J

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NON

- PRECEDENTIAL DECISION

- SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

KAREN J. THOMPSON, TRUSTEE OF THE THOMPSON FAMILY TRUST AGREEMENT

v.

YOUNG SIK KIM

Appellee

APPEAL OF: KAREN THOMPSON :

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: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 2321 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered January 24, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County

Civil Division at No

. 2017

- 03442

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED MARCH 28, 2023

Karen Thompson (Appellant )
, as trustee of the Thompson Family Trust
,
appeals by permission 1 from the order determining the equitable relief

awarded to her in this action for trespass, private nuisance, and violation of

the Clean Streams Law (35 P.S. §§ 691.1

- 1001) . We affirm.

The trial court detailed the underlying facts and procedural history as

follows :

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

1 Appellant filed a petition for permission to appeal which the trial court granted on September 20, 2022.J

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[T] his dispute is between the owners of two parcels of land. The parcel higher in elevation comprises approximately 10 acres, fronting on Welsh Road in Horsham Township, northwest of the intersection of Welsh Road and Mann Road. Welsh Road serves as the boun dary between Horsham Township and Upper Dublin Township, which is to the southwest of Welsh Road. The parcel is currently owned by [ Appellee Young Sik Kim (Kim) ] and is referred to as the Kim Parcel.

The other parcel, lower in elevation, comprises
approx imately 71 acres, fronting on Mann Road in Horsham Township, northeast of the intersection of Welsh Road and Mann Road, and extending northeast and northwest. The parcel includes a strip of land approximately 50 feet in width, located in the western part of the parcel and running from the northeast to the southwest, providing access to Welsh Road. The parcel is currently owned by the Thompson Family Trust Agreement (“the Trust”) and is referred to as the Trust Parcel. [Appellant] is t rustee of the Trust. The two parcels share a boundary along the northwest edge of the 50

- foot

- wide strip and elsewhere along the western boundary of the Trust Parcel.

A third relevant parcel consists of approximately 39 acres, on which is situated the Maple Glen Church and its parking area (“the Church Parcel”). The Church Parcel shares a border with the eastern portion of the Trust Parcel and also lies across the 50

- foot

- wide strip from the Kim Parcel. Like the Trust Parcel, the Church Parcel is lower in elevation than th e Kim Parcel.

* * *

Much of the development affecting the two subject parcels occurred before they were acquired by the parties to this lawsuit. Before the late 1950’s, the land in Upper Dublin Township across Welsh Road from the Kim Parcel was undevel oped farmland. In the late 1950’s, a housing subdivision was constructed on that land. This development resulted in increased storm water runoff from the Upper Dublin property, which is at a higher grade than Welsh Road and the Kim Parcel. As part of th e construction of the subdivision, a culvert was installed under Welsh Road, depositing the storm water runoff onto the Kim Parcel. The natural course of the water from the culvert crossed over the Kim Parcel and across the 50

- foot

- wide strip onto the Chu rch Parcel. The flow was primarily sheet flow, but with the passage of time, a small swaleJ

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or very shallow, meandering channel and a small ephemeral pond appeared on the Kim Parcel.

On April 30, 1990, the Kim Parcel was purchased by Dr. Norman Werther and Ellen Werther, husband and wife. The Werthers installed a wider and deeper defined channel with a bed and banks for the conveyance of the water to a pond that they also constructed. The channel was wholly contained on the Kim Parcel. The pon d was partly on the Kim Parcel but the majority of the pond was located within the 50

- foot

- wide strip that is part of the Trust Parcel. The effect of the channel and the pond was to increase the flow of water runoff from the Kim Parcel and to divert it fr om the Church Parcel to the Trust Parcel.

At all relevant times prior to December 20, 2010, Natural Lands Trust, Inc. (“NLT”), was the owner of the Trust Parcel.

* * *

On December 20, 2010, the Trust purchased the Trust Parcel from NLT, subject to an Agricultural Conservation Easement established the same date by NLT. At the time of its purchase of the Trust Parcel, the Trust was aware that the pond was situated largely on the 50

- foot

- wide strip that was part of the Trust Parcel and that it caused an increase in water runoff onto the Trust Parcel.

* * *

On January 9, 2015, [ Kim ] purchased the Kim Parcel from the Werthers.

