# Patent

## Title
Microsphere plasma display

## Abstract

A monolithic or single substrate AC gas discharge (plasma) display constructed of gas filled microspheres positioned on a substrate in electrical contact with two or more electrode.

## Background
RELATED PATENT APPLICATION
This application claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) of Provisional Patent Application 60/381,822 filed May 21, 2002.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a gas discharge (plasma) structure wherein an ionizable gas is confined within an enclosure and is subjected to sufficient voltage(s) to cause the gas to discharge. This invention particularly relates to a single substrate gas discharge plasma display panel (PDP) and the use of microspheres to encapsulate the cell structure and simplify the method of production. This invention is particularly suitable for producing flexible or bendable displays. When used in a PDP, a microsphere is called a Plasma-Sphere which is a trademark of the assignee of this patent application.
BACKGROUND
In a gas discharge plasma display, a single addressable picture element is a cell, sometimes referred to as a pixel. The cell element is defined by two or more electrodes positioned in such a way so as to provide a voltage potential across a gap containing an ionizable gas. When sufficient voltage is applied across the gap, the gas ionizes to produce light. In an AC gas discharge plasma display, the electrodes at a cell site are coated with a dielectric. The electrodes are generally grouped in a matrix configuration to allow for selective addressing of each cell, subcell, pixel or subpixel. As used herein, cell or pixel means cell, subcell, pixel, or pixel.
To form a display image, several types of voltage pulses may be used to address a plasma display. These pulses include a write pulse, which is the voltage potential sufficient to ionize the gas at the pixel site. A write pulse is selectively applied across selected cell sites. The ionized gas will produce visible light, or UV light which excites a phosphor to glow. Sustain pulses are a series of pulses that produce a voltage potential across pixels to maintain ionization of cells previously ionized. An erase pulse is used to selectively extinguish ionized pixels.
The voltage at which a pixel will ionize, sustain, and erase depends on a number of factors including the distance between the electrodes, the composition of the ionizing gas, and the pressure of the ionizing gas. Also of importance is the dielectric composition and thickness. To maintain uniform electrical characteristics throughout the display, it is desired that the various physical parameters adhere to required tolerances. Maintaining the required tolerance depends on cell geometry, fabrication methods, and the materials used. The prior art discloses a variety of plasma display structures, a variety of methods of construction, and materials.
Examples of gas discharge (plasma) devices contemplated in the practice of this invention include both monochrome (single color) AC plasma displays and multi-color (two or more colors) AC plasma displays. Also monochrome and multicolor DC plasma displays are contemplated.
Examples of monochrome AC gas discharge (plasma) displays are well known in the prior art and include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,190 issued to Bitzer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,167 (Baker et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,846 (Mayer), U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,050 (Mayer), U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,597 (Mayer) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,384 (Lay) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,807 (Wedding), all incorporated herein by reference.
Example of multicolor AC plasma displays are well known in the prior art and include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,623 issued to Pavliscak, U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,418 (Pavliscak), U.S. Pat. No. 4,827,186 (Knauer, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,500 (Shinoda et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,553 (Shinoda, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,182 (Sano et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,489 (Sano), U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,597 (Salavin et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,742,122 (Amemiya, et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,640,068 (Amemiya et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,815 (Amemiya), U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,479 (Nagakubi), U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,086 (Weber) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,793,158 (Wedding), all incorporated herein by reference.
Examples of DC gas discharge (plasma) displays are well known in the prior art and include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,390 (Maloney et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,404 (Kurahashi et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,689 (Ogle et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,505 (Holz et al.), all incorporated herein by reference.
This invention is described hereinafter with reference to an AC plasma display. The PDP industry has used two different AC plasma display panel (PDP) structures, the two-electrode columnar discharge structure, and the three-electrode surface discharge structure.
The two-electrode columnar discharge display structure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,499,167 (Baker et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,190 (Bitzer et al.). The two-electrode columnar discharge structure is also referred to as opposing electrode discharge, twin substrate discharge, or co-planar discharge. In the two-electrode columnar discharge AC plasma display structure, the sustaining voltage is applied between an electrode on a rear or bottom substrate and an opposite electrode on the front or top viewing substrate. The gas discharge takes place between the two opposing electrodes in between the top viewing substrate and the bottom substrate.
The columnar discharge structure has been widely used in monochrome AC plasma displays that emit orange or red light from a neon gas discharge. Phosphors may be used in a monochrome structure to obtain a color other than neon orange.
In a multi-color columnar discharge (PDP) structure as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,793,158 (Wedding), phosphor stripes or layers are deposited along the barrier walls and/or on the bottom substrate adjacent to and extending in the same direction as the bottom electrode. The discharge between the two opposite electrodes generates electrons and ions that bombard and deteriorate the phosphor thereby shortening the life of the phosphor and the PDP.
In a two electrode columnar discharge PDP as disclosed by Wedding 158, each light emitting pixel is defined by a gas discharge between a bottom or rear electrode x and a top or front opposite electrode y, each cross-over of the two opposing arrays of bottom electrodes x and top electrodes y defining a pixel or cell.
The three-electrode multi-color surface discharge AC plasma panel structure is widely disclosed in the prior art including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,661,500 and 5,674,553, both issued to Tsutae Shinoda et al. of Fujitsu Limited; U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,086 issued to Larry F. Weber of Plasmaco and Matsushita; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,815 issued to Kimio Amemiya of Pioneer Electronic Corporation, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In a surface discharge PDP, each light emitting pixel or cell is defined by the gas discharge between two electrodes on the top substrate. In a multi-color RGB display, the pixels may be called sub-pixels or sub-cells. Photons from the discharge of an ionizable gas at each pixel or sub-pixel excite a photoluminescent phosphor that emits red, blue, or green light.
In a three-electrode surface discharge AC plasma display, a sustaining voltage is applied between a pair of adjacent parallel electrodes that are on the front or top viewing substrate. These parallel electrodes are called the bulk sustain electrode and the row scan electrode. The row scan electrode is also called a row sustain electrode because of its dual functions of address and sustain. The opposing electrode on the rear or bottom substrate is a column data electrode and is used to periodically address a row scan electrode on the top substrate. The sustaining voltage is applied to the bulk sustain and row scan electrodes on the top substrate. The gas discharge takes place between the row scan and bulk sustain electrodes on the top viewing substrate.
In a three-electrode surface discharge AC plasma display panel, the sustaining voltage and resulting gas discharge occurs between the electrode pairs on the top or front viewing substrate above and remote from the phosphor on the bottom substrate. This separation of the discharge from the phosphor minimizes electron bombardment and deterioration of the phosphor deposited on the walls of the barriers or in the grooves (or channels) on the bottom substrate adjacent to and/or over the third (data) electrode. Because the phosphor is spaced from the discharge between the two electrodes on the top substrate, the phosphor is subject to less electron bombardment than in a columnar discharge PDP.
This invention particularly relates to the use of microspheres containing an ionizable gas in a gas discharge plasma display positioned on a single substrate or monolithic structure. The single substrate display may comprise a two electrode columnar structure or a three (or more) electrode surface discharge structure. Single-substrate or monolithic plasma display panel structures are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,646,384 (Lay), 3,860,846 (Mayer), 3,964,050 (Mayer), 4,106,009 (Dick), 4,164,678 (Biazzo et al.), and 4,638,218 (Shinoda et al.), all cited above and incorporated herein by reference.
RELATED PRIOR ART SPHERES, BEADS, AMPOULES, CAPSULES
U.S. Pat. No. 2,644,113 (Etzkorn), incorporated herein by reference, discloses ampoules or hollow glass beads containing luminescent gases that emit a colored light. In one embodiment, the ampoules are used to radiate ultra violet light onto a phosphor external to the ampoule itself.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,848,248 (MacIntyre), incorporated herein by reference, discloses the embedding of gas filled beads in a transparent dielectric. The beads are filled with a gas using a capillary. The external shell of the beads may contain phosphor.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,690 (Roeber) discloses a plasma panel display with a plasma forming gas encapsulated in clear glass spheres. Roeber used commercially available glass spheres containing gases such as air, SO2 or CO2 at pressures of 0.2 to 0.3 atmosphere. Roeber discloses the removal of these residual gases by heating the glass spheres at an elevated temperature to drive out the gases through the heated walls of the glass sphere. Roeber obtains different colors from the glass spheres by filling each sphere with a gas mixture which emits a color upon discharge and/or by using a glass sphere made from colored glass.
Japanese Patent 11 238469A, published Aug. 31, 1999, by Tsuruoka Yoshiaki of Dainippon discloses a plasma display panel containing a gas capsule. The gas capsule is provided with a rupturable part which ruptures when it absorbs a laser beam.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,422 (George et al.) discloses a light-emitting panel with a plurality of sockets with spherical or other shape micro-components in each socket sandwiched between two substrates. The micro-component includes a shell filled with a plasma-forming gas or other material. The light-emitting panel may be a plasma display, electroluminescent display, or other display device.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the practice of this invention, the gas discharge space within a single substrate gas discharge plasma display device comprises one or more encapsulated pixels comprising hollow microspheres, each hollow microsphere having an inner surface and an outer surface and containing an ionizable gas mixture capable of forming a gas discharge when a sufficient voltage is applied to opposing electrodes in close proximity to the microsphere.
In one embodiment, this invention comprises a single substrate single color (monochrome) or multicolor gas discharge (plasma) display with microspheres containing ionizable gas wherein photons from the gas discharge within a microsphere excite a phosphor such that the phosphor emits light in the visible and/or invisible spectrum. The invention is described in detail hereinafter with reference to a plasma display panel (PDP) in an AC gas discharge (plasma) display.
The practice of this invention results in a single substrate plasma display device with a robust encapsulated cell structure that is free from problems associated with dimensional tolerance requirements in the prior art.
The practice of this invention also allows for encapsulated pixel plasma display devices to be produced with simple alignment methods using non-rigid materials such as plastic.
The practice of this invention also allows for the production of flexible or bendable displays with encapsulated pixel elements.
The practice of this invention allows for a low cost continuous roll manufacturing process by separating the production of light producing encapsulated pixel elements from the production of the substrate.
The practice of this invention allows for effective electrical contact between electrodes and the microspheres of the encapsulated pixel device.
The practice of this invention allows for visual inspection and rework of the interconnect between the microspheres and the electrodes.
The practice of this invention allows for the addressing of multiple rows simultaneously without splitting the screen as is done with conventional plasma displays.
The practice of this invention allows for reduction of false contour as is often observed in a standard plasma display.



DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D are views of a two-electrode single substrate plasma display with gas encapsulating microspheres positioned in wells and held in place by an adhesive material on the back of the substrate.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, are views of a three-electrode single substrate plasma display with gas encapsulating microspheres.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are tables mapping the addressing of the physical locations of microspheres in a PDP.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are views of a single substrate plasma display with gas encapsulating microspheres positioned in a well and held in place by adhesive.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are views of a single substrate plasma display with gas encapsulated microspheres positioned by an adhesive on the substrate.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show a triad grouping of red, green, and blue microspheres to produce a full color pixel.
FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C show alternative arrangements of red, green, and blue microspheres.
FIG. 8 shows a cross section view of a single substrate plasma display in which the gas encapsulating microspheres are primed with an external priming light source.
FIG. 9 shows a cross section view of a single substrate plasma display in which a pilot microsphere emits priming light from the front (viewing side) of the substrate.
FIG. 10 shows a cross section view of a single substrate plasma display in which a pilot microsphere emits priming light from the rear (non viewing side) of the substrate.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C show alternative arrangements of red, green, blue and pilot microspheres to produce a full color pixel.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a process to produce a single substrate plasma display with microspheres.
FIG. 13 shows a cross-section view of a microsphere embodiment.
FIG. 14 shows a block diagram for driving an AC gas discharge plasma display with microspheres.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D show one preferred cell configuration for a plasma display device using a single flexible substrate and gas encapsulated microspheres, each in contact with two electrodes. FIG. 1A, shows the front viewing side of a substrate 101. The microsphere 102 is in contact with surface electrode pads or traces 103 and 104 which reside on substrate 101.
FIG. 1B shows a cross section of the electrode layers of the substrate 101 with reference to the microsphere 102. Row electrodes 105 and column electrodes 106 are on different internal layers. The row and column electrodes are orthogonal to one another and form an addressable matrix. Bridge conductor 105a is an extension of row electrode 105 to via 108. Bridge conductor 106a is an extension of column electrode 106 to via 107.
FIG. 1C is a sectional view of a single microsphere cell or pixel of the display. The microspheres 102 are seated in wells 110 formed in the substrate 101 at each cell site. The sectional view shows a microsphere connected to a single internal column electrode 106 by via 107 containing conductive paste and connected to surface electrode pad 103. Surface electrode 103 comes to the edge of the well to contact the microsphere. Similarly the microsphere is connected to one internal row electrode 105 by via 108 which connects to surface electrode pad 104. Surface electrode pad 104 comes to the edge of the well to make contact with the microsphere 102. Conductive paste 109 is added to the surface pads 103 and 104 to augment the connection to the microsphere.
The substrate 101 is adhered to a support 111 with an adhesive 112. FIG. 1D shows the support 111 pressed against the adhesive 112 for a single cell. The adhesive 112 flows into the well 110 (shown in FIG. 1C) and adheres to the microsphere. The flowed adhesive 112 in the well 110 is shown as 113. It conforms to the shape of the microsphere 102 when the microsphere is positioned in the well 110 (shown in FIG. 1C).
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D illustrate a two-electrode structure. There may also be used a three-electrode structure. A three-electrode single substrate gas encapsulating microsphere display may be achieved through a number of configurations as discussed herein.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C show one preferred embodiment using a three-electrode structure. In this configuration, FIG. 2A shows the microsphere 202 connected to surface electrode pads 204x, 204y, and 203. FIG. 2B is a section of the FIG. 2A with a grid of electrodes formed by row electrodes 205x on one layer, row electrodes 205y parallel to 205x, but on a different layer (as shown in FIG. 2C) and column electrodes 206. Bridge conductor 205xa is an extension of row electrode 205x to via 208x. Bridge conductor 205ya is an extension of row electrode 205y to via 208y. Bridge conductor 206a is an extension of column electrode 206 to via 207.
The cross sectional view in FIG. 2C shows the electrodes 205x, 205y and 206 each in a separate plane with a single microsphere 202. Surface electrode pads 204x, 204y, and 203 connect by micro via 208x, 208y, and 207 to their respective electrodes 205x, 205y, and 206. This electrode configuration allows for three electrode addressing in which two row electrodes 205x and 205y performs the sustain and row select functions. The column electrode 206 applies data. As shown row electrode 205x is located on a different plane than row electrode 205y and is directly underneath. In other embodiments, row electrodes 205x and 205y may be in the same plane.
Multiple electrode layers and connecting vias as shown in 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, and 2C are more easily added to a flexible substrate than to a standard glass substrate. Multiple layers of electrodes allow for novel addressing schemes not readily achieved with a glass substrate plasma display.
A standard plasma display is addressed one row at a time. The addressing of each row takes a finite amount of time. In order to maintain a flicker free image, the display must be updated at video rates. Therefore there is a practical limit as to how many rows a plasma display may have. In order to achieve more rows with a plasma display, often the column electrodes are split at the center of the display and the two sections are addressed from the top and from the bottom as two independent displays. This is referred to in the PDP industry as dual scan. The splitting of the PDP into two sections is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,233,623 (Pavliscak), 4,320,418 (Pavliscak), and 5,914,563 (Lee), all incorporated herein by reference.
Dual scan can be achieved with a microsphere display by using multiple layers of column electrodes to simultaneously address multiple (2 or more) row electrodes. FIG. 3A is a table that maps physical address of the display to the internal electrode configuration where the number of column (data) electrodes has been doubled. One set of column electrodes is represented as I1 through I9, and a second set of column electrodes parallel to I1 through I9, but on a different plane is represented as m1 through m9. Each set of these column electrodes connects to a unique subset of microspheres, the physical location defined by rows R and columns C. For example the table in FIG. 3A shows I1 through I9 connecting to rows R1 through R4 at columns C1 through C9 and m1 through m9 connecting to rows R5 though R8 at columns C1 though C9. This allows two rows to be addressed simultaneously. In one row scan time, two rows are addressed simultaneously. Although the concept is illustrated with two rows addressed simultaneously, this may be expanded to more than two rows. By addressing two or more rows at a time, the display may be refreshed faster.
In a standard plasma display gray levels are achieved by time multiplexing. The brightness of a pixel is proportional to how many sustain pulses it experiences while in the ‘on’ state. One frame is composed of subfields with varying numbers of sustains. The subfields may be summed in various combinations to achieve the full compliment of unique gray levels (usually 256). Two problems that occur with this technique are false contour and motion artifact. In general both of these artifacts occur because the human eye does not integrate the subfields properly. There are several ways to alleviate this problem including increasing the update speed as described above. Another way is to separate the pixels that are changing to allow the eye to integrate over an area. By physically separating the pixels that are being addressed, changes will be less obvious to the observer. This may be done with a microsphere display by taking advantage of the ability to have electrodes on multiple layers.
FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C show tables that map the physical address of the display with the electrode address. In FIG. 3B the address electrodes attach in a zig-zag pattern. For example, row scan electrode n4 alternates between rows R4 and R2. When n4 is selected to be scanned, microspheres at (R4,C1), (R2,C2), and (R4, C4) are addressed. The pixels are physically separated in a zig-zag pattern. FIG. 3C shows an alternative pattern in which the pixels are diagonally addressed.
In one embodiment of this invention as illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, one portion, or section of the display is addressed while another portion or section is sustained. This is referred to as Simultaneous Address and Sustain (SAS).
In accordance with the electrode connections of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C, multilayers of cells or pixels may be used to randomize the presentation of cells that are addressed simultaneously. Present PDPs allow only a single layer of metallization so each addressing event addresses a line of adjacent contiguous cells somewhere on the PDP. Multi layers allow the cross-strap of the individual panel cells or pixels so that cells addressed during the addressing event may not be in a single line, but may be addressed on different lines at the same time. Consequently one may address different PDP sections at the same time and also address in such a way that no two adjacent cells are addressed at the same time anywhere on the panel. This randomizes any concentration of light flashes on the display and mitigates visual defects such as artifacts.
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C illustrate a cell configuration in which the microspheres are positioned in a well and held in place by an adhesive coated back. Other configurations are contemplated.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an alternate embodiment in which the adhesive backing is not used and the microspheres are held in place by an adhesive applied on one side of the substrate. FIG. 4A is a top view that shows a microsphere 402 on a substrate 401 and connected to surface electrode pads 403 and 404. Adhesive 415 is applied to the microsphere and substrate. FIG. 4B is a section C—C and shows that the microsphere may be viewed from both directions. Also shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B are conductive paste 409, vias 407, 408, row electrode 405, column electrode 406, and well 410. In FIG. 4B, bridge conductor 405a is shown in cross section with row electrode 405. Bridge conductor 406a is shown in cross section with column electrode 406.
FIGS. 5A and 5B show a configuration in which the microsphere is held in place by an adhesive material on the surface of the substrate and there is no positioning well. FIG. 5B shows a section D-D of one microsphere 502 on a substrate 501. Adhesive 518 is applied to the substrate to position and adhere the microsphere. Surface electrodes 504 and 503 do not make direct contact with the microsphere. Instead conductive electrode layers 516 and 517 are built on top of the surface electrodes 504 and 503 to contact the microspheres. Also shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B are vias 507, 508, row electrode 505, and column electrode 506. In FIG. 5B, bridge conductor 505a is shown in cross section with row electrode 505. Bridge conductor 506a is shown in cross section with column electrode 506.
Microsphere displays may be monochrome or multicolor. In the case of a color display various configurations are envisioned. FIG. 6A shows a triad arrangement and one possible method of connecting the electrodes. In this arrangement red, blue, and green microsphere pixels are grouped to form a full color triad 619 or 620 on substrate 601.
FIG. 6B is a section showing red green blue RGB and blue red green BRG arrangements of microspheres 602R, 602G, and 602B. The row electrodes 605 and column electrodes 606 are shown in a zig zag pattern. Also shown are surface electrode pads 604, 603, and vias 607, 608.
Other arrangements are possible including red, green, and blue pixels arranged linearly in a row, blocks, or triads sharing a common pixel, as shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C. The flexible substrate with multiple electrode layers allows for many combinations.
Priming or conditioning of the gas is necessary to provide free electrons and/or charged particles. In a standard open celled structure, priming is achieved as free electrons and/or charged particles move through the open structure from cell to cell. In a display using microspheres, the charged particles or electrons are not free to move from cell to cell. There are various ways to achieve priming including, additives to the gas mixture, drive waveform, radioactive sources, and light sources. Light sources are used in one embodiment of this invention. The light source may be visible or UV. In a color display, the shell of the microsphere is sufficiently thin and composed of UV transmissive material to allow UV emission produced by the ionizing gas to penetrate the shell and excite an external phosphor. Because the shell is transmissive, external light such as a UV source may penetrate the shell and cause low level ionization or priming of the gas. In this invention, this is achieved with several configurations.
In one embodiment, a priming light source may be added as a backlight behind the substrate to provide priming. The light source may take the form of standard lamps, or even microspheres. FIG. 8 illustrates this embodiment with a cross section of a single microsphere. The microsphere 802 is inserted into the well 810. Phosphors and/or adhesives may be applied to the front or viewing side of the display as shown in the prior figures. No phosphor adhesives or backing is applied to the rear or side, so maximum light is transmitted from the source to the microsphere for priming.
Also shown in FIG. 8 are conductive paste 809, surface electrodes 803, 804, vias 807, 808, row electrode 805, column electrode 806, substrate 801, and well 810. In FIG. 8B, bridge conductor 805a is shown in cross section with row electrode 805. Bridge conductor 806a is shown in cross section with column electrode 806.
In another embodiment, priming light generating microspheres are embedded in the substrate along side the regular spheres. FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate this. In FIG. 9, the substrate 901 has an adhesive backing. Pilot microsphere 902p emits priming light (PL) which penetrates the shells of the regular microspheres 902. The pilot microsphere 902P may be coated with a mask 919 on the top to shield stray light from the viewer. The microspheres 902 may be covered with phosphor 918, but the phosphor should not block the emitting light (PL) from penetrating the sphere. Also shown are wells 910 support 911, and adhesive 912.
In FIG. 10 there is no adhesive back and light priming occurs from the back side of substrate 1001. Pilot sphere 1002p and regular microspheres 1002 are inserted into wells 1010 and held into position with adhesive 1015. The front of the pilot sphere may be coated with a mask 1019 to shield light from the viewer, and the standard microspheres may be coated with a phosphor 1018. On the backside no coating is present and priming light (PL) may penetrate the shell. In this case phosphor 1018 is applied only to the front and the back of the shell is not coated. It may be advantageous to drive the pilot microspheres continuously so as to continuously produce photons for priming.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C illustrate an embodiment of a color display employing pilot microspheres with red, green, and blue microspheres. R denotes a red microsphere, G denotes a green microsphere, B denotes a blue microsphere and P denotes a pilot microsphere. In FIG. 11C the pilot microsphere may be equidistant from all the neighbors it is to prime.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram that illustrates a process by which the display device may be fabricated.
FIG. 12 shows steps for one method of fabricating the display device. These steps as presented in FIG. 12 are:

