EXHIBIT 1

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 1 of 75
US010218606B2 

( 12 ) United States Patent 

Perreault et al . ( 10 ) Patent No . : US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

( 45 ) Date of Patent : * Feb . 26 , 2019 

( 54 ) PRODUCING ROUTING MESSAGES FOR 

VOICE OVER IP COMMUNICATIONS ( 56 ) References Cited 

U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS 

( 71 ) Applicant : VoIP - Pal . com , Inc . , Bellevue , WA ( US ) 4 , 747 , 124 A 

4 , 916 , 491 A 

5 / 1988 Ladd 

4 / 1990 Katoh 

( Continued ) ( 72 ) Inventors : Clay Perreault , Panama ( PA ) ; Steve 

Nicholson , Hamilton ( NZ ) ; Rod 

Thomson , North Vancouver ( CA ) ; 

Johan Emil Viktor Björsell , Vancouver 

( CA ) ; Fuad Arafa , Vancouver ( CA ) 

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 

BR 

BR 

PI 0718312 - 7 A2 11 / 2013 

PI 0719682 - 2 A2 1 / 2014 

( 73 ) Assignee : VoIP - Pal . com , Inc . , Bellevue , WA ( US ) ( Continued ) 

( * ) Notice : OTHER PUBLICATIONS Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this 

patent is extended or adjusted under 35 

U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 0 days . 

This patent is subject to a terminal dis 

claimer . 

Abrazhevich , Dennis . “ Electronic Payment Systems : a User 

Centered Perspective and Interaction Design , ” Thesis under the 

auspices of the J . F . Schouten School for User - System Interaction 

Research , Technische Universiteit Eindhoven , Netherlands , 2004 , pages Cover page p . 189 . 

( Continued ) 

( 21 ) Appl . No . : 15 / 942 , 282 

( 22 ) Filed : Mar . 30 , 2018 

( 65 ) Prior Publication Data 

US 2018 / 0227222 A1 Aug . 9 , 2018 

Primary Examiner — Kodzovi Acolatse 

( 74 ) Attorney , Agent , or Firm — Thorpe North & 

Western , LLP 

Related U . S . Application Data 

( 63 ) Continuation of application No . 15 / 730 , 600 , filed on 

Oct . 11 , 2017 , now Pat . No . 9 , 935 , 872 , which is a 

( Continued ) 

( 51 ) Int . Ci . H04L 12 / 725 ( 2013 . 01 ) 

H04L 9 / 32 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

( Continued ) 

( 52 ) U . S . CI . CPC . . . . H04L 45 / 3065 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 39 / 39558 

( 2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 45 / 06 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; 

( Continued ) 

( 58 ) Field of Classification Search 

None 

See application file for complete search history . 

( 57 ) ABSTRACT 

A process and apparatus to facilitate communication 

between callers and callees in a system comprising a plu 

rality of nodes with which callers and callees are associated 

is disclosed . In response to initiation of a call by a calling subscriber , a caller identifier and a callee identifier are 

received . Call classification criteria associated with the 

caller identifier are used to classify the call as a public network call or a private network call . A routing message identifying an address , on the private network , associated 

with the callee is produced when the call is classified as a 

private network call and a routing message identifying a 

gateway to the public network is produced when the call is 

classified as a public network call . 

49 Claims , 32 Drawing Sheets 

261 - 263 Formatted 269 257 

Identifier begins with caller 

259 

Format callee identifier 

and remove IDD Set call type to 

International OK ? 

NI 265 Incorrect length message 

callee Identitler has DID bank table 

( ecords 

YI 279 

Set called D to username 

Catlee 382 End 

Calee Identifier begins with caller 

384 Identifier starts 

with cailer local area Set cal type as code starting from national 

NOD length Wolfset ? Set cal type as local cal national style 

2392 - 394 

Set cal type to Format callee vientifier and 

local prepend with calar country code 

Format callee Identifier , remove NOD 390 prepend with 

code para dentifler startsY 

with caler area coda ? 388 Private System Call / 

AZ 408 

398 - 396 

compare identifier length natches calier local diaâng lengths and no mult local area 

- 400 Format callee idenifler and prepend with caller country 

code and area code 

Set calea 

identitlar - Set cal type to 1 

formatted 

E164 number 

410 ?? Calee from E184 Identifier is a valid user y 

name ? 

