## OHIO 2005 Base Year SIP lnventory

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Lazarus Government Center 50 West Town Street, Suite 700 Columbus Ohio 43215

Prepared by Ohio EPA Divisionof Air Pollution Control Emissions Inventory Unit June 2007

## Table of Contents
Section 

# Paae
Introduction



### ................................................................................................ 3
1.0 Point Sources



### ............................................................................................. 4
2.0 Area Sources



### ............................................................................................. 8
3.0 Non Road Sources



### ................................................................................... 30
4.0 On Road Sources



### ..................................................................................... 32
5.0 MAR Sources



### ........................................................................................... 49

2-1 Categories included in the 2005 area source Inventory



### ................................... 8 2-2 Vapor pressures and emission factors for selected active ingredients



### .................9 2-3 VOC Emission Factors and Paint Usage Factors



### ........................................ 10



### ................................................. 2-4 Solvent Cleaning SCC Emission Factors 12



### ........................................ 2-5 Categories included in IndustrialSurface Coating 17 2-6 NAICS Codes Usedfor IndustrialSurface Coating



### .......................................... 17 2-7 Emission Factors Usedfor Wood Burners included inArea Sources



### ................... 24 2-8 Area Sources with AppliedGro

-. . - 3-1 NMIM NCD Tables for SpecificYears and States



### ........................................... 32 4-1 Federal Functional Class Categories



### ........................................................... 38 4-2 DVMT Summary by County



### ................................................................... 39 4-3 Speed by Federal Functional Class



### ............................................................. 43 4-4 Link Group Codes & Associated BPR Curves



### ....................................... 44 4-5 Mobile6 Inputs



### ................................................................................. 46 4-6 LADCO Data Output



### ............................................. ............. 54



### .......................................... 4-7 County Summary Table of MPOs by County 55 5-1 Number of operations and LTOsfor 2005



### .............................................. 59 5-2 EDMSAircraft Emissions



### .................................................................. 64



### ....................................................... 5-3 Fleet Emission Factor Categories 66 5-3 Pollutant by County (Sample)



### ........... : 

### .................................................. 69

1



### ........................................ Speed ComparisonGraphs



### ................................. 42

## 2005 

## Base Year SIP Inventoryfor Ohio Introduction

InApril 2004, U.S. EPA designated over 400 counties nationwideas non-attainmentfor the new 8-Hour Ozone ambient air quality standard. Of the 400, thirty- three counties are in Ohio. The 1990Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) requires all states to revise and submit State Implementation Plans (SIP) for areas which are classified as nonattainment of the NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)for ozone. The following site provides a map of Ohio's counties with either a Moderateor a basic nonattainment designation: 

### htt~:l/www.e~a.state.oh.us/da~claeneral/Ohio8-HourNonattainmentAreas0415204 I .pdf As part of the designation of non-attainment areas for the 8-hour ozone standard, a new attainment demonstration SIP will be necessary. A key element in the overall SIP planning process is the needfor an updated emissions inventory. This document presentsthe 2005 BaseYear Ozone SIP Emissions lnventoryfor Ohio as required by the CAAA of 1990. It includes NOx and VOC emissionsfor point, area, on-road mobile and non-road mobile for the State of Ohio. This technical report documents the procedures and the methodologiesthat were used in the development of summer day volatile organic compound and nitrogen oxides emissions for all counties in Ohio. This report describes the following: 1. Identificationof stationary and mobilesources included in the inventory; 2. Sources of data, and data collection methods used in the development of the inventory; 3. Methods and procedures usedto estimate volatile organic and nitrogen oxides; and 4. Assumptions considered in the development of the emissions inventories. The intent of this report is to describe how the inventorywas prepared, and what informationwas considered in the inventory development. This document is comprised of 5 sections, one sectionfor each inventorytype. The biogenic inventory is not being discussed inthis document because Ohio EPA did not participate in the generation of this inventory. Lake MichiganAir Directors Consortium (LADCO) ran EPA's BEIS model in the Emission ModelingSystem (EMS) to generate Summer Weekday emissionsfor VOC and NOx.

### SECTION I
POINT SOURCES Emissions and source specific data for point sources are collected for the 2005 baseyear SIP inventory by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio EPA.) The primary source of data for point sources is facility reported STARShip files. STARShip is a software package developed by Ohio EPA, Divisionof Air Pollution Control (DAPC), to assist the regulated community in preparing and submitting a variety of electronic permit applications and reports to the DAPC. These data are reported by the Title V facilities annually as part of the emissions feelinventory process conducted by Ohio EPA and include emissions, process rates, operating schedules, emissions control data and other relevant information. The STARShip files are electronically transferred to the DAPC and stored into the Division's Oracle database, STARS. The files are reviewed by the local air agencies and Ohio EPA district and central office staff. After review, the data are imported into Excel and linked with an Access@database to further process the information into the federally approved National Emission Inventory (NEI) database format in version 3.0. The files are quality assured again using the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S.EPA) QAIQC software for format and content. The data is finally submittedto LADCO for emissions processingthrough the Emissions Modeling System. The State provided inventory for Electric Generating Units (EGU) is replaced with the Federal EGU inventory. The EGU inventory is compiled by U.S. EPA's Acid Rain Program. It is based on facility reported emissions as measured by continuous emissions monitors. In conclusion, the final point source inventory is a hybrid of the federal EGU inventoryand the state provided non-EGU units. A.major distinction- typicallymade~in~--emissiarrsinventoriesis~that-between- point--and~ area sources. In this inventory, point sources are sources for which individual records are maintained for that source. Such records are maintained for all Ohio Title V facilities (706 facilities statewide). The area source inventory accounts for facilities from nonTitle V facilities and calculates emissions information using surrogate emissions factors based on energy usage, population, employment records, or other reliable data. A more detailed discussion of the area source inventory is provided in Section 2. The point source inventory described herein is considered to be the most current and accurate source of emissions data available for 2005.
1.1 Point Source Process Emissions Ohio EPA defines point source process emissions as those which occur at an identifiable Title V stationary stack or vent. Point source emissions not emitted from discrete stacks or vents are termed fugitive emissionsand are discussed in Section 1.2.1.1.1 Source Identificationand Data Collection The sources to be included in the 2005 base year inventory are identified using the Title V STARS database. Facility production and emissions data are included in this database. This information is facility-reported actual 2005 emissions.
1 .I 

### .2 Non-reactive

### VOC Emissions Adjustments Sources are required to identify emissions of photochemically non-reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC.) Based upon this information, those emissions have been specifically excluded from the 2005 base line inventory in accordance with U.S. EPA's "Recommended Policy on the Control of Volatile Organic Compounds." A complete list of the compounds that U.S. EPA has identified as being photochemically non-reactive, andtherefore not included in the inventory, are listed below: Methane Ethane Methylene chloride Methyl chloroform Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) Dichlorodifluoromethane(CFC-12) Chlorodifluoromethane(CFC-22) Trifluoromethane (HFC-23) Chlorofluoromethance(HCFC-31) Difluoromethane (HFC-32) Decafluoropentane(HFC-43-1 Omee) Ethylfluoride (HFC-161) Trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113) Dichlorotetrafluoroethane(CFC-114) Chloropentafluoroethane(CFC-115) 2,2-Dichloro-I, I ,I

-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) 1,I ,2-Trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a) 2-Chloro-I ,I ,I

,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) Pentafluoroethane(HFC-125) 1,I ,2,2,-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) 1 ,I ,I

,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) I

,I-Dichloro-I-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) I-Chloro-I ,I ,-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) 1 ,I ,I

-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) Fluoroethane(HCFC-15la) I

,I-Difluoroethane(HFC-152a) Pentafluoropropane (HFC-225ca) Pentafluoropropane (HFC-225cb) Hexafluoropropane(HFC-236ea) Hexafluoropropane(HFC-236fa) Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ca) Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245ea) Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245eb) Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa)Pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc) Parachlorobenzotrifluoride(PCBTF) Methoxybutane Nonaflourobutane Heptafluoropropane ((CF3)2CFCF20CH3) Heptafluoropropane ((CF3)CFCF20C2H5) Perchloroethylene Cyclic, branched or linear completely methylated siloxanes Methyl acetate Volatile methyl siloxanes Acetone

1 

### .I .3 Emissions Estimation Methodologies Since source reported actual annual emissions are used in the 2005 base year inventory, no estimation methods are necessary. The reports are providedto LADCO in National Emissions Inventory Input Format (NIF) 3.0 format. LADCO imported and processed the NIF files in EMS and applied temporal and spatial profiles to the annual emissions to calculate the July weekday emissions rates. The final point source inventory is split into two separate reports, the Electric Generating Units (EGU) which is the U.S. EPA inventory for electric generating units and the non-EGU which is the state inventory minusthe EGU units.

1.2 Point Source Fugitive Emissions Another type of emissions data which is required to be filed from point sources is fugitive emissions. Before 1990, fugitive emissions were categorized as area sources due to the lack of detailed information available for fugitive sources. However, since th-e.s~e. 

### em~sian~s are
- n-ow.ele~ctrmically. 

### re~oorted.~.d--in~~th.e~~.State'te'SS6~etE-*attib~a.s.e~~ STARS, these emissions can be classified as point sources.

1.3 References Recommended Policy on the Control of Volatile Oraanic Com~ounds. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Revised January 18, 1989. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone. Volume 

### I: General Guidance for Stationarv Sources. EPA-45014- 91-016, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards Research, Triangle Park, NC. May 1991. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Fourth Edition and Supplements, AP-42. U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1985.Guidance for the Preparation of Quality Assurance Plans for 03lCO SIP Emission Inventories. EPA-45014-88-023, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, ResearchTriangle Par, NC, December 1988. Documentation for the 2002 Electric Generatinu Unit National Emissions Inventory (NEI). Eastern research group, lnc., 1600 Perimeter Park Drive, Morrisville, NC 27560 and E.H. Pechan and Associates, inc., 5528-B HempsteadWay

### SECTION 2
AREA SOURCES Area sources are sources which are typically small, individual, numerous, and have not been inventoriedas specific point, mobile, or biogenicsources. For inventory purposes, they are grouped with other like sources into categories that allow emissions to be calculated collectively using one methodology. Since area sources are traditionally defined at the county level, most methods are designed to estimate area source emissions at the county level. Ohio EPA has either used published Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) methodologies or selected other methodologies which are shared by other states. The decision of which methodology to use was largely based on Ohio's data availability. Data which was not available on a county-level is estimated by assigning a percentage of the state's total activity to each county based on the state's populationor employment information. The area sources discussed in this document are those that emit oxides of nitrogen (NOx) andlor VOC into Ohio's atmosphere. Table 2-1 lists the categories included in the 2005 area source inventory: Table 2-1 Categories included in the 2005 area source inventory VOC Emissions 2.1 Agricultural Chemical Applications

~ . ~ ~. ~

~ .~~~

~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~.-.. ~~~~.~~~~~

~ . . 2.2 Architectural Surface Coatings
2.3 Auto Body Refinishing
2.4 Consumer & Commercial Solvents 2.5 Solvent Cleaning
2.6 Fuel Marketing
2.7 Graphic Arts 2.8 Hospital Sterilizers
2.9 lndustrial Rubber & Plastics 2.10 Industrial Surface Coating 2.1 1 Landfills 2.12 Portable Fuel Containers 2.13 POTW 2.14 Traffic Markings NOx & VOC NOx 

## missions
2.15 Outdoor Wood Boilers 2:~6~-lndustrial~Disti[late~l

. .. Combustion lndustrial Residual Oil Combustion lndustrial Natural Gas Combustion 2.17 Residential Coal Combustion Residential Distillate Oil Combustion Residential LPG Combustion Residential Natural Gas Combustion Residential Wood Combustion 2.18 Structure Fires 

## missions 2.19 Human Cremation

. . ..... ....~~ .~

~2.1 Agricultural ChemicalApplications

# - 2005 (SCC 246850000) VOC Ohiofarmers use mostlyAtrizine and 2, 4-D chemicals intheir chemical applicationsfor three main crops: corn (SCC 2461850051), soybean (SCC 2461850055), and wheat (SCC 2461850056 for Grains). Other pesticides, as well as many inactive ingredients in pesticide products, are volatile organic compounds (VOC). SCC 246850000 was used to describe all the agricultural chemical use processes. There are two hazardous air pollutantsof concern for agriculturalchemical use emissions in Ohio: atrazine, and 2,4-D. In Ohio, atrazine and 2,4-D are used on corn, 2,4-D is used on soybeans and winter wheat. In2005, 2,4-D was appliedto 5% of the acreage used to grow soybeans and winter wheat at an annual rate of 0.46 and 0.56 lb per acre, respectively. 5
The STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) Document Series -Volume Ill, Chapter 9 suggests calculating emissions from pesticides based on the vapor pressure of the active ingredient. The vapor pressures of the atrazine, and 2,4-D, along with the appropriate emission factors are listed in Table 2-2.4

