* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law

of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation

of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms

and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

APR 5 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MARTIN MADRIGAL-AGUILAR,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 98-2075

(Dist. of New Mexico)

(D. Ct. No. CR-97-606)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before PORFILIO, HOLLOWAY, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

Defendant/appellant Martin Madrigal-Aguilar was an independent trucker,

owning and operating his own tractor trailer rig. On September 10, 1997, he picked

up a load of fig paste in Fresno, California. The product was to be delivered to the

Nabisco Company in Plainfield, New Jersey. On September 12, defendant was

driving the truck with the load of fig paste when he arrived at the Border Patrol

checkpoint on Interstate Highway 25, just north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Border

Patrol Agent Steve Oldman was on duty when Madrigal entered the checkpoint.
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As Agent Oldman asked Madrigal routine questions, Madrigal’s behavior

aroused the agent’s suspicion. Eventually, Oldman asked for permission to inspect

the cargo, and Madrigal consented. When he entered the trailer and inspected the

cargo, Oldman readily noticed that the cartons of fig paste were placed in a pattern

(which he described as being like a “hopscotch box”) which left empty spaces in the

interior of the trailer and that cardboard boxes covered with cellophane had been

placed in some of these cavities. These cellophane covered boxes were quite

different in size and appearance from the other cartons and appeared to have been

carelessly tossed in, in contrast to the carefully placed cartons of fig paste. With

Madrigal’s consent, Oldman opened one of the boxes and discovered marijuana.

Madrigal was arrested. A total of 302 pounds of marijuana was recovered from the

boxes in the trailer after Madrigal’s arrest.

I

Madrigal was indicted on one count of possession of more than 100 kilograms

of marijuana with intent to distribute, a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a). He was

convicted after a jury trial. Because of the quantity of marijuana involved and

because Madrigal had one previous conviction for a felony drug offense, upon

conviction he was subject to a mandatory minimum prison term of 120 months. 21
1The statutory minimum applies when the offense was committed after a former

felony drug conviction had become final. Here, the judgment recites that in 1986 the

defendant was convicted of possession of a controlled substance in state court in California,

for which he was sentenced to jail for 54 days. Because of the impact on the defendant’s

sentence, we have been concerned whether this California conviction was for a felony.

Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 10(e)(2), we ordered supplementation of the record with the

presentence report and the information filed by the government under 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1).

Neither of these documents cites the state statute under which Madrigal was convicted in

1986. We feel the burden must be and is on the appellant to raise the issue if there be any

impediment to the use of this conviction to enhance the sentence in the instant case.

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U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B).1

 Because the sentencing range calculated under the

Sentencing Guidelines was less than that, defendant was sentenced to the statutory

minimum. Madrigal now brings this appeal, raising only the issue of whether the

evidence was sufficient to support his conviction. Our jurisdiction is based on 28

U.S.C. § 1291.

II

We review the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case de novo. United

States v. McDermott, 64 F.3d 1448, 1457 (10 th Cir. 1995). A reviewing court does

not re-weigh the evidence, nor does it 

“ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Instead, the relevant question is

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
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Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979) (quoting Woodby v. I.N.S., 385 U.S.

276, 282 (1966)).

To support a conviction for the offense of possession of a controlled substance

with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a), the evidence must prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly possessed the illegal

substance, and that the defendant had the specific intent to distribute the contraband.

United States v. Reece, 86 F.3d 994, 996 (10th Cir. 1996). Our review of the record

reveals that at trial Madrigal challenged the government’s evidence only on the first

element, whether he was knowingly in possession of the marijuana. Similarly, in this

appeal Madrigal contends only that the evidence was insufficient on this element of

the crime. In essence, Madrigal’s theory is that someone else could have been

responsible for putting the marijuana in the truck and that the government’s evidence

was insufficient to dispel a reasonable doubt because of this possibility. We have

reviewed the record carefully and we disagree with Madrigal’s contention.

