## Importation of Fresh Pepper

– Capsicum annuum L.,

Capsicum baccatum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq
. , Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.

– Fruit with Stems from Central America into the United States

A Qualitative, Pathway

- Initiated Risk Analysis

April 27 , 2009

Rev. 001

Agency Contact Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. 001 April 27 , 2009 ii 

### Executive Summary In this document we present an anal ys is of the risks associated with the importation of fresh pepper fruit with stems, specificall y the dom esticated species Capsicum annuum L. , C. baccatum L., C. chinense Jacq, C. frutescens L., and C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., from the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. We updated a 2004 assessment , added Panama as an exporting country , and added a description of mitigation options. In a search of available sources of information, we identified 12 quarantine pests that were likel y to follow the pathway : eight arthropods, one bacterium and one fungus , and two viruses. We estimated Consequences of Introduction by assessing five elements of pest biology and ecology : climate/host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact, resulting in the calculation of a ri sk value. We estimated Likelihood of Introduction by

considering both the quantity of the commodity to be imported annuall y and the potential for pest introduction and establishment, resulting in the calculation of a second risk value. We summed the two values to estimate an overall Pest Risk Potential, which is an estimation of risk in the absence of mitigation. We list quarantine pests likely to follow the import pathway

and their Pest Risk Potentials in the following table.

Type Pest Taxonomy Pest risk potential Arthropods Anastrepha ludens (Loew) Diptera: Tephritidae High

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann Diptera: Tephritidae High Faustinus ovatipennis (Champion) Coleoptera: Curculionidae High Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) Diptera: Agromyz idae H igh Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) Lepidoptera: Crambidae High Phenacoccus parvus Morrison Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae High Planococcus minor (Maskell) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae High Thrips palmi Karny Thysanoptera: Thripidae High Fungi Puccinia pampeana Speg. Urediniomycetes: Uredinales High

Viruses Andean potato mottle virus

(APMoV) Comoviridae High
Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) Geminiviridae High

Bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum race 3

biovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al

. Burkholderial es Low a

a Rated High using the guidelines but functionally Low risk; see belowPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. 001 April 27 , 2009 iii Adherance to the guide lines required that Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 (Smith) (R3B2) Yabuuchi ( Burkholderiales: Ralstoniaceae) be anal yz ed. However, in June of 2005 , APHI S evaluated the risk Korean pepper fr uits pose for introducing R3B2. The anal ys is concluded:

“ ... that there is evidence as well as expert judgement to support the low likelihood of R3B2 entering the United States via the importation of fresh pepper f ruit for consumption. Even when infected geraniums entere d the U. S. in large quantities in 2003, and then came into contact with susceptible crops, there was no evidence that R3B2 was established as a consequence

. Furthermore, given the large volumes of to matoes already imported into the United States from R3B2 countries without establishment of this pathogen, it seems unlikely that fruit for consumption is an effective pathway for introduction of R3B2.” Because the pathogen behaves the same on peppers as it does on tomatoes, we applied the same justification to conclude that no extra mitigations need to be applied to this pathogen beyond those that are standard industry practice. The remaining quarantine pests pose high phy tosanitary risks to American agriculture. Port

- of

entry inspections, as a sole mitigation measure, are insufficient to safeguard U.S. agriculture from the listed pests; additional phy tosanitary measures are necessary

to reduce risks to acceptable levels. Risk mitigation options for the quarantine pests of concern are provided. The detailed examination and selection of appropriate measures to mitigate risk are part of the risk management phase within APHI S and are not addressed within this risk assessment document.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. 001 April 27 , 2009 iv 

### Table of Contents
Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... ii 1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 2. Risk Assessment

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ...................... 2 2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Peppers, Capsicum spp.

................................ ....... 2 2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions.

... 3 2.4. Pest Categorization

—Id entification of Pests

................................ ................................ ..... 6 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

................................ .............................. 53 2.6. Consequences of Introduction

................................ ................................ .......................... 54 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

................................ ................................ ............................... 68 2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................. 72 3. Risk Mitigation

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 73 3.1. Risk Management Strategy for Quarantine Pests.

................................ ........................... 73 3.2. Risk Mitigation Options for Peppers from Central America

................................ ........... 74 3.3. Research Options

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 81 3.4. Oversight

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 82 3.5. Conclusion

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 82 4. Author and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 84 5. Acknowledgement

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 85 6. References

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 85 7. Appendices

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 104 Appendix A. Pests intercepted on species of Capsicum from 1984 to 2007

........................ 104 Appendix B. Pests present in this risk analysis that were not in the 2004 risk assessment

.. 149Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 1 

### 1. Introduction
In 2004, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agricult

ure (USDA) prepared a commodity risk assessment to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh pepper fruit with stems ( Capsicum spp., specificall y the domesticated species Capsicum annuum L. , C. baccatum L., C. chinense Jacq, C. frutescens L., and C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua into the United States. The present document is an updating of the above document, and includes Panama as exporting country . This document considered the risk associated for several species of Capsicum

— C. annuum , C. frutescens , C. baccatum , and C. chinense

—due to some taxonomic uncertainty regarding the species status (Walsh and Hoot, 2001) and because wild populations of C. annuum integrate with that of C. frutescens and C. chinense (Eshbaugh, 1993). Furthermore, because of the wide overlap of common name usage among all domesticated Capsicum species (Bosland, 1996), we also included th e other two cultivated species, C. pubescens and C. baccatum

. International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The IP PC guidelines describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management) (IPPC, 2007: I SPM #2 and #11). This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2. The methodology and rating criteria for Stages 1 and 2 are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We also discuss the available risk m anagement options , based on known mitigation measures for quarantine pests

. Risk management is considered elsewhere. This is a qualitative risk assessment , where estimates of risk are expressed by the terms “high”, “medium” or “low”, rather than probabilities or frequencies. The methods used to initiate,
c onduct, and report this plant pest risk anal ys is are consistent with the guidelines provided by NAPPO and the IPPC. The use of biological and phy tosanitary terms conforms to I SPM No. 5: Glossary of Phy tosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2007). Peppers , Capsicum , belo ng to the family Solanaceae

. Capsicum includes 25 species, five of which have been domesticated. The most economically important and most widely cultivated species is C. annuum L. The center of genetic diversity of this species is in Mexico; a secondary
center is in Mesoamerica. The other four domesticated species are C. baccatum L. and C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., from the Peruvian Andes, C. chinense Jacq. in the Amazon Basin , and C. frutescens L. in Central America. The other 20 species are used sparingly by humans but are a great reservoir of genes for resistance o f diseases and pests (Pernezny et al., 2003 ). Two of the domesticated species, C

. annuum and C

. frutescens , are grown on every continent; the three remaining species, C

. baccatum , C

. pubescens and C

. chinense , are rarel y found outside of South America (CABI, 2007). Peppers are an important economic crop in many parts of the world (Pernezny et al., 2003), and world production of fresh pepper fruit was estimated at 24 mill ion metric tons in 2005 (FAO , 2006), with Asia producing about 18 million metric tons of this total. United States and Mexico are principal producers in the Americas (CABI, 2007).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 2 Peppers are harvested with their stems intact to prevent bacterial infection (Schooley, 2003). Stems were considered as a potential pathway for the introduction of exotic pests in this document.


### 2. Risk Assessment We begin the pest risk assessment with identification of the initiating event, a weediness screening, and a discussion of the de cision history. We then identified the pests reported as attacking peppers in any part of the world , listed those that are present in the relevant countries including Panama, and then anal yz e d the quarantine pests that are likel y to follow the pathway

. We assess the Conse quences of Introduction of the pests with five Risk Elements, and the Likelihood of Introduction with six Sub

- Elements. Together, the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values estimate the Pest Risk Potential. 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action This commodity

-based, pathway

- initiated risk analysis was conducted as an updating of the previous pest risk assessment for peppers from certain Central American countries, in order to include Panama as exporting country and in resp onse to a request by the Ministry

of Agricultural Development of Panama (MIDA, 2006). Importation of fresh pepper, Capsicum spp., fruits with stems from Panama and the others Central American countries mentioned, presents a potential pathway for the introd

uction of plant pests in the United States. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319 Part 56 (7 CFR § 319, 2007) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Peppers, Capsicum spp. The potential of the commodity to become a weed after it enters the United States was examined in this step, and a weed pest

- initiated risk assessment was not conducted because the anal ys is did not indicate that the commodity had significant weed potential (Table 1).

Table 1

. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Capsicum or Pepper species (Solanaceae). Scientific names, Sy

nonyms, and Common names (NGRP, 2008 ; NRCS, 2008 ) : Capsicum annuum L. (Syn.: C. cordiforme Mill) Bell pepper, sweet pepper, chili pepper, green pepper, paprika, cayenne pepper, aji, chiltepines C. baccatum L. Aji; Yellow Aji ; Aji limon ; Aji mono ; Aji norteno ; Locoto C. chinense Jacq. Bonnet pepper; Datil pepper; Habanero pepper; Piripiri pepper; Squash pepper; Yellow squash pepper; Rocotillo C. frutescens L. (Sy

n.: C. fastigiatum Blume; C. annuum L. var. frutescens (L .) Kuntze; C. minimum ) Bird pepper; Cayenne pepper; Chili pepper; Tabasco pepper; Aji; Chile C. pubescens Ruiz. & Pav. (Sy n.: Brachistus lanceaefolius Miers; C. guatemalense Bitter; C. lanceaefolium (Miers) Kuntze; C. violaceum Kunth.) Apple chile; Rocoto; Lacoto; Chile caballo Phase 1: Distribution in the USA C. annuum is widely

cultivated throughout the world and the United States (CABI, 2007;Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 3 NRCS, 2008). C. baccatum is a popular condiment in South America (Eshbaugh, 1993 ), but is not officially grown in the United States. It likel y occurs in private gardens. C. chinense is cultivated in Brazil, Colombia and throughout the Caribbean (Bosland and Votava, 2000; NGRP, 2008). It is not known to b e in the United States. C. frutescens is distributed worldwide and cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008 ). C. pubescens is native to South America (Bosland and Votava, 2000). It is probably grown in private gardens in the United States. Phase 2: Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed C. annuum C. baccatum,

C. frutescens C. chinense,

C. pubescens References

No No No Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1977; Holm et al., 1997; I SSG, 2008; PPQ, 2006; Reed, 1977; S kinner et al., 2008; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2007 Yes Yes No Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002 Yes No No Swearingen, 2008 Phase 3: Summary

and Conclusions: Although C. annuum , C. baccatum , and C. frutescens , have been listed as a weed and a naturalize d species for some countries (Holm et al., 1979; Randall, 2002; Swearingen, 2008), they do not appear to be particularl y invasive in either natural or agricultural systems (PERAL, 2005 b ; PERAL , 2004a; PERAL , 2004c). For C. chinense , and C. pubescens , we found no evidence in the literature of invasive behavior by these species, and they

are not likely

to become a problematic species in the United States (PERAL , 2004b; PERAL, 2004d). Conclusion: Proceed with the pest risk assessment.

2.3. Previous Risk As sessments , Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions.
2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessments 2005 Importation of Fresh Paprika Pepper Fruit ( Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum ) from the Republic of Korea into the continental United States 2004 Import ation of Fresh Pepper Fruit with Stems ( Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L. , C. baccatum L., C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav., and C. chinense Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United States 2000 Importation of Pepper ( Capsicum spp.) Fruit from New Zealand into the United States 1997 Importation of Pepper Fruits, Capsicum spp., from Spain into the United States 1996 Importation of fresh pepper fruit, Capsicum annuum from Chile into the continental United States.

2.3. 2. Decision History The United States has taken several decisions about entry of peppers from Central American countries over the ye ars (Table 2).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 4 2.3.2. Current Status of Importations Currently fresh pepper fruit appears authorized into the United State s in the Fresh and Vegetable Manual under the broader category “Pepper”. Conditions governing the entry of peppers from Central American countries such as: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, are described in § 319.56

–2oo. ( 7 CFR § 319, 2007 ). Peppers are imported from these countries only under conditions established in a systems approach which include free areas of Mediterranean fruit fl y, Ceratitis capitata , inspection by

the NPPO of the exporting country certificating that the commodity is free of quarantine pests, product packed in insect

-proof cartons or containers or covered with insect

proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin at the packinghouse, export certification, and issuance of phy tosanitary certificates by

the NPPO of the exp orting country

. For Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. chinense, and C. pubescens from areas in which Medfly is considered to exist they

must be grown in approved production sites and pest

- exclusionary greenhouses must be used

. P eppers of Caps icum pubescens from areas in which Anastrepha ludens , mexican fruit fly or Mexfly , is known to exist must be grown in approved production sites and pest

- exclusionary greenhouses must be used. Registered sites must contain traps for the detection of Mexfly and Medfly within and around the production site.The exporting country ’s NPPO must maintain records of trap placement, checking of traps, and any medfly and/or mexfly captures. The peppers must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest

- exclusionary packinghouse. During the time the packinghouse is in use for exporting peppers to the United States, the packinghouse may accept peppers only

from registered approved production sites. The exporting country ’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phy tosanitary certificates. We summarized c onditions governing the entry of peppers from countries other than those in Central America countries below ( Table 3 )

. Countries with no treatments, restrictions , or notes are as follows: Antigua and Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Cay man Islands , Dominica , Grenada , Guadeloupe , Guyana , Haiti , Martinique , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , St. Barthelemy , and Trinidad and Tobago.

Table 2. Decision history on requests to import peppers from Central America Year Country Decision Reason / Conditions 1996 Costa Rica Deny entry No approved treatment against medfl y 1992 Belize Approved Fruit only , from Medfl y free district 1988 Guatemala Deny entry La ck of acceptable treatment for C. capitata 1984 Panama Deny entry Lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata 1984 Honduras Deny entry Lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata 1971 Nicaragua Deny entry Lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata 1971 Costa Rica Deny entry Lack of acceptable treatment for C. capitata 1936 Costa Rica ApprovedPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 5 Table 3. Current status of peppers importations from countries with permit of entry into the United States Country Treatments, restrictions, notes Australia Tasmania onl y Belgium Fruit Belize Fruit. Rocoto pepper or chamburoto ( C. pubescens ) is prohibited Chile Fruit. All provinces except Arica (Region 1). C. annuum only , with

phy tosanitary certificate. Costa Rica C. annum, C. baccatum, C. chinens e , and C. frutescens . Consignments

must meet other conditions, including phytosanitary certificate. Dominican Republic Fruit. Bell peppers are eligible for NARP (National Agricultural Release

Program). Others = ‘Inspect and Release’ El Salvador Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’ Ghana Fruit. Commercial consignments onl y. T105

- a - 2: precleared and

irradiated, with phytosanitary certificate. Currently

no preclearance program exists in Ghana. The p athogen Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 is not likely to become established, therefore mitigation of the R3B2 in peppers ( Capsicum spp.) or tomatoes for consumption from countries where R3B2 occurs is not currently required by APHIS. Guatemala Department of Peten only. Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others =

‘Inspect and Release’ Hawaii Capsicum spp. T105

- a- 1: irradiated at an approved facility Honduras Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’ Is rael Fruit. Arrava Valley . Several conditions, including phy tosanitary certificate Jamaica T104

- a- 2, or precleared. Mexico, all areas Fruit. C. pubescens is prohibited. Bell peppers are eligible for NARP.

Others = ‘Inspect and Release’ Netherlands Pepper color determines quarantine action. New Zealand Requires phytosanitary certificate. Nicaragua Bell peppers are eligible for NARP. Others = ‘Inspect and Release’ Poland Fruit Republic of Korea Fruit. Includes Cheju Island. Only commerciall y grown C. annuum var. annuum . Must have phyt osanitary certificate and other conditions. Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 is not likely to become established; therefore APHIS does not currently require mitigation of the R3B2 in peppers ( Capsicum spp.) or tomatoes for consumption from countries with R3B2. Spain Fruit. Almeria and Alicante Provinces only, Dec 1 through Apr 30.

Several conditions, including phytosanitary certificate.

2.3.3. Pest Interceptions Pest species intercepted between 1985 and 2008 on C. annuum , C. baccatum , C. chinense, C. frutescens , C. pubescens , and Capsicum sp. entering the United States are listed in Appendix 1.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 6 Over that time, 839 different species of pests were intercepted 20,689 times from different countries (PestID, 2008). Most of these interceptions (11,285) were of species in five familie s, two species of Anthonomus and Cryptophlebia genus, and species of Ceratitini tribe. 2.4. Pest Categorization

—Identification of Pests Below we list the pests associated with peppers (in any country) that occur in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Ho nduras, Nicaragua, and Panama on any host (Table 4). In this list we identify 1) the pest’s scientific name, 2) the presence of pests in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and/or Panama relative to their presence in the United States, 3) the reference(s) that report the pest on the host, 4) the quarantine status of the pest in the United States, 5) the generall y affected plant part or parts, and 6) if the pest is likely to follow the pathway into the United States on pepper fruit with stems. Each pest report has the pertinent citation for the distribution, record on the host, and plant part association. Many organisms are not sources of phytosanitary risk on peppers from Central America countries because they

do not satisfy

the definition of a quarantine pest. A quarantine pest is defined as “a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5).

The abbreviation N/A (Not Applicable) is used for non

- quarantine pests under the heading Plant Part(s) Association. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway , phy tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the p est already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

is not needed for non

- quarantine pests. Pest risk analyses must focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific information or identification to the specific level does not indicate that a pest is not a phy tosanitary risk to U.S. agriculture. It may reflect the poor quality

of the specimen or the limits of current taxonomic identi fication. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, APHI S may

take action at the port of entry and we may

reevaluate their risk.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 7 Table 4. Pests reported on the peppers Capsicum annuum , C. baccatum , C. chinense , C. frutescens , C. pubescens , and Capsicum sp., and reported as present in the pertinent countries. Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway ARTHROPODS ARACHNIDA Acari: Eriophyidae Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) EL(Arevalo, 2003),

US (CABI, 2007) A (Saninet, 2002),

A, F (Armine and Stansy , 1994) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tarsonemidae Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) CR (CABI, 2007;

Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007), S

(Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks CR, NI , PN (CABI,

2007), EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007) A (Saninet, 2002),

A, F (CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) CR (CABI, 2007),

EL(Berry , 1959), US (CABI, 2007) A (Saninet, 2002),

S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus ludeni Zacher CR, EL , HO, NI, US

(Bolland et al., 1998) S (Bolland et al.,

1998) No N/A N/A Tetranychus marianae McGregor CR (Bolland et al.,

1998), HO, NI (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007) A (Bolland et al.,

1998; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Tetranychus neocaledonicus André CR, HO, US

(Bolland et al., 1998) A (Bolland et al.,

1998) No N/A N/A
Tetranychus urticae Koch CR, EL , GU, PN

(Bolland et al., 1998) HO (SENASA, 2003), US (Bolland et al., 1998) A, S (Bolland et

al., 1998; CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

1 Geographic Distribution: CAm = widely distributed in Central America; CR = Costa Rica; EL = El Salvador; GU = Guatemala; H O = Honduras; NI = Nicaragua; PN = Panama; US = United States (specific states are listed for those pests that have limited distribution and are considered quarantine pests: AR = Arkansas; CA = California; FL = Florida; GA = Georgia; HI = Hawaii; LA = Louisiana; MS = Mississippi; MT = Montana; TX = Texas) 2 A = Capsicum annuum ; B = C. baccatum ; C = C. chinense ; F = C. frutescens ; P = C. pubescens ; S = Capsicum sp. 3 F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence/Flower; L = Leaf; P = Peduncle; R = Root; S = Stem; Se = Seed; Sd = Seedling; Sh = Shoot; W = Whole plant/SystemicPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 8 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) CR, HO, US (CABI ,

2007) F (Vasquez and

Amante, 2007) No N/A N/A Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu CAm (Childers et al.,

2003), US (CABI, 2007) A, S (Childers et

al., 2003) S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) CR (CABI, 2007)

EL(Berry , 1959), US (CABI, 2007) A, F (Childers et

al., 2003) No N/A N/A

INSECTA Coleoptera: Anobiidae Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius 4 GU, US (CABI,

2007) A (Padwal et al.,

1987), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabri cius) 4 HO, NI, US (CABI,

2007) F (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A
Coleoptera: Bruchidae Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) NI(CABI, 2007),

US (Arnett, 2000) A, S (PestID,

2008) No N/A N/A
Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Cerotoma atrofaciata Jacoby EL(Arevalo, 200 3),

GU, NI (Maes, 2004), HO (SENASA, 2003) A (Arevalo, 2003) Yes L (Arevalo, 2003) No

Cerotoma ruficornis (Olivier) Sy n.: Andrector ruficornis (Olivier) CR, EL , GU, NI

(Maes, 2008), HO (SENASA, 2003) A (Saninet, 2002) Yes L (Heyer et al., 1990), I, L, S, Sh 5 (Coto and Saunders, 2004) No 6

Diabrotica balteata Leconte CAm (CABI, 2007),

HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007) A (Arevalo, 2003;

Saninet, 2002) No N/A N/A

4 Stored product pest. It is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum

. 5 We found no information for Capsicum ; this data is from Central America for a different host. 6 Adult C. ruficornis feed on flowers, leaves, and shoots of seedlings, and larvae feed on roots and base stems (Coto and Saunders, 2004). Therefore, the pest is unlikel y to follow the pathway.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 9 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Diabrotica porracea Harold CR (McGuire and

Crandall, 1967), HO (SENASA, 2003) S (McGuire and

Crandall, 1967) Yes L (Eben and Gámez, 2007) No 7

Diabrotica sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003) A, F (SENASA,

2003), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, I, L, R, S (Arevalo, 2003, CABI, 2007; UAQ, 2008) No 7

Diabrotica speciosa Germar CR, PN (CABI ,

2007) S (CABI, 2007) Yes F, I, L, R (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2005) No 7

Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim EL , GU, NI, US

(CABI, 2007) A (Antonious and

Byers, 1994) No N/A N/A

Disonycha eximia Harold Sy n.: D. laevigata (Jacoby) CR, PN (Virkki et

al., 1991) CR, PN NI , (Maes, 2004) A (CABI, 2007;

Saninet, 2002) Yes L, R (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) 8 No

Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) EL(Arevalo, 2003),

HO (SENASA, 2003), NI (Maes and Tellez, 1988), US (Arnett Jr. et al., 2002; CABI, 2007) A (Arevalo, 2003;

CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

7 Diabrotica species mainly attack leaves of their hosts. Larvae feed on the roots, and adults feed externally on fruit and can fly (CABI, 2007; Eben and Gámez, 2007; EPPO, 2005; UAQ, 2008). Larvae are unlikely to be present becaus e soil and underground parts of peppers from Central America are prohibited (7 CFR § 330, 2008). Adults are likely to be removed by minimal processing and normal inspection of the commodity (EPPO, 2005). 8 We found no specific information about plant part( s) affected for D. eximia. Therefore we assumed it was similar to members of the subfamily Alticinae. Adult flea beetles feed on the leaves, while larvae usually feed on the roots (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 10 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Epitrix sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes L, R (CABI, 2007; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) No

Glyptoscelis chontalensis Jacoby PN (PestID, 2008) A (PestID, 2008) Yes F (PestID, 2008) No 9
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say GU (CABI, 2007),

US (CABI, 2007; Webb et al., 2007) S (Webb et al.,

2007) No N/A N/A

Typophorus nigritus (Fabricius) CAm (Arnett Jr. et

al., 2002), US (Arnett Jr. et al., 2002; CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Col eoptera: Curculionidae Anthonomus eugenii Cano CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) EL, GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007) A, F, S (CABI,

2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Diaprepes abbreviatus (Linnaeus) 10 CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENA SA, 2003), US (FL, MS CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007) [Yes] 11 L, R (OIRSA, 1994) No

Faustinus ovatipennis (Champion) Sy n.: Euxenus ornatipennis (Hustache) GU, HO

(Blackwelder, 1945; McGuire and Crandall, 1967; O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982) S (McGuire and

Crandall, 1967) Yes F, L, S 12 (Capinera, 2008c; Davis, 1996) Yes 13

Geraeus sp. HO (SENASA, 2003), US (Arnett, 2000) A, F (SENASA,

2003) Yes F (Jimenez et al., 1993) 14 No 15

9 The only evidence that C. annuum is a host of G. chontalensis is one interception (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that it would follow the pathway. 10 Quarantine pest for El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama ( SENASA, 2003). Central America Regional Plant Protection Organizati on (OIRSA) also considers this insect as a Quarantine Pest (OIRSA, 1994). 11 Quarantine significant species, with a limited distribution in the United States. Reportable and actionable (PestID, 2008). 12 We found no specific information on this pest (O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982), so weassumed it would behave similarly to other members of the genus. Adults feed externally on foliage, fruit and stems while larvae bore into stems and fruit (Capinera, 2008c; Davis, 1996). 13 S eems likely to follow the pathway becau se the genus has been intercepted 59 times on fresh fruit of Capsicum

.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 11 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Phyrdenus muriceus Germar CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), NI (Maes and Tellez, 1988) A (Maes and

Tellez, 1988), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) Yes L, R (Maes and Tellez, 1988; Novo et al., 2002) No

Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky EL , GU, HO, NI, US

(CABI, 2007) S 16 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A
Coleoptera: Elateridae Aeolus mellilus (Say) EL(Arevalo, 2003), US (Ingerson et al., 1997) A (Arevalo, 2003) No N/A N/A

Aeolus nigromaculatus Drapiez CR, HO, NI , PN

(Johnson, 1999) S (PestID, 2008) Yes R, Sd 17 (Ingerson et al., 1997) No

Conoderus rodriguezi Candeze CR, NI , GU, PN

(Johnson, 1999), HO (PestID, 2008) S (PestID, 2008) Yes R, Se, Sd 18 (Invasive.or g, 2008) No

Coleoptera: Meloidae Epicauta carmelita (Haag) GU (Maes, 2008),

HO (SENASA, 2003), NI, PN (Blackwelder, 1945) A, F (SENASA,

2003) Yes I, L 19 (Arnett, 2000; Ratclif fe et al., 2008; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) No

14 We found no specific information about Capsicum plant part(s) affected for this pest. Species of Geraeus attack Bactris gasipaes, an exotic fruit from the Colombian Pacific. The larva e bore into young fruits and cause them to fall (Caballero and Toro, 1994; Jimenez et al., 1993). 15 This pest was only identified to genus and that genus is already present in the United States. Only one citation exists that Capsicum is a host (SENASA, 20 03), and the plant part association is unknown. Geraeus spp. have not been intercepted on Capsicum from any country (PestID, 2008). Thus, we think this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway. 16 The only evidence that Capsicum is a host of S. zeamais is one interception in passenger baggage. Sitophilus zeamais develops on cereals and processed cereal products, such as pasta, and is primarily associated with maize grain. 17 We found no specific information about plant part(s) affected

. Therefore, we assumed it would behave like other members of the genus

. . The larvae feed on the roots and seedling of the host plant (Ingerson et al., 1997), and are found in soil, forest duff, or decaying plant materials, especially fibrous stems and wood (Johnson, 1999). 18 The o nly evidence that Capsicum is a host of C. rodriguezi is an interception of one alive adult in permit cargo from Honduras, which could have been a contaminating pest. Lacking other infomation, we assumed it behaved like other members of Conoderus

. Conoderus larvae feed on the roots, seeds and seedling of the host plant (Invasive.org, 2008). 19 We found no specific information on E. carmelita and its synonym. Therefore we assumed it would behave similarly to other Epicauta spp. , which feed on foliage and flowers as adults, and bee or grasshopper eggs as larvae (Arnett, 2000; Ratcliffe et al., 2008; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 12 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Coleoptera: Mycetophagidae Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus) CAm, US (CABI,

2007) A, S 20 (PestID,

2008) No N/A N/A
Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Macrodactylus sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, L, R (Arce and Moron, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) No 21

Phyllophaga menetriesii (Blanchard) CAm (King, 1984),

EL(Arevalo, 2003), NI(Maes and Tellez, 1988) A (Arevalo, 2003) Yes R (Abarca and Quesada, 1997; Arevalo, 2003; King , 1984) No

Phyllophaga sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, L, R (Arce and Moron, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) No 21

Coleoptera: Scolytidae Ips calligraphus (Germar) GU, HO, NI, US

(CABI, 2007) S 22 (PestID, 20 08) No N/A N/A Ips lecontei Swaine EL , GU, HO, US (CABI, 2007) S 22 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) CAm, US (CABI,

2007) S 23 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

20 The only evidence for host status are two adults intercepted in permit cargo from Israel and The Netherlands (PestID, 2008). Becaus e it is a stored product pest (CABI, 2007), T. stercorea is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum sp. 21 The larvae are white grubs that feed in the soil on the roots of grasses and other plants (Arce and Moron, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005). Adults fly and feed on foliage, flowers, and externally on fruits only occasionally. Given minimal post

