FOURTH DIVISION

DOYLE, P. J.,

COOMER and MARKLE, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 14, 2019

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A19A0454. RUTLEDGE v. THE STATE.

COOMER, Judge.

Gregory Rutledge, Jr. was indicted on one count of aggravated stalking after

he was accused of sending harassing text messages to his ex-wife in violation of a

temporary restraining order. Following a jury trial at which he elected to represent

himself, Rutledge was convicted and sentenced the same day. Rutledge filed a motion

for new trial, as amended, alleging the trial court erred in allowing him to proceed pro

se withoutfirst establishing that he made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntarywaiver

of his right to counsel. After conducting a hearing on the motion, the trial court

denied Rutledge’s request for a new trial.

1 On appeal, Rutledge again argues that he

1 Rutledge also filed a motion to modify hissentence which was argued during

the hearing for his motion for new trial and later denied by the trial court. However,

Rutledge did not appeal the trial court’s denial of that motion.
is entitled to a new trial because the trial court failed to make a finding in the record

that Rutledge’s waiver of his right to counsel was knowingly and voluntarily made.

Because the totality of the record demonstrates that Rutledge’s decision to waive his

right to counsel was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, we disagree and affirm. 

It is well established that “both the federal and state constitutions guarantee a

criminal defendant the right to self-representation. To be valid, a defendant’s waiver

of his right to be represented by counsel must be knowingly and intelligently made.”

State v. Evans, 285 Ga. 67, 68 (673 SE2d 243) (2009) (citations and punctuation

omitted). To establish waiver, our Supreme Court has held that “[t]he record need

only reflect that the accused was made aware of the dangers of self-representation and

nevertheless made a knowing and intelligent waiver.” Jones v. State, 272 Ga. 884,

886 (2) (536 SE2d 511) (2000) (citations and punctuation omitted). “The trial judge

is not required to use any particular language in making the defendant aware of his

right to counsel and the dangers of self-representation.” Martin-Argaw v. State, 343

Ga. App. 864, 867 (2) (806 SE2d 247) (2017) (citations omitted). However, “when

a defendant challenges an alleged waiver on appeal, it is the State’s burden to prove

that the defendant received sufficient information and guidance from the trial court

upon which to knowingly and intelligently relinquish this right.” Hamilton v. State,

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233 Ga. App. 463, 467 (1) (b) (504 SE2d 236) (1998) (citations omitted). “This

evidence must overcome the presumption against waiver.” Id. (citations omitted).

“The trial court’s ruling as to whether the defendant’s waiver of the right to counsel

was valid is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Cox v. State, 317 Ga. App. 654, 654

(732 SE2d 321) (2012) (footnote omitted). 

With these guiding principles in mind, the record shows that Rutledge was

charged with one count of aggravated stalking after sending text messages to his

former wife in violation of a temporary restraining order that prohibited him from

having any direct or indirect contact with her. At his arraignment hearing, Rutledge

was appointed counsel, entered a plea of not guilty, and was presented with a copy

of the indictment, a list of the State’s witnesses, and a plea offer letter. Rutledge later

appeared with his appointed counsel, William Rhodes, for a status hearing where he

was advised of the nature of the charge against him and the range of allowable

punishment for the charge. On the morning of trial, Rutledge appeared with Rhodes

to argue pre-trial motions. After the trial court denied Rutledge’s pre-trial motions,

Rutledge, through counsel, announced that he wanted to proceed with a jury trial. The

court recessed and Rutledge was taken back to a holding area where he spoke with

Rhodes and indicated that he wanted to represent himself. Following a conference

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between the trial court and Rhodes, Rutledge told the trial court that he and Rhodes

were “on a different page” with respect to certain evidence and how it would be used

during the trial. The trial court then told Rutledge that Rhodesis “an experienced trial

attorney” and “has a comprehensive understanding of . . . the law.” Rutledge

responded that “there seems to be unsurety[sic] as far as, you know, us moving

forward, the case as far as a plea as opposed to a jury trial.” The trial court then

reminded Rutledge that there are times when attorneystell their clientsthings that the

client does not want to hear, but that if Rutledge wanted a trial, Rhodes would

provide the best defense possible. The trial court asked Rutledge what he wanted the

court to do. Rhodesthen stated on the record that he explained to Rutledge he had the

option to continue the trial, ask for new appointed counsel, or represent himself with

Rhodes as standby counsel. The following exchange occurred between Rutledge and

the trial court:

RUTLEDGE: I wish to proceed pro se and with standby counsel.

TRIAL COURT: You are seriously going to embark on a jury trial

representing yourself?

RUTLEDGE: It’s my case, Your Honor.

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TRIAL COURT: That wasn’t my question.

RUTLEDGE: Yes, sir. 

TRIAL COURT: So the answer is yes.

RUTLEDGE: Yes, sir. 

TRIAL COURT: Are you prepared to do that now?

RUTLEDGE: Yes, sir. 

TRIAL COURT: You are entitled to do that if you want to do that, Mr.

