1

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

RICHARD L. ABBOTT, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

 v. ) C.A. No. 2019-0194-JRS

)

NORTH SHORES BOARD OF )

GOVERNORS, INC., BRUCE S. )

WILSON, DEBORAH M. DIRECTOR, )

HELEN HOART, LOUISA HOLLMAN )

and PAUL F. SALDITT, )

)

Defendants. )

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

1. Plaintiff, Richard L. Abbott (“Abbott”), bought a home in the private, 

beachfront residential community of North Shores in 2013.

1

 Upon purchasing his 

home, he became a member of Defendant, North Shores Board of Governors, Inc. 

(“NSBG”), a Delaware not-for-profit corporation that represents the North Shores 

homeowners.2 The individual Defendants, Bruce S. Wilson, Deborah M. Director, 

Helen Hoart, Louisa Hollman and Paul F. Salditt, are the members of the board of 

directors (the “Board”) of NSBG.3

 

1 All citations to the Amended Verified Complaint are to “Compl. __.” Compl. ¶ 1. 

2 Compl. ¶ 9. 

3 Compl. ¶¶ 3–7. 
2

2. NSBG charges its members annual assessments to pay for, among other 

services, police protection, the upkeep and operation of common areas and 

maintenance of the community’s private beach.4 These common areas include a 

swimming pool, pool house and tennis courts (the “Recreational Facilities”).

5

 

Abbott has paid these annual assessments since he became a NSBG member in 

2013.

6

In 2016, the NSBG Directors imposed a special assessment on NSBG 

members to fund improvements to the North Shore beach dunes 

(the “Dune Project”).

7

 Abbott has refused to pay this special assessment.8

3. Abbott brought this suit in 2019 alleging the NSBG has no authority 

under the governing North Shores Covenants (the “Covenants”) to charge 

assessments or expend funds for maintenance of any of the Recreational Facilities.9 

He also alleges the special assessment for the Dune Project is ultra vires.

10

 Abbott’s 

Complaint comprises three counts: Count I is a direct claim against all Defendants 

 

4 Compl. ¶ 11. 

5

Id.

6 Compl. ¶ 10. 

7 Compl. ¶ 12. 

8

Id. The special assessment is $500 for beachfront property owners and $250 for all other 

property owners. Compl. ¶ 14. 

9 Compl. ¶ 18. 

10 Compl. ¶ 39. 
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for breach of fiduciary duty and breach of the Covenants for imposing the disputed 

assessments and invalidly expending funds for maintaining the Recreational 

Facilities and paying for the Dune Project;

11 Count II is a request for a declaratory 

judgment that the Covenants do not permit the NSBG to make assessments and 

expend funds for upkeep of the Recreational Facilities or payment for the Dune 

Project;12 and Count III is a derivative claim for breach of fiduciary duty against the 

NSBG Directors for imposing the disputed assessments and expending the assessed

funds on the Recreational Facilities and the Dune Project.

13

4. Defendants have moved to dismiss the Complaint under Court of 

Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 23.1.

14

 They proffer five arguments, each of which 

they say mandates dismissal: (1) Plaintiff’s claims are time barred under the doctrine 

of laches; (2) the clear language of the Covenants and the NSBG Certificate of 

Incorporation (the “Charter”) permit the disputed assessments; (3) Plaintiff has 

failed adequately to plead demand futility under Court of Chancery Rule 23.1; 

(4) 10 Del. C. § 8133 immunizes members of the Board from claims for damages;

and (5) Plaintiff has not rebutted the presumptions of the business judgment rule

 

11 Compl. ¶¶ 38–42. 

12 Compl. ¶¶ 43–45. 

13 Compl. ¶¶ 46–48. 

14 D.I. 36. 
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with respect to his breach of fiduciary duty claims.

15

 As I find all of Plaintiff’s 

claims are either time barred or contradicted by the clear language of the NSBG’s

governing documents, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss must be GRANTED.

