1

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN SUPREME COURT

A16-0960

Original Jurisdiction Per Curiam

Took no part, McKeig, J.

Minnesota Voters Alliance

and Kirk Stensrud,

Petitioners,

vs. Filed: September 28, 2016

Office of Appellate Courts

Steve Simon, only in his official capacity

as the Minnesota Secretary of State, Joe 

Mansky, only in his official capacity as the 

Ramsey County Election Manager, 

Virginia Gelms, only in her official 

capacity as the Hennepin County Election 

Manager, and Election Judges John and 

Jane Doe, only in their official capacities as 

Election Judges,

Respondents.

________________________

Erick G. Kaardal, Mohrman, Kaardal & Erickson, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota, for 

petitioners.

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Nathan J. Hartshorn, Assistant Attorney General, Saint 

Paul, Minnesota, for respondent Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon.

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Robert B. Roche, Assistant County Attorney, Saint 

Paul, Minnesota, for respondent Ramsey County Election Manager Joe Mansky.

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Daniel P. Rogan, Assistant County 

Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondent Hennepin County Election Manager 

Virginia Gelms.

William Z. Pentelovitch, Judah A. Druck, Maslon LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
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Teresa Nelson, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for amici curiae American Civil Liberties Union of 

Minnesota, League of Women Voters Minnesota, Jewish Community Action, Education 

Minnesota, and Project Vote. 

S Y L L A B U S

The facts and circumstances of petitioners’ claims of alleged misconduct with 

respect to election officials’ procedures for determining voter eligibility do not demonstrate 

that an exercise of this court’s original jurisdiction under Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(a)(4)

(Supp. 2015) is warranted given the availability and adequacy of other remedies. 

Petition dismissed.

Considered and decided by the court without oral argument.

O P I N I O N

PER CURIAM.

On June 15, 2016, the Minnesota Voters Alliance and Kirk Stensrud filed a petition 

under Minn. Stat. § 204B.44 (Supp. 2015), asserting that respondents are not taking the 

necessary steps to ensure that those ineligible to vote are not permitted to vote. 

Specifically, petitioners contend that respondents’ alleged failures to identify people

deemed ineligible to vote by reason of a court order, and allowing these people to certify 

their eligibility to vote even though election officials know by reason of a court order that 

these people are ineligible to vote, violates the separation-of-powers doctrine and 

implicates the constitutional rights of eligible voters. Petitioners ask us to declare the 

actions of the Secretary of State and election officials unconstitutional, to issue an order 

directing those officials to stop allowing individuals to self-certify their eligibility to vote, 
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and to grant petitioners’ requested relief in advance of the general election on November 8, 

2016. 

In an order filed June 21, 2016, we directed respondents Secretary of State Steve 

Simon, Ramsey County Election Manager Joe Mansky, and Hennepin County Election 

Manager Virginia Gelms to respond to the petition by addressing several questions, 

including whether the petition properly invokes our original jurisdiction under Minn. Stat. 

§ 204B.44.

1

 Based on the nature of the allegations and the availability of an alternative 

and adequate remedy in the district court, we conclude that, even if we had original 

jurisdiction under Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(a)(4), we would not exercise it here, and, 

therefore, we dismiss the petition.2

We begin with a brief discussion of the laws that govern voter registration and 

eligibility to vote. The Minnesota Constitution grants the right to vote. Minn. Const. 

art. VII, § 1 (providing that “[e]very person 18 years of age” or older who has been a 

U.S. citizen for 3 months and has resided in the precinct for the 30 days preceding the 

 

1 Specifically, we directed the respondents to address, in addition to the jurisdictional

question: (1) whether any affirmative defenses to the petition would be asserted and the 

nature of those defenses; (2) whether any factual disputes exist that require the appointment 

of a referee, and a proposed schedule for return of a referee’s report and recommendation; 

and (3) based on the requirements for the orderly administration of elections, the last date 

for a decision on the petition. Because we dismiss the petition based on our answer to the 

jurisdictional question, we do not address these other issues in this opinion. 

2

In 2015, the Legislature amended Minn. Stat. § 204B.44. Act of May 22, 2015, 

art. 1, ch. 70, § 31, 2015 Minn. Laws 822, 838. In addition, the Revisor of Statutes 

renumbered this statute. See Minn. Stat. § 3C.10, subd. 1 (2014) (addressing the Revisor’s 

editorial powers for statutes). As a result of these changes, Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(d) (2014) 

was renumbered and became Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(a)(4) (Supp. 2015). The actual 

wording of Section 204B.44(d) did not change.
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election “shall be entitled to vote in that precinct”). By statute, any individual who, “at the 

time of an election,” is at least 18 years old, a U.S. citizen, and a Minnesota resident for at 

least 20 days before the election “is eligible to vote.” Minn. Stat. § 201.014, subd. 1 (2014).