Rutledge, but I just feel absolutely obligated to tell you at this time what

a horrible decision I think that is. You are wanting to go [sic] trial

representing yourself with Mr. Rhodes as standby counsel. Is that my

understanding?

RUTLEDGE: Yes, sir. 

TRIAL COURT: Okay. Mr. Rhodes, you are going to be standby

counsel, and that will mean that you’ll sit in the row behind Mr.

Rutledge, and Mr. Rutledge will ask any questions he has of you during

the trial of this case. 

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After this exchange, Rhodesleft histrial preparation materials, such as witness

question outlines, voir dire questions, and requests to charge with Rutledge at the

defense table. The court returned from a short recess and the following exchange

occurred between Rutledge and Rhodes:

RHODES: Thisis another copy of the indictment. Please look here. This

has not changed. The 18th day of July they are still alleging, you know,

the crime of aggravated stalking here in Gwinnett County. Okay. That

is what you are charged with. Do you understand?

RUTLEDGE: Yes, sir. 

From that point to the end of trial, Rutledge actively tried his case with the

assistance of standby counsel. Rutledge fully engaged in voir dire and questioned

jurors with specific follow up questions. Once the jury was selected and the jurors

were excused from the courtroom, the trial court explained the procedure the court

would use throughout the trial of the case and gave cautionary instructions regarding

Rutledge’srights as a defendant and the State’s burden of proof. The trial court asked

Rutledge if he understood what had been explained to him and if he had any

questions, to which Rutledge responded that he understood and did not have any

questions. When the trial resumed the following day, Rutledge made pre-trial

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motions, objected during the State’s opening statement, and gave his opening

statement to the jury outlining his theory of the case. During the trial, Rutledge made

arguments against the use of certain prior acts evidence by the State, challenged the

sufficiency of the indictment, and successfully argued for the admission of other

evidence. Rutledge cross-examined all of the State’s witnessesincluding an extensive

cross-examination of the victim, his former wife. 

At the close of the State’s case, Rutledge made a motion for acquittal arguing

the State’s evidence failed to show a pattern sufficient to support the charge of

aggravated stalking. At the end of the trial, Rutledge made his closing arguments in

which he reiterated his overarching theme of the case, while highlighting for the jury

certain deficiencies in the State’s case against him. Rhodes, as standby counsel, met

with Rutledge at the jail after the first day of trial to go over any questions Rutledge

may have had in preparation for the next day, and throughout the trial, Rhodes

routinely counseled Rutledge during breaks. A jury found Rutledge guilty of

aggravated stalking and he was sentenced to serve a total of ten years with nine years

in confinement. 

In hissole enumeration, Rutledge arguesthat the trial court’sfailure to conduct

a hearing to establish on the record that he made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary

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waiver of his right to counsel is reversible error. While we agree that the trial court

could have inquired further to ensure Rutledge’s decision to represent himself was

knowing and voluntary, the record clearly demonstrates a valid waiver by Rutledge. 

a. As an initial matter, we disagree with Rutledge’s contention that the trial

court failed to make a finding on the record that he made a knowing and voluntary

waiver of his right to counsel. In its order denying the motion for new trial, the trial

court expressly found that “the totality of the record demonstrates that [Rutledge]

made this decision freely, voluntarily, and intelligently.” This Court has held that “a

trial court’s determination of a knowing and voluntary waiver within an order

denying a motion for new trial qualifies as a finding on the record.” McDaniel v.

State, 327 Ga. App. 673, 675 (a) (761 SE2d 82) (2014) (citation omitted). Moreover,

the determination by the trial court as to whether a defendant has made an intelligent

waiver of his right to counsel “depends on the peculiar facts and circumstances of

each case . . . [and] our Supreme Court has expressly disapproved the reading of

decisions of this court . . . to require a trial court to make specific inquiries of a

defendant.” Martin-Argaw, 343 Ga. App. at 867 (2) (citations and punctuation

omitted). 

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While articulated findings on the record by a trial court are preferable, “it is not

required when the record as a whole demonstrates a defendant’s knowing waiver.”

Martin-Argaw, 343 Ga. App. at 870 (2) (citation omitted). Thus, this Court must first

consider whether the State met its burden of demonstrating that the particular facts

and circumstances of this case show that Rutledge was made aware of the dangers of

representing himself and nonetheless knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to

counsel. See Cox, 317 Ga. App. at 655 (“The state has the burden of demonstrating

that the defendant received sufficient information and guidance from the trial court

to make a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel.” (footnote omitted)). 

In the present case, the record reflects that Rutledge was advised of the nature

of the charge against him during his arraignment when the State presented him with

a copy of the indictment. At a separate status hearing, Rutledge was further advised

by the trial court of the nature of the charge against him as well as the maximum

sentence he could receive if found guilty of the charge. On the morning of trial, the

trial court counseled Rutledge that Rhodes had comprehensive knowledge about the

legal issues involved with the case and reminded him that while he may not always

agree with his attorney, Rhodes would provide him with the best defense possible.

