8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-1

10.6.3 Medium Density Fiberboard Manufacturing

10.6.3.1 General1-2,7 -

The Composite Panel Association defines medium density fiberboard (MDF) as a dry-formed

panel product manufactured from lignocellulosic fibers combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable

binder. The panels are compressed to a density of from 496 to 801 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) (31

to 50 pounds per cubic foot [lb/ft3]) in a hot press. The entire interfiber bond is formed by a synthetic

resin or other suitable organic binder.

In contrast to particleboard, MDF has more uniform density throughout the board and has

smooth, tight edges that can be machined. It can be finished to a smooth surface and grain printed,

eliminating the need for veneers and laminates. Most of the thicker MDF panels (1.27 to

1.91 centimeters [cm]) (1/2 to 3/4 inch [in.]) are used as core material in furniture panels. Medium

density fiberboard panels thinner than 1.27 cm (1/2 in.) typically are used for siding.

10.6.3.2 Process Description2-7

The general steps used to produce MDF include mechanical pulping of wood chips to fibers

(refining), drying, blending fibers with resin and sometimes wax, forming the resinated material into a

mat, and hot pressing. Figure 10.6.3-1 presents a process flow diagram for a typical MDF plant.

The furnish for MDF normally consists of wood chips. Wood chips typically are delivered by

truck or rail from offsite locations such as sawmills, plywood plants, furniture manufacturing facilities,

satellite chip mills, and whole tree chipping operations. If wood chips are prepared onsite, logs are

debarked, cut to more manageable lengths, and then sent to chippers. If necessary, the chips are washed

to remove dirt and other debris.

Clean chips are softened in a steam-pressurized digester, then transported into a pressurized

refiner chamber. In the refiner chamber, single or double revolving disks are used to mechanically pulp

the softened chips into fibers suitable for making the board.

From the refiners, the fibers move to the drying and blending area. A rotary predryer may be

used for initial drying of relatively wet furnish. Regardless of whether or not a predryer is used, tube

dryers typically are used to reduce the moisture content of the fibers to desired levels. Single-stage or

multiple-stage tube drying systems are commonly used in MDF manufacture. Most of the multiple-stage

tube drying systems incorporate two stages. In multiple-stage tube dryers, there is a primary tube dryer

and a second stage tube dryer in series separated by an emission point such as a cyclonic collector. Heat

is usually provided to tube dryers by the direct firing of propane, natural gas, or distillate oil or by

indirect heating. 

The sequence of the drying and blending operations depends on the method by which resins and

other additives are blended with the fibers. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins are the most common resins

used in the manufacture of MDF. Phenolic resins, melamine resins, and isocyanates are also used. Some

plants inject resins into a short-retention blender, while most facilities inject resin formulations into a

blowline system. If resin is added in a separate blender, the fibers are first dried and separated from the

gas stream by a fiber recovery cyclone, then conveyed to the blender. The fibers then are blended with

resin, wax, and any other additives and conveyed to a dry fiber storage bin.

If a blowline system is used, the fibers are first blended with resin, wax, and other additives in a

blowline, which is a duct that discharges the resinated fibers to the dryer. After drying, the fibers are

separated from the gas stream by a fiber recovery cyclone and then conveyed to a dry fiber storage bin.
10.6.3-2 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

PRESSURIZED

DIGESTER

CHIP

WASHING

(OPTIONAL)

DRY FIBER

STORAGE

PRIMARY

TUBE

DRYER

(SCC 3-07-009-

21 to -40)

RESIN, WAX,

ADDITIVES

BLOW LINE

OR

FIBER

RECOVERY

CYCLONE

RESIN, WAX,

ADDITIVES

FORMING

(SCC 3-07-009-81, -82) PREPRESSING MAT

TRIMMING

WOOD RECYCLE

HOT PRESSING

(SCC 3-07-009-50, -60)

PACKAGING/

SHIPPING

PAINTING/

LAMINATING

(OPTIONAL)

TRIMMING,

SANDING,

SAWING

(SCC 3-07-009-83, -84)

BOARD

COOLING

WOOD RECYCLE

PRESSURIZED

REFINER

BLENDER

(SCC 3-07-009-

80)

OFF-SITE CHIP PREPARATION

ON-SITE CHIP PREPARATION

Log storage (SCC 3-07-008-95)

Debarking (SCC 3-07-008-01)

