If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

DANNY BURTON,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

FOR PUBLICATION

February 24, 2022

9:05 a.m.

v No. 356195

Court of Claims

STATE OF MICHIGAN, LC No. 20-000019-MZ

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and JANSEN and RIORDAN, JJ.

RIORDAN, J.

This case arises under the Wrongful Imprisonment Compensation Act (WICA), MCL 

691.1751 et seq. Defendant appeals as of right the judgment of the trial court awarding plaintiff 

attorney fees of $10,000 under MCL 691.1755(2)(c) of that act.

1

 The issue before us is whether

the framework set forth in Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269; 884 NW2d 257 (2016),

for calculating reasonable attorney fees applies to such fee determinations under the WICA. We 

conclude that it does. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand to that court 

for further proceedings.

I. BACKGROUND FACTS

In 1987, plaintiff was convicted of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316, and possession of a 

firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b, in connection with 

the shooting death of Leonard Ruffin. He was sentenced to serve terms of life in prison for the 

murder conviction and two years for the felony-firearm conviction. In 2011, a nonprofit 

organization that provides investigative support to wrongfully convicted individuals began 

investigating plaintiff’s case. Attorney Solomon Radner assisted the investigation. It was 

eventually proven that plaintiff is actually innocent of the crimes for which he was wrongfully 

convicted and, in December 2019, the Wayne Circuit Court entered a stipulated order providing 

 

1 The trial court also awarded plaintiff compensation for his wrongful imprisonment, but that award 

is not at issue on appeal.
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that “Mr. Burton’s convictions and sentences in this matter are hereby vacated, and all related 

charges are hereby dismissed.”

In January 2020, plaintiff commenced the instant action under the WICA, which provides 

that a wrongfully imprisoned individual who satisfies the statutory requirements therein is entitled 

to compensation from defendant.2 Radner also represented plaintiff in the WICA action. In June 

2020, the Court of Claims entered a stipulated order awarding plaintiff compensation of 

$1,612,646.28. With regard to statutory attorney fees under MCL 691.1755(2)(c) for a successful

WICA plaintiff, the order stated as follows:

The parties shall submit to the Court a stipulated order concerning 

reasonable attorney fees and costs under MCL 691.1755(2)(c) within thirty (30) 

days of the date of entry of this order. If the parties do not present such a stipulated 

order to the Court within thirty (30) days, this Court shall set this matter for a 

hearing to determine the amount of reasonable attorney fees and costs under MCL 

691.1755(2)(c), and the Court may in its discretion require the submission of legal 

memoranda in support of the parties’ respective positions.

In August 2020, plaintiff filed his motion for reasonable attorney fees of $50,000, the 

statutory limit under MCL 691.1755(2)(c)(iii). In an accompanying brief, plaintiff explained that 

Radner expended substantial time obtaining his release from prison, but only expended about 

seven hours on the “WICA case” itself because defendant agreed that he was entitled to 

compensation. Plaintiff further explained that he and Radner entered into a contingency agreement 

before the instant action was filed, under which Radner would apparently be entitled to “the lesser 

of $50,000 or 10% of the total amount awarded” to plaintiff.3 Plaintiff argued that the trial court 

should award him $50,000 in attorney fees because the contingency agreement was “reasonable” 

in light of Radner’s efforts to establish his innocence in the underlying criminal case.

Defendant responded that the proper calculation of “[r]easonable attorney fees” under 

MCL 691.1755(2)(c) requires application of the principles set forth in cases such as Pirgu and 

Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519; 751 NW2d 472 (2008), which essentially provide that such fees 

are determined by multiplying the reasonable number of hours expended on the case with a 

reasonable hourly rate, subject to adjustment through consideration of certain relevant factors.4 

Defendant argued that under MCL 691.1755(2)(c), only those hours expended in the WICA action 

itself were compensable, not the hours expended in the underlying criminal case. Defendant 

contended that the trial court should deny plaintiff’s request for attorney fees in its entirety because 

he failed to apply the Pirgu framework.

 

2 See MCL 691.1755.

3 The contingency agreement has not been produced for the record, but Radner represents on appeal 

that he offered to produce it to the trial court for an in-camera review.

