.

(C) Paragraph (5) is effective on April 26, 2013.

Authority

The provisions of this § 78.55 amended under section 1920­A of The Administrative Code

of 1929 (71 P. S. § 510­20); and 35 Pa.C.S. § 7321).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.55 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805; amended

January 25, 2013, effective January 26, 2013, except that subsection (f)(3) is effective

February 25, 2013, subsection (f)(4) is effective July 25, 2013, and subsection (f)(5) is

effective April 26, 2013, 43 Pa.B. 526. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages

(355523) to (355524).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); and 25 Pa.

Code § 78.72 (relating to use of safety devices—blow­out prevention equipment).

§ 78.56. Pits and tanks for temporary containment.

(a) Except as provided in § § 78.60(b) and 78.61(b) (relating to discharge requirements;

and disposal of drill cuttings), the operator shall contain pollutional substances and wastes

from the drilling, altering, completing, recompleting, servicing and plugging the well,

including brines, drill cuttings, drilling muds, oils, stimulation fluids, well treatment and

servicing fluids, plugging and drilling fluids other than gases in a pit, tank or series of pits

and tanks. The operator shall install or construct and maintain the pit, tank or series of pits

and tanks in accordance with the following requirements:

(1) The pit, tank or series of pits and tanks shall be constructed and maintained with

sufficient capacity to contain all pollutional substances and wastes which are used or

produced during drilling, altering, completing and plugging the well.

(2) A pit shall be designed, constructed and maintained so that at least 2 feet of freeboard

remain at all times. If open tanks are used, the tanks shall be maintained so that at least 2 feet

of freeboard remain at all times unless the tank is provided with an overflow system to a

standby tank or pit with sufficient volume to contain all excess fluid or waste. If an open
standby tank is used, it shall be maintained with 2 feet of freeboard. If this subsection is

violated, the operator immediately shall take the necessary measures to ensure the structural

stability of the pit or tank, prevent spills and restore the 2 feet of freeboard.

(3) Pits and tanks shall be designed, constructed and maintained to be structurally sound

and reasonably protected from unauthorized acts of third parties.

(4) A pit or tank that contains drill cuttings from below the casing seat, pollutional

substances, wastes or fluids other than tophole water, fresh water and uncontaminated drill

cuttings shall be impermeable and comply with the following:

(i) The pits shall be constructed with a synthetic flexible liner with a coefficient of

permeability of no greater than 1 x 10

­7 cm/sec and with sufficient strength and thickness to

maintain the integrity of the liner. The liner shall be designed, constructed and maintained so

that the physical and chemical characteristics of the liner are not adversely affected by the

waste and the liner is resistant to physical, chemical and other failure during transportation,

handling, installation and use. Adjoining sections of liners shall be sealed together to prevent

leakage in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions. If the operator seeks to use a liner

material other than a synthetic flexible liner, the operator shall submit a plan identifying the

type and thickness of the material and the installation procedures to be used, and shall obtain

approval of the plan by the Department before proceeding.

(ii) The pit shall be constructed so that the liner subbase is smooth, uniform and free

from debris, rock and other material that may puncture, tear, cut or otherwise cause the liner

to fail. The liner subbase and subgrade shall be capable of bearing the weight of the material

above the liner without settling that may affect the integrity of the liner. If the pit bottom or

sides consist of rock, shale or other materials that may cause the liner to fail, a subbase of at

least 6 inches of soil, sand or smooth gravel, or sufficient amount of an equivalent material,

shall be installed over the area as the subbase for the liner.

(iii) The bottom of the pit shall be at least 20 inches above the seasonal high

groundwater table, unless the operator obtains approval under subsection (b) for a pit that

exists only during dry times of the year and is located above groundwater.

(iv) If a liner becomes torn or otherwise loses its integrity, the pit shall be managed to

prevent the pit contents from leaking from the pit. If repair of the liner or construction of

another temporary pit is not practical or possible, the pit contents shall be removed and

disposed at an approved waste disposal facility or disposed on the well site in accordance

with § 78.61, § 78.62 or § 78.63 (relating to disposal of residual waste—pits; and disposal

of residual waste—land application).

(v) If the liner drops below the 2 feet of freeboard, the pit shall be managed to prevent

the pit contents from leaking from the pit and the 2 feet of lined freeboard shall be restored.

(b) The operator may request to use practices other than those specified in subsection (a)

which provide equivalent or superior protection by submitting a request to the Department

for approval. The request shall be made on forms provided by the Department.

(c) Disposal of uncontaminated drill cuttings in a pit or by land application shall comply

with § 78.61. A pit used for the disposal of residual waste, including contaminated drill

cuttings, shall comply with § 78.62. Disposal of residual waste, including contaminated drill
cuttings, by land application shall comply with § 78.63.

(d) Unless a permit under The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.1—691.1001) or

approval under § 78.57 or § 78.58 (relating to control, storage and disposal of production

fluids; and existing pits used for the control, storage and disposal of production fluids) has

been obtained for the pit, the owner or operator shall remove or fill the pit within 9 months

after completion of drilling, or in accordance with the extension granted by the Department

under section 206(g) of the act (58 P. S. § 601.206(g)). Pits used during servicing, plugging

and recompleting the well shall be removed or filled within 90 days of construction.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.56 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (263009) to (263010) and (241901).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); 25 Pa. Code § 78.57 (relating to control, storage and disposal of production

fluids); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.61 (relating to disposal of drill cuttings).

§ 78.57. Control, storage and disposal of production fluids.

(a) Unless a permit has been obtained under § 78.60(a) (relating to discharge

requirements), the operator shall collect the brine and other fluids produced during

operation, service and plugging of the well in a tank, pit or a series of pits or tanks, or other

device approved by the Department for subsequent disposal or reuse. Except as allowed in

this subchapter or otherwise approved by the Department, the operator may not discharge the

brine and other fluids on or into the ground or into the waters of this Commonwealth.

(b) Except as provided in § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment),

the operator may not use a pit for the control, handling or storage of brine and other fluids

produced during operation, service or plugging of a well unless the pit is authorized by a

permit under The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.1—691.1001) or approval to operate

the pit as an impoundment under The Clean Streams Law is obtained from the Department

under subsection (c).

(c) The operator may apply for approval from the Department to operate a pit as an

impoundment under The Clean Streams Law, as indicated by the Department’s issuance of a

pit approval number in accordance with this section. No pit will be eligible for approval

under this subsection unless the capacity of any one pit or of any two or more interconnected

pits is less than 250,000 gallons, or the total capacity contained in pits on one tract or related

tracts of land is less than 500,000 gallons. Compliance with this subsection does not relieve

the operator from the obligation to comply with section 308 of The Clean Streams Law (35

P. S. § 691.308) and the requirements for obtaining a permit for the erection, construction

and operation of treatment works promulgated under that section.

(1) A request for approval under this subsection shall be made on forms furnished by the
Department and, at a minimum, shall include the following:

(i) A description of the operator’s plan that demonstrates compliance with this

subsection for the construction or reconstruction of the pit.

(ii) A description of the operator’s program for operation and maintenance of the pit.

(iii) A description of the method for subsequent disposal or reuse of the brine or other

fluids produced during operation of the well.

(iv) A description of the operator’s program for the closure of the pit and restoration of

the site.

(2) The operator shall design, construct, operate and maintain the pit in accordance with

the approval and the following:

(i) The pit approval number is posted at the pit in a legible and visible manner.

(ii) The pit is not located within 100 feet of a stream, wetland or body of water unless a

waiver is granted by the Department.

(iii) The bottom of the pit is a minimum of 20 inches above the seasonal high

groundwater table.

(iv) At least 2 feet of freeboard remain at all times.

(v) The pit is structurally sound and the inside slopes of the pit are not steeper than a

ratio of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical.

(vi) The pit is impermeable and is lined with a synthetic flexible liner or alternate

material that has a coefficient of permeability of no greater than 1 x 10

­7 cm/sec. The liner

shall be of sufficient strength and thickness to maintain the integrity of the liner. The

thickness of a synthetic liner shall be at least 30 mils. Adjoining sections of liners shall be

sealed together in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions to prevent leakage.

(vii) The physical and chemical characteristics of the liner shall be compatible with the

waste and the liner is resistant to physical, chemical and other failure during transportation,

handling, installation and use. Liner compatibility shall satisfy EPA Method 9090,

Compatibility Test for Wastes and Membrane Liners, or other documented data approved by

the Department.

(viii) The pit shall be constructed so that the liner subbase is smooth, uniform and free

of debris, rock and other material that may puncture, tear, cut, rip or otherwise cause the

liner to fail. The liner subbase and subgrade shall be capable of bearing the weight of the

material above the liner without settling in an amount that will affect the integrity of the

liner. If the pit bottom or sides consist of rock, shale or other material that may cause the

liner to leak, a subbase of at least 6 inches of soil, sand or smooth gravel, or a sufficient

amount of an equivalent material shall be installed over the area as the subbase for the liner.

(ix) Prior to placing brine or other fluids in the pit, the operator shall inspect the liner

and correct all damage or imperfections that may cause the liner to leak.
(x) Surface water which may drain into the pit shall be diverted away from the pit.

(xi) The pit is reasonably protected from unauthorized acts of third parties.

(3) Upon abandonment of the well or revocation of the approval by the Department, the

operator shall restore the pit in accordance with the following:

(i) The free liquid fraction of the pit contents shall be removed and disposed under

§ 78.60(a) and the remaining pit contents and liner shall be removed and disposed under

§ § 78.62 and 78.63 (relating to disposal of residual waste—pits; and disposal of residual

waste—land application), or the Solid Waste Management Act.

(ii) The pit shall be backfilled to the ground surface and graded to promote runoff with

no depression that would accumulate or pond water on the surface. The stability of the

backfilled pit shall be compatible with the adjacent land.

(iii) The surface of the backfilled pit area shall be revegetated to stabilize the soil

surface and comply with § 78.53 (relating to erosion and sedimentation control). The

revegetation shall establish a diverse, effective, permanent, vegetative cover which is

capable of self­regeneration and plant succession. Where vegetation would interfere with the

intended use of the surface by the landowner, the surface shall be stabilized against

accelerated erosion.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.57 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); 25 Pa. Code § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment); and

25 Pa. Code § 78.58 (relating to existing pits used for the control, storage and disposal of

production fluids).

§ 78.58. Existing pits used for the control, storage and disposal of production fluids.

For pits in existence on July 29, 1989, the operator may request approval for an alternate

method of satisfying the requirements of § 78.57(c)(2)(iii) (relating to control, storage and

disposal of production fluids), the angle of slope requirements of § 78.57(c)(2)(v) and the

liner requirement of § 78.57(c)(2)(vi)—(viii) by affirmatively demonstrating to the

Department’s satisfaction, by the use of monitoring wells or other methods approved by the

Department, that the pit is impermeable and that the method will provide protection

equivalent or superior to that provided by § 78.57. The operator shall request approval under

§ 78.57(c)(1).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.58 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.
Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment).

§ 78.59. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of this § 78.59 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; reserved March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (271914).

§ 78.60. Discharge requirements.

(a) The owner and operator may not cause or allow a discharge of a substance to the waters

of this Commonwealth unless the discharge complies with this subchapter and Chapters 91

—93, 95 and 102, The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.1—691.1001) and the act.

(b) The owner and operator may not discharge tophole water or water in a pit as a result of

precipitation by land application unless the discharge is in accordance with the following

requirements:

(1) No additives, drilling muds, pollutional materials or drilling fluids other than gases or

fresh water have been added to or are contained in the water, unless otherwise approved by

the Department.

(2) The pH is not less than 6 nor greater than 9 standard units, or is characteristic of the

natural background quality of the groundwater.

(3) The specific conductance of the discharge is less than 1,000 μmHos/cm.

(4) There is no sheen from oil and grease.

(5) The discharge water shall be spread over an undisturbed, vegetated area capable of

absorbing the tophole water and filtering solids in the discharge, and spread in a manner that

prevents a direct discharge to surface waters and complies with § 78.53 (relating to erosion

and sedimentation control).

(6) Upon completion, the area complies with § 78.53.

(7) The area of land application is not within 200 feet of a water supply or within 100 feet

of a stream, body of water or a wetland unless approved as part of a waiver granted by the

Department under section 205(b) of the act (58 P. S. § 601.205(b)).

(8) If the water does not meet the requirements of paragraph (2) or (4), the Department

may approve treatment prior to discharge to the land surface.
Source

The provisions of this § 78.60 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234; reserved March 30, 2001, effective

March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (271914)

to (241905).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); 25 Pa. Code § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment); 25

Pa. Code § 78.57 (relating to control, storage and disposal of production fluids); 25 Pa.

Code § 78.61 (relating to disposal of drill cuttings); 25 Pa. Code § 78.62 (relating to

disposal of residual waste—pits); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.63 (relating to disposal of residual

waste—land application).

§ 78.61. Disposal of drill cuttings.

(a) Drill cuttings from above the casing seat—pits. The owner or operator may dispose of

drill cuttings from above the casing seat determined in accordance with § 78.83(b) (relating

to surface and coal protective casing and cementing procedures) in a pit at the well site if the

owner or operator satisfies the following requirements:

(1) The drill cuttings are generated from the well at the well site.

(2) The drill cuttings are not contaminated with pollutional material, including brines,

drilling muds, stimulation fluids, well servicing fluids, oil, production fluids or drilling fluids

other than tophole water, fresh water or gases.

(3) The disposal area is not within 100 feet of a stream, body of water or wetland unless

approved as part of a waiver granted by the Department under section 205(b) of the act (58

P. S. § 601.205(b)).

(4) The disposal area is not within 200 feet of a water supply.

(5) The pit is designed, constructed and maintained to be structurally sound.

(6) The free liquid fraction of the waste shall be removed and disposed under § 78.60

(relating to discharge requirements).

(7) The pit shall be backfilled to the ground surface and graded to promote runoff with no

depression that would accumulate or pond water on the surface. The stability of the

backfilled pit shall be compatible with the adjacent land.

(8) The surface of the backfilled pit area shall be revegetated to stabilize the soil surface

and comply with § 78.53 (relating to erosion and sedimentation control). The revegetation

shall establish a diverse, effective, permanent, vegetative cover which is capable of selfregeneration and plant succession. Where vegetation would interfere with the intended use of

the surface of the landowner, the surface shall be stabilized against erosion.
(b) Drill cuttings from above the casing seat—land application. The owner or operator may

dispose of drill cuttings from above the casing seat determined in accordance with

§ 78.83(b) by land application at the well site if the owner or operator satisfies the following

requirements:

(1) The drill cuttings are generated from the well at the well site.

(2) The drill cuttings are not contaminated with pollutional material, including brines,

drilling muds, stimulation fluids, well servicing fluids, oil, production fluids or drilling fluids

other than tophole water, fresh water or gases.

(3) The disposal area is not within 100 feet of a stream, body of water or wetland unless

approved as part of a waiver granted by the Department under section 205(b) of the act (58

P. S. § 601.205(b)).

(4) The disposal area is not within 200 feet of a water supply.

(5) The soils have a minimum depth from surface to bedrock of 20 inches.

(6) The drill cuttings are not spread when saturated, snow covered or frozen ground

interferes with incorporation of the drill cuttings into the soil.

(7) The drill cuttings are not applied in quantities which will result in runoff or in surface

water or groundwater pollution.

(8) The free liquid fraction is disposed in accordance with § 78.60.

(9) The drill cuttings are spread and incorporated into the soil.

(10) The land application area shall be revegetated to stabilize the soil surface and comply

with § 78.53. The revegetation shall establish a diverse, effective permanent vegetative

cover which is capable of self­regeneration and plant succession. Where vegetation would

interfere with the intended use of the surface by the landowner, the surface shall be

stabilized against erosion.

(c) Drill cuttings from below the casing seat. After removal of the free liquid fraction and

disposal in accordance with § 78.60, drill cuttings from below the casing seat determined in

accordance with § 78.83(b) may be disposed of as follows:

(1) In a pit that meets the requirements of § 78.62(a)(5)—(18) and (b) (relating to

disposal of residual waste—pits).

(2) By land application in accordance with § 78.63(a)(5)—(20) and (b) (relating to

disposal of residual waste—land application).

(d) The owner or operator may request to use solidifiers, dusting, unlined pits, attenuation

or other alternative practices for the disposal of uncontaminated drill cuttings by submitting

a request to the Department for approval. The request shall be made on forms provided by

the Department and shall demonstrate that the practice provides equivalent or superior

protection to the requirements of this section.

(e) A pit used for the disposal of residual waste, including contaminated drill cuttings, shall
comply with § 78.62. Land application of residual waste, including contaminated drill

cuttings, shall comply with § 78.63.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.61 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (241905) to (241907).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment).

