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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 Opinion Number:

3 Filing Date: August 31, 2023

4 No. A-1-CA-38739

5 DAVID N. STANLEY,

6 Plaintiff-Appellant,

7 v.

8 NEW MEXICO GAME COMMISSION

9 and STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

10 Defendants-Appellees,

11 and

12 BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS

13 OF MORA COUNTY,

14 Defendant.

15 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COLFAX COUNTY

16 Emilio J. Chavez, District Court Judge

17 Atler Law Firm, P.C.

18 Timothy J. Atler

19 Jazmine J. Johnston

20 Albuquerque, NM 

21 for Appellant

22 Kerry Kiernan, P.C.

23 Kerry Kiernan

24 Albuquerque, NM
1 Walcott, Henry & Winston, P.C.

2 Donald A. Walcott

3 Santa Fe, NM

4 for Appellant

5 Raúl Torrez, Attorney General

6 Nicholas M. Sydow, Civil Appellate Chief

7 Neil R. Bell, Assistant Attorney General

8 Santa Fe, NM

9 for Appellees

10 New Mexico State Land Office

11 Ari Biernoff, General Counsel and Special Assistant Attorney General

12 Santa Fe, NM

13 for Amicus Curiae Stephanie Garcia Richard, NM Commissioner of Public Lands
1 OPINION

2 ATTREP, Chief Judge.

3 {1} Plaintiff-Counterdefendant David Stanley appeals the district court’s final 

4 judgment dismissing his complaint for quiet title and declaring certain roads 

5 traversing Stanley’s property public under various theories, including by 

6 prescriptive easement. Stanley also appeals the district court’s cost award. Although 

7 we remand for certain, limited findings regarding the widths of the roads deemed 

8 public by prescriptive easement, we otherwise affirm.

9 BACKGROUND

10 {2} The litigation in this case, which lasted nearly eight years, began as Stanley’s 

11 lawsuit to quiet title to his property consisting of approximately 15,000 non12 contiguous acres in Colfax and Mora Counties (the Stanley Property), surrounded 

13 by, and interspersed with, state trust lands. As relevant to this appeal, Stanley’s 

complaint named the New Mexico Game Commission 1 14 and the boards of 

15 commissioners of Mora and Colfax Counties as defendants. The State of New 

16 Mexico subsequently intervened on the ground that it had an interest in preserving 

17 widespread access to state trust lands. The State of New Mexico, the Game 

1

Stanley initially named the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish as a 

defendant, but by agreement of the parties, the district court substituted it with the 

Game Commission. 
2

Commission, and Mora County2 1 all counterclaimed against Stanley, collectively

2 alleging that the public had a right to travel on various roads traversing the Stanley 

3 Property because the roads were public—either by prescriptive easement or pursuant 

to 43 U.S.C. § 932 (repealed 1976) 4 3

—and title in fee simple to one of the roads, 

5 State Road 199, was held by the Game Commission pursuant to Chapter 180 of New 

6 Mexico Laws of 1929 (hereinafter the 1929 Law). Meanwhile, Colfax County 

7 disclaimed any interest in the Stanley Property (other than its inchoate tax lien) and 

8 stipulated to judgment being entered against it. Following an eleven-day bench trial, 

9 including a site visit, the district court entered a judgment dismissing all of Stanley’s 

10 claims with prejudice and granting the State’s counterclaims, declaring that eleven 

11 roads traversing the Stanley Property are public by prescriptive easement, that six of 

12 those same roads are public pursuant to 43 U.S.C. § 932, and that the Game 

13 Commission possesses title in fee simple to State Road 199 pursuant to the 1929 

14 Law. Additional facts relevant to the resolution of this appeal are addressed as 

15 necessary below.

2Unless otherwise relevant, we refer to these parties collectively as “the 

State.”

3

See Rev. Stat. 2477, Act of July 26, 1866, ch. 262, § 8, 14 Stat. 251, 253 

(codified at 43 U.S.C. § 932), repealed by Federal Land Policy and Management Act 

of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-579, § 706(a), 90 Stat. 2743, 2793.
3

1 DISCUSSION

2 {3} Stanley asserts numerous claims of error on appeal. First, Stanley argues the 

3 district court’s judgment should be reversed as to any road located within Colfax 

4 County because the court abused its discretion by not finding the county an 

5 indispensable party that could not be joined. Given the procedural history of this 

6 case, discussed below, we conclude the district court committed no error in its 

7 indispensable-party ruling. Second, Stanley advances numerous arguments why the 

8 district court erred in determining the eleven roads in question public by prescriptive 

9 easement, including that (A) insufficient evidence supports this determination; (B) 

10 certain legal principles negate this determination; (C) even if public prescriptive 

11 easements were established, Stanley extinguished those easements; and (D) the 

12 district court inadequately defined the precise locations and widths of the roads. We 

13 find Stanley’s arguments, other than the one relating to the width of the roads, to be 

14 without merit, and we accordingly affirm the district court’s determination that the 

15 eleven roads are public by prescriptive easement. In light of this holding, we do not 

16 reach Stanley’s argument that the district court’s determination that six of the roads 

17 are public pursuant to 43 U.S.C. § 932 was erroneous. Third, Stanley argues the 

18 district court erred in determining that the Game Commission possesses title in fee 

19 simple to State Road 199 based on collateral estoppel and the State’s failure to meet 

20 the requirements of the 1929 Law. The former argument is not supported by the 
4

1 record and the latter is not preserved. Fourth and finally, Stanley argues the district 

2 court’s award of costs to the State was erroneous. Of the cost award arguments that 

3 are preserved, Stanley fails to convince us that any are erroneous. We take each of 

4 Stanley’s arguments up in turn.

5 I. Colfax County as an Indispensable Party

6 {4} Stanley first argues that the district court’s judgment should be reversed as to 

7 any road located within Colfax County because the court erred by not finding the 

8 county an indispensable party that could not be joined. As Stanley recognizes, our 

9 review of this issue is for abuse of discretion. See Gallegos v. Pueblo of Tesuque, 

10 2002-NMSC-012, ¶ 39, 132 N.M. 207, 46 P.3d 668. Only “when a ruling is clearly 

11 contrary to the logical conclusions demanded by the facts and circumstances of the 

12 case” will we find such an abuse. Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

13 For the reasons we discuss, we find no abuse of discretion.

14 {5} Several years into the litigation, Stanley moved, as relevant to this appeal, to 

15 dismiss the State’s counterclaims on the ground that it had failed to join a necessary 

16 and indispensable party—namely, Colfax County. According to Stanley, Colfax 

17 County was an indispensable party to the State’s counterclaims because the county 

18 would have a statutory duty to maintain any road the district court deemed “public” 

19 within its boundaries. The district court denied Stanley’s motion, but ordered the 

20 State to join Colfax County as a counterclaim-defendant on the ground that the 
5

1 county’s rights and responsibilities might be affected should it eventually determine 

2 any of the roads public. Colfax County was duly served with the counterclaims and 

3 a copy of the district court’s order setting forth its reasoning requiring joinder. 

4 Shortly thereafter, Colfax County moved to be dismissed from the case. Upon the 

5 State’s stipulation, the district court dismissed Colfax County with prejudice. Less 

6 than one month later, Stanley moved for summary judgment on the State’s 

7 counterclaims as they pertained to any roads located within Colfax County on the 

8 ground that the county was an indispensable party that could no longer be joined due 

9 to its dismissal with prejudice. The district court denied the motion, and Stanley now 

10 contends this was error because of Colfax County’s purported statutory duty to 

11 maintain the roads.