4 Determining a reasonable attorney fee by multiplying the reasonable number of hours expended 

on the case with a reasonable hourly rate is known as the “lodestar method.” See Smith, 481 Mich 

at 547 (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting). 
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In October 2020, the trial court entered an order allowing plaintiff to produce a record 

establishing his entitlement to attorney fees:

Plaintiff’s counsel has filed a request for attorney fees of 50,000 [sic], citing 

a contingency fee arrangement with his client. Counsel has declined to attach a 

billing statement, an affidavit averring the hours invested in this litigation, his 

customary billing rate, specific years of experience, locality rates, or any 

information upon which this court may determine a reasonable fee award, other 

than the existence of a contingency fee agreement. He has not attached even that 

document. Based upon this filing the Court could exercise its discretion and make 

no award. However, the Court will allow Plaintiff’s counsel to supplement his 

papers on or before October 17, 2020, with any supplemental responses due by 

October 27, 2020.

In response, plaintiff filed a supplemental brief that summarily addressed the factors 

identified by the trial court but only attached minimal supporting documentation to his brief. 

Defendant again asked the trial court to deny plaintiff’s request for attorney fees in its entirety 

because he failed to satisfy his burden of establishing entitlement to those fees. However, the trial 

court once again allowed plaintiff an opportunity to produce a record:

Per the Court’s October 8th, 2020 Order, plaintiff’s counsel was allowed to 

supplement his papers on or before October 17, 2020, with any supplemental 

responses due by October 27, 2020. The Court has reviewed the papers filed and 

finds that the Plaintiff has failed to address the Lodestar factor [sic] or present any 

record of hours expended in this matter despite this court’s earlier order. If the 

Plaintiff fails to address the Lodestar factors and offer records of hours expense by 

Monday, November 16th, 2020, the court will disallow all attorney fees.

Plaintiff promptly filed his second supplemental brief as allowed by the trial court, 

explaining that a straightforward application of the lodestar method provided for attorney fees of 

$7,078.50.5 However, plaintiff argued, the trial court should nonetheless award him attorney fees 

of $50,000 because Radner’s work on the underlying criminal case was a “special and rare 

circumstance[].” Defendant responded that plaintiff was not entitled to any attorney fees because 

he consistently failed to meaningfully apply the Pirgu framework, or alternatively, that he was 

only entitled to attorney fees of $1,099.

The trial court ultimately ruled that plaintiff was entitled to attorney fees of $10,000, 

reasoning as follows:

Plaintiff has been afforded two opportunities to perfect his prayer for a 

$50,000.00 fee. While plaintiff avers the Lodestar factors are inapplicable, he has 

admitted that using what he, as an officer of the court, states is his $450.00 hourly 

fee, yields a product of $7,078.50. This would account for approximately 16 hours, 

 

5 Plaintiff identified this number by multiplying the hours that Radner and his staff expended on 

the WICA action, 15.73, with Radner’s requested hourly rate, $450. 
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(15.73) hours, invested on this matter prior to settlement. Counsel has stated that 

he believes this is the “rare” and exceptional case warranting an hourly rate of over 

$3,000.00 per hour or a fee equal at this hourly rate for over seven times the hours 

actually invested in this case. He has stated that if an evidentiary hearing were held, 

he could establish the merit on this enhancement. He has not, however, filed a 

Motion for such a hearing.

This court values the expertise of counsel for both parties. HOWEVER, 

AN ENHANCEMENT OF THIS MAGNITUDE IS BEYOND RARE, IT IS 

NEARLY UNPHATHOMABLE [sic]. The court, however, will extend counsel 

the opportunity to request such a hearing accompanied by a witness list on or before 

Friday, December 11, 2020, or accept this court’s award of $10,000.00.

Plaintiff did not request such a hearing, apparently accepting the attorney fees of $10,000. 

Defendant, however, moved for reconsideration, arguing that plaintiff artificially inflated the 

number of hours that Radner worked on the WICA action by repeatedly failing to properly support 

his request for attorney fees with legal analysis and documentation, thereby extending the 

litigation. The trial court denied the motion.

Defendant now appeals, arguing that the trial court erred by awarding attorney fees to 

plaintiff without applying the Pirgu framework. According to defendant, plaintiff only is entitled 

to attorney fees in the amount of $466. Plaintiff has responded, arguing that the Pirgu framework 

does not apply to an award of “[r]easonable attorney fees” under MCL 691.1755(2)(c) and that 

instead, the contingency agreement between plaintiff and Radner should govern the award.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“Issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo.” City of Riverview v Sibley 

Limestone, 270 Mich App 627, 630; 716 NW2d 615 (2006). In addition, “[w]e review a trial 

court’s determination of the reasonableness of requested attorney fees for an abuse of discretion.” 