The arrangements for Madrigal to transport the load of fig paste were made by

Mr. Steve Serpa, a broker with West Florida Transport, Inc., who was the first witness

called at trial. Madrigal had carried loads for West Florida about six times in the past.

This load was being shipped by a company identified as Valley Fig Growers and was

to be loaded on September 10, 1997, from Valley Fig’s docks in Fresno. Madrigal
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lived in Rialto, which is east of Los Angeles in San Bernardino County, a four or five

hour drive from Fresno.

When Madrigal arrived at the Valley Fig facility he met briefly with the

distribution manager, Malcolm Mitchinson. Mitchinson gave Madrigal a seal which

was to be placed on the trailer’s doors after loading. Use of these seals assures the

recipient that the cargo has not been disturbed in transit from the shipper. Mitchinson

also gave Madrigal a bill of lading, which contained an identifying number for the

seal. Madrigal then proceeded to the dock to have the cargo loaded into his trailer.

Paul Mejia was working on the docks that day and loaded the cargo of fig paste

into Madrigal’s trailer. Mejia testified that he asked Madrigal how he wanted the

cargo loaded and that Madrigal selected the pattern, which Agent Oldman later

described as resembling a hop scotch box. This pattern is used to distribute the

weight of the load evenly over the trailer’s wheels. Tr. 71-72. Mejia testified that the

trailer was empty when he began loading it and that he loaded nothing but sixteen

pallets of fig paste. Id. at 66-67. Mejia said that defendant closed the doors of the

trailer and that he, Mejia, went on to his next task at that time. Consequently, Mejia

did not see whether or not Madrigal affixed the seal to the doors before leaving the

premises of Valley Fig. Id. at 67-68. Both Mejia and Mitchinson testified that at the

time of these events it was the practice at Valley Fig to allow the drivers to affix the
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seals. Id. at 54, 74.

By using documents recovered from the truck after Madrigal’s arrest, including

the log books which all truckers are required to keep, the government was able to

present evidence regarding Madrigal’s activities from the time that he left the Valley

Fig docks until he appeared at the Interstate 25 checkpoint two days later. Mr. Rick

Cox, an inspector with the New Mexico Motor Transportation Department, testified

about his review of Madrigal’s log entries, inter alia. Cox testified that the log book

showed that Madrigal did not actually begin his journey to the East Coast until about

9:00 p.m. on September 11, the day after his truck was loaded at Fresno. Defendant

returned to Fontana, California (which during defendant’s testimony later in the trial

was established to be a town adjacent to Rialto, where defendant lived) where he

parked his truck. The log book showed that the truck remained there almost 24 hours

before Madrigal began the trip. (It is undisputed that during that time defendant

picked up his wife and two small children, who were with him on the journey until

his arrest.) In contrast to this evidence, Mr. Serpa testified that he received a

telephone call from Madrigal on September 11 in which Madrigal said that he was en

route and had reached New Mexico. Tr. 28, 44.

Cox also testified that other documents showed that Madrigal had his truck

weighed in Colton, California, at about 9:00 p.m. on September 11, which would
2The government also introduced evidence at trial that the route taken by Madrigal

was more than 300 miles longer than the shortest route available to him, which would have

been to use Interstate 40 from its western end in Barstow, California, to Albuquerque and

beyond. Instead, Madrigal chose to follow Interstate 10 through Phoeniz and Tuscon until

he turned onto Interstate 25 at Las Cruces, New Mexico just before his arrest. Madrigal

testified that he planned to follow I-25 to Albuquerque where he would turn east on I-40 and

that he had chosen this route to avoid steep climbs on I-40 in Arizona because he had just had

his engine rebuilt and needed to avoid unnecessary strain on the new engine during a break-in

period.

Although the government challenged this explanation and seemed to argue that this

choice somehow bore on the issue of Madrigal’s culpability, and continues to do so on

appeal, we fail to see the connection. The government’s theory was and is that Madrigal

probably obtained and loaded the marijuana during the 22 hours he spent in the vicinity of

his home in the San Bernardino area. The government fails to explain how Madrigal’s

choice of travel plans afterwards has any bearing on the reasonableness of this crucial

inference from the evidence. Nevertheless, we agree that the jury could have reasonably

drawn the conclusion that Madrigal did in fact delay the start of his journey in order to obtain

and load the marijuana before having his truck weighed in Colton.