* * *

At and after the time of his purchase of the Kim Parcel, [ Kim ] was aware that the work done by the Werthers had increased the flow of water onto the Trust Parcel. In approximately the summer of 2016, [ Kim ] made certain changes to the channel, including removing old railroad ties and replacing them with boulders, and to other parts of the Kim Parcel. He did not change the location of the channel or the pond. The evidence is in dispute over whether the changes made by [ Kim ] aggravated or mitigated the impact of water runoff from the channel and pond onto the Trust Pr operty. It is undisputed, however, that theJ

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changes did not wholly reverse the increased water runoff onto the Trust Property caused by the Werthers’ actions.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/ 15/22, at 1

- 4 (footn ote omitted , capitalization

modified ).

The Trust c ommenced this action for trespass, violation of the Clean

Streams Law and Storm Water Management Act, private nuisance, public

nuisance, and negligence on February 21, 2017. The trial court held a bench

trial December 1

- 4, 202 0, and issue d its decision on February 26, 2021.

On the Trust’s statutory claims, the c ourt determined [ Kim ] had not developed and implemented an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan in accordance with the requirements of regulations of [the Department of Environmental Protection (DE P ) ] , 25 Pa. Code § 102.4(b). The c ourt held that [ Kim ] was therefore in violation of the Clean Streams Law. See 25 Pa. Code § 102.31. Accordingly, the c ourt held that the Trust was entitled to equitable relief against [ Kim ] pursuant to section 601(a) and (c) of the Clean Streams Law, 35 P.S. § 691.601(a), (c), to abate his violations and compel compliance with the statute. On the nature of the remedial r elief, the c ourt adopted the suggestion of the Trust’s counsel by ordering [ Kim ] to apply to DEP to determine what corrective activity was required.

...

On the common

- law claims, the c ourt determined [ Kim ] was liable to the Trust for equitable relief for trespass and private nuisance.

...
While finding [ Kim ] liable on these common

- law claims, the

c ourt held in abeyance the determination of equitable relief on the claims, pending the proceedings before DEP ordered on the Clean Streams Law claim.

...

On March 8, 2021, [ Kim ] filed a m otion for p ost

- t rial r elief. On March 18, 2021, the Trust filed its own m otion for p ost

- t rial

r elief. After briefing, by o rder dated May 27, 2021, the c ourt denied both m otions and entered the relief set forth in the d ecision as a judgment of the c ourt. Neither party filed an appeal from that judgment.J

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- * * *

On July 14, 2021, [ Kim ] ’s engineer, Mr. [Timothy] Woodrow, submitted to DEP (and also to the Montgomery County Con servation District) an a pplication for a dequacy r eview, in purported compliance with paragraph 2(a) and (b) of the c ourt’s

o rder. On July 29, 2021, the Trust filed [a ] m otion to e nforce j udgment, to h old [Kim] in c ontempt, and for s anctions (“the First Mo tion to Enforce”), asserting that Mr. Woodrow’s submission did not comply with

... the o rder. A hearing on the m otion was set for September 1, 2021. ... T he c ourt determined that proceedings on the m otion should be held in abeyance pending an informal confe rence with an appropriate representative of DEP [, which] was held on September 21, 2021, with Christopher Smith, a DEP engineer, in attendance.

...
On October 29, 2021, DEP, by its a ssistant c ounsel, provided to the parties’ counsel by email a DEP s tatus u pdate.

...
[O n] November 12, 2021, [the Trust filed] a m otion to

e nforce r elief and for a h earing p ursuant to the May 27, 2021 j udgment o rder of c ourt (“the Second Motion to Enforce”).

...

Id. 6

- 9 (footnotes omitted , capitalization modified ).

On January 11, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on both

motions to enforce

. Gregory Charles Newell , Appellant’s engineer, and Mr.

Woodrow, Kim’s engineer
, both testified.

Mr. Newell testified that the proper abatement measure would be to install a new stormwater management basin on the Kim Parcel near the outlet of the culvert running from Upper Dublin Township under Welsh Road and to fill in the channel and pond that the Werthers had installe d. This was the same plan that Mr. Newell had proposed during his testimony at the four

- day trial. At that time, he had estimated the cost of implementing the plan as $583,000. (Ex. P

- 75, p. 11; Tr. 12/3/20, at 13

- 14.) On cross

examination, Mr. Newell testified that he had not considered dredging the pond as a potential remedy. (Tr. 1/11/22, at 48.)