408 Set call type to ???? 

404 

Error End Private System Call ) Public System Call 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 2 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 2 

Related U . S . Application Data 

continuation of application No . 15 / 396 , 344 , filed on 

Dec . 30 , 2016 , now Pat . No . 9 , 813 , 330 , which is a 

continuation of application No . 14 / 877 , 570 , filed on 

Oct . 7 , 2015 , now Pat . No . 9 , 537 , 762 , which is a 

continuation of application No . 13 / 966 , 096 , filed on 

Aug . 13 , 2013 , now Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , which is a 

continuation of application No . 12 / 513 , 147 , filed as 

application No . PCT / CA2007 / 001956 on Nov . 1 , 2007 , now Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 . 

( 60 ) Provisional application No . 60 / 856 , 212 , filed on Nov . 2 , 2006 . 

( 51 ) 

( 52 ) 

Int . Cl . H04L 12 / 14 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

H04L 12 / 66 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

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H04M 7700 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

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H04M 15 / 02 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

H04M 3 / 42 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

A61K 39 / 395 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

A61K 45 / 06 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

COZK 16 / 18 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

H04L 29 / 12 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

H04L 29 / 06 ( 2006 . 01 ) 

U . S . CI . CPC . . . CO7K 16 / 18 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 9 / 3226 

( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 12 / 14 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 

12 / 1439 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 12 / 1496 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; 

H04L 12 / 66 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 61 / 2007 

( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 65 / 1033 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 

65 / 1069 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04M 3 / 4211 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; 

H04M 77006 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04M 770075 

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3 / 66 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04Q 3 / 70 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04Q 2213 / 1322 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H040 2213 / 13091 

( 2013 . 01 ) ; H040 2213 / 13141 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; 

H040 2213 / 13196 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H040 

2213 / 13384 ( 2013 . 01 ) 

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Oct . 14 , 2016 for European Patent Application No . EP 07 816 106 . 4 . European Examination Report dated May 12 , 2017 for European 

Patent Application No . EP 09 - 802 - 316 . 1 . Extended European Search Report dated Jul . 5 , 2018 for European Application No . 18 174 930 . 0 . European Examination Report and Summons to Oral Proceedings 

dated Jun . 4 , 2018 for European Patent Application No . 07 855 

436 . 7 . First Examination Report dated Dec . 9 , 2015 , India Patent Appli cation No . 1047 / MUMNP / 2009 , which corresponds to subject U . S . Appl . No . 14 / 802 , 929 . Indian Office Action dated Jun . 21 , 2017 for Indian Patent Appli 

cation No . IN 1227 / MUMNP / 2009 . Intimation of the grant and recordal of India Patent No . 28 / 7412 

entitled “ Producing Routing Messages for Voice Over IP Commu 

nications ” , dated Sep . 15 , 2017 , for India Patent Application No . IN 

1047 / MUMNP / 2009 filed Nov . 1 , 2007 . Indonesian Examination Report dated Jul . 5 , 2012 for Indonesian 

Patent Application No . W - 00200901414 . Indonesian Examination Report dated Feb . 8 , 2013 for Indonesian 

Patent Application No . W - 00200901165 . Mexican Exam Report dated Jul . 11 , 2011 for Mexican Patent 

Application No . MX / a / 2009 / 004811 . Mexican Notice of Allowance dated Sep . 2 , 2011 for Mexican 

Patent Application No . MX / a / 2009 / 005751 . Document Title : Complaint for Patent Infringement [ Jury Dem 

and ] ; Case Title : Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada corporation , Plain 

tiff , v . Verizon Wireless Services , LLC , a Delaware limited liability corporation ; Verizon Communications , Inc . , a Delaware corpora tion ; AT & T , Inc . , a Delaware corporation ; AT & T Corp . , a Delaware 

corporation ; and Does I through X , inclusive , Defendants ; Case No : 

