J-S07021-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

BRYAN JOSEPH KNOWLES 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1121 MDA 2023

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 24, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Northumberland County Criminal 

Division at No(s): CP-49-SA-0000011-2023

BEFORE: LAZARUS, P.J., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED MAY 09, 2024

Bryan Knowles appeals from the judgment of sentence imposing $200 

in fines, plus the cost of the prosecution, after the trial court convicted him of 

summary harassment and disorderly conduct.1 He challenges the sufficiency 

of the evidence, and we affirm.

According to the trial court:

[Knowles] pursued a gripe or vendetta against a [state] trooper 

. . . Jason Drumheller. Trooper Drumheller previously arrested 

[Knowles] for an alleged violation of a protection from abuse 

[“PFA”] order previously imposed. 

Thereafter, [Knowles] made complaints about Trooper 

Drumheller to his supervisors and the IAD unit, which were 

unfounded (the Trooper indicated they were frivolous complaints). 

These complaints, and an e-mail about the Trooper initiating a

traffic stop to incite violence, were very distressing to the Trooper. 

He believed the sole purpose of [Knowles’] conduct was to get 

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2709(a)(3) and 5503(a)(2).
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back at him for the arrest, to cause him embarrassment with his 

supervisors, and to negatively affect his career.

[Then, on January 27, 2023], the two ran into each other in 

the lobby of the local post office . . . It was busy with other patrons 

and employees. [Knowles] raised his voice and disturbed the 

Trooper. He stared at the Trooper and said, “I know who you are.” 

It was a scary scene [for] the Trooper. The other parties in line 

were also disturbed by the incident.

Trial Court Opinion, 9/19/23, at 1-2. 

Being in civilian clothes, Trooper Drumheller attempted to pretend that 

he was not a state trooper and that he did not recognize Knowles. However, 

Knowles insisted that he knew Trooper Drumheller; raised his hands over his 

head; raised his voice; and said, “I’m scared, I’m scared.” N.T., 7/24/23, at 

11. 

The postmaster came out of his office to investigate the disturbance. 

“He’s a Pennsylvania State Trooper, and he locked me up. I am scared of 

him,” Knowles said. Id. The postmaster inquired as to what Knowles wanted, 

and he replied, “I just want a book of stamps.” Id. Knowles cut to the front 

of the nine-person line, purchased stamps, and left.

Fifteen days later, the Commonwealth charged Knowles with summary

harassment and disorderly conduct. The magisterial district court convicted 

Knowles of both offenses. Knowles appealed for a trial de novo before the 

court of common pleas. That court also convicted Knowles of both offenses

and sentenced him as described above. Knowles immediately appealed to this 

Court.

He raises two issues:
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1. Is Knowles’s conviction for disorderly conduct under 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(a)(2) supported by sufficient evidence 

when the Commonwealth failed to prove that Knowles 

recklessly disregarded a risk of causing public 

inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm or that Knowles’s 

speech was “unreasonable?”

2. Is Knowles’s conviction for harassment under 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 2709(a)(3) supported by sufficient evidence when the 

Commonwealth failed to show that Knowles’s actions in the

post office were part of a “course of conduct . . . which 

serves no legitimate purpose?”

Knowles’s Brief at 8 (some punctuation omitted). We address each issue in 

turn.

1. Disorderly Conduct

First, Knowles claims that there was insufficient evidence to support his 

conviction for disorderly conduct. In his view, the evidence established neither 

the mens rea nor the actus reus of that crime. Knowles claims there was no 

proof that he “acted with a reckless disregard of a risk of causing public 

inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm.” Id. at 22. Further, he claims that he 

did not make an “unreasonable noise” as our precedents have interpreted that 

term, being a “sound that is ‘not fitting or proper in respect to the conventional

standards of organized society or a legally constituted community.’” Id. at 31 

(quoting Commonwealth v. Gilbert, 674 A.2d 284, 287 (Pa. Super. 1996)).

“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine whether the 

evidence presented and admitted at trial, and all reasonable inferences drawn 

therefrom, viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the 

verdict winner, support the [convictions] beyond a reasonable doubt.” 
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Commonwealth v. Murray, 83 A.3d 137, 150–51 (Pa. 2013). “Whether 

sufficient evidence exists to support the verdict is a question of law; our 

standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary.” Id. at 

151.

In his argument, Knowles focuses solely upon the lack of proof that he 

recklessly created a risk of public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm. 

However, that is only one of the two types of mens rea that the legislature 

provided for the crime of disorderly conduct. The statute provides, “A person 

is guilty of disorderly conduct if, with intent to cause public inconvenience, 

annoyance, or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, he . . . makes 

unreasonable noise . . . .” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(a)(2) (emphasis added). The 

legislature used the disjunctive to dictate that disorderly conduct can be 

committed intentionally or recklessly.

Knowles ignores the possibility that the Commonwealth proved that he 

acted intentionally: i.e., “with intent to cause public inconvenience, 

annoyance, or alarm.” Id. (emphasis added). “As intent is a subjective frame 

of mind, it is of necessity difficult of direct proof.” Commonwealth v. Gruff, 

822 A.2d 773, 776 (Pa. 2003) (quoting Commonwealth v. Roche, 783 A.2d 

766, 768 (Pa. Super. 2001), appeal denied, 568 Pa. 736, 798 A.2d 1289 

(2002)). “Intent can be proven by direct or circumstantial evidence; it may 

be inferred from acts or conduct or from the attendant circumstances.” Id. 