§ 78.62. Disposal of residual waste—pits.

(a) After the removal and disposal of the free liquid fraction of the waste under § 78.60(a)

(relating to discharge requirements), the owner or operator may dispose of residual waste,

including contaminated drill cuttings, in a pit at the well site if the owner or operator satisfies

the following requirements:

(1) The waste is generated by the drilling or production of an oil or gas well that is located

on the well site where the waste is disposed.

(2) The well is permitted under section 201 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.201) or registered

under section 203 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.203).

(3) The requirements of section 215 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215) are satisfied by filing a

surety or collateral bond for wells drilled on or after April 18, 1985.

(4) Compliance is maintained with the act and this title.

(5) The disposal area is not within 200 feet measured horizontally from an existing

building, unless the current owner thereof has provided a written waiver consenting to the

disposal closer than 200 feet. The waiver shall be knowingly made and separate from a lease

or deed unless the lease or deed contains an explicit waiver from the current owner.

(6) The disposal area is not within 100 feet of a stream, body of water or wetland.

(7) The disposal area is not within 200 feet of a water supply.

(8) The bottom of the pit is a minimum of 20 inches above the seasonal high groundwater

table.

(9) The pit is designed, constructed and maintained to be structurally sound and

impermeable.

(10) The pit is lined with a synthetic flexible liner that is compatible with the waste and

has a coefficient of permeability of no greater than 1 x 10

­7 cm/sec. The liner shall be of
sufficient strength and thickness to maintain the integrity of the liner. The liner thickness

shall be at least 30 mils. Adjoining sections of liners shall be sealed together in accordance

with the manufacturer’s directions to prevent leakage. The operator may use an alternate

liner or natural materials, if the material and the installation procedure to be used are

approved by the Department. Notice of the approved liners and installation procedures will

be published by the Department in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

(11) The liner shall be designed, constructed and maintained so that the physical and

chemical characteristics of the liner are not adversely affected by the waste and the liner is

resistant to physical, chemical and other failure during transportation, handling, installation

and use. Liner compatibility shall satisfy EPA Method 9090, Compatibility Test for Wastes

and Membrane Liners, or other documented data approved by the Department.

(12) The pit shall be constructed so that the liner subbase is smooth, uniform and free of

debris, rock and other material that may puncture, tear, cut, rip or otherwise cause the liner

to fail. The liner subbase and subgrade shall be capable of bearing the weight of the material

above the liner without settling. If the pit bottom or sides consist of rock, shale or other

material that may cause the liner to fail and leak, a subbase of at least 6 inches of soil, sand

or smooth gravel, or sufficient amount of an equivalent material shall be installed over the

area as the subbase for the liner.

(13) Prior to placing material in the pit, the liner shall be inspected for lack of uniformity,

damage and other imperfections that may cause the liner to leak. The owner or operator shall

correct damages or imperfections before placing waste in the pit, and shall maintain the pit

until closure of the pit.

(14) Prior to encapsulating the waste within the liner, the free liquid fraction of the waste

shall be removed and disposed under § 78.60(a).

(15) The liner shall be folded over, or an additional liner shall be added, to completely

cover the waste and the waste is shaped so that water does not infiltrate the liner and is not

confined above the liner.

(16) Puncturing or perforating the liner is prohibited.

(17) The pit shall be backfilled to at least 18 inches over the top of the liner and graded to

promote runoff with no depressions that would accumulate or pond water on the surface. The

stability of the backfilled pit shall be compatible with the adjacent land.

(18) The surface area of the backfilled pit area shall be revegetated to stabilize the soil

surface and comply with § 78.53 (relating to erosion and sedimentation control). The

revegetation shall establish a diverse, effective permanent vegetative cover which is capable

of self­regeneration and plant succession. Where vegetation would interfere with the

intended use of the surface by the landowner, the surface shall be stabilized against erosion.

(b) A person may not dispose of residual waste, including contaminated drill cuttings, at the

well site unless the waste meets the following requirements:

(1) The concentration of contaminants in the leachate from the waste does not exceed 50%

of the maximum concentration in § 261.24 Table I (relating to characteristic of toxicity).

(2) The concentration of contaminants in the leachate from the waste does not exceed 50
times the primary maximum contaminant level in effect under § 109.202 (relating to State

MCLs, MRDLs and treatment technique requirements).

(3) For other health related contaminants, the concentration of contaminants in the

leachate from the waste does not exceed 50 times the safe drinking water level established

by the Department.

(4) Leachate characteristics are determined in accordance with methods approved by the

Department.

(c) The owner or operator may request to use solidifiers or other alternate practices for the

disposal of residual waste, including contaminated drill cuttings, by submitting a request to

the Department for approval. The request shall be made on forms provided by the

Department and shall demonstrate that the practice provides equivalent or superior

protection to the requirements of this section.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.62 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (241907) to (241909).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); 25 Pa. Code § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment); 25

Pa. Code § 78.57 (relating to control, storage and disposal of production fluids); and 25 Pa.

Code § 78.61 (relating to disposal of drill cuttings).

§ 78.63. Disposal of residual waste—land application.

(a) The owner or operator may dispose of residual waste, including contaminated drill

cuttings, at the well site by land application of the waste if the owner or operator satisfies the

following requirements:

(1) The waste is generated by the drilling or production of an oil or gas well that is located

on the well side.

(2) The well is permitted under section 201 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.201) or registered

under section 203 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215).

(3) The requirements of section 215 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215) are satisfied by filing a

surety or collateral bond for wells drilled on or after April 18, 1985.

(4) Compliance with the act and this title is maintained.

(5) The owner or operator shall notify the Department at least 3 working days before the

land application activity is to occur.
(6) The waste application area is not within 200 feet measured horizontally from an

existing building, unless the current owner thereof has provided a written waiver consenting

to the application closer than 200 feet. The waiver shall be knowingly made and separate

from a lease or deed, unless the lease or deed contains an explicit waiver from the current

owner.

(7) The waste application area is not within 100 feet of a stream, body of water or

wetland.

(8) The waste application area is not within 200 feet of a water supply and is not within

1,000 feet upgradient from an uncased well or spring being used as a water supply.

(9) At a minimum, the seasonal high groundwater table is 20 inches from the surface.

(10) The soils located within and immediately adjacent to the application area shall fall

within the United States Department of Agriculture textural classes of sandy loam, loam,

sandy clay loam, silty clay loam or silt loam.

(11) The soils have a minimum depth from surface to bedrock of 20 inches.

(12) Ground slopes to be utilized for waste applications do not exceed 25%.

(13) The waste is not spread when the ground is saturated, or when snow or frozen ground

would interfere with incorporation of the waste into the soil.

(14) Prior to land application of the waste, the free liquid fraction of the waste is removed

and disposed under § 78.60(a) (relating to discharge requirements).

(15) The waste is not applied in quantities which will result in surface or groundwater

pollution.

(16) The waste is not applied in quantities that will adversely affect the intended use of the

vegetation.

(17) The waste is spread and incorporated into the top layer of the soil to a depth of at

least 6 inches.

(18) The loading and application rate of waste is consistent with the Departmental

guidelines for the proposed operation and may not exceed a maximum waste to soil ratio of

1:1.

(19) To determine compliance with this section, the Department may require the owner or

operator to conduct soil surveys, monitoring or chemical analysis.

(20) The land application area shall be revegetated to stabilize the soil surface and comply

with § 78.53 (relating to erosion and sedimentation control). The revegetation shall establish

a diverse, effective permanent vegetative cover which is capable of self­regeneration and

plant succession. Where vegetation would interfere with the intended use of the surface by

the landowner, the surface shall be stabilized against erosion.

(21) If a chemical analysis fails to show compliance with paragraph (18), the owner or

operator shall remediate the land application area until compliance is demonstrated.
(b) A person may not dispose of residual waste, including contaminated drill cuttings, at the

well site unless the concentration of contaminants in the leachate from the waste does not

exceed the maximum concentration stated in § 261.24 Table I (relating to characteristic of

toxicity).

(c) The owner or operator may request to dispose of residual waste, including contaminated

drill cuttings, in an alternate manner from that required in subsection (a) by submitting a

request to the Department for approval. The request shall be made on forms provided by the

Department and shall demonstrate that the practice provides equivalent or superior

protection to the requirements of this section.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.63 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (241909) to (241911).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.54 (relating to general requirements); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.55 (relating to control and disposal planning; emergency response for unconventional

well sites); 25 Pa. Code § 78.56 (relating to pits and tanks for temporary containment); 25

Pa. Code § 78.57 (relating to control, storage and disposal of production fluids); and 25 Pa.

Code § 78.61 (relating to disposal of drill cuttings).

§ 78.64. Containment around oil tanks.

(a) If an owner or operator uses a tank with a capacity of at least 660 gallons or tanks with a

combined capacity of at least 1,320 gallons to contain oil produced from a well, the owner or

operator shall construct and maintain a dike or other method of secondary containment

which satisfies the requirements under 40 CFR 112 (relating to oil pollution prevention)

around the tank or tanks which will prevent the tank contents from entering waters of this

Commonwealth.

(b) The containment area provided by the dikes or other method of secondary containment

shall have containment capacity sufficient to hold the volume of the largest single tank, plus

a reasonable allowance for precipitation based on local weather conditions and facility

operation.

(c) Prior to drainage of accumulated precipitation from containment structures, the

containment area shall be inspected and accumulations of oil picked up and returned to the

tank or disposed of in accordance with approved methods.

(d) After complying with subsection (c), drainage of containment facilities is acceptable if:

(1) The accumulation in the containment facility consists of only precipitation directly to

the containment facility and drainage will not cause a harmful discharge or result in a sheen.

(2) The containment drain valve is opened and resealed, or other drainage procedure, as

applicable, is conducted under responsible supervision.
Source

The provisions of this § 78.64 adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994,

24 Pa.B. 6284.

§ 78.65. Site restoration.

In addition to complying with section 206 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.206), an owner or

operator shall meet the following requirements:

(1) A drill hole or bore hole used to facilitate the drilling of a well shall be filled with

cement, soil, drill cuttings or other earthen material before moving the drilling equipment

from the well site.

(2) If a well site is constructed and the well is not drilled, the well site shall be restored

within 30 days after the expiration of the well permit unless the Department approves an

extension for reasons of adverse weather or lack of essential fuel, equipment or labor.

(3) Within 60 days after the restoration of the well site, the operator shall submit a well

site restoration report to the Department. The report shall be made on forms provided by the

Department and shall identify the following:

(i) The date of land application of the tophole water, the results of pH and specific

conductance tests and an estimated volume of discharge.

(ii) A description of the method used for disposal or reuse of the free liquid fraction of

the waste, and the name of the hauler and disposal facility, if any.

(iii) The location of the pit in relation to the well, the depth of the pit, the type and

thickness of the material used for the pit subbase, the type and thickness of the pit liner, the

type and nature of the waste, a description of the pit closure procedures used and the pit

dimensions.

(iv) The location of the area used for land application of the waste, and the results of a

chemical analysis of the waste soil mixture if requested by the Department.

(v) The types and volumes of waste produced and the name and address of the waste

disposal facility and waste hauler used to dispose of the waste.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.65 adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994,

24 Pa.B. 6284.

§ 78.66. Reporting releases.

(a) A release of a substance causing or threatening pollution of the waters of this

Commonwealth, shall comply with the reporting and corrective action requirements of

§ 91.33 (relating to incidents causing or threatening pollution).

(b) If a reportable release of brine on or into the ground occurs at the well site, the owner or
operator shall notify the appropriate regional office of the Department as soon as practicable,

but no later than 2 hours after detecting or discovering the release.

(c) The notice required by subsection (b) shall be by telephone and describe:

(1) The name, address and telephone number of the company and person reporting the

incident.

(2) The date and time of the incident or when it was detected.

(3) The location and cause of the incident.

(4) The quantity of the brine released.

(5) Available information concerning the contamination of surface water, groundwater or

soil.

(6) Remedial actions planned, initiated or completed.

(d) If, because of an accident, an amount of brine less than the reportable amount as

described in § 78.1 (relating to definitions), spills, leaks or escapes, that incident does not

have to be reported.

(e) Upon the occurrence of any release, the owner or operator shall take necessary

corrective actions to:

(1) Prevent the substance from reaching the waters of this Commonwealth.

(2) Recover or remove the substance which was released.

(3) Dispose of the substance in accordance with this subchapter or as approved by the

Department.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.66 adopted March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31

Pa.B. 1736.

Subchapter D. WELL DRILLING,

OPERATION AND

PLUGGING

GENERAL

Sec.
78.71. Use of safety devices—well casing.

78.72. Use of safety devices—blow­out prevention equipment.

78.73. General provision for well construction and operation.

78.74. Venting of gas.

78.75. Alternative methods.

78.75a. Area of alternative methods.

78.76. Drilling within a gas storage reservoir area.

78.77. Wells in a hydrogen sulfide area.

78.78 Pillar permit applications.

CASING AND CEMENTING

78.81. General provisions.

78.82. Use of conductor pipe.

78.83. Surface and coal protective casing and cementing procedures.

78.83a. Casing and cementing plan.

78.83b. Casing and cementing—lost circulation.

78.83c. Intermediate and production casing.

78.84. Casing standards.

78.85. Cement standards.

78.86. Defective casing or cementing.

78.87 Gas storage reservoir protective casing and cementing procedures.

OPERATING WELLS

78.88. Mechanical integrity of operating wells.

78.89. Gas migration response.

PLUGGING

78.91. General provisions.

78.92. Wells in coal areas—surface or coal protective casing is cemented.

78.93. Wells in coal areas—surface or coal protective casing anchored with a packer or

cement.

78.94. Wells in noncoal areas—surface casing is not cemented or not present.

78.95. Wells in noncoal areas—surface casing is cemented.

78.96. Marking the location of a plugged well.

78.97. Plugging a well stimulated with explosives.

78.98. Restricting surface water from the well bore.

INACTIVE STATUS

78.101. General provisions.

78.102. Criteria for approval of inactive status.
78.103. Annual monitoring of inactive wells.

78.104. Term of inactive status.

78.105. Revocation of inactive status.

RADIOACTIVE LOGGING SOURCES

78.111. Abandonment.

Cross References

This subchapter cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.401 (relating to storage well construction).

GENERAL

§ 78.71. Use of safety devices—well casing.

(a) The operator shall equip the well with one or more strings of casing of sufficient

cemented length and strength to attach proper well control equipment and prevent blowouts,

explosions, fires and casing failures during installation, completion and operation.

(b) The operator shall determine the amount and type of casing to be run and the amount

and type of cement to be used in accordance with current prudent industry practices and

engineering. In making the determinations, the operator shall consider the following:

(1) Successful local practices for similar wells.

(2) Maximum anticipated surface pressure.

(3) Collapse resistance.

(4) Tensile strength.

(5) Chemical environment.

(6) Potential mechanical damage.

(7) Manufacturing standards, including American Petroleum Institute or equivalent

specifications for pipe used in wells drilled below the Onondaga formation or where blowout preventers are required.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.71 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (276323).

§ 78.72. Use of safety devices—blow­out prevention equipment.
(a) The operator shall use blow­out prevention equipment after setting casing with a

competent casing seat in the following circumstances:

(1) When drilling a well that is intended to produce natural gas from an unconventional

formation.

(2) When drilling out solid core hydraulic fracturing plugs to complete a well.

(3) When well head pressures or natural open flows are anticipated at the well site that

may result in a loss of well control.

(4) When the operator is drilling in an area where there is no prior knowledge of the

pressures or natural open flows to be encountered.

(5) On wells regulated by the Oil and Gas Conservation Law (58 P. S. § § 401—419).

(6) When drilling within 200 feet of a building.

(b) Blow­out prevention equipment used must be in good working condition at all times.

(c) Controls for the blow­out preventer shall be accessible to allow actuation of the

equipment. Additional controls for a blow­out preventer with a pressure rating of greater

than 3,000 psi, not associated with the rig hydraulic system, shall be located at least 50 feet

away from the drilling rig so that the blow­out preventer can be actuated if control of the

well is lost.

(d) The operator shall use pipe fittings, valves and unions placed on or connected to the

blow­out prevention systems that have a working pressure capability that exceeds the

anticipated pressures.

(e) The operator shall conduct a complete test of the ram type blow­out preventer and

related equipment for both pressure and ram operation before placing it in service on the

well. The operator shall test the annular type blow­out preventer in accordance with the

manufacturer’s published instructions, or the instructions of a professional engineer, prior to

the device being placed in service. Blow­out prevention equipment that fails the test may not

be used until it is repaired and passes the test.