The constitution also provides that “a person who has been convicted of treason or 

felony, unless restored to civil rights,” and “a person under guardianship, or a person who 

is insane or not mentally competent” is not eligible to vote.3 Minn. Const. art. VII, § 1; see 

also Minn. Stat. §§ 201.014, subd. 2 (same), 609B.610 (2014) (“An individual convicted 

of treason or any felony whose civil rights have not been restored is not eligible to 

vote . . . .”). But the Legislature has identified the circumstances under which the voting 

rights of felons and wards are restored. The voting right of a felon is restored upon 

discharge of the conviction. Minn. Stat. § 609.165, subds. 1-2 (2014) (stating that upon 

discharge of a conviction due to court order or sentence expiration, “such discharge shall 

restore the person to all civil rights, . . . with full right to vote”). A ward whose right to 

vote has specifically been restricted by court order must have that right restored by a 

subsequent court order. Minn. Stat. § 201.014 (2014); see Minn. Voters Alliance v. Ritchie, 

890 F. Supp. 2d 1106, 1117 (D. Minn. 2012) (“[T]he constitutional prohibition against 

voting based on guardianship status applies only when there has been an individualized 

judicial finding of incapacity to vote.”)4 

 

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In this opinion, we refer to a “person who has been convicted of treason or felony, 

unless restored to civil rights” as a “felon,” and to “a person under guardianship, or a person 

who is insane or not mentally competent” as a “ward.”

4 The Minnesota Constitution restricts the right to vote of those under guardianship, 

but beginning in 2003, wards were presumed to retain the right to vote absent a specific 
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In order to vote, eligible persons must register, Minn. Stat. § 201.018, subd. 2 

(2014), and they do so by completing “a voter registration application” at least 20 days 

before an election, by registering when submitting an absentee ballot, or by registering on 

the day of an election, Minn. Stat. §§ 201.054, subd. 1, 201.061, subds. 1, 3, 203B.04, 

subd. 4 (2014). Applicants certify eligibility to vote by signing the registration application, 

see Minn. Stat. § 201.071, subd. 1 (2014) (providing the form of the voter registration 

application and the certification of voter eligibility); by completing the certificate of 

eligibility included with an absentee ballot, see Minn. Stat. § 203B.07, subd. 3 (describing 

the “certificate of eligibility” on the “back of the return envelope” for an absentee ballot);

or by completing the registration process on election day, see Minn. Stat. § 201.061, 

subd. 3 (2014) (describing the procedures for registration “at the polling place”). As part 

of this process, the persons certify that they have “not been found by a court to be legally 

incompetent to vote” and that they “have the right to vote because, if [they] have been 

convicted of a felony, [their] felony sentence has expired (been completed) or [they] have 

been discharged from [their] sentence.” Minn. Stat. § 201.071, subd. 1. 

Voter registration applications are used to compile and update Minnesota’s 

statewide voter registration system and database. Minn. Stat. § 201.081, subd. 1 (2014) 

(“The statewide registration system is the official record of registered voters.”); see also

Minn. Stat. §§ 200.02, subd. 20 (“ ‘Statewide registration system’ means the computerized 

 

finding to the contrary in the order appointing the guardian. See Act of Apr. 11, 2003, 

ch. 12, art. 2, § 2, 2003 Minn. Laws 117, 166 (codified as amended at Minn. Stat. 

§ 201.014, subd. 2 (2014)); see also Minn. Stat. §§ 524.5-120, 524.5-313(c)(8) (2014).
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central statewide voter registration system and database developed and maintained by the 

secretary of state . . . .”), 201.022, subd. 1 (2014) (“The secretary of state shall maintain a 

statewide voter registration system to facilitate voter registration and to provide a central 

database containing voter registration information . . . .”). Data on people “registered to 

vote” are maintained in the system and are updated based on the information provided to 

the Secretary of State by several government entities, including the Department of Health, 

the Department of Public Safety, the State Court Administrator, and the Department of 

Corrections. See Minn. Stat. §§ 201.13, subds. 1-1a, 201.14, 201.15-.158 (2014).5 As part 

of the updating process, county auditors must “change the status” of registered voters to 

reflect the status reported by these entities, including marking registered voters as 

“challenged” for felony convictions, or removing a challenge from the voter’s record if a 

felon has been “discharged from a sentence.” See Minn. Stat. §§ 201.157-.158. A “master 

list” of registered voters, updated with the information provided to the Secretary of State, 

is provided to each county auditor at regular intervals, including in advance of absentee 

and in-person voting. Minn. Stat. § 201.091 (2014). 