According to Ohio's Department of ~~riculture~, Ohiofarmers use Atrizine pesticidewith 42.6 percent active ingredientand 56.5 percent inert ingredient. The 2,4-D pesticide contains 46.8 percent active ingredientand 53.2 percent inert ingredient. While these percentages are not across the board, they representthe majority of what is being used. Ohiofarmers useAtrizine and 2, 4-D in a liquid solution formulation type which is mixedwith water when ready to use, and spray applied 90 percent of the time. The average atrazine fertilizer appliedwould be 65.4% atrazine and 3% ethylene glycol. This makesthe ratio of ethylene glycol to atrazine equal to about 0.04587. This ratio was multiplied by the amount of atrazine appliedto estimate ethylene glycol emissions (forthe corn crop). To estimatethe VOC emissions from agricultural chemical use, an alternative method from the EllPdocumentwas used as shown below. An emission factor of 2.45 lb of VOC per lb of active ingredient appliedwas multiplied by a 90% emission rate and by the total quantity of pesticidesapplied per acre.E 

### = VOC emissions A= Harvestedacres R 

### = Pounds of pesticide applied per year per harvested acre (see above). I 

### = Pounds of active ingredient per pound of pesticide (assume a factor of one)
ER 

### = Evaporation rate (typically 0.9) (Wiens, 1977)

2.2 Architectural Surface Coatings

# - 2005 (SCC 2401001000) VOC Architectural Surface Coatings is typically considered to be a non-industrial category which homeowners and painting contractors use for coating the interior and exterior of houses, buildings, and other surfaces. This category includes emissions from the application of paint, primer, or varnish to architectural surfaces, the use of solvents as thinners, and the use of solvents for associated cleanup. Two types of paint are usedto categorize this area source: water-based (2401003000) and solvent-based paint (2401002000). Solvent-based paint typically contains substantially higher volatile solvent contents than water-based paint. Table 

# frcE~ tiSk

2-3 

### xDocume

liststhe emission 

### Goinn nnffoOrr. factors



### thhee..~5022222NN666nnnnaao~ttt in calculatingthe tS~oo~rrccee~ VOC 

### rEi.~f-G.F~Crriitteefi.aaa emissions which 

### aAirrrFoKttaanntss

are acquired (CAPS) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)", January 2004, by ~echan'and preparedfor Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG). Table 2-3 VOC Emission Factorsand Paint Usage Factors: Paint Type Solvent-Based Paint

The per capita usage factors are estimated by dividing the total volume of each type of coating shipped by the 2002 U.S. population2 288,368,698. I I VOC Emission Factor (Iblgal)

3.87 Usage Factors (gallperson) 0.4158
2.0444 Water-Based Paint 0.742.3 Auto Body Refinishing

# - 2005 (SCC 2401005000) VOC Auto body refinishing is categorized as non-industrial surface coating. This category includesthe repairing of damagedvehicles to any coating applications which occur after those applied at the original manufacturers'assembly plant are included in this category (only auto repair shops not coating of new cars). This area source includes paint and thinning solvents used as well as for surface preparationand clean-up. The methodology is based on the per capita emissions factor because it is considered to be a more reliablefactor than the employment factor and since, Auto body refinishing facility identificationsand activity data were not available, the Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research,was used to obtain the population estimates by county to determinethe emissions e~timation.~ The VOC emissions factor (EF) of 1.3 lblperson is applied to each county's population. This EF includes a thirty-three (33) percent promulgated rule reduction. Since auto body repair shops may also be point sources, the area source emissions estimate will have to be adjusted by removing the total point source emissions. However, in Ohio, there are no point sources identified for this category so no such adjustment is made.

2.4 Consumer & Commercial Solvents

# - 2005 (SCC 2465000000) VOC This area source includes a wide array of products including personal care products, household cleaning products, household pesticides, automotive aftermarket, adhesives and sealants, FlFRA regulated products, coatings and related products. The majority of VOC emitted into the air from this category is a result of evaporation of the solvent contained in the product or from the propellant released during use. This category includes household use as well as businesses, institutions, and industrial manufacturing operations. Industrial solvent applications may also be point sources so adjustment must be made to the area source emissions by removing emissions due to point sources. However, in Ohio there are no point sources which contributedVOC emissions from this category. Ohio used the population7 based methodology because this data was more readily available than the costly product use or sales surveys. The Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research,was used to obtain the population estimates by county to determine the emissions estimation. VOC emissions were calculated using a 7.3 lblperson emissionsfactor which was obtainedfrom the 1999 NEI document (Vol. Ill)The 1999 Base Year Non-~oint Source National Emissions Inventory for HazardousAir Pollutants (NEI) document dated 9/28/2001 and published by the Emission Factor and lnventory Group at RTP was consulted.'

2.5 Solvent Cleaning

## -2005 (SCC 241 5000000) VOC This area source (also known as "degreasing") includestwo classifications: Solvent Cleaning



### - Cold Cleaning for Automobile Repair (241 5360000)



### - Cold Cleaning for Manufacturing (241 5345000)



### - Vaporlin-line Cleaning for Electronics & Electrical (2415230000)



### - Vaporlin-line Cleaningfor Other (241 5245000) Solvent Cleanup



### - Wipe Cleaning of ExternalSurfaces The Emissions lnventory Improvement Program (EIIP)'. Volume Ill; Chapter 6 

## - Solvent Cleaning lists several methods of estimating emissions from solvent cleaning. Some of the preferred methods and the alternative methods call for conducting a survey of subset of solvent cleaning users, facilities, or suppliers. Because this would require more resources than the state can devote, Ohio utilized the methodology requirin 

# Y employment data obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns which requires employment data.

. p~-~

Each

~ 

## so~vent-c~eaning..SC_C_c_cide_ntifie~.~~a_b~veeha~SSannnE:E.Eass.indicatedbe~owinTable2-4

~- which is used to calculate the VOC emissions by county. The resultant emissions are reduced by thirty (30) percent to account for the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) rules and are also reducedto account for pointsource emissions.
Table 2-4 Solvent Cleaning SCC Emission Factors 241 5360000 270 Iblemployee 241 5345000 24 Iblemployee 241 5230000 29 iblemployee 2415245000 9.8 Iblemployee

2.6 Fuel Marketing

## -2005 VOC Currently, there are essentiallytwo types of fuel dispensed at gasoline service stations to consumers in Ohio, unleaded gasoline and diesel. As a result of the low volatility of diesel fuel, the evaporativeemissions from diesel fuel at service stations are very smalland considered negligible. However, the evaporative emissions from gasoline fuel are significant and will be discussed in this section. The following emissions are covered: a) Deliverytrucks intransit (SCC 2505030120) b) Stage I(transfer of gasolinefrom tank trucks to storage tanks at service stations) (SCC 2501050120 & 2501060053) c) Stage 

### ll (transfer of gasolinefrom storage tanks at service stations to the vehicle gasoline tank) (SCC 2501060100) d) Gasoline station storage tanks; and e) Spillage Truck Transit (SCC 2505030120) Gasoline tank trucks intransit are considered an evaporative loss of VOC emissions because evaporative emissions of gasoline vapor occur (I)from loaded tank trucks duringthe transportation of gasoline from the bulk terminalslplants to the gasoline service stations, and (2) from empty tank trucks returning from service stations to bulk terminalslplants. This category consists of the VOC losses during the transit of gasoline inthe trucks. Per the Emission Inventory Improvement Program, the county-level fuel sales statistics should have been obtainedto calculate these emissions but the county-level statistics were not available. Therefore, Ohio obtained state total fuel sales data through Ohio Departmentof

## ax at ion" which was then apportionedto the county level based on VMT county data obtained from Ohio Departmentof ~rans~ortation" The emissionsfrom gasoline trucks in transit is estimated using the following equations. GTA =TGD

# +TGT (Eq. 1.1) TGD Where: GTA 

### = Gasoline transportation adjustment factor (default value of 1.25) TGD 

### = Total gasoline dispensed in a county TGT 

### = Amount of gasoline transported twice within a county and TTE = (TGD

### x LEF

### x GTA)

# +(TGD

### x UEF

### x GTA) 1,000 (Eq. 1.2) Where: TTE 

### = Annual emission of a pollutant from tank trucks in-transit (tons) LEF 

### = Loaded tank truck in-transit emission factor (lb11,OOO gal throughput) UEF 

### = Unloadedtank truck in-transit emission factor (lbl1,OOO gal throughput) The total gasoline transported is multipliedwith an emission factor of 5.5 E-03 lb11000 gallon transportedfor tank transit under loaded conditions and 5.5 E-02 lb11000 gallon transportedfor tank transit under unloaded conditions.Gasoline DistributionStage 1 Filling Losses (SCC 2501060050) Stage Ifueling is defined as the gas retail operationsfrom the truck delivery drop losses and undergroundtank breathing. This category consists of the VOC loading losses from undergroundstorage tanks during the transfer of fuelfrom the trucks. VOC calculations are basedon ninety-five (95) percent submerged fill and five (5) percent splash for all counties. The VOC emissions calculation is also based on a ninety (90) percent rule effectiveness and a hundred (100) percent rule penetration for controlled counties. Standing Losses (SCC 2501060201) Breathing emissions losses from storage tanks occur during diurnal changes in barometric pressure, temperature and from gasoline evaporation. To calculate VOC emissions from the storage or breathing losses, an EF of 1.000E+00 lb per 1000 gallons of gas throughput is used for all counties except for the 16 original counties which are non-attainment for ozone. The EF used for those 16 counties, is 1.000E-01 lb11000 gallons of gas throughput. The value for the non-attainment counties was discussed with Mr. Bill ~uris", Supervisor within Ohio EPA's Division of Air Pollution Control. Mr. Juris is familiar with Ohio's GDF VOC regulationsand practices. Gasoline Distribution Stage 2 (SCC 2501060100 & 250106103) Vehicles refueling at service stations are the source of VOC emissions as vapors are displaced from automobile tanks during filling (2501060100) and from spillage (2501060103) of gasoline. The quantity of displaced vapors is based on gasoline throughput and is affected by gasoline temperature, gasoline volatility and, most

.~ -<--

~ .~

~ ~ ~ 

### .st.5~~~~.--~

~-~~ ~mportaiitly, by the presence of vapor recovery equipment. gel1 vapor recovery equipment is required at all service stations in the 16 original non-attainment counties for ozone that market in excess of 10,000 gallons per month. The VOC emissions factor for filling operations is 1.OE+01 lbs/1000 gallons. For the sixteen counties that are subject to controls, a control efficiency of ninety-five (95) percent with ninety (90) percent rule effectiveness and a ninety (90) percent rule penetration is used in the calculation of emissions. The VOC emissions factor for spillage is 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons of gasoline for the 72 unregulated counties and 0.4 lbs11000 gallons of gasolinefor the controlledcounties.

2.7 Graphic Arts

# - 2005 (SCC 2425000000) VOC Graphic arts and printing operations emit volatile organic compounds (VOC) during the printing operations of newspaper, books, magazines,fabrics and other materials. The graphic arts industry includessix segments, separated by technology: rotogravure,flexography, offset lithography, letterpress, screen, and plate less printing. Most of the VOC emitted by graphic arts operations come from the fountain solutions, printing inks, and cleaning solutions. This area source includes printing operations not included in the point source inventory. The emissions estimates do not include largeoperations accountedfor in the point source section of the inventory. The graphic arts chapter of the EIIP, vol. 

### Ill provides a VOC emissions factor for the printing industry based on population of 1.3 poundsVOC per capital3 The emissions factor covers uncontrolled graphic arts emissionsfrom facilities that emitfewer than 100 tons per year VOC.

2.8 Hospital Sterilizers

# - 2005 (SCC 2850000010) VOC Small amounts of Ethylene Oxide (EO) are used in sterilization of hospital surgical equipment and plastic devices that cannot be sterilized by steam. EO is used as a sterilizer because of its potency and effectiveness in destroying pathogens without damaging the integrity of the device. The methodology used to calculate EO emissions in Ohio called for the number of beds in each hospital size to use the appropriate EF as shown below14: Hospital Size

The number of hospitals and beds per county for Ohio can be obtained from the Ohio Hospital Association which provided hospital information via the AHA Guide published by Health ~0rum.l~ Based on national sales of EO in 2002, Ohio's EO emissions are calculatedto be 7.3 tons (based on Ohio's share of hospital beds of 3.5 percent). 

# - I I

2.9 Industrial RubberlPlastics

# - 2005 (SCC 2430000000) VOC I I # Beds

Medium

This category is calculated using the 2004 employment data obtained from the United States Census Bureau3for each countyfor the following North American Industry Classification System (NAICS): Emission Factors (kg EOlyrlbed)

200-500 0.63 Small <200 0.82A VQC EF of 203 Ibs/employee is recommendedto estimatethe area source VOC emissions. Although the point source VOC contribution (1 I 'I6 annualtons of VOC) is subtractedfrom the emissions of this area source, this category remains the highest category of

### VOC emissions. After bringing this issue to the attention of the other States in the LADCQ region, it is decided that the emissions factor has a high degree of uncertainty and it will significantly skew the overall VOC estimate for this area source. This category is left out from the emissionstable but it is kept herefor documentation.

