J-A26033-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT

OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellant

v.

KEVIN SCOTT BOWER, JR. 

No. 773 MDA 2017

Appeal from the Order April 28, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of Clinton County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-18-CR-0000536-2015

BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON, and RANSOM, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY RANSOM, J.: FILED APRIL 16, 2018

Appellant, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appeals from the court’s 

order entered April 28, 2017, denying its motion to admit evidence of prior 

bad acts pursuant to Pa.R.E. 404(b). We affirm.

As this case has not yet proceeded to trial, the “facts” are confined to

allegations contained within the criminal complaint. See Criminal Compl., 

11/17/15, at 1-4. The complainant, N.D., averred that on August 9, 2015, 

Appellee sexually assaulted her after a night out with friends. Id. at 3. 

Appellee offered to drive N.D., who had been drinking, home. Id. Instead, 

he drove her to a park where he climbed on top of her and held her down. 

Id. Despite N.D.’s protests, Appellee pulled down her jeans, penetrated her, 

and ejaculated inside of her. Id. During an interview with police, Appellee 

initially claimed that N.D. had initiated the encounter. Id. at 3-4. After failing 
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a polygraph test, Appellee admitted he had lied because he was scared and 

that N.D. had not consented to sex with him. Id. at 4.

Appellee was arrested and charged with sexual assault, aggravated 

indecent assault without consent, and indecent assault without consent.1 Prior 

to trial, the Commonwealth filed a motion seeking to introduce, pursuant to 

Pa.R.E. 404(b), evidence of Appellee’s August 31, 2009 guilty plea to indecent 

assault. See Mot. in Limine, 1/20/17, at 1-3; see also Notes of Testimony 

(N.T.), 8/31/09, at 2-7. The Commonwealth argued that evidence of the prior 

plea should be introduced to show a common scheme, plan, or design, and to 

show that the defendant did not mistakenly conclude the victim had 

consented. See Mot. in Limine, 1/20/17, at 3.

In August 2009, Appellee pleaded guilty to indecent assault and 

admitted to the facts contained within the criminal information. See N.T. at 

4. Further, Appellee specifically admitted that on January 18, 2009, he held 

J.G. down against her will, pulled off her sweatpants, penetrated her, and 

ejaculated inside of her. Id. at 4. The criminal information provided further 

details, namely that Appellee was J.G.’s ex-boyfriend and the assault occurred 

at her home after hanging out at a bar. See Criminal Information, 5/26/09, 

at 1. Appellee initially told police that the encounter was consensual. Id. 

In April 2017, the court heard oral argument on the motion. The 

Commonwealth contended that pursuant to Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 

____________________________________________

1 See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3124.1, 3125(a)(1), and 3126(a)(1), respectively.
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A.3d 353 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc), appeal denied, 128 A.3d 220 (Pa. 

2015), the prior conviction was sufficient to show a common plan, as the facts 

in each case were substantially similar. See N.T., 4/27/17, at 4-5. The victim 

in the 2009 case was deceased, and the Commonwealth intended to use the 

guilty plea as a means to introduce the evidence. Id. at 8. Appellee argued 

that the matters were not similar, beyond the fact that Appellee knew both 

women, and that the evidence would be more prejudicial than probative. Id. 

Following argument, the court issued an order denying the Commonwealth’s 

motion.

The Commonwealth timely appealed and filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal.2 The trial court did not 

issue a responsive opinion but relied upon the reasoning outlined in its April 

28, 2017 order.

On appeal, the Commonwealth raises a single issue for our review:

Did the trial court abuse its discretion in denying the 

Commonwealth’s motion to admit other acts evidence associated 

with [Appellee’s] 2009 indecent assault conviction when the facts 

of [Appellee’s] prior case were strikingly similar to the sexual 

assault charged in the instant matter and were admissible to prove 

(1) a common plan or scheme and (2) an absence of mistake or 

consent?