-harvest processing, adults of Macrodactylus and Phyllophaga are unlikely to follow the pathway on fresh pepper. 22 The only evidence that Capsicum is a host are single interceptions of adults in permit cargo from Honduras (Ips calligraphus ) and Mexico ( I. lecontei) (PestID, 2008). Ips are pests of Pinus (CABI, 2007), consequently, they are unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum sp. 23 One adult intercepted in general cargo from Honduras is the only evidence that Capsicum is a host of X. volvulus (PestID, 2008). It is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum sp.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 13 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Coleoptera: Silvanidae Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) EL , US (CABI,

2007 ) F, S (PestID,

2008) No N/A N/A

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae Tribolium castaneum Herbst CAm, US (CABI,

2007) A24 (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A
Diptera: Agromyzidae Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) CAm (CABI, 2007),

US 25 (CA, CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Saninet, 2002; Steck, 2004a), F (He et al., 2002) Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007), L (Saninet, 2002; Spencer, 1983) Yes 26

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard CR (Spencer, 1983),

CR, NI , PN (CABI, 2007), EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007) A (Arevalo, 2003),

A, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Liriomyza sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003) A, F (SENASA,

2003), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007), L (Saninet, 2002) Yes 27

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess CR (Spencer, 1983),

CR, GU (CABI , 2007), HO (SENASA, 2003) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Diptera:Cecidomyiidae Clinodiplosis capsici Gagné CR (Gagne et al.,

2000) A, F (Gagne et al.,

2000) Yes I, L, S (Gagne et al., 2000) No 28

24 T. castaneum is a stored product pest that is associated with dry commodities (CABI, 2007). 25 Although L. huidobrensis Blanchard has been reported as occurring in California (CABI, 2007), s tudies suggest that tho se records really refer to L. langei Frick, which is a cryptic species within L. huidobrensis (Scheffer, 2000; Scheffer and Lewi s, 2001; Scheffer et al., 2001; Scheffer, 2004). 26 This pest mainly attacks leaves, but is likely to follow the pathway because adults and larvae can be transported in stems (CABI, 2007). Liriomyza spp. (pupae and adults) have been intercepted 55 times on fresh Capsicum fruit (PestID, 2008). 27 This pest was not identified to species, but the genus is present in the United States (Arnett, 2000). These pests may or may not be quarantine pests. This pest is likely to follow the pathway but we did not consider it for further analysis because the risk has probably been well characterized by analyzing L. huidobrensis

.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 14 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Diptera: Lonchaeidae Neosilba certa (Walker) CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes I, F (McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982; White and Elson

Harris, 1992) No 29

Neosilba pendula (Bezzi) Sy n.: N. glaberrima (Wiedemann); Silba pendula (Bezzi) CR, GU, HO, NI

(Maes, 2008), EL (Arevalo, 2003) A (Arevalo, 2003),

F (Kory tkowki and Ojeda, 1971) Yes F 30 (Arevalo, 2003; Kory tkowki and Ojeda, 1971) No 29

Neosilba sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F 31 (Kory tkowk i and Ojeda, 1971; McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982) No 29

Dipter a: Muscidae Atherigona orientalis Schiner EL , PN , US (CABI,

2007) A, F (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

28 C. capsici is unlikely to follow the pathway because it forms galls at the base of flowers (Gagne et al., 2000). I t has never been detected in commercial pepper plantations perhaps because C. capsici is controlled by insecticides in commercial use for the pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii (Gagne et al., 2000). Accordingly, it has never been intercepted in permit or commercial cargo , and only 10 time s on Capsicum spp. in baggage (PestID, 2008). 29 Neosilba species are unlikely to follow the pathway because they are secondary pests that attack hosts previously damaged by other pests, particularly fruit flies and lepidopterans (Korytkowki and Ojeda, 1971 ; McAlpine and Steyskal, 1982; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992). Damaged fruits should be culled under standard post

- harvest procedures, which should
remove Neosilba species from the pathway. 30 This fly affects fruit previously infested and damaged by Scrobip alpula absoluta

. 31 Chinchilla and Ujueta (2002) did not report the plant part affected by this fly. We assumed it behaved similarly to other Neosilba spp. , w

hich feed on fruits previously damaged by primary invaders. I dentified only to sp. level, so not further analysed.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 15 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha ludens (Loew) CR, EL , GU, HO, NI

(CABI, 2007), PN (Norrbom, 2004), US (TX, APHI S, 2006; CA, Norrbom, 2004 ) P (Steck, 2004b) 32 Yes 33 F (Steck, 2004b) Yes

Anastrepha sp. EL , GU (PestID, 2008) A, P, S (PestID,

2008) Yes F (PestID, 2008) Yes 34
Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann CAm (CABI, 2007;

Thomas et al., 2008) A (CABI, 2007),

A, B, F (Thomas et al., 2008) Yes F (CABI, 2007; Thomas et al., 2008) Yes

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby CR, EL , GU, NI, PN

(CABI, 2007), US (FL, TX, (Mound and Hasley , 1978) S (PestID, 2008) [Yes] 11 L (PestID, 2008) No 35

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell CR, GU, NI , PN

(CABI, 2007), US (FL, Mound and Hasley , 1978) S (CABI, 2007;

Mound and Hasley , 1978; Russell, 1965) [Yes] 11 L 36 (Russell, 1965) No

Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) CR, PN (CABI ,

1991), NI (Maes, 2008), US (FL Hodges and Evans, 2005) A, F (Mound and

Hasley , 1978), S (CABI, 2007; M aes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) CAm, US (CABI,

2007) A (Arevalo, 2003;

CABI, 2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

32 The only known field host of A. ludens is C. pubescens (Steck , 200 4b ). Capsicum annuum is a host of A. ludens , and other Anastrepha species, such as A. distincta, A obliqua, and A. serpentina , but only under laboratory conditions with artificial infestation (Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Norrbom, 2004), so we did not include those species here. We found no evidence that A. ludens or the other species affect Capsicum annuum in the field. 33 Quarantine significant species, with a limited distributio n in Texas and California (Norrbom, 2004) . It is under eradication from Texas and northern Mexico along the Lower Rio Grande Valley (APHIS, 2006). 34 This pest was not identified to species. It is likely to follow the pathway, but we did not analyze it further, because the risk
wa s accounted for by analyzing A. ludens

. 35 The only evidence for host status is a single interception each in baggage and permit cargo (PestID, 2008). In one of those, leaves were the part plant affected. This is insufficient evidenc e that it would follow the pathway. 36 Plant part affected from original report of this pest as host of Capsicum sp. (Russell, 1965), w hich was cited by CABI, (2007) and Mound and Hasley (1978).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 16 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Bioty

pe B) Sy n.: B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring 37 CR, GU, HO, NI,

PN , US (CABI, 2 007), CAm, US (McAuslane, 2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Jovicich et al., 2004) No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN , US (CABI, 2007) A, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Trialeurodes sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 38

Hemiptera: Aphididae Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) EL , US (CABI,

2007) F 39 (Blackman and

Eastop, 2000) No N/A N/A Aphis craccivora Koch NI , US (CABI, 2007) A (Saninet, 2002)

S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A Aphis fabae Scopoli EL , GU, PN (Jensen et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007) A, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Aphis gossypii Glover CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), EL (Arevalo, 2003), CR GU, HO, NI, PN , US (CABI, 2007) A, F (Blackman

and Eastop, 2000; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Aph is nerii Boyer De Fonscolombe CAm, US (Jensen et

al., 2008) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A Aphis spiraecola Patch CR, EL , HO, NI, PN , US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach CAm, US (CABI,

2007) A, F (Blackman

and Eastop, 2000) No N/A N/A

37 This whitefly was thought to be a new biotype of B. tabaci (designated variously as B biotype, Florida biotype, or poinsettia biotype). It quickly moved into other southern states with intensive agricultural and horticultural industries, such as Texas, Arizona, and California, and displaced the original B. tabaci (A biotype), which is no longer in the United States. The B biotype was described in 1994 as a new species, B. argentifolii . Its common name is the silverleaf whitefly, because it induces silverleaf disorder in squash. This new species designation is not universally accepted; here we refer to B. tabaci B biotype (= B. argentifolii) as Bemisia (McAuslane, 2007). 38 The only species in Central America known to attack Capsicum spp. is T. vaporariorum (CABI, 2007), which is a non

quarantine pest. In addition, th is genus is present in the United States. Consequently, we did not further analyze this pest. 39 A. pisum, may occur as small colonies on C. frutescens ( Blackman and Eastop, 2000)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 17 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) CR, PN (McGuire

and Crandall, 1967), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007) A, F (Blackman

and Eastop, 2000; SENASA, 2003) No N/A N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer Sy n.: Aphis persicae Sulzer CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 20 02), EL (Arevalo, 2003), CR, EL , HO, GU, PN , US (CABI, 2007) A, F (Blackman

and Eastop, 2000) A (Arevalo, 2003) No N/A N/A

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) EL , GU, HO, NI

(CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Kagezi et al., 1999) A (Kagezi et al.,

1999), A, F (Ong et al., 1978) No N/A N/A

Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Sy n.: T. citricidus Kirkaldy CR, HO, NI , PN

(CABI, 2007), US (FL CABI, 2007) A, F 40 (Ong et al.,

1978) [Yes] 11 L (CABI, 2007; Ong et al., 1978) No

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell HO, US (FL Dekle,

2001) A (Dekle, 2001) [Yes] 11 F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 41

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus EL , PN (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008) CAm, US (CABI, 2007) F (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) CR, EL , HO, GU, PN , US (FL Ben

Dov et al., 2008) A, S (PestID,

2008) [Yes] 11 F, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 42

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) CAm, US (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008; CABI, 2007) F, S (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell CR, GU, US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) A, F (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008) No N/A N/A

40 Primary hosts of T. citricida are Rutaceae (CABI, 2007). C. annum and C. f rutescens are non- hosts of T. citricida , but they are significant, as a vector of Chili venial mottle virus (Ong et al., 1978). 41 Only one record exists of C. rubens in Central America ( which country? ) as a pest of solanaceus species (Dekle, 2001). We found no specific information that it affects Capsicum spp., or about its presence in Central America (which country?) beyond Mexico (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007). In addition, it has been intercepted more than 4,500 times from different countries on diff erent commodities, but never on Capsicum species. Thus, we found insufficient evidence that it
wo uld follow the pathway. 42 The only evidence that Capsicum spp. is a host of C. viridis are three interceptions in passenger baggage PestID, 2008). This was insufficient evidence that the species would follow the pathway.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 18 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell NI(Maes, 2008), US

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) F (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008), S (Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN (CABI, 2007), NI(Maes, 2008), US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) A, F (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Saissetia neglecta Delotto CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN , US (US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) S 43 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Coreidae Anasa sp. HO (SENASA, 2003) S (SENASA,

2003) Yes L (Arnett, 2000) No 44
Hemip tera: Diaspididae Aspidiotus destructor Signoret CR, GU, HO, NI,

PN , US (CABI, 2007) A, F, S (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) CR, GU, HO, NI, PN

(CABI, 2007) F (Williams and

Watson, 1988) No N/A N/A
Lepidosaphes tokionis (Kuwana) CR, GU, PN

(Watson, 2005), US (CAm45 , MS Ben

Dov et al., 2008) S (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008) [Yes] 11 L (Watson, 2005) No

Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) PN , US (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008; Watson, 2005) A (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Watson, 200 5) No N/A N/A

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) EL , PN (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008), NI (Maes, 2004), US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) A, F, S (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008), A, F (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) CR, EL , GU (Ben

Dov et al., 2008), PN (Watson, 2005), US (Fl Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) A, F, S (Williams

and Watson, 1988) [Yes] 11 L (Watson, 2005) No

43 The only evidence for host status is one interception in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). 44 This genus is present in the United States. Pests of this genus are associated with leaves (Arnett, 2000) and therefore are unlikely to follow the pathway. Not IDd to species level, so not further analysed. 45 This pest is reported as eradicated from California (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 19 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) GU (CABI, 2007),

US (CABI, 2007; Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) S (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis pen tagona (Targioni

tozzetti) CR, HO, PN , US

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007) A, S (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Unaspis citri (Comstock) EL , HO, PN , US

(CABI, 2007) A46 (EPPO, 2007),

S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A
Hemiptera: Membracidae An tianthe expansa (Germar) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), HO (SENASA, 2003), NI(Maes, 2008), US (Arnett, 2000) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Miridae Creontiades sp

. NI(Maes, 2008) S (Maes, 2008) Yes I, Sh (Malipatil and Cassis, 1997) No 47

Halticus bractatus (Say) EL , NI (Maes, 2004), CAm, US (Capinera, 2008a) S (Capinera,

2008a;Maes, 2004) No N/A N/A

Lygus lineolaris (Palisot De Beauvois) EL , GU, HO, US

(CABI, 2007) S (Dixon and

Fasulo, 2006) No N/A N/A
Hemiptera: Ortheziidae Insignorthezia insignis (Browne) Sy n.: Orthezia insignis Browne CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN , US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) S (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Orthezia pseudinsignis Morrison GU, US (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008) S (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Rung et al., 2007) [ Yes] 11 L, S (Rung et al., 2007) No 48

46 EPPO (2007) reports C. annuum as an incidental host of U. citri. 47 This pest was not identified to species, and the genus is present in the United States (Arnett, 2000). Maes (2003) does not specify the affected plant part(s), so we assumed it would behave like other Creontiades spp

. Generally, these insects attacks growing points, causing severe stunting, destroying axillary buds and preventing grow th of blossom

- carrying branchlets. On cotton, adults and nymphs feed on the growing points of young plants, destroying vegetative buds and abscising flower buds (Malipatil and Ca ssis, 1997). Not identified to species, so not further analyz ed. 48 The fruit of Capsicum species have been imported into the United States for over 70 years from Mexico. Although O. pseudinsignis occurs there (Morrison, 1952; Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) , during this time it has only been intercepted once in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). Therefore, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 20 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Praelongorthezia praelonga Kozar Sy n.: Orthezia praelonga Douglas PN (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008) S (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; PestID, 2008) Yes L (PestID, 2008) No

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae Acrosternum marginatum (Palisot de Be auvois) CAm, US (Schaefer

and PNnizzi, 2000) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Euschistus bifibulus (Palisot De Beauvois) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), GU, HO, PN (McGuire and Crandall, 1967) A (CABI, 2007), S

(PestID, 2008) Yes 49 F, I, S, Se, (Gomez and Mizel l, 2008) No 50

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) CR, EL , GU NI

(CABI, 2007), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) CR, EL , GU, HO,

NI , US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007) S (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi) CR, PN , HO (Ben

Dov et al., 2008), US (Miller and Miller, 2002) S 51 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (FL Miller, 2005 ) S (PestID, 2008) [Yes] 11 F, I, L, S, R (Kessing and Mau, 1992) No 52

49 Quarantine significant species, recategorized as reportable on 5/6/2008 (PestID, 2008). 50 CABI (2007) did not report the plant part affected, so we assumed it would behave like other stink bugs. They often feed on the vegetative parts, flowers, stems, and foliage of the plant, as well as the seed, nut or fruit (Gomez and Mizell, 2008)

. An E. bifibulus adult was intercep ted once on Capsicum sp. from Jamica (PestID, 2008). Giving that E. bifibulus is a medium sized stink bug (8

- 10 mm) (Perez

- Gelabert and Thomas, 2005), and it feeds externally, it could be removed by minimal processing. Consequently, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway. 51 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of D. grassii is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry in permit cargo (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host. 52 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of D. neobrevipes are two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry in baggage (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence of host status, so this species is unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 21 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) CR, GU , HO, NI,

PN , US (CABI, 2007) A (Blanco et al.,

2003), S (Hill, 1987) No N/A N/A

Geococcus coffeae Green CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN (Williams and Granara, 1992), US (FL Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) A (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; Ben

- Dov, 1994) [Yes] 11 R (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ; Ben

- Dov, 1994) No

Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink CR, GU (Williams

and Granara, 1992), US (FL, MT CABI, 2007; Walker et al., 2006) A (CABI, 2007), S

(Walker et al., 2006) [Yes] 11 F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 53

Phenacoccus madeirensi

s Green CR, GU, PN , US

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007) A (Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus parvus Morrison CR (Williams and

Granara, 1992), NI, PN (Williams and Cox, 1984) US (FL) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) A, F (Ben

- Dov et

al., 200 8), F (Williams and Cox, 1984; CABI , 2007), S (Williams and Granara, 1992) [Yes] 11 F (PestID, 2008 ) ; L, S (Fletcher, 2003) Yes 54

Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley PN (Williams and

Granara, 1992), US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) S (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Planococ cus citri (Risso) CR, GU, HO

(Williams and Granara, 1992), EL (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007) F (MAF

Biosecurity, 2000) No N/A N/A

Planococcus minor (Maskell) CR, GU, HO (Ben

Dov et al., 2008; Williams and Granara, 1992) A, F (Ben

- Dov,

1994; Ben

- Dov et al. , 2008) Yes F, I, R, S (Ooi et al., 2002) Yes 55

53 C. annuum is a secondary host of P. marginatus ( CABI, 2007) . This pest has only been intecepted twice, on baggage from Puerto Rico ( PestID, 2008 ), and never on Capsicum fruit imported from Mexico, where it occurs ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2008, CABI, 2007 ; Williams and Granara, 1992 ). Therefore, P. marginatus is highly unl ikely to follow the pathway. 54 This pest mainly attacks leaves and stems of hosts, but it is likely to follow the pathway because immature stages and adults have been intercepted 21 times on fresh Capsicum fruit at U.S. ports

- of

- entry (PestID, 2008). 55 Pla nococcus minor has been intercepted mo re than 50 times on Capsicum spp. from different countries (PestID, 2008).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 22 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius CR, GU, HO, PN

(CABI, 2007), NI (Williams and Granara, 1992) S (PestID, 2008) Yes F, L (CABI, 2007) No 56

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller CAm, US (Ben

- Dov

et al., 2008; CABI, 2007) F, S (Ben

- Dov et

al., 2008; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti CR, GU, HO

(Williams and Granara, 1992), US (Ben

- Dov, 1994; CABI, 2007) A (Ben

- Dov,

1994) No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) CR, GU, PN , US

(Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) S (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) CAm (CABI, 2007;

Ben

- Dov et al., 2008), US (Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2007) S 57 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Hemiptera: Tingidae Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), HO (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (Schaefer and PNnizzi, 2000) A (Maes, 2008), S

(Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Estigmene acraea Drury CR, EL , GU, HO, NI , US (CABI, 2007) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae Pyroderces rileyi (Walsingham) EL , NI (Maes,

2008), HO (SENASA, 2003), US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007) S (Maes, 2008;

Robinson et al., 2007) No N/A N/A

56 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of P. elisae are two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry in baggage from Jamaica and in permit cargo from the Dominican Republic (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence of host status, so this species is unlikely to follow the pathway. 57 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. are a host of S. sacchari are two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry in baggage (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of S. sacchari

.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 23 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Lepidoptera: Crambidae Herpetogramma bipunc talis (Fabricius) Sy n.: Psara bipunctalis (Fabricius) HO (SENASA,

2003), NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994) F (Robinson et al.,

2007) No N/A N/A

Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) CR, EL , GU, HO,

PN (CABI, 2007) A (PestID, 2008) Yes F, (CABI, 2007) No 58

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) CR, EL(McGuire

and Crandall, 1967), PN (PestID, 2008), A, S (Robinson et

al., 2007) Yes F (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003) Yes

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Keiferia lycopersicella Walsingham CR (Zhang, 1994),

NI(Maes, 2008), US (Zhang, 1994) A (Robinson et al.,

2007; Zhang, 1994) No N/A N/A

Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) CR (CABI, 2007),

GU, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2007), S (Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) CR, EL , HO, NI

(McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007) A 59 (Seenappa et

al., 1979 ) No N/A N/A

Symmetrischema capsica (Bradley and Povolny) HO, US (Bennett,

1995) A (Bennett, 1995;

Robinson et al., 2007) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Lyc aenidae Tmolus echion (Linnaeus) Sy n.: Ministrymon echion (Linnaeus) GU (Zhang, 1994),

US (Opler et al., 2006) A (Robinson et al.,

2007), S (Zhang, 1994) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) CAm, US (Zhang,

1994) A (CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2007), S (Zhang, 1994) No N/A N/A

58 Maruca vitrata usually affects leaves, flowers, and pods of Fabaceae. The only evidence associating M. vitrata with Capsicum spp. is one interception on C. annuum in passenger baggage (PestID, 2008). That pest may have been a contaminating pest in non

- commercial fruit. Therefore, this pest is unlikely to be present on commercial Capsicum spp. 59 This insect is a stored

-product pest (Seenappa et al., 1979), and is unlikely to be associated with fresh Capsicum fruit.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 24 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Agrotis malefida Guenée Sy n.: Rhizagrotis malefida ( Guenée) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), HO (CABI, 2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007) A (Robinson et al.,

2007) No N/A N/A

Agrotis repleta Walker Sy n.: Feltia repleta Walker CR, EL(McGuire

and Crandall, 1967), US (Kimball, 1953; Poole and Gentili, 1996) A (Saninet, 2002) No N/A N/A

Agrotis sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, L, R, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 60 ,

Chrys odeixis includens (Walker) Sy n.: Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) HO, NI, US (CABI,

2007) A (Saninet, 2002;

CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Feltia subterranea (Fabricius) Sy n.: Agrotis subterranea (Fabricius) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), EL (Arevalo, 2003), HO , NI(Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994) A (CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2007; Saninet, 2002) No N/A N/A

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Sy n.: Chloridea obsoleta Fabricius) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Zhang, 1994) A, S (CABI,

2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 200 2) No N/A N/A

Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) Sy n.: Chloridea virescens (Fabricius) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Zhang, 1994) A (CABI, 2007;

Saninet, 2002), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Heliothis sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 61

Mythimna unipuncta Haworth Sy n.: Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) CR, GU, PN , US

(CABI, 2007) A (Robinson et al.,

2007), S (Cook et al., 2004) No N/A N/A

60 Agrotis species known to attack Capsicum spp. in Central America are A. ipsilon , A. malefida , and A

. replete, which are all
non - quarantine pests. Consequently, we did not further analyze this pest. 61 This pest belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Arnett, 2000), so we did further analyze it.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 25 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Peridroma saucia (Hübner) CR, GU, US (CABI,

2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2007) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera albula (Walker) Sy n.: S. sunia Guenée CR, EL , HO, NI, US

(Teixeira et al., 2001) A (CABI, 2007;

Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera dolichos (Fabricius) HO, NI, CR, PN

(Maes, 2008) , US (Heppner and Habeck, 1976) S 62 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera eridania Stoll CAm, US (Capinera,

2008b) A (CABI, 2007;

Robinson et al., 2007), F (Robinson et al., 2007), S (Capinera, 2008b; Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), EL, GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007) A, S (CABI,

2007), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith Sy n.: Laphygma frugiperda Guenée CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Zhang, 1994) A (CABI, 2007), S

(Maes, 2008; Pashley , 1988) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera latifascia (Walker) CAm, US (Zhang,

1994) A (CABI, 2007;

Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002; Robinson et al., 2007) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) Sy n.: Prodenia ornithogalli Guenée CAm, US (Capinera,

2001) A (CABI, 2007), F

(Robinson et al., 2007) No N/A N/A

Spodoptera sp. CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002) S (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002) Yes F, I, L, S, Sh (Ellis, 2004) Yes 63

62 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of S. dolichos are two interceptions at a U.S. ports

- of

- entry (PestID, 2008). This is insuffi cient evidence of host status.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 26 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) CR (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002), HO, NI(Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007), S

(Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002; Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Ithomia celemia (Hewitson) CR (Robinson et al.,

2007) A (Robinson et al.,

2007) Yes L 64 (DeVries, 1989) No

Pteronymia no tilla Butler and Druce CR (Robinson et al.,

2007) A (Robinson et al.,

2007) Yes L 64 (DeVries, 1989) No

Lepidoptera: Pieridae Ascia monuste (Linnaeus) CAm (McGuire and

Crandall, 1967; Robinson et al., 2007), US (Opler et al., 2006) A 65 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval) CAm (Santiago et

al., 2006), US (TX Opler et al., 2006) S (McGuire and

Crandall, 1967) [Yes] 11 L 66 (Ramírez et al., 2001) No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding CAm (CABI, 2007;

Mexzón et al., 2003; Zhang, 1994) A (Saninet, 2002) Yes L (Mexzón et al., 2003) No

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Ancylostomia stercorea (Zeller) CR, GU, PN (CABI,

2007), US (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2007) A 67 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Cadra cautella Walker CAm (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007) S (Robinson et al.,

2007) No N/A N/A

63 The species of Spodoptera reported attacking Capsicum spp. in Central America are S. albula, S. dolichos, S. eridania, S. exigua, S. frugiperda, S. latifascia, and S. Ornithogalli, which are all non

- quarantine pests. Consequently, we did not further analyze.this pest. 64 Broad patterns of host plant use in the family Nymphalidae are well known, and the Ithomiinae subfamily is largely composed of specialist pests on the Solanaceae, with a few species that use the Apocynaceae. Most ithomiines eat round holes in the interior of the leaf blades (DeVries, 1989). 65 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of A. monuste is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of A. monuste

. 66 L. aripa is a leaf feeder, reported as pest of Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Ramírez et al., 2001; Santiago et al., 2006) 67 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of A. stercorea is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of A. stercorea

.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 27 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) NI(Maes, 2008),

HO, US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) CR, EL , GU, NI,

PN , US (CABI, 2007) S (Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Ephestia elutella Hübner NI(Maes, 2008), US (Arnett, 2000) S 68 (Robinson et

al., 2007) No N/A N/A Ephestia kuehniella Zeller CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Walker, 2007) S (CABI, 2007;

Zhang, 1994) No N/A N/A

Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) EL , HO, NI (Maes,

2008), US (CABI, 2007) A (Robinson et al.,

2007) No N/A N/A

Lineodes integra (Zeller) NI(Maes, 2008), US (Robinson et al., 2007) A, S (Robinson et

al., 2007) No N/A N/A

Pilemia periusalis (Walker) CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), PN (McGuire and Crandall, 1967), US (Arnett, 2000; CABI, 2007) F (Martorell,

1976) No N/A N/A

Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) NI(Maes, 2008), US

(CABI, 2007) A, S (Robinson et

al., 2007) No N/A N/A
Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) CR, GU (Maes,

2008), HO, NI, PN , US (CABI, 2007) A ( CABI, 2007;

Maes, 2008), S (Chinchilla and Ujueta, 2002; Robinson et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Lepidoptera: Tineidae Opogona sacchari Bojer CAm (EPPO/CABI , 1997), US (FL, HI CABI, 2007) S ( CABI, 2007;

EPPO/CABI , 1997) [Yes] 11 I, L, S (CABI, 2007) No 69

68 E. elutella Larva feeds on stored tobacco leaves and other products, particularly chocolates, seeds, and prepared cereals (Arnett, 2000). It is found less commonly i n grains and flour, and in rotten wood. 69 We think O. sacchari is unlikely to follow the pathway for several reasons. Capsicum is reported as an mi nor host of O. sacchari (CABI, 2007). Larvae are scavenger s of dried/harvested vegetable material , and feed o nly occasionally on living material

. Opogona sacchari in other hosts (e.g., bananas ) attacks the peduncles, but it is especially abundant in decaying pseudostems (EPPO/CABI, 1997)

. In ornamental plants like cacti and Dracaena , larvae feed on dead and living portions of the cortex . Peduncles of Capsicum are not woody or fleshy, and damaged fruits and tissues are likely to be culled during postharvest processing

. O. sacchari has never been intercepted on Capsicum spp., and only twice in baggage on any commodity

( PestID, 2008 ).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 28 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Lepi doptera: Tortricidae Lorita scarificata (Mey rick) Sy n.: L. abornana Busck CR (Zhang, 1994),

US (Pogue, 1988; Zhang, 1994) A (Pogue, 1988) No N/A N/A

Platynota rostrana Walker GU, HO, NI, PN

(Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Zhang, 1994) A, F (Robinson et

al. , 2007), S (Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Orthoptera: Acrididae Orphulella punctata (Degeer) CR (Rowell, 1998),

GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2004) S 70 (PestID, 2008) Yes L (Bulacio et al., 2005) No

Orthoptera: Gryllidae Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius) Sy n.: Acheta assimili

s Fabricius CR, GU, NI , PN

(Maes, 2004), US (CABI, 2007) A (Narváez, 2003) No N/A N/A

Orthoptera Gryllotalpidae Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus EL(Arevalo, 2003),