2.40 industrial Surface Coating 

### -2005 (SCC see table 2-5) VOC Surface coating operations involvethe application of a thin layer of coating (paint, lacquer, enamel, varnish, ink, etc.) to an object for decorative or protective purposes. The coating can be applied by brushing, rolling, spraying, flow coating or dipping the object. Surface coatings include coatingsthat are applied during the manufactureof a wide variety of products such as furniture, cans, metal coils, automobiles, other transportation equipment, machinery, appliances, flat wood, wire, and other rnisceilaneousproducts. The Volatite Organic Compound (VOC) emissions result as the thinner or solvent used to facilitate the application of the coatings evaporates. This category does not include architectural surface coatings, traffic markings, automobile refinishing or aerosols. Since the use of surface coatings by manufacturing industries is so widespread, it, is extremely difficult to identify all

~~...

of the industries inwhich coating materials

-, are "."

... .""..".

. consumed. This area source contains several categories as listed below in Tabble 2-5. The appropriate NAlCS codes are used for each category, 

### as shown 

### in Table 2-6, to obtain employment data3 from 

### Bureau of Labor Statisticsfor 

### each county. The VOC emissions factors are obtainedfrom the STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA EllP (Emission inventory Improvement Program), Volume Ill, September 1997 '6 To avoid double counting,the netVOC emissions are calculated by subtracting the portion of VOC contributedfrom Ohio's point sources.Table 2-5 Categories included in lndustrial Surface Coating

Table 2-6 NAlCS Codes Usedfor lndustrial Surface Coating CATEGORY Factory FinishedWood Furniture and Fixtures Metal Containers Sheet, Strip and Coil Machinery & Equipment Large Appliances Electrical Insulation Automobiles (new) Other Transportation Equipment Marine Coatings Other Product Coatings High Performance Coatings Other Special Purpose



## I Automobile Repair 

## 1 488490,441 110,441 120,4471,441222,441210. SCC 

### 2401015000
2401020000
2401040000
2401045000 2401055000 2401060000
2401065000
2401070000
2401075000
2401080000 2401090000 2401 I00000 2401200000

2.11 Municipal Solid Waste

# - 2005 (SCC 2620030000) VOC Manufacturing Electronics and Electrical Other

Landfill gas (LFG) is produced from the biodegradation of the organic matter in the solid waste disposed in landfills. LFG emissions can occur either on-site or in surrounding areas. The principal components of LFG are methane, carbon dioxide, and other NonNAICS



### 321
337 

### 332431
332812

333 

### 3352 

# 1

334
3361
336


### 3366 339 81

### 1 

### NOT DONE

8111

### 1 337, 331,332,333,335,336, 334, 339 335 337,337, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336,334,339, 488490,441 110,441 120,4471,441222,441210, 81 11 VOC EF 

### 131 Lblernployeelyear 

### 944 Lblemployee/year 

### 6029 Lblemployeelyear - 

### 2877 Lblemployeelyear 

### 77 Lblemployeelyear 

### 463 Lb/employee/year 

### 290 Lb/employee/year 

### 794 Lblernployeelyear 

### 35 Lblemployeelyear 

### 308 Lblemployee/year 

### 0.6 Lblpersonlyear 

### 0.8 Lblpersonlyear


### 0.8LblpersonlyearMethane Organic Compounds (NMOC). NMOC emissions accountfor about 0.10 percent of LFG. The calculation of LFG emissions is done in two parts. The first part calculatesthe emissionsfrom non-flaring MSW landfills and the second calculatesthe emissions from flaring or controlled MSW landfills. Non-flaring LF meansthat the generated LFG is emitted directly into the ambient air without any collectionsystems or methods of control. Therefore, only uncontrolled (fugitive) emissions of non-flaring municipal solid waste landfill are calculated. The controlled LF has a flare system which combusts the gases being emitted from the LF and controlsthe amount of gas going into the air. The EllP methodology1' to calculate methane gas emissions requires municipal solid waste tonnage deposited inthe landfillsfor the last 25 years. However, the Ohio EPA Division of Solid and Infectiouswaste1' has input data starting only from 1982. Therefore, Landfillswhich did not record or report its waste intakefor that period was not included in the database. Landfillswith control are identified as havingflares or use which meansthe gas is collected for use on site or elsewhere, althoughthe method may not be known. Collectingthe LF gas and/orflaring are considered a control method and the flare equation is applied. The preferred method is used which is based on landfill capacity and tonnage input of waste and the number of years the landfill operated and the number of years it has been closed. Seventyfive (75) percent collection efficiency and ninety-five (95) percent control efficiency are used per AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission ~actorsl~. The protocol dictates that if a LF closes during an inventory year, then a zero 

### "O" is assigned for the "years closed" since the LF took waste for part of the year prior to closure. Since there was only capacity data available from 1982 (rather than the 25

~~.~ ----

~ ~ years required for the methodology), 23 years was tke maxlmum number ofyears used in the calculation of average waste disposed. This methodology identifies 2 equationsto be usedto calculate LF emissions. Firstfor uncontrolledemissions: Q 

### = L R (e

### -"- e where: Q 

### = Methaneemissions in m3/yr R 

### =Average annual capacity over life of LF (intons) c 

### = Years LF is closedto inventoryyear. "0" if still active t 

### = Years LF is open. k 

### = 0.041yr (factorfrom AP-42 since Ohio gets about 37 inches of rainlyr per Dana Thompson) L 

### = 3,530 Ft3lton (100 m3lMg)factor from AP-42 For controlled emissions: P (1-% collection EFF/1 00) 

### + (P (% collection EFFII00) (1

## - % control EFF1100)) Where:P 

### = Uncontrolled emissions % collection EFF 

### = 75%from AP-42 % control EFF 

### = 95% from AP-42 The toxic pollutants are calculated using the methane production rate and the EllP calculation formula that involves the compound molecular weight and the co-disposal factor. The VOC emissions are equal to the emissions from all toxics minus methylene chloride, mercury, and perchloroethylene (PERC.)

2.12 Portable Fuel Containers

# - 2005 RESIDENTIAL(SCC 250101 1010) COMMERCIAL (SCC 2501012010) VOC These containers commonly known as "gas cans," and their spouts contribute VOC emissions to the ambient air in several ways, including: Permeation of vapors through walls in containers made from a plastic known as High Density Polyethylene (75 % of residentialgas cans are made from this plastic.) Escaping fumes while fuel is being dispensed Spillage and 

### 1or over-filling as fuel is being poured into equipment Spillage and evaporation through secondary vent holes and Evaporation through inadequately capped spouts. To calculate this area source's VOC emissions, emissions factors for the above variables as well as the diurnal variations where obtained through a spreadsheet provided by the Illinois inventory group20. Total VOC emissions are the sum of emissions obtainedfrom both commercial and residential for the year which is based on 250 days. Emissions estimates are based on population2 and consistent with California Air Resource Board Inventory methodology (September 23, 1999)'' Although the California methodology generates rather high emissions estimates, it is the only available estimate at the time of generating the 2005 inventory.

2.13 Publicly Owned Treatment Works

# - 2005 (SCC 2630020000) VOC Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) facilities are municipaltreatment facilities where wastewater from industrial, commercial, and residential sources is directed for treatment. POTW wastewater may have large concentrations of manytoxic compounds. Specific industrial and commercial activities are the largest source of organic compounds entering the municipal collection systems. However, other residentialsources of organic compounds such as home maintenance and cleaningproducts contributeto the total organic compounds that enter the POW. These organic compounds produce emissions through volatilization at the surface of the wastewater during treatment processes. Specific POWfacility data is collected from Wastewater Treatment Plant inventory reports in Ohio EPA Division of Surface 

## ate?^ which does not require minor flow facilities to submit an inventory. Therefore, Ohio's wastewater flow data only represents eighty (80) percent of the actual total flow for this area source which is coming from about 195 major POTW facilities. 

### A twenty (20) percent increased flow is added to compensate for those facilities which are not part of Ohio's database. The VOC emissions factor is based on the Pennsylvania (PA) factor of the 1996 Protocol. The 1996 EllP methodology only offered EF for HAP emissions. Ohio's VOC emissions for this category are calculated based on an EF obtained from the PA 1996 Protocol which was thefactor being used at the time of this inventory.

2.14 Traffic Markings

# - 2005 

### (SCC2401008000) VOC Traffic marking operations consist of markingof highway center lines, edge stripes, and directional markings and painting on other paved and non-paved surfaces, such as markings in parking lots. There are two types of traffic marking paints, water-based and solvent-based paints. Solvent-based paint typically contains substantially higher volatile solvent contents than water-based paint. VOC emissions resultfrom the evaporationof organic solvents during and shortly after the application of the marking paint. Solventand water-based paints have about the same durability; both beginningto deteriorate about a vear after their aoolication. The STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA EllP (Emission Inventory ImprovementProgram) Area Source Document

## - Traffic ~arkings~~ contains several methodologiesfor identifying sources and estimatingemissions from traffic marking. The required data and resources for the preferredsurvey method are not available, so the alternative method is used where the total lane miles per county is obtainedfrom Ohio's Department of Transportation (ODOT)'~ The National traffic paint sales figure is obtained from the Census ~ureau'~ and it is apportioned to the state using the ratio of state dollar disbursements in relation to the national disbursemed6. The county level apportionment of paint is made using the number of lane miles provided by ODOT. The VOC factor (3.36 iblgal) is calculated based on Ohio's traffic paint usage of ninety (90) percent water based and ten (10) percent oil based.2.15 Outdoor Wood Boilers

## -2005 (SCC 2104008070) VOC & NOx Outdoor Wood Boilers (OWB), are also known as outdoor water stoves and outdoor wood furnaces, are used as outdoor residential heaters. These boilers havewood burning fireboxes surrounded by a water reservoir vented by a chimney stack. The combustionof the wood in the firebox heats the water in the surrounding reservoirand the heatedwater is pumpedto the residence. OWB units can also supply residential hot water. The water capacity ranges from 60 gallons to 764 gallons. The o erationai ZP design creates long periods where the fire smolders and creosote is formed



### . When the water circulatingthrough the furnace reachesan upper set point, the air supply to the fire is cut-off, cooling the fire so the water will not overheat. The furnace operates in this "idle" mode untilthe water temperature hits a lower set point andthe air supply is re-established. The OWB may be in idle mode far longer than in operating mode. This type of operating causes very poor combustionand heavyfoul smoke. Most of the smoke emitted is fine condensed organic material that does not burn under cool, oxygen starved conditions. In addition, many owners burn green wood full of moisture which also causes poor combustionz8. The smoke created from these outdoorwood burning units can contain several ollutantsthat are harmful to breathe, including fine 29. particle pollutionsuch as PM 2.5 in addition to VOC and NOx (research assisted by Deborah Lucas, DAPC intern, 2007) This new area source category has many unknowns and variables associated with it and Ohio does not possess accurate OWB unit sales data availableto calculate emissions on the county level. Therefore, several assumptions are made in agreement with the Great Lake States in order to formulate a homogeneous inventoryfor the region. The assumptions are as follows:
100% of wood combusted in non-certified units. OWB units to be 90% in rural counties and 10% in urban counties 1 I .68 cords of wood consumption per unit per year (includes heating efficiency of 30-40%) 5 months heating season 

### = 3650 hours (2417) 

### PM~.~ emissions factor (glkgwood) =13.82 (Average of indoor and outdoor) or 27.64 Iblton of wood The agreed upon methodology requires that total number of OWB sold in Ohio be apportioned to each county based on rural or urban designation while observing the 9:l ratio in area sales. The guesstimated factors (see above) are appliedto calculate the emissionsfrom this outdoor wood burner. Total emissions obtained from this category are subtractedfrom the ResidentialWood Combustion category (discussed below) to allow for accurate emissionsfrom the indoorwood burning units.2.16 lndustrial Fuel Combustion -2005 VOC & NOx lndustrial Distillate Oil Combustion (SCC 2102004000) Ohio's fuel consumption is apportioned per county based on the county's population2. The area source VOC and NOx emissions are calculated and adjusted by subtracting the emissions due to point sources. A heating value of 140 mmbtu/1000 gallon is used and 84,408 thousand gallons31 are consumed in 2005. [MMBTU stand for Million British Thermal Units]. lndustrial Residual Oil Combustion (SCC 2102005000) Ohio's fuel consumption is apportioned per county based on the county's population2. The area source VOC and NOx emissions are calculated and adjusted by subtracting the emissions due to point sources. 54,652 thousand gallons31are consumed in 2005 and a heating value of 140 mmbtu/1000 gallon is used. lndustrial Natural Gas Combustion (SCC 2102006000) Ohio's fuel consumption is apportioned per county based on the county's population2. The area source VOC and NOx emissions are calculated and adjusted by subtracting the emissions due to pointsources. 293,857 MMCF~' are consumed in 2005.

2.17 Residential Fuel Combustion VOC & NOx Residential Coal Combustion (SCC 2104001000) Ohio's household consumption of coal is apportioned per county based on county

.~~ 2.