(f) When the equipment is in service, the operator shall visually inspect blow­out

prevention equipment during each tour of drilling operation and during actual drilling

operations test the pipe rams for closure daily and the blind rams for closure on each round

trip. When more than one round trip is made in a day, one daily closure test for blind rams is

sufficient. Testing shall be conducted in accordance with American Petroleum Institute

publication API RP53, ‘‘API Recommended Practice for Blowout Prevention Equipment

Systems for Drilling Wells,’’ or other procedure approved by the Department. The operator

shall record the results of the inspection and closure test in the drillers log before the end of

the tour. If blow­out prevention equipment is not in good working order, drilling shall cease

when cessation of drilling can be accomplished safely and not resume until the blow­out

prevention equipment is repaired or replaced and retested.

(g) All lines, valves and fittings between the closing unit and the blow­out preventer stack

must be flame resistant and have a rated working pressure that meets or exceeds the

requirements of the blow­out preventer system.
(h) When a blowout preventer is installed or required under subsection (a), there shall be

present on the well site an individual with a current certification from a well control course

accredited by the International Association of Drilling Contractors or other organization

approved by the Department. The certification shall be available for review at the well site.

The Department will maintain a list of approved accrediting organizations on its web site.

(i) Well drilling and completion operations requiring pressure barriers, as identified by the

operator under § 78.55(b) (relating to control and disposal plan), shall employ at least two

mechanical pressure barriers between the open producing formation and the atmosphere that

are capable of being tested. The mechanical pressure barriers shall be tested according to

manufacturer specifications prior to operation. If during the course of operations the operator

only has one functioning barrier, operations must cease until additional barriers are added

and tested or the redundant barrier is repaired and tested. Stripper rubber or a stripper head

may not be considered a barrier.

(j) A coiled tubing rig or a hydraulic workover unit with appropriate blowout prevention

equipment must be employed during post completion cleanout operations in horizontal

unconventional formations.

(k) The minimum amount of intermediate casing that is cemented to the surface to which

blow­out prevention equipment may be attached, shall be in accordance with the following:

Proposed Total Vertical

Depth (in feet)

Minimum Cemented Casing

Required (in feet of casing cemented)

Up to 5,000 400

5,001 to 5,500 500

5,501 to 6,000 600

6,001 to 6,500 700

6,501 to 7,000 800

7,001 to 8,000 1,000

8,001 to 9,000 1,200

9,001 to 10,000 1,400

Deeper than 10,000 1,800

(l) Upon completion of the drilling operations at a well, the operator shall install and utilize

equipment, such as a shut­off valve of sufficient rating to contain anticipated pressure,

lubricator or similar device, as may be necessary to enable the well to be effectively shut­in

while logging and servicing the well and after completion of the well.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.72 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (276323) to (276324).

§ 78.73. General provision for well construction and operation.
(a) The operator shall construct and operate the well in accordance with this chapter and

ensure that the integrity of the well is maintained and health, safety, environment and

property are protected.

(b) The operator shall prevent gas, oil, brine, completion and servicing fluids, and any other

fluids or materials from below the casing seat from entering fresh groundwater, and shall

otherwise prevent pollution or diminution of fresh groundwater.

(c) After a well has been completed, recompleted, reconditioned or altered the operator

shall prevent surface shut­in pressure and surface producing back pressure inside the surface

casing or coal protective casing from exceeding the following pressure: 80% multiplied by

0.433 psi per foot multiplied by the casing length (in feet) of the applicable casing.

(d) After a well has been completed, recompleted, reconditioned or altered, if the surface

shut­in pressure or surface producing back pressure exceeds the pressure as calculated in

subsection (c), the operator shall take action to prevent the migration of gas and other fluids

from lower formations into fresh groundwater. To meet this standard the operator may

cement or install on a packer sufficient intermediate or production casing or take other

actions approved by the Department. This section does not apply during testing for

mechanical integrity in accordance with State or Federal requirements.

(e) Excess gas encountered during drilling, completion or stimulation shall be flared,

captured or diverted away from the drilling rig in a manner that does not create a hazard to

the public health or safety.

(f) Except for gas storage wells, the well must be equipped with a check valve to prevent

backflow from the pipelines into the well.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.73 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (276324) to (276325).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.83 (relating to surface and coal protective casing

and cementing procedures); 25 Pa. Code § 78.83b (relating to casing and cementing—lost

circulation); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.88 (relating to mechanical integrity of operating wells).

§ 78.74. Venting of gas.

The venting of gas to the atmosphere from a well is prohibited when the venting produces a

hazard to the public health and safety.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.74 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.75. Alternative methods.
(a) A well operator may request approval from the Department to use an alternative method

or material for the casing, plugging or equipping of a well under section 211 of the act (58 P.

S. § 601.211).

(b) A well operator seeking approval under this section shall file an application with the

Department on forms furnished by the Department. The application shall:

(1) Describe the proposed alternative method or material, in reasonable detail.

(2) Indicate the manner in which the alternative will satisfy the goals of the act and this

chapter.

(3) Include a drawing or schematic of the alternative method, if appropriate.

(c) The well operator shall notify all coal owners and operators and gas storage operators of

record of the proposal, by certified mail. The well operator shall state in the application that

he has sent the certified mail notice to the coal owners and operators and gas storage

operators of record, either simultaneously with or prior to submitting the proposal to the

Department.

(d) The coal owners and operators and gas storage operators of record shall have up to 15

days from their receipt of the notice to file objections or to indicate concurrence with the

proposed alternative method or material.

(e) If no objections are filed within 15 days from receipt of the notice, and if none are

raised by the Department, the Department will make a determination whether to allow the

use of the proposed alternative method or material.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.75 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (241916) to (241917).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.83 (relating to surface and coal protective casing and cementing procedures); 25 Pa.

Code § 78.87 (relating to gas storage reservoir protective casing and cementing procedures);

and 25 Pa. Code § 78.401 (relating to storage well construction).

§ 78.75a. Area of alternative methods.

(a) The Department may designate an area of alternative methods if the Department

determines that well drilling requirements beyond those provided in this chapter are

necessary to drill, operate or plug a well in a safe and environmentally protective manner.

(b) To establish an area of alternative methods, the Department will publish a notice in the

Pennsylvania Bulletin of the proposed area of alternative methods and provide the public

with an opportunity to comment on the proposal. After reviewing any comments received on

the proposal, the Department will publish a final designation of the area and required
alternative methods in the Pennsylvania Bulletin.

(c) Wells drilled within an area of alternative methods established under subsection (b)

must meet the requirements specified by the Department unless the operator obtains

approval from the Department to drill, operate or plug the well in a different manner that is

at least as safe and protective of the environment as the requirements of the area of

alternative methods.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.75a adopted February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41

Pa.B. 805.

§ 78.76. Drilling within a gas storage reservoir area.

(a) An operator proposing to drill a well within a gas storage reservoir area or a reservoir

protective area to produce gas or oil shall forward by certified mail a copy of the well

location plat, the drilling, casing and cementing plan and the anticipated date drilling will

commence to the gas storage reservoir operator and to the Department for approval by the

Department and shall submit proof of notification to the gas storage reservoir operator to the

Department with the well permit application.

(b) The storage operator may file an objection with the Department to the drilling, casing

and cementing plan or the proposed well location within 15 days of receipt of the

notification and request a conference in accordance with section 501 of the act (58 P. S.

§ 601.501).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.76 adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994,

24 Pa.B. 6284; amended March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736;

amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding

text appears at serial page (276326).

§ 78.77. Wells in a hydrogen sulfide area.

(a) An operator proposing to drill a well within a 1­mile radius of a well drilled to or

through the same formation where hydrogen sulfide has been found while drilling shall

install monitoring equipment during drilling at the well site to detect the presence of

hydrogen sulfide in accordance with American Petroleum Institute publication RP49,

‘‘Recommended Practices for Safe Drilling of Wells Containing Hydrogen Sulfide.’’

(b) When hydrogen sulfide is detected in concentrations of 20 ppm or greater, the well shall

be drilled in accordance with American Petroleum Institute publication API RP49,

‘‘Recommended Practices for Safe Drilling of Wells Containing Hydrogen Sulfide.’’

(c) An operator who operates a well in which hydrogen sulfide is discovered in

concentrations of 20 ppm or greater shall operate the well in a way that presents no danger to

human health or to the environment.
(d) When an operator discovers hydrogen sulfide in concentrations of 20 ppm or greater

during the drilling of a well, the operator shall notify the Department and identify the

location of the well and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide detected. The Department will

maintain a list of all notices that will be available to operators for their reference.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.77 adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994,

24 Pa.B. 6284.

§ 78.78. Pillar permit applications.

(a) The Department will use recommendations for coal pillar size and configuration set

forth in the coal pillar study, listed in the Department’s Coal Pillar Technical Guidance

Number 550­2100­006 (October 31, 1998) and any updates or revisions, as a basis for

approval or disapproval of coal pillar permit applications submitted by underground coal

mine operators.

(b) Where proposed coal pillar size and configuration does not conform to the

recommendations of the coal pillar study referenced in subsection (a), the underground coal

mine operator may request Department approval for an alternate coal pillar size and

configuration.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.78 adopted March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31

Pa.B. 1736.

CASING AND CEMENTING

§ 78.81. General provisions.

(a) The operator shall conduct casing and cementing activities under this section and

§ § 78.82—78.87 or an approved alternate method under § 78.75 (relating to alternative

methods). The operator shall case and cement a well to accomplish the following:

(1) Allow effective control of the well at all times.

(2) Prevent the migration of gas or other fluids into sources of fresh groundwater.

(3) Prevent pollution or diminution of fresh groundwater.

(4) Prevent the migration of gas or other fluids into coal seams.

(b) The operator shall drill through fresh groundwater zones with diligence and as

efficiently as practical to minimize drilling disturbance and commingling of groundwaters.

Source
The provisions of this § 78.81 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736; amended February 4, 2011,

effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages

(276327) to (276328).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive

status); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.103 (relating to annual monitoring of inactive wells).

§ 78.82. Use of conductor pipe.

If the operator installs conductor pipe in the well, the following provisions apply:

(1) The operator may not remove the pipe;

(2) Conductor pipe shall be installed in a manner that prevents the subsurface infiltration

of surface water or fluids by either driving the pipe into place or cementing the pipe from the

seat to the surface;

(3) Conductor pipe must be made of steel unless a different material is approved for use

by the Department.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.82 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (276328).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.103

(relating to annual monitoring of inactive wells).

§ 78.83. Surface and coal protective casing and cementing procedures.

(a) For wells drilled, altered, reconditioned or recompleted after February 5, 2011, surface

casing or any casing functioning as a water protection casing may not be utilized as

production casing unless one of the following applies:

(1) In oil wells where the operator does not produce any gas generated by the well and the

annulus between the surface casing and the production pipe is left open.

(2) The operator demonstrates that the pressure in the well is no greater than the pressure

permitted under 78.73(c) (relating to general provision for well construction and operation),

demonstrates through a pressure test or other method approved by the Department that all

gas and fluids will be contained within the well, and installs a working pressure gauge that

can be inspected by the Department.
(b) If the well is to be equipped with threaded and coupled casing, the operator shall drill a

hole so that the diameter is at least 1 inch greater than the outside diameter of the casing

collar to be installed. If the well is to be equipped with plain­end welded casing, the operator

shall drill a hole so that the diameter is at least 1 inch greater than the outside diameter of the

casing coupling.

(c) The operator shall drill to approximately 50 feet below the deepest fresh groundwater or

at least 50 feet into consolidated rock, whichever is deeper, and immediately set and

permanently cement a string of surface casing to that depth. Except as provided in subsection

(f), the surface casing may not be set more than 200 feet below the deepest fresh

groundwater except if necessary to set the casing in consolidated rock. The surface hole shall

be drilled using air, freshwater, or freshwater­based drilling fluid. Prior to cementing, the

wellbore shall be conditioned to ensure an adequate cement bond between the casing and the

formation. The surface casing seat shall be set in consolidated rock. When drilling a new

well or redrilling an existing well, the operator shall install at least one centralizer within 50

feet of the casing seat and then install a centralizer in intervals no greater than every 150 feet

above the first centralizer.

(d) The operator shall permanently cement the surface casing by placing the cement in the

casing and displacing it into the annular space between the wall of the hole and the outside

of the casing.

(e) Where potential oil or gas zones are anticipated to be found at depths within 50 feet

below the deepest fresh groundwater, the operator shall set and permanently cement surface

casing prior to drilling into a stratum known to contain, or likely containing, oil or gas.

(f) If additional fresh groundwater is encountered in drilling below the permanently

cemented surface casing, the operator shall document the depth of the fresh ground water

zone in the well record and protect the additional fresh groundwater by installing and

cementing a subsequent string of casing or other procedures approved by the Department to

completely isolate and protect fresh groundwater. The string of casing may also penetrate

zones bearing salty or brackish water with cement in the annular space being used to

segregate the various zones. Sufficient cement shall be used to cement the casing to the

surface. The operator shall install at least one centralizer within 50 feet of the casing seat and

then install a centralizer in intervals no greater than, if possible, every 150 feet above the

first centralizer.

(g) The operator shall set and cement a coal protective string of casing through workable

coal seams. The base of the coal protective casing shall be at least 30 feet below the lowest

workable coal seam. The operator shall install at least two centralizers. One centralizer shall

be within 50 feet of the casing seat and the second centralizer shall be within 100 feet of the

surface.

(h) Unless an alternative method has been approved by the Department in accordance with

§ 78.75 (relating to alternative methods), when a well is drilled through a coal seam at a

location where the coal has been removed or when a well is drilled through a coal pillar, the

operator shall drill to a depth of at least 30 feet but no more than 50 feet deeper than the

bottom of the coal seam. The operator shall set and cement a coal protection string of casing

to this depth. The operator shall equip the casing with a cement basket or other similar

device above and as close to the top of the coal seam as practical. The bottom of the casing

must be equipped with an appropriate device designed to prevent deformation of the bottom
of the casing. The interval from the bottom of the casing to the bottom of the coal seam shall

be filled with cement either by the balance method or by the displacement method. Cement

shall be placed on top of the basket between the wall of the hole and the outside of the casing

by pumping from the surface. If the operator penetrates more than one coal seam from which

the coal has been removed, the operator shall protect each seam with a separate string of

casing that is set and cemented or with a single string of casing which is stage cemented so

that each coal seam is protected as described in this subsection. The operator shall cement

the well to isolate workable coal seams from each other.

(i) If the operator sets and cements casing under subsection (g) or (h) and subsequently

encounters additional fresh groundwater zones below the deepest cemented casing string

installed, the operator shall protect the fresh groundwater by installing and cementing

another string of casing or other method approved by the Department. Sufficient cement

shall be used to cement the casing to the surface. The additional casing string may also

penetrate zones bearing brackish or salt water, but shall be run and cemented prior to

penetrating a zone known to or likely to contain oil or gas. The operator shall install at least

one centralizer within 50 feet of the casing seat and then, if possible, install a centralizer in

intervals no greater than every 150 feet above the first centralizer.

(j) If it is anticipated that cement used to permanently cement the surface casing cannot be

circulated to the surface a cement basket may be installed immediately above the depth of

the anticipated lost circulation zone. The casing shall be permanently cemented by the

displacement method. Additional cement may be added above the cement basket, if

necessary, by pumping through a pour string from the surface to fill the annular space.

Filling the annular space by this method does not constitute permanently cementing the

surface or coal protective casing under § 78.83b (relating to casing and cementing­lost

circulation).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.83 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234; amended February

4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text appears at

serial pages (276328) to (276330).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.61 (relating to disposal of drill cuttings); 25 Pa.

Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.83c (relating to

intermediate and production casing); 25 Pa. Code § 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval

of inactive status); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.103 (relating to annual monitoring of inactive

wells).

§ 78.83a. Casing and cementing plan.

(a) The operator shall prepare and maintain a casing and cementing plan showing how the

well will be drilled and completed. The plan must demonstrate compliance with this

subchapter and include the following information:

(1) The anticipated depth and thickness of any producing formation, expected pressures,

anticipated fresh groundwater zones and the method or information by which the depth of
the deepest fresh groundwater was determined.

(2) The diameter of the borehole.

(3) Casing type, whether the casing is new or used, depth, diameter, wall thickness and

burst pressure rating.

(4) Cement type, yield, additives and estimated amount.

(5) The estimated location of centralizers.

(6) The proposed borehole conditioning procedures.

(7) Alternative methods or materials as required by the Department as a condition of the

well permit.

(b) The plan shall be available at the well site for review by the Department.

(c) Upon request, the operator shall provide a copy of the well­specific casing and

cementing plan to the Department for review and approval.