5. The standard for deciding a motion to dismiss under Court of Chancery 

Rule 12(b)(6) is well settled:

(i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even 

vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give the opposing party 

notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences 

in favor of the non-moving party; and (iv) dismissal is inappropriate 

unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any 

reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.16

On a motion to dismiss, this court may consider documents incorporated by 

reference or integral to the Complaint.17 

A. All Claims Contesting the Annual Assessments are Barred by Laches

6. “Laches is an equitable defense born from the longstanding maxim 

‘equity aids the vigilant, not those who slumber on their rights.’”18 Although the 

Court of Chancery, as a court of equity, is not bound by statutes of limitations, when 

 

15 Opening Br. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Verified Compl. (“OB”) 16–38.

16 Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896–97 (Del. 2002) (citation omitted).

17 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 860 A.2d 312, 320 (Del. 2004) (noting that 

on a motion to dismiss, the Court may consider documents that are “incorporated by 

reference” or “integral” to the complaint).

18 Reid v. Spazio, 970 A.2d 176, 182 (Del. 2009).
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reviewing a laches defense, the court will give “great weight” to an analogous statute 

of limitations when assessing the timeliness of a claim.

19

 Indeed, “[i]n this court, a 

party’s failure to file within the analogous statute of limitations is, absent a tolling 

of the limitations period, typically conclusive evidence of laches.”20

7. The parties agree that the three-year limitations period provided by 

10 Del. C. § 8106 would apply to Abbott’s claims by analogy.

21

 As Abbott admits 

to paying the NSBG annual assessments since he purchased his property in 2013, 

and admits that NSBG has openly used those assessments to fund maintenance of 

the Recreational Facilities each year, his claim that Defendants breached the 

covenants or breached fiduciary duties by maintaining the Recreational Facilities 

should have been brought long before 2019, absent some unusual circumstance or 

equitable tolling.

22

8. Abbott argues each annual assessment, and wrongful use of funds, 

constitutes a separate claim for accrual purposes, meaning the claims based on 

 

19 Whittington v. Dragon Gp., L.L.C., 991 A.2d 1, 9 (Del. 2009).

20 CHC Inv., LLC v. FirstSun Cap. Bancorp, C.A. No. 2018-0353-KSJM, McCormick, 

V.C., Mem. Op. at 8 (Del. Ch. Mar. 23, 2020) (citations omitted). 

21 OB 17; Pl.’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“AB”) 12–15.

22 Compl. ¶¶ 10–11; Whittington, 991 A.2d at 9. 
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assessments from 2016 until the Complaint was filed in 2019 are timely.23 

Separately, he argues equitable tolling applies because, prior to 2017, he assumed 

the NSBG’s assessments and use of funds were the result of good faith decisions by 

its Board members.

24

9. Abbott was, at the very least, on constructive notice of the Covenants 

when he purchased his property in 2013.25 His cause of action accrued, therefore, in 

2013 when he first paid the annual assessments he now alleges were used in violation 

of the Covenants.

26

 There is no basis to treat the annual assessments (and associated 

expenditures) imposed after 2016 differently from those Abbott paid from 2013–

2015.

27 And, equitable tolling is likewise inapplicable. While Abbott correctly 

 

23 AB 14.

24 Id. 

25 Mendenhall Village Single Homes Ass’n v. Harrington, 1993 WL 257377, at *3 (Del. Ch. 

June 16, 1993).

26 See Wal-Mart, 860 A.2d at 319 (“This Court has repeatedly held that a cause of action 

‘accrues’ under Section 8106 at the time of the wrongful act, even if the plaintiff is ignorant 

of the cause of action.”). 

27 To the extent Abbott is attempting to invoke the continuous breach doctrine, the doctrine 

does not fit here. To determine whether a breach (or series of breaches) is “continuing,” 

Delaware courts consider whether the breaches can be divided such that the “plaintiff could 

have alleged a prima facie case for breach of contract . . . after a single incident.” Price v. 