* * *J

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- Mr. Woodrow, on behalf of [ Kim ] , had a very different opinion. He testified that no remediation was necessary to

a ddress the increased water flow from the Kim parcel

— a conclusion that was clearly at odds with the findings in the c ourt’s d ecision. But he also proposed, as an alternative, that the pond be dredged and that other alterations to the pond be made.

... Mr

. Woodrow further testified that he had not yet prepared a design or specifications for such work. (Tr. 1/11/22, at 139.)

Id. at 10

- 12.

On January 24, 2022, the trial court issued a decision which provided:

[Kim] will be ordered to promptly dredge or d eepen the pond that straddles the parties’ properties and to modify the associated outlet structures, spillway, and berm, so as to achieve the maximum feasible reduction of water flow from [Kim’s] property onto [Appellant’s] property, in accordance with th e following procedure:

(a) The parties, through their respective engineers, shall engage in a cooperative and collaborative process to reach agreement on the nature, scope and design of the work to be performed . The agreement shall be set forth in a writing (including sketches, plans, or other graphic materials) acceptable to both engineers. Upon the entry of such agreement, [Kim] shall proceed with the agreed work as promptly as feasible.

(b) In the event that the parties, through their respective engineers, cannot reach agreement in accordance with subparagraph (a) above, each party shall submit to the c ourt, on a date agreed upon by the parties, a written report stating the work proposed by that party’s engineer, explaining the reasons for such proposal, and explaining any objection to the proposal of the opposing party’s engineer. Within ten (10) days after the submission of such reports, each party may submit a rebuttal report by that party’s engineer. Upon review of such reports, and after such further proceedings, if any, that the c ourt considersJ

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- necessary, the c ourt will determine the work to be performed.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/15/22, at 14

.
On January 31, 2022, the Trust filed a motion seeking rec onsideration.

The court denied reconsideration on February 10, 2022. Appellant timely

appeal e d. 2

Appellant present s the following issues:

1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion and commit manifest errors of law by issuing and entering its January 24, 2022 memorandum and order, reversing, or materially deviating from and nul lifying, the court’s February 26, 2012 decision, later affirmed by its May 27, 2021 judgment orde r[?]

2. Did the trial court therefore commit abuses of discretion and manifest errors o f law by entering its January 24, 2022 memorandum and order denying Appellant’s relief request in the Trust’s November 12, 2021 motion to enforce relief and for a hearing pursuant to the May 27, 2021 judgment order?

3. Did the trial court therefore commit ab uses of discretion and manifest errors of law by: (1) creating an artificial, subjective standard for determining an acceptable volume of unnaturally channeled water i.e. “maximum feasible reduction” reversing the standard of [ Kowalski v. TOA PA V , L.P.
, 206 A.3d 1148 (Pa. Super. 20 19 ) ] (“however slight”) and (2) refusing to reinstate, and enforce against [Kim] without limitation, the full and complete abatement relief awarded Appellant by the court, as intended, in its February 26, 2021 [d ecision] as affirmed by its May 27, 2021 judgment order?

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

2 The trial court viewed the order as “arguably appealable as of right

. ” Id. at 15, n.6. However, as previously noted , the court grant ed Appellant permission to appeal. Order, 9/20/22. Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.J

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- 4. In [its] November 15, 2022 opinion, did the trial court sua sponte and without attribution, improperly interpose a defense of de jure authority on behalf of [Kim] with regard to unnaturally channeled water flow ing from Upper Dublin Township onto [Kim’s] property, to justify less than full abatement relief awarded Appellant rather than require [Kim] to effectuate full and permanent relief in favor of Appellant while yet finding that [Kim] “is still responsible un der the law of trespass and private nuisance for the increased runoff that remains[?]”

5. Should the trial court’s January 24, 2022 memorandum and order therefore be vacated, and this matter remanded with instructions to the trial court[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 5

- 9 ( modified ).

At the outset, we recognize:

When reviewing an equitable decree, our standard of review is limited. “We will reverse only where the trial court [ ] palpably err[ed], misapplied the law or committed a manifest abuse of discretion. Where there are any apparently reasonable grounds for the trial court ’ s decision, we must affirm it.” Viener v. Jacobs , 834 A.2d 546, 554 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations omitted).

Moreover,

The function of this Court on an appeal from an adj udication in equity is not to substitute [our] view for that of the lower tribunal; our task is rather to determine whether “a judicial mind, on due consideration of all the evidence, as a whole, could reasonably have reached the conclusion of that tribuna l.”