(d) Revisions to the plan made as a result of onsite modification shall be documented in the

plan and be available for review by the Department. The person making the revisions to the

plan shall initial and date the revisions.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.83a adopted February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41

Pa.B. 805.

§ 78.83b. Casing and cementing—lost circulation.

(a) If cement used to permanently cement the surface or coal protective casing is not

circulated to the surface despite pumping a volume of cement equal to or greater than 120%

of the calculated annular space, the operator shall determine the top of the cement, notify the

Department, and meet one of the following requirements as approved by the Department:

(1) Run an additional string of casing at least 50 feet deeper than the string where

circulation was lost and cement the additional string of casing back to the seat of the string

where circulation was lost and vent the annulus of the additional casing string to the

atmosphere at all times unless closed for well testing or maintenance. Shut­in pressure on the

casing seat of the additional string of casing may not exceed the requirements of § 78.73(c)

(relating to intermediate and production casing).

(2) Run production casing and set the production casing on a packer in a competent

formation below the string where circulation was lost and vent the annulus of the production

casing to the atmosphere at all times unless closed for well testing or maintenance.

(3) Run production casing at least to the top of the formation that is being produced and

cement the production casing to the surface.

(4) Run intermediate and production casing and cement both strings of casing to the
surface.

(5) Produce oil but not gas and leave the annulus between the surface casing and the

production pipe open.

(b) In addition to meeting the requirements of subsection (a), the operator may also pump

additional cement through a pour string from the surface to fill the annular space.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.83b adopted February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41

Pa.B. 805.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.83 (relating to surface and coal protective casing

and cementing procedures).

§ 78.83c. Intermediate and production casing.

(a) Prior to cementing the intermediate and production casing, the borehole, mud and

cement shall be conditioned to ensure an adequate cement bond between the casing and the

formation.

(b) If the well is to be equipped with an intermediate casing, centralizers shall be used and

the casing shall be cemented to the surface by the displacement method. Gas may be

produced off the intermediate casing if a shoe test demonstrates that all gas will be contained

within the well and a relief valve is installed at the surface that is set less than the shoe test

pressure. The shoe test pressure shall be recorded in the completion report.

(c) Except as provided in § 78.83 (relating to surface and coal protective casing and

cementing procedures), each well must be equipped with production casing. The production

string may be set on a packer or cemented in place. If the production casing is cemented in

place, centralizers shall be used and cement shall be placed by the displacement method with

sufficient cement to fill the annular space to a point at least 500 feet above true vertical depth

or at least 200 feet above the uppermost perforations, whichever is greater.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.83c adopted February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41

Pa.B. 805.

§ 78.84. Casing standards.

(a) The operator shall install casing that can withstand the effects of tension, and prevent

leaks, burst and collapse during its installation, cementing and subsequent drilling and

producing operations.

(b) Except as provided in subsection (c), all casing must be a string of new pipe with an

internal pressure rating that is at least 20% greater than the anticipated maximum pressure to

which the casing will be exposed.
(c) Used casing may be approved for use as surface, intermediate or production casing but

shall be pressure tested after cementing and before continuation of drilling. A passing

pressure test is holding the anticipated maximum pressure to which it will be exposed for 30

minutes with not more than a 10% decrease in pressure.

(d) New or used plain end casing, except when being used as conductor pipe, that is welded

together for use must meet the following requirements:

(1) The casing must pass a pressure test by holding the anticipated maximum pressure to

which the casing will be exposed for 30 minutes with not more than a 10% decrease in

pressure. The operator shall notify the Department at least 24 hours before conducting the

test. The test results shall be entered on the drilling log.

(2) The casing shall be welded using at least three passes with the joint cleaned between

each pass.

(3) The casing shall be welded by a person trained and certified in the applicable

American Petroleum Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American

Welding Society or equivalent standard for welding casing and pipe or an equivalent training

and certification program as approved by the Department. The certification requirements of

this paragraph shall take effect August 5, 2011. A person with 10 or more years of

experience welding casing as of February 5, 2011, who registers with the Department by

November 7, 2011, is deemed to be certified.

(e) When casing through a workable coal seam, the operator shall install coal protective

casing that has a minimum wall thickness of 0.23 inch.

(f) Casing which is attached to a blow­out preventer with a pressure rating of greater than

3,000 psi shall be pressure tested after cementing. A passing pressure test must be holding

the anticipated maximum pressure to which the casing will be exposed for 30 minutes with

not more than a 10% decrease. Certification of the pressure test shall be confirmed by entry

and signature of the person performing the test on the driller’s log.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.84 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (276330).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.103

(relating to annual monitoring of inactive wells).

§ 78.85. Cement standards.

(a) When cementing surface casing or coal protective casing, the operator shall use cement

that meets or exceeds the ASTM International C 150, Type I, II or III Standard or API

Specification 10. The cement must also:
(1) Secure the casing in the wellbore.

(2) Isolate the wellbore from fresh groundwater.

(3) Contain any pressure from drilling, completion and production.

(4) Protect the casing from corrosion from, and degradation by, the geochemical,

lithologic and physical conditions of the surrounding wellbore. For wells employing coal

protective casing, this includes, but is not limited to, formulating cement to withstand

elevated sulfate concentrations and other geochemical constituents of coal and associated

strata which have the potential to adversely affect the integrity of the cement.

(5) Prevent gas flow in the annulus. In areas of known shallow gas producing zones, gas

block additives and low fluid loss slurries shall be used.

(b) After the casing cement is placed behind surface casing, the operator shall permit the

cement to set to a minimum designed compressive strength of 350 pounds per square inch

(psi) at the casing seat. The cement placed at the bottom 300 feet of the surface casing must

constitute a zone of critical cement and achieve a 72­hour compressive strength of 1,200 psi

and the free water separation may be no more than 6 milliliters per 250 milliliters of cement.

If the surface casing is less than 300 feet, the entire cemented string constitutes a zone of

critical cement.

(c) After any casing cement is placed and cementing operations are complete, the casing

may not be disturbed for a minimum of 8 hours by doing any of the following:

(1) Releasing pressure on the cement head within 4 hours of cementing if casing

equipment check valves did not hold or casing equipment was not equipped with check

valves. After 4 hours, the pressure may be released at a continuous, gradual rate over the

next four hours provided the floats are secure.

(2) Nippling up on or in conjunction to the casing.

(3) Slacking off by the rig supporting the casing in the cement sheath.

(4) Running drill pipe or other mechanical devices into or out of the wellbore with the

exception of a wireline used to determine the top of cement.

(d) Where special cement or additives are used, the operator may request approval from the

Department to reduce the cement setting time specified in subsection (d).

(e) The operator shall notify the Department a minimum of 1 day before cementing of the

surface casing begins, unless the cementing operation begins within 72 hours of

commencement of drilling.

(f) A copy of the cement job log shall be available at the well site for inspection by the

Department during drilling operations. The cement job log must include the mix water

temperature and pH, type of cement with listing and quantity of additive types, the volume,

yield and density in pounds per gallon of the cement and the amount of cement returned to

the surface, if any. Cementing procedural information must include a description of the

pumping rates in barrels per minute, pressures in pounds per square inch, time in minutes

and sequence of events during the cementing operation.
(g) The cement job log shall be maintained by the operator after drilling operations for at

least 5 years and be made available to the Department upon request.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.85 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (276330) to (276331).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.103

(relating to annual monitoring of inactive wells).

§ 78.86. Defective casing or cementing.

In a well that has defective, insufficient or improperly cemented casing, the operator shall

report the defect to the Department within 24 hours of discovery by the operator and shall

correct the defect. The operator shall correct the defect or submit a plan to correct the defect

for approval by the Department within 30 days. If the defect cannot be corrected or an

alternate method is not approved by the Department, the well shall be plugged under

§ § 78.91—78.98 (relating to plugging).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.86 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.103

(relating to annual monitoring of inactive wells).

§ 78.87. Gas storage reservoir protective casing and cementing procedures.

(a) In addition to the other provisions in this subchapter, a well drilled through a gas storage

reservoir or a gas storage reservoir protective area shall be drilled, cased and cemented as

follows:

(1) An operator shall use drilling procedures capable of controlling anticipated gas flows

and pressures when drilling from the surface to 200 feet above a gas storage reservoir or gas

storage horizon.

(2) An operator shall use drilling procedures capable of controlling anticipated gas storage

reservoir pressures and flows at all times when drilling from 200 feet above a gas storage

reservoir horizon to the depth at which the gas storage protective casing will be installed.

Operators shall use blow­out prevention equipment with a pressure rating in excess of the

allowable maximum storage pressure for the gas storage reservoir.
(3) To protect the gas storage reservoir, an operator shall run intermediate or production

casing from a point located at least 100 feet below the gas storage horizon to the surface.

The operator shall cement this casing by circulating cement to a point at least 200 feet above

the gas storage reservoir or gas storage horizon.

(4) When cementing casing in a well drilled through a gas storage reservoir, the operator

shall insure that no gas is present in the drilling fluids in an amount that could interfere with

the integrity of the cement.

(b) A request by an operator for approval from the Department to use an alternative method

or material for the casing, plugging or equipping of a well drilled through a gas storage

reservoir under section 211 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.211) shall be made in accordance with

§ 78.75 (relating to alternative methods).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.87 adopted March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31

Pa.B. 1736.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.81 (relating to general provisions).

OPERATING WELLS

§ 78.88. Mechanical integrity of operating wells.

(a) Except for wells regulated under Subchapter H (relating to underground gas storage)

and wells that have been granted inactive status, the operator shall inspect each operating

well at least quarterly to ensure it is in compliance with the well construction and operating

requirements of this chapter and the act. The results of the inspections shall be recorded and

retained by the operator for at least 5 years and be available for review by the Department

and the coal owner or operator.

(b) At a minimum, inspections must determine:

(1) The well­head pressure or water level measurement.

(2) The open flow on the annulus of the production casing or the annulus pressure if the

annulus is shut in.

(3) If there is evidence of gas escaping from the well and the amount escaping, using

measurement or best estimate of quantity.

(4) If there is evidence of progressive corrosion, rusting or other signs of equipment

deterioration.

(c) For structurally sound wells in compliance with § 78.73(c) (relating to surface and coal

protective casing and cementing procedure), the operator shall follow the reporting schedule
outlined in subsection (e).

(d) For wells exhibiting progressive corrosion, rusting or other signs of equipment

deterioration that compromise the integrity of the well, or the well is not in compliance with

§ 78.73(c), the operator shall immediately notify the Department and take corrective actions

to repair or replace defective equipment or casing or mitigate the excess pressure on the

surface casing seat or coal protective casing seat according to the following hierarchy:

(1) The operator shall reduce the shut­in or producing back pressure on the casing seat to

achieve compliance with § 78.73(c).

(2) The operator shall retrofit the well by installing production casing to reduce the

pressure on the casing seat to achieve compliance with § 78.73(c). The annular space

surrounding the production casing must be open to the atmosphere. The production casing

shall be either cemented to the surface or installed on a permanent packer. The operator shall

notify the Department at least 7 days prior to initiating the corrective measure.

(3) Additional mechanical integrity tests, including, but not limited to, pressure tests, may

be required by the Department to demonstrate the integrity of the well.

(e) The operator shall submit an annual report to the Department identifying the compliance

status of each well with the mechanical integrity requirements of this section. The report

shall be submitted on forms prescribed by, and available from, the Department or in a similar

manner approved by the Department.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.88 adopted February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41

Pa.B. 805.

§ 78.89. Gas migration response.

(a) When an operator or owner is notified of or otherwise made aware of a potential natural

gas migration incident, the operator shall immediately conduct an investigation of the

incident. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the nature of the incident, assess

the potential for hazards to public health and safety, and mitigate any hazard posed by the

concentrations of stray natural gas.

(b) The investigation undertaken by the operator under subsection (a) must include, but not

be limited to, the following:

(1) A site visit and interview with the complainant to obtain information about the

complaint and to assess the reported natural gas migration incident.

(2) A field survey to assess the presence and concentrations of natural gas and aerial

extent of the stray natural gas.

(3) If necessary, establishment of monitoring locations at potential sources, in potentially

impacted structures, and the subsurface.

(c) If combustible gas is detected inside a building or structure at concentrations equal to or
greater than 10% of the L.E.L., the operator shall do the following:

(1) Immediately notify the Department, local emergency response agency, gas and electric

utility companies, police and fire departments and, in conjunction with the Department and

local emergency response agencies, take measures necessary to ensure public health and

safety.

(2) Initiate mitigation measures necessary to control and prevent further migration.

(3) Implement the additional investigation and mitigation measures as provided in

subsection (e)(1)—(5).

(d) The operator shall notify the Department and, in conjunction with the Department, take

measures necessary to ensure public health and safety, if sustained detectable concentrations

of combustible gas satisfy any of the following:

(1) Greater than 1% and less than 10% of the L.E.L., in a building or structure.

(2) Equal to or greater than 25% of the L.E.L. in a water well head space.

(3) Detectable in the soils.

(4) Equal to or greater than 7 mg/l dissolved methane in water.

(e) The Department may require the operator to take the following additional actions:

(1) Conduct a field survey to assess the presence and concentrations of combustible gas

and the areal extent of the combustible gas in the soils, surface water bodies, water wells,

and other potential migration pathways.

(2) Collect gas or water, or both, samples at a minimum for molecular and stable carbon

and hydrogen isotope analyses from the impacted locations such as water wells, and from

potential sources of the migration such as gas wells.

(3) Conduct an immediate evaluation of the operator’s adjacent oil or gas wells to

determine well cement and casing integrity and to evaluate the potential mechanism of

migration. This evaluation may include assessing pressures for all casing intervals,

reviewing records for indications of defective casing or cement, application of cement bond

logs, ultrasonic imaging tools, geophysical logs, and other mechanical integrity tests as

required. The initial area of assessment must include wells within a radius of 2,500 feet and

may be expanded if required by the Department.

(4) Take action to correct any defect in the oil and gas wells to mitigate the stray gas

incident.

(5) Establish monitoring locations and monitoring frequency in consultation with the

Department at potential sources, in potentially impacted structures, and the subsurface.

(f) If concentrations of stray natural gas as defined in subsection (c) or (d) are not detected,

the operator shall notify the Department, and do the following if requested by the

Department:
(1) Conduct additional monitoring.

(2) Document findings.

(3) Submit a closure report.

(g) If concentrations of stray natural gas are detected inside a building or structure at

concentrations equal to or greater than 10% of the L.E.L., the operator and owner shall file a

report with the Department by phone and email within 24 hours after the interview with the

complainant and field survey of the extent of stray natural gas. Additional daily or weekly

reports shall be submitted if requested by the Department.

(h) For all stray natural gas migration incidents, a final written report documenting the

results of the investigation shall be submitted to the Department for approval within 30 days

of the close of the incident, or in a time frame otherwise approved by the Department. The

final report must include the following:

(1) Documentation of all results of the investigation, including analytical data and

monitoring results.

(2) Operational changes established at the operator’s oil and gas wells in this

Commonwealth.

(3) Measures taken by the operator to repair any defects at any of the investigated oil and

gas wells.

(i) Reports submitted in accordance with this section that contain an analysis of

geological or engineering data shall be prepared and sealed by a geologist or engineer

licensed in this Commonwealth.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.89 adopted February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41

Pa.B. 805.

PLUGGING

§ 78.91. General provisions.

(a) Upon abandoning a well, the owner or operator shall plug the well under § § 78.92—

78.98 or an approved alternate method under section 211 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.211) to

stop the vertical flow of fluids or gas within the well bore unless one of the following

applies:

(1) The Department has granted inactive status under § § 78.101—78.105 (relating to

inactive status).

(2) The well is part of a plugging schedule that has been approved by the Department and

the operator is complying with that schedule, and the schedule takes into account potential
harm that the well poses to the environment or public health and safety.

(3) The Department has approved the identification of the well as an orphan well under

section 203 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.203), and the Department has not determined a prior

owner or operator received economic benefit after April 18, 1979, from this well other than

economic benefit derived only as a landowner or from a royalty interest.

(b) The operator shall plug a well where a radioactive logging source has been lost under

§ § 78.92—78.98 and 78.111.

(c) When a well is being plugged from the attainable bottom, the operator shall install a 50­

foot plug of cement at the attainable bottom and plug the remainder of the well under

§ § 78.92—78.98.

(d) If the production casing cannot be retrieved, the operator shall plug strata bearing or

having borne oil, gas or water by perforating the casing and squeezing cement into the

annulus or other method approved by the Department. The maximum distance the stub of the

uncemented production casing may extend is 100 feet below the surface casing seat or coal

protective casing seat, whichever is deeper. The uncemented portion of the casing left in the

well above the total depth or attainable bottom may not extend through a formation bearing

or having borne oil, gas or water or extend to a point where it interferes with subsequent

plugging requirements of § § 78.92(a)(2) and 78.93(a)(2) and (b)(4) (relating to wells in

coal areas—surface or coal protective casing is cemented; and wells in coal areas—surface

or coal protective casing anchored with a packer or cement). The remainder of the well shall

be plugged under § § 78.92—78.98.

