[Cite as State v. Crossty, 2017-Ohio-8267.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

CLERMONT COUNTY 

STATE OF OHIO, : 

 CASE NOS. CA2017-01-003 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : CA2017-01-004 

 CA2017-01-005 

 : 

 - vs - O P I N I O N 

 : 10/23/2017 

CHARLES R. CROSSTY, : 

 Defendant-Appellant. : 

CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS 

Case No. 2016CR0137 

D. Vincent Faris, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Nicholas A. Horton, 76 South 

Riverside Drive, 2nd Floor, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for plaintiff-appellee 

Soumyajit Dutta, 3278 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, for defendant-appellant 

 HENDRICKSON, P.J.

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Charles R. Crossty, appeals from his convictions in the 

Clermont County Court of Common Pleas for engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity and 

trafficking in heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm 

appellant's convictions. 

I. FACTS

{¶ 2} Following an investigation by the Clermont County Narcotics Unit ("CCNU") that 
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took place between January 22 and February 29, 2016, appellant was arrested and indicted 

on (1) six counts of trafficking in heroin in violation of R.C. 2925.03, of which two were 

felonies of the second degree, three were felonies of the third degree, and one was a felony 

of the fourth degree, (2) three counts of trafficking in cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.03, 

felonies of the third degree, (3) two counts of aggravated trafficking in drugs in violation of 

R.C. 2925.03, felonies of the third degree, where the substance trafficked was fentanyl, a 

schedule II drug, and (4) one count of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity in violation of 

R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), a felony of the first degree. All of the trafficking counts specified that that 

the offenses were committed in the vicinity of a juvenile, and three of the trafficking counts 

contained a specification seeking the forfeiture of $1,035 in cash that was found on appellant 

at the time he was arrested. 

{¶ 3} A three-day bench trial was held in October 2016. At trial, the state presented 

testimony from Officer Nick DeRose and Lieutenant Douglas Ventre regarding CCNU's 

investigation into appellant's distribution of narcotics in and around New Richmond, Clermont 

County, Ohio. The state also presented testimony from James Burress, a confidential 

informant who purchased drugs from appellant, and from Brandy Moore and Rex Perkins, 

two individuals involved in appellant's drug-trafficking business. 

{¶ 4} Officer DeRose testified that on January 22, 2016, Burress contacted him to 

express concern with the flood of heroin that had entered the New Richmond area. Burress, 

an admitted drug addict, informed DeRose that appellant was the source of the drugs, and 

Burress agreed to serve as a confidential informant as he knew appellant and had purchased 

drugs from him in the past.1 

{¶ 5} Working with DeRose, Burress arranged to purchase heroin and cocaine from 

 

1. At the time Burress agreed to serve as a confidential informant he was on probation and was facing an 

obstruction charge, which, if convicted, would have been a violation of his probation. 
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appellant on six different occasions. Burress testified he called and texted appellant from the 

residence he was staying at on Weil Road in New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio to set 

up the controlled buys. During these conversations, the type of drug, quantity to be 

purchased, and amount to be paid were established. Appellant directed Burress to various 

locations to complete the transactions. Two of the controlled buys occurred at Perkins' 

apartment, located at 718 Washington Street in New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio. The 

other four controlled buys occurred on or near Eastern Avenue in Hamilton County, Ohio. 

{¶ 6} At trial, Perkins testified he had known appellant for about nine or ten months 

and appellant dealt him heroin and crack cocaine. About three or four months before 

appellant was arrested in February 2016, appellant approached Perkins about establishing 

his apartment as a "trap house" where drugs would be sold. Perkins permitted appellant to 

sell drugs out of his apartment in exchange for appellant "tak[ing] care" of him by giving him 

drugs, picking things up for him from the store, and caring for the apartment. Perkins allowed 

his apartment to be used as a trap house, even though this violated the terms of a 

Cooperating Individual Agreement he signed with CCNU when he became a confidential 

informant in August 2014. 

{¶ 7} Perkins testified appellant personally sold drugs out of the apartment 

"[b]asically all day, every day." Once the apartment was established as a trap house, 

appellant turned the day-to-day dealings over to Moore and Miguel "Mike" Rivera. According 

to Perkins, Moore was at his apartment "every day" to sell heroin and cocaine. 

{¶ 8} Moore testified she met appellant in November 2015, and she bought drugs 

from him in New Richmond. Moore and appellant reached an agreement wherein Moore 

would sell appellant's drugs in exchange for appellant giving her drugs to feed her own 

addiction. Moore stated she and Rivera both sold drugs out of Perkins' apartment. For two 
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or three months, Moore stayed at Perkins' apartment and sold drugs "all day long," 

completing more than 100 drug transactions for appellant. Moore explained she received a 

new supply of drugs from appellant every day, usually around five grams of heroin and 

cocaine. Although the drugs were sold for "street prices," appellant dictated how much of the 

drugs were to be sold and for what price. Once the drugs were sold, Moore would turn the 

money over to appellant. Occasionally, Moore would drive appellant "downtown" to buy more 

drugs from his supplier. She would also occasionally bring buyers, such as Burress, to 

appellant. 

A. First Controlled Buy – January 25, 2016 (Count One) 

{¶ 9} On January 25, 2016, while working with CCNU, Burress arranged to purchase 

2 grams of heroin from appellant. The sale occurred at Perkins' apartment in New 

Richmond. Prior to arriving at the apartment, Burress met with DeRose. Burress was 

searched, a wire placed on him, and $365 given to him for the purchase of the heroin. 