US (CABI, 2007) A (Arevalo, 2003),

S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A Neocurtilla hexadactyla (Perty) Sy n.: Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty CR (Chinchilla and

Ujueta, 2002), US (Walker and Moore, 2008 A (Saninet, 2002) No N/A N/A

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton) CR, HO, US (CABI,

2007) S 71 (PestID, 2008) No N/A N/A

Chaetana phothrips signipennis (Bagnall) CR, HO, PN (CABI,

2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US (FL Howard and McCo y, 1992) S (Pernezny et al., 2003) [Yes] 11 F, I, L (Pernezny et al., 2003) No 72

70 The only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of O. punctata is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of O. punctata

. 71 Two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry are the only evidence that Capsicum sp. is a host of C. orchidii (PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that peppers are a host of C. orchidii. 72 C. signipennis is a pest of Anthurium , Musa (banana), and Musa x paradisiaca (plantain) (CABI, 2007). T he only evidence that this thrips is a pest of Capsicum spp. is a record in Pernezny et al. (2003), which wa s later acknowledged as a mistake (Nuessly, 2008). Consequently, we have no evidence that peppers are a host of C. signipennis.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 29 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) CR, GU (CABI,

2007), NI (Maes, 2008), US ( CABI, 2007) A, S(CABI, 2007),

S (Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A

Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) NI , PN , US (Maes,

2008) A (CABI, 2007), S

(Maes, 2008) No N/A N/A Thrips palmi Karny CAm (EPPO, 2001, US (FL, HI CABI, 2007) A (EPPO, 2001;

Pernezny et al., 2003), A, S (CABI, 2007), F (Salas, 2003) [Yes] 11 F, I, L (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2001) Yes

Thrips tabaci Lindeman CR (CABI, 2007), EL , GU, HO, NI (Maes, 2008), US (CABI, 2007) A (Deligeorgidis,

2002; Pernezny

et al., 2003) No N/A N/A

PLANT PATHOGENS BACTERIA Cla vibacter michiganensis subsp

. michiganensis Smith and Davis, et. al

. (Actinomycetales) CR, PN , US

(Bradbury , 1986; CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Young and Fletcher, 1997) No N/A N/A

Erwinia carotovora subsp. a troseptica (van Hall) Dye. Sy n.: E. carotovora (J ones) Holl. Berg. (Enterobacteriales) CR, HO, US (CABI,

2007) A, B, F (Wellman,

1977) No N/A N/A

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey

et al. (Enterobacteriales) CR, HO, PN , US

(CABI, 2007) A, S (Bradbury ,

1986; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Erwin ia chrysanthemi (Burkh.) Young et al. (Enterobacteriales) CR, GU, HO, PN ,

US (CABI, 2007) A 73 (Bradbury ,

1986; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

73 E. chrysanthemi is a minor pest of C. annum (CABI, 2007)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 30 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca (Victoria & Barros) Dickey & Victoria (Enterobacteriales) GU, HO, PN (CABI,

2007) A (Bradbury ,

1986; CABI, 2007) Yes F, S 74 (Bradbury , 1986), S (Young and Fletcher, 1997) No 75

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp (Pseudomonadales) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US (CABI, 2007) A, S (CABI,

2007), S (Bradbury , 1986) No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv . syringae van Hall (Pseudomonadales) EL(CABI, 2007),

GU, HO, PN (Bradbury , 1986), US (CABI, 2007) A (Bradbury ,

1986; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi Sy n.: Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith; Xanthomonas solanac earum (Smith) Dowson (Burkholderiales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007) A (Bradbury ,

1986; CABI, 2007), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F (Young and Fletcher, 1997) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al. (Burkholderiales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. (Burkholderiales) CR76 (CABI, 2007),

GU (Sanchez Perez et al., 2008), US 77 (Ambuzs, 2003; NAPPO, 2005 ) S (Ambuzs, 2003;

Canadian Food Inspection Agency , 2007) Yes L, R, S (Invasive.or g, 2008; Martin et al., 2005) Yes

74 We found no reports of the Capsicum spp. plant part affected by this bacterium. We assumed E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca could affect pseudostems and green fruit , based on its effects on Musa sp (Bradbury, 1986; Y oung and Fletcher, 1997). 75 Capsicum annuum is susceptible to E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca when artificially inoculated (Bradbury, 1986), but we found no evidence that natural infection occurs. E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca occurs in Honduras on the pseudostems and fruit of Musa sp. (Bradbury, 1986; Young and Fletcher, 1997), but has not been reported on Capsicum sp. Consequently, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway. 76 Reported as Ralstonia solanacearum race 3. No biovar specified for this country. 77 This bacteria has been erradicated from all territories of the United States (Ambuzs, 2003; CABI, 2007; NAPPO, 2005).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 31 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. Sy n.: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn (Rhizobiales) PN (Wellman,

1977), US (CABI, 2007) A (Bradbury ,

1986; CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dowson (Xanthomonadales) Sy n.: X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), EL , GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007) A, S (CABI,

2007), F (McGuire and Crandall, 1967) No N/A N/A

FUNGI 78 Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. Sy n.: A. tenuis Nees (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), GU, HO, PN (Farr et al., 2008), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A, F, S (Farr et al.,

2008), A, S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Alternaria brassicae (Ber k.) Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CR, GU, HO, NI, PN

(CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) EL (Farr et al., 2008), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Alternaria solani Sorauer (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CAm (Farr et al.,

20 08), US (CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A, F, S (Calderón

and Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008), A, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Alternaria sp. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) Yes L ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002) No

Alternaria tenuissima (Nees & T. Nees: Fr.) Wiltshire (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) PN (Cantrell et al.,

2006), US (Farr et al., 2008) A, F (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

78 Fungal taxonomic classification as in Farr et al. (2008), and Index fungorum database (CABI, 2008).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 32 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Apiospora montagnei Sacc. (Ascomycet es: In certae sedis) PN , US (Farr et al.,

2008) S (Kirk, 1991a) No N/A N/A

Ascochyta gossypii Woron. (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) GU, PN , US (CABI,

2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A, F, P (Holliday ,

1980) No N/A N/A

Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. (Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales) HO (CABI, 2007),

US (CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) F, S ( CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales) CAm (Farr et al.,

2008 ), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008), A, F ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Aspergillus sp. (Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiales) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) Yes F ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002) Yes 79

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr. Sy n.: Corticium rolfsii Curzi; Pellicularia rolfsii ( Curzi) E. West.; Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (Basidiomycet es: Poly po rales) CAm, US ( CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008) A (Arevalo, 2003;

CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx Sy n.: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; Diplodia natalensis Pole

- Evan s.; Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffiths & Maubl.; (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) CAm (Farr et al.,

2008, CR, EL , HO, NI , PN ( CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A, F (Farr et al.,

2008), A, S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

79 This pest may or may not b e quarantine pest, but the genus is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). We did not further analyze it because we found no evidence that other pests in the genus were quarantine pests in the region examined.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 33 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Botryotinia fuckeliana ( de Bary) Whetzel Sy n.: Botrytis cinerea Pers. (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008), US ( CABI, 2007 ) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Cercospora apii Fresen. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellale s) GU, PN , US (Farr et

al., 2008) A, F (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Cercospora capsici Heald & F.A. Wolf. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, B, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Cercospora sp. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008) Yes L ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002) No

Chaetomium bostrychodes Zopf (Ascomycet es: Sordariales) PN (Minter, 2006),

US (F arr et al., 2008; Minter, 2006 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. (Zygomyc etes: Mucorales) PN , US (Farr et al.,

2008) A, F, S ( CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen .) G.A. De Vries. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) PN (Cantrell et al.,

2006), US (Farr et al., 2008) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) EL , PN ( CABI,

2007 ), PN , US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 34 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.: Fr.) Link Sy n.: Davidiella tassiana (De Not.) Crous & U. Braun (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales ) EL , NI, PN , US (Farr

et al., 2008 ) A, B, F (Wellman,

1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & M.A. Curtis (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CR, EL , US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A, F ( Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus geniculatus R. R. Nelson Sy n.: Curvularia geniculata (Tracy

& Earle) Boedijn (Ascomycet es: Pl eosporales) PN , US (Farr et al.,

2008 ) A, F ( Farr et al.,

2008 ), S (CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis Sy n.: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) PN (CABI, 2007),

CR ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002), CAm, U S (Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008 ), F, S (CABI, 2007; S (Young and Fletcher, 1997) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US ( CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) A ( CABI, 2007 ),

A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S. Hughes (Ascomycet es: Phyllachorales) PN (Farr et al., 2008,

US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A (Young and

Fletcher, 1997 ), A, F (Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Colleto trichum dematium (Pers.: Fr.) Grove (Ascomycet es: Phyllachorales) EL , GU, NI, PN , US

( CABI, 2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ),

A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008; Young and Fletcher, 1997 ) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 35 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Colletotrichum nigrum Ellis & Halst. (Sordariomycetes: In certae sedis) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A, F (Oduro,

2000), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore. (Ascomycet es: Phyllachorales) EL , NI, PN , US (Farr

et al., 2008), GU, HO, US ( CABI, 2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Weir (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) GU, PN , US (Farr et

al., 2008) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F (Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Didymella lycopersici Kleb. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) PN ( CABI, 2007 ),

US ( CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) A, S (Farr et al.,

2008), S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Erysiphe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien Sy n.: E. polygoni auct. p.p. (Ascomycet es: Erysiphales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), EL , GU, US (CABI, 2007), PN , US (Farr et al., 2008) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) No N/A N/A

Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (Ascomycet es: Erysiphales) CAm, U S (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A (Alfieri et al.,

1994 ), A, S (Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CR, GU, HO, NI,

PN , US ( CABI, 2007 ), CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008), A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) No N/A N/A

Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. Sy n.: F. pallidoroseum (Cooke) Sacc. (Ascomycet es, Hy pocreales) CR, GU, HO, US

(Farr et al., 2008 ), HO, US (CABI, 2007) A, F, S (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CR, GU, H O, NI, US

(Farr et al., 2008, CAm, US (CABI, 2007) A, S (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 36 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008 ), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) PN , US (Farr et al.,

2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis

lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US ( CABI, 2007) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) No N/A N/A

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (G.F. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CR, GU, PN

(Wellman, 1977), EL , GU, NI, US (CABI, 2007), EL, NI , US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A, S (CABI, 2007;

Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Fusarium spp. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) Yes F, R (Calderón and Díaz, 2002) Yes 80

Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. Butler & L.J. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch Sy n.: Geotrichum candidum Link (Saccharomycet es: Saccharomyc etales) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US (Farr et al., 2008) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) S (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

80 This pest may or may not be quarantine pest, but belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). We did not analyze it further because we found no evidence of other pests in the taxon being quarantine pests in the region examined.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 37 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Gibberella intricans Wollenw. Sy n.: Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) GU, PN (Farr et al.,

2008), HO ( CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2 008) A, F, S (Farr et al.,

2008), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Gibberella zeae (Schwein. : Fr.) Petch Sy n.: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008) F ( Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Gloeosporium piperatum Ellis & Everh. (Leotiomycetes: Helotiales) GU, PN (Farr et al.,

2008 ), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) A, F ( Farr et al.,

2008 ), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Glomerella acutata Guerber & J.C. Correll 2001 Sy n.: Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds (Ascomycet es: In certae sedis) CR ( CABI, 2007;

Calderón and Díaz, 2002), US ( CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2008) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), F, S (Young and Fletcher, 1997), S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaul d. & H. Schrenk Sy n.: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (Ascomycet es: incertae sedis) CR, GU, HO, NI, PN

( CABI, 2007 ), CAm, US (Farr et al., 2008) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F (Young and Fletcher, 1997 ), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), A, S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Glomerella lindemuthiana Shear Sy n.: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Scribn. (Ascomycet es, In certae sedis) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008) F (Oduro, 2000) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 38 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman Sy n.: Fusarium solani (Wollenw.) Gerlach; Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CR, HO, NI , PN

(Farr et al., 2008 ), HO, US (CABI, 2007), A, F, S (Farr et al.,

2008 ), A, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Hypocrea rufa (Pers . : Fr.) Fr. 81 Sy n.: Trichoderma viride (Ascomycet es, Hy pocreales) PN (Cantrell et al.,

2006), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Leptoxyphium fumago (Woron.) R.C. Srivast. Sy n.: Caldariomyces fumago Woron. (Ascomycet es: Ca pnodiales) PN (Farr et al., 2008) A (Farr et al., 2008) Yes L ( Farr et al., 2008) No

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud (Ascomycet es: Erysiphales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), HO, NI (CABI, 2007), PN (Farr et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 200 8) A ( Oduro, 2000 ),

A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008) , S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

81 The major host of H. rufa is the fungus Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom); it is “associated” with several genera of plants (CABI, 2007). The substrate reported of this fungus is wood ( Farr et al., 2008) of several species of plants.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 39 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid Sy n.: Macrophoma phaseoli Maubl. (Ascomycet es: In certae sedis) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), EL , HO (CABI, 2007), NI, PN (Farr et al., 2008) , US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) A (CABI, 2007),

A, F ( Farr et al., 2008 ), S (Pernezny et al., 2003) No N/A N/A

Moniliophthora perniciosa (

Stahel) Aime & Phillips

Mora Sy n.: Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer (Basidiomycet es : Agaricales) PN 82 (Williams,

2008) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) Yes F, I, L, S (CABI, 2007) Yes 83

Mycena citricolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) CAm (CABI, 2007),

US (FL CABI, 2007) A, B, F 84

(Wellman, 1977) Yes 85 L (Wellman, 1977) No

M ycovellosiella fulva (Cooke) (Dothideomycetes: Capnodiales) CR, GU, HO, NI,

PN , US (CABI, 2007) A, F 86 (CABI,

2007) No N/A N/A

Nematospora coryli Peglion. (Saccharomycet es: Saccharomyc etales) CR (CABI 2007),

US (CABI 2007; Farr et al., 2008) F (Farr et al. ,

2008) No N/A N/A

82 Witches broom fungus of cacao, caused by C. perniciosa (Stahel) Singer, is a serious disease in Latin America. Indigenous to the Amazon, it is now

present in most cocoa growing regions in South America and several Caribbean islands. It occurs in Central America only in Panama (on the South American side of the canal) (Williams, 2008). 83 M. perniciosa affects leaves, flowers, stems and fruits of cocoa, Theobroma cacao. The only reported host association is on C. annuum (Farr et al., 2008), and we found no information about the part plant affected. Given its distribution in Central America and the lack of evidence that it affects Capsicum spp, we did not further analyze it. 84 Although Wellman (1977) reports this fungus on Capsicum , it is common on woody perennials in the cool humid equatorial forests, several of which are shade trees in coffee plantations (CABI, 2007). We found no more information about the association between Capsicum and this pathogen. 85 M. citricolor is reportedly present in Florida (CABI, 2007) but it has not been detected there since 1926 (Schubert, 2002). It is not known to occur in the United States (Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 2008, Alfieri et al., 1994). 86 M. fulva wa s isolated from tomato, red pepper ( C. annuum ), and bell pepper ( C. frutescens ), but tests did not show P. fu lva to be pathogenic.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 40 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. (Ascomycet es: Trichosphaeriales) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason (Ascomycet es: Trichosphaeriales) EL , PN , US ( Farr et

al., 2 008) S (Kirk, 1991b) No N/A N/A

Oidium sp. (Leotiomycetes) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), GU (Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008 ) Yes L 87 (Calderón and Díaz, 2002) No

Passalora diffusa (Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun & Crous Sy n.: C ercospora diffusa Ellis & Everh. (Ascomycet es, Mycosphaerellales) EL , US ( Farr et al.,

2008) A, F, S (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Phaeoramularia capsicicola (Vassiljevsky) Deighton Sy n.: Cercospora unamunoi Castell. Ellis. Chupp; Passalora capsicicola (Vassiljevsky) U. Braun & F.O. Freire. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) HO (SENASA,

2003), PN (Farr et al., 2008 ), US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A, B, F (Wellman,

1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008 ), A, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Pellicularia koleroga Cooke. (Agari comyc etes: In certae sedis) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Penicillium decumbens Thom. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) PN (Cantrell et al.,

2006), US (Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

87 Oidium sp. cause powdered mildew in leaves ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 41 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) PN (Cantrell et al.,

2006), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Penicillium spp. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002 ), EL , PN (Wellman, 1977) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977) Yes F ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002; Wellman, 1977) Yes 88

Periconia byssoides Pers. Sy n.: P. pycnospora Fresen. (Ascomycet es: In certae sedis) EL , PN , US ( Farr et

al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina (D.B. Adam) Skalicky Sy n.: Peronospora tabacina D.B. Adam (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) , EL , GU, HO, NI, US (CABI, 2007) A (CABI, 2007;

Calderón and Díaz, 2002 ) No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) EL , HO, PN

(Mordue and Holliday , 1971), US (Farr et al., 2008) S (Mordue and

Holliday , 1971) No N/A N/A

Pestalotiopsis sp. (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) Yes F ( Cal derón and Díaz, 2002) L (Mordue and Holliday , 1971) Yes 89

88 This pest may or may not be a quarantine pest but belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). We did not analyze it further bec ause we found no evidence that other pests in the taxon were quarantine pests in the region examined. 89 This pest may or may not be a quarantine pest but belongs to a genus that is present in the United States (Farr et al., 1989). The only evidence that Pestalotiopsis species affect Capsicum spp. is for P. palmarum , which is not a quarantine pest

. Although this pest likely follows the pathway, we did not analyze it further because we found no evidence of other quarantine pests in the taxon in the region examined.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 42 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Phoma destructiva Plowr. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CR, PN , US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Phoma exigua Desm. Sy n.: Ascochyta phaseolorum Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) EL , GU, PN , NI, US

(Farr et al., 2008 ) A, B, F (Wellman,

1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Phomopsis vexans (Sacc. & Syd.) Harter (Ascomycet es: Diaporthales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002 ), PN , US (Farr et al., 200 8) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002; Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) EL , US (CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008) A, F ( Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora capsici Leonian (Oomycetes: Py thi ales) CR, EL , GU, PN

(CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CR, EL , GU, PN , US

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A, P (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) PN (CABI, 2007),

US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A, S (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (Oomycetes : Py thiales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A (CABI, 2007;

Calderón and Díaz, 2002 ), A, F (Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 43 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan. Sy n.: P. nicotianae var. nicotianae Breda de Haan.; P. parasitica Dastur.; P. terrestris Sherb. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F ( Farr et al., 2008 ), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (Atk.) Deighton (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) PN , US (Farr et al.,

2008 ) A, S (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Puccinia pampeana Speg. Sy n.: Aecidium capsici Kern & Whetzel; A. solaninum Speg.; A. pampeanum Speg.; Dicaeoma pampeana (Speg.) Kuntz.; Endophyllum pampeanum (Speg.) J.C. Lindquest; Puccinia araucana Dietel & Neger; P. capsici Mayor; P. capsicicola Kern & Thurston; P. gonzalezii Mayor; P. paulensis Rangel; P. solanina Speg. (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002 ; Farr et al., 2008), GU (Hernández and Hennen, 2003; Farr et al., 2008) A, B, F, S (Farr et

al., 2008; Hernández and Hennen, 2003) Yes F, L, S (Figueiredo et al., 198 7), L, S (Figueiredo, 2000) YesPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 44 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CR, HO, PN , (Farr et

al., 2008), US (Farr et al., 1989; Farr et al., 2008) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008), S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Py thium debaryanum R. Hesse (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CR ( CABI, 2007 ),

CR, GU, US (Farr et al., 2008) A ( CABI, 2007 ),

A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002) Yes R ( Calderón and Díaz, 2002) No

Pythium vexans de Bary

. (Oomycetes: Py thiales) GU ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Farr et al., 2008) F (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Lind (Zygomyc etes: Mucorales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), PN , US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002 ) No N/A N/A

Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.: Fr.) Speg. Sy n.: Tryblidiella rufula (Spreng.: Fr.) Sacc

. (Ascomycet es: Patellariales) CR, EL(Wellman,

1977), US (Farr et al., 2008) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

Rosellin ia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) CAm (CABI, 2007) A, B, F (Wellman, 1977) Yes R (Farr et al., 2008; Wellman, 1977) No

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) CAm, US (CABI,

2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( C alderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Septoria lycopersici Speg. Sy n.: S. lycopersici
var. lycopersici Speg. (Ascomycet es, Mycosphaerellales) CR, EL , GU, NI,

PN , US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A (Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 45 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway S pongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea Tomlinson (Plasmodiophoromyce tes: Plasmodiophorales) CR (Farr et al.,

2008), US ( CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) A (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Stemphylium botryosum Wallr (Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales) GU, US (Farr et al.,

2008 ) A, B, F (Wellman,

1977), A, F ( Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) W. Yamam. Sy n.: S. floridanum Hannon & G.F. Weber (Ascomycet es, Pleosporales) CR (McGuire and

Crandall, 1967), US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A, F (Farr et al.,

2008), F (McGuire and Crandall, 1967) No N/A N/A

Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber (Ascomycet es, Pleosporales) CR ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A ( Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), F (Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk Sy n.: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn. (Basidiomycet es: Ceratobasidiales) CAm, US (Farr et

al., 2008 ) A (Arevalo, 2003;

CABI, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002; ), A, B, F (Wellman, 1977), A, F, S (Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

Thielaviopsis bas icola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris Sy n.: Chalara elegans Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. (Ascomycet es: Microascales) CR (CABI, 2007),

PN (Cantrell et al., 2006), US (CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008) A, F ( Farr et al.,

2008), S (CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Ulocladium consortiale (Thüm.) E.G. Simmons (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) PN (David, 1995),

US (Farr et al., 2008) A (Farr et al.,

2008) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 46 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke & Berthier (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) EL , GU, NI, US

(CABI, 2007; Farr et al., 2008 ) A, F ( Farr et al.,

2008 ) No N/A N/A

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) NI(CABI, 2007),

US (Farr et al., 2008 ) A (CABI, 2007),

A, F ( Farr et al., 2008 ) No N/A N/A

NEMATODES Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie (Aphelenchoididae) EL , PN (CABI,

2007), H O (Handoo et al., 2008), US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008 ) A (Hockland and

Eng, 1997) No N/A N/A

Aphelenchus sp. (Aphelenchidae) HO (SENASA,

2003) A, F (SENASA,

2003) Yes R (Velasquez et al., 2005) No

Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau (Belonolaimidae) CR (CABI, 2007 ),

US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A (CABI, 2007;

Ferris et al., 2007) No N/A N/A

Criconemella spp. (Criconematinae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A, F (Fernández et

al., 2002) Yes R ( CABI, 2007; Pinochet et al., 1987) No

Ditylenchus dips aci (Kühn) Filipjev (Anguinidae) CR (CABI, 2007 ),

US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A (Ferris et al.,

2007) No N/A N/A

Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens Sy n.: Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber (Heteroderidae) CR90
, PN ( CABI,

2007 ), US 91 (NY Handoo et al., 2008) A (Ferris et al.,

2007), S (Atwal, 1976) [Yes] 11 R (Atwal, 1976) No

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CR, EL , GU, HO

(Handoo et al., 2008), PN ( CABI, 2007), US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A ( CABI, 2007 ), F

(Ferris et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

90 Formerly present in Costa Rica but now absent (CABI, 2007). 91 In the United States, G. rostochiensis is reported only in New York (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008). It wa s eradicated in Delaware (CABI, 2007).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 47 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) CAm, US ( CABI,

2007 ) F (Qamar et al.,

1985) No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) CR (Handoo et al.,

2008), US ( CABI, 2007; H andoo et al., 2008) F, S (Handoo et

al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus spp. (Hoplolaimidae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A (Fernández et

al., 2002) Yes R (Pinochet et al., 1987) No Hemicycliophora sp. (Criconematinae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A (Fernández et

al., 2002) Yes R (Handoo et al., 2008) No Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc (Hoplolaimidae) GU ( CABI, 2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes R ( CABI, 2007 ) No

Longidorus sp. (Longidoridae) CR, PN ( CABI ,

2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ), Yes L, R ( CABI, 2007 ) No Meloidogyne a renaria (Neal) Chitwood (Meloidogy

nidae) CR, GU, PN , US

(Handoo et al., 2008), US (CABI, 2007 ) A, B, C, F (Ferris

et al., 2007 ), F ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi (Meloidogy

nidae) CR, EL , GU, HO, NI

( CABI, 2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes R ( CAB I, 2007) No

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood (Meloidogy

nidae) CR, PN , ( CABI ,

2007 ), GU (Handoo et al., 2008), US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A ( CABI, 2007 ),

A, B, C, F, S (Ferris et al., 2007 ), S (Handoo et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne incognita (Ko foid & White) (Meloidogy

nidae) CAm, US ( CABI,

2007 ), CR, EL , GU, HO, US (Handoo et al., 2008) A (Fernández et

al., 2002), A, B, F, C (Ferris et al., 2007 ), A, F, S (Handoo et al., 2008) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood (Meloidogy

nidae) CAm, US ( CABI,

2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ),

A, B, C, F (Ferris et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Meloidogyne sp. (Meloidogy

nidae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A (Ferris et al.,

2007) Yes R (Pinochet et al., 1987) No

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi (Trichodoridae) N I ( CABI, 2007 ),

US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) F ( Ferris et al.,

2007 ) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 48 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Paratrichodorus sp. (Trichodoridae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A (Fernández et

al., 2002) Yes R (CABI, 2007 ) No Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) CR, GU, HO,

(CABI, 2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) F (Ferris et al.,

2007 ) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Schuurmans Steckhoven (Pratylenchidae) CAm ( CABI, 2007 ),

US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) (Qamar et al.,

1985) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) CR, US ( CABI ,

2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A (Arevalo, 2003),

A, F ( CABI, 2007 ; Ferris et al., 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus sp. (Pratylenchidae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A (Fernández et

al., 2002) Yes R (Pinochet et al., 1987) No Pratylenchus zeae Graham (Pratylenchidae) CR, EL , PN ( CABI,

2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Radopholus similis (C obb) Thorne (Pratylenchidae) CAm (CABI, 2007 ),

US (FL, HI, LA, TX CABI, 2007 ) A, F (Ferris et al.,

2007 ) [Yes] 11 R (CABI, 2007) No

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira (Hoplolaimidae) CR, HO, PN , ( CABI,

2007 ), GU (Handoo et al., 2008), US ( CABI, 20 07; Handoo et al., 2008) A, F ( Ferris et al.,

2007 ) No N/A N/A

Scutellonema bradys (Steiner & Le Hew) Andráss y (Hoplolaimidae) GU ( CABI 2007),

US (AR, FL, LA CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) F (Ferris et al.,

2007 ) [Yes] 11 R (CABI, 2007) No

Trichodorus sp. (Trichodoridae) CR (Fernández et al.,

2002) A (Fernández et

al., 2002) Yes R (Pinochet et al., 1987) No Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Golden (Dolichodoridae) CR, EL(CABI,

2007 ), US ( CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) A (Handoo et al.,

2008) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 49 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner (Dolichodoridae) HO, US (CABI,

2007; Handoo et al., 2008) F (Ferris et al.,

2007 ) No N/A N/A

Tylenchus sp. (Tylenchindae) HO (SENASA,

2003) A, F ( SENASA,

2003) Yes R92 ( CABI, 2007) No Xiphinema americanum Cobb. (Xiphinematidae) GU, PN (Handoo et

al., 2008 ), HO (CABI, 2007), US (CABI, 2007; Handoo et al., 2008) S (Handoo et al.,

2008) No N/A N/A

VIRUSES Andean potato mottle comovirus (APMoV) (Comoviridae) CR, NI(CABI,

2007 ), HO (Valverde et al., 1995), HO, NI (EPP O, 2007) A, F (CABI,

2007 ), F (EPPO, 2007; Valverde et al., 1995), S (Pernezny et al., 2003) Yes L (Valverde et al., 1995 ), W (CABI, 2007 ) Yes 93

Beet curly top hybrigeminivirus Sy n.: Beet curly top virus (BCTV) (Geminiviridae) CR, US (Brunt et al.,

1996; CABI, 2007 ) A, F ( CABI,

2007 ), S (Brunt et al., 1996; Pernezny et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) (Bromoviridae) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), EL , HO, US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F ( CABI, 2 007 ) No N/A N/A

Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) (Bunyavi ridae) CR ( CABI, 2007 ),

US ( CABI, 2007; Brunt et al., 1996) A, S ( CABI, 2007) No N/A N/A

Pepper golden mosaic begomovirus (PepGMV) Sy n.: Pepper Texas bigeminivirus; Texas pepper virus (TPV); Serrano golden mosaic virus (SGMV) (Geminiviridae) CR94 , HO (CABI,

