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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS 

AUSTIN DIVISION 

SIERRA CLUB, 

 Plaintiff, 

v. 

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 

LIEUTENANT GENERAL TODD T.

SEMONITE, COLONEL KENNETH

N. REED, COLONEL TIMOTHY R.

VAIL, BRANDON MOBLEY, AND

KRISTI MCMILLAN, 

 Defendants, 

and

KINDER MORGAN TEXAS 

PIPELINE LLC, AND PERMIAN 

HIGHWAY PIPELINE, LLC, 

 Intervenor-Defendants.

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Case No. 1:20-cv-00460-RP 

Declaration of Sital K. Mody 

1. My name is Sital K. Mody. I am the President of the Midstream Group of Kinder 

Morgan, Inc. (“KMI”). I have served in this position since August of 2018. I am also the President of 

Permian Highway Pipeline, LLC. I have served in this position since September of 2018 when PHP 

was formed. KMI, through a subsidiary, is a partial owner of PHP. I have worked in various positions 

for KMI or its predecessor companies since 2001. All of those positions relate to natural gas pipelines 

and midstream operations. 

2. PHP, a Delaware limited liability company, owns the Permian Highway Pipeline (the 

“Pipeline”). PHP has contracted with Kinder Morgan Texas Pipeline, LLC (“KMTP”), an indirect 

subsidiary of KMI, for the construction and operation of the Pipeline. 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 1 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 1 of 24
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3. I previously provided a declaration describing my involvement with the Pipeline which 

was filed in support of KMTP’s and PHP’s (together, “PHP”) Motion to Intervene in this litigation. 

4. I provide this additional declaration to inform the Court of the status of construction 

activities for the Pipeline and to explain the Pipeline’s construction progress. I also address some of 

the Declarants’ concerns about the Pipeline operations. Finally, I explain the scope of harms that 

would occur to PHP if the efficacy of the NWP 12 verifications issued by the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers was enjoined pending the resolution of the merits of the case. 

Pipeline Construction Status 

5. Construction has been underway on the Pipeline since September 2019. Clearing is 

approximately 98% complete along the length of the Pipeline. As of July 8, 2020, the project is more 

than 72% mechanically complete, and PHP has completed more than 302 miles of the project. The 

project was initially divided into five spreads designated spreads one through five, although work in 

spreads two and three are now considered together and referred to as spread 23. 

6. The project is complete in spread one including hydro-testing, meaning that 112-mile 

section of the Pipeline is ready to go into operation. The Pipeline in spread one is scheduled to be 

filled with dry natural gas in anticipation of going into service beginning July 14, 2020; this procedure 

is referred to as ‘packing’ the Pipeline. 

7. Construction activities including clearing, grading, trenching, welding, setting the 

pipeline, backfilling, and restoration are underway in spreads 23, four and five. As of July 8, 2020, the 

Pipeline is more than 65% mechanically complete in spread 23, more than 58% mechanically complete 

in spread four, and more than 60% mechanically complete in spread five; a total of more than 191 

miles of the Pipeline have been laid in the trench and backfilled in these three spreads. Additional 

information regarding the status of construction is provided in Attachment A-1. 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 2 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 2 of 24
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8. PHP has incurred costs of approximately $1.98 billion out of a budget of more than 

$2.27 billion. PHP estimates that construction will be complete and the Pipeline in service by January 

2021. 

Project Background 

9. As of 2018, the Permian Basin has produced more than 33 billion barrels of oil, along 

with 118 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. In recent years, Permian Basin production has accounted 

for as much as thirty-five percent of U.S. crude oil production and 9 percent of U.S. dry natural gas 

production. While the production was thought to have peaked in the early 1970s, new technologies 

for oil extraction, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, have increased production 

dramatically. 

10. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimated in July 2019 that proven 

reserves in the Permian Basin still hold 8 billion barrels of oil and approximately 27 trillion cubic feet 

of natural gas. 

11. Drilling companies focus on drilling and pumping oil, which is highly lucrative. The 

less-valuable natural gas which is pumped along with the oil is considered to be a “by-product.” 

During the current boom in the Permian Basin oil fields, drilling for oil has outpaced pipeline 

construction, so the use of flaring has increased along with venting of natural gas. 

12. The Pipeline is a $2.27 billion project that will provide needed transportation capacity 

for increased natural gas production from the Permian Basin to growing market areas along the Texas 

Gulf Coast. 

13. In the Permian Basin region, natural gas was vented or flared at an “all time high” of 

750 million cubic feet per day (“MMcfd”) during the period from July 2019 to September 2019, up 

from less than 100 MMcfd just under a decade ago. Flaring continues today. This gas is flared or 

directly vented to the atmosphere because there is insufficient pipeline capacity to transport the gas 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 3 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 3 of 24
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so that it can be productively used. The flaring and venting not only wastes the gas but is detrimental 

to air quality in the region. 