~ . ~~~.~

~~~ ~ population


## . NOx and VOC emissions are calculated using EF of 9.1 and 10 Iblton of coal respectively. Residential Distillate Oil Combustion (SCC 2104004000) Ohio's household consumption of distillate oil is apportioned per county based on county population2. NOx and VOC emissions are calculated using EF of 18 and 0.71 lb/1000 gallons distillate fuel respectively. A heating value of 140 mmbtullOOO gallon is used. Residential Liquid Petroleum Gas Combustion (LPG) (SCC 2104007000) Ohio's household consumption of LPG is apportioned per county based on county population2. NOx and VOC emissions are calculated using EF of 13 and 0.49 lb/1000 gallons LPG respectively. Residential Natural Gas Combustion (SCC 2104006010)Ohio's household consumption of LPG is apportioned per county based on county population2. NOxand VOC emissions are calculated using EF of 94 and 5.5 IbIMMSCF respectively. [MMSCF stands for Million Standard Cubic Feet]. Residential Wood Combustion VOC and NOx emissions from this area source are calculated for seven types of residential heating units that utilize wood for fuel. They are listed below with the appropriate SCC: Fireplaceswithout inserts 2104008001 Fireplaceswith inserts catalytic (non-U.S. EPA cert) 2104008002 Fireplaceswith inserts non -catalytic 2104008003 Fireplaceswith inserts catalytic (U.S. EPA cert) 2104008004 Wood stoves 

## - Conventional 2104008010 Woodstoves 

### - Catalytic 2104008030 Wood stoves 

### - Non catalytic 2104008050 The number of Ohio homes with fireplaces are adjusted for those that burn wood. The following assumptions are appliedto those adjusted homes:
92 percent of wood combusted in non-certified units 5.7 percent of wood combusted in non-catalytic units 2.3 percent of wood combusted in catalytic units
A state consumption value is applied which is apportioned to each county based on its population2. Table 2-7 shows the EF used for each of the seven types of indoor wood burners which make-up this category: Table 2-7 Emission Factors Used for Wood Burners included in Area Sources

To avoid double counting of wood consumptionfor fuel, this category is adjusted by subtracting the wood consumption from OWB (discussed above)to allow this category to account only for indoor wood burning emissions. SCC SCC SCC RAPIDS Code VOC 

### NOX 2104008002 2104008010 2104008001 Non-Certified 53 2.80E+00 2104008003 2104008050 Non-Catalytic 12 2.80E+00

- 2104008004 2104008030

Catalytic 15

-- 2.OOE+OO Units Lblton Lblton2.18 Structure Fires

# - 2005 (SCC 2810030000) VOC & NOx The Structure Fires category includes residential and commercial fires resulting from unintentionalactions. Intentional fires, forest and wildfires, agricultural, and vehicle burning are not included in this area source. The State Fire Marshall Office, Fire Prevention ~ureau~' provided data on the number of structure fires per county in 2005. This area source is considered a combustionsource for VOC and NOx emissions which are calculated using EF of 11 and 1.4 Iblton burned respectively. The residential and commercial structures fires for each county are tabulated and a fuel loading of 1.15 ton/fire3' is applied.

2.19 Human Cremation

## -2005 (SCC 2810060200) NOx Not all Ohio counties possess a crematory so only those counties with crematories are used to calculate the number of cremations and their resulting NOx emissions. The 2005 cremation data is obtained from the Ohio Department of Health, Vital ~tatistics~~. It is estimated that 3% of deaths occur outside the State of Ohio with no available data to account for their disposition at the time this area source is being calculated. Therefore, those deaths are not accounted for in this category. The methodology does not offer an EF for NOx for this category nor is NOx required to be calculated for this area source. Ohio feels that it is a combustion source and NOx needs to be included in the inventory along with the other combustion sources. ..Throughits 

### P~ermits~to=lnstall~~f~~~~.human.~~~~fematio.~, .Ohio~has..sele.cte.d.a.N.Ox..EE~of~ 10.13lb/toncrematedto calculate emissions from this area source.

2.20 Categories with Growth FactorsApplied Area source projectionscan be made using surveys or growth indicatorsto approximate future emissions from certain emissions contributing activities.The most commonly used growth indicators are those parameterstypically projected by local metropolitan planning organizations (MPO) such as population, housing, land use, and emp~oyment.~~ Area sources rarely have detailed information based on surveys of individual emitters. While growth indicators are reasonable estimatorsof future air pollution generating activities for traditional area source emitters (manufacturing, population-based activities), other indicators may be more appropriate for non-traditionalemitters. Policy changes which may lead to increasedor decreased activity in a category must also be considered. 35Ohio has 8 area source categories to which the Pechan growth factors (GF) are applied to the 2002 NEI data to generate the 2005 inventory. Ohio either lacks the resources to inventory these area sources or the sources lack accurate and completedata to allow for a proper inventory. Table 2-8 shows the list of the area source categoriesto which Ohio applies growth factors to obtain the 2005 inventory. Table 2-8 Area Sources with Applied Growth Factors 

# / Agricultural Tilling 

# 1 2801000003 

# / PechanGF ap ",,A" r-: Area Source pltedto NEI SCC



### - - I I LVUL CI IIISS~O~S

2.21 MiscellaneousCategories GF Source

HouseholdWaste Incineration Land Clearing Oil & Gas Production Paved Roads Unpaved Roads Industrial Rubber & Plastics IndustrialAdhesives & Sealants

Although the area sources discussed herein are the categories which contributeVOC & NOx emissions into Ohio's ambient air, other area sources are calculated as well. These additional sources are listed below and contribute the associated pollutants into Ohio's air. qnc~nn9

Dry Cleaning Lamp breakage LLtV I VVJ'

Perchloroethylene Mercury 000

2610000500 2310020000 2294000000 2296000000 2430000000
2440020000

The following area sources are attempted to be calculated but due to insufficient Ohio data availableor unreliableemissionsfactors, they remain incomplete. PechanGF applied to NEI 2002 Emissions Pechan20LPechan GF aF 2002 Em PechanGF ap 2002 Ernlss~ons PechanGF applied to NEI 2002 Emissions Pechan GF applied to NEI 2002 Emissions PechanGF appl~ed to NEI 2002 Emissions

Asphalt Paving VOC Forest Fires VOC & NOx Gas & Oil Production VOC Open Burn VOC - GF applied to NEI 17 Fmissions ,plied to NEI issions ,pliedto NEI



### . .The following two area sources are not inventoried for the reasons given below EmulsifiedAsphalt Insignificant emissions in Ohio (per ODOT) CutbackAsphalt Not used in Ohio

2.22 References I.Documentation Forthe 2002 Non-Point Source National Emission Inventory For CAPS and HAPS. U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency. Emissions Factor and lnventory Group. E.H Pechan and Associates, Inc. January 2004.
2. United States Census Bureau. Population Division.http:lleire.census.~ovlpopesffdatalcountiesltablesl~0-~~~2002l~0-~~~2002-0l

### 39.php (Accessed 2003) 3. United States Census Bureau. County Business Patterns. htt~://censtats.census.uov/cb~naic/cbunaic.shtml (Accessed 2003)
4. Pesticides

## - Aaricultural and Non-Auricultural. U. S. Environmental ProtectionAgency. Emissions lnventory lmprovement Program. Eastern Research Group, 

### - Volume Ill. Chapter 9, June 2001. http://www.epa.aov/ttn/chief/eii~/techreovolumeO3/iiiO9 iun2001.pdf

5. Aqricultural Chemical Use. U. S. Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service. http:llusda.mannlib.cornell.edulreportslnassrlother/pcubblancs0503.txt

~~~.