12 {6} Stanley’s indispensable-party argument is governed by Rule 1-019 NMRA,

13 see Mendoza v. Isleta Resort & Casino, 2020-NMSC-006, ¶ 33, 460 P.3d 467—

14 authority Stanley fails to mention in his appellate briefing. In resolving an 

15 indispensable-party issue, Rule 1-019 requires district courts to undertake a three16 part analysis. See Gallegos, 2002-NMSC-012, ¶ 39. First, the court must decide the 

17 threshold question of whether the absent party is “necessary” to the proceeding. Id.

18 If the party is not necessary, then they are not indispensable and the analysis is over. 

19 See id. If the absent party is necessary, however, the court must next decide whether 

20 the party can, or cannot, be joined. Id. Third, “if the party cannot be joined, the court 
6

1 decides whether ‘in equity and good conscience’ that party is indispensable to the 

2 litigation.” Id. (quoting Rule 1-019(B)). Only if the absent party is indispensable 

3 should the court dismiss the action for nonjoinder. See id. Because Stanley fails to 

4 satisfy the threshold requirement of establishing that Colfax County was necessary 

5 to the litigation, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting 

6 Stanley’s indispensable party argument, and we do not address the remaining 

7 factors. See Kaywal, Inc. v. Avangrid Renewables, LLC, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 48, 495 

8 P.3d 550 (addressing the first factor only because it was dispositive); Moody v. 

9 Stribling, 1999-NMCA-094, ¶ 15, 127 N.M. 630, 985 P.2d 1210 (providing that the 

10 party asserting relief under Rule 1-019(A) has the burden of establishing the 

11 necessary elements).

12 {7} Under Rule 1-019, a party is “necessary” only if: 

13 (1) in his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among 

14 those already parties; or 

15 (2) he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action 

16 and is so situated that the disposition of the action in his absence may:

17 (a) as a practical matter impair or impede his ability to 

18 protect that interest; or

19 (b) leave any of the persons already parties subject to a 

20 substantial risk of incurring double, multiple or otherwise 

21 inconsistent obligations by reason of his claimed interest.

22 Rule 1-019(A); see Kaywal, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 48 (providing that whether an 

23 absent party is “necessary” to the litigation is governed by Rule 1-019(A)). Nowhere 
7

1 does Stanley argue that complete relief between him and the State could not be 

2 obtained without Colfax County’s presence, as required by Rule 1-019(A)(1), and 

3 we fail to see how that could be the case. Indeed, the district court completely 

4 resolved the claims between the State and Stanley in favor of the State, and the State 

5 does not complain it was not afforded complete relief in the absence of Colfax 

6 County. See Gen. Refactories Co. v. First State Ins. Co., 500 F.3d 306, 313 (3d Cir. 

7 2007) (explaining that the inquiry under the analogous federal rule of civil procedure 

8 considers only “whether the district court can grant complete relief to persons 

9 already named as parties to the action; what effect a decision may have on absent 

10 parties is immaterial”); see also Rogers v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Torrance Cnty., 

11 2020-NMCA-002, ¶ 10, 455 P.3d 871 (relying on the federal construction of a 

12 federal rule of civil procedure as persuasive authority where the language of the rule 

13 closely tracked the New Mexico rule). Instead, Stanley’s argument implicates Rule 

14 1-019(A)(2)(a)—i.e., that Colfax County had an interest in the matter because it 

15 might be responsible for maintaining any roads the district court deemed public, and 

that Colfax County had no ability to protect that interest in its absence.4 16

17 {8} Stanley, however, disregards the procedural history of this case. Colfax 

18 County was joined (at Stanley’s insistence) on the ground that it might have an 

4

Stanley makes no argument that Colfax County’s absence would subject him, 

or any other party, “to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple or otherwise 

inconsistent obligations,” such that Rule 1-019(A)(2)(b) would be implicated. 
8

1 interest in the subject litigation. Colfax County then successfully sought to be 

2 dismissed with prejudice from the case, notwithstanding its knowledge of why the 

3 district court had ordered it to be joined. Thus, Colfax County voluntarily 

4 “[dis]claim[ed] an interest relating to the subject of the action,” Rule 1-019(A)(2), 

5 by absenting itself from the matter, and, by doing so, affirmatively made itself 

6 unnecessary, i.e., dispensable, to the litigation. See Heimann v. Adee, 1996-NMSC7 053, ¶ 25, 122 N.M. 340, 924 P.2d 1352 (holding that a party was not a necessary 

8 party under Rule 1-019(A) where it “specifically disclaim[ed] any interest in the . . 

9 . proceedings”); see also C.E. Alexander & Sons, Inc. v. DEC Int’l, Inc., 1991-

10 NMSC-049, ¶ 14, 112 N.M. 89, 811 P.2d 899 (holding that reversal was not 

11 warranted for failing to join a party where the party “knew of the litigation[,] . . . 

12 was aware of potential claims he might have had, yet chose not to participate and 

13 appears to have indicated expressly his desire not to pursue legal redress”); Altmann 

14 v. Republic of Austria, 317 F.3d 954, 971 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Where a party is aware 

15 of an action and chooses not to claim an interest, the district court does not err by 

16 holding that joinder was ‘unnecessary.’”). 

17 {9} The case of United States ex rel. Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Rose, 

18 34 F.3d 901 (9th Cir. 1994), is instructive. In Rose, as here, the appellant argued that 

19 the district court erred by failing to join an indispensable party. See id. at 907. Also 

20 like here, the absent party in Rose “was originally a defendant in the action, but [it] 
9

1 and the [appellee] stipulated to [its] dismissal.” Id. at 908. The Ninth Circuit rejected 

2 the appellant’s argument, finding it “inappropriate,” given the procedural history, 

3 “for one defendant to attempt to champion [the] absent party’s interests.” Id. As the 

4 court explained, the absent party’s voluntary dismissal from the action was the “best 

5 evidence” that its absence would not impair or impede its ability to protect its 

6 interests. Id. The same result holds true here—it is inappropriate for Stanley to 

7 champion Colfax County’s interests where the county voluntarily sought to be 

8 dismissed from the action after having been joined on the ground that it might have 

9 an interest in the litigation. Put simply, because Colfax County absented itself from 

10 the litigation, it cannot be said that the county was necessary to the litigation under 

11 Rule 1-019(A)(2). See Rose, 34 F.3d at 908.

12 {10} Stanley cites Percha Creek Mining, LLC v. Fust, 2008-NMCA-100, 144 N.M. 

13 569, 189 P.3d 702, in support of his argument that the district court erred in not 

14 finding Colfax County an indispensable party. Specifically, Stanley contends that, 

15 under Percha Creek Mining, Colfax County will be adversely affected by the district 

16 court’s judgment because it will have a statutory duty to maintain any roads deemed 

17 “public” by the district court. For its part, the State relies on Kaywal and McGarry 

18 v. Scott, 2003-NMSC-016, 134 N.M. 32, 72 P.3d 608, to distinguish Percha Creek 

19 Mining and to argue that Colfax County has no duty to maintain the particular roads 
10

deemed public by prescriptive easement.5 1 The parties’ arguments, however, wholly 

2 overlook the critical question of whether Colfax County’s absence from the litigation 

3 would impair or impede its ability to protect any interest that it claimed in the 

4 litigation. See Rule 1-019(A)(2)(a). As discussed, Colfax County’s “voluntary 

5 dismissal indicates that [the county] [it]self did not feel that it was necessarily in [its] 

6 interest to remain a party in this action. This is the best evidence that [the county’s] 

7 absence would not impair or impede [its] ability to protect [its] interests.” See Rose, 

8 34 F.3d at 908. In short, the district court did not abuse its discretion by finding that 

9 Colfax County was not an indispensable party, and thus the court did not err in 

10 entering judgment in the county’s absence as to any road in Colfax County.