Wilm. Trust Co., 1995 WL 317017, at *2–3 (Del. Ch. May 19, 1995). If so, our courts 

have determined the “continuing breach” doctrine does not apply even when confronted 

with “numerous wrongs of similar, if not the same, character over an extended period.” 

Id. at *3 (quoting Ewing v. Beck, 520 A.2d 653, 662 (Del. 1987)). Abbott could have pled 

his claims relating to the improper use of annual assessments after he received the first 
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recites the legal principle that a statute of limitations is tolled when the plaintiff 

“reasonably relies on the competence and good faith of a fiduciary,” he ignores the 

well-settled precedent that a statute is only tolled until the plaintiff “discovers, or by 

exercising reasonable diligence should have discovered, his injury.”28 This 

discovery occurred no later than when Abbott paid his first annual assessment in 

2013, and observed that the NSBG was expending funds to maintain the 

Recreational Facilities. Accordingly, laches bars all claims contesting the validity 

of the annual assessments.

B. All Claims Contesting the Dune Project are Barred by the Clear 

Language of the Covenants and the Charter

10. At the motion to dismiss stage, the Court may address legal issues 

surrounding the “proper interpretation of language in a contract . . . [w]hen the 

language of [the] contract is plain and unambiguous.”29 And the court will grant a 

motion to dismiss a breach of contract claim when the Defendants offer the only 

 

such assessment in 2013 and witnesses the open and obvious use of those funds. The 

continuous breach doctrine, therefore, does not apply. 

28 Weiss v. Swanson, 948 A.2d 433, 451 (Del. Ch. 2008); Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt. 

Servs., Inc., 2005 WL 1594085, at *19 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2005). 

29 Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Hldgs., L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1030 (Del. Ch. 2006). 
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reasonable interpretation of the contract as a matter of law, and that interpretation 

reveals that no breach has occurred.

30

11. Abbott argues his claim disputing the validity of the special assessment 

as a means to fund the Dune Project cannot be barred by laches, as he brought this 

claim within three years of the assessment.31 Even assuming, arguendo, that the

special assessment can be separated from the annual assessments for accrual 

purposes, a doubtful proposition, Abbott’s special assessment claims (and his annual 

assessment claims) still must be dismissed because they are not supported by the 

contracts upon which he rests the claims.

12. The Covenants unambiguously permit both the contested annual 

assessments and the assessment for the Dune Project. They provide that the Board 

of Governors shall be responsible for a broad range of duties, including:

[m]aintenance, repair and replacement of the common elements, streets 

and facilities of the project such as, but not limited to, the construction 

and maintenance of jetties, groins, bulkheads, traffic control, signs, 

road entrance structures, landscaping, police protection, road 

maintenance, street lighting and other such duties as would ordinarily 

provided and maintained by an attractive development such as North 

Shores and together with the power to levy assessments to cover the 

expenditures and all other charges incurred by the Board of Governors 

in carrying out their duties hereunder.32

 

30 VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 615 (Del. 2003).

31 AB 13; Oral Arg. on Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Am. Compl. (“OA”) 29.

32 OB Ex. C. (the “Covenants”) ¶ 20(e)(1) (emphasis added). Abbott argues that, as the 

Covenants were not attached to the Complaint, this Court cannot refer to them when 

adjudicating this Motion to Dismiss and must only consider the cherry picked language
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Nothing in the Covenants limits the NSBG’s right to charge assessments and expend 

funds to “maintain[] a limited scope of common facilities such as the private roads 

and appurtenant drainage improvements,” as Abbott claims.33

13. Abbott next argues that, because the Recreational Facilities and dunes

at issue were not constructed or developed until after the Covenants were adopted in 

1972, and the Covenants do not authorize “construction,” assessments and 

expenditures for the Recreational Facilities and Dune Project are ultra vires.”