Cutting (SCC 3-07-008-02)

Chipping (SCC 3-07-014-82)

Chip storage (SCC 3-07-008-21)

SECOND STAGE TUBE

DRYER (OPTIONAL)

(SCC-3-07-009-37)

SECOND STAGE TUBE

DRYER (OPTIONAL)

(SCC-3-07-009-37)

CYCLONIC

SEPARATOR

FIBER

RECOVERY

CYCLONE

CYCLONIC

SEPARATOR

PRIMARY

TUBE

DRYER

(SCC 3-07-009-

21 to -40)

ROTARY

PREDRYER

(OPTIONAL)

(SCC 3-07-009-40)

Figure 10.6.3-3. Typical process flow diagram for a medium density fiberboard (MDF) plant.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-3

Air conveys the resinated fibers from the dry storage bin to the forming machine, where they are

deposited on a continuously moving screen system. The continuously formed mat must be prepressed

before being loaded into the hot press. After prepressing, some pretrimming is done. The trimmed

material is collected and recycled to the forming machine.

The prepressed and trimmed mats then are transferred to the hot press. The press applies heat

and pressure to activate the resin and bond the fibers into a solid panel. The mat may be pressed in a

continuous hot press, or the precompressed mat may be cut by a flying cutoff saw into individual mats

that are then loaded into a multi-opening, batch-type hot press. Steam or hot oil heating of the press

platens is common in domestic MDF plants. After pressing, the boards are cooled, sanded, trimmed, and

sawed to final dimensions. The boards may also be painted or laminated. Finally, the finished product is

packaged for shipment.

10.6.3.3 Emissions And Controls2-18 -

The primary emission sources at MDF mills are fiber dryers and press vents. Other emission

sources may include boilers, chip production operations, and finishing operations such as sanding,

trimming, and laminate application. Wood storage piles are sources of fugitive PM and VOC emissions.

Most MDF mills have chips delivered from offsite locations. However, in mills where chips are

generated onsite, operations such as log debarking, sawing, chipping, and grinding, in addition to panel

trimming, sanding, and sawing generate particulate matter (PM) and PM less than 10 micrometers

(PM-10) emissions in the form of sawdust and wood particles. In addition, these processes may be

sources of PM less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (PM-2.5) emissions.

The exhaust from dryers first is ducted to a fiber recovery cyclone before being emitted. 

Emissions can include wood dust and other solid PM, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and

condensible PM. If direct-fired units are used, products of combustion such as carbon monoxide (CO),

carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), are also emitted. The condensible PM and a portion of

the VOCs leave the dryer stack as vapor but condense at normal atmospheric temperatures to form liquid

particles or mist that creates a visible blue haze. Both the VOCs and condensible PM are primarily

compounds evaporated from the wood, with a minor constituent being combustion products. Quantities

emitted are dependent on wood species, dryer temperature, fuel used, and other factors including. season

of the year, time between logging and processing, and chip storage time.

Emissions from board hot presses are dependent on the type and amount of resin used to bind the

wood fibers together, as well as wood species, wood moisture content, wax and catalyst application rates,

and press conditions. When the press opens, vapors that may include resin ingredients, such as

formaldehyde and other VOCs, are released. The rate at which formaldehyde is emitted during pressing

and board cooling operations is a function of the amount of excess formaldehyde in the resin, board

thickness, press temperature, press cycle time, and catalyst application rates.

Emissions from finishing operations for MDF are dependent on the type of products being

finished. For most MDF products, finishing involves trimming to size, sanding, and in some cases

application of laminates. Other products may require sanding or the application of laminate surfaces

with spray adhesives. Trimming and sanding operations are sources of PM and PM-10 emissions. In

addition, these processes may be sources of PM-2.5 emissions. Limited data are available for MDF

sanding and sawing operations. Emission factors for plywood sanding and sawing operations may

provide an order of magnitude estimate for similar MDF sanding and sawing operations. Emissions from

adhesives used in the application of laminate surfaces are likely to include VOCs.
10.6.3-4 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

In MDF mills where wood chips are generated onsite, PM, PM-10, and PM-2.5 emissions from

log debarking, sawing, and grinding operations can be controlled through capture in an exhaust system

connected to a sized cyclone and/or fabric filter collection system. Emissions of PM, PM-10, and

PM-2.5 from sanding and final trimming operations can be controlled using similar methods. These

wood dust capture and collection systems are used not only to control atmospheric emissions, but also to

recover the dust as a by-product fuel for a boiler or dryer.