{¶ 10} DeRose drove Burress to the apartment and waited inside his car while 

Burress went into the apartment to purchase the drugs. Burress testified he had to settle an 

old debt owed to appellant before he could make the purchase. After giving appellant money 

to clear up this debt, appellant sold him the heroin they had agreed to over the phone. 

Burress explained appellant personally weighed the drugs and handed them over to him. 

Burress left the apartment and returned to DeRose's car, where he turned over drugs. The 

drugs were tested at the Hamilton County Crime Laboratory ("HCCL") and consisted of 1.219 

grams of heroin. 

B. Second Controlled Buy – February 1, 2016 (Count Two) 

{¶ 11} On February 1, 2016, Burress arranged a second buy with appellant for the 

purchase of 2 grams of heroin for $280. Appellant told Burress to go to Perkins' apartment 
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for the exchange. 

{¶ 12} Burress again met with DeRose, where he was searched, a wire placed on 

him, and $280 given to him for the purchase of the heroin. DeRose drove Burress to the 

apartment and waited inside his car while Burress went inside to purchase the drugs. 

Appellant was not present at Perkins' apartment for the transaction. Instead, Rivera handed 

the drugs over to Burress in exchange for $280. After leaving the apartment, Burress turned 

the drugs over to DeRose. The drugs were subsequently tested at HCCL and consisted of 

.930 grams of heroin. 

C. Third Controlled Buy – February 18, 2016 (Count Three) 

{¶ 13} Following the first two buys, DeRose had Burress arrange to buy a larger 

amount of heroin from appellant. On February 18, 2016, Burress contacted appellant by 

phone from a residence on Weil Road in New Richmond, and the terms of the purchase were 

agreed upon – 5 grams of heroin in exchange for $850. Appellant told Burress New 

Richmond was getting "too hot" and he wanted to conduct the transaction at a UDF in 

Hamilton County. 

{¶ 14} Burress met with DeRose, where both Buress and his car were searched, a 

wire placed on him, and $850 given to him for the purchase of the heroin. Burress drove 

himself to the UDF, where law enforcement officers were stationed to monitor the exchange. 

 Once at UDF, Burress received a phone call from appellant, directing him to a home on 

Eastern Avenue in Hamilton County. Burress, followed by law enforcement, drove to the new 

location. 

{¶ 15} Once inside the home on Eastern Avenue, Burress gave appellant the agreed 

$850 in exchange for the drugs. Burress explained appellant weighed the drugs before 

handing them over. At the time of the exchange, Burress noticed there was a juvenile boy 
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and two juvenile girls present. Burress testified the two girls were between 12 and 16 years 

of age. 

{¶ 16} After completing the transaction, Burress left the Eastern Avenue residence 

and met with DeRose to turn over the drugs he received from appellant. The drugs were 

tested at HCCL and were found to be 3.1 grams of heroin. 

D. Fourth Controlled Buy – February 22, 2016 (Count Four) 

{¶ 17} On February 22, 2016, Burress arranged to purchase 8 grams of crack 

cocaine from appellant for $750. Appellant instructed Burress to go to the Eastern Avenue 

residence for the exchange. 

{¶ 18} Burress again met with DeRose. Both Buress and his car were searched, a 

wire was placed on him, and $750 given to him for the purchase of the cocaine. Burress 

drove to the Eastern Avenue residence, entered the home, and purchased the drugs from 

appellant. The two female juveniles who had been present at the February 18, 2016 buy 

were present for this exchange. While purchasing the drugs, appellant told Burress about a 

problem he was having in New Richmond with a couple of his dealers. Burress testified 

appellant told him that "Mike – Miguel and Brandy had had a situation where * * * Mike was 

taking a package to Brandy and it either didn't get there or got there light * * * [and appellant] 

had to go down and straighten it out." During this transaction, Burress noticed handguns in 

the residence, which were laying out in the open. 

{¶ 19} While Burress was inside the Eastern Avenue residence, he was being 

monitored by law enforcement. Lieutenant Ventre monitored the controlled buy from a 

vehicle parked near the residence. Ventre observed Burress, appellant, and a young female, 

later identified as 14-year-old L.M., enter the residence where the drug transaction took 

place. After Burress purchased the drugs and exited the home, Ventre saw appellant and 
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L.M. leave the residence together. Ventre also saw a boy in his "mid-teens" standing at the 

front door of the Eastern Avenue residence. 

{¶ 20} After leaving the Eastern Avenue residence, Burress met with DeRose to turn 

over the drugs he had purchased from appellant. The drugs were tested at HCCL and found 

to consist of 5.034 grams of cocaine. 

E. Fifth Controlled Buy – February 24, 2016 (Count Five) 

{¶ 21} On February 24, 2016, DeRose had Burress contact appellant to see about 

purchasing 6 grams of heroin and a firearm. Appellant offered to sell the drugs and firearm in 

exchange for $1,350. Burress was directed to the Eastern Avenue residence to make the 

exchange. 

{¶ 22} Burress met with DeRose. Both Buress and his car were searched; Burress 

was fitted with a wire, and given $1,350 for the purchase of the gun and heroin. Burress 

drove to the Eastern Avenue residence and purchased the drugs from appellant. Appellant 

did not sell Burress a gun at this time. Appellant told Burress he would give him a gun later, 

as he "did not like to carry guns and dope at the same time." Burress testified three 

juveniles, who were between the ages of 14 and 16, were present at the time he purchased 

the drugs. 

{¶ 23} Ventre and other law enforcement officers monitored Burress' purchase. 