Hess v. Gebhard & Co., Inc. , 570 Pa. 148, 808 A.2d 912, 920 (2002) (quoting Aiken Indus., Inc. v. Estate of Wilson , 477 Pa. 34, 383 A.2d 808, 810 (1978)). Additionally, we note that “[w]hen reviewing the results of a non

- jury trial, we are bound by t he trial court ’ s findings of fact, unless those findings are not based on competent evidence.” Viener , 834 A.2d at 554.

Kinney v. Lacey , 252 A.3d 644, 647 (Pa. Super. 2021).J

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Furthermore,

i n Pennsylvania, specialized rules have been developed as to when an upper landowner may be liable for the effects of surface water running off its property. Our Supreme Court has held that, “[b]ecause water is descendible by nature, the owner of a dominan t or superior heritage has an easement in the servient or inferior tenement for the discharge of all waters which by nature rise in or flow or fall upon the superior.” Chamberlin v. Ciaffoni
, 373 Pa. 430, 96 A.2d 140, 142 (1953), quoting Kauffman v. Gries emer , 26 Pa. 407 (Pa. 1856). Therefore, “an owner of higher land [is] under no liability for damages to an owner of lower land caused by water which naturally flows from the one level to the other.” Chamberlin , 96 A.2d at 142.

N otwithstanding the above, “[t]he right of the upper landowner to discharge water on the lower lands of his neighbor is, in general, a right of flowage only, in the natural ways and natural quantities.” Pfeiffer v. Brown , 165 Pa. 267, 30 A. 844 (1895). Thus, if the upper landowner “alters the natural conditions so as to change the course of the water, or concentrate[s] it at a particular point, or by artificial means [ ] increase[s] its volume, he becomes liable for any injury caused thereby.” Id. In other words, it is “only wher e the water is diverted from its natural channel or where it is unreasonably or unnecessarily changed in quantity or quality has the lower owner received a legal injury.” Lucas v. Ford , 363 Pa. 153, 69 A.2d 114, 116 (1949).

Youst v. Keck’s Food Service, Inc.
, 94 A.3d 1057, 1073 (Pa. Super. 2014)

.
Appellant ’s argument does not correspond with he r statement of

question s

. See Appellant’ Brief at 5

- 48. In addition , Appellant ess entially

argues a single issue
, i.e.
, that the trial c ourt abused its discretion and

committed an error of law by ordering an inequitable remedy. Id.

Appellant acknowledg es that some of the water runoff on to the Trust

p roperty “originates from Upper Dublin Township
, ” not Kim

. Id. at 3 0

.
However, she contends KimJ

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is liable for full and effective permanent relief in favor of Appellant because of the work done by [Kim] on his property regardless of whether his site work aggravated or diminished the artificial runoff caused by the predecessor owners’ site work channeling the Upper Dublin Township unnatural surface water through their property and onto Appellant’s property.

Id. at 31.

Appellant cites this Court’s decisions in Kowalski 206 A.3d 1148 (Pa.

Super. 2019), and Morgan v. Millstone Re sources Ltd

. , 267 A.3d 1235 (Pa.

Super. 2021), to argue :

T he fact [Kim] did not build the Upper Dublin Township storm water conveyancing system allowing storm water to flow onto his property “ is of no consequence ” because his pre

- purchase knowledge and pro perty ownership since 2016 renders him liable for the flow of excess surface water onto Appellant ’ s property.

Id. at 30

- 31.

Appellant’s reliance on Kowalski and Morgan is misplaced. Morgan

held that a defendant who “artificially alters the natural flow of the surface

water on his land so as to injur[e] another property” commits trespass and

“will be enjoined.” Morgan
, 268 A.3d at 1249. Kowalski held that a

successor owner can be held liabl e for his or her predecessor’s trespass “if the

actor, having acquired his legal interest in the thing with knowledge of such

tortious conduct or having thereafter learned of it, fails to remove the thing.”