Methods of controlling PM emissions from MDF sources include absorption systems (wet

scrubbers), fabric filters, wet electrostatic precipitators (WESPs), and oxidation systems (discussed

below). The WESP uses electrostatic forces to attract pollutants to either a charged metal plate or a

charged metal tube. The collecting surfaces are continually rinsed with water to wash away the

pollutants. Wet PM control systems may achieve short-term reductions in emissions of some watersoluble organic compounds (such as formaldehyde). However, the ability of these wet systems to absorb

water-soluble compounds diminishes as the recirculating scrubbing liquid becomes saturated with these

compounds.

A VOC control technology commonly used in the wood products industry for controlling both

dryer and press exhaust gases is regenerative thermal oxidation. Thermal oxidizers destroy VOCs and

condensible organics by burning them at high temperatures. Thermal oxidizers also reduce CO emissions

in direct-fired dryer exhausts by oxidizing the CO in the exhaust to CO2 (a product of complete

combustion). Regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) are designed to preheat the inlet emission stream

with heat recovered from the incineration exhaust gases. Up to 98 percent heat recovery is possible,

although 95 percent is typically specified. Gases entering an RTO are heated by passing through preheated beds packed with a ceramic media. A gas burner brings the preheated emissions up to an

incineration temperature between 788° and 871°C (1450° and 1600°F) in a combustion chamber with

sufficient gas residence time to complete the combustion. Combustion gases then pass through a cooled

ceramic bed where heat is extracted. By reversing the flow through the beds, the heat transferred from

the combustion exhaust air preheats the gases to be treated, thereby reducing auxiliary fuel requirements.

Regenerative catalytic oxidizers (RCOs) are also used to control VOCs from wood products

dryers and presses. Regenerative catalytic oxidizers function similar to RTOs, except that the heat

recovery beds in RCOs contain catalytic media. The catalyst accelerates the rate of VOC oxidation and

allows for VOC destruction at lower temperatures than in an RTO, typically 316° to 538°C (600° to

1000°F), which reduces auxiliary fuel usage. 

Thermal catalytic oxidizers (TCOs), which are a combination of an RTO and RCO, are also used

in the wood products industry. The TCO operates at a temperature of around 480°C (900°F) and

contains catalytic media. However, the heat recovery canisters and fans on the TCO are sized large

enough so that the TCO can be operated like an RTO (with non-catalytic ceramic media) if catalyst

replacement costs become overly expensive.

In addition to add-on thermal or catalytic oxidizers, exhaust gases from dryers and presses may

be routed to the combustion chamber of an onsite boiler or process heater. The VOC and CO emissions

in the process exhaust may be incinerated in the combustion chamber provided that the system is

designed to allow for sufficient mixing and residence time.

Fugitive PM emissions from road dust and uncovered bark and dust storage piles may be

controlled in a number of different ways. Some of these methods include enclosure, wet suppression

systems, and chemical stabilization.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-5

Calculating PM-10 emissions from wood products industry emission sources is problematic due

to the relationship between PM-10 (or PM) emissions and VOC emissions from these processes. 

Because the Method 201A train (PM-10) operates with an in-stack cyclone and filter, organic materials

that are volatile at stack gas temperatures but that are condensed at back half impinger temperatures

(-20°C [-68°F]) are collected as condensible PM-10. However, these materials will also be measured as

VOC via Methods 25 and 25A, which operate with a heated or an in-stack filter. Hence, if PM-10 is

calculated as the sum of filterable and condensible material, some pollutants will be measured as both

PM-10 and VOC emissions. However, if only filterable material is considered to be PM-10, the PM-10

emission factors will be highly dependent on stack gas temperature. In this AP-42 section, PM-10 is

reported as front half catch only (Method 201A results only; not including Method 202 results). 

However, condensible PM results are also reported, and these results can be combined with the PM-10

results as appropriate for a specific application. Measured VOC emissions may be affected by the

sampling method and by the quantity of formaldehyde and other aldehydes and ketones in the exhaust;

formaldehyde is not quantified using Method 25A. Other low molecular weight oxygenated compounds

have reduced responses to Method 25A. Therefore, when VOC emissions are measured using

Method 25A, the emission rates will be biased low if low molecular weight oxygenated compounds are

present in significant concentrations in the exhaust stream. A more extensive discussion of these

sampling and analysis issues is provided in the Background Report for this section.