Ventre observed appellant, Burress, and two other adults enter the Eastern Avenue 

residence. While the adults were inside, Ventre saw a young child, somewhere between six 

and eight years of age, get out of the vehicle appellant had been traveling in and enter the 

residence. 

{¶ 24} After making his purchase and leaving the Eastern Avenue residence, Burress 

met with DeRose. Burress turned over the drugs, which were subsequently tested at HCCL. 
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The drugs consisted of 4.1 grams of heroin. 

F. Sixth Controlled Buy – February 29, 2016 (Counts Six through Eleven) 

{¶ 25} The final purchase took place on February 29, 2016. As CCNU intended to 

arrest appellant after this purchase, CCNU enlisted assistance from the Cincinnati Police 

Department. DeRose had Burress contact appellant to purchase 15 grams of heroin and 12 

grams of crack cocaine. Appellant offered to sell the drugs in exchange for $2,800. Burress 

was directed to go to the Eastern Avenue residence and wait on appellant to make the 

exchange. 

{¶ 26} Prior to driving to Eastern Avenue, Burress met with DeRose, both he and his 

car were searched, a wire placed on him, and $2,800 that had been xeroxed by law 

enforcement was given to him for the purchase of the cocaine and heroin. Burress drove to 

Eastern Avenue and waited on appellant in his car. Burress was approached by another 

vehicle – a Hyundai Santa Fe that was driven by Donny Martin and contained Moore as a 

passenger. Moore had been in contact with appellant, who told her to pick up Burress and 

meet him at another location. Moore explained she was on her way to meet appellant to pick 

up drugs to sell and to drop off $900 she had made selling a previous batch of drugs for 

appellant. 

{¶ 27} Burress got into the Santa Fe and the vehicle traveled south to meet appellant 

near River Road and Delhi Avenue in Cincinnati, Ohio. Martin parked the Santa Fe behind a 

Ford Expedition that appellant, an adult female, and four juveniles were traveling in. Burress 

approached appellant and gave him the $2,800 in exchange for the agreed upon drugs. 

Moore then gave appellant $900 and received crack cocaine and heroin from appellant. 

{¶ 28} After the exchanges were made, the Expedition and Santa Fe drove away 

from the area. Each vehicle was stopped by law enforcement, who had continued to follow 
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and monitor Burress after he left Eastern Avenue. The occupants of the Santa Fe were 

arrested and searched, and the drugs Burress and Moore possessed were taken into 

evidence.2 The drugs were later tested at HCCL. The drugs found in Burress' possession 

consisted of 5.328 grams of cocaine and 8.754 grams of heroin and fentanyl. The drugs 

found in Moore's possession consisted of 7.789 grams of cocaine and 8.613 grams of heroin 

and fentanyl. 

{¶ 29} When the Expedition was stopped, officers found the vehicle occupied by 

appellant, an adult female, 14-year-old L.M., a girl in her "mid-teens," a girl around ten years 

of age, and a boy between seven and eight years of age. Appellant had in his possession 

$2,835, some of which was found in the vehicle's console and some of which was found in 

his pants pocket. Only $1,800 of the money found in appellant's possession was the 

"marked" money that had been xeroxed by law enforcement. Burress informed Ventre that 

appellant had put several thousand dollars in into a brown paper bag and left the bag on a 

stairwell in Delhi Avenue. Although officers searched the area, they were unable to locate 

the bag. 

{¶ 30} Recordings from the wire Burress wore to each of the controlled buys were 

admitted into evidence.3 The drugs recovered from each of the controlled buys and the 

laboratory results from testing said drugs were also admitted into evidence. Thereafter, the 

state rested and defense counsel moved for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29, arguing that 

the state had not proved venue in its case-in-chief. The trial court denied appellant's motion. 

Although the defense did not call any witnesses to testify on appellant's behalf, defense 

 

2. Prior to the Santa Fe being stopped by law enforcement, Moore concealed the drugs she received from 

appellant inside her pants, near her pelvic region. She surrendered the drugs to Officer DeRose after her arrest. 

3. The recording from the February 18, 2016 buy did not capture Burress' purchase of the drugs from appellant, 

as the transaction occurred outside the range of the Bluetooth device that was used to operate the wire Burress 

was wearing. 
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counsel introduced into evidence certain records pertaining to Burress' address and Burress' 

and Perkins' statuses as confidential informants. The trial court accepted these exhibits into 

evidence. 

{¶ 31} Closing arguments were heard by the court, and the court took the matter 

under advisement. On November 15, 2016, the trial court found appellant guilty of all 

offenses. However, with respect to two of the trafficking in heroin offenses (counts one and 

two), the court determined that the state failed to present evidence that the offenses had 

been committed in the vicinity of a juvenile. Appellant was sentenced on December 21, 

2016, to an aggregate prison term of 20 years and nine months and the $1,035 in cash found 

on appellant at the time of his arrest was ordered forfeited to CCNU. 

{¶ 32} Appellant timely appealed his convictions, raising four assignments of error. 

II. ANALYSIS

{¶ 33} Assignment of Error No. 1: 

{¶ 34} THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO ESTABLISH VENUE IN CLERMONT 

COUNTY BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT. 

{¶ 35} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues the state failed to establish 

venue in Clermont County beyond a reasonable doubt. 