~ . ... ~ ... .~ . . ~ ~~.

~~~ . .~ .... ~.~ ~.

~. .~

~ ~. . ~~. .~.

~ ~~ - .. -- (Accessed 2003) 6. Telephone conversation with Diane Roll. Ohio Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. Percentageof active ingredientsand method of application.
7. Ohio Departmentof Development, Office of Strategic Research. Population Projects byAge and Sex: 2005-2030. httw://www.odod.ohio.aov/research/files/~200.htm (Accessed August 2006) 8. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA). 

### 1999 Base Year Non-point Source National Emission lnventory for HazardousAir Pollutants, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 28,2001. 9. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA). STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA Emission lnventory lmprovement Program (EIIP). Volume ill 

### - Area Sources Preferred and Alternative Methods. Chapter 6 

## - Solvent Cleaning. September 16, 199710. Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax. Ohio Department of Taxation. www.state.oh.us/tax (Accessed2003)
11. Dailv Vehicle Miles Traveled Reports. Ohio Department of Transportation, Office of Technical Services. _http://dot.state.oh.us/techservsite/avaiI~rolRoad InforlKDVMTlkDVMT.htm (Accessed2003)
12. Conversationwith Bill Juris. Ohio Environmental ProtectionAgency, Division of Air PollutionControl. Columbus, Ohio. Ohio's GDF VOC regulations and practices.
13. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA). STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA Emission lnventory Improvement Program (EIIP). Volume Ill-Area Sources Preferred and Alternative Methods. November 1996.
14. Documentation for the Draft 1999 National Emissions lnventory (Version 3.0) for Criteria Air Pollutants and Ammonia. Area Sources. E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. March 3, 2003 15. Advancing Health inAmerica Guide. Health Forum. American Hospital Association. 2003-2004 16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA Emission lnventory lmprovement Program (EIIP), Volume Ill

## - Area Sources Preferred and Alternative Methods, Chapter 8. September 1997. 17. Landfills. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions lnventory lmprovement Program. Eastern Research Group Volume 

### Ill: Chapter 15. January 2001. 18. Ohio EPA, Division of Solid & InfectiousWaste. Columbus, Ohio. 19. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition and Supplements, AP42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1985 landfill. 20. Spreadsheet formulation provided by "Buzz" DavidAsselmeier, Air Quality Planning Section, lnventory Group, Springfield, Illinois.
21. California's Portable Gasoline Container Emissions Inventory. Air Resources Board Mobile Source Control Division. California Air Resource Board lnventory method (September23, 1999). htto://www.arb.ca.~ov/home~aue.htm. (Accessed 2003). 22. Ohio EPA Division of SurfaceWater. Columbus, Ohio.23. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA). STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA Emission lnventory lmprovement Program (EIIP). Volume Ill

## - Area Sources Preferredand Alternative Methods. May 1997.
24. The Ohio Department of Transportation. Office of Technical Services. Roadway Information. Columbus, Ohio. 25. Paint and Allied Products: 2002. U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Departmentof Commerce. Economics and Statistics Administration. htt~://www.census.qov/industrvll lma325f02.pdf (Accessed 2003) 26. Hiqhwav Statistics 2002. Federal HighwayAdministration. U. S. Department of Transportation. 

### http://www.fhwa.dot.qov/policv/ohim/hs02/sf2.htm (Accessed 2003) 27. (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)viewed on Feb 8th, 2007. [http://environmentaIchemistn/.com/voqi/odfurnaces.ht 

# a 28. (Washington State, Departmentof Ecology) viewed on Feb 8th, 2007 [http://www.ecv.wa.~ov/proqrams/air/AOPPermits/Boiler/Outdoor Boilers home.html1 29. U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency. Reducing Pollution from Outdoor WoodFired Hydronic Heaters. Fact Sheet htt~://www.epa.aov/owhhlpdfslfactsheet 1 29 07.odf (Accessed 112007) 30. IndustrialSector Energy Price and Expenditure Estimates, 1970-2001, Ohio. ~E-nergy 

### InformationAdministrationU S,.D_epart_!nf~o_fEn~g~~..~~~.

~ .~.~

~ .~ .~.~~

~ .~. ~.~ http://www.eia.doe.qov/emeu/states/sep priceslindlpr ind oh.html http:/lwww.eia.doe.~vlemeu/aer/~df/~ 27.pdf (Accessed 2003) 31. State Fire Marshal Office. Fire Prevention Bureau, Columbus, Ohio. http://www.com.state.oh.us/odoc/sfm/fireconthtm (Accessed 2003) 32. Documentation for the Draft 1999 National Emissions lnventory (Version 3.0) For Criteria Air Pollutants and Ammonia. Area Sources. E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. March 3,2003 33. Ohio Department of Health, Vital Statistics 34. Environmental Protection Agency. STAPPA-ALAPCO-EPA Emission lnventory lmprovement Program (EIIP). Volume X 

### - Emissions Proiections. December 1999. htt'p:llwww.epa.a~vlttn/chief~eii~ltechrepovolumelO/xOl :pdf (Accessed212007)

### SECTION 3
NON-ROAD SOURCES The non-road inventory is generated regionally by running U.S. EPA's National Mobile lnventory Model (NMIM) model. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources undertook the responsibility of customizing the NMlM input files and submitting the output file in NIF format to LADCO and U.S. EPA. LADCO processed the NMIM files in their emissions model and generated summer emissions rates. Grant Heatherington from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provided the following descriptions..



### . The National Mobile lnventory Model (NMIM) developed by USEPAwas usedto estimate emissions for all other nonroad mobile categories. NMlM consolidates nonroad mobile emissions and onroad emissions modeling into a single modeling system. Only the nonroad emissions modeling portion of NMlM was used inthe development of this emission's inventory. NMlM uses the USEPA's NONROAD model to calculate nonroad mobile emissions. The basic NONROAD algorithm for calculating emissions uses base year equipment populations, average load factors, available engine powers, activity hours and emission factors. Before NMlMwas run, modifications and additionswere made to the NMlM input data.

a. Added emission factors for diesel tamperslrammers provided by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.. Dieseltamperslrammers are a type of construction equipment. b. Revised PM2.5 ratios in SCC table to correctly calculate PM2.5 diesel emissions. This error was introducedwith NMIM2005 and didn't exist in NMlM2004.

c. Revised gasoline parameters using updates provided by the states and E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.. Gasoline parameters include Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), oxygenate content and sulfur content. The NMlM NEI NIF files are on the LADCOftp site at: ftp://ftp.airtoxics.oralinv2005/nonroadlNMIMlBase L ph2/20051



### Revised 

### NMIM2005 ln~ut 

### Data
Emission Factor Data All States: Pechan revised the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) emission factor data to include diesel tampers/rammers (2270002006). The revised NMlMfile is saved as revBSFC.EMF.

### Population Data
For 26000.pop, replaced default file supplied with NMIM2005with 26000-rev-NMIM05.pop that contains revised constructiondata missing from 26000.pop external file providedwith NMIM2005. This Michigan construction data should have been added with the other LADCO states modified construction data but was overlooked. SCC Data
The default SCC table of NCD20060201 is replaced by a version that contains correctionsto the PM25facfield that earrier NCDs contained (i.e. changed from 0.92 to 0.97 for diesel nonroad equipment) in NONROAD2004. Fuel Data LADCO States: Pechan revised four tables (countyyear, countyyearmonth, datasource and gasoline) in the National County Database (NCD) used by NMlMto incorporate newfuel data. AIR revised gasoline characteristics per instructions from the states. Also, gasoline characteristic revisions for 2005 provided by states were incorporated. Additional revisions were incorporated into 2002 data for nonroad Stage 2 controls. Dependingon the year being modeled, different versions of the revised tables are used. Also, the countynrfile, countyyear and datasource tables were revisedto referencethe new activity, allocation, growth, population and seasonality files described above. NCD tables with names ending in "de?"are default versions of the table. See table belowfor the appropriate versions of the tabtes for the selected years. Non-LADCO States: The countynrfile, countyyear and datasourcetables were revisedto referencethe new activity, allocation and seasonality files described above. See table belowfor the appropriate versions of the tables for the selected years.

.. ,. Table 3-1 NMIM National 

### County Database Tables for Specific Years and States

WDCO states % 1999 (WI onfy) 

### I 2002,05,07,08,09,f2 and 18 countyntfile-NMI MOS-rev, countyyear-N MIMOS-rev, countyyearmonth-NMlMO5-w

05-A 2-4 8-rev, datasource-~~l~05-rev, gasoline-NMIMOS-def SCC-NCD20060201-rev (usedwhen NCD20060201 is countynrfile-NMIMOS-rev, countyyear-NM fM05-rev , countyy~armonth~NMIM05Ei~W05~12~18~rev, datasource-NMI MOS-rev, gasoline~NMIM05~w~O5~12~18~rev SCC-NCD20060201-rev (used when NCD20060201 is used)
usedl

### SECTION 4
ON-ROAD SOURCES A mobile source of air pollution is a self-propelled or portableemitter of air pollutants, and mobile source emissions are those generated by the engines or motors that power such sources. Most mobilesources, exceptjet or turboprop aircraft, are powered by internal combustion (IC) piston engines, and nearly all use liquid fuels. Gaseous fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), had only a very small fraction of the motorfuel market in Ohio in 2005. Solid fuels have not been used by mobile sources in significant amounts since railroads retired their coal-powered steam locomotives in the 1950s. 4.1 Categories of Mobile Sources For inventoryand planning purposes, mobile sources are divided intotwo major categories. 1. On-highway mobilesources, i.e., motorvehicles such as cars, vans, trucks, buses and motorcycles usedfor transportationof goods and passengers on roads and streets
2. Off-highway (usually referredto as non-road) mobile sources including: Modes of poweredtransportation that do not use roads, such as aircraft. trains, ships and boats, and motorvehicles used off-road. Self-propelled or portable motorized machines or equipment not used for transportation, ranging from construction equipment and farm tractors to lawnmowers and hand-held power weed choppers. Mobile Sources: All on-highway mobile sources are self-propelled. Non-road Mobile Sources: Some non-road mobilesources (e.g., farm tractors), are self-propelled, but many non-road sources are not. A gasoline-powered chain saw is a familiar example of a non-self-propelled non-road mobilesource. Stationary Sources: Not all movable or portable emission sources are mobile sources, however. A small truck-portable cement or hot-mix asphalt plant, for example, may be set up near a construction or road-buildingsite. Such plants are classified as stationary sources, not mobile sourcesfor two reasons: (1) they may operate for weeks or months at a single location, and (2)the trucks that move the plants do not supply power for them.NOTE: Not all IC or turbine engines are mobile sources. Fixed IC engines, such as those that power pipeline compressors or standby generators in electricity plants and elsewhere, are also classified as stationary sources. 4.1.1 Categories and Components of Mobile Source Emissions
There are three categories of mobilesource emissions: Exhaustortailpipe emissions, which result from the combustion of fuel in the source's engine Evaporativeemissions, which result from evaporation of fuel from the engine or it's fuel system Refuelingemissions Exhaust Emissions: Are the result of fuel combustionand occur only when the engine is running. Evaporativeemissions: Are VOC based only and are continuously emitted from an engine's fuel system, whether the engine is running or not. Gasoline is a very volatile fuel, so total VOC emissions from gasoline powered vehicles have a large evaporative component. Dieselandjet fuels are of very low volatility, so evaporative emissionsfrom diesel and turbine engines are a much smaller part of their total VOC emissions. Evaporativeemissions for CNG or LPG poweredvehicles are negligible becausetheir fuel tanks and systems are of necessity, sealed. Evaporativeand exhaust VOC emissions can be calculatedseparately for most mobile

~~ ~ ~-

~ source categor~es, 

### ba-fitfiSinvmtOrytheSeeeemo componeTitsare~cmb%edTnto~total~~ VOC. Evaporative emissions do not includeVOC emissions that occur during refueling. Refueling Emissions: these emissions are the third category of mobile source emissions. Refueling emissions are entirely VOC. Although they result from the evaporationof fuel, they are distinct from, and not directly relatedto, evaporative emissions as defined above. Refuelingemissions have two subcomponents: Disdacement emissions. These occur when newfuel istransferred into a partly filled tank--be it a service station storagetank, a portablefuel container (gas can), or a vehicle or engine's fuel tank; displacingthe air inthe tank and forcing that vapor-rich air out the inlet pipe or other vent. There are two stages of displacement emissions:

o "Stage I" emissions occur when the underground storage tanks at a service station are being refilled;o "Stage 11" emissions occur when a motor vehicle (or gas can) is being refueled. NOTE: These emissions are covered in, "Area Sources," section 3.6. Spill emissions. These occur when drops of fuel drip or splash on the ground during or after refueling and evaporate away. 4.2 Ohio On-Highway Mobile Source Inventory The inventory of on-highway mobile source emissions was developed in conjunction with the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), Lake MichiganAir Director's Consortium (LADCO), United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (USEPA), and the Ohio EPA (OEPA). Estimatesof the amounts of NOx and VOC are reported by county intons per day. Emissionsare reported for a typical ozone season weekday in the summer of 2002. 4.2.1 Emission Inventories Developedwith MOBILE6 Model