Guidance from EPA’s Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) indicates that when it is

possible, VOC emission factors should be reported in terms of the actual weight of the emitted

compound. However, when an actual molecular weight (MW) of the emitted stream is not feasible (as is

the case with the mixed streams emitted from wood products industry sources), the VOC should be

reported using an assumed MW of 44, and reported “as propane.” Each VOC-as-propane emission factor

is estimated by first converting the THC from a carbon basis to a propane basis. Propane (MW = 44)

includes 3 carbon atoms (total MW of 36) and 8 hydrogen atoms (total MW of 8). Every 36 pounds of

carbon measured corresponds to 44 pounds of propane. The ratio of the MW of propane to the MW of

carbon in propane is 44/36, or 1.22. The conversion is expressed by the following equation:

THC as pounds carbon × 44 pounds propane

36 pounds carbon = THC as pounds propane

or

THC as pounds carbon × 1.22 = THC as pounds propane

After the THC emission factor has been converted from a carbon to a propane basis, the

formaldehyde emission factor is added (where available), then the available emission factors for

non-VOC compounds, including acetone, methane, and methylene chloride, are subtracted. This

procedure is expressed simply by the following equation:

VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC as carbon) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride)

In cases where no emission factor is available (or the emission factor is reported only as below the test

method detection limit, or “BDL”) for one or more of the compounds used to estimate the

VOC-as-propane value, adjustments to the converted THC value are made only for those compounds for

which emission factors are available. That is, a value of zero is inserted in the above equation for the

specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or where the emission factor is reported only

as BDL. For example, if no methane emission factor is available, the THC-as-carbon emission factor is

converted to THC-as-propane, formaldehyde is added, and only acetone and methylene chloride are

subtracted.
10.6.3-6 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Table 10.6.3-1 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of PM, including filterable PM,

filterable PM-10, and condensible PM. Table 10.6.3-2 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of

NOx, CO, and CO2. Table 10.6.3-3 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of organic pollutants. 

The emission factors for dryer emissions are presented in units of pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton

of wood material out of the dryer (lb/ODT). Table 10.6.3-4 presents emission factors for press and board

cooler emissions of PM, including filterable PM, filterable PM-10, and condensible PM. Table 10.6.3-5

presents emission factors for press emissions of NOx and CO. Table 10.6.3-6 presents emission factors

for press and board cooler emissions of organic pollutants. The units for the press and board cooler

emission factors are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel produced

(lb/MSF 3/4). Table 10.6.3-7 presents emission factors for miscellaneous source emissions of organic

pollutants.

To the extent possible, separate emission factors for MDF dryers are presented in Tables 10.6.3-1

to -3 for hardwoods and softwoods. Hardwoods generally correspond to deciduous species. For MDF,

plywood, and other composite wood products, commonly used hardwoods include aspen, oak, poplar,

maple, cherry, alder, hickory, gum, beech, birch, larch, and basswood. The emission factors for

hardwood MDF dryers presented in this section are based largely on the drying of gum, alder, and

hickory furnish. Softwoods generally correspond to coniferous species. For MDF, plywood, and other

composite wood products, commonly used softwoods include pines, firs, and spruce. Pines and firs are

the most commonly used softwood species for MDF manufacturing.

Emission factors for specific mixes of wood species may be calculated by combining emission

factors for individual wood species in the ratio specific to a given application, as emission data for those

species become available. For example, an uncontrolled THC as carbon emission factor for an indirectheated tube dryer, blowline blending UF resin and processing 60 percent softwood and 40 percent

hardwood may be calculated using the THC as carbon emission factors for softwood (4.4 lb/ODT) and

hardwood (3.7 lb/ODT), and the ratio of 60 percent to 40 percent. The resultant emission factor, rounded

to two significant figures, would be 4.1 lb/ODT.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-7

Table 10.6.3-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF DRYERS--PARTICULATE MATTERa

Sourcec

Emission

Control

Deviced

Filterableb

Condensiblee

EMISSION

FACTOR

PM RATING

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Tube dryer, indirectheated, blowline

blend, UF resin,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-32)