Zoran v Twp of Cottrellville, 322 Mich App 470, 475; 913 NW2d 359 (2017).

III. ANALYSIS

Before the WICA became effective on March 29, 2017, “people who were wrongfully 

imprisoned by the state of Michigan had no recourse against it for compensation” because the state 

was protected by sovereign immunity. Sanford v Mich, 506 Mich 10, 15; 954 NW2d 82 (2020). 

Thus, “[t]he WICA is an express waiver of the state’s sovereign immunity.” Id. In this regard, 

MCL 691.1753 provides as follows:

An individual convicted under the law of this state and subsequently 

imprisoned in a state correctional facility for 1 or more crimes that he or she did 

not commit may bring an action for compensation against this state in the court of 

claims as allowed by this act.

MCL 691.1755(1) provides that a wrongfully imprisoned individual may recover 

compensation from defendant by proving the following by clear and convincing evidence:
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(a) The plaintiff was convicted of 1 or more crimes under the law of this 

state, was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in a state correctional facility for 

the crime or crimes, and served at least part of the sentence.

(b) The plaintiff’s judgment of conviction was reversed or vacated and 

either the charges were dismissed or the plaintiff was determined on retrial to be 

not guilty. However, the plaintiff is not entitled to compensation under this act if 

the plaintiff was convicted of another criminal offense arising from the same 

transaction and either that offense was not dismissed or the plaintiff was convicted 

of that offense on retrial.

(c) New evidence demonstrates that the plaintiff did not perpetrate the crime 

and was not an accomplice or accessory to the acts that were the basis of the 

conviction, results in the reversal or vacation of the charges in the judgment of 

conviction or a gubernatorial pardon, and results in either dismissal of all of the 

charges or a finding of not guilty on all of the charges on retrial.

Further, subject to certain exceptions not relevant here, MCL 691.1755(2) provides that a 

successful plaintiff is entitled to the following compensation:

(a) Fifty thousand dollars for each year from the date the plaintiff was 

imprisoned until the date the plaintiff was released from prison, regardless of 

whether the plaintiff was released from imprisonment on parole or because the 

maximum sentence was served. For incarceration of less than a year in prison, this 

amount is prorated to 1/365 of $50,000.00 for every day the plaintiff was 

incarcerated in prison.

* * *

(c) Reasonable attorney fees incurred in an action under this act. All of the 

following apply to attorney fees under this act:

(i) The court shall not award attorney fees unless the plaintiff has actually 

paid the amount awarded to the attorney.

(ii) It is not necessary that the plaintiff pay the attorney fees before an initial 

award under this act. The court may award attorney fees on a motion brought after 

the initial award.

(iii) The attorney fees must not exceed 10% of the total amount awarded 

under subdivisions (a) and (b) or $50,000.00, whichever is less, plus expenses.

(iv) An award of attorney fees under this act may not be deducted from the 

compensation awarded the plaintiff, and the plaintiff’s attorney is not entitled to 

receive additional fees from the plaintiff.

“Michigan follows the ‘American rule’ with respect to the payment of attorney fees and 

costs.” Haliw v City of Sterling Heights, 471 Mich 700, 706; 691 NW2d 753 (2005). “Under the 
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American rule, attorney fees generally are not recoverable from the losing party as costs in the 

absence of an exception set forth in a statute or court rule expressly authorizing such an award.” 

Id. MCL 691.1755(2)(c) of the WICA is one such exception, providing that the trial court “shall” 

award to a successful plaintiff “[r]easonable attorney fees incurred in an action under this act.”

In Smith, 481 Mich 519, our Supreme Court interpreted MCR 2.403(O)(6)(b), which 

provided that in certain cases, a party that rejects a case evaluation and receives an unfavorable 

verdict at trial must pay to the prevailing party “a reasonable attorney fee based on a reasonable 

hourly or daily rate as determined by the trial judge for services necessitated by the rejection of 

the case evaluation.”6 The lead opinion explained that determining “a reasonable attorney fee” 

first requires the trial court to multiply a “reasonable hourly rate by the reasonable hours billed 

[to] produce a baseline figure.” Id. at 533 (opinion by TAYLOR, C.J.).7 Next, the Court instructed 

that the trial court should consider the six factors identified in Wood v Detroit Automobile InterIns Exch, 413 Mich 519; 751 NW2d 472 (2008), and the eight factors identified in MRPC 1.5(a), 

“to determine whether an up or down adjustment is appropriate.” Id. at 529-531 (opinion by 

TAYLOR, C.J.).

