FILED

May 14, 1999

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate C ourt Clerk

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

JANUARY 1999 SESSION

STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) C.C.A. No. 03C01-9804-CR-00136

)

Appellee, ) McMinn County

)

vs. ) Hon. Mayo L. Mashburn, Judge

) (Deceased) (Trial)

LEE LANCE, )

) Hon. Carroll L. Ross, Judge

Appellant. ) (Motion for New Trial)

)

) (Rape of a Child, Incest)

FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:

ELLERY HILL (DECEASED) (at trial) JOHN KNOX WALKUP 

Attorney at Law Attorney General & Reporter

CHARLES M. CORN TODD R. KELLEY

District Public Defender Assistant Attorney General

53-A Central Ave., P.O. Box 1453 425 Fifth Ave. N., 2d Floor

Cleveland, TN 37364-1453 Nashville, TN 37243-0493

THOMAS E. KIMBALL (at trial) JERRY N. ESTES

Assistant Public Defender District Attorney General

110 1⁄2 Washington Ave., NE

Athens, TN 37303 SANDRA DONAGHY

Assistant District Attorney

GERALD L. GULLEY, JR. (on appeal) P.O. Box 647

Baker, McReynolds, Byrne, O’Kane, Athens, TN 37303-0647

Shea & Townsend

607 Market St., Eleventh Floor

P.O. Box 1708

Knoxville, TN 37901-1708

OPINION FILED:________________

AFFIRMED

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE

OPINION
1

 Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-522(a) (1997).

2

 Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-302(a)(1) (1997).

3

 It is this court’s policy not to reveal the names of minors involved in

sexual abuse.

2

The defendant, Lee Lance, appeals from his convictions of two counts

of rape of a child1 and two counts of incest2 in the McMinn County Criminal Court.

The trial court imposed an effective sentence of 25 years in confinement. In this

direct appeal, the defendant raises three issues:

I. Did the trial court improperly assist the state in proving all of the

necessary elements of the offenses of rape of a child and

incest, thereby violating the defendant’s rights to a fair trial?

II. Did the trial court unfairly prejudice the defendant by allowing

the state to ask leading questions on its direct and redirect

examinations of the alleged victim?

III. Was the evidence sufficient to support a jury verdict of

guilty on the charges of rape of a child and incest?

After a review of the record, the briefs of the parties, and the applicable law, we

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

The state presented the following proof at trial. The five-year old

female victim,3

 identified the defendant, her father, as the person that committed the

offenses against her. She testified that she and the defendant were in an

outbuilding near the defendant’s home when the defendant pulled the victim’s pants

halfway off. The defendant had his pants halfway off as he laid on top of the victim

and touched her with his penis. She specifically stated “he put it on my private” and

it hurt. The victim did not remember telling anyone except her mother about the

events in the outbuilding. 

After the victim recounted the first assault, which is the subject of

counts one and two, the prosecutor asked her if the defendant did anything else to

her. She replied, “Yes.” When the prosecutor asked “What else did he do . . . ?,”
3

the transcript indicates “(No response.).” Then the prosecutor asked, “Did he touch

you somewhere else?,” and the transcript indicates “(Nods head affirmatively.).”The

victim testified that the nod meant “yes,” but when asked where else the defendant

touched her, the victim began crying. The victim continued to cry in the face of

repeated attempts to elicit her response to the question, and the trial court ultimately

declared a recess. During the recess, the child sat with an officer and her

stepfather who was instructed by the trial court to try to calm her but not to discuss

the case with her. When testimony resumed, the victim again acknowledged that

the defendant touched her with his penis somewhere besides her genital area, but

again, when questioned where, she began crying. The court suggested that the

prosecutor ask her “question another way,” and when she asked if the defendant

put anything in the victim’s mouth, the transcript indicates “(No response; witness

crying.).” After the victim indicated she was scared, the prosecutor moved to

another line of inquiry, but when she returned to the question about the second

assault, the victim resumed crying. At this point the prosecutor said, “Judge maybe

I’ll let [defense counsel] ask some questions.” After cross-examination, a brief redirect examination about confusion over the victim’s grandmother’s name, and a

brief re-cross examination about the grandmother, the prosecutor said, “That’s all

I have, your Honor.” The trial judge then asked, “Not gonna ask her that question

again?” At this point, the prosecutor asked if the defendant put his penis “anywhere

else,” and the victim responded by indicating to her mouth. She then affirmed that

the defendant put his penis there.