2007 ), GU (Maxwell, 2001), NI (Ala

- Poikela et al., 2005), US (AR, TX, CABI, 2007; AR, Brunt et al., 1996; Büchen

- Osmond, 2008 ) A (Ala

- Poikela et

al., 2005; Brunt et al., 1996 ), A, F (CABI , 2007; Polston and Anderson, 1997), S (Pernezny

et al., 2003) No N/A N/A

92 Part plant affected by species in th is genus, based on CABI (2007). 93 Andean potato mottle comovirus (APMoV) is a systemic desease that expresses symptoms in several parts of the plant. It is not transmitted by true seeds (CABI, 2007). APMoV is vectored by polyphageous beetles of Diabrotica genus (Valverde and Fulton, 1996). 94 Restricted distribution (CABI, 2007).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 50 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus PHYVV Sy n.: Pepper huasteco virus PHV (Geminiviridae) CAm (Maxwell,

2001), US (Polston and Anderson, 1997; Torres

- PN checo et al., 1996) A (Büchen

O smond, 2008; Jones, 2003 ),S (Pernezny et al., 2003) No N/A N/A

Pepper mild mottle tobamovirus [PMMoV (PMMV)] (Unassigned virus family) HO (SENASA,

2003) PN (Herrera

Vásquez et al., 2008), US ( CABI, 2007; Brunt et al., 1996 ) A (Herrera

Vásquez et al., 2008 ), A, B, C, F, P (Brunt et al., 1996 ) No N/A N/A

Pepper mottle potyvirus (PepMoV) (Poty viridae) EL , US (Brunt et al.,

1996 ; CABI, 2007 ) A (Brunt et al.,

1996 ), A, S ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Potato leafroll luteovirus Sy n.: Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (Luteoviridae) CR, US ( CABI ,

2007 ) A ( CABI, 2007 ;

Calderón and Díaz, 2002) No N/A N/A

Potato Y potyvirus Sy n.: Potato virus Y (PVY) (Poty viridae) CR, EL , US ( CABI,

2007 ) A, S ( CABI,

2007 ), F (Latorre, 2003), S (Brunt et al., 1996 ; Pernezny et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Potato Xpotexvirus (PVX) (Flexiviridae) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US ( CABI, 2007 ) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), A, F ( CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco etc h potyvirus (TEV) (Poty viridae) CAm , US (Brunt et

al., 1996), EL, US ( CABI, 2007 ) A (Brunt et al.,

1996 ; CABI, 2007 ), S (Pernezny et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus (TLCV) (Geminiviridae) PN , US ( CABI,

2007 ) A (Brunt et al.,

1996 ; CABI, 2007 ) No N/A N/A

Tobacco mild green mosaic tobamovirus (TMGMV) (Unassigned virus fami ly) PN (Herrera

Vásquez et al., 2008), US (Wetter, 1984) A (Brunt et al.,

1996; Herrera

Vásquez et al., 2008) No N/A N/APest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 51 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus Sy n.: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Unassigned virus family) CR (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002), US ( CABI, 2007) A (Calderón and

Díaz, 2002; CABI, 2007 ), S (Pernezny et al., 2003 ) No N/A N/A

Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus ToLCSinV Sy n.: Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus STLCV (Geminiviridae) CR, GU (Maxwell,

2001), NI (Ala

Poikela et al., 2005), US 95 (TX, Idris and Brown, 1998) A (Idris and

Brown, 1998), A, F ( Jones, 2003) , S (Ala

- Poikela et al., 2005; Pernezny

et al., 2003) No N/A N/A

Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) (Geminiviridae) GU, HO, NI

(Mauricio

- Castillo et al., 2006) S (Ala

- Poikela et

al., 2005) Yes W (Ala

Poikela et al., 2005; Mauricio

Castillo et al., 2006) Yes

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) (Bunyavi ridae) CR ( CABI, 2007 ),

US (Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2007 ) A (Brunt et al.,

1996), A, S ( CABI, 2007 ), S (Pernezny et al., 2003) No N/A N/A

95 A geminivirus isolate, designated PVW

- C, has incited STLCV

- like symptoms in pepper near Weslaco, TX, and shares greater than 95 percent sequence AV1 identity with STLCV . This indi cates STLCV was present in Texas pepper fields as early as 1988 and 1989 (J. K. Brown, unpublished data), just after the B. tabaci B biotype vector invaded the Rio Grande Valley and northern Mexico (Idris and Brown, 1998).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 52 Pest Scientific Name Geographic Distribution 1 Capsicum spp.

host 2 Quaran

tine pest Plant part

association 3 Follow

pathway Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus (TYLCV) (Geminiviridae) CR, US ( CABI ,

2007 ) A, F (EPPO,

2007) No N/A N/A

Tomato yellow mosaic virus (TYV) 96 EL 97 (Arevalo, 2003) A 98 (Arevalo, 2003) Yes W 99 ( IC TVdB Managemen t, 2006) No 100

96 The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (ICTVdB Management, 2006) does not report Tomato yellow mosaic virus ToYMV, with acronym (TYV). The virus identification from El Salvador in Arevalo (2003) is uncertain. Tomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV) is the current accepted name for this virus in the Americas. Therefore, TYV is a mistaken acronym for this virus and is not used in this document 97 Only one record exists that the virus called “ Tomato yellow mosaic virus ” is present in Central America (Arevalo 2003). Specialized literature only report theTomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV) in Brazil and Venezuela, isolated from Lycopersicon esculentum (Brunt et al., 1996; ICTVdB Management, 2006). EPPO (2007) reports this virus as present (no details) in: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. The TYV was included in the list of pest of peppers from Central America as ToYMV based on information presented by the El Salvador NPPO (Arevalo, 2003). 98 The only evidence that Capsicum is a host is the repo rt of Arevalo (2003), which does not clearly identify the virus. We found no other evidence of this virus affecting any species of Capsicum ( Brunt et al., 1996; EPPO, 2007; ICTVdB Management, 2006) . Additionally, C. frutescens is i nsusceptible (Brunt et al ., 1996). 99 Systemic virus, assuming that Arevalo (2003) report, refers to the Tomato yellow mosaic virus ToYMV. 100 We did not further analyze this virus for a few reasons. First, because of the uncertainty about its identification in Arevalo (2003). Second , the virus “Tomato yellow mosaic virus ToYMV” is not reported to occur in Central America. Third, we found no evidence that this virus affects Capsicum spp., and C. frutescens is insusceptible ( Brunt et al., 1996) . Finally, this virus is unlikely to follo w the pathway, because it is not transmitted by true seeds or by contact between hosts ( Brunt et al., 1996; ICTVdB Management, 2006). The virus is also poorly transmitted when inoculum is from old tissue.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 53 2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway We analyzed quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway , i.e., be included in commercial shipments of Capsicum spp. fruit (Table 5), in detail [Steps 5

- 7 (PPQ, 2000)]. We excluded many of the organisms from further analysis b ecause they did not satisfy

the definition of a quarantine pest, or they

were unlikel y to follow the pathway . For example, pests were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity ; they were associated with the commodity , but were not reasona

bl y to expected to remain with the commodity during processing; or they were intercepted as biological contaminants during inspection at ports

- of

- entry but would not be expected to be present with every shipment.
We did not further anal yze some other plant pests because organisms identified only to the genus or less detailed taxonomic level are typicall y not analyzed further, even though some individual species in those taxa are potential pests that do not occur in the United States. The lack of identific ation at the specific level does not rule out the possibility that either a high

- risk quarantine pest was intercepted or that the intercepted pest was not a quarantine pest. By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which adequate bi ological and taxonomic information is available. Often there are many species within a genus, and it is not reasonable to assume that the biology of all organisms within a genus is identical. The IPPC guidelines do not require risk assessment of pests identified only by genus name (IPPC, 2007). The lack of species identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage or the quality

of the specimen submitted for identification.

Pests for Capsicum spp. that are likel y to foll ow the pathway , but reported only at the genus or less detailed taxonomic level, that already occur in the United States are included in Table 4, but not further analyzed in this risk assessment, included the arthropods Agrotis sp., Diabrotica sp., Helioth is sp., Spodoptera sp., and Trialeurodes sp., and the fungi Aspergillus sp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and Pestalotiopsis sp. The analyses of Liriomyza huidobrensis and Anastrepha ludens reasonably account for Liriomyza sp. and Anastrepha sp. If the pests identified in this risk assessment at a genus level are intercepted on peppers from Central America in the future, species specific determination may follow. Quarantine action can be taken where appropriate and we may need to reevaluate their risk. Finally , Bemisia tabaci is a vector of Tomato severe leaf curl virus , and Diabrotica balteata is a vector of Andean potato mottle c omovirus . Because neither pest was likely to follow the pathway (not shown), however, we retained their non

- quarantine statu s in the pest list.

Table 5. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

and selected for further anal ys is. Type Scientific name of pest Taxonomy Arthropods Anastrepha ludens Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata Diptera: Tephritidae Faustinus ovatipennis Coleoptera: Curculionidae Liriomyza huidobrensis Diptera: Agromyz idae Neoleucinodes elegantalis Lepidoptera: CrambidaePest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 54 Type Scientific name of pest Taxonomy

Phenacoccus parvus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Planococcus minor Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Thrips palmi Thysanop tera: Thripidae Bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (Burkholderiales) Fungi Puccinia pampeana (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) Viruses Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) (Comoviridae)

Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) (Geminiviridae)

2.6. Consequences of Introduction In this section we assessed the potential consequences of introduction and likelihood of introduction. We determined these ratings using the criteria in the Guidelines for Pathway

Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We estimated pest risk potential by summing the consequences of introduction and likelihood of introduction risk values. For each risk element assdociated with the Consequences of Introduction, we assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Me dium (2), or High (3) (PPQ, 2000). We calculated a cumulative risk rating by summing the risk element values, and summarized the ratings below (Table 6). In the following tables we describe the basis for each rating.

Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Risk ratings Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction The Mexican fruit fl y, or Mexfly, is indigenous to Mexico and much of Central America; it is widel y distributed from Panama to Mexico (Thomas, 2003; Weems et al., 2004). It has spread also into the cultivated citrus sections of the west coast of Mexico and northward toward Arizona, California, and Texas, resulting in continual detection, survey, and eradication campaigns in these areas (Weems et al., 2004). This fruit fl y could become establ ished in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 7

- 11 (PERAL , 2007), where some of its potential hosts occur. High (3)

Risk Element 2: Host Range Anastrepha ludens attacks numerous hosts in multiple plant families. Its preferred hosts include: Annona cherimola (Annonaceae), Citrus spp. (Rutaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) and Prunus persica (Rosaceae). Other hosts include Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), Annona (Annonaceae), Carica papaya (Caricaceae), Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae), Coffea arabica (Rubiace ae), Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae), Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae), Feijoa sellowiana (My rtaceae), Inga (Fabaceae), Malus domestica (Rosaceae), Mammea americana (Clusiaceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), Persea americana (Lauraceae), Pouteria sapota (Sapotaceae), Psidium (M yrtaceae), Punica granatum (Punicaceae), Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), Sargentia greggii (Rutaceae), Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) and Syzygium jambos (My rtaceae) (CABI, 2007; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992). High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 55 Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Risk ratings Risk Element 3: Disp ersal Potential Mature Mexfly

females can deposit up to 155 eggs during its life ( Thomas, 2003 ). In its native habitat Mexfly normall y completes two generations per year, although it can complete up to three ( Thomas, 2003 ). Larval development is faster with higher temperatures, and in general shorter fruit maturation periods mean more rapid larval development (Weems et al., 2004). Adults can fl y up to 135 km, and international trade is another important means of dispersal, because the larvae can be transpor ted over long distances in infested fruit (CABI, 2007). High (3)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact Mexfly destroys about 25 percent of the citrus, mango and guava crops each year in Mexico (Steck, 2004b). The newl y hatched larvae eat and burrow into the pulp of the fruit. Many larvae may be found in a single fruit. When fully grown, the larvae emerge to pupate through conspicuous exit holes, usually after the fruit has fallen to the ground (Weems et al., 2004 ). In addition, Mexfly lowers crop values by requiring controls, and widespread establishment in the United States would cause the loss of foreign and domestic markets. Researchers estimated that Mexfly establishment in the United States would cost about $928 million (Erickson et al., 2000 in Sequeira et al., 2001). Mexfly is an A1 quarantine pest for Europe ( CABI/EPPO , 1997a; EPPO, 2007), and the United States enacted Federal Quarantine Number 64 to prevent shipment of certain fruits from infested areas of Texas to other parts of the country (Weems et al. , 2004). Both these facts indicate that markets could be lost as a result of establishment. High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact Mexfly is extremely

pol yphagous and could potentially attack plants listed as Threatened or Endangered (e.g., Cucurb ita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis, Prunus geniculata ) (USFWS, 2008). Its introduction into the United States would undoubtedly

initiate chemical or biological control programs. High (3)

Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) (Comoviridae) Risk rating s Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) occurs in the South and Central American countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru and Uruguay

(Avila et al., 1984; CABI, 2007; Fribourg et al., 1977; García et al., 1999; Valverde et al., 1995). In Brazil and Colombia it has restricted distribution (CABI , 2007; García et al., 1999). APMoV could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8

- 12 (PERAL , 2007). One or more of its potential hosts lives within this range (NRCS, 2008). High (3)

Risk Element 2: Host Range The host range of APMoV is restricted to the Solanaceae family including: Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens (CABI, 2007; Pernezny et al., 2003), Lycopersicon chilense, Nicandra physaloides (Valverde and Fulton, 1996), Nicotiana bigelovii (Fribourg et al., 1977), N. clevelandii (Valverde and Fulton, 1996), Solanum melongena , and S. tuberosum (CABI, 2007; García et al., 1999; Medium (2)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 56 Andean potato mottle virus (APMoV) (Comoviridae) Risk rating s Pernezny et al., 2003). Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential This virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation and by contact between plants in experimental conditions but not through seed (Brunt et al., 1996). APMoV is vectored b y the poly phageous beetles, Diabrotica balteata Le conte and D. viridula Fab ricius (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera), found in Central America, Caribbean, Mexico and southern states of the United States (Valverde et al., 1995 ; Valverde and Fulton, 1996). Other species of Diabrotica are also suspected to be vectors (Valverde and Fulton, 1996). Diabrotica sp. are very unlikely to arrive with the commodity , since adults are capable of flight and feed externally on fruit (CABI, 2007; Eben and Gámez, 2007; EPPO, 2005; UAQ, 2008) and are likel y to be removed b y minimal processing of the commodity

. Thus, populations already present within the United States would have to move the virus into the environment. Low (1)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact We found no specific information on economic losses in solanaceous crops caused b y APMoV infections . APMoV is highly virulent, and is a concern for potato seed production regions (Avila et al., 1984). Its presence in the United States may

cause foreign and domestic markets to be lost. High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact APMoV could attack plants in the Solanaceae family listed as Threatened or Endangered, including Goetzea elegans (Puerto Rico); Nothocestrum breviflorum and N. peltatum (Hawaii); Solanum drymophilum (Puerto Rico), and S. incompletum and S. sandwicense (Hawaii) (USFWS, 2008). Co ntrol programs would undoubtedly

be initiated if it were to be introduced into new areas of the United States, because it is a major pathogen of several economic crops. High (3)

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Risk ratings Risk El ement #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Ceratitis capitata , or Medfly, is widel y distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, southern Europe, the Middle East, Western Australia, South and Central America, and Hawaii (CABI, 2007; PPQ, 1993; White and Elson - Harris, 1992). Repeated eradication programs in California, Florida, and Texas have prevented it from becoming established (APHIS, 2002; CDFA, 2008). We estimate Medfly could establish in Zones 8

- 11 in the United States (PERAL , 2007), and its hosts
occur in these zones (NRCS, 2008). High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Medfly is highl y pol yphagous (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992). Hosts include the following plant species: Acca sellowiana , Anacardium occidentale , Annona spp., Averrhoa carambola , Banksia prionote , Calophyllum spp., Capsicum spp., Carica papaya , Carissa edulis , Casimiroa spp., Chrysophyllum cainito , Chrysophyllum oliviforme , Citrus spp., Coffea spp., Cyphomandra betacea , Diospyros spp., Dovyalis caffra , Eriobotrya japonica , Eugenia spp., Ficus High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 57 Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Risk ratings carica , Fortunella japonica , Garcinia livingstonei , Juglans spp., Litchi chinensis , Lycium spp., Lycopersicon esculentum , Malpighia glabra , Malus domestica , Mangifera indica , Manilkara zapota , Mespilus germanica , Morus spp., Muntingia calabura , Opuntia spp., Persea americana , Phoenix dactylifera , Physalis peruviana , Pouteria spp., Prunus spp., Psidium spp., Punica granatum , Pyrus communis , Rubus spp., Santalum album , Solanum incanum , Solanum nigrum , Spondias spp., Syzygium spp., Terminalia catappa , Thevetia peruviana , and Vitis spp. (CABI, 2007; Liquido et al., 1990; Thomas et al., 2008; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992). Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Females may

deposit up to 22 eggs per day and as many

as 800 eggs in lifetime (Weems, 1981). Populations from different areas worldwide are sexually compatible (CABI, 2007). Natural movement is an important means of spread for Medfl y, since adults can fl y 20 miles (Christenson and Foote, 1960; Steiner et al., 1962). In addition, transportation of infested fruit is a major means of dispersal into uninfested areas ( CABI/EPPO , 1997b). High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Because of its wide distribution, and its wide host range, Medfly is the highest

ranked economicall y important fruit fl y (CABI , 2007; Weems, 1981) . It may also transmit fruit

- rotting fungi (CABI, 2007). The sp ecies is a quarantine pest for many countries (NAPIS, 2008), and control costs would definitely be incurred to minimize crop production losses toMedfly . The presence of larvae may make the fruit unmarketable, and result in the loss of international and dom estic markets (Andrew et al., 1977). High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Potential hosts of Medfly may be threatened or endangered plant species in the United States. These endangered species include Opuntia treleasei in California, Prunus gen iculata in Florida, and Solanum drymophilium , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense in Puerto Rico and Hawaii (USFWS, 2008)

. Inaddition, Medfly establishment would undoubtedly initiate chemical or biological control programs (Vo and Miller, 1993). High (3)

Faustinus ovatipennis (Champion) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Risk ratings Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction Faustinus ovatipennis , a weevil, is present in Central American countries such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico (O'Brien and Wibmer, 1982; Saunders et al., 1998)

. Based on this distribution, we estimate it could establish in the United States in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9 to 11 (PERAL , 2007). Hosts of this pest are present in these zones in the United States (NRCS, 2008). Me dium (2)

Risk Element 2: Host Range This weevil has been reported on solanaceous plants such as Capsicum sp., Solanum lycopersicum, and S. tuberosum (Saunders et al., 1998). Medium (2)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 58 Faustinus ovatipennis (Champion) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Risk ratings Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential No information was available on reproductive and dispersal potentials of F. ovatipennis , so we used information from congeners

. For F. apicalis the egg stage averages 4.5 days, the larvae stage 18.5 days, and pupal stage 7 days; the female lifecycle is 23

- 28 days (Giraldo, 1993). Therefo re, species of Faustinus could have several generations per year. Species such as F. cubae disperse short distances under their own power (Benavent, 2004). Additionally, members of the genus can be transported over long distances via anthropogenic activiti es, as evidenced b y 60 interceptions of Faustinus sp. on Capsicum fruit (PestID, 2008 ). High (3)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact This weevil attacks crops such as chilies, potatoes and tomatoes (Saunders et al., 1998). It can damage the buds, leaves and s tems and sometimes causes plant death (Saunders et al., 1998). Its establishment in the United States is likely to cause the loss of foreign and domestic markets, since it is limited to the Americas, and would be considered a quarantine pest by most governments. Medium (2)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact Faustinus ovatipennis could attack Solanaceae listed as Threatened or Endangered, including Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense (USFWS, 2008). The establishment of this pest could lead to the implementation of chemical and biological control programs. High (3)

Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Risk ratings Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Liriomyza huidobrensis , or pea leafminer, is a pest in tropical to warm temperate regions, and it has been found up to 3000 m (9,842,52 ft.) above sea level. The pest can survive a freeze of

- 18.7°C (

- 65.66°F), and its behavior gives it a greater climatic range for survival (CABI, 2007). Pea leafminer could estab lish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 7

- 11 (PERAL , 2007), and hosts occur in those zones. High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Pea leafminer is poly

phagous. Fifteen families of plants have been recorded as hosts, without a clear preference for any particular family . Primary hosts affected by this pest include: Allium cepa. A. sativum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Apium graveolens, Aster sp. , Beta vulgaris, Calendula sp. , Capsicum annuum, Chenopodium quinoa, Chrysanthemum x morifolium, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cuc urbita pepo, Datura sp. , Galinsoga sp. , Gerbera sp. , Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus sp. , Linum sp. , Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus sp. , Petunia sp. , Phaseolus vulgaris, P. vulgaris var. humilis, Pisum sativum, P. sativum var. arvense, Solanu m melongena, S. tuberosum, Spinacia oleracea, Tagetes sp. , Tropaeolum majus, Valerianella locust, Verbena sp. , Vicia faba, Viola sp. , and Zinnia elegans (CABI, 2007; EPPO, 2007; Steck, 2004a). High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential L. huidobrensis has multiple generations per ye ar . Depending on temperature, the egg stage takes 2.9 to 6 days, the larval stage 6 to 13 d, and the pupal stage High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 59 Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Risk ratings 7.4 to 21.1 d. The longevity is 3.5 to 32.6 d for females, and 2.1 to 15.1 d for males depending on temperature and food availability (Braun and Shepard, 1997). Adult emergence ranges from 36 to 74 percent, depending greatl y on the host plant (Steck, 2004a). In Peru the mean number of eggs laid per female is 117 in winter, and 161 in spring (CABI, 2007). Pea leafmin er is likely to be carried in fruit, leaves, and stems in trade or transport (CABI, 2007) , a s demo n strated b y 55 interceptions of pupae and adults of Liriomyza spp. on fresh Capsicum fruit (PestID, 2008). It disperses long distances on plant material, cut flowers, and soil, as well as on improperl y cleaned equipment and containers (Tømmerås et al., 2002). Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Liriomyza leafminers affect crops b y destro ying young seedlings, reducing crop yi elds, reducing the aesthetic v alue of ornamental plants, and causing some plant species to be quarantined (Parrella, 1982). Adult stings and larval mining of leaves reduce photos ynthetic capacity and provide an entrance for disease organisms (Mou and Ryder, 2003). Severel y infested leaves may fall, exposing plant stems to wind action (CABI, 2007). In young plants and seedlings, mining may cause considerable delay in plant development, leading to plant loss. Pea leafminer is a quarantine pest in many areas of the world (CABI, 2007), and has spread to other continents where established populations are growing and more difficult to control. This is at least partl y due to a shift in the susceptibility of this pest to insecticides (Steck, 2004a). High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impa ct Some host genera of L. huidobrensis that are listed as endangered and threatened in the United States include Allium , Amaranthus , Cucurbita , Eryngium , Phlox , Primula , Senecio , Taraxacum , and Verbena (USFWS, 2008). These plants may be potential hosts, although no specific data are reported in the literature. New control programs might be initiated if it is introduced. High (3)

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Risk ratings Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Neoleucinodes elegantalis , or eggplant stem borer, is the most important pest in several tomato growing regions in South America and the Caribbean. It occurs in the Antilles, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela (CABI, 2007; Revelo, 2003). The climatic conditi ons in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 are likel y to be suitable for the survival and establishment of this insect in the United States (PERAL , 2007). Some of its hosts are found within these zones (NRCS, 2008). Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range This fr uit borer attacks only

plants in the Solanaceae family (CABI, 2007; Marcano, 2005). Hosts include: Solanum lycopersicum L. (S yn.: Lycopersicon esculentum ), S

. hirtum , S

. melongena , S

. quitoense , and S

. betaceum (S yn.: Cyphomandra betacea ) and Capsicum annu um (CABI, 2007; Castaño, 1996; Marcano, 2005). Medium (2)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 60 Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Risk ratings Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential In the laboratory , the total time for development of the insect was 110 d at 14oC, 51 d at 20oC, and 27 d at 32 o C (Marcano, 1991a), so multiple generations per ye ar are possible. The number of eggs per female was 75 on eggplant and 34 on tomato. In Venezuela, eggplant stem borer was detected in 1934 with populations which increased every

year (Marcano, 1991a), and in 1961, it damaged tomato crops in the State of Lara and is now the most important pest for this crop (Marcano, 1991a). We found no studies on dispersal capacity , but the major means of dispersal to previous uninfested areas is through the movement of living larvae in commercial trade. High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact This pest is the major economic pest in tomato

- growing regions in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela (Eiras and Blackmer, 2003; Franco et al., 2002; Marcano, 1991b). Control programs in affected areas increase production costs (Franco et al., 2002). The larva penetrates the fruit, making it unmarketable and causing fruit fall (Castaño, 1996). During rainy seasons the population damages up to 40 percent of the fruits and reduces yi eld (Marcano, 2005). Eggplant stem borer would likel y cause the loss of international markets if it established in the United States. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Of the two host genera in the Solanaceae family attacked b y eggplant stem borer (CABI, 2007; Castaño, 1996), only one (Solanum ) is congeneric with plant species listed by

the USFWS as either threatened, endangered or candidates for listing

. Solanum drymophilium , S. incompletum and S. sandwicense are Threatened and Endangered species in Puerto Rico and Hawaii (USFWS, 2008)

. The introduction of this pest in the United States would stimulate the use of biological measures to detect and control the pest, including releasing of Trichogramma species (Marcano, 2005). High (3)

Phenacoccus parvus Morrison (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Ris k r atings Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction Phenacoccus parvus , or lantana mealy bug, occurs in Africa (Congo, Gabon and Senegal), Australia, Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama), North America (Florida and Mexico) and South Am erica (Argentina, Chile, Guyana, Paraguay and Uruguay) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ; Williams and Granara, 1992 ). Based on the distribution of this pest and the interaction of hosts in the United States, we estimate that lantana mel ybug could establish in Plant H ardiness Zones 8

- 11 (PERAL , 2007). High (3)

Risk Element 2: Host Range Lantana mealy

bug is extremely

pol yphagous, attacking the following plant families: Actinidiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocy naceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, C henopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 61 Phenacoccus parvus Morrison (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Ris k r atings Musaceae, M yrtaceae, Orchidaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, and Verbenaceae (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ). Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential Fecundity and generation times vary with host, but lantana meal ybug, which is facultativel y parthenogenetic, can produce an average of 337 crawlers when reared on tomato plants (Marohas y, 1997). Generation times are 25

- 33 days under laboratory

conditions. Consequently , we think lantana meal ybug has a high biotic potential. Although mealy bugs have limited powers of natural dispersal, lantana meal yb ug can be transported over long distances in shipments of infested commodities, as evidenced by 20 interceptions on Capsicum fruit, and 42 total interceptions (PestID, 2008). High (3)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact Lantana mealy

bug has wrongl y been labeled as a pest because it attacks several crops, such as eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), potato (S. tuberosum L.), soy bean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) (Marohas y, 1997). Despite this , it has never caused economic damage to any plant (Marohas y, 1997). This mealy bug developed large populations on and damaged the weed, Lantana camara, in Australia, to the extent that it was considered a biological control agent. Low (1)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact Lantana mealy

bug attacks 25 plant families. The families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the United States are as follows: Amaranthaceae (

Amaranthus brownii , A. pumilus ), Asclepiadaceae (A sclepias meadii , A. welshii), Asteraceae ( Helianthus paradoxus , H. schweinitzii , Vernonia proctorii), Euphor

biaceae ( Euphorbia haeleeleana , E. telephioides ), Liliaceae ( Allium munzii), Poaceae ( Panicum niihauense), Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , S. sandwicense) (USFWS, 2008) . The establishment of this pest could lead to the implementation of chemical and biological control programs. High (3)

Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Risk r atings Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction Planococcus minor, or passionvine meal ybug, is distributed in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Ben

Dov et al., 2008 ; CABI, 2007 ; Granara and Claps, 2003; Williams and Granara, 1992 ; Williams and Watson, 1988). It occurs in south Asia (Bangladesh, the British Indian Ocean Territories, Bur ma, India, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand), Australia and islands of the South Pacific (American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, the S olomon I slands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa), Africa (Madagascar, Rodriques Island, Seychelles), tropical areas of the New World (Antigua and Barbuda, Medium (2)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 62 Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Risk r atings Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Galapagos Islands, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay), and tropical areas of Mexico (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ; CABI, 2007 ) . Consequently , we estimate this species c ould establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (PERAL , 2007). One or more of its potential hosts occurs in these zones (NRCS, 2008)