    
    
        1201 Forming of substrate
        1202 Micro-drilling of vias
        1203 Adding of conductive paste
        1204 Forming of wells
        1205 Adding adhesive backing
        1206 Microsphere fabrication
        1207 Sieving microspheres
        1208A and/or 1208B, Applying Phosphor to microspheres
        1209 Integrating of microspheres and substrates
        1210 Connecting electrodes
        1211 Integrating electronics and testing
    
    


In a preferred embodiment and practice of this invention, the substrate is made from a flexible material such as a plastic or polymer for example Mylar® or Kapton®. Mylar® is a polyester plastic film available in plastic film or sheet form in a variety of gauges. Kapton® is made from polyimide.
In one embodiment of this invention, web manufacturing processes are used. Web manufacturing process have migrated from printing and textile industry to electronic industries such as flex circuits, and most recently are being used for flat panel displays substrates. Web manufacture generally involves a rolled flexible substrate up to 1000 feet in length and several feet in width. This flexible substrate, often called a “web”, passes over rollers and through various chambers wherein inks or other chemicals are deposited on the substrate to produce a printed or coated product.
The practice of this invention uses micro-fabrication techniques, including micro-jet printing and micro-laser cutting. Micro-jet printers are used in industry to apply small controlled amounts of various substances such as conductive ink, adhesives, or phosphors to a substrate. Micro-laser cutters make precision cuts, etches, and holes in various substrate materials.
In the practice of this invention, the flexible substrate is formed from Mylar or Kapton or any other suitable flexible insulative material. The electrodes are formed from some suitably conductive material such as ITO, gold, or copper. This conductive material is deposited on the substrate and patterning is carried out with standard industry photolithography techniques. Multiple conducting layers as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, and 2C may be procured to specification from a variety of manufacturers. These flexible electrode matrix substrates may be procured in 1000-ft rolls for a continuous roll-to-roll process or procured already cut to size for a batch process. In addition to the patterning of the electrode matrix, the multi-layer substrate may also have the patterning for drive electronics. In this case, the row and column drivers are applied directly to the substrate, and the costly high definition interconnect is eliminated. Micro-vias of the order of 5 to 20 microns in diameter are formed with a laser to cut a channel between the surface electrode and the buried electrode. The micro-vias are then filled with conductive paste. For larger size displays with large pixels, greater diameter vias may be formed using etching techniques. Wells are cut into the flexible substrate to position the microspheres. The wells are somewhat large compared to the micro-vias. They may be formed by laser cutting, but chemical etch or other less precise methods are also possible. After the wells are formed, the flexible electrode matrix substrateis adhered to a soft foam backed adhesive sheet. Pressure is applied to sandwich the two sheets tightly together and to encourage the adhesive to ooze up into the wells. Next, microspheres close in diameter to the wells are brushed onto the substrate. As the microspheres are brushed, dusted, or agitated over the substrate, they will tend to fall into the wells and stick to the adhesive. Pressure may be applied by a roller or other means to insure that the microspheres are nested firmly in the wells. Conductive adhesive may be applied by micro-jet techniques between the surface electrodes and the microsphere surface to eliminate air gap. However, this may not be necessary if the microspheres are selected to be slightly larger in diameter then the well diameter. Various colors may be achieved by proper gas selection, proper selection of microsphere shell material, and adding phosphor. Phosphor may be added to the inside of the shell when it is processed, or added to the outside of the shell. In the best mode, the phosphor is on the outer surface of the shell. Phosphor may be added to the outer shell in a variety of ways that are compatible with the roll-to-roll process. Phosphor may be inserted into the well with ink jet or microdropper techniques. Alternatively, phosphor may be coated over the entire sphere before it is inserted into the well. Or Phosphor may be added to the top of the microspheres after they are inserted into the well.
If an adhesive back is not used as in FIG. 4B, the microspheres may be brushed, agitated, blown, or vacuumed to encourage them into the wells. After the microspheres are positioned in the wells, microdrops of conductive adhesive are applied to eliminate air gaps between the surface conductor and the sphere. An adhesive may be applied to further secure the microspheres in place.
In FIGS. 5A and 5B there is no hole to position the microsphere. Microdrops of adhesive are applied to the substrate to position the microsphere on the substrate. Electrodes are built up to meet the microsphere with standard ink jet techniques.
FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of a best embodiment and mode of the microsphere 30 with external surface 30-1 and internal surface 30-2, an external phosphor layer 31, internal magnesium oxide layer 32, ionizable gas 33, and an external bottom reflective layer 34.
The bottom reflective layer 34 is optional and, when used, will typically cover about half of the phosphor layer 31 on the external surface 30A. This bottom reflective layer 34 will reflect light upward that would otherwise escape and increase the brightness of the display.
Magnesium oxide increases the ionization level through secondary electron emission that in turn leads to reduced gas discharge voltages. The magnesium oxide layer 32 on the inner surface 30-1 of the microsphere 30 is separate from the phosphor which is located on external surface 30-2 of the microsphere 30. The thickness of the magnesium oxide is about 250 Angstrom Units to 10,000 Angstrom Units (Å).
Magnesium oxide is susceptible to contamination. To avoid contamination, gas discharge (plasma) displays are assembled in clean rooms that are expensive to construct and maintain. In traditional plasma panel production, magnesium oxide is typically applied to an entire substrate surface and is vulnerable to contamination. In FIG. 13 the magnesium oxide layer 32 is on the inside surface 30-1 of the microsphere 30 and exposure of the magnesium oxide to contamination is minimized.
The magnesium oxide layer 32 may be applied to the inside of the microsphere 30-1 by using a process similar to the technique disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,732 (Torobin). In this process, magnesium vapor is incorporated as part of the ionizable gases introduced into the microsphere while the microsphere is at an elevated temperature.
In some embodiments the magnesium oxide may be present as particles in the gas. Other secondary electron materials may be used in place of or in combination with magnesium oxide. In one embodiment hereof, the secondary electron material is introduced into the gas by means of a fluidized bed.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a display panel 10 with electronic circuitry 21 for y row scan electrodes 18A, bulk sustain electronic circuitry 22B for x bulk sustain electrode 18B and column data electronic circuitry 24 for the column data electrodes 12.
There is also shown row sustain electronic circuitry 22A with an energy power recovery electronic circuit 23A. There is also shown energy power recovery electronic circuitry 23B for the bulk sustain electronic circuitry 22B.
A basic electronics architecture for addressing and sustaining a surface discharge AC plasma display is called Address Display Separately (ADS). The ADS architecture may be used for a monochrome or multicolor display. The ADS architecture is disclosed in a number of Fujitsu patents including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,618 and 5,724,054, both issued to Shinoda of Fujitsu Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan. Also see U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,344 issued to Yoshikazu Kanazawa of Fujitsu and Shinoda et al. 500 referenced above. ADS has become a basic electronic architecture widely used in the AC plasma display industry for the manufacture of monitors and television.
Fujitsu ADS architecture is commercially used by Fujitsu and is also widely used by competing manufacturers including Matsushita and others. ADS is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,086 issued to Weber of Plasmaco and Matsushita. See FIGS. 2, 3,11 of Weber 086. The ADS method of addressing and sustaining a surface discharge display as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,618 and 5,724,054 issued to Shinoda of Fujitsu sustains the entire panel (all rows) after the addressing of the entire panel. The addressing and sustaining are done separately and are not done simultaneously.
Another electronic architecture is called Address While Display (AWD). The AWD electronics architecture was first used during the 1970s and 1980s for addressing and sustaining monochrome PDP. In AWD architecture, the addressing (write and/or erase pulses) are interspersed with the sustain waveform and may include the incorporation of address pulses onto the sustain waveform. Such address pulses may be on top of the sustain and/or on a sustain notch or pedestal. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,801,861 (Petty et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,449 (Schmersal). FIGS. 1 and 3 of the Shinoda 054 ADS patent discloses AWD architecture as prior art.
The AWD electronics architecture for addressing and sustaining monochrome PDP has also been adopted for addressing and sustaining multi-color PDP. For example, Samsung Display Devices Co., Ltd., has disclosed AWD and the superimpose of address pulses with the sustain pulse. Samsung specifically labels this as Address While Display (AWD). See High-Luminance and High-Contrast HDTV PDP with Overlapping Driving Scheme, J. Ryeom et al., pages 743 to 746, Proceedings of the Sixth International Display Workshops, IDW 99, Dec. 1-3,1999, Sendai, Japan. AWD is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,081 issued to Yoon-Phil Eo and Jeong-duk Ryeom of Samsung.
LG Electronics Inc. has disclosed a variation of AWD with a Multiple Addressing in a Single Sustain (MASS) in U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,476 issued to Jin-Won Hong et al. of LG Electronics. Also see U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,563 issued to Eun-Cheol Lee et al. of LG Electronics.
The electronics architecture used in FIG. 14 is ADS as described in Shinoda 618 and 054. In addition, other architectures as described herein and known in the prior art may be utilized.
Examples of energy recovery architecture and circuits are well known in the prior art. These include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,772,884 (Weber et al.), 4,866,349 (Weber et al.), 5,081,400 (Weber et al.), 5,438,290 (Tanaka), 5,642,018 (Marcotte), 5,670,974 (Ohba et al.), 5,808,420 (Rilly et al.) and 5,828,353 (Kishi et al.), all incorporated herein by reference.
Slow rise slopes or ramps may be used in the practice of this invention. The prior art discloses slow rise slopes or ramps for the addressing of AC plasma displays. The early patents include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,063,131 and 4,087,805 issued to John Miller of Owens-Ill.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,087,807 issued to Joseph Miavecz of Owens-Ill.; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,611,203 and 4,683,470 issued to Tony Criscimagna et al. of IBM.