5

We note the State’s compelling argument as to why a county has no statutory 

obligation to maintain a road deemed public merely by prescriptive easement. See 

Kaywal, 2021-NMCA-037, ¶ 57 (providing that a finding that a road is public by 

prescriptive easement could not be used as a “sword” to impose maintenance 

obligations on a county absent formal acceptance of the road by the county). But see 

Percha Creek Mining, 2008-NMCA-100, ¶ 17 (concluding in dicta “that a 

declaration of a prescriptive public easement” would impose maintenance 

obligations on a county, but only because the Court was not presented with a more 

detailed argument to the contrary). Because a determination of this issue is 

unnecessary to our disposition, however, we do not opine about Colfax County’s 

statutory duty, or lack thereof, to maintain any of the roads deemed public by 

prescriptive easement. See OR&L Constr., L.P. v. Mountain States Mut. Cas. Co., 

2022-NMCA-035, ¶ 46, 514 P.3d 40 (“It is not our practice to address issues 

unnecessary for the disposition of an appeal.”).
11

1 II. Public Roads by Prescriptive Easement

2 {11} Stanley next makes various arguments why the district court erred in 

3 determining that the eleven roads at issue in this case are public by prescriptive 

4 easement, including that (A) insufficient evidence supports this determination; (B) 

5 certain legal principles negate this determination; (C) even if public prescriptive 

6 easements were established, Stanley extinguished them; and (D) the district court 

7 inadequately defined the precise locations and widths of the roads. We address these 

8 arguments in turn.

9 A. Stanley Does Not Mount a Valid Sufficiency of the Evidence Challenge

10 {12} Stanley contends that the State failed to prove public prescriptive easements 

over the eleven roads at issue in this case.6 11 Because, as we discuss, Stanley does not 

12 mount a valid sufficiency challenge, his argument fails.

13 {13} To resolve this issue, “we decide whether substantial evidence supports the 

14 district court’s findings and whether these findings support the conclusions that the 

15 elements required to establish a public easement by prescription were . . . proved by 

16 clear and convincing evidence.” Algermissen v. Sutin, 2003-NMSC-001, ¶ 9, 133 

6

Stanley takes an all-or-nothing approach in contending that the State did not 

prove public prescriptive easements. That is, Stanley does not challenge the findings 

as to any specific road, but instead appears to make a global challenge to all eleven 

roads. We accordingly do not endeavor to determine whether the evidence was 

sufficient to support a public prescriptive easement over some of the roads, but not 

others.
12

1 N.M. 50, 61 P.3d 176. To be clear and convincing, the evidence “must instantly tilt 

2 the scales in the affirmative when weighed against the evidence in opposition and 

3 the fact finder’s mind [must be] left with the abiding conviction that the evidence is 

4 true.” Brannock v. Lotus Fund, 2016-NMCA-030, ¶ 25, 367 P.3d 888 (internal 

5 quotation marks and citation omitted). Notwithstanding this heightened burden of 

6 proof, “it is for the finder of fact, and not for reviewing courts, to weigh conflicting 

7 evidence and decide where the truth lies.” McFarland Land & Cattle Inc. v. Caprock 

8 Solar 1, LLC, ___-NMSC-___, ¶ 8, ___P.3d___ (S-1-SC-38934 July 13, 2023) 

9 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We thus “review the evidence in the 

10 light most favorable to the prevailing party, indulging all reasonable inferences in 

11 support of the [judgment] and disregarding all inferences or evidence to the 

12 contrary.” Ulibarri v. Jesionowski, 2023-NMCA-008, ¶ 52, 523 P.3d 624 (internal 

13 quotation marks and citation omitted); see also McFarland Land & Cattle, ___-

14 NMSC-___, ¶ 23 (“The question is not whether substantial evidence would have 

15 supported an opposite result; it is whether such evidence supports the result 

16 reached.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

17 {14} To establish a public prescriptive easement over the eleven roads, the State 

18 had to establish by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the general public, (2) 

19 used the roads adversely, (3) in an open or notorious manner, (4) for at least ten 

20 continuous years. Algermissen, 2003-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 9-10. To satisfy its burden, the 
13

1 State called numerous witnesses who testified to the usage of the roads for various 

2 purposes as far back as the 1930s. Several of the witnesses testified it was common 

3 knowledge that the roads were public and none intimated that permission to use the 

roads was sought from, or given by, Stanley’s predecessors. 7 4 The district court 

5 issued scores of findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant to its determination 

6 that there exists public easements by prescription over the eleven roads. We do not 

7 endeavor to summarize all the district court’s findings, but set forth those that are 

8 relevant to our analysis and that most directly establish the elements of a public 

9 prescriptive easement, see id.:

10 [T]he . . . eleven roads were utilized by the public for a period of at least 

11 ten years, prior to the acquisition of portions of what is now the Stanley 

12 Property by . . . Stanley’s father in 1980. 

13 The State’s witnesses established by unrebutted testimony that the 

14 public has used the eleven . . . roads for a number of purposes over the 

15 past approximately 50-80 years, including travel to obtain provisions 

16 and sell lumber or agricultural produce; attending school, Mass or 

17 church services; work related to cattle ranching; gathering natural 

18 resources like wood, fruit and shed antlers; visiting relatives and 

19 friends; visiting locations of familial significance (such as birthplaces 

20 and grave sites); hunting, and recreation. 

21 . . . 

22 The State’s witnesses established by unrebutted testimony that their use 

23 of the . . . roads has been open and notorious, as opposed to concealed. 

7

Stanley’s father purchased the property in April 1980, and Stanley obtained 

it from his father around 2000.
14

1 The State’s witnesses established by unrebutted testimony that their use 

2 of the . . . roads has been adverse, i.e., has not at any point in time been 

3 permissive. . . . [T]here can be no evidence of any permission by 

4 Stanley prior to 1980, when his father first acquired portions of what is 

5 now the Stanley Property. 

6 The State’s witnesses established by unrebutted testimony that their use 

7 of the . . . roads was not effectively interrupted at any point in time prior 

8 to 1980. (Emphasis omitted.) 

9 {15} We generally require appellants contesting the sufficiency of a court’s 

10 findings “to marshal all of the evidence in support of the findings and then 

11 demonstrate that even if the evidence is viewed in a light most favorable to the 

12 decision reached below, together with all reasonable inferences attendant thereto, 

13 the evidence is insufficient to support the findings.” Maloof v. San Juan Cnty. 

14 Valuation Protests Bd., 1992-NMCA-127, ¶ 18, 114 N.M. 755, 845 P.2d 849. We 

15 also require appellants to “set forth a specific attack on any finding,” Rule 12-

16 318(A)(4) NMRA, and to present “an organized, lucid argument,” State ex rel. Foy 

17 v. Vanderbilt Cap. Advisors, LLC, 2022-NMCA-026, ¶ 27, 511 P.3d 329. See also 

18 Sanchez v. Saylor, 2000-NMCA-099, ¶¶ 82-84, 129 N.M. 742, 13 P.3d 960 

19 (rejecting a substantial evidence challenge because the appellant “fail[ed] to identify 

20 in the record any evidence that might support the [district] court’s findings” and did 

21 not “tie[] the evidence to the court’s findings in a manner remotely helpful to this 

22 Court”). Summarizing the evidence and making a generalized assertion that the 

23 evidence does not support the district court’s findings of fact, without directly 
15

1 attacking them, is insufficient. See Tres Ladrones, Inc. v. Fitch, 1999-NMCA-076, 

2 ¶ 17, 127 N.M. 437, 982 P.2d 488 (rejecting the contention that no evidence 

3 supported a finding because the appellant failed to properly attack the finding).

