|   |     (a)                 Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such                disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,                to ensure that material  information relating to the registrant,                including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others                within those entities, particularly during the period in which this                report                is being prepared; |
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|   |     (b)                Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused                such                internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our                supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the                reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial                statements for external purposes in accordance with generally                accepted accounting principles; |
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|   |     (c)                 Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls                and                procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the                effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the                end of                the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;                and |
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|   |     (d)                Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal                control                over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most                recent                fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely                to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial                reporting; and |
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|   |     (a)                 All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design                or                operation of internal control over financial reporting which are                reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to                record,                process, summarize and report financial information;                and |
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|   |     (b)                 Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal                control                over financial reporting. |
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