On election day, an election judge must “challenge an individual whom the [election 

judge] knows or reasonably believes is not an eligible voter.” Minn. Stat. § 204C.12, 

subd. 1 (2014). If a challenge is made, the election judge administers an oath to the 

 

5 The “status” information may be the report of a voter’s death, Minn. Stat. § 201.13, 

subds. 1-1a; residency or citizenship information, Minn. Stat. §§ 201.13, subd. 3 (2014), 

201.158; name changes, Minn. Stat. § 201.14; or, felony convictions or guardianship orders 

that revoke voting rights, Minn. Stat. §§ 201.15, 201.155, 201.157(a); or the restoration of 

voting rights for felons or wards, Minn. Stat. §§ 201.15, subd. 2, 201.155.
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challenged individual and asks “sufficient questions to test that individual’s residence and 

right to vote.” Id., subd. 2 (2014). “If the challenged individual’s answers to the questions 

show ineligibility to vote in that precinct, the individual shall not be allowed to vote.” Id., 

subd. 3 (2014). But if “the answers to the questions fail to show that the individual is not 

eligible to vote in that precinct and the challenge is not withdrawn,” the election judge 

verbally “administer[s] the oath on the voter certificate,” and after taking the oath, 

completing, and signing the certificate, “the challenged individual shall be allowed to 

vote.” Id. 

With these eligibility and registration standards in mind, we turn to the allegations 

of the petition before us. Petitioners allege that despite receiving information on a 

continuing basis regarding felons and wards whose right to vote has been revoked or 

otherwise restricted (including from publicly available court orders), Minnesota election 

officials fail to adequately update the statewide voter registration system in a timely fashion

to include updated status information for persons not yet registered to vote or previously 

removed from the voting rolls. Thus, petitioners allege, election judges do not have the 

most current information on the eligibility of those who seek to vote in an election. Further, 

petitioners assert that permitting voter applicants to provide sworn statements to an election 

official, i.e., “self-certifying” eligibility to vote, effectively supersedes court orders that 

restrict the person’s right to vote. Petitioners make similar arguments about the use of 

self-certification on election day with respect to people marked on the master voting list as 

challenged. The consequences of these allegedly wrongful acts and omissions were 
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present, petitioners contend, in past elections in which ineligible felons and wards have 

been allowed to register to vote and have voted. 

By these wrongful acts and omissions, petitioners assert, election officials violate 

separation-of-powers principles by following statutory processes that have the effect of 

nullifying court orders. Petitioners also assert due process violations based on the claim 

that permitting an ineligible person to vote nullifies the vote of an eligible voter. Petitioners 

seek injunctive relief that would require election officials to comply with the relevant 

constitutional and statutory authorities that govern voter eligibility, as well as a declaration 

that election officials have violated the separation-of-powers doctrine and the Due Process 

Clause of the Minnesota Constitution. 

Before proceeding to the merits of these arguments, we must decide whether the 

claims alleged fall within our original jurisdiction and, if they do, whether we must exercise 

that jurisdiction. Petitioners argue that respondents, as election officials, have a duty to 

enforce the constitutional and statutory restrictions on voter eligibility. By failing to do so, 

petitioners argue, respondents commit wrongful acts that we must address under Minn. 

Stat. § 204B.44. 

Respondents, on the other hand, argue that petitioners do not seek to correct any 

errors pertaining to the preparation or printing of a ballot, but broadly challenge 

Minnesota’s statutory systems for voter registration and eligibility. As petitioners’ 

challenges are not focused on a specific ballot, the candidates for a particular office, or a 

specific election, respondents contend a “direct action” in this court is not proper.
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Minnesota Statutes § 204B.44 authorizes proceedings before our court that seek to 

correct “errors, omissions, or wrongful acts” by election officials, particularly with respect 

to election ballots. See Coleman v. Ritchie, 762 N.W.2d 218, 231 n.13 (Minn. 2009) 

(stating the “principal purpose” of this statutory remedy “is to provide a mechanism for 

correcting errors alleged to have occurred before the election, such as . . . in preparing or 

printing the official ballot”). Ballot correction, however, is not the sole focus of the remedy 

provided by section 204B.44. Subsection (a)(4) permits a petition that seeks relief for “any 

wrongful act, omission, or error” by an election official or other individual “charged with 

any duty concerning an election.” Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(a)(4); see also Erlandson v. 

Kiffmeyer, 659 N.W.2d 724, 729 (Minn. 2003) (describing former subsection (d) of the 

statute as a “catch-all” provision that addresses errors or omissions other than those on a 

ballot). 