2 : 16 - CV - 00271 ; Court : United States District Court District of 

Nevada . Attachments : Table of Exhibits ; Exhibit A ; Exhibit B ; 

Exhibit C ; Exhibit D ; Exhibit E ; Chart 1 to Exhibit E ; Chart 2 to 

Exhibit E ; Chart 3 to Exhibit E ; Chart 4 to Exhibit E ; Chart 5 to 

Exhibit E ; Chart 6 to Exhibit E ; Exhibit F ; Chart 1 to Exhibit F ; 

Chart 2 to Exhibit F ; Chart 3 to Exhibit F ; Chart 4 to Exhibit F ; 

Chart 5 to Exhibit F ; Chart 6 to Exhibit F ; Exhibit G ; Exhibit H ; and 

Addendum 1 to Exhibit H . Document Title : Complaint for Patent Infringement [ Jury Dem 

and ] ; Case Title : Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada corporation , Plain 

tiff , v . Apple , Inc . , a California corporation ; Defendants ; Case No : 

2 : 16 - CV - 00260 ; Court : United States District Court District of 

Nevada . Attachments : Table of Exhibits ; Exhibit A ; Exhibit B ; 

Exhibit C ; Exhibit D ; Chart 1 to Exhibit D ; Chart 2 to Exhibit D ; 

Chart 3 to Exhibit D ; Chart 4 to Exhibit D ; Exhibit E ; Exhibit F ; and 

Addendum 1 to Exhibit F . Letter dated Nov . 30 , 2015 , from VoIP - Pal . com Inc . giving notice 

and inviting the company listed herein below to contact VoIP - Pal . com about U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 and 8 , 542 , 815 and related 

patents listed in the accompanying Attachment A . Sent to the 

following company : Apple Inc . In the U . S . Letter dated Dec . 1 , 2015 , from VoIP - Pal . com Inc . giving notice and 

inviting the company listed herein below to contact VoIP - Pal . com 

about U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 and 8 , 542 , 815 and related patents listed in the accompanying Attachment A . Sent to the following 

company : Verizon Communications in the U . S . Letters dated Dec . 18 , 2015 , from VoIP - Pal . com Inc . giving notice 

and inviting the companies listed herein below to contact VoIP - Pal . com about U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 and 8 , 542 , 815 and related 

patents listed in the accompanying Attachment A . ( Please Note : 

Attachment A is attached here only to the first letter . ) Sent to the 

following companies : Airtel in India ; Alcatel - Lucent in France ; 

Avaya Inc . In the U . S . ; AT & T in the U . S . , Blackberry in Canada ; 

Cable One in the U . S . , CenturyLink in the U . S . , Charter Commu 

nications in the U . S . ; Cisco Systems in the U . S . ; Comcast in the 

U . S . , Cox Communications in the U . S . ; Cricket Wireless in the 

U . S . ; Facebook in the U . S . ; Freedom Pop in the U . S . ; Frontier 

Communications in the U . S . ; Google Inc . In the U . S . ; HP in the 

U . S . , Juniper Networks in the U . S . , LoopPay , Inc . In the U . S . ; 

Magic Jack in the U . S . ; MetroPCS in the U . S . ; Ooma in the U . S . ; 

PayPal in the U . S . ; Republic Wireless in the U . S . ; Rok Mobile in the 

U . S . ; Samsung Electronics — America in the U . S . ; ShoreTel , Inc . In 

the U . S . , Siemens in Germany ; Skype USA in the U . S . ; Sprint in the 

U . S . , Square Cash in the U . S . , Suddenlink Communications in the 

U . S . ; Talktone in the U . S . ; Tango in the U . S . ; Time Warner Cable 

in the U . S . , T - mobile in the U . S . ; Twitter in the U . S . ; US Cellular 

in the U . S . ; Venmo in the U . S . ; Virgin Mobile USA in the U . S . ; 