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have been at the very beginning of Madrigal’s journey after leaving his home. (Other

testimony established that Colton, Rialto, and Fontana are all adjacent communities.)

Cox also testified, based on his previous experience in trucking, that there is a

weighing station south of Fresno, which Madrigal could have used.2

Agent Oldman testified that he was on duty at the primary checkpoint north of

Las Cruces on the evening of September 12 when Madrigal drove up. Oldman asked

him if he was a citizen of the United States, and Madrigal replied that he was. Later

it was determined that Madrigal is a citizen of Mexico who is legally in this country

as a permanent resident. Oldman testified that he noticed Madrigal looking down
3

In this appeal defendant does not contend that his consent was not validly obtained,

nor does he challenge the search on any other grounds. It does not appear that any challenge

to the search was made in the district court, either.

-8-

instead of looking at him as he answered. Oldman next asked Madrigal what he was

hauling. Madrigal then looked at him, smiled and said, “I’m carrying jelly, sir.”

Agent Oldman then asked where Madrigal’s journey had originated, and Madrigal

told him Fresno. After noting the presence of Mr. Madrigal’s wife and asking her

citizenship, Agent Oldman asked to see the “manifest,” the documentation regarding

Madrigal’s trip. Oldman had already noticed that Madrigal seldom looked at him,

and then usually only for a fleeting glance. Now, as Madrigal looked through a stack

of papers for the manifest, Oldman noticed that Madrigal’s hands were “trembling

very violently.” Tr. 88. Oldman also noted that Madrigal’s breathing seemed to be

very rapid and shallow. These apparent signs of nervousness made Oldman

suspicious.

Oldman noticed that Madrigal’s hand was “still shaking violently” as he

presented the manifest through the truck window. Id. at 89. Oldman then walked to

the back of the trailer and confirmed that the number on the seal matched that on the

manifest. Oldman asked Madrigal for permission to search the truck and Madrigal

consented. Id. 90-91.3

 The agent then directed Madrigal to move the truck over to a

secondary inspection area. There, Oldman asked to see Madrigal’s driver’s license
-9-

and noticed that his hands were still shaking as he produced it. Id. at 92.

Upon entering the trailer, Agent Oldman noticed the “hopscotch box” pattern

in which the cartons of fig paste had been loaded, and he also quickly noticed the

other, distinctively different cardboard boxes, as we have already described. Oldman

picked up one of these boxes and took it back to the rear of the trailer where he asked

Madrigal what the box was and what was inside the box. Madrigal responded,

according to Oldman’s testimony, by looking down and mumbling, “I don’t know

what it is or what’s in it.” Id. at 95. Oldman then asked for permission to open the

box. Madrigal’s response was mumbled and unclear. Oldman then asked him for a

definite answer. Madrigal looked up, threw his arms up and said, “Go ahead, open

it.” Tr. 95. The parties stipulated that the boxes contained 302 pounds of marijuana.

Id. at 96.

Madrigal testified that there were two or three people who loaded his truck

while he was working on the trailer’s refrigeration unit. He said that by the time he

had taken care of a problem with the refrigeration unit and gotten it started, the trailer

was fully loaded. Tr. 235-36. He entered the trailer and put in place devices called

“load locks,” which are used to keep the cargo from shifting during transport. He

testified that the dock workers were with him as he did this, and, although this is not

entirely clear from the testimony, he seemed to indicate that positioning the load
4Defendant was asked, “[A]fter the load is placed inside that trailer, you went in there

and put those load locks on there, right?” Defendant’s answer was, “Just that far.” Tr. 259.

-10-

locks required him only to enter the back of the trailer.4

 He testified that he was then

told that he would have to pull the truck forward a few feet so that the trailer doors

could be closed. He said that the dock workers then closed the trailer doors and

affixed the seal.