Eight years later, in Pirgu, 499 Mich 269, our Supreme Court considered “whether the 

framework for calculating a reasonable attorney fee set forth in [Smith] applies to attorney fee 

determinations under MCL 500.3148(1) of the no-fault insurance act.” Id. at 271.8 The Court 

concluded that the Smith framework did apply to such determinations, reasoning as follows:

Although § 3148(1) is phrased differently than MCR 2.403(O)(6)(b), those 

differences are not material to determining whether the Smith framework applies. 

The plain language of the statute and the court rule both speak in terms of a

reasonable fee. The operative language triggering the Smith analysis is the 

Legislature’s instruction that an attorney is entitled to a reasonable fee. . . . Because 

the plain language of § 3148(1) speaks in terms of awarding a “reasonable fee,” we 

conclude that the Smith framework governing reasonable fee determinations is 

equally applicable in this context. [Id. at 279 (footnotes omitted; emphasis in 

original).]

Further, the Court distilled the Wood and MRPC 1.5(a) factors into a single list to assist 

trial courts:

 

6 MCR 2.403 was recently amended to omit this provision.

7 The lead opinion in Smith was authored by CHIEF JUSTICE TAYLOR and joined by JUSTICE YOUNG. 

JUSTICE CORRIGAN, joined by JUSTICE MARKMAN, concurred with the lead opinion in all but one 

respect, which does not implicate the present matter before us. Thus, there was no majority opinion 

of the Court, and CHIEF JUSTICE TAYLOR’s opinion is controlling in the instant case.

8 MCL 500.3148(1) provided that “[a]n attorney is entitled to a reasonable fee . . . in an action for 

personal or property protection insurance benefits which are overdue . . . if the court finds that the 

insurer unreasonably refused to pay the claim or unreasonably delayed in making proper payment.”
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(1) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers 

performing the services,

(2) the difficulty of the case, i.e., the novelty and difficulty of the questions 

involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly,

(3) the amount in question and the results obtained,

(4) the expenses incurred,

(5) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client,

(6) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that acceptance of the particular 

employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer,

(7) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances, and

(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. [Id. at 282.]

In this case, the operative language of MCL 691.1755(2)(c) provides that a successful 

WICA plaintiff is entitled to “[r]easonable attorney fees under this act.” We agree with defendant 

that the Pirgu framework is applicable to this statute.

As explained in Pirgu, the triggering operative language for the application of the Pirgu

framework “is the Legislature’s instruction that an attorney is entitled to a reasonable fee.” Pirgu, 

499 Mich at 279 (emphasis in original). MCL 691.1755(2)(c) refers to “[r]easonable attorney 

fees,” which is plainly an instruction that an attorney representing a successful WICA plaintiff is 

entitled to a reasonable fee. It is unlike, for example, MCL 15.271(4) of the Open Meetings Act 

(OMA), MCL 15.261 et seq., which provides that a successful OMA plaintiff is entitled to “court 

costs and actual attorney fees.”

We have regularly applied the Pirgu framework, or its predecessor Smith framework, to 

statutes that refer to “reasonable attorney fees.” For example, in Cadwell v City of Highland Park, 

324 Mich App 642, 655; 922 NW2d 639 (2018), we applied the Pirgu framework to MCL 15.364 

of the Whistleblowers’ Protection Act, MCL 15.361 et seq., which provides that “[a] court may 

also award the complainant all or a portion of the costs of litigation, including reasonable attorney 

fees and witness fees, if the court determines that the award is appropriate.” Similarly, in Powers 

v Brown, 328 Mich App 617; 939 NW2d 733 (2019), we applied the Pirgu framework to MCL 

600.2919a(1), which provides that a person damaged by statutory conversion “may recover 3 times 

the amount of actual damages sustained, plus costs and reasonable attorney fees.” And in Kennedy 

v Robert Lee Auto Sales, 313 Mich App 277, 294-295; 882 NW2d 563 (2015), we applied the 

Smith framework to MCL 445.911(2) of the Michigan Consumer Protection Act, MCL 445.901 et 

seq., which provides that “a person who suffers loss . . . may bring an action to recover actual 
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damages or $250.00, whichever is greater, together with reasonable attorneys’ fees.”9 Our 

conclusion today is consistent with such cases, in which the statutory language “reasonable 

attorney fees” communicates that the Pirgu framework should presumptively be applied unless 

additional language suggests otherwise. 

