1

The Honorable E. Richard Webber, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri, sitting by designation.

2

The Honorable G. Thomas Eisele, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Arkansas. 

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 09-3095

___________

United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the 

* Eastern District of Arkansas.

Tyjuan Develle Townsend, *

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: June 18, 2010

Filed: August 26, 2010

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Before SMITH and HANSEN, Circuit Judges, and WEBBER,1

 District Judge.

___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

Tyjuan Develle Townsend appeals the 120-month sentence that the district

court2

 imposed after Townsend pleaded guilty to possessing more than three grams

of cocaine base after having two or more final convictions for state felony drug

offenses, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). Townsend argues that the district court
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committed reversible procedural error by failing to adequately explain his sentence

and that his sentence is substantively unreasonable. We affirm. 

I. Background

After Townsend pleaded guilty to violating § 844(a), a presentence

investigation report (PSR) was prepared. Based on a total offense level of six and a

criminal history category of VI, the PSR calculated Townsend's Guidelines range as

12 to 18 months' imprisonment. But the statutory mandatory minimum required 60

months' imprisonment.

At sentencing, Townsend did not object to the PSR; as a result, the district court

"rel[ied] upon the accuracy and truthfulness of the statements [in the PSR] in reaching

[its] decisions . . . ." The district court then engaged in a lengthy sentencing colloquy

and discussion of the factors outlined in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Ultimately, the district

court sentenced Townsend to 120 months' imprisonment. 

II. Discussion

On appeal, Townsend asserts that the district court procedurally erred by

sentencing him above the Guidelines range—the statutory mandatory minimum of 60

months—to 120 months' imprisonment and that his sentence is substantively

unreasonable. 

A. Procedural Error 

The first step in reviewing a sentence is to ensure that the district court

committed no significant procedural error. Examples of procedural error

include: failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines

range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the

§ 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts,

or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including an

explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range.
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United States v. Hill, 552 F.3d 686, 690 (8th Cir. 2009) (internal quotations and

citation omitted). 

In the present case, Townsend "failed to object at sentencing to any alleged

procedural sentencing error." Id. Townsend's failure to timely object to such alleged

error means that "the error is forfeited and may only be reviewed for plain error." Id.

(internal quotations and citations omitted). Therefore, Townsend "must show: (1) an

error; (2) that is plain; and (3) that affects substantial rights." Id. (internal quotations

and citations omitted). "Even if the defendant shows these three conditions are met,

we may exercise our discretion to correct a forfeited error only if it seriously affects

the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings." Id. (internal

quotations, alteration, and citations omitted).

According to Townsend, the district court procedurally erred "by failing

adequately to explain the chosen sentence." See id. at 691. 

Gall [v. United States, 552 U.S. 38 (2007),] sets forth the procedure to

be followed in sentencing a criminal defendant. The district court should

begin by correctly calculating the applicable Guidelines range. The

Guidelines should be the starting point and the initial benchmark, but the

Guidelines are not the only consideration. The district judge should

allow both parties an opportunity to argue for whatever sentence they

deem appropriate, and then should consider all of the § 3553(a) factors

to determine whether they support the sentence requested by a party. 

Id. (internal quotations, alterations, and citations omitted). Ultimately, the district

court 

must make an individualized assessment based on the facts presented. If

he decides that an outside-Guidelines sentence is warranted, he must

consider the extent of the deviation and ensure that the justification is

sufficiently compelling to support the degree of the variance. It is
3

For example, the district court recounted the "offender characteristics sections"

of the PSR, focusing on Townsend's gang involvement and substance abuse. The court

also noted that Townsend "had little or inconsequential employment history."

Thereafter, the district court focused its discussion on Townsend's substantial criminal

history and ultimately concluded as follows: 

The Court notes that, again, the defendant was on parole at the time of

the instant offense, he continued criminal conduct while on pretrial

release, he has a very extensive and serious criminal history which

everybody acknowledges and, frankly, Mr. Townsend, I don't know

there's any reasonable basis for finding that you are sincere in your

protestations that you have changed.

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uncontroversial that a major departure should be supported by a more

significant justification than a minor one. After settling on the

appropriate sentence, he must adequately explain the chosen sentence to

allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of

fair sentencing.