(e) When plugging a well, an operator shall insure that no gases are present in the well in an

amount that could interfere with cementing the well.

(f) When plugging a well with a casing string cemented through a gas storage reservoir or

reservoir protective area, an operator shall use bridge plugs immediately above and below

the gas storage reservoir unless an alternate plugging plan has been approved by the

Department.

(g) When a well located in a coal area is plugged to allow mining through it, the person

authorized by the Department to plug the well under the act or section 13 of the Coal and

Gas Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S. § 513) shall clean out the gas well to a depth of at

least 200 feet below the coal seam which will be mined and, unless impracticable, to a point

200 feet below the deepest minable coal seam the well penetrates.

(h) In lieu of the plugging requirements of § § 78.92—78.95 and 78.97, an operator may

cement a well from the total depth or attainable bottom to the surface. Wells in coal areas

still shall meet the venting requirements of § 78.92 or § 78.93 (relating to wells in coal

areas—surface or coal protective casing is cemented; and wells in coal areas—surface or

coal protective casing anchored with a packer or cement).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.91 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234; amended March 30, 2001, effective

March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (241923)
to (241924).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.92 (relating to wells in coal areas—surface or coal protective casing is

cemented); 25 Pa. Code § 78.93 (relating to wells in coal areas—surface or coal protective

casing anchored with a packer or cement); 25 Pa. Code § 78.94 (relating to wells in noncoal

areas—surface casing is not cemented or not present); 25 Pa. Code § 78.95 (relating to wells

in noncoal areas—surface casing is cemented); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to

plugging gas storage wells).

§ 78.92. Wells in coal areas—surface or coal protective casing is cemented.

(a) In a well underlain by a workable coal seam, where the surface casing or coal protective

casing is cemented and the production casing is not cemented or the production casing is not

present, the owner or operator shall plug the well as follows:

(1) The retrievable production casing shall be removed by applying a pulling force at least

equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% whichever is greater. If this fails, an

attempt shall be made to separate the casing by cutting, ripping, shooting or other method

approved by the Department, and making a second attempt to remove the casing by exerting

a pulling force equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% of the casing weight,

whichever is greater. The well shall be filled with nonporous material from the total depth or

attainable bottom of the well, to a point 50 feet below the lowest stratum bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water. At this point there shall be placed a plug of cement, which shall

extend for at least 50 feet above this stratum. Each overlying formation bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water shall be plugged with cement a minimum of 50 feet below this

formation to a point 50 feet above this formation. The zone between cement plugs shall be

filled with nonporous material. The cement plugs shall be placed in a manner that will

completely seal the hole. The operator may treat multiple strata as one stratum and plug as

described in this subsection with a single column of cement or other materials approved by

the Department. Where the production casing is not retrievable, the operator shall plug that

portion of the well under § 78.91(d) (relating to general provisions).

(2) After plugging strata bearing or having borne oil, gas or water, the well shall be filled

with nonporous material to a point approximately 100 feet below the surface or coal

protective casing seat, whichever is deeper. At this point, a 100­foot plug of cement shall be

installed.

(3) After the plug has been installed below the casing seat, the inner casing shall be

emptied of liquid from the surface to the plug of cement. A vent or other device approved by

the Department shall then be installed on top of the inner string of casing to prevent liquids

and solids from entering the well but permit access to the full internal diameter of the inner

casing when required. The vent or other device approved by the Department must extend,

when finally in place, a distance of at least 72 inches above ground level and the permit or

registration number must be permanently affixed.

(b) The owner or operator shall plug a well, where the surface casing, coal protective casing

and production casing are cemented, as follows:
(1) If the total depth or attainable bottom is deeper than the cemented production casing

seat, the operator shall plug that portion of the well under subsection (a)(1).

(2) Cement plugs shall be set in the cemented portion of the production casing so that the

plugs will extend from at least 50 feet below each stratum bearing or having borne oil, gas or

water, to a point at least 100 feet above each stratum bearing or having borne, oil, gas or

water. A Department­approved mechanical plug may be set 20 feet above each stratum

bearing or having borne oil, gas or water as a substitute for the plug of cement. Nonporous

material must separate each cement plug or mechanical plug. The operator may treat

multiple strata as one stratum and plug as described in this subsection with a single column

of cement or other materials as approved by the Department.

(3) Following the plugging of the cemented portion of the production casing, the

uncemented portion of the production casing shall be separated from the cemented portion

and retrieved by applying a pulling force at least equal to the casing weight plus 5,000

pounds or 120% whichever is greater. If this fails, an attempt shall be made to separate the

casing by cutting, ripping, shooting or other method approved by the Department, and

making a second attempt to remove the casing by exerting a pulling force equal to the casing

weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% of the casing weight, whichever is greater. The maximum

distance the stub of the uncemented portion of the production casing may extend is 100 feet

below the surface or coal protective casing whichever is lower. In no case may the

uncemented portion of the casing left in the well extend through a formation bearing or

having borne oil, gas or water. Other stratum above the cemented portion of the production

casing bearing or having borne oil, gas or water shall be plugged by filling the hole with

nonporous material to 20 feet above the stratum and setting a 50­foot plug of cement. The

operator may treat multiple strata as one stratum and plug as described in this subsection

with a single column of cement or other material as approved by the Department. When the

uncemented portion of the production casing is not retrievable, the operator shall plug that

portion of the well under § 78.91(d).

(4) After plugging all strata bearing or having borne oil, gas or water, the well shall be

filled with nonporous material to a point approximately 100 feet below the surface or coal

protective casing seat, whichever is deeper. At this point a 200­foot cement plug shall be

placed so that the plug extends from 100 feet below the casing seat to a point at least 100

feet above the casing seat.

(5) After the 200­foot plug has been installed, the remainder of the well shall be plugged

and vented as described in subsection (a)(3).

(c) A person authorized by the Department under the act or section 13 of the Coal and Gas

Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S. § 513) to plug a gas well that penetrates a workable

coal seam that was drilled prior to November 30, 1955, or which was permitted after that

date but not plugged in accordance with the act, shall plug the well to mine through it in the

following manner:

(1) The gas well shall be cleaned out to a depth of at least 200 feet below the coal seam

which is proposed to be mined and, unless impracticable, to a point 200 feet below the

deepest mineable coal seam that the well penetrates.

(2) The gas well shall be plugged in accordance with section 13(a)(1), (2), (3) or (4) of the

Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act.
Source

The provisions of this § 78.92 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736; amended February 4, 2011,

effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages

(276333) to (276335).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective coating or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.97 (relating to plugging

a well stimulated with explosives); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to plugging gas

storage wells).

§ 78.93. Wells in coal areas—surface or coal protective casing anchored with a packer

or cement.

(a) In a well where the surface casing or coal protective casing and production casing are

anchored with a packer or cement, the owner or operator shall plug the well as follows:

(1) The retrievable production casing shall be removed by applying a pulling force at least

equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% whichever is greater. If this fails, an

attempt shall be made to separate the casing by cutting, ripping, shooting or other method

approved by the Department, and making a second attempt to remove the casing by exerting

a pulling force equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% of the casing weight,

whichever is greater. The well shall be filled with nonporous material from the total depth or

attainable bottom of the well, to a point 50 feet below the lowest stratum bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water. At this point there shall be placed a plug of cement, which must

extend for at least 50 feet above this stratum. Each overlying formation bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water shall be plugged with cement a minimum of 50 feet below this

formation to a point 50 feet above this formation. The zone between cement plugs shall be

filled with nonporous material. The cement plugs shall be placed in a manner that will

completely seal the hole. The operator may treat multiple strata as one stratum and plug as

described in this subsection with a single column of cement or other material as approved by

the Department. When the production casing is not retrievable, the operator shall plug this

portion of the well under § 78.91(d) (relating to general provisions).

(2) The well shall then be filled with nonporous material to a point approximately 200 feet

below the lowest workable coal seam, or surface or coal protective casing seat, whichever is

deeper. Beginning at this point a 100­foot plug of cement shall be installed.

(3) After it has been established that the surface casing or coal protective casing is free

and can be retrieved, the surface or coal protective casing shall be retrieved by applying a

pulling force at least equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% whichever is

greater. If this fails, an attempt shall be made to separate the casing by cutting, ripping,

shooting or other method approved by the Department, and making a second attempt to

remove the casing by exerting a pulling force equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds

or 120% of the casing weight, whichever is greater. A string of casing with an outside

diameter of at least 4 1/2 inches for gas wells, or at least 2 inches for oil wells, shall be run to

the top of the 100­foot plug described in paragraph (2) and cemented to the surface.
(4) If the surface or coal protective string is not free and cannot be retrieved, it shall be

perforated or cut below the lowest workable coal to allow the cement used to cement the 4

1/2­inch or 2­inch casing to communicate between the surface casing or coal protective

casing, or both, and the well bore. A string of casing of at least 4 1/2 inches for gas wells or

at least 2 inches for oil wells shall be run to the top of the 100­foot plug described in

paragraph (2) and cemented to the surface.

(5) The inner casing shall then be emptied of liquid and cement from the base of the

casing to the surface and a vent or other device approved by the Department shall be

installed on the top of the casing to prevent liquids and solids from entering the well, but

permit ready access to the full internal diameter of the inner casing. The inner string of

casing and the vent or other device approved by the Department must extend, when finally in

place, a distance of at least 72 inches above ground level and the permit or registration

number must be permanently affixed to the vent.

(b) The owner or operator shall plug a well, where the surface casing and coal protective

casing is anchored with a packer or cement and the production casing is cemented, as

follows:

(1) If the total depth or attainable bottom is deeper than the cemented production casing

seat, the operator shall plug that portion of the well under subsection (a)(1).

(2) A cement plug shall be set in the cemented portion of the production casing so that the

plugs extend from at least 50 feet below each stratum bearing or having borne oil, gas or

water, to a point at least 100 feet above each stratum bearing or having borne, oil, gas or

water. A Department approved mechanical plug may be set 20 feet above the stratum

bearing or having borne oil, gas or water as a substitute for the plug of cement. Nonporous

material shall separate each cement plug or mechanical plug. The operator may treat

multiple strata as one stratum and plug as described in this subsection with a single column

of cement or other materials as approved by the Department.

(3) Following the plugging of the cemented portion of the production casing, the

uncemented portion of the production casing shall be separated from the cemented portion

and retrieved. The maximum distance the stub of the uncemented portion of the production

casing may extend is 100 feet below the surface or coal protective casing whichever is

lower. In no case may the uncemented portion of the casing left in the well extend through a

formation bearing or having borne oil, gas or water. Other stratum above the cemented

portion of the production casing bearing or having borne oil, gas or water shall be plugged

by filling the hole with nonporous material to 20 feet above the stratum and setting a 50­foot

plug of cement. The operator may treat multiple strata as one stratum and plug as described

in this paragraph with a single column of cement or other material approved by the

Department. When the uncemented portion of the production casing is not retrievable, the

operator shall plug that portion of the well under § 78.91(d).

(4) The well shall be filled with nonporous material to a point approximately 300 feet

below the bottom of the surface casing or coal protective casing, whichever is deeper. In this

case, a 100­foot plug of cement shall then be placed in the well beginning at that point and

extending to a point approximately 200 feet below the bottom of the casing seat.

(5) After it has been established that the surface casing or coal protective casing is free

and can be retrieved, the surface or coal protective casing shall be retrieved and a string of
casing with an outside diameter of not less than 4 1/2 inches for gas wells, or not less than 2

inches for oil wells, shall be run to the top of the 100­foot plug described in paragraph (4)

and cemented to the surface.

(6) If the surface or coal protective string is not free and cannot be retrieved, it shall be

perforated or cut below the lowest workable coal seam to allow the cement used to cement

the 4 1/2­inch or 2­inch casing to communicate between the surface casing or coal protective

casing, or both, and the well bore. A string of casing of not less than 4 1/2 inches for gas

wells or not less than 2 inches for oil wells shall be run to the top of the 100­foot plug

described in paragraph (4) and cemented to the surface.

(7) The inner casing shall then be emptied of liquid and cement from the base of the

casing to the surface and a vent or other device approved by the Department shall be

installed on the top of the casing to prevent liquids and solids from entering the well, but

permit ready access to the full internal diameter of the inner casing. The inner string of

casing and the vent or other device approved by the Department shall extend, when finally in

place, a distance of not less than 72 inches above ground level and the permit or registration

number shall be permanently affixed to the vent.

(c) A person authorized by the Department under the act or section 13 of the Coal and Gas

Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S. § 513) to plug a gas well that penetrates a workable

coal seam which was drilled prior to November 30, 1955, or which was permitted after that

date but not plugged in accordance with the act shall plug the well to mine through it in the

following manner:

(1) The gas well shall be cleaned out to a depth of at least 200 feet below the coal seam

which is proposed to be mined and, unless impracticable, to a point 200 feet below the

deepest minable coal seam which the well penetrates.

(2) The well shall be plugged in accordance with section 13(a)(2) or (4) of the Coal and

Gas Resource Coordination Act.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.93 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736; amended February 4, 2011,

effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages

(276335) to (276338).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.97 (relating to plugging

a well stimulated with explosives); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to plugging gas

storage wells).

§ 78.94. Wells in noncoal areas—surface casing is not cemented or not present.

(a) The owner or operator shall plug a noncoal well, where the surface casing and

production casing are not cemented, or is not present as follows:
(1) The retrievable production casing shall be removed by applying a pulling force at least

equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% whichever is greater. If this fails, an

attempt shall be made to separate the casing by cutting, ripping, shooting or other method

approved by the Department, and making a second attempt to remove the casing by exerting

a pulling force equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% of the casing weight,

whichever is greater. The well shall be filled with nonporous material from the total depth or

attainable bottom of the well, to a point 50 feet below the lowest stratum bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water. At this point there shall be placed a plug of cement, which must

extend for at least 50 feet above this stratum. Each overlying formation bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water shall be plugged with cement a minimum of 50 feet below this

formation to a point 50 feet above this formation. The zone between cement plugs shall be

filled with nonporous material. The cement plugs shall be placed in a manner that will

completely seal the hole. The operator may treat multiple strata as one stratum and plug as

described in this paragraph with a single column of cement or other materials as approved by

the Department. When the production casing is not retrievable, the operator shall plug this

portion of the well under § 78.91(d) (relating to general provisions).

(2) After plugging strata bearing or having borne oil, gas or water, the well shall be filled

with nonporous material to approximately 100 feet below the surface casing seat and there

shall be placed another plug of cement or other equally nonporous material approved by the

Department extending at least 50 feet above that point.

(3) After setting the uppermost 50­foot plug, the retrievable surface casing shall be

removed by applying a pulling force at least equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or

120% whichever is greater. If this fails, an attempt shall be made to separate the casing by

cutting, ripping, shooting or other method approved by the Department, and making a

second attempt to remove the casing by exerting a pulling force equal to the casing weight

plus 5,000 pounds or 120% of the casing weight, whichever is greater. The hole shall be

filled from the top of the 50­foot plug to the surface with nonporous material other than gel.

If the surface casing is not retrievable, the hole shall be filled from the top of the 50­foot

plug to the surface with a noncementing material.

(b) The owner or operator shall plug a well, where the surface casing is not cemented or not

present, and the production casing is cemented as follows:

(1) If the total depth or attainable bottom is deeper than the cemented production casing

seat, the operator shall plug that portion of the well under subsection (a)(1).

(2) Cement plugs shall be set in the cemented portion of the production casing so that each

plug extends from at least 50 feet below each stratum bearing or having borne oil, gas or

water, to a point at least 100 feet above each stratum. A Department­approved mechanical

plug may be used as a substitute for the plug of cement. The mechanical plug shall be set 20

feet above each stratum having borne oil, gas or water. The operator may treat multiple strata

as one stratum and plug as described in this subsection with a single column of cement or

other material approved by the Department.

(3) Following the plugging of the cemented portion of the production casing, the

uncemented portion of the production string shall be separated from the cemented portion

and retrieved. The maximum distance the stub of the uncemented portion of the production

casing may extend is 100 feet below the surface casing. In no case may the uncemented

portion of the production casing left in the hole extend through stratum bearing or having
borne oil, gas or water. Other stratum bearing or having borne oil, gas or water shall be

plugged by filling the hole with nonporous material to 20 feet above the stratum and setting

a 50­foot plug of cement. When the uncemented portion of the production casing is not

retrievable, the operator shall plug that portion of the well under § 78.91(d).