We acknowledge that MCL 691.1755(2)(c) refers to “[r]easonable attorney fees” that are 

“incurred,” thereby arguably signaling that any fees that are actually incurred by a successful 

WICA plaintiff are recoverable, assuming that the fees are “reasonable.” However, we have 

applied the Pirgu framework to the previous version of MCR 2.114(E),10 which provided that the 

trial court may order a party to pay “the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of 

the filing of the [frivolous] document, including reasonable attorney fees.” See Pioneer State Mut 

Ins Co v Michalek, 330 Mich App 138, 147-149; 946 NW2d 812 (2019). Thus, the mere fact that 

MCL 691.1755(2)(c) refers to “[r]easonable attorney fees” that are “incurred” by the successful 

WICA plaintiff does not preclude application of the Pirgu framework. 

Plaintiff argues that this case is controlled by Mich Dep’t of Trans v Randolph, 461 Mich 

757; 610 NW2d 893 (2000). We disagree. In that case, our Supreme Court interpreted MCL 

213.66(3), which provided that certain successful litigants in a condemnation proceeding were 

entitled to “reimbursement in whole or in part to the owner by the agency of the owner’s reasonable 

attorney’s fees . . . . The reasonableness of the owner’s attorney fees shall be determined by the 

court.” See id. at 761.11 Our Supreme Court rejected application of the lodestar method to MCL 

213.66(3), explaining that “the focus of the reasonableness determination clearly is on the owner’s

attorney fees.” Id. at 766 (emphasis in original). Randolph is distinguishable from this case

because the statute in that case referred to “reimbursement” of “the owner’s attorney fees.” This 

language directed the trial court to focus upon the attorney fees specifically incurred and paid by 

the property owner. See id. See also Smith, 481 Mich at 537 (opinion by TAYLOR, C.J.) (“In 

Randolph, we specifically noted that MCL 213.66(3) requires consideration of whether actual fees 

are reasonable, and that this is different from fee-shifting statutes that simply authorize the trial 

court to award ‘reasonable attorney fees’ without regard to the fees actually charged.”). Here, in 

contrast, MCL 691.1755(2)(c) does not include language such as “the plaintiff’s attorney fees” or 

“actual attorney fees” to signal that the specific fees actually incurred and paid by the successful 

WICA plaintiff are the presumptive baseline.12

 

9 MCL 445.911(2) was subsequently amended, but the changes are immaterial to the substance of 

the statute. See 2020 PA 296.

10 MCR 2.114 has since been repealed. 

11 MCL 213.66 was amended by 1996 PA 474 and 2006 PA 370.

12 Plaintiff argues that MCL 691.1755(2)(c) creates a “reimbursement” scheme whereby the 

successful WICA plaintiff must first pay the agreed-upon attorney fees to his or her counsel, and 

then counsel must repay those fees to the plaintiff and await an award from the trial court. Thus, 

plaintiff argues, the agreed-upon attorney fees—so long as they are reasonable—must be awarded 

by the trial court based upon a round-trip, illusory exchange of funds. We disagree.
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Regardless, plaintiff argues that, for public-policy reasons, the trial court should include an 

attorney’s work on the underlying criminal case in calculating the “[r]easonable attorney fees” 

awardable to a successful WICA plaintiff under MCL 691.1755(2)(c). Plaintiff acknowledged at 

oral argument that such an outcome would “ideally” be required by the legislature, but he 

nonetheless maintains that because the legislature has not clearly done so, we should establish 

caselaw to that effect. However, as commendable as the efforts of plaintiff’s counsel were in 

righting the wrong committed against plaintiff, a court “may not award attorney fees . . . solely on 

the basis of what it perceives to be fair or on equitable principles.” Reed v Reed, 265 Mich App 

131, 166; 693 NW2d 825 (2005). This type of policy consideration is for the legislature to make, 

not the judiciary. Thus, to the extent that plaintiff’s policy argument would require us to reject the 

Pirgu framework, we decline to adopt it and leave it to the legislature to do so if it chooses. 