MOBILE6 Overview: MOBILE6 is a computer program that estimates hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO,), exhaust particulate matter (which consists of several components), tire wear particulate matter, brake wear particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SOz), ammonia (NHB), six hazardousair pollutant (HAP), and carbon dioxide (COz) emission factors for gasoline-fueled and diesel highway motor vehicles, and for certain specialized vehicles such as natural-gas-fueled or electricvehicles that may replace them. The program uses the calculation procedurespresented in technical reports postedon EPA's MOBILE6Web page http:llwww.epa.govlotaqlmodels.htm. MOBILE6 emission factor estimates depend on various conditions, such as ambient temperatures, travel speeds, operating modes,fuel volatility, and mileage accrual rates. Many of the variables affectingvehicle emissions can be specified by the user. MOBILE6will estimate emissionfactors for any calendar year between 1952 and 2050, inclusive. Vehicles from the 25 most recent modelyears are considered to be in operation in each calendar year. 4.2.2 MOBILE6 Defaults: MOBILE6 includes default values for a wide range of conditionsthat affect emissions. These defaults are designed to represent "national average" input data values. Users who desire a more precise estimate of local emissions can substitute informationthat more specifically reflects local conditions. Use of local input data will be particularly common when the local emission inventory is to be constructed from separateestimates of roadways, geographic areas, or times of day, in which fleet or traffic conditionsvary considerably. A list of MOBILE6 input parameters is provided below. Most of these inputs are optional because the model will supply default values unless alternate data are provided. 4.2.3 MOBILE6 Input Parameters Calendaryear Month (January, July) HourlyTemperature Altitude (high, low) Weekendlweekday Fuel characteristics (Reid vapor pressure, sulfur content, oxygenate content, etc.) Humidityand solar load Registration (age) distribution by vehicle class Annual mileage accumulation by vehicle class Dieselsales fractions by vehicle class and modelyear Average speed distribution by hour and roadway Distributionof vehicle miles traveled by roadway type Engine starts per day by vehicle class and distribution by hour Engine start soak time distribution by hour Trip end distribution by hour Average trip length distribution Hot soak duration Distributionof vehicle miles traveled by vehicle class Fiiil,mial; 

### andmuitiplS~iurnard~ibUtiOn~h-oUr Inspectionand maintenance (IIM) program description Anti-tampering inspection program description Stage II refueling emissions inspection program description Natural gas vehicle fractions HC species output Particle size cutoff Emissions factors for PM and HAP Outputformat specifications and selections 4.2.4 MOBILE6 References The following publications provide much of the guidance for the preparationof the onhighway inventory. EPA-45014-81-026d(Revised), now EPA1450-R-92-009,Proceduresfor Emission InventoryPreparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, December 1992. Hereafter, "Procedures Vol. IV". The 1992version is still the definitive document oninventories. Ifa previous edition is referred to, the fact will be noted as, for example, "the 1989 ProceduresVol. IV"or "Volume IV. 1989edition". EPA420-R-03-010, User's Guide fo MOBILE6.1 andMOBILE6.2: Mobile Source Emission FactorModel,August 2003. This is the User's Guide for the official MOBILE6.2.03 on-highway mobilesource emission factor model and will usually be referredto as the M6.2 (or simply M6) User's Guide (UG). The M6 model in its various versions was developed and published by Assessment & Modeling Division (AMD) of the National Vehicle & Fuels Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The NVFEL is part of USEPA Office of Transportation & Air Quality (OTAQ), formerly the Office of Mobile Sources (OMS). Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6 for Emission Inventory Preparation,August 2004. Hereafter, the M6 "Technical Guidance [Document]" or "TGD. The TGD is the primarysource of guidance on M6 inputs and an invaluable adjunct to the M6 User's Guide. USEPA document "Frequently Asked Questions on MOBILEG", 16January 2002. Hereafter, [M6] "FAQ". This document was published along with the M6 TGD. USEPA memo, "Policy Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6 for SIP Development and Transportation Conformity",dated 18January 2002, from John Seitz, Director of OAQPS, and Margo Oge, Director of OTAQ, to RegionalAir Division Directors.

4.3 Ohio's Alternate Data for MOBILE6 Alternative data is state-specific data that is used inthe Mobile6 runs. Using local data is preferredto using the default data in Mobile6. Efforts are madeto collect as much local data as possible.
4.3.1 Vehicle Registration Distribution by Age Overview: The vehicle age distribution determinesthe fraction of vehicles operating within each emissions control requirement standard and the deterioration of the emission control technology. Emission rates vary widely between new and older vehicles. Thus, even small changes infleet age, particularlyfor older vehicles, may result in large changes in emission totals.The MOBILE6 model requires estimates of a distribution of registeredvehicles by age and vehicle category for current andfuture years. MOBILE6default values were developed using national level vehicle registrationdata by age and class for July 1, 1996. EPA developed a methodologyto convertthe July 

### I, 1996 registration profile into a general registration distribution by age and by vehicle category for some 6 composite (gasoline and diesel) vehicle types plus motorcycles. To projectfuture changes, EPA evaluated generalsales growth andvehicle scrappage trends for the total light-duty vehicle in-use fleet and the total heavy-duty vehicle in-use fleet, and made minor adjustments, where possible, to reflect some of the differences between vehicle categories. Description: The MOBILE6 model requires estimates of a distribution of registered vehicles by age and vehicle category for current and future years. OEPA chose to use localvehicle registrationdata provided by the Ohio Bureau of MotorVehicles (BMV)to LADCO to develop these inputs. Method Applicability: This approach is most applicable in areas where there are significant differences inthe localvehicle fleet age distribution relativeto the national average. Data Sources and Procedures: This approach involves using local vehicle registration data. This is typically available at the county level, but may also be applied using statewide data from the state motor vehicle registration office. The fleet age should be representativeof the vehicle fleet over the small urban or rural area under question. If the pollutantsof concern are ozone precursors. Advantages:

.. . . 

### l~ocolly specifi 

### creg i~straatiOOnn ~at.a,~.whi~ch~i.s~liReetYYmm~re 

### Yrrr eePPrreeSSenttati"Ve~of-thhe local area than the national default. Requires minimal additional resources, particularly if data is readily available at the county or local level from the State department of motor vehicle registration. Recommended by EPA and generally is encouraged as a preferred approach over the nationaldefault approach.

4.3.2 DailyVehicle Miles Traveled (DVMT) Overview: In coordinationwith Ohio Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) provided Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled (DVMT)data and travel demand model (TDM) data. TDM data will be covered in another section. BecauseTDM resultsare used bythe state and MPOs to forecast traffic for a multitudeof purposes, undergo rigorous calibration and validation checks, and are sensitiveto roadway capacityltraveltime improvements,the TDMs are consideredthe best tool for emissionsforecasting. Therefore, the DVMT data discussed in this section is not used directlyfor all areas of Ohio. In counties where it is not used directly it is usedfor making rough emissions estimates where models do not exist or where time prohibits the use of TDMs. DVMT is a simple mechanismto measure how much traffic is flowing along a roadway during an average 

### 24 hour period. This simple formula multipliesAverage Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) bythe length of the roadway. For example; if a roadway was 

### 2 miles in length and the AADT was 

### 4000 vehicles per day the DVMTwould be computed by multiplying

### 2*4,000=8,000or 

### 8,000 DVMT. County-By-County DVMT is computed usingthe State of Ohio, Department of Transportation's Roadway Information Files and the annual Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Summary Reports. DVMT's are computed for all of the Federal FunctionalClass(FC) categories within each of Ohio's 

### 88counties. The AADT and Roadway length informationprovides a very accurate estimate of statewide total DVMT for The State Highway System (Interstate, US and State Routes, ). County total DVMT are consistent and considered a good source of county level DVMT for countywideemissions estimates. For roadways that are not part of the State HighwaySystem, various representative counts were used, such as: railroad crossing counts, HPMS Sample Section Counts etc. All traffic count data that was not collected during the current year has had statewide growth factors appliedto account for systematic growth. Given the previously mentionedmethodologies, the DVMTdata is more accurate on roads functionally classified as collector or above.
Table 4-1 Federal Functional Class Categories:


### 01 - Rural Interstate 

### 02 

## - Rural PrincipalArterial 

### 06 

## - Rural MinorArterial 

### 07 - Rural Major Collector 

### 08

## - Rural Minor Collector 

### 09 

## - Rural Local 

### II 

## - Urban Interstate 

### 12- Urban Freeway & Expressway 

### 14

## - Urban Principal Arterial 

### 16

## - Urban MinorArterial 

### 17- Urban Collector 

### 19

## - Urban Local

### Tabbte 4-2 DVMT County 

### Summary:

COUNTYSUMMARE, Adjusted County kOVMT1s (kDVMT=Thousands of DailyWehides MilesTtawaled) mRL TmAL m7AL

Far PDFweb basedtables of 2005 DVMT 

### by 

### county see:

Disclaimer by ODOT: Theabove PDF 

### web based tables contain the State of Ohio's adjusted countyDVMTs and road mileage for theyears 1990

# - 2005. Please be aware that the numbers are estimates only. The factoring process usedannual, estimated,andstatewideAD T (Average Daily Tr-afic)growth factors, derivedfrom the output ofa limited numberof traffic counting stations around the state. Although the growth factors are available by functional class, theyare more reliable formajorroads such as interstates or expressways, which are relatively well-sampled, than for localroads or co/l@ctors.The numbers also do no allow for periodic, Iarge-scale functional reclassification actionswhich reassignselected roadsor roadsegments from one functional class to another. The Ohio Departmentof Transportationtherefore does nof warrant the accuracy, complefeness, or reliabilityofthese estimates foryour research. We also do nof assume responsibility for any incorrectness that may occur.

4.3.3 VMT From Travel Demand Models (TDM) Overview: Travel demand forecast modeling is performed by the Ohio Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and ODOT for a multitudeof purposes including the preparation of regional emissions estimates. The ODOT Office of Technical Services' Modeling& ForecastingSection recommendsthat Ohio's TDMs and ODOT's conformity analysis methods be used to establish the roadway mobile source portion of Ohio's SIP budget to assure consistent methods are used for transportation conformity analysis and budgets. Therefore, ODOT provided both MPO regional TDM runs and statewide TDM runs with associateddata to OEPA and LADCO. The ODOT provided model run data for years 2002,2005,2009,2012, and 2018. Data provided included loaded networks in both .csv format and GIs shape files, trip end summaries, zone boundary GIs shape files, intrazonal trip VMT estimates, and VMT summaries for each of the loaded networks. Additional post processing data was provided including but not limited to metadata describingthe loaded networks, Hourly distribution by functional class, speed profiles, day of week / weekend / monthlycar and truck traffic profiles,2009 & 2018 VMT RPO data sets, statewide VMT growth rates for localtraffic, and a 2005 VMT summary comparison spreadsheet. It should be noted that among other things, the loaded TDM Networks contain distance and dailyvolumes from which VMT is computed. Network volumes are post processedto estimateVMT by hour of day. The hourly volumes and capacity, posted speed limit, and type of roadwayfor each roadway segment are then used to estimate average hourly speeds needed for MOBILE6 based emissions estimates. Modeling by segment by hour of day in this way makes emissions estimates more sensitive to the effects of roadway improvements. 

## his allows transoortation olannersto evaluate the relative emissions affect of imorovements to indivibual roadways as well as packages of improvements and the edtire set of planned roadway improvement projects air quality impactsof construction programs.4.3.4 Speed Distribution Profiles Overview: ODOT provided speed distribution profilesto LADCO. A couple of different sets of speed distribution profileswere providedto OEPA and LADCO for their use, a table of space mean speeds byfunctional class for use with DVMTs and link group speed curves for post processingtravel demand model traffic forecasts. Both sets of speed profiles are based on the same speed study conducted by ODOT. The speed study is documented in "Statewide Travel Time Study. Mav 2001 bv Greq Giaimo. Ohio De~artment of Trans~ortation". When OEPA asked for speeds for use with MOBILE6 for develo~ment of CERR. ODOT ~rovided aset of meeds based on that statewide travel timg study. Those speeds &e documented in

# a technical memorandum titled "Estimationof Averaae S~eed bv Functional Class for MOBILE6 Runs"dated 5/27/2004. Readers should refer to those documents for the details. Here the contents of the technical memo, EstimatedAverage Speed by Functional Class, are summarized.
Space Mean Speeds by FunctionalClass for UseWith County Level DVMT, HPMS: The memo states that the speeds which the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) had been using priorto that date, 2004, for air quality analysis estimates based on County DVMT summaries, were developed by a former ODOT employee for addressing the one (1) hour standards conformity rules establisheddue to 1990 emissions exceedances. No documentation was found in ODOT's files on the origin of these average speed values or howthey were estimated. In addition, EPA has requirements for using latest planning assumptions for air quality conformityanalyses. Therefore, ODOT believed that itwas inthe state's best interestto use the most recent available data4oprovide-a new sekof esiiwted-ave~age speeds-eonsisten&witk thoseused-fot- - urban area travel demand modelswhich were under development at that time. The memo contains comparisonsof 2002 speed data obtained from traffic count equipment, automatic traffic recorders (ATRs)which collect data continuously throughout the year. It also contains comparisonsof the new speeds with those used to address the one hour standard Gebhart's. The graphs shown infigure 1, taken from the memo, illustrate the comparisons. The first graph compares time mean speeds from the ATRs with space mean speeds from ODOTs travel time study done in2001andwith the speeds used for addressingthe one hour standard.Figure 1

## - Speed Comparison Graphs
Speeds Comparison

80.0 

### - 

### -- -

. . .-- -. . . . I -+--Awrage Speed

4- 1990 An8 ysis Speeds 2001 Saeea St~dy

10.0

0.0 

# 1 Functional Class



### Speeds Comparison /e s~eefl -,
+ Min.Avg Speed
Max.Avg. Speed
Gebhardt'sSpeeds