An architecture for a slow ramp reset voltage is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,086 issued to Larry F. Weber of Plasmaco and Matsushita, incorporated herein by reference. Weber 086 discloses positive or negative ramp voltages that exhibit a slope that is set to assure that current flow through each display pixel site remains in a positive resistance region of the gas's discharge characteristics. The slow ramp architecture is disclosed in FIG. 11 of Weber 086 in combination with the Fujitsu ADS. PCT Patent Application WO 00/30065 filed by Junichi Hibino et al. of Matsushita also discloses architecture for a slow ramp reset voltage and is incorporated herein by reference.
Artifact reduction techniques may be used in the practice of this invention. The PDP industry has used various techniques to reduce motion and visual artifacts in a PDP display. Pioneer of Tokyo, Japan has disclosed a technique called CLEAR for the reduction of false contour and related problems. See Development of New Driving Method for AC-PDPs by Tokunaga et al. of Pioneer Proceedings of the Sixth International Display Workshops, IDW 99, pages 787-790, Dec. 1-3,1999, Sendai, Japan. Also see European Patent Applications EP 1 020 838 A1 by Tokunaga et al. of Pioneer. The CLEAR techniques disclosed in the above Pioneer IDW publication and Pioneer EP 1020838 A1, are incorporated herein by reference.
In the practice of this invention, it is contemplated that SAS may be combined with a CLEAR or like technique as required for the reduction of motion and visual artifacts. SAS may also be used with the slope ramp address.
SAS in combination with slow ramp allows for a larger number of sustain cycles per frame. This allows for a brighter display or alternatively more subfields per display. This also improves the PDP operating margin (window) due to more time allowed for the various overhead functions. The ADS waveforms may be used with SAS to address one PDP section while sustaining another PDP section.
The microspheres may be constructed of any suitable material. In one embodiment of this invention, the microsphere is made of glass, ceramic, quartz, or like amorphous and/or crystalline materials including mixtures of such. In other embodiments it is contemplated that the microsphere may be made of plastic, metal, metalloid, or other such materials including mixtures or combinations thereof.
Glasses made of inorganic compounds of metals and metalloids are contemplated, such as oxides, silicates, borates, and phosphates of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, gallium, silicon, aluminum, lead, zinc, boron, magnesium, and so forth.
In one specific embodiment of this invention, the microsphere is made of an aluminate silicate glass or contains a layer of aluminate silicate glass. When the ionizable gas mixture contains helium, the aluminate silicate glasses are especially beneficial in preventing the escaping of helium.
It is also contemplated that the microsphere shell may be made of other glasses including lead silicates, lead phosphates, lead oxides, borosilicates, alkali silicates, aluminum oxides, soda lime glasses, and pure vitreous silica.
For secondary electron emission a microsphere may be made in whole or in part from one or more materials such as magnesium oxide having a sufficient Townsend coefficient. These include inorganic compounds of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, gallium, lead, and the rare earths especially lanthanum, cerium, actinium, and thorium. The contemplated inorganic compounds include oxides, silicates, nitrides, carbides, borides, and other inorganic compounds of the above and other elements.
The use of secondary electron materials in a plasma display is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,742 issued to Nakayama et al. The use of Group IIa compounds including magnesium oxide is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,836,393 and 3,846,171. The use of rare earth compounds in an AC plasma display is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,126,807; 4,126,809; and 4,494,038, all issued to Wedding et al. Lead oxide may also be used as a secondary electron material.
In the best embodiment and mode contemplated for the practice of this invention, the secondary electron emission material is magnesium oxide on part or all of the internal surface of a microsphere. The secondary electron emission material may also be on the external surface. The entire microsphere may be made of a secondary electronic material such as magnesium oxide. A secondary electron material may also be dispersed or suspended as particles within the ionizable gas. As disclosed hereinafter, phosphor particles may also be dispersed or suspended in the gas, or may be affixed to the inner or external surface of the microsphere.
The hollow microspheres may be formed and filled with an ionizable gas mixture, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,287 (Henderson) which is incorporated herein by reference. In Henderson 287, the hollow microspheres are formed by dissolving a permeant gas (or gases) into glass frit particles. The gas permeated frit particles are then heated at a high temperature sufficient to blow the frit particles into hollow microspheres containing the permeant gases. The gases may be subsequently out-permeated and evacuated from the hollow sphere as described in step D in column 3 of Henderson. In the practice of this invention, a portion of the gas or gases is not out-permeated and is retained within the hollow microsphere to provide a hollow microsphere containing an ionizable gas. U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,871 (Henderson) also describes the formation of hollow microspheres and is incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment of this invention, glass microspheres are produced as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,512 (Torobin) by a method which comprises forming a film of molten glass across a blowing nozzle and applying a blowing gas at a positive pressure on the inner surface of the film to blow the film and form an elongated cylinder shaped liquid film of molten glass. An inert entraining fluid is directed over and around the blowing nozzle at an angle to the axis of the blowing nozzle so that the entraining fluid dynamically induces a pulsating or fluctuating pressure at the opposite side of the blowing nozzle in the wake of the blowing nozzle. The continued movement of the entraining fluid produces asymmetric fluid drag forces on glass cylinder and closes and detaches the elongated cylinder from the coaxial blowing nozzle. Surface tension forces acting on the detached cylinder form the latter into a spherical shape which is rapidly cooled and solidified by cooling means to form the glass microsphere.
The blowing gas can be an ionizable gas mixture which fills the formed microsphere. The blowing gas can carry magnesium oxide or other secondary electron material which is dispersed or deposited inside the microsphere. The secondary electron material may be introduced into the gas by flowing the gas through a fluid bed of the material.
The above method including apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,512 (Torobin) which is incorporated herein by reference.
In one method of producing the microspheres, the ambient pressure external to the blowing nozzle is maintained at a super atmospheric pressure. The ambient pressure external to the blowing nozzle will be such that it substantially balances, but is slightly less than the blowing gas pressure. Such a method is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,432 (Torobin) and WO 8000438A1 (Torobin), both incorporated herein by reference.
The microspheres may also be produced using a centrifuge apparatus and method as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,433 (Torobin) and WO8000695A1 (Torobin), both incorporated herein by reference.
Other methods for forming microspheres of glass, metal, plastic, and other materials are disclosed in other Torobin patents including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,397,759; 5,225,123; 5,212,143; 4,793,980; 4,777,154; 4,743,545; 4,671,909; 4,637,990; 4,582,534; 4,568,389; 4,548,196; 4,525,314; 4,363,646; 4,303,736; 4,303,732; 4,303,731; 4,303,603; 4,303,431; 4,303,730; 4,303,729; and 4,303,061. All of the above Torobin patents disclosing methods and apparatus for forming microspheres are incorporated herein by reference.
Other methods for forming hollow microspheres are disclosed in the prior art including U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,169, (Coxe), U.S. Pat. No. 4,349,456 (Sowman), U.S. Pat. No. 3,848,248 (MacIntyre) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,035,690 (Roeber), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The hollow microsphere(s) as used in the practice of this invention contain(s) one or more ionizable gas components. As used herein, ionizable gas or gas means one or more gas components. In the practice of this invention, the gas is typically selected from a mixture of the rare gases of neon, argon, xenon, krypton, helium, and/or radon. The rare gas may be a Penning gas mixture. Other gases are contemplated including nitrogen, CO2, mercury, halogens, excimers, oxygen, hydrogen, and Tritium (T3).
In one embodiment, a two-component gas mixture (or composition) is used such as a mixture of argon and xenon, argon and helium, xenon and helium, neon and argon, neon and xenon, neon and helium, and neon and krypton.
Specific two-component gas mixtures (compositions) include about 5 to 90% atoms of argon with the balance xenon.
Another two-component gas mixture is a mother gas of neon containing 0.05 to 15% atoms of xenon, argon, or krypton. This can also be a three-component gas, four-component gas, or five-component gas by using small quantities of an additional gas or gases selected from xenon, argon, krypton, and/or helium.
In another embodiment, a three-component ionizable gas mixture is used such as a mixture of argon, xenon, and neon wherein the mixture contains at least 5% to 80% atoms of argon, up to 15% xenon, and the balance neon. The xenon is present in a minimum amount sufficient to maintain the Penning effect. Such a mixture is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,926,095 (Shinoda et al.), incorporated herein by reference. Other three-component gas mixtures include argon-helium-xenon; krypton-neon-xenon; and krypton-helium-xenon.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,712 (Bode et al.), incorporated by reference, discloses the addition of helium to a gaseous medium of 90 to 99.99% atoms of neon and 10 to 0.01% atoms of argon, xenon, and/or krypton.
In one embodiment there is used a high concentration of helium with the balance selected from one or more gases of neon, argon, xenon, and nitrogen as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,285,129 (Park) and incorporated herein by reference.
A high concentration of xenon may also be used with one or more other gases as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,921 (Aoki et al.), incorporated herein by reference.
In the prior art, gas discharge (plasma) displays are operated with the ionizable gas at a pressure below atmospheric. Gas pressures above atmospheric are not used because of structural problems. Higher gas pressures above atmospheric may cause the display substrates to separate, especially at elevations of 4000 feet or more above sea level. Such separation may also occur between a substrate and a viewing envelope or dome in a single substrate or monolithic plasma panel structure described hereinafter.
The gas pressure inside of the hollow sphere may be less than atmospheric. The typical sub-atmospheric pressure is about 150 to 760 Torr. However, pressures above atmospheric may be used depending upon the structural integrity of the microsphere.
In one embodiment of this invention, the gas pressure inside of the microsphere is less than atmospheric, about 150 to 760 Torr, typically about 350 to about 650 Torr.