The trial court engaged in a short colloquy with Rutledge and expressed its opinion

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that Rutledge was making a “horrible decision” to represent himself, but ultimately

granted Rutledge’s request. After voir dire, the trial court engaged in a second

colloquy with Rutledge where the trial court further explained the procedure of the

court and Rutledge’s constitutional rights with respect to testifying and the burden of

proof. Despite the trial court’s warnings, Rutledge chose to exercise his right to

represent himself. 

We note that although the trial court expressed concern to Rutledge that he was

making a “horrible decision” by electing to represent himself, merely apprising a

defendant thatself-representation is generally a bad decision is notsufficient to show

that a defendant was made aware of the dangers of self-representation. See Manning

v. State, 260 Ga. App. 171, 172 (581 SE2d 290) (2003) (waiver not knowing and

voluntary where defendant was aware he wasfacing considerable prison time but trial

court simply warned him that he lacked sufficient legal knowledge and that

representing himself was an “unwise decision” and “extremely ill-advised”). Even

with its explanation of trial procedure, the trial court should have queried further to

ensure that Rutledge was aware of the dangers and disadvantages of representing

himself beyond expressing in general terms its disapproval of Rutledge’s decision.

See Lamar v. State, 278 Ga. 150, 152 (1) (b) (598 SE2d 488) (2004) (reversible error

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where trial court did not try to make defendant aware of the dangers and

disadvantages he faced proceeding pro se at trial due to his ignorance of basic

criminal law concepts but instead queried the defendant on his technical legal

knowledge). 

However, notwithstanding any perceived scantinessin the trial court’s warning

to Rutledge, based on a review of the record as a whole, Rutledge was made fully

aware of the dangers of self-representation. At the hearing on Rutledge’s motion for

new trial, Rhodes testified that he made Rutledge fully aware of the nature of the

charge, the possible sentences, potential defenses, plea offers, and the dangers of

self-representation. See Jones v. State, 272 Ga. 884, 886 (2) (536 SE2d 511) (2000)

(defendant knowingly and intelligentlywaived right to counsel where publicdefender

testified that she informed defendant of the charge, possible sentences, and dangers

of self-representation); Simpson v. State, 238 Ga. App. 109, 112 (1) (517 SE2d 830)

(1999) (knowing waiver where trial court advised defendant that it would be

“extraordinarily unwise” to represent himself and where appointed counsel informed

defendant of the dangers of self-representation). “Thus, the trial transcript clearly

indicates that defendant was not denied the right to counsel by the trial court, but

instead knowingly, understandingly and voluntarily elected to represent himself . . .

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. Under the circumstances of this particular case, we find no error requiring a reversal

of the conviction.” Rutledge v. State, 224 Ga. App. 666, 670 (3) (482 SE2d 403)

(1997) (citation omitted).

b. Assuming, arguendo, that the trial court erred in allowing Rutledge to

represent himself, any perceived error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. “To

establish harmless error, the State has the burden of showing beyond a reasonable

doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.” Middleton v. State, 254 Ga.

App. 648, 650 (2) (563 SE2d 543) (2002) (footnote omitted). And this Court has held

that “such error was not harmless where the record showed that the defendant did not

mount an able defense—even though the evidence of guilt was ample.” Id. at 650-651

(2) (citations and emphasis omitted). A review of the entire record demonstrates that

Rutledge was prepared to try his case and mounted an able defense of his case.2 The

trial courtfound thatRutledge performed the “yeoman’s work in representing himself

on trial” from voir dire to closing argument, and did so in a cogent and able manner

throughout. At the hearing on the motion for new trial, Rhodes testified that

2 We agree with Rutledge that having Rhodes as standby counsel is not

sufficient for the State to satisfy its burden of proving harmless error beyond a

reasonable doubt regardless of whether, as the trial court concluded, Rhodes “acted

as more than a standby counsel, routinely counseling with [Rutledge] during breaks.”

See McDaniel, 327 Ga. App. at 680. 

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Rutledge’s questioning of witnesses was good, that Rutledge is “an intelligent

person,” and that overall Rutledge did a good job defending his case under the

circumstances. The record also shows that Rutledge’s examination of witnesses,

objections, and arguments for certain motions reflected not only his clear

understanding of the charges against him, but also demonstrated his defense strategies

and theories of the case. 

However, despite his best efforts, the evidence against Rutledge was

uncomplicated and simply overwhelming. Rutledge was charged with sending

harassing and intimidating text messages to his former wife in violation of the

temporary restraining order. Documentary evidence such asthe temporary restraining

order, divorce decree, parenting plan, and the subject text messages were admitted at

trial as well as testimony from Rutledge’s former wife describing her relationship

with Rutledge and the context of the messages she received from him. Possibly the

most damning of all the evidence presented to the jury was a video of Rutledge

confronting hisformer wife in the parking lot of their child’s daycare. Thus, “viewing

the evidence as a whole, and in light of the overwhelming evidence of [Rutledge’s]

guilt, it is unlikely that defendant’s convictions were attributable to his decision to

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represent himself.” Reviere v. State, 231 Ga. App. 329, 331 (1) (498 SE2d 332)

(1998) (citation omitted).

Judgment affirmed. Doyle, P. J., and Markle, J., concur.

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