Despite the breadth of this language, we have not viewed the original jurisdiction 

provided by section 204B.44(a)(4) broadly. See, e.g., Begin v. Ritchie, 836 N.W.2d 545, 

549 (Minn. 2013) (dismissing a petition challenging the Secretary of State’s decertification of the Green Party as a minor political party because that decision did not 

“directly interfere” with the party’s “right to present candidates for office in future 

elections”); Minn. Majority v. Ritchie, No. A09-0950, Order at 5-6 (Minn. filed July 22, 

2009) (dismissing a petition that challenged election officials’ alleged failure to post 

individual voting histories and change the status of registered voters in the statewide voter 

registration system in a timely manner, stating “[w]e do not understand section 204B.44(d) 
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to authorize claims and establish original jurisdiction in this court for any and all disputes 

concerning official conduct that relates to or may affect elections in general”).

Petitioners argue that their petition properly invokes our original jurisdiction under 

section 204B.44(a)(4) because election officials have a duty to ensure that only eligible 

voters are permitted to vote in elections. The petition alleges that ineligible felons and 

wards have voted in prior elections, challenges the respondents’ maintenance of 

information in the statewide voter registration system, and challenges the use of selfcertification to determine voter eligibility on election day. Although they acknowledge 

election officials are following statutory procedures, petitioners allege these procedures

violate the separation of powers and due process by wrongly allowing ineligible individuals

to vote. 

Voting in elections is a constitutional right, and Minnesota’s election officials bear 

the solemn responsibility and duty to enforce the constitutional and legislative 

requirements for the exercise of that right. See, e.g., Kahn v. Griffin, 701 N.W.2d 815, 832 

(Minn. 2005) (recognizing that the right to vote is a fundamental constitutional right but 

“to maintain fair, honest, and orderly elections, states may impose regulations that in some 

measure burden the right to vote”). But the mere fact that the petition presents claims based 

on a fundamental constitutional right exercised in connection with elections, or a duty that 

is implemented in connection with elections, does not mean that we have exclusive 

jurisdiction over this dispute. Instead, we have considered whether the petition presents a 

challenge in the context of a single specific election, rather than a challenge to election 

policies generally. See Minn. Majority, No. A09-0950, Order at 1, 6 (concluding that the 
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duties the respondents were alleged to have breached, “while related to elections, d[id] not 

concern ‘an’ election”).6

Petitioners contend that their claims are made in the context of a specific election, 

namely the vote on a proposed constitutional amendment at the November 2016 general 

election. That a constitutional-amendment question is included on the November 2016 

ballot does not make this election different from all other elections in terms of the 

challenges petitioners bring. The challenges at issue in the petition relate to all of the 

matters on the November 2016 general election ballot, not simply the constitutionalamendment question. In fact, petitioners acknowledge that the procedures used to 

determine voter eligibility and registration that they challenge here have been enforced at 

previous elections that did not include a constitutional-amendment question. 

Our analysis in Minnesota Majority suggests the conclusion that our original 

jurisdiction under section 204B.44 does not cover such broad-ranging challenges to the 

election process. See Minn. Majority, No. A09-0950, Order at 1, 5. But we need not 

resolve that question in this case, because even if we had original jurisdiction under section 

204B.44, we would decline to exercise it in this case. See State ex rel. Palmer v. Perpich, 

289 Minn. 149, 151, 182 N.W.2d 182, 184 (1971) (“Does this court have original 

 

6 Some election disputes must be commenced in district court. See, e.g., Minn. Stat. 

§ 209.021, subd. 2 (2014) (requiring an election contest to be commenced in district court). 

Even with respect to voter eligibility, the Legislature prefers administrative, rather than 

judicial, processes to resolve voter eligibility challenges. See Minn. Stat. § 201.195 (2014) 

(permitting a pre-election-day challenge to voter registration or eligibility to be filed with 

the county auditor, with an appeal to the Secretary of State); Minn. Stat. § 204C.12 

(authorizing election judges to resolve election-day challenges to voter registration and 

eligibility before a ballot is deposited in the ballot box).
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jurisdiction to pass on matters affecting the senate’s action in organizing itself, and if it has 

such jurisdiction, should the court assert it?”); In re Lauritsen, 99 Minn. 313, 321, 

109 N.W. 404, 408 (1906) (explaining that “under every [judicial] system contingencies 

will arise which call for the peremptory and prompt relief which only a court of final resort 

can grant,” but such instances are of “occasional necessity”). The broad-ranging 

challenges alleged here, which respondents dispute, should be addressed first in the district 

court, where any factual disputes can be fully litigated and resolved. 