____________________________________________

2

In its notice of appeal, the Commonwealth certified that the trial court’s 

order denying its motion to admit evidence of prior bad acts pursuant to 

Pa.R.E. 404(b) terminates or substantially handicaps the prosecution. See

Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) (permitting interlocutory appeal where Commonwealth 

certifies with its notice of appeal that order terminates or substantially 

handicaps prosecution). Thus, the appeal is properly before us. See 

Commonwealth v. Ivy, 146 A.3d 241, 244 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2016).
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Commonwealth’s Brief at 4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

Essentially, the Commonwealth argues that the two assaults are 

substantially similar such that they show a common plan or scheme. The 

Commonwealth notes that Appellee: 1) targets a female acquaintance after a 

night of drinking before isolating and assaulting her; 2) removes only the 

amount of clothing from the victim necessary to accomplish his objective; 3)

holds the victim down by force; 4) does not remove his own clothing; 5) 

ejaculates inside of the victim; 6) initially portrays the encounters as 

consensual before admitting they were not consensual. See Commonwealth’s 

Brief at 16.

We have previously observed that

[a]dmission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial 

court and will be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court 

clearly abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely 

an error of judgment, but is rather the overriding or misapplication 

of the law, or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly 

unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, 

as shown by the evidence of record.

Tyson, 119 A.3d at 357–58. 

Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of other 

crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admitted for other purposes, such as proof of 

motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence 

of mistake or accident.” See Commonwealth v. Moser, 999 A.2d 602, 605-

06 (Pa. Super. 2010); see also Pa.R.E. 404(b). “[E]vidence of prior crimes 

is not admissible for the sole purpose of demonstrating a criminal defendant’s 
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propensity to commit crimes.” Commonwealth v. Melendez–Rodriguez, 

856 A.2d 1278, 1283 (Pa. Super. 2004). Such evidence is admissible only if 

offered for a non-propensity purpose. Id.

First, the Commonwealth contends that the evidence is admissible under 

the common plan, scheme, or design exception. See Commonwealth’s Brief 

at 16. It avers that the facts of each crime were substantially similar and that 

the evidence is probative of whether N.D. consented to intercourse. Id. at 

24-36. Further, the Commonwealth avers that the 2009 assault is not too 

remote in time and that the probative value of the prior assault outweighs its 

potential for undue prejudice. Id. at 36-42.

When the Commonwealth seeks to admit a prior bad act under the 

common plan, scheme, or design exception, the trial court must first consider 

the details and surrounding circumstances of each incident to “assure that the 

evidence reveals criminal conduct which is distinctive and so nearly identical 

as to become the signature of the perpetrator.” See Commonwealth v. 

G.D.M., Sr., 926 A.2d 984, 987 (Pa. Super. 2007). Matters for consideration 

include “the habits or patterns of action or conduct undertaken by the 

perpetrator to commit crime, as well as the time, place, and types of victims 

typically chosen by the perpetrator.” Id. 

Generally, the court must also consider additional balancing factors, 

including remoteness and potential for prejudice. Id. When considering 

remoteness, if the details of the crimes are “nearly identical,” the court may 

excuse a lapse of time unless it is “excessive.” Id. When considering potential
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prejudice, the court must examine: 1) the degree of similarity between the 

crimes; 2) the Commonwealth’s need to present evidence; and 3) the ability 

of the trial court to caution the jury concerning the proper use of such evidence 

in their deliberations. Id.; see also Commonwealth v. Dillon, 921 A.2d 

131, 141 (Pa. 2007) (noting that unfair prejudice is a tendency to suggest 

decision on an improper basis or to divert the jury’s attention away from its 

duty of weighing the evidence impartially).

Our Court has previously noted that: 

[t]he essential elements of the act of rape, as well as other sexual 

crimes, will necessarily produce any number of similar 

characteristics when two acts of rape are scrutinized for shared 

features, particularly where, as we have here seen, there is 

commonality of roles and situs attendant the criminal episodes.

Commonwealth v. Frank, 577 A.2d 609, 614 (Pa. Super. 1990). Due to 

these “similar characteristics,” our Courts have also looked at additional 

qualities to determine substantial similarity, including the race, age, and sex 

of the victims; the time of day of the crime; the proximity to the defendant’s 

home and between the crime scenes; the manner and location to which the 

victim was taken. Id. at 614-16. 

The Commonwealth relies upon Commonwealth v. Tyson to support 

its contention that the matters are substantially similar. In Tyson, the trial 

court denied the Commonwealth’s motion to admit evidence of a rape that the 

defendant had committed five years prior to the offense for which he was 

being tried. See Tyson, 119 A.3d at 357. An en banc panel of this Court 

reversed, holding that evidence of the prior conviction was admissible under 
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the common plan exception, and to prove absence of mistake or accident and 

that the five-year time period between the defenses was not too remote as to 

be admissible. Id. at 360-63. 