14. To help solve this problem with takeaway capacity in the Permian Basin, capture the 

full value of its natural resources for the Texas and U.S. economy, and reduce the burden on the 

environment, the Pipeline has been designed to transport up to 2.1 billion cubic feet per day (“Bcfd”) 

of dry pipeline-quality natural gas through approximately 428+ miles of 42-inch pipeline. 

15. The Pipeline route is entirely within the State of Texas, and will run from the Waha 

Hub in Reeves County to Sheridan in Colorado County. The Pipeline will be co-located with several 

existing utilities, including natural gas pipelines, along 61% of its route. This route is located in an 

operationally feasible area that minimizes the Pipeline’s impact on the environment. PHP’s engineers 

and environmental specialists developed this route after close examination of publicly available 

information, as well as aerial, environmental, cultural, and civil survey data. 

16. The selected route is the best route from an environmental and constructability 

perspective. Moving it north or south would increase environmental impacts and lengthen the route, 

which would likely increase the number of impacted landowners. Going north of Austin would impact 

a significantly greater number of landowners and create additional environmental impacts due to the 

rocky soil that would require extensive blasting. The selected route crosses the southern boundary of 

the Barton Springs Segment of the Edwards Aquifer; moving it south so that it is closer to, or around 

San Antonio, would greatly increase the mileage directly through the center of the Edwards Aquifer. 

17. The Pipeline is expected to be in service in January 2021. Upon completion, the 

Pipeline will cross sixteen counties within the state of Texas (from west to east): Reeves, Pecos, Crane, 

Upton, Reagan, Crockett, Schleicher, Menard, Kimble, Gillespie, Blanco, Hays, Caldwell, Gonzales, 

Lavaca, and Colorado. These counties are located within the Albuquerque, Fort Worth, and 

Galveston Districts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (“Corps”). As part of the Pipeline 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 4 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 4 of 24
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development, PHP notified the Corps Districts that it intended to use the Corps’ Nationwide Permit 

12 (Utility Line Activities) to authorize the discharge of dredged and fill material into waters of the 

United States during construction of the Pipeline (an activity that is regulated by the Corps pursuant 

to the Clean Water Act). The Galveston and Fort Worth Corps Districts both issued verifications on 

February 13, 2020. 

Pipeline Operation & Safety 

18. Certain Declarants speculate that PHP may explode while in operation. These 

Declarants assert without evidence that PHP will transport volatile and flammable pipeline liquids 

that, once ignited, will cause a natural gas pipeline explosion. These Declarants fear property damage, 

injuries, and fatalities as a result of such a catastrophe. 

19. PHP has engineered the Pipeline in accordance with the U.S. Department of 

Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration regulations in 49 C.F.R. Part 

192 pertaining to the transportation of natural gas and other gas by pipeline. These regulations include 

requirements related to the structural integrity, design pressure, and yield-strength of the Pipeline. 

Additionally, KMTP and PHP received a permit to operate the Pipeline from the Texas Railroad 

Commission pursuant to 16 TEX. ADMIN. CODE ANN. § 3.70. 

20. The Pipeline will meet or exceed numerous regulations and procedures to regularly 

monitor, test and inspect the mechanical and operational integrity. The Pipeline will be monitored 24 

hours a day, seven days a week and 365 days a year using a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 

computer system. Safety efforts also include: electronic surveillance systems, visual inspections of 

right-of way, as well as internal inspections using sophisticated computerized equipment called “smart 

pigs.” 

21. Statistics gathered by the National Transportation Safety Board indicate that pipelines 

make up less than one one-hundredth of one percent (.01%) of all transportation accidents in the 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 5 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 5 of 24
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United States. There are approximately 300,000 miles of natural gas transmission pipelines throughout 

the United States that deliver safe, reliable natural gas to American families and businesses. 

22. While it is important to be aware of the risks posed by improper pipeline operation 

and maintenance, Plaintiff’s and Declarants’ concerns about an explosion on the Pipeline are 

speculative. 

23. PHP is fully committed to operating a safe pipeline, and has extensive experience in 

operating natural gas pipelines. The Pipeline will be a dry natural gas pipeline, and producers delivering 

natural gas to PHP for delivery will be required to ensure that the gas meets quality specifications. If 

nonconforming gas is detected at a gas receipt station, PHP has the ability to interrupt operations 

remotely. The majority of the gas transported will have passed through a Cryogenic Gas Plant, which 

condenses the hydrocarbon compounds that might condense in the Pipeline. Although no significant 

volumes of liquids are expected to condense in the Pipeline, PHP will still investigate the pipeline for 

liquids accumulation and structural integrity, including corrosion. 