. Risk Element #2: Host Range Passionvine mealy

bug has been reported on more than 250 host plants in nearly 80 families (Ben

- Dov, 1994; Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ; CABI, 2007 ; Granara and Claps, 2003; Williams and Granara, 1992 ; Williams and Watson, 1988). It shows some preference for avocado ( Persea americana ), beans ( Phaseolus spp., P. vulgaris , P. lunatus ), cabbage (Brassica oleracea ), cantaloupe ( Cucumis melo ), citrus ( Citrus spp.), corn (Zea mays ), cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ), grapes ( Vitis spp.), potato (Solanum tuberosum ), tomato (S. lycopersicum ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), and so yb ean ( Glycine max). These species are widel y cultivated in the United States (NRCS, 2008 ; Venette and Davis, 2004)

. High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Passionvine mealy

bug completes 10 generations in a year and fecundity ranges from 200 to over 400 eggs per female, depending on the host plant (Martinez and Suris, 1998; Sahoo et al., 1999). The insect is transported long distances in fruit shipments (Sugimoto, 1994), and was likel y i ntroduced to the Neotropics by trade (Cox, 1989). High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Passionvine mealy

bug is a common pest of many economic plants throughout its range, particularl y cocoa (Ben

- Dov, 1994). It is a phloem feeder, and may reduce yi elds and plant or fruit quality, or cause stunting, discoloration, and defoliation. Secondary

damage is caused b y sooty mold growth on honeydew produced b y the meal ybug. Important plant viruses may also be vectored by passionvine meal ybug (Venette and Davis, 2004 ). It is a quarantine pest that could cause the loss of foreign or domestic markets (MAF Biosecurity, 2007). High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Passionvine mealy

bug may harm Federal Threatened and Endangered plants species in the continental United States, particularly congeners of current hosts: Amaranthus pumilus (DE, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, RI , SC, VA), Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp . okeechobeensis (FL), Euphorbia telephioides (FL), Helianthus paradoxus (NM, TX), H. schweinitzii (NC, SC), Manihot walkerae (TX), Rhus michauxii (GA, NC, SC, VA), and Verbena californica (CAm) (USFWS, 2008 ). Co ntrol strategies include chemical and biological control ( CABI, 2007; Cunningham and Harden, 1999 ; Paul and Ghosh, 2004; Shukla and Tandon, 1984; Williams and Watson, 1988). Consequently, its introduction into the United States would stimulate chemical and biological control programs. High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 63 Puccinia pampeana Speg. (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) Risk ratings Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction Puccinia pampeana occurs in South America in the following countries: Argentina (Catamarca, Córdoba y S alta), Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). In Central America it is reported in Costa Rica ( Farr et al., 2008 ; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 ), Guatemala, and Mexico (Farr et al., 2008 ; Hernández and Hennen, 2 003). Based on its distribution, P. pampeana could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 7

- 11 (PERAL , 2007). High (3)

Risk Element 2: Host Range Rust fungi are generall y host

- specific, often causing disease on certain genera or even on certain cultivars (Agrios, 2004). Puccinia pampeana infects genera in the Solanaceae family, including Acnistus arborescens , A. breviflorus , A. parviflorus , Capsicum annuum , C. baccatum , C. ciliatum , C. frutescens , C. microcarpum , C. pendulum , Cestrum sp., Dunalia breviflora , D . lycioides , Salpichroa diffusa , S. origanifolia , S. rhomboidea , Solanum cyrtopodium , S. lycioides , and S. valdiviense (Farr et al., 2008 ; Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Medium (2)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential Puccinia pampeana is autoecious and microcyclic (Ono, 2002). Aecia/aeciospores and uredinia/urediniospores are not seen (Figueiredo, 2000; Hernández and Hennen, 2003). The fungus has a dimorphic telial state, producing Endophyllum

- ty pe and Puccinia

- ty

pe teliospores, both of which germinate to produce basidiospores (Figueiredo, 2000; Ono, 2002). With no dormancy , under appropriate conditions the spores germinate and produc e basidiospores and repeat the infective process for several generations. Thus, the disease can rapidly disseminate in field c onditions. Later, after infection, the Puccinia

- like pedicelate teliospores develop. They have dormancy and tolerate high summer temperatures in subtropical areas. They over- summer and germinate after rain , producing basidiospores which infect the host plants in the autumn when mild temperatures predominate (Figueiredo et al., 1987; Figueiredo, 2000). Hence multiple generations can occur in a ye ar. We found no specific information about spore dispersal for this species. Rust fungi spread from plant to plant mostly by windblown spores, although insects, rain, and animals may

play a role. Some spores (uredospores) are transported over long distances b y strong winds and can start new infections (Agrios, 2004). An example is the earl y- sown wheat in Canada and the Dakotas became infected by urediospores of Puccinia graminis tritici blown from Mexico and Texas in earl y spring, a distance of at least 2000 miles (~3200 km) (Staples, 2000). High (3)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact Puccinia pampeana occurs on many m embers of the Solanaceae and causes an economicall y important disease of Capsicum in Central and South America (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). The disease causes curling and distortion of the buds (Hernández and Hennen, 2003). Related Puccinia species signif icantly reduce yi eld and product quality , and require control through removal of alternate hosts, host resistance, and/or chemical control (Agrios, 2004; Staples, High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 64 Puccinia pampeana Speg. (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) Risk ratings 2000). The presence of P. pampeana in the United States may result in loss of foreign and dom estic markets. Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact Puccinia pampeana could attack plants in the Solanum genus listed as Threatened or Endangered (USFWS, 2008), such as S. drymophilum (Puerto Rico); and S. incompletum and S. sandwicense (Hawaii). Control programs would undoubtedly

be initiated if it were introduced into new areas of the United States, because it affects an economically important crop ( Capsicum sp.). High (3)

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) Risk Ratings Risk Element #1: Climate

- Host Interaction R. solanacearum R3B2 is widely distributed in Asia, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe, Africa, and South America (CABI, 2007; NSF, 2008). Commercially

cultivated hosts of the bacterium are grown in more than six plant hardiness zones of the United States (NRCS, 2008). Climatic conditions and host range are suitable for the survival and establishment of this pest in Zones 7

- 11 in the United States (PERAL, 2007). High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range R. so lanacearum R3B2 has a wide range of natural hosts, and include both crops and weeds (Janse et al., 2004). Hosts belong to several plant families: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Capparadidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fab aceae, Geraniaceae, Labiatae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae (Janse et al., 2004). The Solanaceous agricultural hosts of R. solanacearum R3B2 are: Capsicum annuum , Solanum lyco persicum , S. tuberosum , S. melongena , S. phureja , S. betaceum and S. quitoense (Janse et al., 2004; Massachusetts.org, 2008). Other Solanaceous weed hosts reported in the literature are Datura stramonium, Physalis sp., P. angulatum, Solanum carolinense , S. cinereum , S. dulcamara , and S. nigrum

. Non

- solanaceous host plants include Bidens pinnata , Brassica rapa , Chenopodium spp. , Melampodium perfoliatum , Momordica charantia , Pelargonium sp., P. zonale , Phaseolus vulgaris , Portulaca oleracea , Salvia reflexa , and Urtica dioica (Janse et al., 2004; Massachusetts.org, 2008). High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 spreads through contaminated soil, irrigation water, equipment or personnel, infected potato tubers, transplanting or propagating infected plants, by cutting infected plant material then cutting healthy plant material without disinfecting cutting tools, plant

- to

-plant through soil, and on infected weed hosts ( CSREES, 2008 ; Floyd, 2008). Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 does not easily spread from plant to plant contact, by water splashing, nor is it spread aeriall y (Flo yd, 2008). Entry into plants is by

way of injured roots, stem wounds or through stomata. Sound sanitation practices reduce transmission of this pathogen (CSRE E S , 2008). Medium (2)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 65 Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) Risk Ratings Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Ralstonia solanacearum (R3

- B2) is a serious pathogen that causes brown rot or bacterial wilt of potato. Bacterial wilt of potato has affected at least 3.7 million acres of potatoes in more than 80 countries (DEFRA, 2003). Annual global damage estimates exceed $950 million (DEFRA, 2003). The pathogen is adapted to cooler temperatures and would be damaging to potato production regions of the United States (Flo yd, 2008). In February 2003, R. solanacearum (R3

- B2) was detected in the United States in geraniums imported from Kenya; later that ye ar the pathogen was also found in geraniums from Guatemala and Costa Rica. The resulting response cost growers and regulators $10 million and involved the destruction of around 5 million plants (CSRE E S, 2008 ; Swanson et al., 2005 ). The bacterium is an A2 quarantine pest for Europe and a quarantine pest for Canada (EPPO, 2007). Losses are aggravated b y, the extensive host distribution, broad geographical potential range and limited control measures. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact R. solanacearum is known to affect nineteen plant families (Janse et al., 2004)

. Families containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the United States are: Asteraceae ( Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha , Bidens wiebkei) (HI); Portulacaceae (Portulaca sclerocarpa ) (HI); and Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum (PR), Solanum incompletum (H I), Solanum sandwicense) (HI) (USFWS, 2008). The establishment of this pathogen in the United States would cause the implementation of eradication and management programs. High (3)

Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Risk r atings Risk Element #1. Climate

- Host interactions Thrips palmi , or melon thrips, is distributed in fifteen countries in Asia, five countries in Africa, Oceania, and twenty- six countries in the Western Hemisphere, including the United States (Hawaii and Florida) ( CABI, 2007 ). In Florida, conditions favor a generation time of about 20 days (Capinera, 2000 ). Melon thrips has low cold tolerance (McDonald et al., 2000). The Plant Hardiness Zones with the highest likelihood of establishment are 9

- 11 (PERAL , 2007), where hosts are present (NRCS, 2008). Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range Melon thrips has a very

wide range of host plants, including vegetables, flowers, and weeds but mainl y attacks Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae plants. The host plants include: Anacardiaceae ( Mangifera indica ), Asteraceae ( Chrysanthemum , Helianthus , Lactuca ), Cucurbitaceae ( Cuc umis , Cucurbita ), Fabaceae ( Glycine , Phaseolus , Vigna ), Lauraceae ( Persea ), Liliacea (

Allium ), Malvaceae ( Gossypium ), Poaceae ( Oryza ), Rutaceae ( Citrus ), and Solanaceae ( Capsicum , Lycopersicon , Nicotiana , Solanum ) ( CABI, 2007 ). High (3)

Risk Element #3: D ispersal potential Female melon thrips can deposit up to 204 eggs during their life, and generation times range from 11 to 20 days depending on temperature and host plant High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 66 Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Risk r atings ( Capinera, 2000 ; CABI, 2007). Consequently , several generations per year are possible . Melon thrips is bisexual and females reproduce with or without copulation. Unmated females produce progeny b y parthenogenesis. Only males are produced b y unmated females, while mated females mostly produce females (Martin and Mau, 1992). The most important factors for thrips dispersal process are temperature, light, and wind, most of the temperate species can take

- off when temperatures reach 17°C (62°F) to 21°C (69°F) (Lewis, 1997). The rapid spread of melon thrips since the mid

- 1980s to many parts of the subtropics may have been assisted b y airborne dispersal, particularly where violent storms occur as in the Caribbean Sea (Lewis, 1997). Detecting adult larvae or eggs of melon thrips is difficult, so commercial activity results in long

- distance distributi on. Risk Element #4: Economic Impact Melon thrips is a pest of economic importance in many countries because although it prefers Cucurbits and Solanaceous plants, it causes yield losses in a wide range of host plants ( CABI, 2007 ). In Trinidad, crop losses on aubergine and cucumber reach 50 percent, and 90 percent respectively ( CABI, 2007 ). In Florida, this pest has caused tremendous losses on potato, aubergine, Capsicum , Phaseolus vulgaris , yellow squash and several weeds ( CABI, 2007 ). The specie s is a vector of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Peanut bud necrosis, and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CABI, 2007). Itis an A1 quarantine pest for Europe (EPPO, 2007), thus exporting countries affected b y this pest could result in the loss of international markets. High (3)

Risk Element #5: Evironmental Impact Melon thrips is already present in Florida and Hawaii; as a result, further importation would have no effects in those areas. In other areas, it could feed on the following endangered species: Allium munzii (Munz's onion) in California, Solanum drymophilum in Puerto Rico, S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense in Hawaii, as well as the Threatened species H. paradoxus (Pecos sunflower) in New Mexico and Texas (USFWS, 2008). Endangered species Helianthus schweinitzii (Schweinitz's sunflower) in North and South Carolina was not considered b ecause T. palmi , with low cold tolerance , could not establish in those areas. The introduction of this species in the United States would not require chemical or biol ogical control programs beyond those already are used for Frankliniella species. Medium (2)

Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) ( Geminiviridae) Risk ratings Risk Element 1: Climate

- Host Interaction ToSLCV has been reported to occur onl y in Central American countries such as Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua (Mauricio

- Castillo et al., 2006; Maxwell, 2001 Maxwell et al., 2002). Based on its distribution, ToSL CV could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11 (PERAL, 2007). Hosts of ToSLCV are present within these zones (NRCS, 2008). Medium (2)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 67 Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) ( Geminiviridae) Risk ratings Risk Element 2: Host Range ToSLCV has onl y been reported causing disease on plants in the Solanaceae family , such as Capsicum spp. (Ala

- Poikela et al., 2005) and Solanum lycopersicum L. (Mauricio

- Castill o et al., 2006). Medium (2)

Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential ToSLCV is vectored by

the poly phageous Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, which is wide ly distributed in Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) and the United States (CABI, 2007). We found no information about mechanical transmission of this virus; geminiviruses are not seed

- transmitted (Gilbertson et al., 2007 )

. Medium (2)

Risk Element 4: Economic Impact Economic losses caused by ToSLCV infection in solanaceous crops have not been quantified in the literature; however ToSLCV infects tomato in different horticultural regions of Guatemala, Mexico, and Nicaragua (Mauricio

- Castillo et al., 2006; Maxwell, 2001). ToSLCV causes stunting and leaf curling/crumpling. These s ymp toms are associated with l arge populations of whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, in the fields (Mauricio

- Castillo et al., 2006). The presence of ToSLCV in the United States is likely to cause foreign and domestic markets lost, as it has a limited distribution and affects important economic crops. It would likely

be considered a quarantine pest by most governments. High (3)

Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact ToSLCV infection could attack Solanum species listed as Threatened or Endangered (USFWS, 2008), including S. drymophilum (Puerto Rico); and S. incompletum and S. sandwicense (Hawaii). Control programs would undoubtedly

be initiated if it were to be introduced into the United States, because it is a major pathogen of two economically important crops ( Capsicum sp. and Solanum lycopersicum ). High (3)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 68 Table 6. Summary

risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction. Pest Risk elements Cumulative Risk Ratings a Climate/ h ost interaction Host

range Dispersal

potential Econo

mic impact Environ

mental Impact Anastrepha ludens High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Andean potato mottle virus High (3) Med (2) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (12) Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Faustinus ovatipennis Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Medium (12) Liriomyza huidobrensis High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Neoleucinodes elegantalis Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (13) Phenacoccus parvus High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (13) Planococcus minor Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) Puccinia pampeana High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14) Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) H igh (14)
Thrips palmi Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (13) Tomato severe leaf curl virus Med (2) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Medium (12)

a Lo w is 5

- 8 points, Medium is 9

- 12 points, and High is 13

- 15 points.

2.7. Likelihood of In troduction We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, we rated the amount of commodity likel y to be imported (sub

- element 1). Secondl y, we estimated ‘pest opportunity ’ using five biological features (sub

- elements #2

- 6). Details of the rating criteria are explained in PERAL(2000). Our sub

- element ratings and the overall values for the Likelihood of Introduction are summarized below (Table 7). 2.7.1. Quantity of commodity imported annually Estimated average export volumes range from 3,000 to over 11,000 metric tons per year per country (Table 7). The sea shipping containers that are typi cally used for estimating the volume of commodity shipments are 40 feet (12.2 m) in length and hold approximately 40,000 pounds (18,182 kg or 20 tons) (FAS, 2003). The annual quantity of Capsicum spp. to be shipped from Central America is projected to fill approximately 1,050 of the 40

- foot shipping containers. The cumulative total for the quantity to be imported from these Central American countries was assigned a risk rating of High

.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 69 Table 7 . Estimated export volumes of Capsicum spp. from Central America. Country Commodity Amount (annual metric tons) Reference

Costa Rica fresh pepper fruit 6,000 Gonzalez, 2003 El Salvador pepper fruit, C. annuum 5,400 Arevalo, 2003 Guatemala C. annuum , C. frutescens , Capsicum spp. 11,240 Aldana, 2003 Honduras C. annuum 3,000 Puerto, 2003 Nicaragua C. annuum (88 percent) and C. frutescens 5,400 Fonseca, 2003 Panama C. annuum N/A

2.7.2. Survive post

- harvest treatment For this sub

- element, post

- harvest treatment refers to any manipulation, handling or specific phy tosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. Examples of post

- harvest treatments include culling, washing, chemical treatment, cold storage, etc. Arthropods that feed internally were expected to survive minimal post

- harvest treatments, such as washing and culling. We rated the flies, A. ludens , C

. capitata and L

. huidobrensis , the moth, N

. elegantalis, and the weevil, F

. ovatipennis , High for this sub

- element. External feeding arthropods would have a lower probability of surviving postharvest treatment than internal feeding arthropods. However, minute arthropods like meal ybugs and thrips may survive post

- harve st treatment by hiding in recesses on the fruit (e.g., the caly x) ( Lewis, 1997 ; CABI, 2007). Thus, we gave the mealy bugs, P. parvus and P

. minor, and the thrips, T

. palmi , risk ratings of Medium. Standard post

- harvest measures are unlikel y to affect internal bacterial infection of fruit or stems

. Likewise, b oth APMoV and ToSLCV cause systemic infections (Ala

- Poikela et al., 2005; CABI, 2007; Mauricio

- Castillo et al., 2006; Valverde et al., 1995 ) and would survive post

-harvest treatments on the commodity (Agrios, 2004). Thus, we gave both viruses and Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 ratings of High. Puccinia pampeana produces subepidermal fungal structures (Figueiredo et al., 1987; Figueiredo, 2000) which are likely

to survive post

-harvest treatments. The Pucc inia

-ty pe teliospores can remain viable for a long time (Figueiredo et al., 1987). While washing or other debris removal may occur, we found no evidence suggesting that would eliminate latent infection. We gave P. pampeana a risk rating of High.

2.7.3. Su rvive shipment The commodity

will be transported via cargo ship in about 2.5 days to travel from Costa Rica to Miami, Florida, assuming fair weather, a distance of 1,118 miles and a constant speed of 16 knots. Fresh peppers are ty picall y stored at 4oC and 95 percent relative humidity (CABI, 2007). If these conditions are maintained during transport some individuals of each pest would likely survive. For example, the USDA currently recommends that fruit be treated at 1.11oC for 15 d for C

. capitata, and 0.58 oC for 18 d for A. ludens , to kill all larvae (PPQ, 2008).Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 70 For Faustinus ovatipennis , Liriomyza huidobrensis , Neoleucinodes elegantalis , Phenacoccus parvus , Planococcus minor, and Thrips palmi, evidence of the ability of these pests to survive shipment is indicated by

records of alive insects intercepted on different commodities from different countries (PestID, 2008).

R. solanacearum R3B2 strains are more cold tolerant than other races (Swanson et al., 2005). The fungal pathogen P. pampeana and the viruse s APMoV and ToSLCV can be found in the sub

epidermal layers or become systemic (Ala

- Poikela et al., 2005; CABI, 2007; Figueiredo et al., 1987 ; Hernández and Hennen, 2003), surviving shipment within the tissue of pepper fruit and stems. In addition, Puccinia - ty pe teliospores of P. pampeana may survive shipping conditions in a dormant state ( Figueiredo, 2000 ). We gave all these species High risk ratings. 2.7.4. Not be detected at the port of entry The probability

that an arthropod pest is detected at the port of entry is a function of their size and degree of concealment. Because internal feeders are well concealed, they have a high probability

of escaping detection. Thus, we gave A. ludens , C. capitata , F

. ovatipennis and N. elegantalis High risk ratings for this sub

- element. Larvae of N. elegantalis create large exit holes and/or deform the fruit, which can be detected, but requires a specific inspection protocol.

External feeders that hide in the cal yxor in packing material are unlikely to be noticed. Thus, we gave T

. palmi a pest risk rating of High. Scale insects such as Phenacoccus parvus and Planococcus minor should be detectable by inspectors, but because of their small size and sessile nature, low population densities may escape detection. Therefore , we rated these meal ybug species Medium.

For Liriomyza huidobrensis , feeding punctures appear as white speckles between 0.13 and 0.15 mm in diameter. Oviposition punctures are smaller (0.05 mm) and are more uniformly round. The larva is primarily

a leaf miner, but if peduncles are affected L. huidobrensis can be visuall y detected. We rated this pest Medium. Plants may

harbor Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 bacteria without any s ymptoms of infection (Swanson et al., 2005). We gave it a risk rating of High.

F or Puccinia pampeana , infection sites with signs of sporulation, leaf and stem lesions and rotting fruit are easily

identified at the port of entry (Agrios, 2004), but latent infections and the presence of spores on fruit or packing materials are likely to go undetected. We gave this pest a rating of Medium for this risk element. On pepper, APMoV causes mottling ( CABI, 2007; Pernezny et al., 2003 ) and ToSLCV causes stunting and leaf curling/crumpling (Mauricio

- Castillo et al., 2006) . APMoV can reach a high titer in the plant which can remain s ymptomless (Pernezny et al., 2003). Virus sy

mptoms can sometimes be mistaken for abiotic problems, such as natural genetic variation, nutritional deficiency , temperature or other environmental factor. Diagnosis can be confirmed through serological testing (Agrios, 2004; Pernezny et al., 2003). We gave both viruses High risk ratings.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 71 2.7.5. Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival Risk ratings for this sub

- element are based on the proportion of the commodity that is likely

to move to locations suitable for pest survival. Peppers have widespread acceptance among consumers in the United States, which means that markets exist in all parts of the United States, and infested or infected fruits are likel y to arrive in areas that are suitable for pest survival. Therefore, we estimated risk based on population distributions in the United States in areas suitable for pest survival. For all pests one or more of its potential hosts occurs in zones where they potentially

could establish a colony (NRCS, 2008). Given that all of the pest could establish at least in Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11, with almost 27 percent of the U.S. population (PERAL , 2008), we gave them all risk ratings of High. 2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, pests must still come into contact with suitable host material. This process depends on two factors: the pest’s potential for dispersal and the presence of host material in the region. Anastrepha ludens , C

. capitata , L

. huidobrensis , N

. elegantalis , and T

. palmi are pol yphagous pests or attack very

common hosts, and are capable of long distance aerial di spersal. Thus we assigned them pest risk ratings of High.

We rated F

. ovatipennis Low because of low dispersal potential and a narrow host range

. The sessile nature of scale insects reduces their chances of coming into contact with hosts (Gullan and Ko sztarab, 1997; Miller, 1985). They are unlikel y to establish unless mobile forms (i.e., crawlers) are present on imported commodities and placed close to a susceptible host (Blank et al., 1993; Miller, 1985). Dispersal by air to a host is unlikely

because of small populations expected on fruit. Therefore, we rated P

. parvus and P

. minor Low risk.

For R. solanacearum (R3B2), disposal of infected host material near agricultural areas, greenhouses, or unmanaged ecos ys tems are pathways to other susceptible hos ts, such as cultivated potato, tomato, and pepper or weed hosts. The main path for international spread is b y infected plant parts. R. solanacearum (R3B2) can easily be spread by

water in field and greenhouse settings (Janse et al., 2004). We rated this pe st High. Puccinia pampeana occurs on 6 genera and 17 species within the Solanaceae family . The dispersal potential for P. pampeana is not known, however related Puccinia species mostly spread from plant to plant by windblown spores. Insects, rain, and animals may play a role. Some of their spores (uredospores) are transported over long distances b y strong winds and can start new infections (Agrios, 2004). Overall, we gave this fungus a risk rating of Medium.
APMoV is vectored b y s pecies of Diabrotica and mechanically transmitted (Pernezny

et al., 2003). Likewise, ToSLCV is only transmitted through its vector Bemisia tabaci . Both vectors are highl y unlikely to arrive with the commodity, so they would have to contact infected fruit in the United States to ac quire the viruses and disperse them to a host in the environment (CABI, 2007;Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 72 Pernezny et al., 2003). Both viruses have a limited host range, affecting mostly plants within the Solanaceae famil y. Thus, we gave these viruses risk ratings of Low.

Table 8. Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. The ratings for ‘Quantity Imported Annually ,’ ‘Survive Shipment,’ and ‘Moved to suitable Habitat’ were High (3 pts) for all pests. Pests Subelements Cumulative risk ratings a Survive post

- harvest treatment Not detected

at port

- of

entry Contact

host
ma terial Anastrepha ludens High (3) High (3) High (3) High (18) Andean potato mottle virus High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (16) Ceratitis capitata High (3) High (3) High (3) High (18) Faustinus ovatipennis High (3 ) High (3) Low (1) High (16) Liriomyza huidobrensis High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (17) Neoleucinodes elegantalis High (3) High (3) High (3) High (18) Phenacoccus parvus Med (2) Med (2) Low (1) Medium (14) Planococcus minor Med (2) Med (2) Low (1) Medium (14) Puccinia pampeana High (3) Med (2) Med (2) High (16) Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 High (3) High (3) High (3) High (18) Thrips palmi Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (17) Tomato severe leaf curl virus High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (16)

a Lo w is 6

- 9 points, Medium is 10

- 14 points, and High is 15

- 18 points (PPQ, 2000).

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion We summed the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction values to produce the Pest Risk Potentials which are recorded below (Table 9). Pest Risk Potential is a baseline estimate of the risks associated with importation of the commodity in the absence of phy tosanitary mitigation measures beyond standard post

- harvest processing.

Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 received a High Pest Risk Potential based on the guidelines

. A more detailed study on the Likelihood of Entry, Introduction, and Establishment of this bacterium concluded that it is not likely to establish in the United States via this pathway (PERAL , 2005 a). Therefore , we gave it an overall rating of Low. The pest risk potential was estimated to be High for all other pests . A rating in the High range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures, supplemental to port

- of

- arrival inspection, are strongl y recomm ended.

APHI S risk management programs are risk based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods. Details of APHIS risk management programs are published,Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 73 primarily, in the Federal Register as quarantine notices. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risks is part of the Risk Management within APHI S.

Table 9. Pest Risk Potentials for quarantine pests on Capsicum spp. from Central America. Pest Consequences of Introduction Likelihood of

Introduction Pest Risk

Potentials a Anastrepha ludens High (15) High (18) High (33) Andean potato mottle virus Medium (12) High (16) High (28) Ceratitis capitata High (15) High (18) High (33) Faustinus ovatipennis Medium (12) High (16) High (28) Liriomyza huidobrensis High (15) High (17) High (32) Neoleucinodes elegantalis High (13) High (18) High (31) Phenacoccus parvus High (13) Medium (14) High (27) Planococcus minor High (14) Medium (14) High (28) Puccinia pampeana High (14) High (16) High (30) Thrips palmi High (13) High (17) Hi gh (30) Tomato severe leaf curl virus Medium (12) High (16) High (28) Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 High (14) High (18) Lowb

a Lo w is 11

- 18 points, Medium is 19

- 26 points, and High is 27

- 33 points b While the guidelines

-based rating is High, the real ized rating is Low, based on a very low likelihood of establishing in the United states via this pathway . See text for more details.