In another embodiment of this invention, the gas pressure inside of the microsphere is greater than atmospheric. Depending upon the structural strength of the microsphere, the pressure above atmospheric may be about 1 to 250 atmospheres (760 to 190,000 Torr) or greater. Higher gas pressures increase the luminous efficiency of the plasma display.
This invention has been described with reference to a single substrate or monolithic gas discharge display. However, in other embodiments, the microspheres may be positioned within a dual substrate plasma display structure. One or more microspheres may be positioned inside of a gas discharge (plasma) display device. As disclosed and illustrated in the gas discharge display patents cited above and incorporated herein by reference, the microspheres may be positioned in one or more channels or grooves of a plasma display structure as disclosed in Shinoda et al. 500, 553, or Wedding 158. The microspheres may also be positioned within a cavity, well, or hollow of a plasma display structure as disclosed by Knauer 186.
One or more hollow microspheres containing the ionizable gas is located within the display panel structure in close proximity to the electrodes. The electrodes may be of any geometric shape or configuration. In one embodiment the electrodes are opposing arrays of electrodes, one array of electrodes being transverse or orthogonal to an opposing array of electrodes. The electrode arrays can be parallel, zig zag, serpentine, or like pattern as typically used in dot-matrix gas discharge (plasma) displays. The use of split or divided electrodes is contemplated as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,603,836 (Grier). The electrodes are of any suitable conductive metal or alloy including gold, silver, aluminum, or chrome-copper-chrome. If a transparent electrode is used on the viewing surface, this is typically indium tin oxide (ITO) with a conductive side or edge bus bar of silver. Other conductive bus bar materials may be used such as gold, aluminum, or chrome-copper-chrome.
The electrodes in each opposing transverse array are transverse to the electrodes in the opposing array so that each electrode in each array forms a crossover with an electrode in the opposing array, thereby forming a multiplicity of crossovers. Each crossover of two opposing electrodes forms a discharge point or cell. At least one hollow microsphere containing ionizable gas is positioned in the gas discharge (plasma) display device at the intersection of two opposing electrodes. When an appropriate voltage potential is applied to an opposing pair of electrodes, the ionizable gas inside of the microsphere at the crossover is energized and a gas discharge occurs. Photons of light in the visible and/or invisible range are emitted by the gas discharge. Neon produces visible light (neon orange) whereas the other rare gases emit light in the non-visible ultraviolet range.
The photons of light pass through the shell or wall of the microsphere and excite a phosphor located outside of the microsphere. This phosphor may be located on the side wall(s) of the channel, groove, cavity, well, hollow or like structure of the discharge space. In the best embodiment contemplated in the practice of this invention, a layer, coating, or particles of phosphor is located on the exterior wall of the microsphere.
The gas discharge within the channel, groove, cavity, well or hollow produces photons that excite the phosphor such that the phosphor emits light in a range visible to the human eye. Typically this is red, blue, or green light. However, phosphors may be used which emit other light such as white, pink, or yellow light. In some embodiments of this invention, the emitted light may not be visible to the human eye.
In prior art AC plasma display structures as disclosed in Wedding 158 or Shinoda et al. 500, the phosphor is located on the wall(s) or side(s) of the barriers that form the channel, groove, cavity, well, or hollow, The phosphor may also be located on the bottom of the channel, or groove as disclosed by Shinoda et al. 500 or the bottom cavity, well, or hollow as disclosed by Knauer et al. 186.
In one embodiment of this invention, microspheres are positioned within the channel, groove, cavity, well, or hollow, such that photons from the gas discharge within the microsphere causes the phosphor along the wall(s), side(s) or at the bottom of the channel, groove, cavity, well, or hollow, to emit light.
In another embodiment of this invention, phosphor is located on the outside surface of each microsphere as shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the outside surface is at least partially covered with phosphor that emits light when excited by photons from the gas discharge within the microsphere.
In one embodiment, phosphor particles are dispersed and/or suspended within the ionizable gas inside each microsphere. In such embodiment the phosphor particles are sufficiently small such that most of the phosphor particles remain suspended within the gas and do not precipitate or otherwise substantially collect on the inside wall of the microsphere. The mean diameter of the dispersed and/or suspended phosphor particles is less than about 1 micron, typically less than 0.1 microns. Larger particles can be used depending on the size of the microsphere. The phosphor particles may be introduced by means of a fluidized bed.
In the practice of this invention the microsphere may be color tinted or constructed of materials that are color tinted with red, blue, green, yellow, or like pigments. This is disclosed in Roeber 690 cited above. The gas discharge may also emit color light of different wavelengths as disclosed in Roeber 690.
The use of tinted materials and/or gas discharges emitting light of different wavelengths may be used in combination with the above described phosphors and the light emitted therefrom. Optical filters may also be used.
The present gas filling techniques used in the manufacture of gas discharge (plasma) display devices comprise introducing the gas mixture through an aperture into the device. This is a gas injection hole. The manufacture steps typically include heating and baking out the assembled device (before gas fill) at a high-elevated temperature under vacuum for 2 to 12 hours. The vacuum is obtained via external suction through a tube inserted in the aperture.
The bake out is followed by back fill of the device with an ionizable gas introduced through the tube and aperture. The tube is then sealed-off.
This bake out and gas fill process is the major production bottleneck in the manufacture of gas discharge (plasma) display devices, requiring substantial capital equipment and a large amount of process time. For color AC plasma display panels of 40 to 50 inches in diameter, the bake out and vacuum cycle may be up to 30 hours per panel or over 30 million hours per year for a manufacturing facility producing over 1 million plasma display panels per year.
The gas-filled microspheres used in this invention can be produced in large economical volumes and added to the gas discharge (plasma) display device without the necessity of bake out and gas process capital equipment. The savings in capital equipment cost and operations costs are substantial.
In a device as disclosed by Wedding 158 or Shinoda et al. 500, the microspheres are conveniently added to the gas discharge space between opposing electrodes before the device is sealed. An aperture and tube can be used for bake out if needed, but the costly gas fill operation is eliminated.
The presence of the microspheres inside of the display device also adds structural support and integrity to the device. The present color AC plasma displays of 40 to 50 inches are fragile with a high breakage rate in shipment and handling.
The microspheres may be of any suitable volumetric shape or geometric configuration including but not limited to spherical, oblate spheroid, prolate spheroid, capsular, bullet shape, pear and/or tear drop. In an oblate spheroid, the diameter at the polar axis is flattened and is less than the diameter at the equator. In a prolate spheroid, the diameter at the equator is less than the diameter at the polar axis such that the overall shape is elongated.
The size of the microspheres used in the practice of this invention may vary over a wide range. In a gas discharge display, the average diameter of a microsphere is about 1 mil to 10 mils (where one mil equals 0.001 inch) or about 25 microns to 250 microns. Microspheres can be manufactured up to 80 mils or about 2000 microns in diameter or greater. The thickness of the wall of each hollow microsphere must be sufficient to retain the gas inside, but thin enough to allow passage of photons emitted by the gas discharge. The wall thickness of plasma panel microspheres should be kept as thin as practical to minimize ultraviolet (UV) absorption, but thick enough to retain sufficient strength so that the microspheres can be easily handled and pressurized. The microsphere wall thickness should be about 1 to 5% of the diameter for the microsphere.
The diameter of the microspheres may be varied for different phosphors. Thus for a gas discharge display having phosphors which emit red, green, and blue light in the visible range, the microspheres for the red phosphor may have an average diameter less than the average diameter of the microspheres for the green or blue phosphor. Typically the average diameter of the red phosphor microspheres is about 80 to 95% of the average diameter of the green phosphor microspheres.
The average diameter of the blue phosphor microspheres may be greater than the average diameter of the red or green phosphor microspheres. Typically the average microsphere diameter for the blue phosphor is about 105 to 125% of the average microsphere diameter for the green phosphor and about 110 to 155% of the average diameter of the red phosphor.
In another embodiment using a high brightness green phosphor, the red and green microsphere may be reversed such that the average diameter of the green phosphor microsphere is about 80 to 95% of the average diameter of the red phosphor microsphere. In this embodiment, the average diameter of the blue microsphere is 105 to 125% of the average microsphere diameter for the red phosphor and about 110 to 155% of the average diameter of the green phosphor.
The red, green, and blue microspheres may also have different size diameters so as to enlarge voltage margin and improve luminance uniformity as disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 2002/0041157 A1 (Heo), incorporated herein by reference. The widths of the corresponding electrodes for each RBG microsphere may be of different dimensions such that an electrode is wider or more narrow for a selected phosphor as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,657 (Tokunaga et al.), incorporated herein by reference
Photoluminescent phosphor may be located on all or part of the external surface of the microspheres or on all or part of the internal surface of the microspheres. The phosphor may also be particles dispersed or floating within the gas. In the best embodiment contemplated for the practice of this invention, the phosphor is on the external surface of the microsphere as shown in FIG. 3.
The photoluminescent phosphor is excited by ultraviolet (UV) photons from the gas discharge and emits light in the visible range such as red, blue, or green light. Phosphors may be selected to emit light of other colors such as white, pink, or yellow. The phosphor may also be selected to emit light in non-visible ranges of the spectrum. Optical filters may be selected and matched with different phosphors.
Green Phosphor
A green light-emitting phosphor may be used alone or in combination with other light-emitting phosphors such as blue or red. Phosphor materials which emit green light include Zn2SiO4:Mn, ZnS:Cu, ZnS:Au, ZnS:Al, ZnO:Zn, CdS:Cu, CdS:Al2, Cd2O2S:Tb, and Y2O2S:Tb.