Id. (internal quotations, alteration, and citation omitted). In explaining its rationale for

the chosen sentence and discussing the § 3553(a) factors, 

a district court is not required to provide a full opinion in every case, but

must set forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered

the parties' arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own

legal decisionmaking authority.

Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). 

Our review of the sentencing transcript reveals that the district court "provided

ample explanation of its rationale for the sentence imposed." See id. The district court

extensively cited Townsend's substantial criminal background, the "innumerable

second chances" that Townsend had, the need to protect the public from further

offenses, and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities.3

 Therefore, we
We're talking here, and your mother talks about second chances, but

you've had innumerable second chances along the way and they've been

followed almost immediately with additional criminal conduct. The

Court must also consider the need to protect the public from further

offenses by you and to deter others from following the same course of

action. As I've suggested, one of the objectives is to avoid the disparities

in sentencing among people charged with similar crimes and with similar

criminal histories and criminal backgrounds. I just don't believe the 60

months comes close to the sentence that should be imposed in this case.

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hold that "[t]he district court did not commit significant procedural error, much less

plain error, in explaining [Townsend's] sentence." Id. at 692. 

B. Substantive Reasonableness 

Townsend also argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable because

his conviction "for possession of more than one gram of cocaine base after two felony

drug convictions was a run-of-the-mill case and his guideline range was sufficient but

not greater than necessary to fulfill the sentencing objectives of § 3553(a)." 

Because we concluded that the district court "committed no plain procedural

error," we must now 

consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under

an abuse-of-discretion standard, taking into account the totality of the

circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines

range. In contrast to procedural errors, a defendant does not forfeit an

attack on the substantive reasonableness of a sentence by failing to

object in the district court.

Although we may consider the extent of the deviation, we must give due

deference to the district court's decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the

whole, justify the extent of the variance. The sentencing judge is in a
4

The district court stated, in relevant part: 

Under the offender characteristics sections and particularly in paragraph

43 of the presentence report, in that latter part of the first paragraph, I

find the statement, quote, the defendant stated he became involved with

the Wolff Street crips gang when he was 7 years old. And he was

initiated by being, quote, jumped in, unquote, when he was 8 years old.

He stated he began dealing and abusing drugs at that time.

***

Now, paragraph 47 is important because it reviews the history of your

connection with drugs. I'll read from it. The defendant reported he began

using alcohol at age 12 and was once intoxicated at that age. He stated

he drank alcohol on July 4, 2008. He advised he does not like alcohol

and rarely drinks. He began smoking marijuana at age 13. He advised

that in the year leading up to his arrest, for the instant offense, he smoked

marijuana on a weekly basis. He began using cocaine and crack cocaine

at age 16. He reported he used daily until he was sent to prison.

He stated he was released from prison and stayed sober for

approximately one month before he relapsed and began a, quote, 8 ball,

unquote, or 3.5 grams per day. The defendant stated he began using

ecstasy in 2005 after his release from prison. He stated he generally

consumed ecstasy on the weekends. He stated he was referred to weekly

outpatient substance abuse treatment meetings in Little Rock, Arkansas

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superior position to find facts and judge their import under § 3553(a) in

the individual case. Therefore, the fact that we might reasonably have

concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to

justify reversal of the district court.

Id. at 690–91 (internal quotations, alterations, and citations omitted). 

Here, the district court specifically enumerated the § 3553(a) factors in its

lengthy sentencing colloquy and discussed those factors, focusing primarily on

Townsend's substantial criminal history and drug abuse. 4
parole office in 2005, 2006. On June 18, 2007, and August 20, 2007, the

defendant tested positive for marijuana and cocaine while on pretrial

supervision for a separate offense. He was subsequently referred to

substance abuse treatment at Recovery Centers of Arkansas on July 3,

2007, and he completed the program on November 27, 2007.

The defendant's choice substance is crack cocaine and he admitted it is

the substance that has caused him the most problems. The defendant

stated he tended to associate himself with people who spent money on

drugs. He befriended them and was able to get access to drugs for

himself. He reported he would like to receive additional drug treatment.