### 3. Risk Mitigation We begin the pest risk management with identification of the pest risk potential estimated for pests of quarantine significance to the United States and deemed likely to follow the pathway

in Capsicum spp. from Central America

. The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. We describe the current USDA approved alternatives for pest mitigation on Capsicum from Central American countries. All possible alternatives for mitigation of quarantine pests , and disclosed in the Code of Federal Regulations, CFR are also described. We indicate alternative options for pest mitigation used on other commodities or by other countries, even though they do not have scientific verification for peppers or exporter country . Nonetheless, it is indicated in the text that research must be required to demonstrate efficacy on Capsicum spp. 3.1. Risk Management Strategy for Quarantine Pests. The list of pests that attack Capsicum spp. and are present in Central America was developed b y searching scientific literature, previous APHIS commodity risk assessments for similar commoditie s, U.S. port interception records, and information provided b y the exporting country

. We analyzed twelve quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

in the risk assessment stage. The pest risk potential was estimated to be High for all pests (Table 9). According to PPQPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 74 (2000), pests with a Low Pest Risk Potential (e.g., Ralstonia solanacearum R3B2 ), do not ty picall y require mitigation measures, other than port

- of

- arrival inspection. Still, we listed some c ontrol strategies for Ralstonia solanacearum (R3B2 ) in peppers. A value within the Medium range indicates that specific phy tosanitary measures may

be necessary . A rating in the High range indicates that specific phy tosanitary measures, supplemental to port

- of

- arrival inspection, are strongl y recommended. 3.2. Risk Mitigation Options for Peppers from Central America 3.2.1. Current systems approaches PPQ uses systems approaches to allow the importation into the United States of fresh peppers ( Capsicum spp.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hondura s, and Nicaragua ( 7 CFR § 319, 2007 ). Systems approaches are employed by importing countries as an alternative to the use of single measures that achieve an appropriate level of phy tosanitary protection when a single phy tosanitary measure is non existent, infeasible or undesirable. The combinations of specific mitigation measures that provide overlapping or sequential safeguards are distinctly different from single mitigation methodologies such as fumigation or inspection. Systems approaches require the integration of different measures, at least two of which act independently , with a cumulative effect and are often tailored to specific commodity

-pest

- origin combinations. The Central American program was approved in March 2006 and it is described below. (a) For peppers of the species Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. chinense from areas free of Mediterranean fruit fl y (Medfl y) , terms of entry are: (1) The peppers must be grown and packed in an area that has been determined by APHI S to be free of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfl y) in accordance with the procedures described in § 319.56

–2(f) of this subpart. (2) A pre

- harvest inspection of the growing site must be conducted b y the national plant protection organization (NPPO) of the exporting country for the weevil Faustinus ovatipennis, pea leafminer, tomato fruit borer, banana moth, lantana mealybug, passionvine mealy bug, melon thrips, the rust fungus Puccinia pampeana, Andean potato mottle virus, and tomato yellow mosaic virus, and if these pests are found to be generall y infesting the growing site, the NPPO may

not allow export from that production site until the NPPO has determined that risk mitigation has been achieved. (3) The peppers must be packed in insect

- proof cartons or containers or covered with insect

proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin at the packinghouse for transit to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival in the United States. (4) The exporting country ’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary certificates. Each shipment of peppers must be accompanied b y a phy tosanitary certificate issued by

the NPPO and bearing the declaration, ‘‘These peppers were grown in an area recognized to be free of Medfly and th e shipment has been inspected and found free of the pests listed in the requirements.’’ (b) For peppers of the species Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. chinense, and C. pubescens from areas in which Medfl y is considered to exist:Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 75 (1) The peppers must be grown in approved production sites registered with the NPPO of the exporting country . Initial approval of the production sites will be completed jointly by the exporting country ’s NPPO and APHIS. The exporting country ’s NPPO will visit and inspect the production sites monthly, starting 2 months before harvest and continuing through until the end of the shipping season. APHIS may monitor the production sites at any time during this period. (2) Pepper production sites must consist of pest

- exclusionary greenhouses, which must have self

- closing double doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 (or less) mm screening. (3) Registered sites must contain traps for the detection of Medfl y both within and around the production site. ( i) Traps with an approved protein bait must be placed inside the greenhouses at a density of four traps per hectare, with a minimum of two traps per greenhouse. Traps must be serviced on a weekl y basis. (ii) If a single Medfly is detected inside a registered production site or in a consignment, the registered production site will lose its ability to export peppers to the United States until APHI S and the exporting country ’s NPPO mutually

determine that risk mitigation is achieved. (iii) Medfly traps with an approved lure must be placed inside a buffer area 500 meters wide around the registered production site, at a density of 1 trap per 10 hectares and a minimum of 10 traps. These traps must be checked at least every 7 days. At least one of these traps must be near the greenhouse. Traps must be set for at least 2 months before export and trapping must continue to the end of the harvest. (iv) Capture of 0.7 or more Medflies per trap per week will delay or suspend the harvest, depending on whether harvest has b egun, for consignments of peppers from that production site until APHI S and the exporting country ’s NPPO can agree that the pest risk has been mitigated. (v) The greenhouse must be inspected prior to harvest for the weevil Faustinus ovatipennis, pea leafminer, tomato fruit borer, banana moth, lantana mealy bug, passionvine meal ybug, melon thrips, the rust fungus Puccinia pampeana, Andean potato mottle virus, and tomato yellow mosaic virus. If any of these pests, or other quarantine pests, are found to be gen erall y infesting the greenhouse, export from that production site will be halted until the exporting country ’s NPPO determines that the pest risk has been mitigated. (4) The exporting country ’s NPPO must maintain records of trap placement, checking of trap s, and any M edfl y captures. The exporting country’s NPPO must maintain an APHI S

approved quality control program to monitor or audit the trapping program. The trapping records must be maintained for APHIS’ review. (5) The peppers must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest

- exclusionary packinghouse. The peppers must be safeguarded by an insect

-proof mesh screen or plastic tarpaulin while in transit to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing. Peppers must be packed in insect

-proof cartons or containers, or covered with insect proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin, for transit to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival in the United States or the consignment will be denied entry into the United States. (6) During the time the packinghouse is in use for exporting peppers to the United States, the packinghouse may

accept peppers onl y from registered approved production sites. (7) The exporting country ’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phy

tosanitary certificates. Each shipment of peppers must be accompanied by a phy tosanitary certificate issued by

the NPPO and bearing the declaration, ‘‘These peppers were grown in an approved production site and the shipment has been inspected and foundPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 76 f ree of the pests listed in the requirements.’’ The shipping box must be labeled with the identity of the production site. (c) For peppers of the species Capsicum pubescens from areas in which Mexican fruit fly (Mexfly) is considered to exist: (1) The peppers must be grown in approved production sites registered with the NPPO of the exporting country . Initial approval of the production sites will be completed jointly by the exporting country ’s NPPO and APHIS. The exporting country ’s NPPO must visit and inspect the production sites monthly, starting 2 months before harvest and continuing through until the end of the shipping season. APHIS may monitor the production sites at any time during this period. (2) Pepper production sites must consist of pest

- exclusi onary greenhouses, which must have self

- closing double doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 (or less) mm screening. (3) Registered sites must contain traps for the detection of Mexfly both within and around the production site. (i) Traps with an approved protein bait must be placed inside the greenhouses at a density of four traps per hectare, with a minimum of two traps per greenhouse. Traps must be serviced on a weekl y basis. (ii) If a single Mexfly is detected inside a registered production site or in a consignment, the registered production site will lose its ability to ship under the systems approach until APHI S and the exporting country ’s NPPO mutually determine that risk mitigation is achieved. (iii) Mexfly traps with an approv ed protein bait must be placed inside a buffer area 500 meters wide around the registered production site, at a density of 1 trap per 10 hectares and a minimum of 10 traps. These traps must be checked at least every 7 days. At least one of these traps must be near the greenhouse. Traps must be set for at least 2 months before export, and trapping must continue to the end of the harvest. (iv) Capture of 0.7 or more Mexflies per trap per week will delay or suspend the harvest, depending on whether harvest has begun, for consignments of peppers from that production site until APHI S and the exporting country ’s NPPO can agree that the pest risk has been mitigated. (v) The greenhouse must be inspected prior to harvest for the weevil Faustinus ovatipennis, pea leaf miner, tomato fruit borer, banana moth, lantana mealy bug, passionvine meal ybug, melon thrips, the rust fungus Puccinia pampeana, Andean potato mottle virus, and tomato yellow mosaic virus. If any of these pests, or other quarantine pests, are found to be g enerall y infesting the greenhouse, export from that production site will be halted until the exporting country ’s NPPO determines that the pest risk has been mitigated. (4) The exporting country ’s NPPO must maintain records of trap placement, checking of traps, and any M exfly

captures. The exporting country ’s NPPO must maintain an APHI Sapproved quality control program to monitor or audit the trapping program. The trapping records must be maintained for APHIS’s review. (5) The peppers must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest

- exclusionary packinghouse. The peppers must be safeguarded by an insect

-proof mesh screen or plastic tarpaulin while in transit to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing. Peppers must be packed in insect

-proof cartons or co ntainers, or covered with insectproof mesh or plastic tarpaulin, for transit to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival in the United States or the consignment will be denied entry into the United States.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 77 (6) During the time th e packinghouse is in use for exporting peppers to the United States, the packinghouse may

accept peppers onl y from registered approved production sites. (7) The exporting country ’s NPPO is responsible for export certification, inspection, and issuance of phy

tosanitary certificates. Each shipment of peppers must be accompanied by a phy tosanitary certificate issued by

the NPPO and bearing the declaration, ‘‘These peppers were grown in an approved production site and the shipment has been inspected and found f ree of the pests listed in the requirements.’’ The shipping box must be labeled with the identity of the production site. We recommend including Panama as an exporter country in the s ys tems approaches above, if it meets requirements. Likewise we recommend including Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV) in the list of regulated pests in the system approach. We also recommend removing from the list of regulated pests the banana moth, Opogona sacchari , and the virus Tomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV), becau se we did not find sufficient evidence that they would follow the pathway (above). 3.2.2. Phytosanitary Certification Inspections and Monitoring Each shipment should be accompanied by a phytosanitary

certificate issued by

the exporting country ’s NPPO. The certificate should contain additional declarations stating that the pepper fruits were treated and/or grown in accordance with any phy tosanitary measures required b y APHI S. Inspection could be combined with other measures to ensure the absence of pests of concern. Example measures include Integrated Pest Management, culling for damage and insect infestation during harvest and post

- harvest, periodic unannounced inspections by certified inspectors from PPQ or Ministries of Agriculture from exporter countries to production areas and Packinghouses

. 3.2.3. Post

-Harvest Safeguards and Packinghouse Procedures Containers of harvested fruit should be covered with screens, plastic tarpaulins, or other pest

proof covers while in transit to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing. The peppers should be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest exclusionary packinghouse. All fruit should be inspected prior to packing and packed in pest

-proof containers for shipment to the United States. Peppers should be sized and culled to remove damaged and deformed fruit. The fruits can be washed with brushes and cleansing to remove external pests, and then immersed in a water bath containing a surfactant, followed b y air

- drying. While packing the peppers for export to the Unite d States, the packinghouse should only accept fruits from registered approved production sites. Details regarding post

- harvest safeguards for external feeders include:
 To reduce the likelihood of the external feeders
, Phenacoccus parvus, Planococcus mino r and Thrips palmi potential packinghouse procedures for pepper include washing, waxing, and cold storage. Additionally , mechanical brushing and cleansing with compressed air or other treatment methods can be utilized. External insect pests like aphids, mites, mealy bugs, scales, and thrips can often be removed or greatl y reduced in number with a brisk water spray (Townsend, 1994 ).  Neoleucinodes elegantalis larva can be detected during post

- harvest process inspecting forPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 78 malformed or damaged fruits, as it produces large holes (Marcano, 2008).

Figure 2. Pepper fruit affected by N elegantalis ( Marcano, 2008 )
 Peppers should be culled without quality defects, such as mechanical damage, bruising, scarring, disease or pest presence, dehydration, or immature, de caying, deformed, split, heavily soiled, or blemished fruit  Washing with detergent

- water solutions (1 teaspoon detergent/1 gallon water) is effective in removing or killing scales, aphids, meal ybugs, or other small insects on plants ( Townsend, 1994 ). Field and high care packhouse procedures and measures may be use to protect the fruit against internal and external feeders. However, research is required to demonstrate efficacy of the elimination of pests. 3.2.4. Suppression/Control Pest

- exclusionary greenho uses: Production sites of Pepper from certain Central American countries consist of pest

- exclusionary greenhouses, which must have double self

- closing doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 mm (or less) screening( 7 CFR § 319, 2007 ). The use of pest

- exclusionary greenhouses, with 1.6mm (0.063 inches) or less screening may result in an effective measure to prevent the entry into the greenhouses of adults due to their size, this apply

for Anastrepha ludens (CABI, 2007), Ceratitis capitata (Thomas et al., 2008)
, Faustinus ovatipennis (Saunders et al., 1998), Liriomyza huidobrensis (CABI, 2007)
, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Marcano, 2008 ), Phenacoccus parvus (Tanwar et al., 2007) and Planococcus minor (Venette and Davis, 2004).

The sterile i nsect technique (SIT): it was successfully applied to Mexican fruit fly ( Anastrepha ludens ) to maintain a fl y- free zone in Mexico, Texas and California (Weems et al., 2004); in mediterranean fruit fly

( Ceratitis capitata ) this technique has been employed to assure the fly

free status of Mexico, U.S.A. and a large part of Guatemala (Hendrichs et al., 2002). In Lyriomyza huidobrensis SIT could be applied since in other leafminers such as L. trifolii SIT combined with parasitoids release, reduced successfully the size of adult populations (Kaspi and Parrella, 2006).
Inherited sterility (also known as F1 sterility) is common in members of the order Lepidoptera after treatment with radiation, all females will be sterile; and all males will be fertile and carry a gene for sterility

that is passed to the next generation (Ellis, 2004); therefore Neoleucinodes elegantalis could be good candidate to be controlled with SIT, however research is required to demonstrate efficacy

of this control strategy

.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 79 Control alternatives for pathogens: Control strategies for Ralstonia solanacearum (R3B2) in sweet peppers include the use of resistant varieties; good soil drainage and raised beds; rotation with non

- host crops (Berke et al., 2003). Bacterial wilt, caused b y the soilborne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum , limits production of many economicall y important crops including potato, tomato, banana and tobacco. It is considered the world’s single most destructive bacterial plant disease. The bacterium enters host plant roots from the soil and colonizes the xylem vessels in the vascular s ys tem. Control of bacterial wilt is difficult; the best management strategy is planting disease

- resistant hosts. Ralstonia solanacearum has been isolated from roots, stem, tubers and leaves of infe cted plants. However, the presence of this pathogen in tomato fruits collected from naturall y i nfected plants has not been reported, and a previous study using PCR did not detect R. solanacearum in fruits or seeds from infected tomato plants (Sanchez Perez et al., 2008). There are not reported specific control strategies for Puccinia pampeana in specialized literature. However it could be controlled using similar management practices applied for other rusts of the Puccinia genus; an example is the control strategy used for P.horiana (chrysanthemum white rust) which includes maintain production areas at less than optimum humidity for rust growth; if the infestations have been detected in a place of production, commodity fungicidal dip treatment, should be c onsidered. Before planting, soil steaming at 70°C can destro y m ost pathogenic microorganisms, including rust spores and other fungus structures (APHIS, 2005 ). However,
research is required to demonstrate efficacy of this control strategies in peppers for P. pampeana

. Distancing pepper fields from tomato and other solanaceous crop production areas is probabl y the best way

to limit begomovirus infection. Transplants should be produced free of the virus and plants must be free of the whitefly vector. Another important control strategy is to reduce or eliminate whitefly

populations. Removal of solanaceous weeds that can harbor begomoviruses and whiteflies is advised when practical. Pepper and tomato crop residue should be removed promptly and destro ye d at the end of the season (Roberts et al., 2004). Detailed strategies for geminiviruses management are described b y Polston and Andreson (1997) in tomato. They anticipated that for most of geminiviruses, management strategies will need to be multi

- component in nature and based on a thorough understanding of the pathosystems involved. Deploy

ment of resistant cultivars will have to be accompanied by vector management schemes, which currently rely almost entirel y on chemical insecticides. Unfortunately, whitefl y popul ations are already developing resistance to the widel y used chemical imidacloprid, as they have done with many other insecticides. The lack of available vector management strategies is related in part to a shortage of knowledge regarding the epidemiology o f geminiviruses. It is probable that onl y through this multi

- component approach will economically and environmentally

sound approaches be developed for the successful management of geminiviruses (Polston and Anderson, 1997). In hot pepper cultural techni ques can alter the crop environment, improve plant vigor and resistance, and reduce survival and virulence of harmful agents. Plant raising practices examples are the use of screen covered cages will exclude sucking insects and infection with insect

transmitted viruses during the nursery stage and the use of mulch to reduce soil evaporation and leaching of nutrients; light

- reflective mulch to alleviate thrips injury and virus problems and thePest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 80 application of balanced fertilization to improve growth, development and resistance level of the crop (Vos and Duriat, 1995; Vos et al., 1995). 3.2.5. Establishment of Pest

-Free Areas or Free Production Sites As a sole mitigative measure, the establishment of pest

- free areas or pest

- free places of production may

be eff ective in satisfying an importing country ’s appropriate level of phy tosanitary protection. The establishment and maintenance of pest

- free areas or production sites should be in compliance with international standards (e.g

. , IPPC, 2007: I SPM # 10 ). Establis hment and maintenance of pest free areas should include survey plans. Surveys to detect internal and external pepper pests may be aided by

the use of APHIS

- approved unbaited, active, or passive traps. 3.2.6. Establishment of Areas of Low Pest Prevalence/Pest Suppression According to IPPC (2007), an area of low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country, part of a country , or all or parts of several countries in which a particular pest species occurs at low population densities and which is or are subject to effective surveillance and control or eradication measures. Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence should comply with international standards (e.g
., IP PC, 2007: I SPM # 4, 26 ). For example, elements of an operational plan for establishment and maintenance of such areas might include a geographic description to delimit the area, specification of an upper limit to pest densities, means to document and verify all necessary

procedures and maintain records; specification of phy

tosanitary procedures ( e

. g ., survey , pest control), and movement controls to prevent pest entry

or re - entry

into the area. IP PC (2007) recommends that the exporting country consult with the importing country in the early

stages of implementation to ensure that importing country requirements are met. In particular, target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalence should be established in consultation with the importing country

. Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means ( e

. g ., crop sanitation, pruning of dead and diseased branches, pre

- harvest application of pesticides, fruit bagging) may be used to suppress pest populations in crops or prevent fruit infestation. Sanitation and pesticide applications, as essential comp onents of best management practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production ( IPPC, 2007 ). 3.2.7. Quarantine Treatments Generic Dose Irradiation: PPQ recognizes T105

- a- 2 Irradiation for fruit flies from the famil y tephritidae and all insect pests exc ept pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera. Pepper is an approved commodity from Ghana under this treatment (PPQ, 2008)

. Methyl Bromide Fumigation: PPQ recognizes the treatment MB (T101

- a- 3) (maximum dosage 4 pounds/1,000 ft 3 at 40

- 49°F) which is appro ved to treat internal feeders for peppers (except fruit flies) and external pests (except meal ybugs) (PPQ, 2008); however, certain varieties of peppers are sensitive to methyl bromide and may develop darkening of the seed cavity. Methyl bromide MB (T104

- a- 1) (maximum dosage, 4 pounds/1,000 ft 3 at 40°F or above): applies to hitchhikers and surface pests such as: thrips, aphids, scale insects, leafminers, spider mites, lygaeid bugs, ants, earwigs, surface feeding caterpillars and slugs. LiriomyzaPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 81 huidobrensis, Phenacoccus parvus, Planococcus minor and Thrips palmi could be mitigated under this treatment in peppers. MB (T104

- a - 2) (maximum dosage, 4 pounds/1,000 ft 3 at 60

- 69°F or above) is approved for Pseudococcidae ( Phenacoccus parvus and Planococcus minor)
mitigation in peppers (PPQ, 2008)

. Cold treatment: cold treatment T107

- a- 1 is approved for mitigate Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha ludens on multiple commodities; this treatment demands to treat the commodity under temperatures of 34oF for 15 days (PPQ, 2008)

. . Methyl bromide plus cold treatment are also approved for Ceratitis capitata on multiple commodities (T108

- a and T108

-b fumigation plus refrigeration, T109

- d

- 1 cold treatment plus fumigation) (PPQ, 2008)

. 3.3. Research Options Possible options for research for quarantine pests on pepper fruit include sterile insect technique (SIT), irradiation below 400 Gy, hot water immersion, and insecticidal dips. This statement is based on the following evidence: 3.3.1. Sterile insect technique (SIT) For Lyriomyza huidobrensis SIT, could be used since, o n other leafminers such as L. trifolii, SIT combined with parasitoids releasing, reduced successfully the size of adult populations (Kaspi and Parrella, 2006).At the same way inherited sterility (also known as F1 sterility) is common in members of the order Lepidoptera, after treatment with radiation all females will be sterile; and all males will be fertile and carry a gene for sterility

that is passed to the next generation (Ellis, 2004); therefore Neoleucino des elegantalis could be good candidate to be controlled with SIT. 3.3.2. Irradiation Below 400 Gy Research indicates that Coccus viridis would be effectivel y controlled b y irradiation at a dose of 250 Gy (Hara et al., 2002). The reported minimum dose of irradiation needed to ensure quarantine security against Maconellicoccus hirsutus is between 100 and 250 Gy (Jacobsen and Hara, 2003). No information was found in the literature regarding the effect of irradiation on the other scale species of concern; how ever, adults of the species Planococcus citri , which is in the same genus as Planococcus minor , that are irradiated at 40 Gy or higher produce no offspring (Arthur and Wiendl, 1996).
3.3.3. Cold treatment PPQ recognizes Cold treatment (T107

- a - 1) for fruit flies C. capitata and A. ludens on multiple commodities (PPQ, 2008 ). Cold effect research would be required to demonstrate efficacy on peppers. 3.3.4. Insecticidal Dips or Sprays Gould and McGuire, (2000) studied the efficacy of different insecticidal c oatings (soap, petroleum based oil, and vegetable oil) against the mealybugs Planococcus citri and Pseudococcus odermatti on limes. These coatings, applied at a 3 percent (vol: vol) rate in approximately

10 liters of water, and then followed by a 10

- minute rinsing in tap

- water resulted in mortalities of 30, 57, and 65 percent, respectively (Gould and McGuire, 2000). The authorsPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 82 stated that the fruit’s calyx provided shelter for the mealy bugs, preventing higher mortalities. If peppers are exported with peduncle and cal yxthey could protect meal ybugs; we assume that mortality rates for mealybugs caused b y these insecticidal coatings would be lesser on fruit with peduncle and cal yxthan peppers without them. Efficacy data based on research would be needed for this option. 3.4. Oversight

3.4.1. Pre

-shipment Programs Inspection, treatment, or other mitigative measures performed in the field and/or packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHI S officials, and in accordance with specified phy

tosanitary procedures. Such programs require monitoring of all aspects of the application of any required phytosanitary measures; the aim is to identify shortcomings or opportunities for program modifications ( IP PC, 2007 ). Provision should be made for th e formal recognition of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of conditions for revoking approvals or refusing certification for export to the continental United States.

3.4.2. Point

- of

-Entry Sampling and Inspection Upon arrival in the United States, consignments should be inspected as provided in § 319.56

- 6. Particular attention should be given to paperwork and seals on vehicles to ascertain that the chain of custody

has remained intact. 3.4.3. Shipments Traceable to Place of Origin in any Central American country Each box of pepper fruit should be clearl y labeled indicating the specific place of origin. Labeling is necessary

to ensure traceability

to each production site. In Table 10 we summarize the available risk mitigation options for peppers from Central America. All mitigation measures assume that good integrated pest management practices are being used and that pest pressure is low. These measures cannot be expected to be effective in high pest pressure situations.

3.5. Conclusion Multiple options exist for mitigating pests of concern on peppers from Central America (Table 10). A combination of measures, including production place monitoring and management programs to achieve and maintain area pest freedom or low pest prevalence, packinghouse inspection and treatments, phy tosanitary certification, quarantine treatments, maintenance of consignment security and traceability in transit, and port

- of

- entry inspection is more feasible than the use of a single measure. Itis demonstrated in the systems approach approved for export peppers from Central American countries such as Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, consequentl y, we recommend include to Panama as exporter country if it fulfills requirements of a s ys tems approach. This document does not purport to establish specific work plans or to evaluate the reliability of a specific program or s ys tems approach. Itprovides information regarding known or possible mitigation measures that could be used fo r mitigate quarantine pests that affect peppers. ThePest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 83 specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document.

Table 10. Summary

of risk mitigation options for peppers. Measure(s) Pests Efficacy Systems Approach All Systems approaches require the integration of different measures, at least two of which act independentl y, with a cumulative effect and are often tailored to specific commodity

-pest

origin combinations. Considering that this measure has been approved for certain Central American countries, it could be a strategy for peppers exportations from Panama. Phy tosanitary Certification Inspections and Monitoring Liriomyza huidobrensis,

Phenacoccus parvus Planococcus minor and T hrips palmi L. huidobrensis damage can be visuall y

detected. As external pests, scale insects and thrips should be detectable by trained inspectors; however, because of their small size, may escape detection. Inspection could be combined with other measure s to ensure the absence of pests of concern Post

- harvest and packinghouse procedures (inspection, cleansing) External feeders P.

parvus, P. minor and T. palmi . Internal feeder Neoleucinodes elegantalis Likel y to significantl y lower population levels, but research required to demonstrate efficacy

.

Suppression/Control All Insects Production sites of Pepper consist of pest

exclusionary

greenhouses, which must have double self

- closing doors and have all other openings and vents covered with 1.6 mm (or less) screening Fruit flies A. ludens, and C. capitata L. huidobrensis N. elegantalis The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been used successfully

on Fruit flies, leaf miners and lepidopterous. Research is required to demonstrate efficacy

of this control strategy

on L. huidobrensis , and N. elegantalis Puccinia pampeana Management practices applied for other rusts of the Puccinia genus could be used. However
research is required to demonstrate efficacy of control strategies on P. pampeana in peppers. Ralsto nia solanacearum (R3B2) This bacteria could be controlled with resistant varieties; good soil drainage and raised beds; rotation with non

- host crops Geminivirus Deploy ment of resistant cultivars, accompanied b y vector management schemes.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 84 Measure(s) Pests Efficacy D istancing pepp er fields from tomato and other solanaceous crop. Removal of solanaceous weeds and pepper and tomato crop residues. Research is required to demonstrate efficacy of control strategies on ToSLCV Pest

- free areas or places of production All May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection. Areas of low prevalence All. May satisfy requirements for appropriate level of protection alone or in combination with other measures Irradiation All insects above PPQ

- recognized generic dose (400 Gy) quarantine treatment on all regulated plant articles for all insect pests except for Lepidopteran pupae and adults. Research is required to demonstrate efficacy of irradiation treatment below 400 Gy

. Fumigation Some internal feeders

(no fruit flies) and external pests PPQ

- recognized MB fumigation as a quarantine treatment for surface pests in peppers Cold Treatment Fruit Flies Cold treatment T107

- a- 1 is approved to mitigate C. capitata and A. ludens on multiple commodities. Research required to demonstrate effica cy

on peppers Methyl bromide plus cold treatment Ceratitis capitata Methyl bromide plus cold treatment are also approved for medfl y control on multiple commodities (T108

- a and T108

-b fumigation plus refrigeration, T109

- d

- 1). Research required to demonstrate efficacy on peppers



### 4. Author and Reviewers

Author: Luis E. Forero, Risk analyst a

Reviewers: Guiovanni A. Zambrano, Risk analyst a John Rogers, Plant pathologist b

a USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL , Colombia b USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST

- PERAL , RaleighPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 85 

### 5. Acknowledgement The author thanks Efrain Torres, Biologist, for his professional support at CPHST

- Colombia.