4 {16} In this case, Stanley spends several pages summarizing his testimony and that 

5 of the State’s witnesses, and highlighting evidence he thinks important to his 

position.8 6 Based on this evidence, Stanley baldly asserts that twenty-four of the 

7 district court’s findings “are challenged and are unsupportable.” Not only does 

8 Stanley fail to set forth the evidence in the light most favorable to the outcome below 

9 and then cogently explain in a manner helpful to this Court why the evidence 

10 presented at trial is insufficient to support the district court’s findings, but his 

11 generalized assertion does not come close to directly attacking the district court’s 

12 findings with specificity. See Jacob v. Spurlin, 1999-NMCA-049, ¶ 27, 127 N.M. 

13 127, 978 P.2d 334 (“[A] statement without argument is not sufficient to challenge a 

14 finding.”). 

8

Stanley’s testimony is irrelevant to our analysis for a couple of reasons. First, 

although we “may consider all the evidence in [a sufficiency] review,” McFarland 

Land & Cattle, ___-NMSC-___, ¶ 23, we typically concern ourselves only with the 

evidence supporting the district court’s findings, see Aspen Landscaping, Inc. v. 

Longford Homes of N.M., Inc., 2004-NMCA-063, ¶ 28, 135 N.M. 607, 92 P.3d 53 

(“To the extent that the evidence on a particular issue was conflicting, we disregard 

evidence and inferences that are contrary to the trial court’s finding.”). Second, by 

his own admission, Stanley has no personal knowledge of what transpired in the 

decades before his father acquired the property in 1980, and the district court’s 

findings establishing public prescriptive easements are grounded in events occurring 

prior to 1980. 
16

1 {17} As a consequence, the district court’s findings—including those set forth 

2 above that satisfy the elements of a public prescriptive easement—stand. See Baker 

3 v. Endeavor Servs., Inc., 2018-NMSC-035, ¶ 2, 428 P.3d 265 (“Unless findings are 

4 directly attacked, they are the facts in th[e appellate] court, and a party claiming error 

5 on the part of the trial court must be able to point clearly to the alleged error.” 

6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

7 B. The Legal Principles Identified by Stanley Do Not Negate the District 

8 Court’s Determinations 

9 {18} Stanley next identifies “three legal principles” he contends negate the district 

10 court’s determinations as to two of the four elements of a public prescriptive 

11 easement—namely, adverse use and use by the general public. Even overlooking the 

12 above-identified shortcomings of Stanley’s sufficiency challenge, his reliance on the 

13 legal principles he identifies is unavailing. We explain.

14 1. The Neighbor Accommodation Doctrine

15 {19} Stanley first contends the district court should not have found adverse use 

16 under the “neighbor accommodation doctrine.” “[A]dverse use is a use made without 

17 the consent of the landowner.” Algermissen, 2003-NMSC-001, ¶ 11. Because 

18 adverse use may be difficult to prove due to the passage of time, the law allows for 

19 a presumption of adverse use where all the other elements of a prescriptive easement 

20 are met and there is no evidence of express or implied permission by the landowner. 

21 See id. ¶¶ 12-13. The district court relied on this presumption because none of the 
17

1 State’s witnesses testified that they sought or received permission to travel on the 

2 roads, and no evidence was presented at trial that such permission was given. Under 

3 the neighbor accommodation doctrine, however, “a court should not presume 

4 adverse use when the claimed right-of-way traverses large bodies of open, 

unenclosed, and sparsely populated privately-owned land.” 9 5 Id. ¶ 16 (internal 

6 quotation marks and citation omitted). But the doctrine applies only where the 

7 landowners “could not reasonably know of passings over said lands.” Id. ¶ 17 

8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The party seeking application of the 

9 doctrine—in this case, Stanley—has “the burden of producing evidence that the 

10 [neighbor accommodation doctrine] is applicable.” Scholes v. Post Off. Canyon 

11 Ranch, Inc., 1992-NMCA-078, ¶ 8, 115 N.M. 410, 852 P.2d 683. 

12 {20} The district court here did not apply the neighbor accommodation doctrine 

13 because it determined (1) the State presented sufficient evidence establishing 

14 Stanley’s predecessors knew, or should have known, that members of the public 

15 were using the roads, and (2) Stanley failed in his burden of producing evidence 

16 establishing the applicability of the neighbor accommodation doctrine in accordance 

9At one point in his discussion of the neighbor accommodation doctrine, 

Stanley contends that the doctrine “defeat[s] the concept of open or notorious use of 

the roads.” But as Algermissen makes clear, the doctrine implicates the element of 

adverse use, not that the use be in an open or notorious manner. See 2003-NMSC001, ¶ 16.
18

1 with Scholes. We detect no error in the district court’s decision not to apply the 

2 neighbor accommodation doctrine. 

3 {21} Stanley maintains the evidence established that Stanley’s predecessors “were 

4 not aware, nor had reason to be, of any members of the general public using the 

5 roads,” but fails to cite any evidence in support. “Where a party fails to cite any 

6 portion of the record to support its factual allegations, the Court need not consider 

7 its argument on appeal.” Wachoki v. Bernalillo Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 2010-NMCA8 021, ¶ 15, 147 N.M. 720, 228 P.3d 504; see also Corona v. Corona, 2014-NMCA9 071, ¶ 26, 329 P.3d 701 (declining to review a contention that a finding was in error 

10 because the appellant did not direct the Court to contrary evidence). To the extent 

11 Stanley relies on one of the State’s witnesses who testified that on a couple of 

12 occasions in 1963 he met one of Stanley’s predecessors “while he was traveling the 

13 roads,” we are not persuaded. The testimony supports, rather than detracts from, the 

14 district court’s finding that Stanley’s “predecessors in interest knew, or should have 

15 known, that members of the public were traveling on the claimed roads across the 

16 Stanley Property.” We accordingly reject Stanley’s reliance on the neighbor 

17 accommodation doctrine. 

18 2. The General Public’s Use of the Roads

19 {22} Next, Stanley argues, “Other than local neighbors and their friends or invitees, 

20 the only other road users in this case were hunters with required licenses and 
19

1 individuals with a recreational permit.” Stanley maintains that such a limited class 

2 of persons does not equate to “the general public.” As set forth above, however, the 

3 district court found that “the public has used the . . . roads for a number of purposes 

4 over the past approximately 50-80 years, including travel to obtain provisions and 

5 sell lumber or agricultural produce; attending school, Mass or church services; work 

6 related to cattle ranching; gathering natural resources like wood, fruit and shed 

7 antlers; visiting relatives and friends; visiting locations of familial significance (such 

8 as birthplaces and grave sites); hunting, and recreation.” Although perhaps not 

9 explicit, the clear implication from this finding is that a much broader class of 

10 persons used the roads than Stanley suggests. See Sunnyland Farms, Inc. v. Cent. 