The following caution statement was taken from the-Estimation ofAverage Speed by Functional Class memo. Go\ 

# @ 

# @ +G'\ ,+G'~ +G4@$'j 

### k Functional Class

CAUTION: It shouldbe noted that speeds on facilities falling in any one of the federal functional classifications vary greatly between roadways, between hour of the day, and day of the week. So these provide only very rough estimates of speed and should be used with caution. ln addition, it is expected that these average sfafewide speeds are higher than the average speeds in the non-attainmentareas because the non- *Spd Study Est Speeds +Spd Study Greg Estattainment countiestendto be more populated and more congested. The document "Highway Vehicle SpeedEstimation Procedures For Use in EmissionInventories'; September 1991by EarlRuiterof Cambridge Systematics lnc. is referencedby EPA's documented proceduresfor emission inventory preparation. This document suggests postprocessing traveldemand modeltraffic assignment resultsto estimate average speeds. Final space mean speeds that ODOT provided are summarized in the Table 1 below:
Table 4-3 Speed by Federal FunctionalClass 

# I FunctionalClass 

## / 1990Analysis 

# 1 2001 Speed Study

# /

Jt was-decided by mutual

### agreementamongindiuiduals~thi~_tbe~OD~O_LQffic~~of~

_ Technical Services that these new space mean speed based average speed estimates were reproducibleand defensible since they are well documentedand should therefore be the speeds used with HPMS**VMT if any year 2002 emissions budget work is done using only the county level VMT summaries discussed in section 5.3.2 Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled (DVMT). 

### ** Note that HPMS VMT is a statewideVMT estimate and the county level DVMT summaries are consistentwith the HPMS VMT so the county level DVMT summaries are loosely referred to as HPMS VMTs even though infact they are not. 4.3.5 Link Group Speed Cuwes: The ODOT Modeling & Forecasting Section recommends that Ohio's travel demand forecasting models and ODOT's conformity analysis methods be used to establishthe roadway mobile source portion of Ohio's SIP budget for reasonsalready mentioned in 5.3.2 and to assure consistent methods are used for transportation conformity demonstrationanalyses and budgets. Therefore, ODOT provided travel demand model runs and the speed curves by link group that ODOT uses for the speed estimates withinthe post processing of travel demand model runsfor estimating regional emissions. Table 2 shows these link group curves.

Table 4-4 Link Group Codes & Associated BPR Curves

Note: a and b are the BPR curve parameters for the equation b
6.3 7.0 9.0 8.5 10.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.0 4.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
5.0 Link Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10
11
12
13
14 Areatype Any Any Any Any Any Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Suburban Urban CBD Suburban Urban a 0.39 0.32 0.25 0.18 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.34 0.34
0.74
1.16
0.38
0.70 Facility

Type Freeway Freeway Freeway Freeway Freeway Multi-Lane Multi-Lane Multi-Lane Multi-Lane

2 Lane Urban Street Urban Street Urban Street Urban Street Urban Free Flow Speed 75 70 65 60 55 60 55 50 45 Any

50
50
50 40
40More complete details about emissions modeling processemployed by ODOT may be found in ODOT documentations. The document titled "Congestion Management & Air QualitvAnalvsis (CMAQ) Prooram Documentation" dated December2005 mav be obtainedfro& the ODOT web-site at www.dot.state.oh.us/urban/data/cmaa.d~c (MicrosoftWord document)

4.4 Mobile6 lnputs: The following table containsthe inputs supplied to LADCO to processour mobile inventory. 4.4.1 Ohio's 2005 MOBILE6 Inputs The following tables are the result of a joint meeting between Ohio EPA, ODOT, and MPOs from around the state. At that meeting Mobile6 inputswere discussed and efforts were made to verify the sources of data inputs for Moble6. Dialogue has continued between the parties. For historical reference:

>>> Dave Moore ~Dave.Moorel@dot.state.oh.us~ 411012006 2:13 PM >>>

An air quality coordination meeting has beenscheduled for April 27, 2006 at 10:OOAM at ODOT Central Office conference room GA. The primary purposeof this meeting is to discuss development of 2002 ~~~~~~~~~~~~i~ve~t~~i~sSf~r~~usf?f?i~n~~~~~~pi~g9th~eOhi~O22OO~7-88M~~r~O~~neSI~Attainmentt~~.~~

~ Demonstrations. See meeting agenda below. OEPA is working toward a June 15, 2006 schedule for submitting the 2002 inventories to US EPA. A keycomponent of the meetingwill be to review and confirmthe MOBILE6.2 input parameters, by Ohio alq area, for use in developing the 2002 mobile inventories. See draft template below. The Ohio MPO travel demand models will be used to generate the 2002 VMT inputs to MOBILE. Thanks, DM DMIMPORTANT NOTICE: The following tables are not to be used for inventory purposes as the data is subject to change. Forthe current input table, contact Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control.

Table 4-5 Mobile Inputs 

### Cleveland-Akron2005 Ozone M6.2 Inputs Includesthe following counties: Ashtabuia, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, Summit
State Programs Input Stage II Refueling Anti-tampering Programs
IIM Programs Exclude Ashtabula County. Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints Exemption Age Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program Yes



### .No IlM program 1 2004 2050 2 TI0 OBD I/M 1 1996 2050 1 22222 21111111 1 1 30.0 1 98.0 1 1.0 1.0

2 2004 2050 2 TI0 EVAP OBD & GC 2 1996 2050 2 22222 11111111 1

3 2001 2003 2 TI0 ASM 2525 PHASE-INModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver-Rates-

~ ~- Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESCfile Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file 4 2001 2050 2 TI0 ASM 2525 PHASE-IN 4 1975 1995 4 22222 211111111 4 30.0 4 98.0 4 3.0 1.0Program 7 1996 2050 2 TI0 GC ModelYears 7 1975 1995 Vehicles 7 22222 21111111 1 Stringency Compliance 7 98.0 Waiver Rates 7 3.0 1.0 Cutpoints ExemptionAge 7 25 Grace Period 7 2 NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file 

# I Fuel Commands 

# I

Fuel Program 1 Oxygenated Fuels 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.036 2
Fuel RVP 9 Alternative Emission Regulations and Control Measures 

# I

Rebuild Effects 0.1
External Conditions Commands 

# 1

Calendar Year 2005
Evaluation Month 7
MinlMax Temperature National Climatic Data Center 

# I Vehicle Fleet Characteristic Commands 

# I

Registration Distribution Variable

# ICincinnati-Dayton-Springfield2005 Ozone M6.2 

### Inputs 

# 1 Includes the following counties: Ohio: Butler, Clark, Clermont, Clinton, Greene, Hamilton, Miami, Montgomery, Warren Indiana: LawrenceburgTwp., Dearborn County Kentucky: Boone, Campbell and Kentoncounties 

# I State Programs 

# 1 

# I tnput 

# I Note: Indiana and Kentucky inputs may not coincidewith Ohio inputs Stage If Refueling 9313186186 Anti-tampering Programs 96/78105122222/214 I I

14~111121098.1121111 2
IIM Programs Yes Excludes Clinton Co. and Miami Co., OH, Dearborn County, IN

# - No IIM program Note: IIM inputsfor Kentucky counties are not included Program 1 2004 2050 2 TI0 OBD IIM ModelYears 1 1996 2050 Vehicles 1 22222 21tll-lIl I Stringency 1 30.0 Complrance I 98.0 Wa~ver Rates 1 1.0 1.0 Cutpoints ExemptionAge 1 25 Grace Period 12 NOTTC Credits Effecti ---- DESCfile Program 2 2004 2050 2 TI0 EVAP 08D& GC ModelYears 2 d996 2050 Vehicles 2 22222 ~1111111I Stringency Compliance 2 98.0 Waiver Rates 2 1.0 1.0 Cutpoints ExemptjonAge 2 25 Grace Period 2 2 NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance 3 2001 2003 2 TI0 ASM 2525 PHASE-IN 3 '!996 '2003 3 22222 21111111 1 3 30.0 3 98.0Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints Exemption Age Grace Period NOTTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESC file Program ModelYears Vehicles 4 2002 2050 2 TI0 ASM 2525 PHASE-IN 4 1975 1995 4 22222 21111111 1 4 30.0 4 98.0 4 3.0 1.0Stringency Compliance Waiver Rates Cutpoints ExemptionAge Grace Period NO TTC Credits Effectiveness DESCfile

Fuel Commands 

# I

Fuel Program 1 Oxygenated Fuels 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.036 2
Fuel RVP 9 Alternative Emission Regulations and Control Measures 

# I

Rebuild Effects 0.1 

# 1 External Conditions Commands 

# 1

Calendar Year 2005
Evaluation Month

. ~~ ~~~ . ...~~ MinlMax Temperature 7

~...~~~ ~.. ~.~ .~.~.~ ~~~.~~~. NationalClimatic Data Center
Vehicle Fleet Characteristic Commands 

# 1

Registration Distribution Variable

### Other Areas (excluding NOACAlAMATS

### and OKIIMVRPC) 

### Ozone M6.2 

### Inputs Includes the following counties: Ohio: Belmont, Colurnbiana, Delaware, Faitfield, Franklin, Jefferson, Knox, Licking, Lucas,Madison, Mahoning, Pickaway, Trumball, Wood
Fuel Commands 

# I fnput
Fuel Program 1 Oxygenated Fuels 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.036 2
fuel RVP 9 

# I Alternative Emission Regulations 

### and Control Measures 

# 1

Rebuild Effects 0.1 (0.30for 2018) 

# I External Conditions Commands 

# I

CalendarYear All
Evaluation Month 7
MinlMaxTemperature National Climatic Data Center 

# I Vehicle Fleet Characteristic Commands 

# I

Registration Distribution Variable

4.5 Ohio's Mobile Emission Data Processed by LADCO (Lake Michigan Air Director" Consortium): 2005 TDM 

### and Mobile6 input data were providedto LADCO for processing. The data was processed by 

### LADCO with T3 to prepare it as an input intothe ConCEPT model. T3 and ConCEPT are described as follows.4.5.1 T3--Development of Link-Level Mobile Source Emission Inventories: Highly resolved emission inventoriesfor on-road mobile sources are neededfor air quality modelingto develop the necessarytechnical support for new State Implementation Plans (SIPS) for regional haze, fine particles, and ozone. Emissionsfor on-road motorvehicles are estimated using vehicle miles traveled, trip starts and ends, speed, and other activity data developed by State Agencies and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) using transportationdemand models (TDMs), and emission factors from EPA's MOBILE6 model. To support this modeling in the upper Midwest, ENVIRON, working with LADCO, State DOTs, and local MPOs, has developed a software tool (the TDM Transformation Tool, or "T3")that takes TDM output from approximately twenty transportation networks using a variety of models, applies appropriate data transformations, and outputs link- and county-level activity data in a uniform format for input to the CONCEPT emissions processing model (a new emissions processing model also developed with funding from LADCO). In a parallel effort, analyses of extensive automatic traffic recorder (ATR) data collected by State DOTs were conducted to develop temporal profiles (hour of day, day of week, and month of year) of vehicle counts and vehicle mix by roadwaytype for developingthe detailed on-road emission inventories. T3 provides a conduit from the projectionsof traffic demand modelers regarding vehicle types, road networks, and vehicle activity to the activity data required by emissions modelers. The primary goals of T3 are to providean easy mechanismfor incorporating TDM model outputs in as "raw" a format as possible, while simultaneously providing a great degree of flexibility in representingthe TDM projections interms acceptableto most air quality models. These goals have been achieved throughthe use of a dimensional transformationapproach, where the dimensions of the various transformations are user-defined

## - hence the name of the tool. By Stella Shepard, Alison 

### K. Pollack,John Haasbeek, ENVIRON International Corporation, 101 RowlandWay, Suite 220, Novato, CA. 94945 & Mark Janssen, Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO), 2250 E. Devon Avenue # 250, Des Plaines, IL 60018, janssen@ladco.org

4.5.2 ConCEPT--Consolidated Community Emissions ProcessingTool an OpenSource Tool for the Emissions Modeling Community: The new CONCEPT (CONsolidated Community Emissions Processing Tool) Emissions Processor is now availablefor use by the emissions modelingcommunity. Developed asjoint project between Alpine Geophysics, LLC and ENVIRON Corporation, with Midwest RPO andjoint RPO funding, the CONCEPT model combines the best attributes of current emissions modelingsystems into an open source model highlighting the following features: Open Source. Written primarily in PostgreSQL,the software required for runningCONCEPT is in the public domain. The model itself is GNU Public License (GPL) compliant and users are encouragedto make additions and enhancements to the modelingsystem. Trans~arent. The database structure of the model makes the svstem easv to understand, and the modeling codes themselves are extremely well documented'io encourage user participation in the customizingthe system for specific modeling requirements. Quality Control. The CONCEPT model structure and implementation allows for multiple levels of QA analysis during every step of the emissions calculation process. Using the database structures, an emissions modeler can easily trace a process or facility and reviewthe calculation procedures and assumptionsfor any emissionsvalue. The CONCEPT model includes modulesfor the major emissions source categories: area source, point source, on-road motor vehicles, non-road motor vehicles and biogenic emissions, as well as a number of supporting modules, including spatial allocation factor development, speciation profile development, growth and controlfor point and area sources, and CEM point source emissions handling.The emissions modeling community has already begun development of additional CONCEPT support modules including CEM preprocessing software, graphical QA tools, and an interfaceto the traffic demand modelsfor on-road motor vehicle emissions estimation. By Cyndi Loomis, James G. Wilkinson, Alpine Geophysics, LLC, &John Haasbeek, Alison Pollack, ENVIRON Corporation. & Mark Janssen, Lake MichiganAir Directors Consortium (LADCO), 2250 E. Devon Avenue # 250, Des Plaines, IL 60018, janssen@ladco.org

4.5.3 LADCO Ohio Data Outputs for 2005:
The following LADCO outputs and documents can befound at: www.ladco.ora/tech/emislnet05/index.html
Table 4-6 LADCO Data OutputAdditional Documents

### an LADCO Web Page: 

### "Comparison to EPA's 

### Default 

### Model NMIM" 

### "How we Build 

### the 2005 

### Vmt/NetworksN "Spreadsheet/Graphics 

### on Vehicle Mix" 'Background on 

### the T3 

### Tool 

### '
4.6 

### MPO ContactTable Table 4-7 County SummayTable of MPOs by County I 1 1 1 i FIPS 

# 1 county 

# 1 Model Network 

# I MPO 

## I Contact Person 39001
39003 39005 39007
39011 

## 1 Auglaize 

### I Statewide 

## I 1 1 Bel-0-Mar RegionalCouncil 

## 1 RakeshSharma
3901 3



## 1 39019 

## 1 Carroll 

## 1 Statewide 

## 1 

## 1 

# 1

39009 

## 1 Athens 

## 1 Statewide 

## I 

## I Adams 

## 1 Statewide

39015

39017

,.. , - Coordinating Committee of Eric Ottoson 39023 

## .,: Clark Springfield the Clark County-Springfield Allen

Belmont

Brown

Butler Ashland 

## 1 Statewide 

## 1 

## 1 Ashtabula 

## 1 Statewide Statewide

Statewide and Interstate Planning Commission Statewide