A former detective with the McMinn CountySheriff’s Department,Larry

Moses, testified that he investigated the allegations of the victim. He went to the

building where the offenses allegedly occurred and took photographs. After

interviewing the victim at the hospital, he had her underwear tested and a rape kit

prepared. Both the underwear and the rape kit returned with negative results for
4

body fluids. He did not obtain any hair samples from anyone, nor did he test the

mattress in the outbuilding for any signs of physical evidence. Instead, he relied on

Dr. Kimberly Breeden’s conclusion that there were signs of sexual penetration. Dr.

Breeden testified that she examined the victim on May 30, 1994. Dr. Breeden

discovered two lacerations on the labia minora, and a torn hymen. Dr. Breeden

opined that penetration was the only way to create a tear to the hymen consistent

with the victim’s and that the injuries occurred somewhere between 48 and 72 hours

prior to the examination. Dr. Breeden could not identify the source of penetration,

but she opined that the victim had been penetrated.

Bruce Lance, the victim’s brother and the defendant’s son, testified

that he and the victim were visiting the defendant at the time of the alleged

offenses. He saw the defendant and the victim alone in the outbuilding with the

victim standing in front of a mattress and the defendant sitting on the mattress. He

did not see the defendant harm the victim. The victim did not say anything to him

about hurting or that anyone harmed her. 

The defense presented the following proof at trial. The defendant

testified that the victim was visiting with him on the weekend prior to May 30, 1994.

He testified that he never had sexual contact with her. The only reason that the

victim accused him of these offenses is because the victim’s mother, his ex-wife,

“put it in her head.” He said that the victim’s mother stated she would get even with

the defendant for having an affair with her ex-sister-in-law. The defendant testified

that he was never alone with the victim in the outbuilding, but that he, the victim,

Bruce Lance, the defendant’s sister Autumn, the defendant’s father, and the

defendant’s grandmother went to the outbuilding to see a large mouth bass fish in

the freezer. The victim did not want to return home after visiting with the defendant

that weekend. 
5

The defendant’s mother and father testified at the trial. The

defendant’s father, E.H. Lance, corroborated the defendant’s testimony regarding

the large mouth bass fish incident. Mr. Lance testified that the victim did not act

strange or distressed, but, instead, she was running and playing all weekend. The

defendant’s mother, Martha Lance, testified that she picked up the children on

Friday night. Mrs. Lance was bathing the victim when the victim stated that her

bottom was hurting. Mrs. Lance examined the victim’s bottom, finding it to be red

and irritated, but she did not think the victim required medical attention. The victim

did not know why she was hurting. After Friday night, the victim did not complain

about any pain. The victim was running and playing all weekend.

The last witness for the defense was the defendant’s fiancee, Brook

Taylor. Ms. Taylor testified that the victim’s mother refused to allow the defendant

to buy the children any presents because she wanted to use the children for

revenge against him. The victim’s mother was upset about the defendant dating her

ex-sister-in-law. 

On this evidence, the jury found the defendant guilty of two counts of

rape of a child and two counts of incest.

I. Improper Assistance

The defendant contends that the trial judge improperly assisted the

state by “directing the prosecutor to ask additional questions to prove an essential

element of the charge.” The prosecutor asked the victim several times whether the

defendant had touched her somewhere else, but the witness began crying and

could not answer the prosecutor. After cross examination, redirect, and recross, the

prosecutor said “that’s all I have, your honor.” The trial court responded by saying
4We do not impose a plain error analysis in reviewing this issue, see

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 52(b), because of the language of Tennessee Rule of

Evidence 605: “The judge . . . presiding at trial may not testify at that trial. No

objection need be made in order to preserve that point.” 

6

“Not gonna ask her that question again?” Without objection from the defense,4

 the

prosecutor then asked the victim if the defendant had put his penis anywhere else.