Uncontrolled

BH

BH/WESP

ND

ND

ND

0.60f

0.011h

0.013f

D

D

D

0.53g

0.14h

0.13f

D

D

D

Tube dryer, direct

wood-fired,

blowline blend, UF

resin, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-23)

Uncontrolled 10.4jD 1.6jD 0.59jD

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. See Table 10.6.3-8 for

the hardwood and softwood species commonly used in the production of MDF and other composite

wood products. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data

spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s

Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Filterable PM is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent)

sampling train. Filterable PM-10 is that PM collected on the filter, or in the sample line between the

cyclone and filter of an EPA Method 201 or 201A sampling train.

c UF = urea formaldehyde.

d

Emission control device: BH = baghouse (fabric filter); WESP = wet electrostatic precipitator.

e Condensible PM is that PM collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train (EPA Method

202).

f Reference 8.

g References 8 and 9.

h Reference 9.

j Reference 10.
10.6.3-8 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Table 10.6.3-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF DRYERS--NOx, CO, AND CO2

a

Sourceb

Emission 

Control

Device NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Tube dryer,

indirect-heated,

non-blowline blend,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-33)

Uncontrolled ND 0.11cD ND

Tube dryer,

indirect-heated,

blowline blend, UF

resin, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-32)

Uncontrolled

Thermal oxidizer

ND

0.38dE

0.068c

1.6d

D

E

ND

ND

Tube dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

non-blowline blend,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-009-27)

Uncontrolled ND 0.20cD ND

Tube dryer, direct

wood-fired,

blowline blend, UF

resin, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-23)

Uncontrolled ND 4.0eD ND

Rotary predryer,

direct natural gasfired, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-40)

Uncontrolled ND 0.24cD ND

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. See Table 10.6.3-8 for

the hardwood and softwood species commonly used in the production of MDF and other composite

wood products. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data

spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s

Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde

c Reference 11.

d Reference 12.

e Reference 10.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-9

Table 10.6.3-3. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF DRYERS--ORGANICSa

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device CASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Tube dryer, indirectheated, non-blowline

blend, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-33)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond1.7 D

VOC as propanee2.1 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.055 D

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.085 D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.74 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.3-3 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device CASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.3-10 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Tube dryer, indirectheated, blowline

blend, UF resin,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-32)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond4.4 D

VOC as propanee5.6 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.020fD

67-64-1 Acetone 0.025 D

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 2.1 D

Benzene * BDL

127-91-3 Beta-pinene 0.43 D

Bromomethane * BDL

79-92-5 Camphene 0.12 D

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.22gC

Limonene 0.11 D

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.87 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

108-10-1 Methyl isobutyl ketone * 0.0049 D

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.023 D

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

Tube dryer, indirectheated, blowline

blend, UF resin,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-32)

Thermal

oxidizer

75-07-0

50-00-0

Acetaldehyde *

Formaldehyde *

0.0051h

0.15h

E

E

Tube dryer, indirectheated, blowline

blend, UF resin,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-009-36)

Uncontrolled

75-07-0

50-00-0

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

Acetaldehyde *

Formaldehyde *

3.7j

4.8

0.013j

0.26j

D

E

D

D
Table 10.6.3-3 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device CASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-11

Tube dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

non-blowline blend,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-009-27)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond1.0 D

VOC as propanee1.2 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.016 D

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0085 D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.96 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

Tube dryer, direct

wood-fired, blowline

blend, UF resin,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-23)

Uncontrolled

50-00-0

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

Formaldehyde *

4.8j

6.7

0.86j

D

E

D
Table 10.6.3-3 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device CASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.3-12 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Tube dryer, second

stage, blowline

blend, indirectheated, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-37)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond0.13 D

VOC as propanee0.18 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

75-07-0 Acetaldehyde * 0.0035 D

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0034 D

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 0.055 D

71-43-2 Benzene * 0.00073 D

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.021 D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.015 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

108-88-3 Toluene * 0.00083 D
Table 10.6.3-3 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device CASRNcPollutant

Emission

factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-13

Rotary predryer,

direct natural gasfired, softwood

(SCC 3-07-009-40)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond0.79 D

VOC as propanee0.95 E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.019 D

Acrolein * BDL

80-56-8 Alpha-pinene 0.28 D

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0076 D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.025 D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test

method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this

source. Reference 11 unless otherwise noted. See Table 10.6.3-8 for the hardwood and softwood

species commonly used in the production of MDF and other composite wood products. Note: 

emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be

more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network

(TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.

c CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

d

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

e VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.
Table 10.6.3-3 (cont.).