***

Paragraph 54 states that by entering a plea of guilty to Count 4 of the

indictment, Mr. Townsend has reduced his statutory exposure to

incarceration from a maximum of 70 years down to 20 years, a

maximum fine exposure of 1,750,000 down to 250,000 and a special

penalty assessment exposure from 400 to 100 dollars. Absent the plea

agreement, the defendant could have been held accountable for a larger

quantity of drugs and he would have been considered a career offender,

thus his total offense level would have been 30 and the sentencing range

would have been 168 to 210 months under the guidelines.

***

The criminal history is set forth starting at paragraph 23 and running

through paragraph 34 of the presentence report. And as I indicated, it

summarizes that you have 18 criminal history points, which now after

your sentencing in Judge Holmes' case would be 20, but in any event,

that would create a criminal history category of VI. There is first a

juvenile adjudication November 24, 1995, with respect to a controlled

substance, but then the adult convictions start at paragraph 24 and the

first is robbery and theft of property.

Count 1 is robbery, which you received a sentence of 20 years. Count 2,

five year imprisonment to run concurrently with Count 1. And it shows

that on May 3, '05, you were paroled, and on July 10, '06, you

absconded, and on 7/12/07, you returned from abscond status. I won't go

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into the details. I've read the details of each of these offenses. Then, also

when you were 18, you were charged and you pled on 1/5/98, pled guilty

to possession of cocaine with intent to deliver in Pulaski County, 120

months imprisonment with 78 months suspended for a total of 42

months. And then the same, parole absconded, and returned to abscond

status followed on. Then on paragraph 26, still age 18, manufacture—

Count 1, manufacture or delivery of controlled substance, Pulaski

County Circuit Court, pled guilty to 120 months imprisonment with 36

months suspended for a total of 84 months imprisonment consecutive to

the term imposed in criminal 97-2964.

Once again, we have the '05 parole, the '06 absconding, and the '07 return

from abscond status. And then paragraph 27 is when you were 19, Count

1, possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, pled guilty,

36 months imprisonment consecutive to time being served, and then the

same results afterwards when you were paroled on 5/3/05. Then, on

paragraph 28 on June 29, '05, when you were age 26, you pled guilty to

Count 1, which was possession of a controlled substance and received

five years probation, a thousand dollar fine, court costs, 60 hours of

community service within 12 months, and driver's license suspended.

Then paragraph 29, there's a conspiracy count, conspiracy to tamper with

witness, and this is the case before Judge Holmes and it shows that on

2/11—that's February 11, '09, you pled guilty to a conspiracy to tamper

with a witness, and I'm advised that you were sentenced on July 20, '09

to 37 months by Judge Holmes. On June 29, '08, there was a domestic

battery charge to which you pled no contest and you had one year in jail.

Then it goes on to compute your criminal history score and added two

points if the defendant committed the offense while under any criminal

justice sentence. And you were on parole when this particular offense

was committed and, therefore, there's a two-level increase. And there

was a one-level increase if the defendant—one point is added if the

defendant committed the offense less than two years after his release

from imprisonment.

And this particular offense, you were released from imprisonment on

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May 3, 2005, and the offense occurred on July 13, 2006, so that would

add up to 18, but I've also indicated that since you've been sentenced at

this present time, the criminal history points would be 20.

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Although Townsend's sentence is twice the mandatory minimum, a district court need

not "justify an extraordinary variance with an extraordinary or equally compelling

justification" as "this line of reasoning is no longer good law after the Supreme Court's

decision in Gall . . . ." United States v. Clay, 579 F.3d 919, 933–34 (8th Cir. 2009).

In Gall, the "Court expressly rejected any 'appellate rule that requires 'extraordinary'

circumstances to justify a sentence outside the Guidelines range.'" Id. at 934 (quoting

Gall, 552 U.S. at 594–95).

After considering "the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of the

variance from the Guidelines range and giving due deference to the district court's

decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on the whole, justify the extent of the variance,"

we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Townsend

to 120 months' imprisonment and that "no basis [exists] for concluding the sentence

is substantively unreasonable." Hill, 552 F.3d at 693 (internal quotations, alterations,

and citations omitted).

III. Conclusion 

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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