24. KMTP has significant experience with operating dry natural gas pipelines. KMTP 

operates the Gulf Coast Express Pipeline (“GCX”), which also transports dry natural gas. KMTP 

operates a smaller line which it refers to as the Hill Country Lateral located in the area known as the 

Texas Hill Country. The Hill Country Lateral contains multiple compressor stations with filter 

separators that collect any condensed liquids. The operators of the Hill Country Lateral rarely discover 

accumulated liquids at these filter separators. 

25. Neither the GCX nor the Hill Country Lateral have had issues associated with 

accumulated liquids or explosions. 

26. In response to two Notices of Intent sent to the Corps, PHP provided additional detail 

to the Corps regarding the project and the measures being taken that address the concerns articulated 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 6 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 6 of 24
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in those Notices, including pipeline operation and safety information. The response, without 

attachments, is attached to this Declaration as Attachment A-2. 

The Pipeline will not Transport Liquids 

27. As the operator of an integrated intrastate natural gas pipeline system spanning more 

than 6,000 miles of pipeline, KMTP has extensive experience with gas pipelines and has taken steps 

to ensure that any potential for liquids to accumulate in the Pipeline and the possibility for a liquid 

leak is incredibly small. This is true for a number of reasons. 

28. First, PHP has designed the Pipeline to transport only dry natural gas. This means 

that the liquids associated with natural gas extraction have been removed prior to being introduced 

into the pipeline for transportation. 

29. Second, the natural gas that will be transported on the Pipeline must be dry based on 

the established gas quality specification for all customers. This gas quality specification, among other 

things, restricts heavier hydrocarbons and is a requirement for delivery of the gas. The specification 

is designed to assure that all gas stays in gaseous form, and the specification will be measured and 

enforced at every receipt point on the Pipeline. Each of the Pipeline’s receipt measurement stations 

will be equipped with gas chromatographs and analyzers that ensure the gas quality specification is 

met. In the very unlikely event that this specification is not met, PHP has the ability to interrupt 

service and shut off the receipt point. 

30. Third, ground temperatures along the project route and the composition of the gas 

transported on the Pipeline make liquid collecting in the Pipeline physically unlikely. While the 

temperature of the gas in the Pipeline will vary, it will be as warm as 120 degrees Fahrenheit and get 

no colder than the ground temperature. Ground temperatures along the project route range from 60-

70 degrees Fahrenheit which is substantially higher than the pipeline gas dewpoint. 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 7 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 7 of 24
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31. Formation of liquids in the Pipeline is inconsistent with KMTP’s experience operating 

the Hill Country Lateral. The Hill Country Lateral contains multiple compressor stations with filter 

separators designed to protect the compressor units from any liquids or solids that may be in the line. 

The operators of these stations have historically pulled almost no liquids out of the line. Similarly, at 

every metered inlet point, PHP will have multiple compressor stations with filter separators designed 

to filter and catch any possible liquids in the gas stream. 

32. In addition, while the Pipeline could theoretically be reconfigured to transport liquids, 

the Declarants are incorrect that PHP could change the pipeline’s service to transport crude or other 

liquids for many reasons. Among other things, PHP has expressly agreed in a large number of its 

right-of-way agreements and road crossing agreements to limit the pipeline to transportation of dry 

natural gas. Further, the statutory scheme by which the right-of-ways were condemned is expressly 

limited to gas utilities, defined under Texas Utilities Code § 181.021 as a company “... engaged in the 

business of transporting or delivering gas for public consumption.” The Pipeline is also engineered 

and will be constructed to transport natural gas. Major reconfiguration would be necessary to convert 

the pipeline to transport liquids. Finally, because of constraints in moving natural gas from the 

Permian Basin, the pipeline is fully subscribed for the next 10 years. These subscriptions are binding 

contracts. 

Injunction-related Harms to PHP 

33. The injunction Plaintiff seeks would suspend the efficacy of the Corps authorization 

upon which PHP’s construction plan is dependent for specific areas known as “Corps Action Areas” 

as defined in the Biological Opinion issued by the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. PHP would be 

significantly harmed if the Court were to grant Plaintiff that relief. Pipeline construction is a moving 

assembly line, and clearing and grading crews prepare the ground for subsequent stringing crews, who 

are followed by trenching and assembly crews, and so forth, until the pipeline is completed and the 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 8 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 8 of 24
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right-of-way restored and reseeded. A preliminary injunction would bring that assembly line to a halt, 

at least temporarily. 