10.6.3-14 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

f References 11 and 12.

g References 11, 12, and 13.

h Reference 12.

j Reference 10.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-15

Table 10.6.3-4. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF HOT PRESSES AND BOARD COOLERS--

PARTICULATE MATTERa

Sourcec

Emission

Control

Deviced

Filterableb

Condensiblee

EMISSION

FACTOR

PM RATING

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, UF resin

(SCC 3-07-009-60)

Uncontrolled

RTO

0.18f

0.040h

D

E

0.15g

 ND

D 0.20f

0.016h

D

E

Board cooler, UF resin

(SCC 3-07-009-71)

Uncontrolled 0.054gD 0.0038gE ND

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. Note: emission factors

in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for

specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Filterable PM is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent)

sampling train. Filterable PM-10 is that PM collected on the filter, or in the sample line between the

cyclone and filter of an EPA Method 201 or 201A sampling train.

c UF = urea formaldehyde.

d

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

e Condensible PM is that PM collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train (EPA Method

202).

f References 10 and 14.

g Reference 10.

h Reference 14.

Table 10.6.3-5. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF HOT PRESSES--NOx, CO, AND CO2

a

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecNOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, UF resin

(SCC 3-07-009-60)

Uncontrolled

RTO

0.030d

0.51e

E

E

0.034d

0.085e

E

E

ND

ND

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. Note: emission factors

in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for

specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.

c

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

d Reference 10.

e Reference 14.
10.6.3-16 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Table 10.6.3-6. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF HOT PRESSES AND BOARD COOLERS--

ORGANICSa

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, UF resin

(SCC 3-07-009-60)

Uncontrolled

5779-94-2

75-07-0

67-64-1

107-02-8

100-52-7

123-72-8

4170-30-3

50-00-0

66-25-1

590-86-3

67-56-1

78-93-3

108-10-1

529-20-4

104-87-0

108-95-2

123-38-6

110-62-3

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

2,5-Dimethyl benzaldehyde

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Crotonaldehyde

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Tolualdehyde

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

p-Tolualdehyde

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

0.29g

0.80

BDL

BDL

0.0025h

BDL

0.014j

0.029k

0.0012h

BDL

0.00055h

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0024h

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0011h

BDL

0.48m

0.0029h

0.0014h

BDL

0.56n

0.00059h

0.016k

BDL

BDL

0.00070h

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0010h

0.027k

0.00054h

BDL

BDL

0.0024h

D

E

E

D

D

E

E

E

E

C

E

E

D

E

D

E

E

D

E

E

Hot press, UF resin

(SCC 3-07-009-60)

RTO

50-00-0

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

Formaldehyde *

0.019p

0.032

0.0091p

E

E

E
Table 10.6.3-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-17

Board cooler, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-009-71)

Uncontrolled

5779-94-2

75-07-0

67-64-1

107-02-8

100-52-7

123-72-8

4170-30-3

50-00-0

66-25-1

590-86-3

67-56-1

78-93-3

529-20-4

104-87-0

110-62-3

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

2,5-Dimethyl benzaldehyde

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Camphene

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Crotonaldehyde

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Tolualdehyde

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

p-Tolualdehyde

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Stryene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

0.077j

0.13

BDL

BDL

0.00019h

BDL

0.0010h

0.0092k

0.00022h

BDL

0.000099h

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0014h

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00026h

BDL

0.042q

0.00065h

0.00025h

BDL

0.025k

0.00011h

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.000065h

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00017h

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00048h

D

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

D

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test

method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this

source. Reference 10 unless otherwise noted. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of

data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are
Table 10.6.3-6 (cont.).