Kowalski , 206 A.3d at 1165 (citation omitted). Neither case holds that a

defendant landowner can be held liable and required to remedy damage

caused by a third, non

- party landowner’s diversion of water onto the parties’

properties.J

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Instantly, t he trial court explained:

In performing the task of fashioning the appropriate equitable remedy, the [c] ourt had before it two proposals by the parties’ two respective engineers. One proposal, by the Trust’s engineer, would have gone well beyond remedying the adverse impact on the Trust Parcel caused by the Werthers’ installation of the channel and pond, as modified by [ Kim ]

. That installation diverted water runoff resulting from the land development in Upper Dublin Township onto the Trust Parcel. The Trust proposal, however, wou ld not remedy the effect of the Werther installation so much as it would capture the Upper Dublin water at the point where it entered the Kim Parcel, before it could run downhill either naturally or as diverted. As Mr. Newell explained, it would catch the water “right at its source.” (Tr. 1/11/22, at 72.) As a result, the Trust proposal would not simply remedy the diversion of water caused by the Werthers’ (or [ Kim’s ] ) alteration of the land but rather would remedy the “upstream” diversion of water by Upp er Dublin. It would “restore” the land not simply to its condition prior to the Werthers’ installation but rather to a condition better than when the Werthers first commenced their work.

Moreover, the proposal would impose a very significant
expense on [ K im ] , to the tune of $583,000 in 2020 dollars. As the [ c ] ourt stated in its [January 2022 m] emorandum, it would have ordered [ Kim ] to incur that expense if it was necessary to remedy the continuing harm that he or his predecessors caused to the Trust Parcel. But the [c] ourt declined to compel him to implement a proposal that would go well beyond the modifications needed to address t he impact of his or his predecessors’ alterations. As the Commonwealth Court has cautioned:

Although a chancellor ’ s powers are controlled by law in this Commonwealth, he still possesses the broad and flexible ability to grant remedial relief where justic e and good conscience so require. This is a sacred responsibility which must be exercised with both due diligence and the full consideration of the rights of all, and with an acute awareness of the harm that may result from tire improvident granting of a specific requested relief

.J

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Leonard v. Thornburgh , 463 A.2d 77, 79 (Pa. Cmwlth, 1983) (citation omitted). In short, [ Kim ] can be required to remedy what he or the Werthers did to the land, but not what Upper Dublin did.

The alternative proposal, by [ Kim’ s ] engineer, would require dredging or deepening the existing pond and modifying the outlet structures and berm. [ Kim’s ] engineer credibly testified that this proposal would benefit the Trust Parcel by reducing the water flow from the Kim Parcel. And eve n the Trust’s engineer acknowledged that dredging the pond would be “advantageous” and “helpful,” although falling short of a complete remedy. (Tr. 1/11/22, at 73.) The [trial c] ourt found from this evidence that “[t]he trespass and private nuisance would be abated, or at least significantly mitigated, by the dredging and/or deepening of the existing pond and modification of the outlet structures and berm.” (Memorandum, 1/24/22, at 4.)

The Trust places much weight on the footnote in the [trial c] ourt’s [d ] ecision that the [c] ourt intended the term “abatement” to have “its usual legal meaning of removal,” rather than mere “diminishment ” of the nuisance. It is true that the intention of the [d] ecision was to remove, not simply diminish, the increase in water runoff caused by the Werthers’ and/or [ Kim’s ] modifications to the land. But at the hearing on a remedy to enforce that intention, the [c] ourt was given only two alternatives

— one that the [c] ourt found to be clearly excessive, and the other that would result in a substantial benefit, even if not complete removal of the problem. [The trial c] ourt has no training or experience in engineering that would permit it to devise a middle ground be tween the two proposals. Rather, it was wholly dependent on the opinions of the expert engineers who testified at the remedy hearing. Faced with two imperfect solutions, and cognizant of the burden of proof borne by the Trust, the [c] ourt selected the le ss

imperfect option. “The broad equitable powers a court may have to fashion relief do not extend so far as to allow the issuance of alternative injunctive relief where the burden of proof for such relief has not been met.” City of Duquesne v. Redevelopm ent Auth. , No. 1550 C.D. 2018, 2019 WL 2908876, at *6 (Pa. Cmwlth. July 8, 2019) (unreported memorandum opinion).

Trial Court Opinion, 11/15/22, at 19

- 21 (emphas i s added).J

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The record supports the trial court’s rationale for declining to find Kim

liable fo r Upper Dublin Township’s diversion of water. See Trial Court Opinion,

11/15/22, at 21 ( concluding Kim’s proposal “was more closely tailored to the

extent of the actionable conduct by Mr. Kim and his predecessors.”)

. Appellant

has not shown that the trial court “palpably err [ed], misapplied the law or

committed a manifest abuse of discretion.” Kinney , 252 A.3d at 647 (citation

omitted). As there are reasonable grounds for the trial court’s decision
, no

relief is due

. Id.

Order a ffirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 3/28/2023