In one mode and embodiment of this invention using a green light-emitting phosphor, there is used a green light-emitting phosphor selected from the zinc orthosilicate phosphors such as ZnSiO4:Mn2+. Green light emitting zinc orthosilicates including the method of preparation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,176 (Rao) which is incorporated herein by reference. These phosphors have a broad emission in the green region when excited by 147 nm and 173 nm (nanometers) radiation from the discharge of a xenon gas mixture.
In another mode and embodiment of this invention there is used a green light-emitting phosphor which is a terbium activated yttrium gadolinium borate phosphor such as (Gd, Y) BO3:Tb3+. Green light-emitting borate phosphors including the method of preparation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,481 (Rao) which is incorporated herein by reference.
In another mode and embodiment there is used a manganese activated alkaline earth aluminate green phosphor as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,248 (Rao), peaking at 516 nm when excited by 147 and 173 nm radiation from xenon. The particle size ranges from 0.05 to 5 microns. Rao 248 is incorporated herein by reference.
Terbium doped phosphors may emit in the blue region especially in lower concentrations of terbium. For some display applications such as television, it is desirable to have a single peak in the green region at 543 nm. By incorporating a blue absorption dye in a filter, any blue peak can be eliminated.
Green light-emitting terbium-activated lanthanum cerium orthophosphate phosphors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,349 (Nakajima et al.) which is incorporated herein by reference. Green light-emitting lanthanum cerium terbium phosphate phosphors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,920 which is incorporated herein by reference.
Green light-emitting phosphors may also be selected from the trivalent rare earth ion-containing aluminate phosphors as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,875 (Oshio et al.).
Blue Phosphor
A blue light-emitting phosphor may be used alone or in combination with other light-emitting phosphors such as green or red. Phosphor materials which emit blue light include ZnS:Ag, ZnS:Cl, and Csl:Na.
In a preferred mode and embodiment of this invention, there is used a blue light-emitting aluminate phosphor. An aluminate phosphor which emits blue visible light is divalent europium (Eu2+) activated Barium Magnesium Aluminate (BAM) represented by BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+. BAM is widely used as a blue phosphor in the PDP industry.
BAM and other aluminate phosphors which emit blue visible light are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,959 (Kijima et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,047 (Bechtel et al.), both incorporated herein by reference. The aluminate phosphors may also be selectively coated as disclosed by Bechtel et al. 047.
Blue light-emitting phosphors may be selected from a number of divalent europium-activated aluminates such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,243 (Oshio et al.) incorporated herein by reference.
In another mode and embodiment of this invention, the blue light-emitting phosphor is thulium activated lanthanum phosphate with trace amounts of Sr2+ and/or Li+. This exhibits a narrow band emission in the blue region peaking at 453 nm when excited by 147 nm and 173 nm radiation from the discharge of a xenon gas mixture. Blue light-emitting phosphate phosphors including the method of preparation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,454 (Rao) which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a best mode and embodiment of this invention using a blue-emitting phosphor, a mixture or blend of blue emitting phosphors is used such as a blend or complex of about 85 to 70% by weight of a lanthanum phosphate phosphor activated by trivalent thulium (Tm3+), Li+, and an optional amount of an alkaline earth element (AE2+) as a coactivator and about 15 to 30% by weight of divalent europium-activated BAM phosphor or divalent europium-activated Barium Magnesium, Lanthanum Aluminated (BLAMA) phosphor. Such a mixture is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,187,225 (Rao), incorporated herein by reference.
Blue light-emitting phosphors also include ZnO.Ga2O3 doped with Na or Bi. The preparation of these phosphors is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,217,795 (Yu et al.) and 6,322,725 (Yu et al.), both incorporated herein by reference.
Other blue light-emitting phosphors include europium activated strontium chloroapatite and europium-activated strontium calcium chloroapatite.
Red Phosphor
A red light-emitting phosphor may be used alone or in combination with other light-emitting phosphors such as green or blue. Phosphor materials which emit red light include Y2O2S:Eu and Y2O3S:Eu.
In a best mode and embodiment of this invention using a red-emitting phosphor, there is used a red light-emitting phosphor which is an europium activated yttrium gadolinium borate phosphors such as (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu3+. The composition and preparation of these red-emitting borate phosphors is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,747 (Rao) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,155 (Rao), both incorporated herein by reference.
These europium activated yttrium, gadolinium borate phosphors emit an orange line at 593 nm and red emission lines at 611 and 627 nm when excited by 147 nm and 173 nm UV radiation from the discharge of a xenon gas mixture. For television (TV) applications, it is preferred to have only the red emission lines (611 and 627 nm). The orange line (593 nm) may be minimized or eliminated with an external optical filter.
A wide range of red-emitting phosphors are used in the PDP industry and are contemplated in the practice of this invention including europium-activated yttrium oxide.
Other Phosphors
There also may be used phosphors other than red, blue, green such as a white light-emitting phosphor, pink light-emitting phosphor or yellow light-emitting phosphor. These may be used with an optical filter.
Phosphor materials which emit white light include calcium compounds such as 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF:Sb, 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF:Mn, 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCl:Sb, and 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaCl:Mn.
White-emitting phosphors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,496 (Park et al.) incorporated herein by reference.
Pink-emitting phosphors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,497 (Park et al.) incorporated herein by reference. Phosphor material which emits yellow light include ZnS:Au.
In one embodiment of this invention it is contemplated using a phosphor to convert infrared radiation to visible light. This is referred to in the literature as an up-conversion phosphor. The up-conversion phosphor is typically used as a layer in combination with a phosphor which converts UV radiation to visible light. An up-conversion phosphor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,825 (Asano) incorporated herein by reference.
The phosphor thickness is sufficient to absorb the UV, but thin enough to emit light with minimum attenuation. Typically the phosphor thickness is about 2 to 40 microns, preferably about 5 to 15 microns.
The dispersed or floating particles within the gas are typically spherical or needle shaped having an average size of about 0.01 to 5 microns.
The photoluminescent phosphor is excited by UV in the range of 50 to 400 nanometers. The phosphor may have a protective layer or coating which is transmissive to the excitation UV and the emitted visible light. Such include aluminium oxide or silica. Protective coatings are disclosed in Wedding 158.
Because the ionizable gas is contained within a multiplicity of microspheres, it is possible to provide a custom gas at a custom pressure in each microsphere for each phosphor.
In the prior art, it is necessary to select an ionizable gas mixture and gas pressure that is optimum for all phosphors used in the device such as red, blue, and green phosphors. However, this requires trade-offs because a particular gas may be optimum for a particular green phosphor, but less desirable for red or blue phosphors. In addition, trade-offs are required for the gas pressure.
In the practice of this invention, an optimum gas mixture and an optimum gas pressure may be provided for each of the selected phosphors. Thus the gas mixture and gas pressure inside the microspheres may be optimized with a custom gas mixture and a custom gas pressure, each or both optimized for each phosphor emitting red, blue, green, white, pink, or yellow light. The diameter and the wall thickness of the microsphere can also be adjusted and optimized for each phosphor. Depending upon the Paschen Curve (pd v. voltage) for the ionizable gas mixture, the operating voltage may be decreased by optimized changes in the pressure and diameter.
This invention has been described with reference to a plasma display panel structure having a so-called single substrate or monolithic plasma display panel structure having one substrate with or without a top or front viewing envelope or dome. Single-substrate or monolithic plasma display panel structures are well known in the prior art and are disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,646,384 (Lay), 3,860,846 (Mayer), 3,964,050 (Mayer), and other US patents, all cited above and incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment of this invention, the microspheres are positioned on or within a single-substrate or monolithic gas discharge structure that has a flexible or bendable substrate.
The practice of this invention is not limited to flat surface displays. The microspheres may be positioned or located on a conformal surface or substrate so as to conform to a predetermined shape such as a curved surface, round shape, or multiple sides.
Aspects of this invention may also be practiced with a coplanar or opposing substrate PDP as disclosed in Wedding 158 and Shinoda et al. 500 discussed above.
In the practice of this invention, the microspheres may be positioned and spaced in an AC gas discharge plasma display structure so as to utilize and take advantage of the positive column of the gas discharge. The positive column is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,184,848 (Weber) and is incorporated herein by reference.
The microspheres may be sprayed, stamped, pressed, poured, screen-printed, or otherwise applied to a surface. The surface may contain an adhesive or sticky surface.
Although this invention has been disclosed and described above with reference to dot matrix gas discharge displays, it may also be used in an alphanumeric gas discharge display using segmented electrodes. This invention may also be practiced in AC or DC gas discharge displays including hybrid structures of both AC and DC gas discharge.
The microspheres may contain a gaseous mixture for a gas discharge display or may contain other substances such as an electroluminescent (EL) or liquid crystal materials for use with other displays technologies including electroluminescent displays (ELD), liquid crystal displays (LCD), field emission displays (FED), electrophoretic displays, and Organic EL or Organic LED (OLED).
The use of microspheres on a single flexible substrate allows the encapsulated pixel display device to be utilized in a number of applications. In one application, the device is used as a plasma shield to absorb electromagnetic radiation and to make the shielded object invisible to enemy radar. In this embodiment, a flexible sheet of microspheres may be provided as a blanket over the shielded object.
As disclosed herein, this invention is not to be limited to the exact forms shown and described because changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the following claims.