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### 7. Appendices
Appendix A. Pests intercepted on species of Capsicum from 1984 to 2007 Pests from any

country , by

host part and where intercepted (PestID, 2008). We did not include interceptions which had “Where intercepted” = Unknown here. Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Abgrallaspis flabellata Ghana S F 1 1

Abiotic sp. Cuba, India, Mexico A, P, S F 3 2 5
Acanthocep hala confraterna Mexico S F 1 1

Acanthococcus sp. St. Kitts and Nevis S F 1 1 Acanthoderes sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Acanthoscelides obtectus Mexico S F 1 1
Acari spp. Netherlands A 1 1 Aceratagallia sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Achryson sp. Mexico S L 1 1 Acleris sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Acremonium sp. Spain A F 1 1 Acrididae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Acroleucus sp. Trinidad and Tobago S F 4 4 Ac rolophus sp. Dominican Republic S F 2 2 Adoretus sinicus Hawaii S L 1 1 Aeolothripidae spp. India S F 1 1

Aeolus nigromaculatus Dominican Republic S 1 1

Aeolus sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 1 13 14

Aetalion sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Agriolimax reticulatus Peru S 1 1
Agroiconota propinqua Dominican Republic S F 1 1
Agromyzidae spp. Albania, Bahamas,

Belgium, Brazil,, Chile, Colombia, A, F,

P, S I, F, L, L, Sd, St 428 235 39 3831

10 4543

101 F = Fruit; I = Inflorescence/Flower; L = Leaf; P = Peduncle; R = Root; S = Stem; Se = Seed; Sd = Seedling; Sh = Shoot; W = Whole plant/Systemic 102 BG= Baggage; GC= General Cargo; HD= Holds; ML= Mail; MS= Miscellaneous; PC= Permit Cargo; and QS= Quarters
or Stores.Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 105 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Europe Country, France, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Romania, Spain, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela Agrotis malefida Jamaica S 1 1 Agrotis sp. Korea, South S F 3 3 Ahasverus advena Guinea, Liberia,

Mexico S F 2 1 3

Aleurocanthus woglumi Antigua and Barbuda,

Dominican Republic S L 1 1 2

Aleurodicus dispersus Hawaii, Philippines,

Puerto Rico A, S L 96 2 98
Aleuroplatus sp. Mexico A L 1 1 Aleurotrachelus trachoides Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Puerto Rico S L 8 2 10
Aleyrodidae spp. Dominican Repub lic,

El Salvador, Hawaii, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, US Virgin Islands A, S F, L 9 1 2 18

1 31

Aleyrodinae spp. Canada, Mexico,

Spain A, S F, L 2 1 3
Alitocoris parvus Mexico A F 1 1 Alitocoris sp. Trinidad and T obago S 1 1 Allonemobius sp. Mexico A 1 1 Alternaria alternata Netherlands S F 1 1

Alternaria sp. Egypt, Mexico,

Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis A, S F, L 4 1 1 3

1 10

Alternaria Dominican Republi c F 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 106 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS tenuissima Altica sp. Guatemala, Mexico A, S F 2 3 5 Amaranthus sp. Myanmar, Unknown S Sd 1 1 2 Amblyomma cajennense Jamaica S F 1 1 2
Amblyomma sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Amblyseius sp. Netherlands S F 3 3 Amnestus sp. Mex ico A, S F 2 2 Amorbia sp. Cote D`Ivoire, El

Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico A, P,

S F 20 1 1 11 33

Amphelasma sp. Mexico S 1 1 Am phipyrinae spp. Israel S F 1 1

Anarsia sp. Mexico, Nigeria F, S F 2 2 Anasa sp. Mexic o S 1 1 Anastrepha ludens Mexico A, S F 2 2 4 Anastrepha serpentina Mexico P, S 2 2
Anastrepha sp. Dominican Republic,

El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Unknown, Venezuela A, P,

S F 49 1 13

1 64

Anastrepha suspensa Ghana S F 1 1
Anaxipha sp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Anchonidium sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Ancylostomia stercorea Jamaica S F 1 1
Anelaphus sp. Mexico A 1 1 Anobiidae spp. Dominican Repu blic S 1 1 Anoecia sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Anomala sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Peru A, S F 14 1 15
Anthicidae spp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Anthocoridae spp. Canada, Israel,

Netherlands, Spain, Unknown A, S F 1 8 57 66

Anthomyiidae spp. Costa Rica, Ghana,

India, Jamaica, A, S F 12 6 1 19Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 107 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Thailand, Unknown Anthonomus eugenii Dominican Republic,

El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Hawai, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Puerto Rico, Unknown F, L 71 2 1 1 25

4 104

Anthonomus sp. Belice, Costa Rica,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hawai, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela A, F,

P, S F, Sd, St 303 66 2 1693

18 2082

Anthrenus verbasci Mexico S Sd 1 1
Anthribidae spp. Australia S F 1 1 Antianthe expansa Mexico A 1 1 Antillocoris sp. Netherlands A 1 1 Apamea
monoglypha Netherlands S F 1 1
Aphididae spp. Bahamas, Chile,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, South, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Ni geria, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadine s Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, West Indies A, F,

P, S F, L, WP, St 62 33 1 1 183

4 284Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 108 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Aphidiinae spp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Aphidius sp. Jamaica S F 1 1 Aphidoletes aphidimyza Netherlands S F 1 1
Aphis gossypii Dominican Republic,

Mexico S F 1 1 2
Aphis sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Apion sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 3 3 Apis mellifera Mexico A, S F 1 4 5 Araneae spp. Jamaica, Netherlands S F 1 1 2 Araneidae spp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Archimerus sp. Mexico A 1 1 Archipini spp. Belgium, Canada,

Netherlands F 14 14
Arctiidae spp. Ghana, Mexico,

Puerto Rico A, S F 5 1 6
Argas sanchezi Mexico A 1 1 Arphnus melanostylus Africa Country S F 1 1
Artipus sp. Jamaica S F 1 3 4 Arvelius albopunctatus Dominican Republic,

Jamaica, Puerto Rico S F 1 2 3

Arvelius sp. Jamaica S F, St 3 3 Ascia monuste St. Lucia A 1 1 Ascidae spp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Ascochyta sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Asphodelus fistulosus India S 2 2
Asphondylia sp. El Salvador, Grenada,

Guatemala S F 4 1 5
Aspidiotus nerii Mexico S WP 2 2 Asteraceae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Asterolecanium sp. US Virgin Islands S 1 1
Astigmata spp. Israel S F 1 1 Atherigona orientalis Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 1
Atherigona sp. Cameroon, Cape

Verde, Cote D`Ivoire, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 5 11 16

Auchenorrhyncha Dominican Republic, F, S 2 1 3Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 109 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS spp. Puerto Rico, Trinidad

and Tobago Aulacorthum solani Mexico, Netherlands,

St. Lucia A, S F 1 19 20

Aulacorthum sp. Netherlands S 1 1 Autographa gamma Netherlands A, S F 1 5 6
Autographa sp. Hungary, Netherlands A, S F 1 1 4 6 Bactericera cockerelli El Salvador, Mexico A, S F 43 7 50

Bactericera sp. Mexico A 1 1 Bactrocera cucurbitae Hawaii A, S F 2 2 4

Bactrocera dorsalis Hawaii, Thailand A, S F 6 2 8

Bactrocera latifrons Hawaii A, S F 21 5 1 27

Bactrocera oleae Indonesia S F 1 1 Bactrocera sp. Asia Country,

Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Ghana, Guatemala, Hawai, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, United Kingdom, Viet Nam A, B,

F, P, S F 198 1 5 204

Balanogastris sp. Nigeria S F 1 1 Baridinae spp. Trinidad and Tobago S F 6 6 Batocera sp. Phil ippines S F 1 1 Bdellidae spp. Netherlands A, S 2 2 Bemisia tabaci Mexico, Netherlands A, S L, F 5 5 Berecynthus hastator Mexico A F 1 1

Betula sp. Netherlands A F 1 1 Blapstinus sp. Dominican Republic,

Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago A, F,

S F 1 4 1 52 58

Blattodea spp. Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1 Blissus sp. Mexico A F 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 110 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Bostrichidae spp. Mexico S 2 1 3 Bothrotes sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Botrytis cinerea Belgium , Spain S F 2 2 Brachymyrmex sp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Bracon sp. Guatemala S F 1 1 Braconidae spp. Guatemala, India,

Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria A, S F 4 3 7

Bradybaenidae spp. Mexico S 1 1
Brevipalpus sp. Philippines, Unknown S F 1 1 2 Brochymena sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Bruchidae spp. India, Jamaica S F 1 1 2 Bryocorinae spp. Netherlands A F 1 1 Bulimulus sp. Belize S 2 2 Buprestidae spp. Jamaica, Mexico P, S F 1 2 3 Cacoecim orpha pronubana Belgium, Israel, Italy,

Netherlands, Spain A, S F 1 97 98

Cadra calidella Israel A F 1 1 Cadra cautella Bangladesh, Bolivia,

Brazil, China, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Italy, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Zimbabwe A, S F 10 1 2 4 17

Cadra figulilella Ghana, Mexico S F 2 2 Calcisuccinea aff. Mexico A, S F 1 3 4 Calcisuccinea dominicensis Dominican Republic A, S F 4 4

Calcisuccinea luteola Mexico S F 2 2

Calcisuccinea sp. Mexico A F 2 2 Calligrapha sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Calliphoridae spp. Ghana, Mexico,

Nigeria, Sierra Leone F, S F 6 1 7

Callosobruchus maculatus Mexico, Nigeria A, S F 2 2
Calyptocephala gerstaeckeri Brazil S F 1 1
Calyptocephala sp. Nigeria S F 1 1
Camponotus vagus Netherlands A F 1 1 Cantharidae spp. Puerto Rico S 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 111 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Carabidae spp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Netherlands S F 5 5
Carcinophoridae spp. Netherlands S 1 1
Carpomya sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Cassidinae spp. Mexico S F 2 2 Caulophilus sp. Mexico P F 1 1 Cecidomyiidae spp. Cote D`Ivoire,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico A, S F, St 65 10 75

Cepaea sp. Spain A F 1 1 Cerambycidae spp. Mexico A F 1 1
Ceratitini spp. Africa, Angola,

Cameroon, Congo Republic, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Níger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, S enegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Zambia A, F,

S F 763 3 1 1

1 769

Ceratitis capitata Afganistán, Africa,

Azores, Belgium, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, El Salvador, Europe Country, France, Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Iran, Israe l, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Mexico, Middle East Co, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S F 128 3 1 3 135Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 112 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Spain, Togo, Tunisia, Unknown Ceratitis sp. Africa, Benin,

Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, S enegal, Sierra Leone, Togo S F 62 62

Ceratocapsus sp. Mexico A, S F 2 2 Ceratothripoides brunneus Nigeria S F 1 1
Cercopidae spp. Netherlands S F 3 3 Cercospora apii Dominican Republic F F 1 1 Cercospora capisici Domini can Republic,

Italy S F, L 1 5 1 7
Cercospora sp. Dominican Republic,

Peru, Puerto Rico A, F,

S F 3 1 1 5
Chaetanaphothrip s leeuweni Antigua and Barbuda,

Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago , US Virgin Islands S F, St 2 38 40

Chaetanaphothrip s orchidii Jamaica, Trinidad and

Tobago S F, St 2 2
Chaetanaphothrip
s sp. Grenada, Guyana,

Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 42 7 50

Cha etocnema sp. Mexico A, S F, L 3 4 7 Chaitophorus sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Chalcididae spp. Malaysia S F 1 1 Chalcidoidea spp. Canada A F 1 1 Chalcodermus angulicollis Dominican Republic S F 1 1

Chalcodermus sp. Dominican Republic,

Jamaica S F 1 2 3

Charidotella sp. Mexico S F 2 1 3 Charidotis sp. Unknown S F 1 1 Cheyletidae spp. St.Vincent &

Grenadines S F 1 1
Chironomidae spp. Netherlands A, S F 1 3 4Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 113 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Chlorochroa ligata Mexico A, S F 3 3

Chlorochroa sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Chloropidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica,

Mexico, Netherlands A, F,

S F 2 1 12 15
Chlorops sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Choristoneura sp. Netherlands S F 2 2 Chrysauginae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Chrysob othris debilis Mexico S F 1 1
Chrysodeixis chalcites Netherlands A, S F 12 12
Chrysodeixis sp. Netherlands S F 7 1 8 Chrysomela sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Chrysomelidae spp. Honduras, Mexico,

Netherlands, Nicaragua, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, US Virgin Islands A, S F 8 6 14

Chrysopidae spp. Dominican Republic S F 2 2 Cicadellidae spp. Belgium, Cuba,

Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Hawai, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F, L 6 1 35 42

Cladosporium cladosporioides Dominican Republic,

Netherlands S F 1 1 2
Cladosporium herbarum Mexico S F 1 1
Cladosporium oxysporum Peru S F 1 1
Cladosporium sp. Belgium, Bosnia

Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Germany , Guatemala, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Korea South, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam A, S,

P F, L, Sd 27 2 17

31 77Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 114 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Cladosporium sphaerospermum Netherlands A, F F 2 2

Clasto ptera sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Cleogonus armatus Honduras S F 1 1
Clepsis sp. Netherlands A, S F 5 30 35 Clepsis spectrana Netherlands A, S F 21 21 Cleridae spp. Nigeria S F 1 1 Clinodiplosis sp. China, Guatemala,

Jamaica, Me xico A, F,

S F 10 10
Coccidae spp. Chile, Dominican

Republic, Ghana, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines A, S F, L 14 3 1 8 26

Coccinellidae spp. Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, Honduras, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, F,

S F 6 1 7 14

Coccinellinae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Coccinellini spp. Dominican Republic S F 1 1 2 Coccus sp. Hawai, Jamaica,

Mexico, St. Lucia F F, S t 3 1 4

Coccus viridis Grenada, Puerto Rico A, S F 3 3 Cochlicella acuta Spain S F 1 1 Cochylini spp. Mexico A F 1 1 Cochylis sp. India S F 1 1 Coelomycetes spp. Curacao S F 1 1 Colaspis sp. Honduras, Mexico, A , S F 1 2 3 Coleoptera spp. Costa Rica,

Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico, A, S F 2 3 5

Collembola spp. Belgium, Canada,

Israel, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Spain A, S F 1 7 9 17

Colletotrichum capsici Dominican Republic,

Puerto Rico, Thailand, A, F,

S F 3 5 8Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 115 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Colletotrichum coccodes Panama S 1 1

Colletotrichum crassipes Dominican Republic F, S F 4 4

Colletotrichum dematium Peru, St. Lucia S F 1 1 2

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Dominican Republic,

Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 7 11 18

Colletotrichum sp. Bolivia, Brazil,

Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Unknown A, S F 14 5 19

Collops sp. Mexico S 1 1 Condylostylus sp. Netherlands S I 1 1 Conocephalus sp. Guyana, Honduras S F 2 2 Conoderus rodriguezi Honduras S 1 1

Conoderus sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 2 9 11

Conotrachelus sp. Mexico, Trinidad and

Tobago A, S F 1 2 3 6

Contarinia lycopersici Jamaica S F 19 19

Contarinia sp. Dominica, Dominican

Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kore a South, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela A, F,

S F 349 11 107 467

Conyza sp. Netherlands S 1 1 Copitarsia decolora Mexico S F 1 1
Copitarsia sp. Brazil, Colombia,

Dominican Republic, A, S F 6 1 45 7 59Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 116 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, Venezuela Coreidae spp. Jamaica, Korea South,

Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago S F, L 2 3 5

Cornu aspersum Mexico A F 1 1 Corticariidae spp. Belgium, China,

Netherlands S F, Sd 4 3 7
Corylophidae spp. Belgium, Guyana,

Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 3 36 39

Corynespora cassiicola Dominican Republic S 1 1
Corythaica cyathicollis St. Lucia S F 1 1
Cosmopterigidae spp. Brazil, Dominican

Republic S F 1 1 2
Cossoninae spp. Colombia B F 1 1 Crambidae spp. Bahamas, Belgium,

Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, St. Lucia, Thailand, Venezuela, Viet Nam A, S F 10 1 1 19

3 34

Crambinae spp. Grenada S 1 1 Crambus sp. Ghana S F 1 1 Crematogaster sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Creontiades rubrinervis Mexico S F 1 1
Cryptoblabes gnidiella Israel A 1 1
Cryptoblabes sp. Nigeria A F 1 1 Cryptocephalinae spp. Guinea S 1 1
Cryptolestes sp. India S F 1 1 Cryptophlebia leucotreta Africa Country,

Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, A, F,

S F 92 1 2 95Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 117 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Tonga, Unknown Cryptophlebia sp. Africa, Country,

Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Congo Republic Cote D`Ivoire, Egypt, Etiopía, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone , South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Zambia, Zimbabwe A, F,

S F 799 3 1 1 1

3 808

Cryptothelea sp. Nigeria S F 1 1 Cucurbitaria sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Culicidae spp. Peru P F 1 1 Curculio sp. Greece, Netherlands S Sd 1 1 2 Curculionidae spp. Algeria, Belize,

Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Hawaii, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown , Venezuela A, B,

F, P, S F, Sd 89 2 1 57

6 155

Curculioninae spp. Jamaica S F 1 1 Curvularia lunata Dominican Republic S 1 1 Cuscuta sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Cyclocephala sp. Dominican Republic,

Jamaica, Mexico A, S F 16 16
Cyclorrhapha spp. Belice, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Korea, South Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, St. S F, St 15 27

1 43Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 118 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago Cydia sp. Ghana, Hawaii,

Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 3 1 4
Dacinae spp. Africa Country,

Bahrain, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Unknown A, S F 24 24

Dacus dorsalis Thailand Viet Nam S F 3 3 Dacus sp. Ghana, Hawaii, Hong

Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand A, F,

S F 81 4 85

Dallasiellus bacchinus Dominican Republic,

Mexico A, S F 2 2

Dallasiellus lugubris Mexico A F 1 1

Dasineura sp. Guatemala, Mal aysia,

Netherlands S F 2 1 3
Dead organism Dominican Republic,

Netherlands S F 3 3

Delia sp. Venezuela S F 1 1 Deloyala guttata Mexico, US Virgin

Islands A, S F 1 2 3
Deloyala sp. Jamaica, Mexico, A, S F 5 5 Delphacidae spp. Mexico, Netherlands,

Thailand A, S F 2 1 3 6
Delphacodes sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Dendrocoris sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Deroceras laeve Jamaica, Netherlands A, S F 2 2 Diabrotica sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 3 3 Diabro tica undecimpunctata Mexico A, S F, L 1 5 6

Diabrotica variegata Mexico S 1 1
Diaphania nitidalis Dominican Republic S 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 119 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Diaphania sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S St, L 3 3 Diaprepes sp. Dominica A, S 1 1 Diaspididae spp. China, Guatemala,

Jamaica, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Unknown A, S F, L 11 11

Diatraea sp. Brazil, Mexico, St.

Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines A, S F 1 3 4

Didymella lycopersici Jamaica S F 1 1

Dieuches armatipes Jamaica S F 1 1

Dieuches sp. Netherlands S 1 1 Digeria sp. Mexico S 1 1 Diplotaxis sp. Mexico, Trinidad and

Tobago A, S F 1 8 9
Dipropus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Diptera spp. Angola, Bolivia,

Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Zambia S F 66 4 21

3 94

Disonycha sp. Mexico S F 1 3 4 Dolichopodidae spp. Belgium, Jamaica A, S F 1 1 2
Drosophilidae spp. China, Guyana,

Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, St. Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 4 3 15 22

Drymaeus (mesembrinus) Belize S 1 1
Duponchelia Belgium, France, A, F, F 2 4 217 223Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 120 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS fovealis Macedonia,

Netherlands, Spain S
Dynastinae spp. Mexico S 1 1 Dyscinetus picipes Mexico A F 1 1 Dyscinetus sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico A, S F 4 4
Dysdercus andreae Dominican Republic S F 1 1
Dysdercus mimulus Mexico S F 1 1
Dysdercus obscuratus Belize S 1 1
Dysmicoccus brevipes Mexico A 1 1
Dysmicoccus grassii Grenada S F 1 1
Dysmicoccus neobrevip es Dominican Republic,

Puerto Rico S F 2 1 3
Dysmicoccus sp. Dominican Republic,

Jamaica ,Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 1 5 6

Ecdytolopha sp. Bolivia, El Salvador,

Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Unknown S F 7 1 8

Echinothrips americanus Netherlands A, S F 1 7 8
Ectomyelois ceratoniae Ghana, Mexico, A, S F 4 4

Edessa sp. Mexico S 1 1 Elachiptera sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Elateridae spp. Brazil, Dominican

Republic, Mexico A, S F 2 1 3

Eleodes sp. Mexico S F 2 2 Eleusine indica Mexico S 1 1 Empoasca sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S F, L 1 9 10 Entiminae spp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Netherlands A, S 3 3
Entomobryidae spp. Netherlands, Spain 3 3
Ephestia elutella Dominic an Republic,

Italy, Peru S F 4 1 5
Ephydridae spp. Thailand S F 1 1 Epicaerus sp. Mexico A F 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 121 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Epicauta sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Epilachna sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Epilachninae spp. St. Lucia S 1 1 Epitrix sp. Mexico A , S F 3 8 11 Eragrostis sp. Mexico S 1 1 Eremobelba sp. Jamaica S F 1 1 Eriococcus dubius Guyana S F 1 1 Erotylidae spp. Dominican Republic,

Italy A, S F 1 1 2
Erysiphe cichoracearum Dominican Republic S 1 1

Erythraeidae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Erythroneura sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Etiella sp. Indonesia, Viet Nam S F 4 4 Etiella zinckenella Honduras, Nigeria A F 3 3 Euclea sp. Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1 Eudiagogus sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Euetheola sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Eurytoma sp. Guatemala, Nigeria S F 2 2 Euschistus bifibulus Jamaica S 1 1

Euschistus crenator Dominican Republic,

Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago S 3 3

Euschistus sp. Jamaica, Mexico A, S F, L, St 9 6 15

Euschistus strenuus Mexico A 1 1

Eustromula validum Mexico A F 1 1

Exitianus exitosus Netherlands A F 1 1 Faustinus cubae Grenada S F 1 1 Faustinus sp. Brazil, Dominican

Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago A, F,

S F 34 8 17 59

Ferrisia sp. Guyana, Haiti, St.

Lucia S F 1 3 1 5
Ferrisia virgata Antigua and Barbuda,

Dominican Republic A, S F 6 6
Fiebrigella sp. Dominican Republic S F 1 1 Formicidae spp. Netherl ands S 1 1 Frankliniella Dominican Republic S 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 122 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS cephalica Frankliniella fallaciosa Dominican Republic S 1 1
Frankliniella fusca Netherlands S F 1 1 Frankliniella insularis Dominican Republic S 2 2

Frankliniella intonsa Dominican Republic,

Japan, Netherlands S F 2 1 3

Frankliniella occidentalis Belgium, Canada,

Dominican Republic, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, Unknown A, F,

S F 2 16 98 116

Frankliniella panamensis Puerto Rico S 1 1

Frankliniella parvula Ecuador S I 1 1

Frankliniella schultzei Dominican Republic,

Nigeria, Spain A, S 2 19 21

Frankliniella sp. Belgium, Brazil,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Puerto Rico Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Unknown A, S F, L, St 14 9 131

4 158

Franklinothrips vespiformis Mexico A F 1 1
Fulgoridae spp. Puerto Rico A F 1 1 Fusarium sp. Belgium, Belize,

Dominican Republic, France, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Taiwan, Unknown A, S F, L 9 9 19

2 39

Galerucinae spp. Netherlands, Puerto

Rico A, S 1 1 2
Galinsoga sp. Unknown A, S 1 1 Galleria Dominican Republic S 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 123 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS mellonella Gelechiidae spp. Argentina, Araba,

Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Ni caragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Singapore, St. Lucia, Thailand Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Unknown, Venezuela A, F,

S F, L, Pallet , St 116 1 4 10

8 139

Gelechioidea spp. Brazil, Mexico, S F 1 1 1 3 Geocoris sp. Israel S F 1 1 Geometridae spp. Honduras, Mexico,

Netherlands, Spain, St.Vincent & Grenadines A, S F, St 3 7 10

Glyptoscelis chontalensis Mexico A F 1 1

Gnathotrichus perniciosus Honduras S 1 1

Gnathotrichus sp. Honduras, Mexico A, S F 1 1 2 Gnorimoschema sp. Bolivia, Ecuador, El

Salvador, Guatemala, Peru S F 8 1

1 10

Gnorimoschemini spp. Venezuela S F 1 1
Golofa pusilla Mexico S 1 1 Gracillariidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico,

Peru A, S F, L 3 5 8

Granodomus lima Puerto Rico, A 1 1 Gryllidae spp. Belize, Colombia,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guinea, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago A, F,

S F 4 2 42 48Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 124 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Gryllodes sigillatus Trinidad and Tobago, S 4 4
Gryllus assimilis Dominican Republic, S 1 1 Gryllus sp. Colombia, Honduras,

Mexico, A, F,

S F 1 10 89 100
Guignardia citricarpa China, S F 1 1

Hadeninae spp. Korea, South, Mexico, A, S F 2 1 3 Haplothrips gowdeyi Dominican Republic, S 1 1
Haplothrips kurdjumovi Hawaii S 1 1

Helicella sp. Italy S F 1 1 Helicidae spp. Australia, France,

Mexico, Netherlands S F 2 2 4
Helicoverpa armigera Albania, Bosnia

Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Israel, Italy, Korea, South, Spain, Tunisia , Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia A, S F 9 1

5 15

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Romania A F 1 1
Helicoverpa sp. Asia, Country, Cote

D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Haiti, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, South, , Lithuania, Mexico, Middle, East, Co., Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Senegal, Serbia

Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South, Africa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia A, F,

S F, L 129 1 1 13

2 146

Helicoverpa zea Colombia, Dominican

Republic, Mexico, A, S F, L 2 53 1 56Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 125 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Peru, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago Heliothinae spp. India, Korea, South S F 2 2 Heliothis sp. China, Germany,

Korea, South, Philippines, Spain, Turkey A, S F 38

4 42

Heliothis virescens Mexico, Unknown A, S F 2 4 6 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1
Helminthoglyptida e spp. Dominican Republic S 1 1
Hemiptera spp. Netherlands A, S F 1 3 4 Hepialidae spp. Mexico A, S F 1 1 2 Heraeus sp. Mexico S L 1 1 Herculia sp. Ecuador S F 1 1 Herpetogramma sp. Honduras S 1 1
Hesperiidae spp. Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1 Heterogaster urticae Netherlands A, S F 1 1 2
Heteroptera spp. Dominican Republic,

Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria A, S F, L, St 4 18 22

Heterosporium sp. Italy S F 1 1 Homoptera spp. Antigua, and,

Barbuda, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Israel, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St., Luc ia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 1 2 9 12

Hoplandrothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 1
Hoplosphyrum sp. Jamaica S 1 1 Hygromiidae spp. Spain A F 1 1 Hymenoptera spp. Dominican Republic,

Guatemala, Jamaica, Netherlands A, S F 2 1 1 4

Hypera postica Mexico A 1 1 Hypoaspis sp. Netherlands S 1 1 Hypothenemus sp. Dominica, Jamaica,

Puerto Rico S F 3 3Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 126 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Inj ury sp. Honduras, Jamaica,

Netherlands A, S F 1 4 5
Insect spp. Peru A 1 1 Insecta spp

. China, Dominican

Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Puerto Rico, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, B,

S F, L, St 8 1 23 32

Iphiseius degenerans Belgium, Netherlands A, S F 1 15 16
Ipomoea sp. Thailand S Sd 1 1 Ips bonanseai Mexico A, S 2 2 Ips calligraphus Honduras S 1 1 Ips integer Mexico A, S F 3 3 Ips lecontei Mexico S 1 1 Ips sp. Honduras S 1 1 Jadera coturnix Mexico S F 1 1 Karnyothrips sp. Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 1 Kleemannia sp. India S F 2 2 Kleidocerys resedae Netherlands S F 1 1

Knulliana cincta Mexico A F 1 1 Lactuca sativa Netherlands S 1 1 Laelapidae spp. Netherlands A 2 2 Lagriinae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Largus cinctus Mexico A F 1 1 Lasioderma serricorne Cote D`Ivoire,

Guatemala, India, Unknown S F 3 1 4

Lasioseius sp. Dominican Republic,

Netherlands S F 2 2

Lehmannia valentiana Nigeria A F 1 1
Lepidoptera spp. Belgium, Belize,

Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, A, F,

S F, L 19 1 34

2 56Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 127 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Sierra Leone, Spain, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela Lepidosaphes rubrovittata Jamaica S 1 1
Leptochloa sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Leptoglossus sp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Lestodiplosis sp. Jamaica S 1 1 Leucania sp. Spain S F 1 1 Leucinodes orbonalis Africa, Country,

Bo snia

-Herzegovina, Cote D`Ivoire, Ethiopia, Europe, Country, Ghana, Guatemala, Italy, Liberia, Mali, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua, New, Guinea, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia

-Montenegro, Sierra Leone, South, Africa, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Z am bia A, F,

S F 92 1 2

3 98

Leucinodes sp. Guinea, Yugoslavia F, S F 2 2 Leveillula taurica Mexico A L 1 1 Ligyrocoris sp. Mexico, Spain A F 2 2 Ligyrocoris sylvestris Netherlands A F 1 1
Ligyrus sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexi co A, S F 4 4

Limosininae spp. Netherlands A F 1 1 Limothrips cerealium Netherlands S 1 1
Lineodes integra Peru, Puerto Rico, St.,

Lucia S F, L 7 1 8

Lineodes sp. Mexico, Peru S L, St 3 3 Liriomyza bryoniae Netherlands A , S F, I 14 14
Liriomyza sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 2 6 46 54 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Dominican Republic S F 2 2Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 128 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Listroderes costirostris Mexico S F 1 1

Listronotus sp. Honduras, Mexico F, S F 1 1 2 Lobiopa sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Lobometopon metallicum Mexico A, S F 1 3 4
Lobometopon sp. Mexico S F 4 4 Lonchaea sp. Ghana S F 1 1 Lonchaeidae spp. Africa, Country,