{¶ 36} "'Venue commonly refers to the appropriate place of trial for a criminal 

prosecution within a state.'" State v. Davis, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2015-12-022, 2017-

Ohio-495, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Meridy, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2003-11-091, 2005-Ohio241, ¶ 12. "Establishing the correct venue is imperative in order to 'give the defendant the 

right to be tried in the vicinity of his alleged criminal activity.'" (Emphasis sic.) State v. Baker, 

12th Dist. Warren No. CA2012-12-127, 2013-Ohio-2398, ¶ 11, quoting Meridy at ¶ 12. 

Proper venue ensures that "the state [does not] indiscriminately [seek] a favorable location 
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for trial or [select] a site that might be an inconvenience or disadvantage for the defendant." 

Meridy at ¶ 12. 

{¶ 37} "Venue is not a material element of any offense charged." Id. Nonetheless, 

the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime charged was committed in 

the county where the indictment was returned and the trial held, unless the issue of venue is 

waived by the defendant. Id.; Baker at ¶ 13. The standard for establishing venue is whether 

the defendant has a "significant nexus" with the county where the trial was held. State v. 

Mielke, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2012-08-079, 2013-Ohio-1612, ¶ 14; State v. Stone, 12th 

Dist. Warren No. CA2007-11-132, 2008-Ohio-5671, ¶ 16. As a result, and pursuant to Ohio's 

venue statute, "[t]he trial of a criminal case in this state shall be held in a court having 

jurisdiction of the subject matter, and * * * in the territory of which the offense or any element 

of the offense was committed." R.C. 2901.12(A). 

{¶ 38} Ohio's venue statute further provides that when an offender commits offenses 

in different jurisdictions as part of a course of criminal conduct, venue lies for all the offenses 

in any jurisdiction in which the offender committed one of the offenses or any element 

thereof. R.C. 2901.12(H). Offenses "committed as part of the same transaction or chain of 

events, or in furtherance of the same purpose or objective" serve as "prima-facie evidence of 

a course of criminal conduct." R.C. 2901.12(H)(3). 

{¶ 39} In the present case, appellant was indicted and subsequently convicted in 

counts one through eight of the indictment of trafficking in heroin, fentanyl, and cocaine in 

violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1). This statute provides, in relevant part, that "[n]o person shall 

knowingly * * * [s]ell or offer to sell a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog." 

R.C. 2925.03(A)(1). In counts nine, ten, and eleven, appellant was indicted and convicted of 

trafficking in heroin, fentanyl, and cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2), which provides 
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that "[n]o person shall knowingly * * * [p]repare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare 

for distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or controlled substance analog, when the 

offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the controlled substance or 

controlled substance analog is intended for sale or resale by the offender or another person." 

Finally, in count twelve, appellant was indicted and convicted of engaging in a pattern of 

corrupt activity in violation of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), which provides that "[n]o person employed 

by, or associated with, any enterprise shall conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, the 

affairs of the enterprise through a pattern of corrupt activity or the collection of an unlawful 

debt." 

{¶ 40} Appellant argues that "venue [is] of paramount importance in Counts 1 and 2." 

He contends that "[i]f venue was not established in those particular two counts, a strong 

argument for the dismissal of the remaining counts could be made, as everyone agreed 

Counts 3-11 essentially took place in Hamilton County, and Count 12 encompassed, in part, 

the allegations in Counts 1 and 2." 

{¶ 41} The state, however, alleges it established venue in Clermont County under 

R.C. 2901.12(H)(3) in three ways, any one of which is sufficient to establishing venue in 

Clermont County. Specifically, the state contends it introduced evidence demonstrating 

appellant had a "significant nexus" with Clermont County as appellant, through a continuing 

course of criminal conduct, (1) arranged to sell drugs to Burress, when the transactions were 

planned and agreed to while Burress was in Clermont County, (2) sold drugs to Burress in 

Clermont County, and (3) engaged in a pattern of corrupt activity in Clermont County. 

A. Drug Transactions Planned and Agreed to in Clermont County 

{¶ 42} This court has previously determined that venue is proper in a county where 

the terms of a drug transaction were discussed and agreed upon, even if only one party to 
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the transaction is in the county when the agreement is reached. See Meridy, 2005-Ohio-241 

at ¶ 10-24. In Meridy, a confidential informant, Rose, attempted to purchase crack cocaine 

from Jackson in Jackson's home in Clermont County. Id. at ¶ 2. Jackson, however, did not 

have the drugs on him; instead he obtained them by contacting his supplier, Meridy, who 

resided in Hamilton County. Id. Jackson would call Meridy from his Clermont County 

residence and the two would arrange the drug sales over the phone after "discussing such 

terms as price and quantity." Id. Jackson and Rose would then drive to Hamilton County to 

purchase the drugs from Meridy before returning to Jackson's home in Clermont County to 

divide the drugs. Id. Meridy was eventually arrested and charged with trafficking in crack 

cocaine in the Clermont County Court of Common Pleas. Id. at ¶ 3. A jury found Meridy 

guilty of these offenses. Id. at ¶ 7. 

{¶ 43} On appeal, Meridy argued that venue in Clermont County was improper as "no 

drug activity involving him took place in Clermont County." Id. at ¶ 11. We disagreed, finding 

that "the evidence was sufficient to establish venue in Clermont County" as "[t]he evidence 

showed that there was a 'significant nexus' with Clermont County." Id. at ¶ 23. In finding 

venue proper, we stated: 

There is little doubt that the transaction that formed the basis of 

the charges against [Meridy] was planned and agreed to during 

telephone conversations in Clermont County between [Meridy], 

who was in Hamilton County, and his co-conspirator, * * * 

Jackson, who was at his residence in Bethel, Clermont County. 