## Claims

1. In a single substrate plasma display consisting of a single substrate and one or more gas discharge pixels with addressing electrodes, the improvement wherein each pixel comprises a microsphere filled with an ionizable gas, each microsphere being positioned on the single substrate in electrical contact with two or more addressing electrodes.

2. The invention of claim 1 wherein each microsphere is positioned in a well on the substrate.

3. The invention of claim 2 wherein each well extends through the substrate to allow viewing of the gas filled microsphere from both sides of the substrate.

4. The invention of claim 2 wherein the well is smaller in diameter than the microsphere and the addressing electrodes extend to the well and electrically contact the microsphere position in the well.

5. The invention of claim 2 wherein each well is partially filled with an adhesive to retain the microsphere in place.

6. The invention of claim 2 wherein each well extends through the substrate and an adhesive back is applied to the substrate.

7. The invention of claim 2 wherein the electrical contact of each addressing electrode to each microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

8. The invention of claim 1 wherein each microsphere is positioned and attached to the substrate surface with an adhesive.

9. The invention of claim 1 wherein each contact addressing electrode is supplemented with additional conductive material to enhance electrical contact with its respective gas filled microsphere.

10. The invention of claim 1 wherein one or more microspheres contains a gas composition that produces a light in the UV range during gas discharge.

11. The invention of claim 10 wherein each microsphere is composed of UV transmissive material.

12. The invention of claim 11 wherein a photoluminescent phosphor is located in close proximity to each microsphere, said phosphor emitting light when excited by UV from a gas discharge within a microsphere.

