19-2211

Tafuto v. Donald J. Trump for President

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 21st 3 day of September, two thousand twenty.

4

5 PRESENT:

6 ROBERT D. SACK,

7 ROBERT A. KATZMANN,

8 RICHARD C. WESLEY,

9 Circuit Judges.

10 _____________________________________

11

12 Louis Tafuto,

13

14 Plaintiff-Appellant,

15

16 v. 19-2211

17

18 Donald J. Trump for President Inc., Republican 

19 National Committee, RNC, Reinhold Richard 

20 Priebus, AKA Reince Priebus, Donald John 

21 Trump, Kellyanne Conway, Michael Richard 

22 Pence,

23

24 Defendants-Appellees,

25

26 Michael Richard Pence,

27

28 Defendant. 

29 _____________________________________

30

31

32 FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Louis Tafuto, pro se, Warwick, NY.
33 FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: Lawrence S. Rosen, Patrick McPartland, Jared 

34 E. Blumetti, LaRocca Hornik Rosen & 

35 Greenberg LLP, New York, NY.

36

37 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

38 New York (Swain, J.).

39 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

40 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

41 Appellant Louis Tafuto, pro se, sues Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., Donald Trump, 

42 Reinhold Richard (“Reince”) Priebus, the Republican National Committee, Michael Pence, and 

43 Kellyanne Conway under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents 

44 of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), alleging violations of the First, Fifth, and 

45 Fourteenth Amendments and the New York Fair Campaign Code. He alleges that the defendants 

46 engaged in a “digital gerrymandering” campaign to “dilute” anti-Trump votes by knowingly 

47 spreading Russian-backed disinformation in Democratic strongholds and swing states during the 

48 2016 presidential election.

49 The district court dismissed the suit for lack of standing, ruling that Tafuto’s injury was 

50 too generalized and that he had not established causation between the Trump campaign’s alleged 

51 actions and the election result. The district court then denied Tafuto’s Federal Rule of Civil

52 Procedure 59(e) motion for reconsideration. This appeal followed. 

53 We review the district court’s dismissal of a complaint for lack of standing de novo. 

54 Cortlandt St. Recovery Corp. v. Hellas Telecomms. S.À.R.L., 790 F.3d 411, 417 (2d Cir. 2015). At 

55 the pleading stage, we “accept as true all material allegations of the complaint, and construe the 
3

complaint in favor of the complaining party.” Pennell v. City of San Jose, 485 U.S. 1, 7 (1988).

1 1

We review the denial of a Rule 59(e) motion for abuse of discretion. 2 2 Munafo v. Metro. Transp. 

3 Auth., 381 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir. 2004).

4 To establish standing, a plaintiff must demonstrate, first, an injury in fact—“an invasion of 

5 a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, 

6 not conjectural or hypothetical”; second, “a causal connection between the injury and the conduct 

7 [he] complain[s] of”; and third, that it is “likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury 

8 will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61

9 (1992). 

10 After careful review of the briefs and record on appeal, we find that the district court 

11 properly held that Tafuto does not assert an injury in fact that is concrete and particularized. “For 

12 an injury to be particularized, it must affect the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.” Spokeo, 

13 Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1548 (2016). In contrast, “when the asserted harm is a generalized 

14 grievance shared in substantially equal measure by all or a large class of citizens, that harm alone 

15 normally does not warrant exercise of jurisdiction.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975); 

1 Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alterations, emphases, 

footnotes, and citations are omitted.

2 Tafuto’s notice of appeal refers only to the denial of his Rule 59(e) motion. However, we construe 

pro se notices of appeal “liberally, taking the parties’ intentions into account.” Shrader v. CSX 

Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 256 (2d Cir. 1995). Because Tafuto’s brief on appeal addresses both 

the dismissal order and the denial of the Rule 59(e) motion, and because his notice of appeal is 

timely as to both, see Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(iv); Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e), we evaluate each of these 

decisions.
4

1 see also Crist v. Comm’n on Presidential Debates, 262 F.3d 193, 195 (2d Cir. 2001) (“[A] voter 

2 fails to present an injury-in-fact when the alleged harm is abstract and widely shared . . . .”). Here, 

3 Tafuto asserts that defendants’ digital gerrymandering campaign diluted anti-Trump votes and 

4 resulted in his vote “not carry[ing] equal weight to that of other citizens voting in the same 

5 election.” But these allegations assert an injury that was generalized and widely shared by millions 

6 of voters. The district court therefore did not err in determining that Tafuto did not suffer a 

7 cognizable injury-in-fact.

8 Tafuto further argues that Gill v. Whitford, 138 S. Ct. 1916 (2018), supports his argument 

9 that he properly alleged standing. But Gill is inapposite. Gill held that partisan gerrymandering 

10 can constitute a cognizable injury for standing purposes when the plaintiff lives in a gerrymandered 

11 legislative district, but the Court specifically declined to extend its holding beyond the legislative 

12 district level, reasoning that the dilution of plaintiffs’ votes was “district specific” and that “[a] 

13 plaintiff who complains of gerrymandering, but who does not live in a gerrymandered district, 

14 asserts only a generalized grievance against governmental conduct of which he or she does not 

15 approve.” Id. at 1930. Gill, therefore, does not support Tafuto’s assertion of a concrete and 

16 particularized injury.

17 As to causation, we also hold that the district court properly concluded that Tafuto does 

18 not allege an injury that is fairly traceable to the defendants’ challenged conduct. Lujan, 504 U.S. 

19 at 560. Tafuto asserts that Trump’s 2016 campaign insiders have effectively admitted in media 

20 interviews that the strategies that Tafuto here challenges resulted in Trump’s victory. But the 

21 district court correctly cited Davis v. Garcia, No. 07-cv-9897 (CLB), 2008 WL 2229811 (S.D.N.Y. 
5

1 May 27, 2008), to find that Tafuto does not allege sufficient non-conclusory facts to establish 

2 causation. In Davis, an African American incumbent candidate who had lost reelection claimed 

3 that the defendants, county and federal officials and agencies, diluted the votes of minority voters 

4 by conducting a “widely publicized, racially motivated” raid of two city administrative offices 

5 shortly before the election. Id. at *3. The court rejected the voter dilution argument, reasoning that 

6 “[t]he endless number of diverse factors potentially contributing to the outcome of elections 

7 forecloses any reliable conclusion that voter support of a candidate is fairly traceable to any 

8 particular event,” and that it “would have to accept a number of very speculative inferences and 

9 assumptions” to find causation between the defendants’ conduct and the plaintiff’s election loss. 

10 Id. at *5. Here, the district court properly relied on Davis for the truism that numerous factors can 

11 influence election outcomes—factors that undercut Tafuto’s causation argument.

12 We further hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Tafuto’s Rule 

13 59(e) motion. For substantially the same reasons as above, Tafuto cannot demonstrate that the 

14 district court overlooked controlling decisions or facts. We have also reviewed the remainder of 

15 Tafuto’s arguments and find them to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM

16 the judgment of the district court.

17

18 FOR THE COURT: 

19 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court