She responded that he put his penis in her mouth. This was the only evidence of

the second count of rape of a child and second count of incest. 

The defendant relies on State v. Brock, 940 S.W.2d 577 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1996), for his allegation of assistance to the state by the trial judge. In Brock,

the prosecutor and defense counsel stated they had no further proof. Brock, 940

S.W.2d at 580. The trial judge noted the lack of evidence regarding the defendant’s

age, which is an essential element of a statutory rape charge. Id. The trial judge

sua sponte reopened the proof by recalling the defendant to the witness stand over

a defense objection. Id. Without the judge recalling the defendant, direct evidence

of the defendant’s age would not have been in the evidence. This court concluded

the trial judge abused his discretion in recalling the defendant and questioning him

about his age. Id. at 581. 

However, as the defendant concedes, this case is different from

Brock. Here, the trial judge did not inject himself into the process by recalling a

witness and asking her any questions. We believe the proper inquiry is whether the

trial judge “committed an error which resulted in an unjust disposition of the case.”

State v. Hawk, 688 S.W.2d 467, 472 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985) (this court rejected

the defendant’s claim that the trial judge made prejudicial comments and should

have recused himself). Although the trial judge’s comment may have suggested a

further line of inquiry to the state, we find that the comment did not result in an

unjust disposition of the case. The comment did not necessarily show that the trial
7

judge possessed any bias or opinion regarding the defendant’s guilt. See State v.

Suttles, 767 S.W.2d 403, 407 (Tenn. 1989). We glean from the record that all

parties, including the trial judge, were trying to diminish the trauma that testifying

was imposing upon this very young witness. Given the overall context, we view the

court’s actions as an outgrowth of this accommodation rather than a manifestation

of bias.

In fairness, however, the issue is a close question. The victim’s

response to the state’s final question, as prompted by the trial judge, supplied the

only basis in the proof to support the third and fourth counts of the indictment. The

defendant argues in his brief that “without the trial court’s active assistance with the

State’s case...the State would not have been able to prove every element” of the

third and fourth counts of the indictment. On the other hand, this “but for” argument

is not squarely dispositive of the issue. We are influenced in our decision by the

fact that the trial judge’s question was asked during the examination of the state’s

first witness and was not imposed at the conclusion of evidence or even after the

state rested its case. There is no indication in the record that the state would not

have revisited the lack of proof on the third and fourth counts before it closed its

case had the trial judge not asked his question when he did. We conclude that the

trial court’s action did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial.

 

II. Leading Questions

Next, the defendant challenges the trial court’s decision to allow the

use of leading questions by the prosecutor during the direct examination of the

victim. It is within the trial court’s discretion to allow the use of leading questions.

Mothershed v. State, 578 S.W.2d 96, 99 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). We review this

decision under an abuse of discretion standard. See State v. Caughron, 855

S.W.2d 526, 540 (Tenn. 1993). 
8

The trial court’s decision to allow leading questions in child sexual

abuse cases has been consistently upheld by this court. See State v. William

Dearry, No. 03C01-9612-CC-00462, slip op. at 20-21 (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville,

Feb. 6, 1998); State v. James Ryion, No. 01C01-9511-CC-00365, slip op. at 16

(Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Dec. 30, 1996); State v. Hugh Nicely, No. 01C01-

9506-CC-00160, slip op. at 8 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, May 9, 1996); State v.

Craig Allen Lewis, No. 01C01-9307-CC-00232, slip op. at 14-15 (Tenn. Crim. App.,

Nashville, Jan. 12, 1995). “[U]nless [the appellate court] can see that the question

was not only clearly leading but clearly prejudicial, the action of [the trial court] will

not be interfered with by [the appellate court].” Hale v. State, 281 S.W.2d 51, 58

(Tenn. 1955). 

The victim was five years old at the time of this trial. The nature of the

situation was very upsetting to her. She barely responded to the prosecutor’s

questions by saying “yes” or “no.” She cried and became so upset at one point that

a recess was necessary. Leading questions were the only way to elicit the

necessary information from this child. Accordingly, the trial judge did not abuse his

discretion in allowing the prosecutor to use leading questions during the direct

examination of the victim.