The evidence showed that [Meridy] and Jackson discussed the 

important terms of the drug sale, including price and quantity, 

during these telephone conversations. 

Id. 

{¶ 44} The present case is analogous to Meridy. Burress testified he called appellant 

from Weil Road in New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio to arrange the drug transactions. 

During these phone calls, the type of drug, quantity to be purchased, and amount to be paid 
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were agreed upon. Burress' testimony established a "significant nexus" with Clermont 

County and was sufficient to establish venue in Clermont County. See also State v. Potee, 

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2016-06-045, 2017-Ohio-2926, ¶ 27-28 (finding venue proper in 

Clermont County were there was testimony that the drug transaction was arranged in 

Clermont County even though the physical act of exchanging money for drugs occurred in 

Hamilton County). 

{¶ 45} Appellant argues Burress' testimony is insufficient to establish venue as the 

state failed to introduce evidence corroborating that the phone calls were made while he was 

in Clermont County. Burress' telephone call logs were not introduced into evidence and 

neither Officer DeRose nor Lieutenant Ventre testified that a member of law enforcement 

was present for or observed the phone calls and text messages Burress and appellant 

exchanged. Appellant contends the lack of corroborating evidence, combined with the fact 

that Burress listed a Mt. Orab, Brown County, Ohio address as his residential address on the 

confidential informant paperwork he filled out for CCNU on January 22, 2016, raises serious 

doubt as to Burress being in Clermont County when he and appellant arranged the drug 

transactions. 

{¶ 46} However, with respect to the Mt. Orab address, Burress testified the address 

was his mother's address. Although Burress used this address for mailing and probation 

purposes, he explained he lived with some friends on Weil Road in New Richmond, Clermont 

County, Ohio. Burress stated he was at the Weil Road address when he exchanged phone 

calls and text messages with appellant to arrange the drug transactions. Though there was 

no evidence introduced contradicting this testimony, appellant nonetheless argues Burress' 

testimony is insufficient to establish venue as "Burress was severely lacking in credibility." In 

support of his argument that Burress is not credible, appellant points to the fact that Burress 
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admittedly lied about receiving an education at M.I.T. and told "different version[s]" about his 

interactions with police and appellant "to protect [him]self."4 

{¶ 47} "Credibility is not an issue in determining the sufficiency of the evidence [as it 

relates to venue], as all evidence must be construed in favor of the state." State v. Stanley, 

10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-65, 2006-Ohio-4632, ¶ 10. See also State v. Williams, 4th Dist. 

Ross No. 709, 1980 Ohio App. LEXIS 12929, * 2 (Feb. 25, 1980). As Burress' testimony, if 

believed, would have convinced the average mind beyond a reasonable doubt that Clermont 

County was the proper venue, his testimony, on its own, was sufficient to establish venue in 

Clermont County. See Stanley. Moreover, we know the trial court found Burress' testimony 

credible, as the court specifically stated, "the Court [is] also finding that the testimony of the 

confidential informant is to be credible regarding his presence in Clermont County when he 

made the calls to [appellant]." 

{¶ 48} Therefore, in accordance with R.C. 2901.12(H) and our precedent in Meridy, 

we conclude that venue in Clermont County, Ohio was proper as the state introduced 

 

4. {¶ a} At trial, defense counsel questioned Burress as follows regarding the "different versions" of events 

he had told: 

{¶ b} Q: Now, have you told any different versions of what you've testified here 

today to anybody? 

{¶ c} A: Honestly, I'm sure that I have. 

{¶ d} * * * 

{¶ e} Q: Have you told a different version of what you've testified [to] here today? 

{¶ f} A: Yes. 

{¶ g} * * * 

{¶ h} Q: Okay. You've agreed that you've told a different version of what 

happened - - 

{¶ i} A: I've only told a different version of what happened to protect myself when 

it was going on. 
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evidence demonstrating appellant had a significant nexus with Clermont County. The drug 

transactions that formed the basis of the charges against appellant in counts one through 

three and counts five through eight were planned and agreed to in Clermont County.5 The 

remaining counts, counts four and nine through twelve, were committed as part of a course 

of criminal conduct as the offenses were committed in furtherance of appellant's objective in 

trafficking in cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl for profit. The state therefore presented sufficient 

evidence to establish venue in Clermont County. 

B. Sale of Drugs to Burress in Clermont County 

{¶ 49} The state also established venue when it introduced evidence that appellant, 

as part of a course of criminal conduct, sold drugs to Burress in Clermont County. Burress 

testified appellant personally sold him 1.219 grams of heroin at Perkins' apartment in New 

Richmond on January 25, 2016. Appellant also arranged a second sale of drugs to Burress 

at Perkins' apartment on February 1, 2016. Appellant had his associate, Rivera, handle the 

second transaction. Burress' testimony, combined with Perkin's testimony that appellant and 

Rivera sold drugs out of his apartment and he recalled seeing Burress and appellant inside 

his apartment in New Richmond, was sufficient to establish venue in Clermont County. 