(4) The remainder of the well shall be plugged under subsection (a)(2) and (3).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.94 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (276338) to (276340).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.97 (relating to plugging

a well stimulated with explosives); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to plugging gas

storage wells).

§ 78.95. Wells in noncoal areas—surface casing is cemented.

(a) The owner or operator shall plug a well, where the surface casing is cemented and the

production casing is not cemented or not present, as follows:

(1) The retrievable production casing shall be removed by applying a pulling force at least

equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% whichever is greater. If this fails, an

attempt shall be made to separate the casing by cutting, ripping, shooting or other method

approved by the Department, and making a second attempt to remove the casing by exerting

a pulling force equal to the casing weight plus 5,000 pounds or 120% of the casing weight,

whichever is greater. The well shall be filled with nonporous material from the total depth or

attainable bottom of the well, to a point 50 feet below the lowest stratum bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water. At this point there shall be placed a plug of cement, which extends

for at least 50 feet above this stratum. Each overlying formation bearing or having borne oil,

gas or water shall be plugged with cement a minimum of 50 feet below this formation to a

point 50 feet above this formation. The zone between cement plugs shall be filled with

nonporous material. The cement plugs shall be placed in a manner that will completely seal

the hole. The operator may treat multiple strata as one stratum and plug as described in this

subsection with a single column of cement or other materials as approved by the

Department. When the production casing is not retrievable, the operator shall plug this

portion of the well under § 78.91(d) (relating to general provisions).

(2) After plugging all strata bearing or having borne oil, gas or water, the well shall be

filled with nonporous material to approximately 100 feet below the surface casing seat.

Another plug of cement, or other equally nonporous material approved by the Department,

shall be placed extending at least 50 feet above that point.

(3) After setting the 50­foot plug, the hole shall be filled from the top of the 50­foot plug

to the surface with a noncementing material or the operator shall set a 100­foot cement plug

which extends 50­feet into the surface casing and fill the hole to the surface with
noncementing material.

(b) The owner or operator shall plug a noncoal well, where the surface casing and

production casing are cemented, as follows:

(1) If the total depth or attainable bottom is deeper than the cemented production casing

seat, the operator shall plug that portion of the well under subsection (a)(1).

(2) Cement plugs shall be set in the cemented portion of the production casing so that each

plug extends from at least 50 feet below each stratum bearing or having borne oil, gas or

water, to a point at least 100 feet above the stratum. A Department­approved mechanical

plug may be used as a substitute for the plug of cement. The mechanical plug shall be set 20

feet above each stratum having borne oil, gas or water. The operator may treat multiple strata

as one stratum and plug as described in this subsection with a single column of cement or

other materials approved by the Department.

(3) Following the plugging of the cemented portion of the production casing, the

uncemented portion of the production string shall be separated from the cemented portion

and retrieved. The maximum distance the stub of the uncemented portion of the production

casing may extend is 100 feet below the surface casing. In no case may the uncemented

portion of the production casing left in the hole extend through stratum bearing or having

borne oil, gas or water. Other stratum bearing or having borne oil, gas or water shall be

plugged by filling the hole with nonporous material to 20 feet above the stratum and setting

a 50­foot plug of cement. When the uncemented portion of the production casing is not

retrievable, the operator shall plug that portion of the well under § 78.91(d).

(4) The remainder of the well shall be plugged under subsection (a)(2) and (3).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.95 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (276340) and (241931).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.97 (relating to plugging

a well stimulated with explosives); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to plugging gas

storage wells).

§ 78.96. Marking the location of a plugged well.

Upon the completion of plugging or replugging a well, the operator shall erect over the

plugged well a permanent marker of concrete, metal, plastic or equally durable material. The

marker must extend at least 4 feet above the ground surface and enough below the surface to

make the marker permanent. Cement may be used to hold the marker in place provided the

cement does not prevent inspection of the adequacy of the well plugging. The permit or

registration number shall be stamped or cast or otherwise permanently affixed to the marker.

In lieu of placing the marker above the ground surface, the marker may be buried below
plow depth and shall contain enough metal to be detected at the surface by conventional

metal detectors.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.96 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (241932).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to

plugging gas storage wells).

§ 78.97. Plugging a well stimulated with explosives.

Where strata bearing or having borne oil, gas or water in the well have been stimulated with

explosives, thereby creating cavities which cannot be readily filled as described in § § 78.92

—78.95, the well operator shall place at the nearest suitable point, but at least 20 feet above

the stratum, a plug of cement which extends at least 50 feet above that point. If the

stimulation has been done above one or more strata bearing or having borne oil, gas or water

in the well, plugging in the applicable manner specified in § § 78.92—78.95 shall be done at

the nearest suitable points, to at least 20 feet below and at least 20 feet above the stratum

stimulated. From a point immediately above and below these plugs, the well shall be

plugged under § § 78.94 and 78.95 (relating to wells in noncoal areas—surface casing is not

cemented or not present; and wells in noncoal areas—surface casing is cemented).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.97 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to

plugging gas storage wells).

§ 78.98. Restricting surface water from the well bore.

When casing, including conductor pipe, is left in the well at the surface, the area between

the casings or the casing and the well bore shall be permanently filled to the surface with a

nonporous material to restrict surface water from the well bore.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.98 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References
This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.86 (relating to defective casing or cementing); 25

Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.407 (relating to

plugging gas storage wells).

INACTIVE STATUS

§ 78.101. General provisions.

Upon application, the Department will grant inactive status for 5 years for a permitted or

registered well if the application meets the requirements of section 204 of the act (58 P. S.

§ 601.204) and § § 78.102—78.105. The Department may require information to

demonstrate that the conditions imposed by § 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of

inactive status) are satisfied.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.101 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138850).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions).

§ 78.102. Criteria for approval of inactive status.

To obtain inactive status, the applicant shall affirmatively demonstrate to the Department’s

satisfaction that:

(1) The condition of the well is sufficient to:

(i) Prevent damage to the producing zone or contamination of fresh water or other

natural resources or surface leakage of substances.

(ii) Stop the vertical flow of fluid or gas within the well bore.

(iii) Protect fresh groundwater.

(iv) Pose no threat to the health and safety of persons, property or the environment.

(2) The well complies with one of the following:

(i) The well meets casing and cementing requirements of § § 78.81—78.86 (relating to

casing and cementing).

(ii) For wells not drilled in conformance with casing and cementing requirements of

§ § 78.81—78.86, and for the purpose of the annual monitoring of wells granted inactive

status as required by § 78.103 (relating to annual monitoring of inactive wells), the applicant
demonstrates that:

(A) For oil and gas wells equipped with surface casing, the operator shall demonstrate

that the liquid level in the well bore is maintained at a level at no higher than the water

protection depth. For purposes of this clause where oil or gas bearing formations are

encountered less than 100 feet below the surface casing seat, the water protection depth shall

be that point midway between the top of the oil or gas bearing formation and the surface

casing seat.

(B) If the liquid level in an oil or gas well equipped with surface casing stands above

the water protection depth and below the groundwater table depth, the operator shall test the

liquid to determine its quality. If the liquid has a total dissolved solids content or

conductivity generally equivalent to fresh groundwater in the immediate area, the casing is

assumed to be either leaking or not set deep enough to shut off groundwater, and mechanical

integrity is not demonstrated and inactive status will not be granted unless the operator

demonstrates that the well is in compliance with the shut­in portion of the mechanical

integrity test requirements of the Under Ground Injection Control program under the Safe

Drinking Water Act (21 U.S.C.A. § 349; 42 U.S.C. § § 201, 300f—300j­11). If the liquid

has a total dissolved solids content or conductivity equivalent to the production formation or

production liquid, mechanical integrity is considered to be demonstrated.

(C) For oil wells not equipped with surface casing or for oil wells equipped with

surface casing that cannot be approved for inactive status under paragraph (2)(ii)(A) or (B),

the operator shall modify the well to meet one of the following:

(I) The operator shall set a string of casing on a packer sufficiently deep to isolate the

fresh groundwater system. The casing shall be set to the water protection depth for wells in

the area, and the requirements of paragraph (2)(ii)(A) or (B) shall be met.

(II) The operator has set a temporary plug or mechanical seal at the water protection

depth and isolated the fresh groundwater system. The operator may demonstrate the integrity

of the plug by demonstrating that water standing above the plug is, and continues to be, fresh

water not contaminated by production fluids, or by other means acceptable to the

Department.

(III) The operator shall fill the well with a freshwater bentonite gel or other material

approved by the Department which will restrict vertical migration of gas or fluids in the well

bore. The operator shall monitor the gel level and report significant changes to the

Department on an annual basis and take remedial action approved by the Department.

(D) For gas wells equipped with production casing separate from the surface casing,

the annulus between the surface or coal protective casing and the production casing is vented

to the atmosphere. The owner or operator of a well granted inactive status under this clause

shall monitor the annular vents for gas flow volumes. If the gas flow volume exceeds 5,000

cubic feet per day, the owner or operator shall notify the Department and take remedial

action approved by the Department.

(E) For gas wells not equipped with separate production casing, but with cemented or

uncemented surface casing present, the produced gas shut­in pressure is less than the

pressure necessary to cause gas migration into the adjacent formation at the surface casing

seat. Compliance with this condition may be demonstrated by mechanical tests of the casing
and by evidence that the gas wellhead shut­in pressure does not exceed 0.433 psi per foot of

surface or coal protective casing depth.

(3) If gas exists at an inactive oil well, the operator may vent the gas to the atmosphere or

equip the well to confine the gas to the producing formation. If this gas flow is greater than

5,000 cubic feet per day, the owner or operator shall notify the Department and take

remedial action approved by the Department.

(4) The applicant shall certify that the well is of future utility and shall present a viable

plan for utilizing the well within a reasonable time. In addition to providing information to

demonstrate compliance with paragraphs (1) and (2), the application for inactive status shall

include the following:

(i) A plan showing when the well will be used.

(ii) A certification identifying that one of the following applies:

(A) Significant reserves remain in place and the operator plans to produce the well.

(B) The well will be used as a disposal well.

(C) The well will be used as a storage well.

(D) The well will be used as an observation well.

(E) The well will be used as a secondary or tertiary recovery injection well or that the

well will be used for other purposes specified by the applicant.

(iii) Other information necessary for the Department to make a determination on

inactive status.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.102 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.101 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.103 (relating to annual

monitoring of inactive wells); 25 Pa. Code § 78.104 (relating to term of inactive status); and

25 Pa. Code § 78.105 (relating to revocation of inactive status).

§ 78.103. Annual monitoring of inactive wells.

The owner or operator of a well granted inactive status shall monitor the integrity of the

well on an annual basis and shall report the results to the Department. The owner or operator

shall give the Department 3 working days prior notice of the annual monitoring and

mechanical integrity testing. For wells that were drilled in accordance with the casing and

cementing standards of § § 78.81—78.86 (relating to casing and cementing), the operator

shall monitor the integrity of the well by using the method described in § 78.102(2)(ii)(A),
(B), (D) or (E) (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status), as appropriate. For a well

that was not drilled in accordance with the casing and cementing standards, the wells shall

be monitored in accordance with § 78.102(1). To qualify for continued inactive status, the

owner or operator shall demonstrate, by the data in the monitoring reports, that the condition

of the well continues to satisfy the requirements of § 78.102. The owner or operator shall

submit the report by March 31 of the following year.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.103 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138853).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.101 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code § 78.104 (relating to term of inactive

status); 25 Pa. Code § 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status); and 25 Pa.

Code § 78.105 (relating to revocation of inactive status).

§ 78.104. Term of inactive status.

Approval of inactive status for a well is valid for 5 years unless revoked. After 5 years, the

owner or operator shall plug or return to active status a well granted inactive status unless

the Department grants an application for a 1­year extension. The operator of a well granted

inactive status may apply for renewal of inactive status by demonstrating that the well

continues to satisfy the conditions imposed on the well by § § 78.102 and 78.103 (relating to

criteria for approval of inactive status; and annual monitoring of inactive wells).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.104 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138854).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.101 (relating to general provisions); and 25 Pa. Code § 78.105 (relating to revocation

of inactive status).

§ 78.105. Revocation of inactive status.

The Department may revoke inactive status and may order the immediate plugging of a well

if one of the following applies:

(1) The well is in violation of the act or regulations administered by the Department.

(2) The operator of the inactive well has become insolvent, to the extent that the plan

provided under § 78.102 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive status) is no longer
viable to return the well to active status, or the operator otherwise demonstrates a lack of

ability or intention to comply with applicable laws and regulations.

(3) The condition of the well no longer satisfies the requirements of section 204 of the act

(58 P. S. § 601.204) and § § 78.102—78.104 (relating to criteria for approval of inactive

status; annual monitoring of inactive wells; and term of inactive status).

(4) The owner or operator is unwilling or unable to perform his obligations under the act.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.105 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138854).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); and 25 Pa. Code

§ 78.101 (relating to general provisions).

RADIOACTIVE LOGGING SOURCES

§ 78.111. Abandonment.

(a) The owner or operator may not abandon a radioactive source licensed by the

Commonwealth for logging purposes without consent of the Department. Approval of a plan

of abandonment may be arranged with the Department by telephone and is to be followed by

a written report to the Department within 30 days after abandonment of the radioactive

source. The plan shall be approved by the Department.

(b) The operator shall notify the Department of his intention to leave a radioactive source in

a well.

(c) The operator shall mechanically equip a well in which a radioactive source is

abandoned to prevent the accidental or intentional mechanical disintegration of the

radioactive source.

(1) The operator shall cover the radioactive source being abandoned in the bottom of a

well with a substantial standard color­dyed cement plug on top of which a mechanical stop

or deflector shall be set. The dye shall contrast with the color of the formation to alert a reentry operator prior to encountering the source.

(2) In a well where a logging source has been cemented in place behind a casing string

and above total depth, upon plugging the well, a color­dyed cement plug shall be placed

opposite the abandoned source inside the well bore and a mechanical stop or deflector shall

be placed on top of the plug.

(3) If, after expending a reasonable effort, the operator cannot comply with paragraph (1)

or (2) because of hole conditions, the operator shall request Department approval to cease
efforts to comply with paragraph (1) or (2) and shall obtain approval for an alternate method

for abandoning the source and plugging the well.

(d) Upon plugging a well in which a radioactive source is left in the hole, the operator shall

place a permanent plaque by welding or bolting or cementing it to the top of the bore hole in

a manner approved by the Department that re­entry cannot be accomplished without

disturbing the plaque. The plaque shall serve as a visual warning to a person re­entering the

hole that a radioactive source has been abandoned in­place in the well. The plaque shall

depict the trefoil radiation symbol with the words ‘‘Caution, Radioactive Material’’ under

§ 219.41 (relating to radiation symbol) and shall be constructed of a long­lasting material

such as monel, stainless steel, bronze or brass. The marker shall bear the following

information:

(1) Farm name.

(2) Permit number.

(3) Name and address of operator.

(4) The type and strength of radioactive material abandoned in the well.

(5) The total well depth.

(6) Depth at which the source was abandoned.

(7) A warning not to drill below the plug­back depth or to enlarge the casing.

(e) Prior to workover or re­entry activity, if a radioactive source is present, the operator

shall have the plan of operation approved by the Department before the workover or re­entry

is permitted.

(f) This section does not relieve the licensee, owner or operator from the obligation to

comply with Federal regulations and this title, including Chapters 225 and 226 (relating to

radiation safety requirements for industrial radiographic operations; and licenses and

radiation safety requirements for well logging).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.111 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.91 (relating to general provisions); and 25 Pa. Code

§ 226.3a (relating to abandonment of a sealed source).

Subchapter E. WELL REPORTING

Sec.
78.121. Production reporting.

78.122. Well record and completion report.

78.123. Logs and additional data.

78.124. Certificate of plugging.

78.125. Disposal and enhanced recovery well reports.

§ 78.121. Production reporting.

(a) The well operator shall submit an annual production and status report for each permitted

or registered well on an individual basis, on or before February 15 of each year. The operator

of a well permitted to produce gas from the Marcellus shale formation shall submit a

production and status report for each well on an individual basis, on or before February 15

and August 15 of each year. Production shall be reported for the preceding calendar year or

in the case of a Marcellus shale well, for the preceding 6 months. When the production data

is not available to the operator on a well basis, the operator shall report production on the

most well­specific basis available. The annual production report must include information on

the amount and type of waste produced and the method of waste disposal or reuse. Waste

information submitted to the Department in accordance with this subsection is deemed to

satisfy the residual waste biennial reporting requirements of § 287.52 (relating to biennial

report).

(b) The production report shall be submitted electronically to the Department through its

web site.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.121 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial page (304395).