34. If PHP did not have the use of the NWP 12 verifications issued to it by the Corps, 

PHP would have to use alternative and costlier methods to construct the Pipeline outside the Corps 

jurisdictional areas. The Clean Water Act prohibits discharging dredge or fill material to enter waters 

of the United States, and PHP has obtained the appropriate authorizations to use conventional 

construction methods which result in these types of discharges. However, alternative methods like 

HDD or horizontal boring (“HB”) do not cause these discharges and PHP anticipates it will be able 

to continue construction in full compliance with applicable law in most areas. If an injunction is issued 

and PHP chooses to bore under Corps jurisdictional waters, construction would be delayed as PHP 

modifies its construction plan to utilize HDD and HB methods for the remaining crossings. PHP 

anticipates that costs associated with a preliminary injunction would be approximately $2 million; this 

figure includes our estimate of additional contracting costs, delay costs, and the increased cost of using 

HDD and HB methods relative to the previously budgeted costs for conventional crossing methods. 

35. However, if the Court were to grant the relief Plaintiff seeks it would prevent critical 

construction activities within one Corps Action Area relating to the installation of the Pipeline under 

the Navidad River via HDD. The Navidad River crossing is taking place in the Galveston District 

and the Corps has determined that it requires a permit under the Rivers and Harbors Act, but not 

under the Clean Water Act. It is the only HDD crossing for the entire project within Corps 

jurisdiction. The Pipeline cannot be completed and placed into service until PHP completes the 

Navidad River crossing. Stopping construction of the project at this critical location would result in 

approximately $5 million in damages from increased construction costs to discontinue the HDD, 

secure the site, and complete the HDD at a later date. As stated in paragraph 8 above, PHP has spent 

$1.98 billion of the $2.27 billion project budget to date and a lengthy injunction that prevented PHP 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 9 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 9 of 24
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from completing the Navidad River HDD would risk these investments. Also, halting construction 

would lead to lost revenues on the order of $32.8 million per month (approximately $1.08 million per 

day), and/or expose PHP to liability based on existing commercial and delivery contracts. 

36. The Pipeline is on track to generate directly 2,500 local construction jobs and 18 fulltime, ongoing positions following construction and will help continue the development and job 

creation from the booming oil and gas activity throughout Texas. When complete, the new facilities 

constructed as part of the project will generate approximately $42 million of increased annual revenue 

to applicable state and local taxing bodies. 

37. These taxes contribute to funding for the Texas Department of Transportation’s 

highway fund, as well as the Permanent University Fund, which provides approximately half of the 

funding for Texas A&M University and the University of Texas systems. In 2018, the oil and natural 

gas industry paid more than $14 billion in state and local taxes and state royalties—this equates to $38 

million a day to fund schools, roads, universities and first responders throughout the entire state. 

38. The Pipeline will allow continued oil and gas production to drive the state’s economy 

and provide a massive source of tax dollars. The Pipeline, and the oil and gas production it will enable, 

will provide almost $1 billion in additional oil and gas production tax revenue each year to the state 

and counties for schools, first responders and other vital needs, and individual leaseholders will receive 

more than $2 billion per year in new oil and natural gas royalties. 

39. Halting the Pipeline will also have economic effects on the upstream oil and natural 

gas sector operating in the Permian Basin. As discussed in paragraph 9 above, production in the 

Permian Basin has dramatically increased in recent years, and many businesses have reasonably 

planned investment and expansion around development of the Pipeline. 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 10 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 10 of 24
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40. An injunction against the Pipeline will harm not just PHP, but also these individuals 

and organizations, sending ripples through the State and local economy. None of these benefits will 

come to fruition any time soon if an injunction holds up the construction of the Pipeline indefinitely. 

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746, I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements 

are true and correct. Executed July 9, 2020. 

Sital K Mody 

President 

Permian Highway Pipeline LLC 

Exhibit A to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 11 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 11 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-1 

PHP CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS TABLE 

Exhibit A-1 to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 1 of 2

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 12 of 24
Permian Highway Pipeline Construction Progress (as of July 8, 2020) 

PHP Spread 1 Spread 2 & 3 Spread 4 Spread 5 

Staking 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 

Clearing 98% 100% 100% 86% 100% 

Grading 98% 100% 100% 86% 100% 

Trenching 87% 100% 85% 85% 74% 

Welding 85% 100% 78% 69% 92% 

Backfill 70% 100% 72% 33% 56% 

Overall 72% 100% 65% 58% 60% 

Exhibit A-1 to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 2 of 2

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 13 of 24
ATTACHMENT A-2 

LETTER FROM SITAL K. MODY, PRESIDENT, PERMIAN HIGHWAY PIPELINE, LLC to 

U.S. ARMY CORPS of ENGINEERS and U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE 

Exhibit A-2 to Opposition to Motion for Preliminary Injunction 

Page 1 of 11

Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 14 of 24
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Case 1:20-cv-00460-RP Document 30-1 Filed 07/10/20 Page 24 of 24