{¶ 50} Appellant contends that because Burress is an admitted liar and since a 

member of law enforcement did not observe him at Perkins' apartment at the time of the 

January 25, 2016 buy or February 1, 2016 buy, the court cannot rely on Burress' testimony to 

establish venue. However, as we stated above, "[c]redibility is not an issue in determining 

the sufficiency of the evidence [as it relates to venue], as all evidence must be construed in 

 

5. Burress testified at trial that the controlled buys encompassing the charges set forth in counts one through 

three and counts five through eight were arranged with appellant through the exchange of phone calls and text 

messages while Burress was at a residence on Weil Road in New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio. There 

was no testimony from Burress as to where he was located when the drug transaction encompassing count four 

was arranged with appellant. Nonetheless, venue in Clermont County for all charges was proper pursuant to 

R.C. 2901.12(H)(3). 
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favor of the state." Stanley, 2006-Ohio-463 at ¶ 10. Here Burress' and Perkins' testimony, if 

believed, would have convinced the average mind beyond a reasonable doubt that Clermont 

County was the proper venue as appellant personally, and through his associates, sold drugs 

in that county. Accordingly, the trafficking in heroin offenses in counts one and two properly 

place venue in Clermont County. As the remaining counts were committed in a continuing 

course of criminal conduct, venue lies in Clermont County for these offenses. R.C. 

2901.12(H). 

C. Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity in Clermont County 

{¶ 51} We also conclude that venue in Clermont County was established when the 

state introduced evidence that appellant engaged in a pattern of corrupt activity in the county. 

 As discussed more thoroughly in our resolution of the second assignment of error, appellant 

and his associates, Perkins, Moore, and Rivera, were acting in an enterprise for the sale and 

distribution of illicit drugs for profit in Clermont County. In furtherance of this enterprise, 

appellant and his associates sold drugs out of Perkins' apartment in New Richmond, 

Clermont County, Ohio on a daily basis for more than three months. As the state introduced 

evidence that appellant operated his business, at least in part, out of Clermont County, venue 

in Clermont County was properly established. See, e.g., Davis, 2017-Ohio-495 at ¶ 26-28. 

{¶ 52} Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we find that the state presented 

sufficient evidence to establish venue in Clermont County. Appellant's first assignment of 

error is overruled. 

{¶ 53} Assignment of Error No. 2: 

{¶ 54} THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN A CONVICTION OF THE 

CHARGE OF O.R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), ENGAGING IN A PATTERN OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY. 

{¶ 55} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues his conviction for engaging 
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in a pattern of corrupt activity was not supported by sufficient evidence. Specifically, 

appellant argues the state failed to present evidence demonstrating he and his associates, 

such as Moore, Perkins, and Rivera, were in an enterprise that shared a "common purpose." 

He also contends the state failed to establish that "two or more charged acts occurred in 

furtherance of the enterprise." We find no merit to appellant's arguments. 

{¶ 56} Whether the evidence presented at trial is legally sufficient to sustain a verdict 

is a question of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997); State v. Grinstead, 

194 Ohio App.3d 755, 2011-Ohio-3018, ¶ 10 (12th Dist.). When reviewing the sufficiency of 

the evidence underlying a criminal conviction, an appellate court examines the evidence in 

order to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of 

the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Paul, 12th Dist. Fayette No. 

CA2011-10-026, 2012-Ohio-3205, ¶ 9. Therefore, "[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after 

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." 

State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. 

{¶ 57} Appellant was convicted of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity in violation 

of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1), which provides that "[n]o person employed by, or associated with, any 

enterprise shall conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of the enterprise 

through a pattern of corrupt activity or the collection of an unlawful debt." An "enterprise" 

includes "any individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, limited partnership, corporation, 

trust, union, government agency, or other legal entity, or any organization, association, or 

group of persons associated in fact although not a legal entity." R.C. 2923.31(C). Further, 

an enterprise "includes illicit as well as licit enterprises." Id. A "pattern of corrupt activity" is 

defined as "two or more incidents of corrupt activity, whether or not there has been a 
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conviction, that are related to the affairs of the same enterprise, are not isolated, and are not 

so closely related to each other and connected in time and place that they constitute a single 

event." R.C. 2923.31(E). As pertinent to this case, "corrupt activity" means "engaging in, 

attempting to engage in, conspiring to engage in, or soliciting, coercing, or intimidating 

another person to engage in" trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03. R.C. 

2923.31(I)(2)(c). 

{¶ 58} "When determining whether a group of people are associated-in-fact, a court 

will look to whether the group is a 'continuing unit that functions with a common purpose.'" 

Baker, 2013-Ohio-2398 at ¶ 19, quoting Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 948, 129 S.Ct. 

2237 (2009). An association-in-fact enterprise must have three structural features: "a 

purpose, relationships among the associates, and longevity sufficient to permit the 

associates to pursue the enterprise's purpose." Id., citing Boyle at 946. 

{¶ 59} The state presented evidence that, if believed, would have convinced a trier of 

fact beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant engaged in a pattern of corrupt activity when 

he engaged in multiple drug transactions in Clermont County and Hamilton County. Contrary 

to appellant's arguments, evidence was introduced demonstrating that he was in an 

associated-in-fact enterprise with a group of people that had a common purpose of selling 

drugs for profit and that he engaged in more than two incidents of drug trafficking in 

furtherance of this enterprise. Appellant sold or directed his associates, Moore and Rivera, 

to sell drugs for profit. On six occasions, from January 25 to February 29, 2016, appellant or 

one of his associates sold heroin, fentanyl, and cocaine to a confidential informant in 

exchange for more than $6,000. Two of the sales occurred at Perkins' apartment, an 

established "trap house." As Perkins explained, appellant and his associates, Moore and 

Rivera, used the apartment to sell drugs for about three or four months before appellant was 
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arrested. Appellant personally sold drugs to Burress at the apartment on January 25, 2016. 