13. The invention of claim 1 wherein the display contains one or more phosphors which emit light when exited by photons from the discharge of the gas within a microsphere.

14. The invention of claim 13 wherein the pressure of the gas inside of the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas, the phosphor, and the diameter of the microsphere.

15. The invention of claim 1 wherein the pressure of the gas inside the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas and the diameter of the microsphere.

16. The invention of claim 1 wherein phosphor is located near or on the external surface of each microsphere.

17. The invention of claim 1 wherein each microsphere has a diameter of about 1 mil to about 10 mils.

18. The invention of claim 1 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or below about 760 Torr.

19. The invention of claim 1 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or above about 760 Torr.

20. The invention of claim 1 wherein a source of secondary electron emission is provided inside of the microsphere.

21. The invention of claim 1 wherein each microsphere has an internal and external surface, the internal surface of the microsphere containing a secondary electron emission material.

22. The invention of claim 21 wherein the secondary electron emission material is magnesium oxide.

23. The invention of claim 1 wherein one or more addressing electrodes extends through a via in the substrate to the surface of the substrate.

24. The invention of claim 23 wherein each extended addressing electrode is in electrical contact with a microsphere.

25. The invention of claim 24 wherein the electrical contact between each extended addressing electrode and a microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

26. In a process for fabricating a single substrate plasma display consisting of a single substrate and one or more gas discharge pixels with addressing electrodes, the improvement which comprises positioning each ionizable gas filled microsphere on the single substrate in electrical contact with two or more addressing electrodes to form a pixel.

27. The invention of claim 26 wherein each microsphere is positioned in a well on the substrate.

28. The invention of claim 27 wherein each well extends trough the substrate to allow viewing of the gas filled microsphere from both sides of the substrate.

29. The invention of claim 27 wherein the well is smaller in diameter than the microsphere and the addressing electrodes extend to the well and electrically contact the microsphere positioned in the well.

30. The invention of claim 27 wherein each well is partially filled with an adhesive to retain the microsphere in place.

31. The invention of claim 27 wherein each well extends through the substrate and an adhesive back is applied to the substrate.

32. The invention of claim 27 wherein the electrical contact of each addressing electrode to each microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

33. The invention of claim 26 wherein each microsphere is positioned and attached to the substrate surface with an adhesive.

34. The invention of claim 26 wherein each contact addressing electrode is supplemented with additional conductive material to enhance electrical contact with its respective gas filled microsphere.

35. The invention of claim 26 wherein one or more microspheres contains a gas composition that produces a light in the UV range during gas discharge.

36. The invention of claim 35 wherein each microsphere is composed of UV transmissive material.

37. The invention of claim 36 wherein a photoluminescent phosphor is located in close proximity to each microsphere, said phosphor emitting light when excited by UV from a gas discharge within a microsphere.

38. The invention of claim 26 wherein the display contains one or more phosphors which emit light when exited by photons from the discharge of the gas within a microsphere.

39. The invention of claim 38 wherein the pressure of the gas inside of the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas, the phosphor, and the diameter of the microsphere.

40. The invention of claim 26 wherein the pressure of the gas inside the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas and the diameter of the microsphere.

41. The invention of claim 26 wherein phosphor is located near or on the external surface of each microsphere.

42. The invention of claim 26 wherein each microsphere has a diameter of about 1 mil to about 10 mils.

43. The invention of claim 26 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or below about 760 Torr.

44. The invention of claim 26 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or above about 760 Torr.

45. The invention of claim 26 wherein a source of secondary electron emission is provided inside of the microsphere.

46. The invention of claim 26 wherein each microsphere has an internal and external surface, the internal surface of the microsphere containing a secondary electron emission material.

47. The invention of claim 46 wherein the secondary electron emission material is magnesium oxide.

48. The invention of claim 26 wherein one or more addressing electrodes extends through a via in the substrate to the surface of the substrate.

49. The invention of claim 48 wherein each extended addressing electrode is in electrical contact with a microsphere.

50. The invention of claim 49 wherein the electrical contact between each extended addressing electrode and a microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

51. As an article of manufacture, a single substrate plasma display consisting of a single substrate and containing one or more ionizable gas filled microspheres positioned on the substrate and two or more addressing electrodes in electrical contact with each microsphere.

52. The invention of claim 51 wherein each microsphere is positioned in a well on the substrate.

53. The invention of claim 52 wherein each well extends through the substrate to allow viewing of the gas filled microsphere from both sides of the substrate.

54. The invention of claim 52 wherein the well is smaller in diameter than the microsphere and the addressing electrodes extend to the well and electrically contact the microsphere positioned in the well.

55. The invention of claim 52 wherein each well is partially filled with an adhesive to retain the microsphere in place.

56. The invention of claim 52 wherein each well extends through the substrate and an adhesive back is applied to the substrate.

57. The invention of claim 52 wherein the electrical contact of each addressing electrode to each microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

58. The invention of claim 51 wherein each microsphere is positioned and attached to the substrate surface with an adhesive.

59. The invention of claim 51 wherein each contact addressing electrode is supplemented with additional conductive material to enhance electrical contact with its respective gas filled microsphere.

60. The invention of claim 51 wherein one or more microspheres contains a gas composition that produces a light in the UV range during gas discharge.

61. The invention of claim 60 wherein each microsphere is composed of UV transmissive material.

62. The invention of claim 61 wherein a photoluminescent phosphor is located in close proximity to each microsphere, said phosphor emitting light when excited by UV from a gas discharge within a microsphere.

63. The invention of claim 51 wherein the substrate contains one or more phosphors which emit light when exited by photons from the discharge of the gas within a microsphere.

64. The invention of claim 63 wherein the pressure of the gas inside of the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas, the phosphor, and the diameter of the microsphere.

65. The invention of claim 51 wherein the pressure of the gas inside the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas and the diameter of the microsphere.

66. The invention of claim 51 wherein phosphor is located near or on the external surface of each microsphere.

67. The invention of claim 51 wherein each microsphere has a diameter of about 1 mil to about 10 mils.

68. The invention of claim 51 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or below about 760 Torr.

69. The invention of claim 51 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or above about 760 Torr.

70. The invention of claim 51 wherein a source of secondary electron emission is provided inside of the microsphere.

71. The invention of claim 51 wherein each microsphere has an internal and external surface, the internal surface of the microsphere containing a secondary electron emission material.

72. The invention of claim 71 wherein the secondary electron emission material is magnesium oxide.

73. The invention of claim 51 wherein one or more addressing electrodes extends through a via in the substrate to the surface of the substrate.

74. The invention of claim 73 wherein each extended addressing electrode is in electrical contact with a microsphere.

75. The invention of claim 74 wherein the electrical contact between each extended addressing electrode and a microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

76. In a single substrate plasma display consisting of a single substrate and one or more discharge pixels with addressing electrodes, the improvement wherein each pixel comprises a microsphere filled with an ionizable gas, each microsphere being positioned in a well on the single substrate in contact with two or more addressing electrodes, each well extending through the substrate to allow viewing of the gas filled microsphere from both sides of the substrate.

77. The invention of claim 76 wherein the well is smaller in diameter than the microsphere and the electrodes extend to the well and electrically contact the microsphere positioned in the well.

78. The invention of claim 76 wherein the electrical contact of each addressing electrode to each microsphere is augmented with supplemental conductive material.

79. The invention of claim 76 wherein one or more microspheres contains a gas composition that produces a light in the UV range during gas discharge.

80. The invention of claim 79 wherein each microsphere is composed of UV transmissive material.

81. The invention of claim 79 wherein a photoluminescent phosphor is located in close proximity to each microsphere, said phosphor emitting light when excited by UV from a gas discharge within a microsphere.

82. The invention of claim 76 wherein the display contains one or more phosphors which emit light when exited by photons from the discharge of the gas within a microsphere.

83. The invention of claim 82 wherein the pressure of the gas inside of the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas, the phosphor, and the diameter of the microsphere.

84. The invention of claim 76 wherein the pressure of the gas inside the microsphere is optimized for the composition of the ionizable gas and the diameter of the microsphere.

85. The invention of claim 76 wherein phosphor is located near or on the external surface of each microsphere.

86. The invention of claim 76 wherein each microsphere has a diameter of about 1 mil to about 10 mils.

87. The invention of claim 76 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or below about 760 Torr.

88. The invention of claim 76 wherein the gas is at a pressure equal to or above about 760 Torr.

89. The invention of claim 76 wherein a source of secondary electron emission is provided inside of the microsphere.

90. The invention of claim 76 wherein each microsphere has an internal and external surface, the internal surface of the microsphere containing a secondary electron emission material.

91. The invention of claim 90 wherein the secondary electron emission material is magnesium oxide.

92. The invention of claim 76 wherein one or more addressing electrodes extends through a via in the substrate to the surface of the substrate.

93. The invention of claim 92 wherein each extended addressing electrode is in electrical contact with a microsphere.

94. The invention of claim 1 wherein the substrate is made of flexible material.

95. The invention of claim 51 wherein the substrate is made of flexible material.

96. The invention of claim 76 wherein the substrate is made of flexible material.