A person acts with intent when “it is his conscious object . . . to cause” a 

specific result. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(1)(i). 
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Here, Knowles entered the post office, saw Trooper Drumheller, and 

deliberately created a commotion by announcing to the entire group of postal 

patrons and employees that he knew who the trooper was. He then said to 

the trooper, “I did time because of you.” N.T., 7/24/23, at 10. When Trooper 

Drumheller attempted to defuse the situation by denying that he had arrested 

Knowles, Knowles persisted, began to raise his voice, and put his hands over 

his head.

Based on Knowles’s disruptive conduct in a post office lobby, the finder 

of fact could reasonably infer that it was Knowles’s conscious object and desire

“to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm . . . .” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 

5503(a)(2). He annoyed and alarmed the Trooper while inconveniencing and 

alarming the other postal patrons and employees in a federal building, a 

quintessential public place. The Commonwealth offered clear circumstantial 

evidence that Knowles intentionally caused inconvenience, annoyance, and

alarm to the Trooper, the other patrons, and employees in public. 

Thus, there was sufficient proof to establish Knowles’ specific intent, one 

of the two possible mens rea elements for the crime of disorderly conduct. 

The Commonwealth needed to prove only one of the two mens rea within 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 5503(a). Accordingly, whether the Commonwealth offered

sufficient proof that Knowles recklessly created a risk of public inconvenience, 

annoyance, and alarm, as he argues on appeal, is irrelevant.

We next turn to his contention that the Commonwealth did not offer 

sufficient proof of the actus reus element – making an unreasonable noise. 
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We find that the evidence was legally sufficient to prove the actus reus, as 

well. 

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has defined “unreasonable noise” 

as “not fitting or proper in respect to the conventional standards of organized 

society or a legally construed community.” Commonwealth v. Greene, 189 

A.2d 141, 143 (Pa. 1963). Relying on the Model Penal Code, this Court has

said that the Section 5503(a)(2) “prohibition against unreasonable noise is 

directed at volume of speech not its content.” Gilbert, 674 A.2d at 287.

In this case, Knowles created a loud enough noise in the post office that 

he forced the postmaster to leave his office and come into the lobby to 

investigate Knowles’s outburst. The conventional standard of conduct in a 

local branch of the Postal Service are those of orderly business befitting an 

executive agency of the federal government.2 The atmosphere in a post office, 

while not as formal as a courtroom or house of worship, is typically quiet and 

reserved. Patrons enter, stand in line for a few minutes, rarely speak with 

one another, briefly interact with an employee at the desk, and leave without 

anything memorable occurring.

Given this societal background of the setting, we hold that there was 

sufficient evidence from which the fact finder rationally could find that Knowles 

made “unreasonable noise” for a post office lobby. Because Knowles elevated

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2 See U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 7 (empowering Congress “to establish Post 

Offices and post Roads.”); see also Postal Service Act, 1 U.S. Stat. 232 

(1792) (establishing the United States Post Office Department).
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his voice to a degree that the postmaster had to get involved and restore the 

orderly functions of the office, there was sufficient evidence that the “volume 

of speech” was unduly loud and disorderly. Gilbert, supra. Hence, the trial 

court could conclude that Knowles’s outburst was “unreasonable noise” that 

was not “proper in respect to the conventional standards of organized society”

inside a local branch of the United States Postal Service. Greene, 189 A.2d at

143.

Therefore, we dismiss Knowles’s first appellate issue as meritless.

2. Harassment

Second, Knowles challenges his conviction for harassment of Trooper 

Drumheller, because he believes his speech and conduct was “constitutionally 

protected.” Knowles’s Brief at 41. Knowles claims he interacted with the 

trooper to seek redress for the grievance of an improper arrest and wrongful 

conviction in the prior PFA proceeding. Thus, Knowles brings an as-applied 

constitutional challenge to Pennsylvania’s harassment statute. However, as 

we explain, he failed to preserve his constitutional claim for appeal.

“The issue of waiver presents a question of law, and, as such, our 

standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary.” Trigg v. 

Children's Hosp. of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 229 A.3d 260, 269 (Pa. 2020).

“Issues not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for 

the first time on appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). This is because “issue 

preservation is foundational to proper appellate review.” In re F.C. III, 2 

A.3d 1201, 1211 (Pa. 2010). Thus, “issues, even those of constitutional 
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dimension, are waived if not raised in the trial court. A new and different 

theory of relief may not be successfully advanced for the first time on appeal.” 

Commonwealth v. Pi Delta Psi, Inc., 211 A.3d 875, 884 (Pa. Super. 2019), 

appeal denied, 211 A.3d 875 (Pa. 2019).

Following his appeal from the magisterial district court to the court of 

common pleas, Knowles neglected to file a pretrial motion for habeas corpus

to assert that the Commonwealth could not constitutionally try him for 

harassment. Moreover, he did not raise a constitutional claim during his 

closing argument. See N.T., 7/24.23, at 32. Nor did he file a post-trial brief 

asserting such a claim. Finally, Knowles failed to file a post-sentence motion 

seeking judgment of acquittal based on the as-applied constitutional challenge

to the harassment statute. In short, he never argued to the trial court that 

the federal or state constitution compelled the dismissal of his harassment

charge or conviction.

Instead, Knowles attempts to attack the constitutionality of his 

harassment charge and conviction for the first time on appeal. Our Rules of 

Appellate Procedure do not permit this. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Thus, we 

dismiss Knowles’s second claim of error as waived. See Trigg, supra.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 05/09/2024