After setting up another sale with Burress over the phone, appellant had Rivera conduct the 

physical exchange of the drugs with Burress at the apartment on February 1, 2016. After 

these exchanges, Moore began selling drugs for appellant out of Perkins' apartment "all day 

long" for approximately two to three months. According to Moore, appellant provided her with 

a new supply of drugs "every day" and he dictated how much of the drugs were to be sold 

and for what price. 

{¶ 60} Moore also brought buyers to appellant to purchase drugs. Moore testified 

that on February 29, 2016, she picked up Burress and transported him to appellant's location 

so that Burress could purchase drugs. Burress gave appellant $2,800 in exchange for 5.328 

grams of cocaine and 8.754 grams of heroin and fentanyl. After appellant and Burress 

completed their transaction, she turned over $900 that she had made selling drugs for 

appellant. Appellant then gave Moore 7.789 grams of cocaine and 8.613 grams of heroin 

and fentanyl to sell for him. 

{¶ 61} Appellant's argument that Moore and Perkins did not have a "common 

purpose" in the sale of the drugs because they did not receive a "financial gain" for the sale 

of the drugs is without merit. Both Perkins and Moore testified they profited from the sale of 

appellant's drugs out of the "trap house." In exchange for allowing his apartment to be used 

as a "trap house," Perkins received drugs, items he needed from the store, and care for his 

apartment. Moore also received drugs in exchange for selling drugs for appellant. The fact 

that Perkins' and Moore's profits from selling drugs were received in the form of goods 

(drugs) rather than money is immaterial. 

{¶ 62} Accordingly, as the state introduced evidence demonstrating appellant was 

acting with others in an enterprise for the sale and distribution of illicit drugs in Clermont 
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County and Hamilton County, we find that appellant's conviction for engaging in a pattern of 

corrupt activity was supported by sufficient evidence. See, e.g., Davis, 2017-Ohio-495 at ¶ 

16-55. Appellant's second assignment of error is, therefore, overruled. 

{¶ 63} Assignment of Error No. 3: 

{¶ 64} THE EVIDENCE TO CONVICT [APPELLANT] WAS AGAINST THE 

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE. 

{¶ 65} In his third assignment of error appellant contends his convictions for 

trafficking in heroin, trafficking in cocaine, aggravated trafficking in drugs, and engaging in a 

pattern of corrupt activity were against the manifest weight of the evidence as his convictions 

were "based primarily on the mostly uncorroborated testimony of Burress and Moore," two 

individuals who appellant contends have "credibility issues and strong motives to falsely 

implicate [him] in these matters." 

{¶ 66} A manifest weight of the evidence challenge examines the "inclination of the 

greater amount of credible evidence, offered at a trial, to support one side of the issue rather 

than the other." State v. Barnett, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-177, 2012-Ohio-2372, ¶ 

14. To determine whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the 

reviewing court must look at the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable 

inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether in resolving the 

conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest 

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. 

Graham, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2008-07-095, 2009-Ohio-2814, ¶ 66. "While appellate 

review includes the responsibility to consider the credibility of witnesses and weight given to 

the evidence, 'these issues are primarily matters for the trier of fact to decide.'" State v. 

Barnes, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2010-06-009, 2011-Ohio-5226, ¶ 81, quoting State v. 
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Walker, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2006-04-085, 2007-Ohio-911, ¶ 26. An appellate court, 

therefore, will overturn a conviction due to the manifest weight of the evidence only in 

extraordinary circumstances when the evidence presented at trial weighs heavily in favor of 

acquittal. Id., citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. 

{¶ 67} We have thoroughly reviewed the record in the present case and conclude that 

appellant's convictions for trafficking in heroin, trafficking in cocaine, aggravated trafficking in 

drugs, and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity are not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. The state presented testimony demonstrating that appellant and his associates, 

Rivera and Moore, were in the business of selling narcotics in Clermont County and Hamilton 

County. Testimony was offered by Moore and Perkins that a substantial portion of 

appellant's business was conducted out of Perkins' apartment in New Richmond, Ohio. They 

explained that appellant, Moore, or Rivera sold drugs out of Perkins' apartment "every day" 

for a period of more than three months. Burress testified that between January 25 and 

February 29, 2016, appellant offered to sell him and did sell him narcotics on six different 

occasions, either personally or through his associate Rivera. Moore and Burress also 

testified that appellant delivered drugs to Moore for sale on February 29, 2016. According to 

Burress and Lieutenant Ventre, the drug trafficking offenses that occurred on February 18, 

February 22, February 24, and February 29, 2016 all occurred in the presence or vicinity of a 

juvenile. Testing of the drugs sold to Burress and given to Moore demonstrated that the 

drugs consisted of heroin, fentanyl, and cocaine. 

{¶ 68} Although appellant challenges the credibility of Burress' and Moore's 

testimony, the trial court, as the original trier of fact, "was in the best position to judge the 

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence." State v. Patterson, 12th 

Dist. Butler No. CA2001-09-222, 2002-Ohio-5996, ¶ 12. Appellant's convictions are not 
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against the manifest weight of the evidence merely because the trier of fact believed the 

testimony of the state's witnesses. State v. Burrell, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2016-04-005, 

2016-Ohio-8454, ¶ 22; State v. Lunsford, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2010-10-021, 2011-Ohio6529, ¶ 17. 

{¶ 69} Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not lose its way or create such 

a manifest miscarriage of justice such that appellant's convictions must be reversed and a 

new trial ordered. Appellant's third assignment of error is, therefore, overruled. 

{¶ 70} Assignment of Error No. 4: 

{¶ 71} [APPELLANT] WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL. 