10.6.3-18 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.

c

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

d CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

e

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

f VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

g References 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, and 17.

h Based on M0011 data only; suspected to be biased low due to poor collection efficiency or analytical

problems.

j References 10 and 11.

k Reference 11.

m References 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.

n References 11 and 17.

p Reference 14.

q References 10, 11, and 18.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-19

Table 10.6.3-7. EMISSION FACTORS FOR MDF MISCELLANEOUS SOURCESa

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Units

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Log storage

(SCC 3-07-008-95)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Log debarking

(SCC 3-07-008-01)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Log chipper,

hardwoode

(SCC 3-07-014-82)

Uncontrolled PM ND

THC as carbonf0.0041 lb/ODT E

VOC as propaneg0.0050 lb/ODT E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

Acetone BDL

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

Formaldehyde * BDL

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.0010 lb/ODT E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

Chip storage

(SCC 3-07-008-21)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND
Table 10.6.3-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Units

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.3-20 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Blender, UF resin

(SCC 3-07-009-80)

Uncontrolled 1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

Acetone BDL

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.010 lb/ODT E

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.48 lb/ODT E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.3-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Units

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-21

Former without

blowline blending,

UF resin (includes

blender emissions)

(SCC 3-07-009-81)

Uncontrolled 1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.053 lb/ODT E

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.060 lb/ODT E

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.41 lb/ODT E

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.3-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Units

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.3-22 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Former with

blowline blend, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-009-82)

Uncontrolled THC as carbonf0.056 lb/ODT E

VOC as propaneg0.067 lb/ODT E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0064 lb/ODT D

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0051 lb/ODT D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.017 lb/ODT D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Phenol * BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.3-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Units

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-23

Sanderh

(SCC 3-07-009-83)

Uncontrolled THC as carbonf0.0074 lb/MSF E

VOC as propaneg0.0066 lb/MSF E

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene* BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

67-64-1 Acetone 0.0051 lb/MSF D

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

50-00-0 Formaldehyde * 0.0027 lb/MSF D

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.0043 lb/MSF D

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

108-95-2 Phenol * 0.0069 lb/MSF D

Propionaldehyde * BDL

100-42-5 Styrene * 0.0014 lb/MSF D

Toluene * BDL
Table 10.6.3-7 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Units

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.3-24 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Saw and hoggerj

(SCC 3-07-009-84)

Uncontrolled THC as carbonf0.11 lb/MSFkE

VOC as propaneg0.13 lb/MSFkE

1,2-Dichloroethane * BDL

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene BDL

3-Carene BDL

Acetaldehyde * BDL

Acetone BDL

Acrolein * BDL

Alpha-pinene BDL

Benzene * BDL

Beta-pinene BDL

Bromomethane * BDL

Camphene BDL

Chloroethane * BDL

Chloroethene * BDL

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene BDL

Cumene * BDL

Formaldehyde * BDL

Limonene BDL

67-56-1 Methanol * 0.38 lb/MSFkE

Methyl ethyl ketone * BDL

Methyl isobutyl ketone * BDL

Methylene chloride * BDL

m,p-Xylene * BDL

o-Xylene * BDL

p-Cymene BDL

p-Mentha-1,5-diene BDL

Propionaldehyde * BDL

Styrene * BDL

Toluene * BDL

a Emission factor units: Pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material (lb/ODT). One

lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of panel (lb/MSF). 

One lb/MSF = 0.0049 kg/m2. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise noted. ND =

No data available. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test

method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this

source. Reference 11. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data

spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s TTN

website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.

c

Emission control devices (baghouses) are considered no control for organic pollutants.

d CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

e Reference 20; based on data for hardboard log chipping operation (See Section 10.6.4).

f

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.
Table 10.6.3-7 (cont.).

8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-25

g VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

h

Emission factors for MDF sanders in units of pounds per thousand square feet of panel produced

(surface area of one side, even though both sides sanded).

j Board trim saw and hogger for processing wood residue for recycle. Hoggers reduce the size of wood

residue by slicing or chopping.

k References 11 and 19; emission factors for MDF saw in units of pounds per thousand square feet of

reclaimed (trimmed) material; approximate MSF reclaimed (trimmed) = MSF from press × 3%.
10.6.3-26 EMISSION FACTORS 8/2002

Table 10.6.3-8. WOOD SPECIES COMMONLY USED IN 

COMPOSITE WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING a

Wood product AP-42 section Hardwood species Softwood species

Plywood 10.5 Oak, cherry, poplar, maple, larch Firs, pines

Oriented strandboard 10.6-1 Aspen Pines, firs, spruce

Particleboard 10.6-2 Aspen, oak Pines, firs

Medium density fiberboard 10.6-3 Gum, alder, hickory Pines, firs

Hardboard/fiberboard 10.6-4 Aspen, birch, beech, oak, maple Pines

Engineered wood products 10.9 Aspen, birch, poplar Pines, firs,

hemlock

a Reference 7.