The original jurisdiction that section 204B.44(a)(4) confers on our court does not 

deprive the district court of its original jurisdiction to address a dispute that challenges 

election policies generally. See, e.g., Minn. Voters Alliance v. City of Minneapolis, 

766 N.W.2d 683, 685 (Minn. 2009) (noting that a declaratory judgment action challenging 

the implementation of instant runoff voting was resolved initially by the district court).7 

Nor can we conclude that the Legislature intended to deprive the district court of its general 

jurisdiction over challenges to legislation that might conflict with constitutional provisions. 

See Rice v. Connolly, 488 N.W.2d 241, 244 (Minn. 1992) (noting that complex issues of 

“public significance” in challenges to the constitutionality of legislation expanding 

licensing authority for Racing Commission required the district court to develop a record, 

“a function that an appellate court is ill-equipped to perform”); Seventy-Seventh Minn. State 

 

7 The challenge in Minnesota Voters Alliance was focused on voting procedures 

implemented for elections conducted in the City of Minneapolis. 766 N.W.2d at 685-86 

(explaining the referendum process and ordinance implementing “instant runoff voting”); 

see Minn. Stat. § 204B.44(b) (requiring a petition “in the case of an election for . . . 

municipal . . . office” to be filed in the appropriate district court). Like this case, however, 

there were claims that alleged constitutional violations related to the right to vote. 
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Senate v. Carlson, 472 N.W.2d 99, 99 (Minn. 1991) (noting that “a substantial dispute as 

to the facts underlying the matter” requires resolution “by traditional means” in the district 

court, notwithstanding the “immediacy and significance of the substantive issue 

presented”); Agin v. Heyward, 6 Minn. 110, 118, 6 Gil. 53, 63 (1861) (“[T]he authority 

possessed by the Legislature to confer on other courts a portion of the jurisdiction vested 

by the constitution in the District Court does not imply the right to deprive the latter of 

such jurisdiction, but simply to authorize other courts to exercise it, concurrently with the 

District Court in such cases.”). After all, the district court is “the one great court of general 

jurisdiction to which all may apply to have justice judicially administered, in every case 

where the Constitution itself does not direct application to be made elsewhere.” Agin, 

6 Minn. at 114, 6 Gil. at 57. We have deferred to the original jurisdiction of the district 

court even when a statute confers original jurisdiction on our court when the matter 

presents a dispute better suited in the first instance to resolution by the district court. See, 

e.g., State ex rel. Alexander v. Rigg, 247 Minn. 110, 113, 76 N.W.2d 478, 480 (1956) 

(noting that although a statute conferred original jurisdiction on our court over a habeas 

petition, the Legislature had indicated a preference for initiating proceedings in the district 

court, and stating “our court is not equipped to take testimony and to examine witnesses in 

the proceedings that would be required by entertaining original writs of habeas corpus”); 

cf. State ex rel. Grubbs v. Schulz, 142 Minn. 112, 113-14, 171 N.W. 263, 264 (1919) 

(explaining that our court could “undoubtedly entertain original jurisdiction” over a 

petition requesting review of a decision to revoke a teaching certificate even though it has 

“been the practice of the court to remit the parties to the proper district court except in cases 
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where general public interest requires immediate determination,” but deciding to exercise 

original jurisdiction “without intending to establish a precedent”). We likewise defer in 

this context as well. 

There is, to be sure, significant public interest in ensuring the fairness and integrity 

of Minnesota’s elections. Wichelmann v. City of Glencoe, 200 Minn. 62, 65, 273 N.W. 

638, 639 (1937) (“In order to secure a full and complete expression of the popular will, it 

is necessary not only that all voters who are qualified be permitted to vote, but also that 

only those who are entitled to vote be permitted to do so . . . .”). The petition and the initial 

responses raise allegations about the administration of one of the most important rights and 

obligations of citizens. But the allegations of the petition do not demonstrate that 

proceedings in the district court, followed by appellate review if sought, will not suffice to 

protect this interest. Rather, the specific facts and circumstances of this case demonstrate 

that a district-court forum is available to petitioners and proceedings in that forum, 

followed by any needed appellate review, can provide an adequate remedy. There may be 

an occasion in which we must exercise our original jurisdiction over a challenge to the 

voter-registration and voter-eligibility duties of election officials. But we do not need to 

define that occasion with precision today. We conclude only that based on the facts and 

circumstances relevant to the claims asserted, an exercise of original jurisdiction over this 

petition is not warranted.

Petition dismissed.

McKEIG, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission, took 

no part in the consideration or decision of this case.