Exhibit I 

Case 1:20-cv-00457-ADA Document 38-9 Filed 10/09/20 Page 1 of 4
VMWARE-457 -0000001925 

Case 1:20-cv-00457-ADA Document 38-9 Filed 10/09/20 Page 2 of 4
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 

Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitarive methods at the School of 

Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific Univer ity. He is the author of several 

l:tooks in both Barron's E-Z and Bu iness Review series. He is also the author of Jaw1 

Progrt1111111ing 1fle Easy Way and Dictionary of Mathematics Terms. published by 

Barr n's Educational Serie . Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from 

Yale University. 

Michael Covington is Associate Director of the Anificial Intelligence Institute at 

the University of Georgia. He is the author of several books and over 250 magazine 

articles. He hold the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University. 

Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer living in Athens. Georgia. She is 

the aUihor of Dictionary of Desktop Publishing (published by 'Barron's). 

Catherine Anne Barrett is a graduate of the Lamar Dodd School of An (University 

of Georgia) and a student at University of Kentucky Law SchooL 

Sharon Covington is a graduate of Emory University. 

© Copyright 20l3, 2009,2006, 2003,2000, 1998. 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989, and 1986 

by Barron's Educational Series. Inc. 

All rights reserved. 

o part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in 

any form or by any means without the written pcnnission 

of the copyright owner. 

Barron's l:tooks are available at special quantity di counts to u c as premiums and 

sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, 

please write to the Spec ial Sales Manager. Barron's Educational Series, Inc .. at the 

mailing address indicnted below. 

All inquiries should be addressed to: 

Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 

250 Wireless Boulevard 

Hauppauge. NY 11788 

www.barron educ.com 

ISBN: 978-0-7641-4755-5 

Library of Congress Comrol Number: 2012021295 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Da ta 

Dictionary of computer and internet terms I Douglas A. Downing ... fet al.]. -

Eleventh ed. 

p. em. 

Includes bibliographical references and index. 

ISB 978·0-7641-4755-5 (alk. paper) 

I. Computers-Dictionarie . 2. Internet- Dictionaries. I. Downing, Douglas. 

QA76.15.0667 20 12 

004.03-dc23 

2012021295 

PRINTED I CHINA 

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 

CONTENTS 

hotttl lhl' Author. ..................................................................... ii 

I '11t1 l{l•tulcr ........................................................................... iv 

1 1 llttiiiH y of om puler and Internet Terms ............................. I 

Numbers ................................ ............................................ I 

................................................................................... 6 

B ...................................................................................... 36 

( • ...................................................................................... 69 

1) .................................................................................... 124 

b .................................................................................... l60 

11 .................................................................................... 187 

1 ............ ........ ....... . ........ ........ .... . . . ........................... . ..... 215 

11 .................................................................................... 228 

1 ..................................................................................... 247 

1 ..................................................................................... 270 

K .................................................................................... 278 

L .................................................................................... 282 

M ................................................................................... 303 

.................................................................................... 329 

0 .................................................................................... 343 

p .................................................................................... 357 

Q .................................................................................... 400 

R .................................................................................... 404 

$ .................................................................................... 434 

T .................................................................................... 486 

U .................................................................................... 519 

V .................................................................................... 533 

w ................................................................................... 544 

X .................................................................................... 562 

Y .................................................................................... 568 

z .................................................................................... s7o 

Greek Letters ................................................................. 573 

Visual Dictionary of Character and Symbols ...................... 575 

Country Codes for Top-Level Domains ............................... 580 

How to Stay Safe on the l nternet .......................................... 583 

Case 1:20-cv-00457-ADA Document 38-9 Filed 10/09/20 Page 3 of 4
component 104 

• Polynomial or O(n") if the number of steps is proportional to n 

raised to some constant power. For example, if the computation 

involves comparing each item of input with all of the other items, 

it will take n2 steps. Many sorting algorithms are O(n2) . A program 

that contains k nested loops, each with a number of steps proportional to n, will take time proportional to n•. 

• Exponential or 0(/t') if the number of teps i proportional to orne 

constant k raised to the nth power. This is what happens if the computer has to try arranging n elements in all pos ible sequences. 

Exponential-time computations are generally not practical. 

There are some other pos ibilities; for example, Quicksort takes time 

proportional ton log n, whkh is less than n2. 

In calculating complexity, we ignore factors that become insignificant 

as n becomes large. Suppose a computation requires 112 + 3n + 5 step . 

For sufficiently large n, this gets closer and closer to n2, so we say that 

the complexity is O(n2). 

Beside the time complexity, a computation may require constant, 

linear, polynomial, or exponential amounts of memory. See also COM· 

PUTER SCIENCE; LIMrTS OF COMPUTER POWER; QUICKSORT. 

component any part of a larger system, either software or hardware. Reusable parts of programs are called software components. !For examples of 

how software components are used, see AcrrvEx; COM; CORBA. 

composite video the kind of video signal used in analog TV sets and till 

used in some types of video equipment. The whole signal is transmitted 

on one wire. By contrast, an RGB ignal has separate wires for red, 

green, and blue. See MONITOR. 

compositing the combining of bitmap images from different sources or 

different objects in a single image. The opacity, or ALPHA, of each object 

determines how it combines with objects behind it. See also 

CHROMA-KEYING. 

compound a substance consisting of more than one ELEME. T; for example, 

a water molecule (H20) consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen 

atom. 

compression see DATA COMPRESSION. 

CompuServe a pioneering online information service, which later became 

part of AOL. 

computational linguistics the u e of computers in the study of human 

language, and the study of how to make computers understand information ex pres ed in human languages. See NATURAL LA GUAGE PROCESSING; 

PARS! G. 

computer a machine capable of executing instructions on data. The distinguishing feature of a computer is its ability to store its own instructions. 

105 computer architecture 

This ability makes it possible for a computer to perform many operations 

without the need for a person to type in new instructions each time. 

Computer a link on the DESKTOP or in the START MENU of Microsoft Windows Vista and later versions that contain links to all the disk drives, 

the Control Panel, and other infom1ation about the system. 

Ordinarily, folders are directories. The root directory of a disk drive 

is also a folder. "Computer" is a special folder that gives you access to 

the entire machine. 

In previous ver ion of Windows, this folder was called "My 

Computer." 

computer architecture the design and internal structure of digital 

computers. 

Fundamentally, a computer is a machine that can store instructions 

and execute them. Thus, it consists of two major parts, MEMORY and the 

central processing unit (CPU), which communicate through a set of parallel electrical connections called the BUS (Figure 63). The bu al o connects to input-output device uch as a screen, a keyboard, and disk 

drives. 

Data( 

Address[ 

Central 

BUS processing unit 

(CPU) 

Contro{ 

FIGURE 63. CPU communicates with, memory and other devices via bus 

The CPU spends it time retrieving instructions from memory and 

doing whatever those in tructions say. Each instruction is a pattern of 

bits (binary ones and zeroes, represented by electrical on and off signals). When the instruction reaches the CPU, the CPU must decode 

(recognize) it and activate the appropriate functional unir within the 

CPU in order to carry out the instruction. Functional units include 

adder , multipliers, circuits to compare bit patterns, etc., all of which are 

built from logic gates (for an example, see BINARY ADDrTION). 

The CPU contains REGISTERS to hold data that is being worked on. For 

example, in order to add two numbers, the CPU wiU typically retrieve 

the two numbers from memory into registers, perform the addition, 

place the result in another register, and finally store it back into memory. 

Case 1:20-cv-00457-ADA Document 38-9 Filed 10/09/20 Page 4 of 4