11 N.M. Elec. Coop., Inc., 2013-NMSC-017, ¶ 41, 301 P.3d 387 (interpreting a district 

12 court’s findings generously and considering an implicit finding when reviewing for 

13 substantial evidence); see also Dawley v. La Puerta Architectural Antiques, Inc., 

14 2003-NMCA-029, ¶ 19, 133 N.M. 389, 62 P.3d 1271 (“If, from the facts found, the 

15 other necessary facts may be reasonably inferred, the judgment will not be 

16 disturbed.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 

17 {23} Moreover, as just clarified by our Supreme Court, even though “[t]he public 

18 character of a road must arise independently from the landowner’s business and 

19 invitees[,] . . . [n]eighbors and their invitees are a class of the public, and evidence 

20 of their use can be considered along with other evidence of a road’s public 
20

1 character.” McFarland Land & Cattle, ___-NMSC-___, ¶ 16. That is, “It does not 

2 make sense to conclude that a road with a clear reputation as public is made less so 

3 because neighbors use the road or because a claimant does not show a minimum 

4 amount of use by other members of the public.” Id. All a claimant need prove is “that 

5 use of the road in question was free and common to all who had occasion to use it 

6 as a public highway.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Such 

7 evidence exists in this case. Here, there was evidence to support the district court’s 

8 findings that “the public,” for decades prior to Stanley’s father’s acquisition of the 

9 property, freely traveled over the roads in question, and several witnesses testified 

10 that the roads were commonly understood to be open to the public. This is sufficient 

11 to support the district court’s finding that the general public used the roads. See id. 

12 We accordingly reject Stanley’s argument relating to the general public’s use of the 

13 roads. 

14 3. Recreational Use

15 {24} Lastly, relying on out-of-jurisdiction authority, Stanley argues, “[E]ven if it is 

16 determined that the general public used the roads prior to 1980, such public 

17 recreational use of unposted open fields and woodlands is presumed permissive.” 

18 But see Algermissen, 2003-NMSC-001, ¶ 26 (observing that there is “no support in 

19 our cases” for the rule that “a prescriptive easement can never exist if its sole purpose 

20 is for recreation or the convenience of those who use it”). Stanley’s argument, 
21

1 however, ignores the fact that the district court expressly found the public used the 

2 roads for many non-recreational purposes, as just discussed. Nowhere does Stanley 

3 properly attack this finding and contend that the evidence was insufficient to support 

4 it. This finding thus stands. See Lerma v. Romero, 1974-NMSC-089, ¶ 2, 87 N.M. 

5 3, 528 P.2d 647 (“This Court will not second-guess the trial court in its findings of 

6 fact and will accept them as the findings in this Court, since they are not directly

7 attacked.”); Rule 12-318(A)(4) (“The argument shall set forth a specific attack on 

8 any finding, or the finding shall be deemed conclusive.”). Because of this, we reject 

9 Stanley’s invitation to consider non-binding authority pertaining to whether the use 

10 of a road solely for recreational purposes is to be presumed permissive. 

11 {25} For the foregoing reasons, Stanley’s reliance on the “three legal principles” 

12 he identifies in his briefing is unavailing. The district court’s determination that 

13 public easements by prescription were created over the eleven roads in question 

14 stands. See Corona, 2014-NMCA-071, ¶ 26 (“The appellate court presumes that the 

15 district court is correct, and the burden is on the appellant to clearly demonstrate that 

16 the district court erred.”).

17 C. Stanley’s Argument Pertaining to the Extinguishment of the Easements

18 Is Not Persuasive

19 {26} Stanley next argues that even if public prescriptive easements were 

20 established over the eleven roads, the district court should have found that his actions 

21 after 1980 prescriptively extinguished the easements. We are not persuaded. 
22

1 {27} In support of his extinguishment argument, Stanley largely reiterates a set of 

2 facts he proposed that the district court rejected. But see Jones v. Beavers, 1993-

3 NMCA-100, ¶ 18, 116 N.M. 634, 866 P.2d 362 (“The trial court’s refusal to adopt 

4 the requested findings of fact is tantamount to a finding against [the party] on each 

5 of these factual issues.”). Then, briefly referencing Luevano v. Maestas, 1994-

6 NMCA-051, 117 N.M. 580, 874 P.2d 788, for the proposition that a prescriptive 

7 easement may be extinguished if the use of the easement is frustrated continuously 

8 for ten years, Stanley asserts that his actions since 1980 accomplished that purpose. 

9 The State responds, in relevant part, by arguing that (1) Luevano stands at most only 

10 for the proposition that a private, not a public, prescriptive easement may be 

extinguished,10 11 and (2) extinguishment of a public prescriptive easement is generally 

12 prohibited by law. In support, the State cites, among other authorities, Martinez v. 

13 Cook, 1952-NMSC-034, 56 N.M. 343, 244 P.2d 134, in which our Supreme Court 

14 held that “the rights of the public in a street or alley cannot be divested by adverse 

10Luevano stated the general proposition that a landowner may extinguish an 

easement through “continuous and uninterrupted” adverse use for the prescriptive 

period, but had no occasion to apply that principle. 1994-NMCA-051, ¶ 13. This 

Court recently held in Mimbres Hot Springs Ranch, Inc. v. Vargas, ___-NMCA-___, 

___P.3d___ (A-1-CA-39046 Mar. 20, 2023), cert. denied (S-1-SC-39885, June 27, 

2023), that “an easement will be prescriptively extinguished, partially or completely, 

if the servient owner adversely uses the property in an open or notorious manner 

continuously for the prescriptive period.” Id. ¶ 1. Mimbres Hot Springs Ranch, 

however, did not involve a public prescriptive easement. See id. ¶ 2 (describing the 

private easement over a road that had been granted to the defendant’s predecessor). 
23

1 possession of another for the statutory period unless the public use has been 

2 abandoned.” Id. ¶ 21 (emphasis added); accord State ex rel. State Highway Comm’n

3 v. Myers, 1963-NMSC-117, ¶ 4, 72 N.M. 319, 383 P.2d 274 (“It is well settled that 

4 when an easement has been acquired for public use, . . . such easement is 

5 extinguished if the public use is subsequently abandoned.”). In reply, Stanley ignores 

6 the State’s reliance on Martinez and does not address the issue of abandonment. In 

7 light of these omissions, Stanley fails to persuade us that the district court erred in 

finding he did not extinguish the public prescriptive easements. 11 8 See Delta 

9 Automatic Sys., Inc. v. Bingham, 1999-NMCA-029, ¶ 31, 126 N.M. 717, 974 P.2d 

10 1174 (providing that when a reply brief does not address an argument made in an 

11 answer brief, and the argument is not otherwise addressed in the brief in chief, “a 

12 failure to respond constitutes a concession on the matter”); Corona, 2014-NMCA13 071, ¶ 26; cf. Sitterly v. Matthews, 2000-NMCA-037, ¶ 22, 129 N.M. 134, 2 P.3d 

14 871 (providing that the issue of whether an easement has been abandoned is a 

15 question of fact reviewed for substantial evidence).