In that case, we noted that the similarities between the allegations were 

substantial, including that: 1) the defendant was acquainted with both 

victims; 2) the victims were of the same age and race; 3) the defendant was 

an invited guest in each victim’s home; 4) the defendant assaulted the victims 

while they were in a weakened state; 5) each victim lost consciousness; 6) 

each victim woke in her bedroom early in the morning to find the defendant 

having vaginal intercourse with her. Id. at 360. Thus, the panel concluded 

that the evidence should be admissible to show that the defendant had a 

common scheme of nonconsensual intercourse with unconscious victims.3 Id.

at 361.

The instant case is not analogous to Tyson. The trial court noted that:

Nothing in the record with regard to the Commonwealth’s 

[m]otion suggests any information regarding the ages, hair color, 

racial characteristics, or any other characteristics concerning the 

alleged victims. Limited information is available concerning the 

prior relationship between the defendant and the alleged victims 

. . . We specifically find the Commonwealth has failed to establish 

sufficient similarities between these two incidents as to make the 

incidents distinctive and so nearly identical as to become the 

signature of the same perpetrator.

____________________________________________

3 This Court also noted that the evidence should be admissible because 

evidence of the prior conviction would belie the defendant’s claim that he 

“mistakenly believed” the victim was awake or gave her consent. Id. at 362-

63. As the Commonwealth raises this issue separately, we will address it infra.
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See Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 4/28/17, at 3. We see no error or abuse of 

discretion in this conclusion. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Miller, --- A.3d 

---, *12 (Pa. Super. 2017) (noting that while crimes were both purportedly 

assaults in similar locations, the factual overlap between the two incidents 

does not go beyond the commission of crimes or conduct of the same general 

class).

Examining the Commonwealth’s list of similarities in detail shows many

similarities common to any sexual assault, but nothing so specific as to 

constitute a common scheme or plan, a signature. See Commonwealth’s Brief 

at 17; contra Tyson, 119 A.3d at 363; see also Commonwealth v. 

Hughes, 555 A.3d 1264, 1282 (Pa. 1989) (finding that numerous similarities 

including race, gender, age, location, means of acquisition of the victim, 

constituted substantial similarities that represented the “unique signature” of 

the defendant). As we do not find that the crimes are so substantially similar 

as to be admissible under the common scheme act, we need not examine 

remoteness or prejudice in detail. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Aikens, 

990 A.2d 1181, 1185-86 (Pa. Super. 2010) (noting that the importance of 

time period is inversely proportional to the similarity of the crimes in 

question).

Next, the Commonwealth argues that evidence of the 2009 sexual 

assault should also be admitted to show absence of mistake or consent. See 

Commonwealth’s Brief at 36. The Commonwealth contends that there is no 

dispute that the defendant and N.D. engaged in intercourse; instead, the sole 
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determinative issue is N.D.’s consent. Id. Thus, evidence of the 2009 guilty 

plea should be admitted to rebut the argument that N.D. consented, because 

the defendant made a similar claim in 2009. Id.

Tyson permitted the admission of the prior conviction to show absence 

of mistake. Tyson, 119 A.3d at 362. The defendant claimed that he thought 

the victim had consented, and the Court held that due to “relevant similarities” 

between the two incidents, this evidence would tend to prove the defendant 

did not mistakenly believe that the victim was awake or gave her consent. 

Id. The conviction should have enabled the defendant to recognize that the 

victim’s physical condition rendered her unable to consent. Id. at 362-63. 

Essentially, the legal consequences of a substantially similar act should have 

put the defendant on notice that consent was at issue.

In Tyson, this Court found that “relevant similarities” between the two 

instances meant that the defendant should be aware of the consequences of 

his actions. Tyson, 119 A.3d at 362. We did not find such relevant similarities 

above. Id. Further, there was little to no testimony regarding J.G.’s consent, 

state of awareness, or lack thereof during the assault such that absence of 

mistake or consent would be relevant. J.G., deceased, is not available to 

provide further testimony on this subject. Accordingly, the prior conviction 

was not relevant to establish an absence of mistake or consent, and the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Commonwealth’s motion. But 

see, e.g., Tyson, 119 A.3d at 363.

Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judge Olson files a concurring memorandum.

Judge Bowes files a dissenting memorandum. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/16/2018