We note that plaintiff conceded, in both the trial court and this Court, that the italicized 

language “[r]easonable attorney fees incurred in an action under this act” contemplates only hours 

expended in the WICA action itself, not the underlying criminal case. For example, in his October 

16, 2020 brief, plaintiff stated as follows: “Plaintiff readily admits, and included in his original 

motion, that the attorney fees he would be entitled to under a strict Lodestar analysis, will be 

extremely limited to only the work done on the WICA case itself.” Similarly, in his brief on appeal, 

plaintiff states as follows: “Counsel and his staff worked for just shy of five years on securing Mr. 

Burton’s release . . . all of which was before the filing of the instant WICA action, and therefore 

none of which is time spent on the instant WICA action for purposes of attorney fees.” (Emphasis 

in original.) Therefore, as plaintiff concedes, we will consider the “reasonable number of hours” 

expended in the WICA matter before us, for the purposes of the Pirgu framework, which does not 

include any hours plaintiff’s counsel expended in the underlying criminal case. Based upon 

plaintiff’s position, whether WICA, as written, encompasses these types of fees is left for another 

day.

 

While we acknowledge that MCL 691.1755(2)(c) is not a model of clarity, we do not interpret that 

provision as requiring a symbolic exchange between the successful WICA plaintiff and his or her 

counsel. Instead, the most reasonable understanding of MCL 691.1755(2)(c) is that the trial court 

must first identify the amount of “[r]easonable attorney fees” under the Pirgu framework to which 

the plaintiff is entitled. Then, under MCL 691.1755(2)(c)(i), the plaintiff must pay that amount to 

his or her counsel. Once the plaintiff does so, the trial court affirmatively awards that amount to 

him or her under MCL 691.1755(2)(c). In other words, while plaintiff is correct that MCL 

691.1755(2)(c) requires reimbursement, the reimbursement is for “[r]easonable attorney fees”

under WICA, not actual attorney fees that are “reasonable” as determined elsewhere by the 

plaintiff and his or her counsel.

This scheme ensures that the plaintiff receives precisely the amount of compensation for the 

wrongful imprisonment to which he or she is entitled under the WICA regardless of attorney fees

incurred elsewhere. The plaintiff cannot receive even a temporary windfall from the award of 

attorney fees because those fees must first be paid to counsel under MCL 691.1755(2)(c)(i). And, 

the plaintiff cannot suffer a reduction in compensation because, under MCL 691.1755(2)(c)(iv), 

“[a]n award of attorney fees under this act may not be deducted from the compensation awarded 

the plaintiff, and the plaintiff’s attorney is not entitled to receive additional fees from the plaintiff.” 
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Having concluded that the Pirgu framework applies to an award of “[r]easonable attorney 

fees” under MCL 691.1755(2)(c), we further conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by 

awarding plaintiff $10,000 in attorney fees without applying the Pirgu framework in its order. As 

such, further proceedings in the Court of Claims are therefore warranted. See Pirgu, 499 Mich at 

282 (“In order to facilitate appellate review, the trial court should briefly discuss its view of each 

of the factors above on the record and justify the relevance and use of any additional factors.”). 

Application of that framework, as the trial court implicitly recognized in its earlier orders, requires 

consideration of “the reasonable hourly rate customarily charged in the locality for similar 

services,” “the reasonable number of hours expended in the case to arrive at a baseline figure,” 

and the eight-factor list identified in Pirgu. See id. at 281-282. Consequently, on remand, the trial 

court should multiply the reasonable hourly rate charged in the locality for similar services by the 

reasonable number of hours that Radner expended in the WICA action to reach a baseline figure, 

and then expressly consider the Pirgu factors to determine whether an increase or decrease from 

the baseline figure is warranted. In addition, the trial court may consider “additional factors” in 

its discretion. See id. at 282.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Pirgu framework applies to an award of attorney fees under MCL 691.1755(2)(c) in 

the matter before us and the trial court abused its discretion by awarding attorney fees to plaintiff 

without an express application of that framework. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of the 

trial court awarding plaintiff $10,000 in attorney fees, and remand to that court for further 

proceedings consistent with our opinion.13 We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Michael J. Riordan 

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh 

/s/ Kathleen Jansen 

 

13 Defendant argues that we should decide the amount of attorney fees to which plaintiff is entitled 

on our own accord. However, given the novel legal issues involved in this case, we conclude that 

a remand to the trial court is more appropriate.