Angola, Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Congo, Republic, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, St., Lucia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam A, F,

P, S F 271 36 145

4 456

Lorita sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Lucilia sp. Ghana, Mexico A, S F 3 1 4 Lycaenidae spp. Congo, Republic, Cote

D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guinea, Mexico, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Unknown S F, L 13 2 2

1 18

Lygaeidae spp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Peru, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 2 9 11

Lygaeoidea spp. Bolivia, Dominican

Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, St., Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 2 1 1 9 13Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 129 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Lygus lineolaris Netherlands A, S F 2 2 Lygus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Lytta sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Maconellicoccus hirsutus Grenada, St., Kitts,

and, Nevis, St.Vincent, &, Grenadines S F 1 4 5

Macrolophus melanotoma Netherlands A, S 2 2
Macrolophus pygmaeus Spain A 1 1
Macrolophus sp. Belgium, Netherlands A, S F 37 37 Macrophoma sp. Thailand S L 1 1 Macrosiphum euphorbiae Netherlands A, S F 2 2

Macrosteles sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Magnoliophyta sp. Germany, Mexico,

Netherlands, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 1 3 3 7

Mamestra brassicae Bosnia

-Herzegovina,

Netherlands, Spain A, S F 1 1 7 9

Mamestra sp. Netherlands A F 1 1 2 Manduca sp. Mexico A, S F, St 1 1 2 Margarodidae spp. Curacao, Grenada,

Viet, Nam A, F,

S F 1 1 1 3

Marmara sp. Mexico S F 10 10 Maruca vitrata Bolivia, A F 1 1 Mecidea major Mexico A F 1 1 Megaselia sp. Colombia F 1 1 Melacoryphus circumlitus Hond uras S F 1 1
Melacoryphus lateralis Mexico S 1 1
Melalgus sp. Honduras S 1 1 Melanaethus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Melanophila sp. Mexico S 1 1 Meliola sp. Puerto Rico A 1 1 Melipotis sp. Dominican Republic S F 1 1 Meloidae spp. Venezuela S 1 1 Membracidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico,

Yugoslavia S St 4 4
Mesostigmata spp. Canada, Israel,

Netherlands, Spain A, S F 1 5 9 15Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 130 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Metamasius sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Metriona trisignata Mexico A L 1 1

Microconidia sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Microlepidoptera spp. Dominican Republic S 1 1
Microplax sp. Ghana S F 1 1 Microsphaeropsis sp. Mexico A F 1 1

Micrutalis sp. Mexico S 1 1 Mikania micrantha Dominican Republic S F 3 3
Miridae spp. Belgium, Canada,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Sierra Leone, St., Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago A, F,

S F, L, Sd, St 12 4 66 82

Mollusca spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Monacha cartusiana Italy A F 1 1

Monomorium floricola Puerto Rico A F 1 1

Monomorium pharaonis Guinea, Mexico A, S F 1 1 2

Monoxia sp. Mexico A, S F 2 1 3 Mordellistena sp. Mexico S L 1 1 Musca dom estica Ghana, Panama S F 1 1 2 Muscidae spp. Africa, Country,

Bosnia

-Herzegovina, Ghana, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago S F 14 8

1 23

Muscina sp. Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1 Mussidia nigrivenella Ghana S F 2 2
Mycetophagidae Canada, Ecuador, A, B F, L 2 2 4Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 131 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS spp. Germany, Laos Mycosphaerella sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico A, S L 1 2 3
Myochrous sp. Dominican Republic,

Guyana, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 2 1 10 13

Myodocha intermedia Mexico S 1 1
Myzus persicae Brazil, Israel, Mexico,

Netherlands A, F,

S F 1 2 21 1 25
Myzus sp. Netherlands A, S F 6 6 Nasonovia ribisnigri France, Greece A, S 2 2

Nasutitermes sp. St., Lucia S F 1 1 Nematocera spp. Peru S 1 1 Nemobiinae spp. Mexico S F 2 2 Neoconocephalus sp. Dominican Republic S 1 1

Neoleucinodes elegantalis Argentina, Brazil,

Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela A, S F, St 10 2

50 62

Neoleucinodes sp. Argentina, Brazil,

Colombia, French, Guiana, Mexico, Peru, Spain, Venezuela A, F,

S F 1

35 36

Neopamera bilobata Mexico S F 1 1
Neopamera sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Neortholomus jamaicensis Jamaica S F 1 1

Neoseiulus sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S F, L 1 2 3 Neotephritis finalis Mexico S F 1 1

Nesidiocoris tenuis Israel A F 1 1
Neuroptera spp. Dominican Republic S F 2 2 Nezara viridula Italy S F 1 1 Nitidulidae spp. Canada, China,

Germany A, S Dried fruit 1 2 3

No identifiable Belgium, Dominican

Republic, India, Jamaica, Mexico, A, P,

S F 6 1 17

1 25Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 132 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Netherlands, Peru, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown No noxious Dominican Republic S 1 1 No pathogen China, Cuba,

Dominican Republic, Honduras, Iran, Mexico A, F,

S F 5 1 5 11

No specimen Dominica, El Salvador S 1 1 2 Noctua pronuba Netherlands A F 1 1 Noctuidae spp. Africa, Country,

Antigua, and, Barbuda, Bah amas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, South, , Malawi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, St., Kitts, and, Nevis, St., Lucia, Taiwan, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia A, F,

P, S I, F, L, St 81 20 1 2 323

4 7 474

Nolidae spp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Nymphalidae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Nysius sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 1 14 15

Ochrimnus sp. Mexico S 1 1 Ocrasa nostralis Dominican Republic S 1 1 Odo ntomachus sp. Mexico S 1 1 Odontothrips sp. Spain S 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 133 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Oebalus ornatus Dominican Republic S 2 2 Oecophoridae spp. Armenia, Cote

D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru A, P,

S F 6 2 8

Og doecosta sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Olethreutinae spp. Africa Country,

Bulgaria, Congo Republic, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Italy, Jamaica, Korea, South, Liberia, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Unknown A, F,

S F, Sd 108 2 8 118

Onthophagus sp. Mexico S 1 1 Opatrinus sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Ophiderma sp. Netherlands S 1 1 Opogona sp. Hawaii, Peru A, S F 2 2 Oribatida spp. Israel S F 1 1 Orius sp. Netherlands A, S F 11 11 Orphulella punctata Guatemala S F 1 1

Orthalicus jamaicensis Jamaica S F 1 1

Orthezia praelonga US Virgin Islands S L 2 2

Orthezia pseudinsignis Mexico S 1 1

Orthezia sp. Mexico, Trinidad and

Tobago S F 2 1 3

Ortheziidae spp. Grenada S F 1 1 Orthoptera spp. Dominican Republic,

Puerto Rico, Venezuela A, S 1 1

1 3

Oryza sp. China S Sd 1 1 Oryzaephilus surinamensis Africa Country,

Germany, Morocco F, S F 2 1 3Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 134 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Ostrinia nubilalis Bosnia

-Herzegovina,

Canada, Croatia, Italy, Korea, South, Macedonia, Portugal, Yugoslavia A, S F 13 4 4 21

Ostrinia sp. Mexico, Netherlands A, S F 1 1 1 3 Otiorhynchus sp. Netherlands A, F, S F 3 3

Otitidae spp. Colombia, Dominican

Republic, Ghana, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 8 8 16

Ovatus crataegarius Israel S F 1 1
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Gambia, Israel S F, L 2 2 4
Oxycaren us sp. Togo A F 1 1 Oxygrylius ruginasus Mexico S 1 1
Ozophora burmeisteri Jamaica S F 2 2
Ozophora sp. Dominica S 1 1 Pachybrachis sp. Mexico A, S F 2 2 Pagiocerus sp. Peru S F 1 1 Pallifera sp. Venezuela S F 1 1 Pangaeus bilineatus Mexico A F 2 2
Pangaeus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Pantomorus sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Paracoccus marginatus Puerto Rico A, S F,L 2 2

Paracoccus solani Jamaica S F 1 1 Paracoccus sp. Grenada, Jamaica S F 2 2 Paralipsa gularis China, Ghana,

Nigeria, Philippines A, S 2 2 4
Paranapiacaba sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Parapiesma cinereum Mexico S F 1 1

Paratrechina sp. Mexico S F 2 2 Parkia sp. Indonesia S F 1 1 Pec tinophora gossypiella Puerto Rico A 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 135 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Pelidnota sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Pentatomidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda,

Barbados, Belice, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Ni geria, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, US Virgin Islands A, F,

S F, St 41 14 130 185

Pentatomoidea spp. Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, Grenada, Jamaica, Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago S L, F 1 14 15

Periconia sp. Mexico S L 1 1 Pheidole sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Phenacoccus gossypii Mexico S F 1 1

Phenacoccus helianthi Mexico A F 1 1

Phenacoccus madeirensis Mexico A, S F 4 4

Phenacoccus parvus Dominican Republ ic,

Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadine s, Trinidad and Tobago S F, St 2 8 10 20

Phenacoccus solani Mexico, Netherlands A, S 1 1 2

Phenacoccus solenopsis Mexico, Puerto Rico A, S F 1 9 10

Phenacoccus sp. Dominican Republic,

Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico A, S F 1 2 5 8

Phlaeothripidae spp. Dominican Republic,

El Salvador, Grenada, India, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain S F, L, St 8 1 13 22

Phlugis sp. Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 136 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Phoma destructiva Dominican Republic,

Mexico S F 3 3

Phoma sp. Germany, Jamaica,

Korea South, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, St. Lucia, Venezuela A, S F 8 3

2 13

Phomopsis capsici Dominican Republic,

Mexico, Netherlands, Thailand S F 1 5 6

Phomopsis sp. Dominican Republic,

Netherlands, Nigeria, Viet Nam F, S F 2 2 4

Phoradendron sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Phoridae spp. Cote D`Ivoire,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadine s, Trinidad and Tobago S F 5 6

1 12

Phthorimaea operculella Venezuela S F 1 1
Phycitinae spp. Brazil, Guatemala,

Israel, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Venezuela, Zambia F, P,

S F, L 7 1 5 13

Phylinae spp. Israel A 1 1 Phyllophaga sp. Cuba, Mexico A, S F 3 11 14 Phyllosticta sp. Dominican Republic,

St. Lucia, Viet Nam S F, L 1 2 3
Phyllostictina capsici Dominican Republic,

Jamaica F, S F 1 1 2
Phyllotreta sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Phylloxera sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Phytocoris sp. Mexico S F, L 2 2 Phytophthora capsici Puerto Rico S 1 1
Phytoseiidae spp. Belgium, Canada,

Mexico, Netherlands A, S F, L, St 2 3 18 23

Picris sp. Mexico A F 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 137 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Pinnaspis sp. St. Lucia S L 1 1 Pinnaspis strachani Jamaica S F 1 1
Piophilidae spp. Jamaica S F 1 1 Pityophthorus sp. Mexico A, S F 6 20 26 Plagiometriona sp. Mexico S L 1 1
Planicephalus flavicosta Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1

Planococcus citri Jamaica B, S F 7 4 11 Planococcus halli Nigeria S 1 1 Planococcus minor Antigua and Barbuda,

Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago A, B,

F, S F 10 12 26 48

Planococcus sp. Dominican Republic,

Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 5 13 5 23

Platynota rostrana St. Lucia S F 1 1 Platynota sp. China, Dominican

Republic, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago A, P,

S F 18 6 28

1 53

Platynota stultana Mexico S 1 1 Platypodidae spp. Mexico S F 1 1 Pleurodonte guadeloupensis Dominica S 1 1

Plodia interpunctella Bolivia, China,

Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru A, S F 7 3 1 2

1 14

Plusia sp. Netherlands S 1 1 Plusiinae spp. Jamaica, Netherlands A, S F 1 2 5 8 Plutella sp. Venezuela S F 1 1 Plutellidae spp. Netherla nds S F 1 1 Podisus sp. Mexico S F 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 138 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Pogonomyrmex rugosus Mexico A F 1 1
Polygyridae spp. Mexico A F 1 1 Polymerus testaceipes Dominica S 1 1
Polyphagotarsone mus latus Dominican Republic S L 1 1
Polyphylla sp. Mexico A, S F 1 1 2 Praticolella griseola Dominican Republic,

Mexico F, S F 10 10

Praticolella sp. Mexico S 2 2 Proba sp. Mexico S L 1 1 Prodiplosis sp. Haiti, Jamaica S F 3 2 5 Prosterninae spp. Mexico S 1 1 Protopulvinaria longivalvata Puerto Rico S 1 1
Prytanes sp. Mexico A F 2 2 Pseudaletia unipuncta Netherlands A F 1 1

Pseudatomoscelis seriatus Netherlands S F 1 1

Pseudocaeciliidae spp. Netherlands S F 1 1

Pseudococcidae spp. Anguila, Antigua and

Barbuda, Bahamas, Belice, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Seychelles, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadine s, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Kingdom, US Virgin A, F,

S F, L, St, 161 91 3 224

1 480Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 139 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Islands Pseudococcus elisae Dominican Republic,

Jamaic a S F 2 1 3

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Cote D`Ivoire,

Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 2 5 7

Pseudococcus sp. Bahamas, Brazil,

Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, Viet Nam A, S F 7 6 13

Pseudococcus viburni Netherlands A, S F 2 8 10
Pseudomyrmex mexicanus Mexico A 1 1
Pseudopachybrac hius vinctus Jamaica S 1 1
Pseudopamera sp. Mexico A, S F 1 1 2 Psilidae spp. Mexico S L 1 1 Psocidae spp. Netherla nds A F 1 1 Psocoptera spp. Dominican Republic,

Honduras, India, Netherlands, Nigeria, Spain A, S F, Sd, St 3 1 15 19

Psychidae spp. Mexico S L 1 1 Psylla sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Psyllidae spp. El Salvador, Hungary,

Mexico, Panama, Unknown, Viet Nam A, S F, L, St 86 1 260 347

Psylliodes sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Psylloidea spp. Mexico A, S 3 3 Pteromalidae spp. Guatemala S F 1 1 Pteronemobius sp. Mexico S F 2 2 Pterophoridae spp. Jamaica, Nicaragua,

St. Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom S F 3 1 1 5

Ptochiomera nodosa Netherlands S 1 1

Pulvinaria sp. Guyana, Honduras,

Mexico A, S F, L, St 3 1 4

Pulvinaria Antigua and Barbuda, S F 3 6 9Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 140 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS urbicola Dominican Republic,

Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia Puto barberi Puerto Rico S F 1 1 Pyralidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda,

Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Taiwán, Thailand, Unknown, Venezuela A, S F, L 21 7 2 12

8 50

Pyralinae spp. Guatemala S F 1 1 Pyrausta sp. Netherlands,

Unknown A, F,

S F 1 4 5
Pyraustinae spp. Africa Country,

Australia, B elgium, Bosnia

-Herzegovina, Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Hungary, Israel, Jamaica, Korea, South, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela, Yugoslavia A , S I, F, L, St 33 1 1 56

9 100

Rhabdopterus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Rhamphothrips pandens St. Lucia S F 1 1
Rhaphigaster nebulosa Netherlands A F 1 1
Rhizopus sp. Dominican Republic S F 1 1 Rhopalapion longirostre Greece S F 1 1

Riodinidae spp. Nigeria S F 2 2 Rottboellia cochinchinensis Thailand S Sd 1 1Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 141 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Saccharicoccus sacchari Jamaica S F 2 2

Saccharum spontaneum Unknown S 1 1
Saissetia coffeae Jamaica S F 1 1 Saissetia neglect

a Jamaica S 1 1 Sancassania sp. Romania S 1 1 Sarcophagidae spp. Mexico S 1 1
Sarcophaginae spp. Spain S F 1 1

Saturniidae spp. Mexico S 1 1 Scatella sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Scatopsidae spp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Schizocerella pilicornis Mexico A F 1 1
Schizomyia sp. El Salvador S L 1 1 Sciaridae spp. Canada, Israel,

Netherlands, Spain A, S F 6 6

Sciocoris maculatus India S F 1 1
Scirtothrips dorsalis St. Lucia, St.Vincent

& Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago S F 5 5

Scirtothrips sp. St. Lucia, St.Vincent

& Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands S F 1 7 8

Sclerotium rolfsii Unknown S F 1 1 Scolytidae spp. Mexico A, S F 3 37 40 Scolytus sp. Mexico S 1 1 Scymninae spp. Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 1 Scyphomphorus sp. Mexico A F 1 1
Scythridinae spp. Canada S F 1 1 Secondary fungi Mexico, Netherlands S F 1 3 4 Sennius sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Septoria sp. Venezuela A F 2 2 Serica sp. Mexico A F 1 1 Sericoderus sp. Netherlands S F 2 2 Sesamia nonagrioides Italy S F 2 2

Setaria sp. Chile, Myanmar A, S Sd 1 1 2Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 142 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Silvanidae spp. Germany S F 1 1 Sitona lineatus United Arab Emirates S F 1 1 Sitona sp. Belgium, Israel,

Netherlands, Pakistan A, S F 2 1 1 4
Sitophilus sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Sitophilus zeamais Ghana S F 1 1 Sminthuridae spp. Canada S F 1 1 Solanum torvum Ghana, S ierra Leone S F 2 2 Solenopsis geminata Ghana S F 1 1
Solenopsis invicta Mexico A 1 1 Solenopsis sp. Costa Rica S F 1 1 Sparganothis sp. Jamaica S F 1 1 Sphenophorus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Sphingidae spp. Jamaica , Mexico,

Puerto Rico S F 1 1 2 4
Spilomelinae spp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Spilosoma sp. Canada S L 1 1 Spodoptera albula Dominican Republic S F 2 2 Spodoptera androgea Dominican Republic S F 1 1
Spodoptera dolichos Domini can Republic,

St. Lucia S F 2 2
Spodoptera eridania Dominican Republic,

Grenada A, S F 3 3
Spodoptera exigua Belgium, Dominican

Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain A, F,

S F 3 1 49

1 54

Spodoptera frugiperda Brazil, Canada,

Do minican Republic, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela A, S F 3 2 36

3 44

Spodoptera latifascia Dominican Republic,

Jamaica, Mexico, St. Lucia, S F 1 14 15

Spodoptera littoralis Egypt, Ghana, Spain, A, S F 2 1 1 4
Spodoptera litura Japan, Korea, South,

Thailand S F 3 3
Spodoptera sp. Dominican Republic,

Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Mexico, A, S F 14 3 1 19

2 39Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 143 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Netherlands, Spain, Unknown, Venezuela Staphylinidae spp. Asia Country,

Dominican Republic, Netherland s A, S 1 2 3

Stegobium paniceum Egypt A 1 1
Stemphylium botryosum Italy, Mexico A, S 1 1 2
Stemphylium sp. Brazil, Colombia,

Italy, Mexico, Spain A, S F 6 6
Stenozygum sp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Stephanopachys sp. M exico S 2 2
Sternorrhyncha spp. Mexico A 1 1
Stratiolaelaps sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Succinea costaricana Belize S 1 1

Succinea cuvieri Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 1 Succinea luteola Mexico S 1 1 Succinea sp

. Dominican Republic,

Grenada, Italy, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago S F 2 1 11 14

Suspect disease Korea, South S 1 1 Symmetrischema capsicum Brazil, Colombia,

Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru A, S F 17 17

Symmetrischema sp. Guatemala, Mexico S F 2 2
Syrphidae spp. Belgium, Dominican

Republic, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, St. Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F 3 1 23

1 28

Syrphinae spp. Belgium, Dominican

Republic, Netherlands A, S F 5 5
Syrphini spp

. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Systena sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Tachinidae spp. Mexico S 1 1 Tachyporinae spp. Dominican Republic S 1 1 Tapinoma Jamaica, Mexico S F 2 2Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 144 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS melanocephalum Tarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic,

Mexic o, Panama A, S L, F 4 1 5

Telenomus sp. Dominican Republic S F 1 1 Tenebrionidae spp. Mexico S F 1 1
Tepa sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Tephritidae spp. Africa Country,

Angola, Asia Country, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, China, Congo Republic, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Etiopía, France, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Haiti,Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, South, Libera, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexi co, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown, Viet Nam, Zambia A, F,

S I, F, WP 895 5 4 2

2 908

Tetramorium bicarinatum Australia, Colombia B, S F 1 1 2

Tetramorium caespitum Puerto Rico A 1 1
Tetranychidae spp. Netherlands S 1 1 Tetranychus ludeni Dominican Republic S 1 1
Tetranychus sp. Dominican Republic, A, S F, L 1 13 14Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 145 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands Tettigometridae spp. Trinidad and Tobago S 1 1
Tettigoniidae spp. Dominican Republic,

Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago S F, L 1 18 19

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Africa Country ,

Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cote D`Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom, Unknown A, F,

S F 139 1 2 142

Thaumatotibia sp. Africa Country, Czech

Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone A, S F 12 12

Theba pisana Algeria, Italy,

Portugal S F 5 5
Thelidomus asper Jamaica S F 1 1 Thripidae spp. Antigua and Barbuda,

Belgium, Costa Rica, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ghana, Grenada , Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, South, Malawi, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, St. Lucia, St.Vincent&Grenadine s, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago A, S F, L, WP 49 9 101 159

Thrips angusticeps Germany A F 1 1 Thrips fuscipennis Netherlands S F 1 1 Thrips major Trinidad and Tobago S F 1 1 Thrips palmi Antigua and Barbuda, A, S F, L, 4 62 67 133Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 146 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies St

Thrips sp. Dominican Republic,

St. Lucia S F 1 1 22 25
Thrips tabaci Belgium, Canada,

Dominican Republic, Netherlands, Spain A, S F 1 7 8

Thyanta sp. Mexico A 1 1 Thylodrias contractus Mexico S F 1 1
Thysanoptera spp

. Guam, Israel, Jamaica,

Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Puerto Rico, St.Vincent&Grenadine s, Thailand A, S F 6 2 4 12

Thysanura spp. Mexico A 1 1 Tineidae spp. India, Mexico,

Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Yugoslavia S F 4 3 7

Tingidae spp. Brazil, Jamaica A F, L 1 1 2 Tomarus sp. Mexico S F 3 3 Tomolips sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Tortricidae spp. Africa Country,

Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Cote D`Ivoire, Dominica, Dominic an Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South America A, F,

P, S F, L, St 117 30 6 141

3 297Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 147 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS Country, Spain, St. Lucia, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Unknown, Venezuela, Viet Nam Tortricinae spp. Belgium, Bolivia,

Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Korea, South, Me xico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa, St. Lucia, Unknown, Venezuela A, F,

P, S F, St 34 80 10 188

3 315

Trialeurodes vaporariorum Unknown S 1 1

Tribolium castaneum Africa Country,

Germany, Guinea F, S F 1 1 1 3

Trichobaris
mucorea Mexico A 1 1
Trichoptera spp. Netherlands A 1 1 Trimerotropis pallidipennis Mexico S F 1 1

Trioza sp. Mexico A, S F 4 1 5 Triozidae spp. El Salvador, Mexico A, S F, L, St 550 16 655 1221
Trogoderma gra narium Iran S Sd 1 1
Trogoderma sp. Mexico S 1 1 Trombidiinae spp. Jamaica S F 1 1 Typhaea stercorea Israel, Netherlands A, S F 2 2 Typhlocybinae spp. Netherlands A, S F 2 2
Typhlodromus sp. Israel S F 1 1 Ty pophorus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Udea sp. Algeria S F 1 1 Udea testacea Netherlands S F 1 1 Veronicella sloanei Jamaica S F 1 1

Veronicella sp. Dominica, Puerto Rico S F 5 1 6 Veronicellidae Dominican Republic, S 1 1 2Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 148 Pest Origin Host Part 101 Where Intercepted 102 Total BG GC HD ML MS PC QS spp. Jamaica Xanthochilus saturnius Greece, A F 1 1

Xanthomonas campestris Mexico,

St.Vincent&Grenadine s, Tortola A, S F 1 3 4

Xenotarsonemus sp. Dominican Republic S 1 1

Xerotricha conspurcata Greece, Italy A St 1 1 2

Xestia sp. Spain S F 1 1 Xestocephalus sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Xyleborus intrusus Honduras S 1 1 Xyleborus volvulus Honduras S 1 1 Xylodiplosis sp. Ghana S F 1 1 Xyonysius sp. Mexico S F 1 1 Zabrotes sp. Mexico A 1 1 Zachrysia auricoma Puerto Rico S 1 1
Zachrysia sp. Dominican Republic S F 1 1 Zercoseius sp. Netherlands S F 1 1 Zonitoides arboreus Netherlands S 1 1
Zygogramma sp. Mexico A F 1 1 2Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 149 Appendix B. Pests present in this risk analysis that were not in the 2004 risk assessment
Pest type Taxonomy Scientific Name Arthropod Arachnida Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) Coleoptera Aeolus nigromaculatus Drapiez

Callosobru chus maculatus (Fabricius) Conoderus rodriguezi Candeze Diabrotica porracea Harold Glyptoscelis chontalensis Ips calligraphus (Germar) Ips lecontei Swaine Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus) Typophorus nigritus (Fabricius) Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) Hemiptera Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Aphis fabae Scopoli Aphis nerii Boyer Ceroplastes ru bens Maskell Coccus viridis (Green) Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Euschistus bifibulus (Palisot De Beauvois) Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) Lygus lineolaris (Palisot) Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) Planococcus citri (Risso) Praelongorthezia praelonga Kozar Beauvois) Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) De Beauvois) Pseudococcus elisae Borchsenius Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 150 Pest type Taxonomy Scientific Name Arthropod Hemiptera Saissetia neglecta Delotto Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) Lepidoptera Ancylostomia stercorea (Zeller)

As cia monuste (Linnaeus) Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval) Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) Pilemia periusalis (Walker) Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) Spodoptera dolichos (Fabricius) Orthoptera Orphulella punctata (De geer) Thysanoptera Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton)

Chaetanaphothrips signipennis (Bagnall) (van Hall) Dye Frankliniella insularis (Franklin) Bacteria Erwinia carotovora subsp.Atroseptica Yabuuchi Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) & van Delden) Young et al. Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck Sacc. Fungus Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Alternaria sp

. & T. Nees: Fr.) Wiltshire Alternaria tenuissima (Nees Apiospora montagnei Sacc. Ascochyta gossypii Woron. Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr Aspergillus niger Tiegh. Cercospora apii Fresen. Chaetomium bostrychodes Zopf & Ravenel) Thaxt. Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. G.A. De Vries. Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) & Arthur Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis Cladospo rium herbarum (Pers.:Fr) & M.A. Curtis Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. R. Nelson Cochliobolus geniculatus R. S. Hughes Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Grove Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.:Fr) & Halst. Colletotrichum nigrum Ellis Andrus & W.D. Moore. Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Didymella lycopersici Kleb. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.)Pest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 151 Pest type Taxonomy Scientific Name Fungus Fusarium moniliforme J. Fusarium oxysporum f. Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Gibberella intricans Wol lenw. : Fr.) Petch Gibberella zeae (Schwein. & Everth Gloeosporium piperatum Ellis Glomerella lindemuthiana Shear Fr.) Fr. Hypocrea rufa (Pers.: R.C. Srivast. Leptoxyphium fumago (Woron.) Aime & Phillips

- Mora Moniliophthora perniciosa (S tahel) & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. Mycena citricolor (Berk). Mycovellosiella fulva (Cooke) Nematospora coryli Peglion. & Broome) Petch. Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. E.W. Mason Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Passalora diffusa (Ellis & Everh.) U. Braun & Crous Pellicularia koleroga Cooke. Penicillium decumbens Thom. & Thom Penicillium oxalicum Currie Periconia byssoides Pers. Steyaert Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Phoma exigua Desm. & Cohn) J. Schröt. Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker. Butler) E.J. Butler Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Deighton Pseudocercospora atromarginalis (Atk.) Bary Pythium vexans de Fr.) Speg. Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.: & Broome) Sacc. Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. Septoria lycopersici Speg. sp. subterranea Tomlinson Spongospora subterranea f. Stemphylium botryosum Wallr W. Yamam. Stemphylium lycopersici (Enjoji) E.G. Simmons Ulocladium consortiale (Thüm.) & Berthier Verticillium albo

- atrum Reinke Nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie Filipjev Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Behrens Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) SiddiqiPest risk assessment for Peppers from Central America

Rev. Original April 27 , 2009 152 Pest type Taxonomy Scientific Name Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Paratrichodorus sp. Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Thorne Radopholus similis (Cobb) & Le Hew) Andrássy Scutellonema bradys (Steiner Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner Xiphinema americanum Cobb. bigeminivirus Virus Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus PHYVV Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus ToLCSinV Tomato severe leaf curl virus ToSLCV Tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus (TLCV)