Cross References

This section cited in 7 Pa. Code § 137b.73a (relating to gas, oil and coal bed methane).

§ 78.122. Well record and completion report.

(a) For each well that is drilled or altered, the operator shall keep a detailed drillers log at

the well site available for inspection until drilling is completed. Within 30 calendar days of

cessation of drilling or altering a well, the well operator shall submit a well record to the

Department on a form provided by the Department that includes the following information:

(1) Name, address and telephone number of the permittee.

(2) Permit number, and farm name and number.

(3) Township and county.

(4) Date drilling started and completed.
(5) Method of drilling.

(6) Size and depth of conductor pipe, surface casing, coal protective casing, intermediate

casing, production casing and borehole.

(7) Type and amount of cement and results of cementing procedures.

(8) Elevation and total depth.

(9) Drillers log that includes the name and depth of formations from the surface to total

depth, depth of oil and gas producing zone, depth of fresh water and brines and source of

information.

(10) Certification by the operator that the well has been constructed in accordance with

this chapter and any permit conditions imposed by the Department.

(11) Other information required by the Department.

(b) Within 30 calendar days after completion of the well, the well operator shall submit a

completion report to the Department on a form provided by the Department that includes the

following information:

(1) Name, address and telephone number of the permittee.

(2) Name, address and telephone number of the service companies.

(3) Permit number and farm name and number.

(4) Township and county.

(5) Perforation record.

(6) Stimulation record which includes the following:

(i) A descriptive list of the chemical additives in the stimulation fluid, including any

acid, biocide, breaker, brine, corrosion inhibitor, crosslinker, demulsifier, friction reducer,

gel, iron control, oxygen scavenger, pH adjusting agent, proppant, scale inhibitor and

surfactant.

(ii) The percent by volume of each chemical additive in the stimulation fluid.

(iii) A list of the chemicals in the Material Safety Data Sheets, by name and chemical

abstract service number, corresponding to the appropriate chemical additive.

(iv) The percent by volume of each chemical listed in the Material Safety Data Sheets.

(v) The total volume of the base fluid.

(vi) A list of water sources used under an approved water management plan and the

volume of water used from each source.

(vii) The total volume of recycled water used.
(viii) The pump rate and pressure used in the well.

(7) Actual open flow production and shut in surface pressure.

(8) Open flow production and shut in surface pressure, measured 24 hours after

completion.

(c) When the well operator submits a stimulation record, it may designate specific portions

of the stimulation record as containing a trade secret or confidential proprietary information.

The Department will prevent disclosure of the designated confidential information to the

extent permitted under the Right­to­Know Law (65 P. S. § § 67.101—67.3103).

(d) In addition to submitting a stimulation record to the Department under subsection (b),

and subject to the protections afforded for trade secrets and confidential proprietary

information under the Right­to­Know Law, the operator shall arrange to provide a list of the

chemical constituents of the chemical additives used to hydraulically fracture a well, by

chemical name and abstract service number, unless the additive does not have an abstract

service number, to the Department upon written request by the Department.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.122 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

February 4, 2011, effective February 5, 2011, 41 Pa.B. 805. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (304395) to (304396).

§ 78.123. Logs and additional data.

(a) If requested by the Department within 90 calendar days after the completion of drilling

or recompletion of a well, the well operator shall submit to the Department a copy of the

electrical, radioactive or other standard industry logs run on the well. In addition, if

requested by the Department within 1 year of the completion of drilling or recompletion of a

well, the well operator shall file with the Department a copy of the drill stem test charts,

formation water analysis, porosity, permeability or fluid saturation measurements, core

analysis and lithologic log or sample description or other similar data as compiled. No

information will be required unless the operator has had the information described in this

subsection compiled in the ordinary course of business. No interpretation of the data is to be

filed.

(b) Upon notification by the Department prior to drilling, the well operator shall collect

additional data specified by the Department, such as representative drill cuttings and samples

from cores taken, and other geological information that the operator can reasonably compile.

(c) The information requested by the Department under subsections (a) and (b) shall be

provided to the Department by the operator, within 3 years after completion of the well

unless the Department has granted an extension or unless the Department has requested

information as described in subsection (d). If the Department has granted an extension, the

information shall be submitted in accordance with the extension, but in no case may the

extension exceed 5 years from the date of completion of the well.

(d) In accordance with the request of the Department, the operator shall submit the
information described in this section for use in investigation or enforcement proceedings, or

in aggregate form for statistical purposes.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.123 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (194014) to (194015).

§ 78.124. Certificate of plugging.

(a) Within 30 calendar days after the well has been plugged, the owner or operator of the

well shall submit a certificate of plugging to the Department and each coal operator, lessee

or owner who was sent notice by certified mail of the intent to plug the well.

(b) The certificate of plugging shall be on a form provided by the Department and contain

information required by the Department.

(c) The certificate of plugging shall be prepared and signed by two experienced and

qualified people who participated in the work, and shall also be signed by the well owner or

operator.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.124 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.125. Disposal and enhanced recovery well reports.

(a) The operator of a disposal or enhanced recovery well shall submit to the Department,

upon request, a copy of the annual monitoring report submitted to the EPA summarizing the

results of the operator’s monitoring as required by 40 CFR Part 146 (relating to underground

injection control program) when these reports are submitted to the EPA. This summary, at a

minimum, shall include the following:

(1) Monthly records of major changes in characteristics or sources of injected fluids.

(2) Reports of volumes and pressures of injection fluids.

(3) Reports of mechanical integrity testing.

(4) Other information or reports required to be submitted to the EPA under 40 CFR Part

146.

(b) The operator of a disposal or enhanced recovery well shall submit to the Department

copies of periodic monitoring reports or reports of failures, releases, accidents or other

incidents required to be submitted to the EPA under 40 CFR 146 when these reports are

submitted to the EPA.

(c) The operator of a disposal well or enhanced recovery well may submit monitoring

reports to the Department on a field or project basis rather than on an individual well basis
provided manifold monitoring is used.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.125 adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17,

1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended March 6, 1998, effective March 7, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 1234.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (194016).

Subchapter F. [Reserved]

empty

§ 78.141—78.146. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of these § § 78.141—78.146 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29,

1989, 19 Pa.B. 3229; reserved January 27, 2006, effective January 28, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 465.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (241942) to (241944) and (276341).

Subchapter G. BONDING

REQUIREMENTS

Sec.

78.301. Scope.

78.302. Requirement to file a bond.

78.303. Form, terms and conditions of the bond.

78.304. Terms and conditions for surety bonds.

78.305. Terms and conditions for collateral bonds—general.

78.306. Collateral bonds—letters of credit.

78.307. Collateral bonds—certificates of deposit.

78.308. Collateral bonds—negotiable bonds.

78.309. Phased deposit of collateral.

78.310. Replacement of existing bond.

78.311. Failure to maintain adequate bond.

78.312. Forfeiture determination.

78.313. Incapacity of operators.

78.314. Preservation of remedies.
§ 78.301. Scope.

In addition to the requirements of section 215 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215), this

subchapter specifies certain requirements for surety bonds, collateral bonds, replacement of

existing bonds, maintaining adequate bond and bond forfeiture.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.301 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.302. Requirement to file a bond.

For a well that has not been plugged, the owner or operator shall file a bond or otherwise

comply with the bonding requirements of section 215 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215) and this

chapter. A bond or bond substitute is not required for a well drilled before April 18, 1985.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.302 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (241946).

§ 78.303. Form, terms and conditions of the bond.

(a) The following types of security are approvable:

(1) A surety bond as provided in § 78.304 (relating to terms and conditions for surety

bonds).

(2) A collateral bond as provided in § § 78.305—78.308. For individuals who meet the

requirements of section 215(d.1) of the act, a phased deposit of collateral bond as provided

in § 78.309(b) (relating to phased deposit of collateral).

(b) A person submitting a bond shall comply with the Department guidelines establishing

minimum criteria for execution and completion of the bond forms and related documents.

(c) A bond shall be conditioned upon compliance with the drilling, water supply

replacement, restoration and plugging requirements in the act, this chapter and permit

conditions relating thereto. The bonds are penal in nature and are designed to ensure

compliance by the operator to protect the environment, public health and safety affected by

the oil and gas well.

(d) The person named in the bond or other security shall be the same as the person named

in the permit.

(e) The bond amounts required under section 215 of the act are as follows:

(1) Two thousand five hundred dollars for a single well.
(2) Twenty­five thousand dollars for a blanket bond.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.303 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial page (241946).

§ 78.304. Terms and conditions for surety bonds.

(a) The bond of a surety company that has failed, refused or unduly delayed to pay, in full,

on a forfeited surety bond is not approvable.

(b) Only the bond of a surety authorized to do business in this Commonwealth is

approvable. If the principal place of business of the surety is outside of this Commonwealth,

or if the surety is not a Pennsylvania corporation, the surety bond shall also be signed by an

authorized resident agency of the surety that maintains an office in this Commonwealth.

(c) The surety may cancel the bond by filing written notice of cancellation with the

Department, the operator and the principal on the bond, only under the following conditions:

(1) The notice of cancellation shall be sent by certified mail, return receipt requested.

Cancellation may not take effect until 120 days after receipt of the notice of cancellation by

the Department, the operator and the principal on the bond as evidenced by return receipts.

(2) Within 30 days after receipt of a notice of cancellation, the operator shall provide the

Department with a replacement bond under § 78.310 (relating to replacement of existing

bond).

(d) The Department will not accept surety bonds from a surety company when the total

bond liability to the Department on the bonds filed by the operator, the principal and related

parties exceeds the surety company’s single risk limit as provided by The Insurance

Company Law of 1921 (40 P. S. § § 341—991).

(e) The bond shall provide that the surety and the principal shall be jointly and severally

liable for payment of the bond amount.

(f) The bond shall provide that the amount shall be confessed to judgment and execution

upon forfeiture.

(g) The Department will retain, during the term of the bond, and upon forfeiture of the

bond, a property interest in the surety’s guarantee of payment under the bond which is not

affected by the bankruptcy, insolvency or other financial incapacity of the operator or

principal on the bond.

(h) The surety shall give written notice to the Department, if permissible under law, to the

principal and the Department within 10 days of a notice received or action filed by or with a

regulatory agency or court having jurisdiction over the surety alleging one of the following:

(1) The insolvency or bankruptcy of the surety.
(2) A violation of regulatory requirements applicable to the surety, when as a result of the

violation, suspension or revocation of the surety’s license to do business in this

Commonwealth or another state is under consideration by a regulatory agency.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.304 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.303 (relating to form, terms and conditions of the

bond).

§ 78.305. Terms and conditions for collateral bonds—general.

(a) Collateral documents shall be executed by the owner or operator.

(b) The market value of collateral deposited shall be at least equal to the required bond

amount with the exception of United States Treasury Zero Coupon Bonds which shall have a

maturity date of not more than 10 years after the date of purchase and at maturity a value of

at least $25,000.

(c) Collateral shall be pledged and assigned to the Department free from claims or rights.

The pledge or assignment shall vest in the Department a property interest in the collateral

which shall remain until release as provided by law and is not affected by the bankruptcy,

insolvency or other financial incapacity of the operator.

(d) The Department’s ownership rights to deposited collateral shall be such that the

collateral is readily available to the Department upon forfeiture. The Department may

require proof of ownership, and other means, such as secondary agreements, as it deems

necessary to meet the requirements of this subchapter. If the Department determines that

deposited collateral does not meet the requirements of this subchapter, it may take action

under the law to protect its interest in the collateral.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.305 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138865).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.303 (relating to form, terms and conditions of the

bond).

§ 78.306. Collateral bonds—letters of credit.

(a) Letters of credit submitted as collateral for collateral bonds shall be subject to the

following conditions:
(1) The letter of credit shall be a standby or guarantee letter of credit issued by a Federally

insured or equivalently protected financial institution, regulated and examined by the

Commonwealth or a Federal agency and authorized to do business in this Commonwealth.

(2) The letter of credit shall be irrevocable and shall be so designated. However, the

Department may accept a letter of credit for which a limited time period is stated if the

following conditions are met and are stated in the letter:

(i) The letter of credit is automatically renewable for additional time periods unless the

financial institution gives at least 90 days prior written notice to both the Department and the

operator of its intent to terminate the credit at the end of the current time period.

(ii) The Department has the right to draw upon the credit before the end of its time

period, if the operator fails to replace the letter of credit with other acceptable means of

compliance with section 215 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215) within 30 days of the financial

institution’s notice to terminate the credit.

(3) Letters of credit shall name the Department as the beneficiary and be payable to the

Department, upon demand, in part or in full, upon presentation of the Department’s drafts, at

sight. The Department’s right to draw upon the letter of credit does not require documentary

or other proof by the Department that the customer has violated the conditions of the bond,

the permit or other requirements.

(4) A letter of credit shall be subject to 13 Pa.C.S. (relating to the Uniform Commercial

Code) and the latest revision of Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits as

published in the International Chamber of Commerce Publication No. 400.

(5) The Department will not accept a letter of credit from a financial institution which has

failed, refused or unduly delayed to pay, in full, on a letter of credit or a certificate of deposit

previously submitted as collateral to the Department.

(6) The issuing financial institution shall waive rights of set­off or liens which it has or

might have against the letter of credit.

(b) If the Department collects any amount under the letter of credit due to failure of the

operator to replace the letter of credit after demand by the Department, the Department will

hold the proceeds as cash collateral as provided by this subchapter. The operator may obtain

the cash collateral after he has submitted and the Department has approved a bond or other

means of compliance with section 215 of the act.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.306 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (138865) to (138866).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.303 (relating to form, terms and conditions of the

bond).
§ 78.307. Collateral bonds—certificates of deposit.

A certificate of deposit submitted as collateral for collateral bonds is subject to the

following conditions:

(1) The certificate of deposit shall be made payable to the operator and shall be assigned

to the Department by the operator, in writing, as required by the Department and on forms

provided by the Department. The assignment shall be recorded upon the books of the

financial institution issuing the certificate.

(2) The certificate of deposit shall be issued by a Federally­insured or equivalently

protected financial institution which is authorized to do business in this Commonwealth.

(3) The certificate of deposit shall state that the financial institution issuing it waives

rights of setoff or liens which it has or might have against the certificate.

(4) The certificate of deposit shall be automatically renewable and fully assignable to the

Department. Certificates of deposit shall state on their face that they are automatically

renewable.

(5) The operator shall submit certificates of deposit in amounts which will allow the

Department to liquidate those certificates prior to maturity, upon forfeiture, for the full

amount of the bond without penalty to the Department.

(6) The Department will not accept certificates of deposit from financial institutions which

have failed, refused or unduly delayed to pay, in full, on certificates of deposit or letters of

credit which have previously been submitted as collateral to the Department.

(7) The operator is not entitled to interest accruing after forfeiture is declared by the

Department, until the forfeiture declaration is ruled invalid by a court having jurisdiction

over the Department, and the ruling is final.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.307 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (138866) to (138867).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.303 (relating to form, terms and conditions of the

bond).

§ 78.308. Collateral bonds—negotiable bonds.

Negotiable bonds submitted and pledged as collateral for collateral bonds under section

215(a)(3) of the act (58 P. S. § 601.215(a)(3)) are subject to the following conditions:

(1) The Department will use the current market value of governmental securities, other

than United States Treasury Zero Coupon Bonds, for the purpose of establishing the value of

the securities for bond deposit.
(2) The current market value shall be at least equal to the amount of the required bond.

(3) The Department may periodically evaluate the securities and may require additional

amounts if the current market value is insufficient to satisfy the bond amount requirements

for the oil or gas well operations.

(4) The operator may request and receive the interest accruing on governmental securities

filed with the Department as the interest becomes due and payable. An operator will not

receive interest accruing on governmental securities until the full amount of the bond has

been accumulated. No interest may be paid for postforfeiture interest accruing during

appeals and after resolution of the appeals, when the forfeiture is adjudicated, decided or

settled in favor of the Commonwealth.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.308 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (138867) to (138868).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.303 (relating to form, terms and conditions of the

bond).

§ 78.309. Phased deposit of collateral.

(a) Operators.

(1) Eligibility. An operator who had a phased deposit of collateral in effect as of

November 26, 1997, may maintain that bond for wells requiring bonding, for new well

permits and for wells acquired by transfer.

(i) An operator may not have more than 200 wells.

(ii) Under the following schedule, an operator shall make a deposit with the Department

of approved collateral prior to the issuance of a permit for a well or the transfer of a permit

for a well, and shall make subsequent annual deposits and additional well payments. For the

purpose of calculating the required deposit, all of the operator’s wells are included in the

number of wells.

Annual Per AddiNumber of Wells Deposit tional Well

1­10 with no intention to operate more than 10 $50/well N.A.