11To be clear, we do not hold in this case that a landowner may never, as a 

matter of law, prescriptively extinguish a public prescriptive easement absent 

abandonment of public use. We instead resolve this issue on the ground that Stanley 

did not respond to the State’s facially compelling argument. As this Court stated in 

Delta Automatic, we have “no duty to search the record or research the law to 

‘defend’ in a civil case a party that fails to defend itself on an issue.” 1999-NMCA029, ¶ 31. 
24

1 D. We Uphold the District Court’s Road Location Determinations but 

2 Remand to the District Court to Make Width Determinations

3 {28} Lastly, Stanley argues the district court erred by failing to adequately define 

4 the precise locations and widths of the eleven roads. We agree with Stanley that New 

5 Mexico law required the district court to make findings regarding the locations and 

6 widths of the roads. See Jicarilla Apache Tribe v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 1993-

7 NMCA-094, ¶¶ 50, 52, 116 N.M. 320, 862 P.2d 428, rev’d on other grounds, 1994-

8 NMSC-104, 118 N.M. 550, 883 P.2d 136. As we explain, the district court’s findings 

9 as to the locations of the roads were adequate, but the district court erred by not 

10 making width determinations.

11 {29} In setting forth the locations of the eleven roads at issue in this case, the district 

12 court provided that they “exist on the ground as they are shown, designated and 

13 identified” on a composite map prepared by Stephen J. Toler, the State’s expert 

14 surveyor, and described in an 83-page expert report prepared by Mr. Toler (the Toler 

15 Report). Mr. Toler prepared the composite map and the Toler Report after spending 

16 several days in the field surveying approximately 100 miles of roads and collecting 

17 over 18,000 GPS data points with an approximate accuracy of 1.5 meters. Mr. Toler 

18 then downloaded these data into a software program where the software “connected 

19 the dots” to form the roadway centerlines and overlaid the mapped roads onto United 

20 States Geological Survey 1:24000 quadrangle maps. For each of the eleven roads, 

21 the district court identified the specific pages of the Toler Report that provides a 
25

1 detailed description of the road and its location, including the aforementioned maps 

2 created by using the 18,000-plus GPS data points. The Toler Report, however, does 

3 not describe the widths of each road, nor did the district court make any findings as 

4 to the roads’ widths. 

5 {30} Turning to Stanley’s arguments, we detect no error with respect to the district 

6 court’s findings pertaining to the roads’ locations. Stanley makes no suggestion as 

7 to how the locations of the roads might have been better identified. Instead, he 

8 merely cites Jicarilla Apache Tribe for the proposition that “[r]eliance on references 

9 to road location on geological survey maps is inadequate as a matter of law.” But 

10 Jicarilla Apache Tribe says no such thing. Instead, it provides, “In defining the 

11 boundaries of the road, the [district] court should refer to fixed and obvious 

12 landmarks, or order that a survey be done and refer to that survey, or use some other, 

13 similarly definite method of locating the road.” 1993-NMCA-094, ¶ 52; see also id.

14 ¶ 51 (requiring a district court to “sufficiently identify the location of the road in its 

15 findings” but not “requiring absolute precision”). Not only did the district court 

16 effectively satisfy Jicarilla Apache Tribe’s suggestion to “order . . . a survey . . . and 

17 refer to that survey,” id. ¶ 52, by incorporating the Toler Report and the maps created 

18 by Mr. Toler in its factual findings, but, absent any suggestion from Stanley as to 

19 how the locations of the roads might have been more precisely defined, we fail to 

20 see how this could have been accomplished. See Corona, 2014-NMCA-071, ¶ 26.
26

1 {31} As for the roads’ widths, we agree the district court erred by not making width 

2 determinations. “[T]he width of a public road by prescription is the width reasonably 

3 necessary for public travel.” Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 1993-NMCA-094, ¶ 48 

4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “When determining what width is 

5 reasonably necessary for public travel, a trial court should consider all relevant facts 

6 and circumstances peculiar to the case.” Id. ¶ 49. The State concedes the district 

7 court did not make any findings regarding the roads’ widths, but, given certain 

8 evidence adduced below, suggests that we should make our own width 

9 determinations. We decline to do so as it is peculiarly within the district court’s 

10 dominion to make these determinations in the first instance. See, e.g., State v. 

11 Gonzales, 1999-NMCA-027, ¶ 9, 126 N.M. 742, 975 P.2d 355 (“It is a bedrock 

12 principle of appellate practice that appellate courts do not decide the facts in a case. 

13 Fact-finding is the task of the trial judge or the jury.”). We therefore remand this 

14 matter to the district court to amend its findings to include the widths of the roads 

not otherwise determined.12 15 See Jicarilla Apache Tribe, 1993-NMCA-094, ¶ 50 

16 (remanding to the district court for a redetermination of the width of a road).

12We note that, as we discuss below, the district court determined that the 

Game Commission possesses fee simple title to one of the eleven roads, namely State 

Road 199, and that State Road 199 has a width of sixty feet. Stanley does not contest, 

and we do not upset, this determination. 
27

1 E. Conclusion on Public Prescriptive Easements

2 {32} In sum, we uphold the district court’s ruling that the State proved by clear and 

3 convincing evidence public prescriptive easements over the eleven roads at issue in 

4 this case because Stanley does not persuade us that insufficient evidence supports 

5 this determination, or that the legal principles he identifies undermine such a 

6 determination; nor does Stanley persuade us that he extinguished the easements. We 

7 remand to the district court to enter amended findings pertaining to the widths of the 

roads.13 8

13Having affirmed the district court’s determination that the public has a right 

to use the roads by way of public prescriptive easements, it is unnecessary to 

consider whether the district court correctly deemed six of the eleven roads public 

pursuant to 43 U.S.C. § 932. See OR&L Constr., 2022-NMCA-035, ¶ 46. The district 

court concluded that six of the eleven roads were “public roads” under 43 U.S.C. § 

932, which provides in full, “The right of way for the construction of highways over 

public lands, not reserved for public uses, is hereby granted.” 43 U.S.C. § 932 

allowed for a “right of way” over federal public lands, under certain circumstances, 

when the relevant land was still in the public domain. See Wilson v. Williams, 1939-

NMSC-009, ¶¶ 17-19, 43 N.M. 173, 87 P.2d 683. The State does not argue that the 

public has any greater interest in a road deemed public under 43 U.S.C. § 932 than 

it does in a road deemed public by prescriptive easement. We fail to see how that 

could be the case given the creation of a “right of way” does not pass title to the land, 

see Kinscherff v. United States, 586 F.2d 159, 160 (10th Cir. 1978) (“Members of 

the public . . . do not have a ‘title’ in public roads.”), but instead creates an easement. 

See, e.g., Wilson, 1939-NMSC-009, ¶¶ 17-19 (explaining that a settler of land upon 

which a § 932 road has been established “takes subject to the public easement of a 

right of way on such road” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Ahtna, 

Inc. v. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 520 P.3d 131, 139 (Alaska 2022) (“‘Highways’ granted 

by [§ 932] are rights of ways synonymous with easements, not fee simple interests, 

and therefore create only a right of use.”).
28

1 III. Title to State Road 199

2 {33} Stanley argues the district court erred in determining the Game Commission 

3 has title in fee simple to approximately four miles of State Road 199 that traverses 

4 the Stanley Property because (1) the court should have applied the doctrine of 

5 collateral estoppel to preclude this result, or, alternatively, (2) the State of New 

6 Mexico never properly obtained title under the 1929 Law in the first instance. For 

7 the reasons that follow, we disagree.