CincinnatlDayton LimaAllen County Regional Planning Commission Tom Mazur



## I Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana

Regional Council of Governments Andy Reser

# 1 39175 

### ) Wyandot 

## I Statewide 

## I 

# I NOTE: Complete MPO information can befound at, www.dot.state.oh.uslurban1mpomap.htm and at www.dot.state.oh.us/urban/~t.htm#Cleveland



## .
SECTION 5 MARINE, AIRCRAFT and RAIL (MAR) SOURCES MAR sources are non-road sources which are significant enough in terms of emissions to be considered separately from the rest of the non-road sources. The MAR inventory consists of commercial marines, aircraft and locomotive sources. The marine and locomotive inventory is generated by ~nviron' under contract with LADCO and the aircraft inventory is generated by Ohio EPA.

5.d MarineVessel Sources The approach to commercial marine emission estimates neededto be flexible because the activity data was available in manyformats. Emission estimates were determined either by multiplying engine power, loadfactor, hours per year of operation, or on the basis of the number of gallons of fuel consumed. Emissionswere determinedfor ten subclasses of vesseltypes: Deep draft vessels (DDV) at port, DDV mid-late, push boats (rivers/lakes),tugs, ferries, other special (excursion) vessels, supportvessels, dredges, commercial fishing, and militaryvessels (Coast Guard). These were linked to various Ohio lakes and rivers. Because of the large variety of methodologies emplayed, inventory tables for the ten subcategoriesare detailed inthe complete inventory prepared and published by ENVIRON International Corporation: LADCO 2005 COMMERCIAL MARINE EMISSIONS, by Christian E. Lindhjem, March, 2007. Emissiontotals produced by 

### ENVIRONwere providedto LADCO to submit to EPAfor Ohio's State Implementation Plan (SIP).5.2 Rail Sources The primary activity unit used to determine emissions is gallons of fuel consumed. Emission rateswere derived from EPA documents provided as support documentation for the 1997 locomotive emission standards (EPA, 1997). Gallons of fuel consumed were based on rail activity. Rail activity was broken down into four Source Category Codes (SCC). Class I, linehaul rail: Large interstate railroad companies like Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern. Class 1,11, 111, switching rail: Yard operations. Class 11, 

### Ill line haul: Regionaland local railroads.And Passenger rail: AMTRAK. Class I, line-haul represents84.3% of fuel used and the largest emission's category. The complete emission's inventorywas preparedand published by ENVIRON InternationalCorporation: LADCO 2005 LOCOMOTIVE EMISSIONS, by Christian E. Lindhjem, February, 2007. Emission totals produced by ENVIRONwere providedto LADCOto submit to EPA for Ohio's State Implementation Plan (SIP).

EPA. 1997: "Locomotive Emission Standards." RegulatorySupport Document, United States Environmental ProtectionAgency, Office of Mobile Sources,April. And EPA 1997. Emission Factors for Locomotives," Environmental Protection Agency, EPA420-F-97-051, December. 5.3 Aircraft Sources INTRODUCTION: The aircraft emission's inventory is derived by taking the number of Landings and Take Offs (LTOs) per year and multiplying by an emission factor. Inthe Ohio inventory when specific aircraft models and engine type emission factors are known they were used. Forthe rest of the inventorythe emission factors came from USEPA'sfleet average emissions data. Those results are then compiled as tons per year per pollutant by county. The following describesthe components, methodology,and concludes with a description of an Access based aircraft emission calculator. COMPONENTS:

I. Ohio Airports: A list of both towered and non-towered airports in Ohiowas obtainedfrom the Ohio Department of transportation. See: www.dot.state.oh.uslaviationl In conversationwith ODOT two individualsstated that the 164 airports listed covered over 90% of the airports in Ohio. See Table 1.

It. Number of OperationslLTOs byAirportlCounty:The ODOT list contained the number of operations a year per airport. An operation is either a landing or take off. A Landingand Take Off (LTO) is requiredfor FAA EDMS calculations. LTOswere derived simply by dividing the number of operations by two. These were totaled by county. Table 5-1. Number of operations and LTOsfor 2005.~.

Reader-BotsfordAirfield111;. Aircrafi-Modeisand~~NUmbe rrrO fLr,?0Iyr;

. .. - . ... .. . . . .... . . .. Specific aircraft models by airport (generallythe larger airports)was obtained from "Table 7" provided by the United States Departmentof Transportation, Office of Airline Information. This providedthe number of LTO's for each aircraft model per year per airport. Table 2. Sample from "Table 7." This is the all communitytotal of aircraft modelsfor the AkronlCanton area. "All Service" departures were used as the number of LTOs per year for that model. Listed in the original table are aircraft model by airport and number of se~ices/LTOs.Aircraft Model
A-318 A319 BOEING 717-200 BOEING 727-100 BOEING 727-200 BOEING 737-100/200 BOEING 737-200C BOEING 737-300 BOEING 737-700/LR BOEING 737-800 BOEING 757-200 BOEING 767-300/ER CANADAIR RJ-IOO/ER CANADAIR RJ-700 CONVAIR CV-580 DASSAULT FALCON DHC8-100 DASH 8 DOUGLAS DC-9-15F DOUGLAS DC-9-30 EMBRAER- 145 RJ-200ER/RJ-440 SAAB-FAIRCHD 340/B ALL TYPES TOTAL DEPARTURES PERFORMD Scheduled Non-Sched All Service Service Service

IV. Emissionfactors: Where there was specific aircraft model data the emission factors were derived using the FAA's Emission Dispersion ModelingSystem (EDMS). EDMS is a combined emissions and dispersion modelfor assessing air quality at civilian airports and military air bases. The modelwas developed by the FederalAviation Administration (FAA) in cooperation with the United States Air Force (USAF). The model is usedto producean inventory of emissions generated by sources on and around the airport or air base, and to calculate pollutant concentrations in these environments.

### Table 5-2 EDMS

### Aircraft Emissions Emissions 

### provided by Michigan Departmentof Environmental Quality. (The

### few aircraft 

### in Ohio not included in the table had 

### emissions derived by EDMS 5.0 in-house.)

EDMSAircraft ErnissionslLTO byAircraft Type EDMS4.5 Emissions lnventorv Reporlof 2005 Aircraft lnventorv Emissions Factarq

Year 2005 Aircraft Type A- 318 A-30@-600/R/CFIRCF LbsEmittedPerLTO CO 

## 1 NOx 

### f - RC VOC- 

## I SO2 

## I PM2.5 

## 1 PMlO 19.8 27.1

, A-300BICIF-1001200 30.2 52.5 3.5 3.7

A-310-200CllF 32.6 52.5 7.3 7.9 18.7 

### f 4.0 

## 1 4.4 56.4 

## 1 2.0 

## 1 2.2 0.2

, 0.2 1.5 

### I 0.0 

## I 0.0
3.3 3.3 0.0 0.2 4.0 

## I 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 4.0 1.5 

### - 4.4 

## 1

.. . 1.3 1.3 3.1 3.3 29.8 61.5 0.4 0.4 AVROEXNBR RJ85 24.7 9.5 2.9 3.3 1.8 2.2 4.4 X .3 1EA.E-146-300 24.7 - 9.0 3d 3.3 1.3 0.2 0.2 BEECH 1900A!B/C 11.0 1.1 3.3 3.5 BEECH KlNGAXRC90 1.8 0.9 0.2 0.2 717-200 0-0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.5 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 0.4 1.1 727-100 23.4 21.4 727-100ClQC 1 44.5 1 19.8 0.0

727-200 737-1001200 1.1 

## 1 f.I 23.1 0.0

2.9 2.2 0.7 4.6

737-200C 19.6 

# ' 27.3 0.7 6.8 4.6

3.1 2.4 14.1 3.3 2.0 ' 5.1

16.1 13.9 2.4

7.5 5.1

737300 17.4 2.9

2.0 28.7 737-400 26.5 18.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 737800 24.7 21.2

737-800 15.91 1.8 0.9 2.0

BORNXER 328JET DOUGLASDC-10-10 DOUGLASDC-1030 0.0 0.9 1.8

I 1.3 6.61 11.9 12.6 0.7 1

. 0.0 0.0

102.5 45.4 0.0NOTE: Where specific aircraft model data was not available fleet emissionswere used. EPA defaultfleet average emission factors were taken from "Documentationfor Aircraft, Commercial MarineVessel, ,Locomotive, and Other Nonroad Components of the National Emissions Inventory. 2005, see Appendix A, Aircraft Emission Estimation Methodology." Specific model LTOs were subtracted from county LTO totals to eliminate double counting those LTOs.

DOUGLAS DC-1040 DOUGLAS DC-8-63 DOUGLAS DC-8-71 DOUGLAS DC-8-73 DOUGLASDC-9-10 DOUGLAS DC-9-15F 

## 1 14.1 

## 1 14.6 

## 1 3.7

Table 5-3 Fleet Emission Factor Categories 30.2 219.1

3.1 3.1 3.7 4.0 

## 1 1.8 

## 1 0.2 

## I 0.2

Fleet emission factors were broken down into three categories. ltinerant General, Local General, and Military. 131.8 261.5 53.6 53.6 14.1

Table 5-3a FleetAverage Emission Factorsfor Itinerant General Aircraft. 81.8 25.6 34.6 34.6 14.6 33.1 239.9

33 3.3 4.0

DOUGLAS DC-9-30 

## I 14.1

Note: Air taxiHC emissions 

### * VOC/HC(0.9914)conversion factor =air taxi VOCestimate 6.0 4.2 3.7 3.7 1.8

14.6

(Taken from : Table A-5) Pollutant HC NOx 

### CO 

### SOX PMln 0.7 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

3.7

Emission Factors (LbsiJdTO) 1.234 0.158 28.13 0.015 

### n m222 0.7 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.2

4.0 

## / 1.8 

## 1 0.2 

## 1 0.2Table 5-3b. Fleet Average Emission Factors for Local General Aircraft.

Note: GA HC emissions 

## * VOC/HC(0.9708)conversion factor = GA VOCestimate (TakenFrom: TableA-1 1)

Table 5-3c. Fleet Average Emission Factorsfor Military Aircraft. Pollutant HC NOx CO sox PMlO Emission Factors (IbsLTO) 0.394 0.065 12.014 0.01 0.2367 

### -

Note: Military HC emissions 

## * VOC/HC(l.1046)conversion factor =Military VOCestimate (Takenfrom: TableA-17)

METHODOLOGY Pollutant HC NOx CO SOX PMlO



### Introduction Emission Factors (IbsILTO 1.234 0.158 28.13 0.015 0.60333

The following informationwas considered inthe development of emission estimates: 1. Commercial scheduled and non-scheduledaircraft air carrier activity and commercial air freight activity by aircraft modeltypes,
2. General aviation and air taxi annual local and itinerantoperations for year 2005,
3. Military annual local and itinerant operations for year 2005. Due to the needto have aircraft operations information expressed as landingltakeoff (LTO) cycles, the following assumptions were made:1. For commercial aircraft and commercialair freight activity,the number of annual aircraft annual LTO cycles was assumed to be equal to the number of departures. The daily LTO cycle frequency was then obtained by dividingthe yearly LTO cycles by 365.

2. For general aircraft annual local and itinerant airport operations, each respective operations total was divided by 2 to obtain the corresponding year local and itinerant LTO cycles. The expected daily local and itinerant LTO cycles then were obtained by dividing these annual totals by 365. 3. For military annual local and itinerant operations, each respective operationstotal was divided by 2 to obtain the correspondingyear localand itinerant LTO cycles. The expected military daily local and itinerant LTO cycles then were obtained by dividing these annualtotals by 365. Airport LTO cycles were further categorized into commercial aircraft by plane and engine type, general aviation itinerant aircraft of unknown aircrafttype, general aviation localaircraft of unknown aircraft type, and military aircraft. This was necessary in order to utilizethe U.S. Departrnent of Transportation, FederalAviation Administration EDMS Emissionsand Dispersion Modeling System. Commercial and air freight aircraft emission factors per LTO cycle were determined using EDMS for each commercial aircraft type models where possiblewere used at each towered airport. Default commercial aircraft engine type, and Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) default time in modevalues for takeoff, approach, and landing rolltimes were used inthe EDMS model simulations. Forthose aircrafttypes that could not be determined using the EDMS emissions model, aircraft emission factors based upon EPA alternative fleet average procedureswere then used to estimate their emissions. These included general aviation and air taxi itinerant aircraft of unknown aircrafttype, general aviation local aircraft of unknown aircrafttype, and military aircraft. Conversion from total hydrocarbonsto volatile organic compounds was performed and based upon the EPA guidance.

APPROACH 1. A list of more than 90% of the airports was obtainedfrom the Ohio Departrnentof Transportation. These were classed by airport, county, aircraft flight classification, and the total number of operations per year.
2. The number of operations (a landing

# or a take off) were then divided by two giving the number of LTOs per year per airport. These airports were combined by county for the total number of LTOs per year, per county.3. In dialog with ODOT itwas determined that the following Ohio flight groups of aircraft be combinedto matchthe three categories used bythe USEPA in calculating emissions. Itinerant (General, air carrier, commuter, air taxi, general aviation itinerant) Local (General aviation local) Military (Military)

4. LTOs for specific models of aircraft per airport were taken from the FAATable 7. See Table 2 above. These were then combinedto give the number of LTOs per aircraft model per county. Specific model LTOs were subtractedfrom county totals to avoid double countingthose LTOs.
5. Emission factors were determined from the FAA's EDMS programfor specific aircraft model and engine type. See IV. Emission factors above. The aircraft emission table provided by Michigan had the emission factors for most of the aircraftflown in Ohio.



## . Where specific aircraft model data was not available USEPA average fleet emissions were used.
6. Emission factors times LTOs by county yielded tons per year per county. Table 5-4 Pollutant by County (Sample)

County ADAMS ADAMS ADAMS ADAMS ADAMS ADAMS ADAMS ALLEN ALLEN ALLEN ALLEN ALLEN ALLEN ALLEN ASHLAND ASHLAND ASHLAND ASHLAND ASHLAND ASHLAND POLLUTANT C.Q~ ~.-- HC NOX PMIO-PRI PM25-PRI SOX VOC 

### co HC NOX PM10-PRI PM25-PRI SOX VOC 

### co HC NOX PMlO-PRI PM25-PRI SOXASHLAND ASHTABULA ASHTABULA ASHTABULA ASHTABULA ASHTABULA ASHTABULA ASHTABULA ATHENS ATHENS ATHENS ATHENS ATHENS ATHENS ATHENS VOC CO HC NOX PMI0-PRI PM25-PRI SOX VOC 

### co HC NOX PM10-PN PM25-PRI SOX VOC

7. Emissionswere then summed by pollutants in each county by SCC aircraft category type so data could be providedto LADCO in the EPA prescribed NEI 

### - NIFformat.

DATA ERROR The first aircraft emission inventory submittedto LADCO in April, 2007 contained an error. The inventory submitted in May, 2007 hasthe error corrected. The error was the result of a carry over function inAccess that picked upthe number of operations as insteadof LTOs



### .... which made the inventory exactly twice as large as what it really was.

ACCESS CALCULATOR Introduction: Our database programmer set up Access application to calculate Ohio's aircraft emission inventory, and export those resultsto Excel. His utility allows for easy modification of the aircraft data to match future data scenarios. Outputto Excel also allowsfor additional data manipulation and importation.Through this interface the following sets of data can be editedlupdated: Airport activity,

L-~.~ emission ~ctorstsoecific~aITDo~emlsslons;st~lcoufitvvFIPSS:~-detSIedairccafi~~



### . 

# . information, airport informatibn, and aircraft SCCs. oncethe final emissions have been calculated and summed, then the data can be export via the exportfunction on the Main Menu.