34

 The 

issue he presents in his Complaint, however, is not whether the construction of the 

Recreational Facilities (or development of the dunes) is permitted by the Covenants, 

but whether the maintenance of these community resources is authorized.

35

 

Regardless of whether the Covenants authorized the construction or development of 

 

from the Covenants he elected to recite in his Complaint. AB 15–16. Not so. It is black 

letter law that this Court may consider documents “incorporated by reference” or “integral” 

to a Complaint. Wal-Mart, 860 A.2d at 320. Not only is the Complaint littered with 

references to the Covenants, it asserts a breach of those very Covenants. Compl. ¶¶ 38–

42. Abbott cannot plead a breach of covenants and then prevent the Court from viewing

the very covenants alleged to have been breached. 

33 Compl. ¶ 18. 

34 AB 18–19; OA 38.

35 No Defendant is alleged to have participated in the construction of these facilities. 

Moreover, the time to challenge that act—the authorization for construction—has long 

passed. 
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the Recreational Facilities or dunes, once built and developed, respectively, there is 

a clear duty to maintain and repair them.

36

14. Additionally, the NSBG Charter provides authority for the disputed 

assessments and expenditures.37 The Charter permits the NSBG Board of Directors 

to “fix the rate of the annual charges or assessments.”

38 The Charter further provides 

that the NSBG Board may “expend the monies collected by the [NSBG] from the 

assessment or charges and other sums received, for the payment and discharge of all 

proper costs, expenses and obligations incurred in carrying out any or all of the 

 

36 Covenants ¶ 20(e)(1). 

37 OB Ex. D. (the “Charter”). Abbott again questions how far afield from the Complaint 

the Court may go when deciding the Motion, this time arguing the Court cannot consider 

the Charter because it is not attached to or referenced by the Complaint. AB 20–21. A

corporation’s charter provides the framework for the action of its directors. And directors 

are entitled to expect that their conduct will be measured against the provisions of the 

charter. See In re Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. S’holder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1185 

(Del. 2015) (holding that a court must consider an 8 Del. C. § 102(b)(7) charter provision 

on a motion to dismiss). Since judging whether the directors here committed ultra vires 

acts requires assessing whether the Charter permits those acts, I take judicial notice of 

NSBG’s Charter. See McMillan v. Intercargo Corp., 768 A.2d 492, 501 n.40 (Del. Ch. 

2000) (taking judicial notice of a corporation’s certificate of incorporation); In re Gen. 

Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 170 (Del. 2006) (holding this court may 

take judicial notice of documents “not subject to reasonable dispute”). 

38 Charter § 6(e)(9).
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purposes for which the [NSBG] is formed.”39 This provides unambiguous authority 

for the disputed assessments.40

15. Abbott argues the Dune Project must be reviewed differently than the 

assessments and expenditures for the Recreational Facilities because there is no 

general authority to assess for dune construction, and that project benefits some 

homeowners more than others.

41

 Yet, the power to assess and expend to improve 

the community’s beach is also unambiguously provided in the same Covenants and 

Charter that allow the other contested assessments.42

16. Because the doctrine of laches and the unambiguous language of the 

Covenants and the Charter mandate dismissal of each of Abbott’s claims under 

Rule 12(b)(6), there is no need to address Defendants’ other arguments. 

 

39 Charter § 6(e)(10). The Corporation’s purpose is to “engage in any lawful act or activity 

for which a corporation may be organized under the General Corporation Law of 

Delaware . . . .” Charter § 2.

40 Other sections of the Charter specifically empower the NSBG to “operate and maintain 

and keep in repair all common facilities,” including recreational facilities, and “improve, 

provide for, beautify and maintain recreational areas and community facilities . . . .” 

Charter §§ 6(e)(5)–(6). 

41 OA 51–52. 

42 Covenants ¶ 20(e)(1); Charter §§ 6(e)(1), (5)–(6), (9)–(10).
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17. For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss must be

GRANTED. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

 Joseph R. Slights III 

 Vice Chancellor

Dated: March 27, 2020