8 A. The Record Does Not Support the Application of Collateral Estoppel

9 {34} In support of his collateral estoppel argument, Stanley relies on a previous 

10 Eighth Judicial District Court case, State ex rel. Madrid v. UU Bar Ranch Limited 

11 Partnership, No. D-809-CV-1998-00126. According to Stanley, the district court in 

12 that case “quieted title to part of State Highway 21 in favor of UU Bar Ranch and 

13 against the State and Game Commission, and in the district court’s analysis it 

14 discussed State Road 199.” Although Stanley recognizes this Court subsequently 

15 reversed the district court’s quiet title judgment, State ex rel. Madrid v. UU Bar 

16 Ranch Ltd. P’ship, 2005-NMCA-079, ¶¶ 2, 32, 137 N.M. 719, 114 P.3d 399, he 

17 asserts that “the district court’s findings regarding State Road 199 were never 

18 appealed” and thus have preclusive effect in this case. We cannot agree.

19 {35} For collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, to apply, the following four 

20 elements must be met:
29

1 (1) the party to be estopped was a party to the prior proceeding, (2) the 

2 cause of action in the case presently before the court is different from 

3 the cause of action in the prior adjudication, (3) the issue was actually 

4 litigated in the prior adjudication, and (4) the issue was necessarily 

5 determined in the prior litigation.

6 State ex rel. Peterson v. Aramark Corr. Servs., LLC, 2014-NMCA-036, ¶ 34, 321 

7 P.3d 128 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). With respect to the third 

8 and fourth elements, the issue that was actually litigated and necessarily determined 

9 in the prior litigation “must . . . concern[] the same ultimate issue or fact” at issue in 

10 the instant litigation. DeLisle v. Avallone, 1994-NMCA-012, ¶ 9, 117 N.M. 602, 874 

11 P.2d 1266. “It is insufficient for the invocation of issue preclusion that some question 

12 of fact or law in a later suit was relevant to a prior adjudication”—that is, “the 

13 contested issue must have been litigated and necessary to the judgment earlier 

14 rendered.” Peterson, 2014-NMCA-036, ¶ 34 (internal quotation marks and citation 

15 omitted). The party invoking the doctrine of collateral estoppel has the burden of 

16 establishing its applicability. Silva v. State, 1987-NMSC-107, ¶ 12, 106 N.M. 472, 

17 745 P.2d 380. Our review is de novo. Bank of N.Y. v. Romero, 2016-NMCA-091, 

18 ¶ 15, 382 P.3d 991.

19 {36} Here, as Stanley informs us, the district court’s decision in UU Bar Ranch

20 “discussed” State Road 199. And from the portion of the district court’s UU Bar 

21 Ranch decision that Stanley directs us to, it appears the status of at least a portion of 

22 State Road 199 was somehow relevant to the prior litigation. This is inadequate, 
30

1 however, given, as best we can tell, title to State Road 199 was not ultimately at 

2 issue in UU Bar Ranch. See 2005-NMCA-079, ¶¶ 2-3, 32. As Peterson explains, 

3 mere relevancy is insufficient; the issue must have been actually litigated and 

4 necessary to the judgment. 2014-NMCA-036, ¶ 34. On this point, Stanley provides 

5 no elucidation, and we cannot tell from the record before us whether a determination 

6 of the status of the portion of State Road 199 traversing the Stanley Property was 

7 necessary to the district court’s UU Bar Ranch judgment. We therefore reject 

8 Stanley’s collateral estoppel argument. See Silva, 1987-NMSC-107, ¶ 12 (providing 

9 that the burden is on the party invoking collateral estoppel to establish its 

10 applicability and that the doctrine is not “to be applied where the record is 

11 insufficient to determine what issues were actually and necessarily determined by 

12 prior litigation”). 

13 B. Stanley’s Arguments Regarding the 1929 Law Are Not Preserved

14 {37} The district court concluded that the 1929 Law created and vested title in State 

15 Road 199 to the State of New Mexico. The district court also concluded that the New 

16 Mexico Highway Department (now the New Mexico Department of Transportation) 

17 properly conveyed title to the Game Commission by way of a quitclaim deed. The 

18 district court thus ruled that the Game Commission is the owner in fee simple of the 

19 approximately four-mile length of State Road 199 traversing the Stanley Property, 

20 and that the road has a width of sixty feet. 
31

1 {38} Stanley contends on appeal that “[t]he district court’s reasoning . . . is riddled 

2 with analytical gaps.” Stanley’s argument, however, is difficult to parse. As best we 

3 can discern after careful review of his brief in chief, it appears Stanley is arguing 

4 that the 1929 Law cannot be interpreted as vesting the State of New Mexico with 

5 title to State Road 199 because the description of the road in the 1929 Law was too 

6 vague and the 1929 Law required the State of New Mexico to take additional steps, 

7 which it purportedly did not take, to acquire a right of way before title to the road 

8 would be vested. 

9 {39} Setting aside its lack of clarity, Stanley’s argument is not preserved. “To 

10 preserve an issue for review on appeal, it must appear that the appellant fairly 

11 invoked a ruling of the trial court on the same grounds argued in the appellate court.” 

12 Premier Tr. of Nev., Inc. v. City of Albuquerque, 2021-NMCA-004, ¶ 30, 482 P.3d 

13 1261 (emphasis added) (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted); 

14 see also Rule 12-321(A) NMRA. The preservation rule has “extraordinary 

15 importance” and “is not simply a technical bar to review employed by this Court to 

16 eliminate issues.” Diversey Corp. v. Chem-Source Corp., 1998-NMCA-112, ¶ 38, 

17 125 N.M. 748, 965 P.2d 332. The rule “ensure[s] that (1) the district court is timely 

18 alerted to claimed errors, (2) opposing parties have a fair opportunity to respond, and 

19 (3) a sufficient record is created for appellate review.” Princeton Place v. N.M. Hum. 

20 Servs. Dep’t, 2022-NMSC-005, ¶ 21, 503 P.3d 319 (internal quotation marks and 
32

1 citation omitted). Furthermore, for each argument presented, it is incumbent upon 

2 the appellant in their brief in chief to provide “a statement explaining how the issue 

3 was preserved in the court below, with citations to authorities, record proper, 

4 transcript of proceedings, or exhibits relied on.” Rule 12-318(A)(4). This statement 

5 helps “appellate courts to more efficiently and effectively perform their function, not 

6 only to determine whether a particular claim has been preserved, but also to 

7 understand the context in which the claim arose and the reasoning underlying the 

8 district court’s decision.” Lasen, Inc. v. Tadjikov, 2020-NMCA-006, ¶ 16, 456 P.3d 

9 1090.

10 {40} Here, Stanley tells us that he preserved his legal argument relating to the 1929 

11 Law by directing us to twenty-one of his proposed findings of fact. Nowhere in those 

12 proposed factual findings did Stanley argue that the description of the road in the 

13 1929 Law was too vague to vest title in the State; nor did he make the nuanced and 

14 complex statutory construction argument he presents to us on appeal. Although 

15 Stanley proposed that the district court find the State of New Mexico never acquired 

16 a right of way to State Road 199, he never contended that the 1929 Law must be 

17 construed in the manner he now advances on appeal in order for title to be vested. 

18 Further, we decline to search the record to ascertain whether Stanley may have 

19 preserved these issues elsewhere. See In re Norwest Bank of N.M., N.A., 2003-

20 NMCA-128, ¶ 30, 134 N.M. 516, 80 P.3d 98. We accordingly do not consider 
33

1 Stanley’s unpreserved argument. See Lasen, 2020-NMCA-006, ¶ 17 (declining to 

2 review issues where the appellant’s “general statements” in his proposed findings 

3 and conclusions “were woefully insufficient to preserve the detailed and specific” 

4 contentions he raised on appeal).