References For Section 10.6.3

1. T. M. Maloney, Modern Particleboard And Dry-Process Fiberboard Manufacturing, Miller

Freeman Publications, Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1977.

2. J. G. Haygreen and J. L. Bowyer, Forest Products And Wood Science: An Introduction, Second

Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1989.

3. O. Suchsland and G. E. Woodson, Fiberboard Manufacturing Practices In The United States,

Agriculture Handbook No. 640, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1986.

4. C. C. Vaught, Evaluation Of Emission Control Devices At Waferboard Plants,

EPA-450/3-90-002, Control Technology Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1990.

5. Written communication and attachments from T. A. Crabtree, Smith Engineering Company,

Broomall, PA, to P. E. Lassiter, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC, July 26, 1996.

6. Technical Memorandum, Minutes of the October 12-13, 1993 BACT Technologies Workshop,

Raleigh, NC, sponsored by the American Forest and Paper Association, K. D. Bullock, Midwest

Research Institute, Cary, NC, October 1993.

7. Emission Factor Documentation For AP-42 Chapter 10, Wood Products Industry, prepared for

the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS/EFIG, by Midwest Research Institute, Cary,

NC, July 2003.

8. Report For PM-10 Emission Measurements From The Wood Fiber Dryers, SierraPine, Ltd.,

Rocklin, California, Test Dates April 10-13, 1995, prepared for SierraPine, Ltd., by Carnot, April

1995.
8/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.3-27

9. Report For 1996 PM-10 Emission Measurements For Emission Reduction Credits, SierraPine,

Ltd., Rocklin, California, Test Dates November 19-26, 1996, prepared for SierraPine, Ltd., by

Carnot, April 1997.

10. Particleboard And Medium Density Fiberboard Air Emission Databases, Technical Bulletin

No. 693, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., New

York, NY, April 1995.

11. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Wood Products Manufacturing Facilities, Part III -

Medium Density Fiberboard, Technical Bulletin No. 770, National Council of the Paper Industry

for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.

12. Report Of Air Emissions And Inlet Loading Tests For Willamette Industries–Malverne MDF

Facility Line II Dryers Thermal Oxidizer, Malverne, Arkansas, Test Dates March 5-6, 1998,

prepared for Willamette Industries, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, April 3, 1998. 

13. Report For 1995 VOC Emission Compliance Tests At The Wood Fiber Dryers And Press Vents,

SierraPine, Ltd., Rocklin, California, Test Dates April 10-13, 1995 And May 17-19, 1995,

prepared for SierraPine, Ltd., by Carnot, May 1995.

14. Report Of Air Emissions And Inlet Loading Tests For Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Urania

MDF Plant, Urania, Louisiana, January 18 through 21, 1994, prepared by Environmental

Monitoring Laboratories, Ridgeland, Mississippi, February 1994.

15. Report Of VOC And Formaldehyde Emissions Test For Willamette Industries–Malverne MDF

Facility Line I Press Vent Baghouse, Malverne, Arkansas, Test Date July 24, 1998, prepared for

Willamette Industries, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, August 14, 1998.

16. Report Of VOC And Formaldehyde Emissions Test For Willamette Industries–Malverne MDF

Facility Line II Press Vent Baghouse, Malverne, Arkansas, Test Date September 10, 1998,

prepared for Willamette Industries, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, September 29,

1998.

17. Emissions Test Report, Willamette Industries MDF, Eugene, Oregon, Press Vents, Test Dates

November 13-14, 1996, prepared for Willamette Industries, by BWR Associates, Inc., Project

No. 96-165X, 1996.

18. Source Emission Test Report, Dryer And Press Exhausts Allegheny MDF Limited Partnership,

Mt. Jewett, Pennsylvania, Test Dates October 22-24 and December 17, 1997, prepared for

Allegheny MDF Limited Partnership, by Galson Measurements, Galson Project No. 975540,

December 3, 1997.

19. Written communication from David Word, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and

Stream Improvement, Inc., to Dallas Safriet, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC, August 14, 2001.

20. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Wood Products Manufacturing Facilities, Part VI -

Hardboard/Fiberboard, Technical Bulletin No. 773, National Council of the Paper Industry for

Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.