Defendant testified that he was not nervous when he stopped at the check point

and talked with Agent Oldman. He said that his hands were not shaking and that he

was not even asked to produce any documents until he had already consented to

having the cargo inspected and had moved his vehicle to the secondary inspection

area. Madrigal testified that when Oldman showed him one of the cellophane

wrapped boxes that had been found in the trailer and asked for permission to open

them, that he replied, “Sure, no problem. Go ahead and open it if you want.” Id. at

246. Madrigal denied putting the marijuana in the trailer and testified that he had no

idea how the contraband got there. Id. at 249.

Madrigal testified that receipts he presented at trial showed that the engine of

the tractor had recently been rebuilt on September 2, 1997; that Madrigal was told not

to push the engine too hard and to avoid steep climbs; and that for this reason he
-11-

chose the I-10 route which was flatter, although a couple of hundred miles longer.

Tr. 228-29; 239-40.

Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we

conclude and hold that the evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to find the

defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Madrigal testified in his defense that

someone else put the seal on the trailer before he left the Valley Fig docks. Since the

seal was unbroken when he arrived at the Border Patrol checkpoint, he asserts that the

marijuana must have been put in the trailer by someone else at Valley Fig. The

evidence did show that dock workers like Mejia had access to documents showing

where each load was to be shipped. This is no basis on which we could overturn a

jury verdict, however. As Madrigal concedes, it is not necessary that the evidence

conclusively negate all other possibilities except guilt. United States v. Johnson, 42

F.3d 1312, 1319 (10th Cir. 1994).

In essence, the jury was presented with a fairly straightforward problem of

conflicting testimony, requiring the jury to determine which witnesses were the most

credible. Mejia testified that he loaded no contraband into the trailer and that he had

not seen Madrigal seal the trailer before leaving the Valley Fig loading docks.

Madrigal testified that someone at Valley Fig closed the trailer doors and affixed the

seal.
5Madrigal’s log book showed that he had not hauled any loads for at least ten days

prior to this trip, making it the more unusual that he felt he could afford to delay his departure

on this trip.

6

In other contexts we have held that evidence of nervousness, alone, is of minimal

weight, but we have often considered such evidence in combination with other evidence as

being probative. See, e.g., United States v. Soto-Cervantes, 138 F.3d 1319, 1324 (10th Cir.

1998).

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The jury had other evidence which it could use in resolving the conflicts in the

testimony. The government’s evidence showed that Madrigal had stopped over near

his home for about 22 hours before beginning his trip5 and that he chose to have the

trailer weighed near his home, after this long layover, rather than at the first weigh

station he passed on leaving Fresno. Thus, the evidence cited by Madrigal that the

trailer weighed the same on entering New Mexico as it did when weighed at the start

of his journey in California does not aid Madrigal much, if any. We also think that

the jury could properly consider Madrigal’s nervous behavior at the checkpoint6

 and

the apparent air of resignation in his consent for Agent Oldman to open the cardboard

box (assuming as we must on review that the jury credited Oldman’s version of the

encounter) in determining that Madrigal’s testimony lacked credibility. It is also

noteworthy that Madrigal’s theory of the case would have required the jury to infer

that someone was willing to commit a quantity of marijuana valued at over $200,000

to transport by an unwitting driver.
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We believe that the circumstantial evidence presented in this case did not

require the jury to enter the realm of pure speculation but instead was sufficient to

support rational inferences leading to the conclusion that defendant was guilty beyond

a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Nicholson, 17 F.3d 1294, 1298-99 (10th Cir.

1994) (defendant’s ownership of vehicle in which he was sole occupant, together with

presence of defendant’s personal effects in the vehicle, and defendant’s “false

statements, evasions, and contradictory statements” sufficient to support inference

that defendant knew of presence of contraband). In short, we are satisfied that the

jury’s verdict has sufficient support in the evidentiary record, and accordingly 

the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

William J. Holloway, Jr.

Circuit Judge