5 IV. The Cost Award

6 {41} Finally, Stanley challenges the costs the district court awarded to the State 

7 pursuant to Rule 1-054(D) NMRA and NMSA 1978, Section 38-6-4 (1983).

8 Specifically, Stanley asserts: (1) the fees associated with work performed by the 

9 assistants of the State’s expert witnesses are not recoverable under Rule 

10 1-054(D)(2)(g) or Section 38-6-4(B); (2) expert fees corresponding to vague time 

11 entries in the experts’ invoices are not recoverable; (3) the experts’ per diem 

12 expenses are excessive; (4) the district court erred by awarding costs associated with 

13 claims the State abandoned; and (5) the district court inappropriately relied on 

14 disputes involving the Stanley Property and the surrounding area that predated the 

instant litigation.14 15 The district court has wide discretion in awarding costs, and our 

16 review is for an abuse of that discretion. See Firstenberg v. Monribot, 2015-NMCA14In reply, Stanley additionally argues that the district court impermissibly 

imposed on him the burden of proof to demonstrate the State’s requested costs were 

unnecessary, unrelated, or unreasonable. We do not address this untimely argument. 

See Guest v. Berardinelli, 2008-NMCA-144, ¶ 36, 145 N.M. 186, 195 P.3d 353

(providing that this Court does not “consider arguments raised in a reply brief for 

the first time”).
34

1 062, ¶ 54, 350 P.32 1205; Primetime Hosp., Inc. v. City of Albuquerque, 2009-

2 NMSC-011, ¶ 44, 146 N.M. 1, 206 P.3d 112. Taking each of Stanley’s arguments in 

3 turn, we discern no abuse of discretion.

4 {42} First, as for the costs associated with the experts’ assistants, we reject this 

5 argument as unpreserved. For his preservation statement, Stanley directs us to the 

6 objections he made to the State’s requests for costs. But nowhere in those objections 

7 did Stanley argue that costs associated with the experts’ assistants were not 

8 recoverable under Rule 1-054(D)(2)(g) or Section 38-6-4(B). Stanley also claims 

9 that he objected “to the expert witness costs awarded . . . at the costs award hearing.” 

10 Stanley, however, does not cite the audio transcript of this hearing, as required by 

11 Rule 12-318(A)(4). See Rule 12-211(A)(1) NMRA (defining transcript of 

12 proceedings as the audio or stenographic transcript). It is not our duty to search the 

13 record to determine whether an appellant’s claims are preserved. See Lasen, 2020-

14 NMCA-006, ¶ 18. We accordingly reject this claim of error. 

15 {43} Second, regarding the vagueness of the experts’ time entries in their invoices, 

16 Stanley merely provides two examples and summarily claims, without citation to 

17 authority or additional argument, that “[w]ithout more, the district court could not 

18 have properly concluded that the invoices reflected recoverable expert witness 

19 costs.” We decline to review this argument given its lack of development. See

20 Premier Tr. of Nev., 2021-NMCA-004, ¶ 10 (“[I]t is the appellant’s burden to 
35

1 demonstrate, by providing well-supported and clear arguments, that the district court 

2 has erred.”); State v. Stevenson, 2020-NMCA-005, ¶ 20, 455 P.3d 890 (“We will not 

3 address an undeveloped argument or perform [an appellant’s] research.”); see also 

4 Valerio v. San Mateo Enters., Inc., 2017-NMCA-059, ¶ 45, 400 P.3d 275 (“We 

5 assume where arguments in briefs are unsupported by cited authority, counsel after 

6 diligent search, was unable to find any supporting authority.” (internal quotation 

7 marks and citation omitted)).

8 {44} Third, Stanley asserts, “The experts’ per diem expenses are also excessive and 

9 should be reduced significantly.” Below, however, Stanley did not object to the 

10 purported excessiveness of the per diem expenses. Instead, he argued that these 

11 expenses were not recoverable at all. Stanley’s argument below was incorrect, see

12 Rule 1-054(D)(g) (allowing for per diem and mileage expenses pursuant to Section 

13 38-6-4(B)), and his argument on appeal is unpreserved, see Premier Tr. of Nev., 

14 2021-NMCA-004, ¶ 30. We accordingly reject this claim of error as well.

15 {45} Fourth, Stanley points out that the State initially sought a determination that 

16 twenty roads traversing the Stanley Property were public, but that by trial the State 

17 sought such a determination only for eleven roads. From this, Stanley contends the 

18 district court erred by awarding all the costs associated with the experts when that 

19 award included work on roads the State did not ultimately pursue as being public. In 

20 support, Stanley cites an unpublished federal district court opinion in which the trial 
36

1 court reduced an attorney fee request by ten percent for “work on abandoned claims 

2 and unsuccessful efforts to amend the pleadings.” Harris v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, 

3 Inc., No. 13-CV-1719, 2018 WL 617972, at *9 (D. Minn. Jan. 29, 2018). Nowhere, 

4 however, does Stanley cite any law—either authoritative or persuasive—for the 

5 proposition that a district court abuses its discretion by not reducing a cost award

6 under the circumstances presented here. In New Mexico, district courts have “wide 

7 discretion in the granting of costs,” and, in similar situations, “are under no 

8 compulsion to apportion costs . . . .” Baca v. Marquez, 1987-NMCA-011, ¶ 7, 105 

9 N.M. 762, 737 P.2d 543. It is not our job to conduct Stanley’s research to determine 

10 whether the district court below abused its discretion by awarding the State all its 

11 expert costs. See Guest v. Berardinelli, 2008-NMCA-144, ¶ 29, 145 N.M. 186, 195 

12 P.3d 353 (“Where a party does not cite to authority in support of a proposition of 

13 law, we decline to do the research on the party’s behalf.”); Valdez v. Yates Petroleum 

14 Corp., 2007-NMCA-038, ¶ 24, 141 N.M. 381, 155 P.3d 786 (declining to review a 

15 novel argument when the appellant failed to cite any on-point authority). We 

16 therefore decline to review this claim of error.

17 {46} Fifth and finally, Stanley argues the district court improperly relied on past 

18 litigation involving the Stanley Property and the surrounding area when it awarded 

19 the State its costs. But Stanley neglects to provide us with the full context of the 
37

1 district court’s statement he complains of. Specifically, the district court stated in its 

2 award of costs, 

3 The litigation involving and surrounding the [Stanley P]roperty has 

4 been on-going for more than forty (40) years. This case is not likely to 

5 be duplicated in other cases involving quiet title suits against the 

6 [S]tate. The court does not have evidence to support the “chilling 

7 effect” claimed by [Stanley] in reducing costs awarded to the [State]. 

8 We agree with the State that the district court’s statement was in response to 

9 Stanley’s argument that the State should not be awarded any costs on public policy 

10 grounds because of the purported detrimental effect it would have on future 

11 landowner-litigants. We therefore conclude the district court did not improperly rely 

12 on past litigation and thus reject Stanley’s final challenge to the cost award.

13 CONCLUSION

14 {47} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s rulings that Colfax 

15 County is not an indispensable party that cannot be joined, that the eleven roads at 

16 issue in this case are public by prescriptive easement, and that the Game Commission 

17 has title in fee simple to State Road 199. We remand to the district court to amend 

18 its findings to include the widths of the roads deemed public by prescriptive 

19 easement.
38

1 {48} IT IS SO ORDERED.

2 ____________________________________

3 JENNIFER L. ATTREP, Chief Judge

4 WE CONCUR:

5

6 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge

7 `

8 KATHERINE A. WRAY, Judge