III. Sufficiency

The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. When an

accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court’s standard

of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S. Ct.

2781, 2791-92 (1979); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67 (Tenn. 1985); Tenn. R.

App. P. 13(e). This rule applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,
5

 The offense of rape of a child “is the unlawful sexual penetration of a

victim by the defendant or the defendant by a victim, if such victim is less than

thirteen (13) years of age.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-522(a) (1997). The

offense of incest is committed when a person “engages in sexual penetration . . .

with a person, knowing such person to be, without regard to legitimacy: (1) The

person’s natural parent, child . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-302(a)(1) (1997).

9

circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence.

State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). 

In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court should not

reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the

weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the

evidence are resolved by the trier of fact. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835

(Tenn. 1978). Nor may this court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the

trier of fact from the evidence. Liakas v. State, 199 Tenn. 298, 305, 286 S.W.2d

856, 859 (1956); Farmer v. State, 574 S.W.2d 49, 51 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). On

the contrary, this court must afford the State of Tennessee the strongest legitimate

view of the evidence contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate

inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835.

The defendant contends that the state did not present evidence of

sexual penetration by the defendant in order to prove the offenses alleged in counts

one and two. The defendant argues that the victim’s testimony, “he put it on my

private,” does not establish sexual penetration by the defendant. Sexual

penetration is an essential element of rape of a child and incest.5 Sexual

penetration is defined as “sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse,

or any other intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person’s body or of any object

into the genital or anal openings of the victim’s, the defendant’s, or any other

person’s body, but emission of semen is not required.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
10

501(7) (1997).

The defendant argues that it was necessary for the victim to testify

that the defendant put his penis “in” her, instead of “on” her, to prove penetration.

The victim does not have to use specific words to prove penetration. This court has

found sufficient evidence of sexual penetration from the exact language used by this

victim in the case of State v. Curtis Newbern, No. 70 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson,

July 5, 1989). 

In Newbern, the victim testified that the defendant “took his private out

and put it on my private.” Newbern, slip op. at 2. There was evidence of tears on

the Newbern victim’s hymen as well. Id. On this evidence, this court found

sufficient proof of sexual penetration. Id. The same evidence was provided in this

case. The defendant laid on top of the victim, touched her with his penis, and “put

it on my private.” Dr. Breeden testified that the victim had two vaginal lacerations

and a torn hymen, which is consistent with penetration. This evidence was

sufficient to prove sexual penetration and sustain the jury’s verdict of one count rape

of a child and one count of incest. 

Finally, the defendant contends that there is no testimony from the

state’s witnesses that the defendant committed these acts within the time frame

which Dr. Breeden testified the offense would have occurred. However, the

defendant and his parents testified that the victim was visiting the defendant at his

parents’ home during the time frame for which the offenses occurred. This

evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s conclusion that the defendant was with

the victim during the time frame for which the offenses occurred. 

IV. Conclusion
11

In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the

judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

In this case, the terms of the four judgments are not consistent with

respect to the concurrent and consecutive running of the sentences. Some “crosswiring” has occurred, and although the trial court made an attempt to rectify the

problem through an order to amend the judgments, we believe the problems persist

and moreover discern that the effect of the judgment language is at odds with the

sentences as announced by the trial court at the sentencing hearing. When the

judgment in a case conflicts with the judge’s language from the transcript of the

sentencing hearing, the latter controls. State v. Moore, 814 S.W.2d 381, 383 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1991). At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial judge clearly

imposed the two rape sentences of 20 years each to run concurrently with each

other and the two incest sentences of five years each to run concurrently with each

other. These two effective sentences--20 years for rape and five years for incest--

were imposed to run consecutively to each other to yield a final effective sentence

of 25 years. This court’s judgment should amend the trial court’s judgments in order

to make them reflect the method of serving the various sentences as established

by the trial court.

________________________________

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE

CONCUR:

_______________________________

GARY R. WADE, PRESIDING JUDGE

_______________________________
12

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JUDGE