11­25 or 1­10 and applies for additional well permits $1,150 $ 150

26­50 $1,300 $ 400

51­100 $1,500 $ 400

101­200 $1,600 $1,000
(iii) An operator shall make the phased deposits of collateral as required by the bond.

(2) Termination of eligibility. An operator is no longer eligible to make phased deposits of

collateral when one or more of the following occur:

(i) The operator shall fully bond the wells immediately, if an operator has more than 200

wells.

(ii) If the operator misses a phased deposit of collateral payment, the operator shall do

one of the following:

(A) Immediately submit the appropriate bond amount in full.

(B) Cease all operations and plug the wells covered by the bond in accordance with the

plugging requirements of section 210 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.210).

(b) Individuals.

(1) Eligibility.

(i) An individual who seeks to satisfy the collateral bond requirements of the act by

submitting phased deposit of collateral under section 215(d.1) of the act (58 P. S.

§ 601.215(d.1)), may not drill more than ten new wells per calendar year. A well in which

the individual has a financial interest is to be considered one of the wells permitted under

this section. A partnership, association or corporation is not eligible for phased deposit of

collateral under this subsection.

(ii) The individual shall deposit with the Department $500 per well in approved

collateral prior to issuance of a new permit.

(iii) The individual shall deposit 10% of the remaining amount of bond in approved

collateral in each of the next 10 years. Annual payments shall become due on the

anniversary date of the issuance of the permit, unless otherwise established by the

Department. Payments shall be accompanied by appropriate bond documents required by the

Department.

(iv) The individual shall make the phased collateral payments as required by the bond.

(2) Termination of eligibility. If the individual misses a phased deposit of collateral

payment, the individual will no longer be eligible to make phased deposits of collateral and

shall do one of the following:

(i) Immediately submit the appropriate bond amount in full.

(ii) Cease operations and plug the wells covered by the bond in accordance with the

plugging requirements of section 210 of the act.

(c) Interest earned. Interest earned by collateral on deposit by operators and individuals

under this section shall be accumulated and become part of the bond amount until the

operator completes deposit of the requisite bond amount in accordance with the schedule of

deposit. Interest earned by the collateral shall be retruned to the operator or the individual

upon release of the bond. Interest may not be paid for postforfeiture interest accruing during
appeals and after resolution of the appeals, when the forfeiture is adjudicated, decided or

settled in favor of the Commonwealth.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.309 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial pages (241951) to (241953).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.303 (relating to form, terms and conditions of the

bond).

§ 78.310. Replacement of existing bond.

(a) An owner or operator may replace an existing surety or collateral bond with another

surety or collateral bond that satisfies the requirements of this chapter, if the liability which

has accrued against the bond, the owner or operator who filed the first bond and the well

operation is transferred to the replacement bond. An owner or operator may not substitute a

phased deposit of collateral bond under section 215(d) and (d.1) of the act (58 P. S.

§ 601.215(d) and (d.1)) for a valid surety bond or collateral that has been filed and approved

by the Department.

(b) The Department will not release existing bonds until the operator has submitted and the

Department has approved acceptable replacement bonds.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.310 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284; amended

March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately preceding text

appears at serial page (241953).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.304 (relating to terms and conditions for surety

bonds).

§ 78.311. Failure to maintain adequate bond.

The permittee shall maintain a bond in an amount and with sufficient guarantee as provided

by this chapter. If a surety company that had provided surety bonds, or a financial institution

that had provided certificates of deposit or letters of credit for an operator enters into

bankruptcy or liquidation, has its license suspended or revoked or for another reason

indicates an inability or unwillingness to provide an adequate financial guarantee of the

obligations under the bond, the operator shall submit a bond within 45 days of notice from

the Department.
Source

The provisions of this § 78.311 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; amended December 16, 1994, effective December 17, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284.

Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (138869).

§ 78.312. Forfeiture determination.

(a) A collateral or surety bond may be forfeited when the Department determines that the

operator fails or refuses to comply with the act, this title, an order of the Department, or the

terms or conditions of the permit relating to drilling, water supply replacement, plugging and

site restoration.

(b) If forfeiture of the bond is required, the Department will:

(1) Send written notification by mail to the permittee, and the surety, if any, of the

Department’s intent to forfeit the bond and describe the grounds for forfeiture. The

notification will also provide an opportunity to take remedial action or submit a schedule for

taking remedial actions acceptable to the Department within 30 days of the notice of intent to

forfeit, in lieu of collecting the bond.

(2) If the permittee and surety, if any, fail either to take remedial action or to submit a plan

acceptable to the Department within 30 days of the notice of the intent to forfeit, the bond

will be subject to forfeiture and collection up to the face amount thereof. The Department

will issue a declaration to forfeit the bond.

(3) The declaration to forfeit is an action which may be appealable to the Environmental

Hearing Board under section 4 of the Environmental Hearing Board Act (35 P. S. § 7514).

Source

The provisions of this § 78.312 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.313. Incapacity of operators.

An owner or operator shall notify the Department by certified mail within 10 calendar days

after commencement of a voluntary or involuntary proceeding under 11 U.S.C.A. § § 101—

1330, known as the Federal Bankruptcy Act, naming the owner or operator as debtor.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.313 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.314. Preservation of remedies.

Remedies provided or authorized by law for violation of statutes, including the act, the

applicable environmental protection acts, this title, the terms and conditions of permits and

orders of the Department, are expressly preserved. Nothing in this subchapter is an exclusive
penalty or remedy for the violations. No action under this subchapter waives or impairs

another remedy or penalty provided in law or equity.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.314 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Subchapter H. UNDERGROUND GAS

STORAGE

Sec.

78.401. Storage well construction.

78.402. Inspections by the gas storage operator.

78.403. Gas storage well integrity testing.

78.404. Maximum storage pressure.

78.405. Emergency repairs.

78.406. Recordkeeping.

78.407. Plugging gas storage wells.

Source

The provisions of this Subchapter H adopted December 16, 1994, effective December 17,

1994, 24 Pa.B. 6284, unless otherwise noted.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.88 (relating to mechanical integrity of operating

wells).

§ 78.401. Storage well construction.

(a) In addition to the casing and cementing requirements of Subchapter D (relating to well

drilling, operation and plugging), when constructing new gas storage wells the operator

shall:

(1) Cement the surface and intermediate casings with sufficient cement to circulate

cement to the surface or to equal at least 120% of the calculated volume to fill the annular

space on the outside of the casing.

(2) Cement the production casing with sufficient cement to fill the calculated annular

space with cement to a point at least 500 feet above the casing shoe and at least 200 feet

above the upper most perforations.

(b) Gas storage wells being reconditioned shall meet the requirements of this section unless
an alternate method of casing and cementing has been approved by the Department under

§ 78.75 (relating to alternative methods).

(c) The storage operator shall give the Department notice at least 15 days prior to

reconditioning or altering a gas storage well and describe the procedure that the operator will

use to recondition or alter the gas storage well. If no objections are raised by the Department

within 10 days, the operator may proceed to recondition or alter the well as proposed. The

operator shall submit an updated well record within 30 days of completing a reconditioning

or alteration.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.405 (relating to emergency repairs).

§ 78.402. Inspections by the gas storage operator.

(a) A gas storage operator shall inspect every storage well and observation well in the gas

storage field at least once each month. The results of the inspections shall be recorded and

retained by the operator and shall be available for review by the Department and the coal

owner or operator.

(b) Inspections at a minimum shall determine:

(1) The well­head pressure or water level measurement, as appropriate.

(2) The open flow on the annulus of the production casing or the annulus pressure if the

annulus is shut in.

(3) If there is evidence of gas escaping from a well using measurement or best estimate of

quantity.

(4) If there is evidence of progressive corrosion, rusting or other signs of equipment

deterioration.

(c) Storage operators shall inspect the gas storage reservoir and storage protective area at

least annually to discover if material changes have occurred that require an amendment or

supplement of the map and data as required in section 301(a) and (b) of the act (58 P. S.

§ 601.301(a) and (b)). As part of that inspection, gas storage operators shall inspect known

abandoned wells and plugged wells within the gas storage reservoir area and the gas storage

protective area, subject to the right of entry, at the end of the injection season when the

storage pressure is at its highest. The inspection record shall include observed evidence of

gas leaking and other conditions that may be hazardous to the public or property.

(d) Evidence of a new gas leak and leaks that exceed 5,000 cubic feet per day shall be

reported to the Department within 24 hours. Following notification, the gas storage reservoir

operator shall file a written report including corrective action taken, or planned, and a

detailed explanation of the problem within 10 days. Subsequent reports describing additional

corrective action and acquired data may be requested by the Department.

Cross References
This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.403 (relating to gas storage well integrity testing);

and 25 Pa. Code § 78.406 (relating to recordkeeping).

§ 78.403. Gas storage well integrity testing.

(a) A gas storage reservoir operator shall develop an integrity monitoring and integrity

testing program for each gas storage field.

(b) A gas storage reservoir operator shall test the integrity of each gas storage well at least

once every 5 years. By June 15, 1995, each gas storage operator shall submit, for

Department approval, an integrity testing plan for each gas storage field.

(c) The testing program may consist of geophysical well logging, pressure testing or other

procedures approved by the Department. The testing program shall indicate a well’s

integrity, whether there has been gas loss in quantities in excess of those amounts in

§ 78.402(d) (relating to inspections by the gas storage operator), and whether there is a well

condition that requires reconditioning, plugging or other remedial action.

(d) Gas storage field monitoring may consist of annular and tubing pressure monitoring,

reservoir engineering evaluation in the form of pressure/volume inventory studies, gauge

calibration programs, wellsite inspection programs, casing inspection programs, pressure and

flow testing programs, internal and external inventory auditing programs or a combination of

monitoring procedures approved by the Department that verify the gas storage reservoir’s

integrity.

(e) The gas storage reservoir operator shall retain the information gathered in subsections

(a)—(d) and shall make the information available to the Department for 15 years.

(f) For an observation well for which a gas storage operator does not retain monitoring

data, the gas storage operator shall plug the well or apply for inactive status.

(g) The Department may require the operator to perform additional tests it deems necessary

after a conference is held under section 501 of the act (58 P. S. § 601.501).

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.406 (relating to recordkeeping).

§ 78.404. Maximum storage pressure.

A gas storage reservoir operator, who has not requested approval of a maximum storage

pressure for a gas storage reservoir, shall request, by February 15, 1995, Department

approval of a maximum gas storage reservoir pressure in accordance with the following:

(1) The maximum shut­in wellhead pressure (psig) may not exceed the highest shut­in

wellhead pressure (psig) found to exist during the production history of the reservoir, unless

a higher pressure is established through testing of caprock and pool containment. The

methods used for determining the higher pressure shall be determined in conference with the

Department in accordance with section 501 of the act.
(2) If the original discovery shut­in wellhead pressure (psig) is not known, or the highest

production shut­in wellhead pressure (psig) is not known, or a higher pressure has not been

established through a method as approved by the Department as established in paragraph (1),

the maximum storage reservoir pressure shall be limited to a freshwater hydrostatic gradient.

§ 78.405. Emergency repairs.

When emergency repairs are necessary, prior notification under § 78.401(c) (relating to

storage well construction) is not required. The operator shall give notice to the Department

within 24 hours of the repairs. Within 5 days of the emergency, the operator shall submit a

written explanation of the emergency and the corrective action taken, or planned. If

corrective action requires a permit, an application shall be filed within 10 days.

§ 78.406. Recordkeeping.

(a) The gas storage reservoir operator shall retain records for each gas storage well and

shall make these records available to the Department. These records shall include, but not be

limited to, the following:

(1) Well inspection results and pressure data for the preceding 7 years.

(2) Integrity testing data for each gas storage well required by § 78.403 (relating to gas

storage well integrity testing) for at least 15 years.

(b) The gas storage reservoir operator shall retain data for at least 7 years gathered during

inspections of abandoned wells and plugged wells as required by § 78.402 (relating to

inspections by the gas storage operator) and shall make these records available to the

Department.

§ 78.407. Plugging gas storage wells.

In addition to complying with the plugging requirements in § § 78.91—78.98 (relating to

plugging), the gas storage reservoir operator shall:

(1) Notify the Department of an intent to plug a gas storage well at least 15 days before

beginning to plug the well. This notice shall describe the intended plugging procedure.

(2) Clean out the portions of the well that penetrate the storage horizon.

(3) Set cement across the perforations in a manner that prevents the migration of gas or

other fluids within or outside of the well.

(4) For an open hole, set a bridge plug immediately above the storage horizon followed by

a 500 foot cement plug, or use another method approved by the Department.

Subchapter X. STATEMENTS OF

POLICY
INSPECTION POLICY REGARDING

OIL AND GAS

WELL ACTIVITIES

Sec.

78.901. [Reserved].

78.902. Policy.

78.903. Frequency of inspections.

78.904. Manner of inspection.

78.905. Additional inspections.

78.906. Limitation.

INSPECTION POLICY REGARDING OIL AND GAS

WELL ACTIVITIES

§ 78.901. [Reserved].

Source

The provisions of this § 78.901 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; reserved March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial page (241959).

§ 78.902. Policy.

(a) This statement of policy sets forth the policy of the Department in regard to inspections

of oil and gas well locations, sites, property, facilities, operations or activities governed by

the act, the Coal and Gas Resource Coordination Act (58 P. S. § § 501—518) or the Oil and

Gas Conservation Law (58 P. S. § § 401—419). This policy does not create a duty or

obligation upon the Department to conduct a minimum or maximum number of inspections

per year or during a certain period of time.

(b) Inspections are conducted to administer, implement, enforce and determine compliance

with the statutes set forth in subsection (a) and with Article XIX­A of The Administrative

Code of 1929 (71 P. S. § § 510­1—510­108), The Clean Streams Law (35 P. S. § § 691.1—

691.1001) and the Solid Waste Management Act (35 P. S. § § 6018.101—6018.1003) and

other statutes administered by the Department that apply to activities associated with gas and
oil operations.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.902 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

Cross References

This section cited in 25 Pa. Code § 78.903 (relating to frequency of inspections); and 25

Pa. Code § 78.905 (relating to additional inspections).

§ 78.903. Frequency of inspections.

The Department, its employes and agents intend to conduct inspections at the following

frequencies:

(1) At least once prior to the issuance of a permit, if a waiver or exception is requested by

the permit applicant.

(2) At least once in verifying or resolving objections or determining the Department’s

response to objections, when objections are raised to a permit application.

(3) At least once during each of the phases of siting, drilling, casing, cementing,

completing, altering and stimulating a well.

(4) At least once during, or within 3 months after, the time period in which the owner or

operator is required to restore the site, after drilling the well.

(5) At least once prior to the authorization to use an alternate method for plugging, casing

or equipping the well.

(6) At least once during the periods that an alternative method for plugging, casing or

equipping the well is being used or installed.

(7) At least once when a well is being reconditioned or repaired or when casing is being

replaced.

(8) At least once prior to a well being granted inactive status.

(9) At least once during the plugging of the well.

(10) At least once during, or within 3 months after, the period in which the owner or

operator is required to restore the site, after the well is plugged or abandoned.

(11) At least once before the bond or other financial security is released.

(12) At least once a year, if there is onsite brine disposal or residual waste disposal subject

to the statutes referenced in § 78.902 (relating to policy).

(13) At least twice a year if the well is located in a gas storage reservoir or in a gas storage

reservoir protective area.
(14) At least once a year to determine whether compliance with the statutes administered

by the Department has been achieved.

(15) If there is a violation, at least once to determine whether the violation has been

corrected, or whether there is a continuing violation.

(16) At least once, in response to a complaint.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.903 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229; reserved March 30, 2001, effective March 31, 2001, 31 Pa.B. 1736. Immediately

preceding text appears at serial pages (241959) to (241960).

§ 78.904. Manner of inspection.

The inspections described in this subchapter may be conducted separately, or in

combination, whichever manner is deemed by the Department to permit maximum

efficiency, accuracy and thoroughness in implementing the statutes administered by the

Department.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.904 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.905. Additional inspections.

The Department, its employes and agents may conduct additional inspections, including

follow­up inspections, inspections to observe a practice or condition related to the public

health or safety and inspections to determine compliance with the statutes set forth in

§ 78.902 (relating to policy), with the laws administered by the Department, with the

Department’s regulations, with the terms or conditions of a permit or with the requirements

of an order.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.905 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.

3229.

§ 78.906. Limitation.

The provisions of this statement of policy are subject to the availability of personnel and

financial resources. This statement of policy does not create a duty or obligation upon the

Department to conduct a minimum or maximum number of inspections per year or during a

certain period.

Source

The provisions of this § 78.906 adopted July 28, 1989, effective July 29, 1989, 19 Pa.B.
3229.

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