{¶ 72} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant argues he received ineffective 

assistance of counsel. Specifically, appellant argues trial counsel was ineffective for not 

properly cross-examining Burress about statements Burress made to defense counsel during 

a pretrial interview held on June 29, 2016. 

{¶ 73} At trial, before cross-examining Burress, defense counsel revealed that he 

took notes during the June 29, 2016 interview and purportedly had Burress sign the notes at 

the conclusion of the meeting. Defense counsel's notes indicated that Burress stated he had 

acted as a confidential informant for CCNU in exchange for assistance in gaining custody of 

his children and for leniency in his own criminal case, rather than out of a civic interest in 

stopping the flood of heroin to New Richmond. The notes also indicated appellant never sold 

drugs to Burress in Clermont County and that it was "Mike" Rivera who sold drugs to Burress 

in New Richmond on two occasions. Defense counsel argued the notes were admissible 

pursuant to Evid.R. 801(D) and could be used for impeachment purposes. 

{¶ 74} The state, however, argued that the notes were inadmissible as defense 

counsel failed to disclose them as required by Crim.R. 16(H) and the notes constituted 
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hearsay. The state further argued that admission of the notes would require defense counsel 

to act as a witness in the case, as defense counsel would be called to testify as to the 

circumstances surrounding the making of the document. 

{¶ 75} The trial court did not make a ruling on the record as to the admissibility of the 

interview notes or defense counsel's ability to question Burress about the June 29, 2016 

interview. Defense counsel did not seek to introduce the interview notes when crossexamining Burress. Instead, defense counsel proffered the notes at the close of trial. 

Appellant now contends that Burress' statement to defense counsel was relevant for 

impeachment purposes and was "significant * * * [in] suggesting that venue had not been 

established in the matter." Appellant therefore argues defense counsel was ineffective for 

not properly cross-examining Burress about his statements during the interview. 

{¶ 76} To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, an appellant must 

establish that (1) his trial counsel's performance was deficient and (2) such deficiency 

prejudiced the defense to the point of depriving the appellant of a fair trial. Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). Trial counsel's performance will 

not be deemed deficient unless it "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Id. at 

688. To show prejudice, the appellant must prove there exists "a reasonable probability that, 

but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been 

different." Id. at 694. An appellant's failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test 

negates a court's need to consider the other. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389 

(2000). 

{¶ 77} "The scope of cross-examination falls within the ambit of trial strategy, and 

debatable trial tactics do not establish ineffective assistance of counsel." State v. Conway, 

109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, ¶ 101. In evaluating trial counsel's performance, the 
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reviewing court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel rendered adequate 

assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional 

judgment. State v. Hendrix, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-05-109, 2012-Ohio-5610, ¶ 14. 

{¶ 78} The record reveals that even without admission of the interview notes, defense 

counsel was able to challenge Burress' credibility and recollection of events.6 Defense 

counsel got Burress to admit that he was not always an honest man, he had a prior felony 

conviction for use of a controlled substance, he had lied about attending M.I.T., he had 

violated his probation, and he had assisted CCNU's investigation in hopes that he would be 

able to get into a drug treatment program in lieu of receiving a prison term for violating his 

probation. Although defense counsel did not reference his June 29, 2016 interview of 

Burress during his cross-examination, defense counsel did question Burress about whether 

he told "different versions" of events from his trial testimony about his interactions with the 

police and appellant. Burress admitted he had told different versions, although he 

maintained he only did so to protect himself. Defense counsel, therefore, successfully 

challenged Burress' credibility on cross-examination and defense counsel's performance did 

not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. See, e.g., State v. Murphy, 12th Dist. 

Butler No. CA2009-05-128, 2009-Ohio-6745, ¶ 32-36. 

{¶ 79} Further, contrary to appellant's arguments, he was not prejudiced by trial 

counsel's cross-examination of Burress. Though appellant believes additional questioning 

would have demonstrated that venue in Clermont County had not been established, the 

record reveals that defense counsel cross-examined Burress on this precise issue. For 

 

6. To the extent appellant is arguing that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to move to admit the 

interview notes into evidence, we find no merit to his argument. The interview notes constituted hearsay and 

were not admissible under Evid.R. 801(D)(1)(a), as Burress' statement to defense counsel was not given under 

oath while he was subject to cross-examination by the state. The notes were also not admissible as extrinsic 

evidence of a prior inconsistent statement under Evid.R. 613, as Burress' admitted to making the prior 

inconsistent statement. See State v. Mathes, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-03-028, 2013-Ohio-1732, ¶ 9-10.
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instance, counsel questioned Burress about where he resided, the location where the phone 

calls arranging the drug transactions originated, and whether appellant was present at 

Perkins' apartment in New Richmond for the drug transactions involved in counts one and 

two. As the trial court specifically found Burress' testimony regarding his presence in 

Clermont County when he exchanged phone calls with appellant to set up the drug 

transactions credible, and such evidence was sufficient to establish venue under Meridy, 

2005-Ohio-241, we find that appellant cannot establish the prejudice prong of Strickland. 

Appellant's argument that defense counsel was ineffective is, therefore, without merit. 

Appellant's fourth assignment of error is overruled. 

III. CONCLUSION 

{¶ 80} Having found appellant's assignments of error to be without merit, we hereby 

affirm appellant's convictions for engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, aggravated 

trafficking in drugs, and trafficking in heroin and cocaine. 

{¶ 81} Judgment affirmed. 

 S. POWELL and RINGLAND, JJ., concur.