Vodafone in the UK , and Vonage in the U . S . Letters dated Jan . 4 , 2016 , from VoIP - Pal . com Inc . giving notice and 

inviting the companies listed herein below to contact VoIP - Pal . com 

about U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 and 8 , 542 , 815 and related patents listed in the accompanying Attachment A . ( Please Note : Attachment 

A is attached here only to the first letter . ) Sent to the following companies : Rogers Communications Inc . In Canada ; Shaw Cable in 

Canada ; Walmart in Alaska ; and WIND Mobile in Canada . Letters dated Jan . 21 , 2016 , from VoIP - Pal . com Inc . giving notice 

and inviting the companies listed herein below to contact VoIP - Pal . com about U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 and 8 , 542 , 815 and related 

patents listed in the accompanying Attachment A . ( Please Note : 

Attachment A is attached here only to the first letter . ) Sent to the 

following companies : Alibaba ( China ) Co . , Ltd in China ; Comwave 

Telecommunications in Canada ; and Intel in the U . S . Letters dated Feb . 2 , 2016 , from VoIP - Pal . com Inc . giving notice 

and inviting the companies listed herein below to contact VoIP - Pal . com about U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 and 8 , 542 , 815 and related 

patents listed in the accompanying Attachment A . ( Please Note : 

Attachment A is attached here only to the first letter . ) Sent to the 

following companies : Netflix Inc . in the U . S . ; Skype Technologies in the U . S . , and WhatsApp Inc . In the U . S . Document Title : Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Unified Patents Inc . , Petitioner 

v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; IPR2016 - 01082 ; Patent 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Producing Routing Messages for Voice Over IP Communications ; 

Dated May 24 , 2016 . 64 sheets 

Document Title : Declaration of Michael Caloyannides ; United 

States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board ; Unified Patents Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 9 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 9 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Patent Owner ; IPR2016 - 01082 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Producing Routing Messages for Voice Over IP Communications ; Signed May 23 , 2016 ; Filed May 24 , 2016 . 84 sheets . Document Title : Public Switched Telephone Networks : A Network 

Analysis of Emerging Networks ; Daniel Livengood , Jijun Lin and 

Chintan Vaishnav ; Engineering Systems Division ; Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology ; Submitted May 16 , 2006 ; to Dan Whitney , Joel Moses and Chris Magee . 27 sheets . Document Title : A Brief History of VoIP ; Document OneThe 

Past ; Joe Hallock ; joe @ sitedifference . com ; date on cover page Nov . 26 , 2004 ; Evolution and Trends in Digital Media Technologies 

COM 538 ; Masters of Communication in Digital Media ; University 

of Washington . 17 sheets . Document Title : Petitioner ' s Voluntary Interrogatory Responses ; 

United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Unified Patents Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com 

Inc . , Patent Owner ; IPR20161082 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Pro 

ducing Routing Messages for Voice Over IP Communications ; 

Signed and Filed not later than May 24 , 2016 . 8 sheets . Document Title : VoIP - Pal , The World is Calling ! , “ Over $ 7 Billion 

in Lawsuits File by Voip - Pal . com Inc . vs Apple , Verizon and AT & T 

for Various Patent Infringements , ” Business Wire® , A Berkshire 

Hathaway Company , Feb . 11 , 2016 . 2 sheets . 

Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip 

Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . TBD , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Dated 

Jun . 15 , 2016 . 70 sheets . Document Title : in the United States Patent and Trademark Office ; 

Petition for Inter Partes Review Pursuant to 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 100 ET 

SEQ . ; In re U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Currently in Litigation Styled : 

VoIP - Pal . com , Inc . V . Apple Inc . , Case No : 2 : 16 - cv - 00260 - RFB 

VCF ; Issued : Nov . 3 , 2015 ; Application Filed : Aug . 13 , 2013 ; 

Applicant : Clay Perreault , et al . ; Title : Producing Routing Messages 

for Voice Over IP Communications ; Declaration of Henry H . Houh , PhD ; Signed Jun . 14 , 2016 . 143 sheets . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip 

Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . TBD , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Dated 

Jun . 15 , 2016 . 67 sheets . Document Title : in the United States Patent and Trademark Office ; 

Petition for Inter Partes Review Pursuant to 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 100 ET 

SEQ . ; in re U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Currently in Litigation Styled : 

VoIP - Pal . com , Inc . v . Apple Inc . , Case No : 2 : 16 - cv - 00260 - RFB 

VCF ; Issued : Sep . 24 , 2013 ; Application Filed : Nov . 1 , 2007 ; 

Applicant : Clay Perreault , et al . ; Title : Producing Routing Messages 

for Voice Over IP Communications ; Declaration of Henry H . Houh , PhD ; Signed Jun . 14 , 2016 . 143 sheets . Complaint for Patent Infringement , United States District Court , District of Nevada , Case No . 2 : 16 - cv - 2338 , Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a 

Nevada corporation , Plaintiff v . Twitter , Inc . , a California corpora tion , Defendant , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , 8 pages . Civil Docket for Case # : 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , United States 

District Court , District of Nevada ( Las Vegas ) , Voip - Pal . com , Inc . v . Twitter , Inc . , Date Filed : Oct . 6 , 2016 , 2 pages . Table of Exhibits , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , 1 page . Exhibit A , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Issued Sep . 24 , 2013 , to Clay Perrault et al . , 60 pages . Exhibit B , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 , Issued Nov . 3 , 2015 , to Clay Perrault et al . , 63 pages . Exhibit C , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , Letter dated Dec . 18 , 2015 giving notice of U . S . Pat . Nos . 8 , 542 , 815 

B2 ; 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; and related Patents listed in Attachment A , 4 . pages . 

Exhibit D , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , Asserted Claims and Infringement Conditions , United States Dis 

trict Court , District of Nevada , Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada 

corporation , Plaintiff v . Twitter , Inc . , a California corporation , Defendants , 6 pages . Chart 1 to Exhibit D , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , Chart 1 , Asserted Claims and Infringement Conditions Con 

cerning U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States District Court , District of Nevada , Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada corporation , Plaintiff v . Twitter , Inc . , a California corporation , Defendants , 20 

pages 

Chart 2 to Exhibit D , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , Chart 2 , Asserted Claims and Infringement Conditions Con 

cerning U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States District Court , District of Nevada , Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada corporation , Plaintiff v . Twitter , Inc . , a California corporation , Defendants , 28 

pages . 

Exhibit E , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , VPLM Active U . S . Patent Matters as of Oct . 1 , 2016 , 2 pages . Exhibit F , Case 2 : 16 - cv - 02338 - RFB - CWH , Filed Oct . 6 , 2016 , Twitter Royalty Monetization Analysis Overview , 4 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response , Case No . IPR2016 - 01082 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , Unified Patents Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Filing Date : Aug . 26 , 2016 , 80 pages . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . Exhibit 2001 , Comparison of portions of Petition 

with portions of Declaration , IPR2016 - 01082 , Unified Patents v . Voip - Pal , Filing Date : Aug . 26 , 2016 , 9 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Filing Date : 

Sep . 19 , 2016 , 74 pages . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . Exhibit 2001 , Comparison of Petition ( Ground 

1 ) with Petition ( Ground 2 ) , IPR2016 - 01201 , Apple v . Voip - Pal , Filing Date : Sep . 19 , 2016 , 19 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Filing Date : 

Sep . 21 , 2016 , 74 pages . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . Exhibit 2001 , Comparison of Petition ( Ground 

1 ) with Petition ( Ground 2 ) , IPR2016 - 01198 , Apple v . Voip - Pal , Filing Date : Sep . 21 , 2016 , 21 pages . Decision : Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review , 37 C . F . R . 42 . 108 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Unified Patents Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 - 01082 , U . S . Pat . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Paper 8 , Entered : Nov . 18 , 2016 . Decision : Institution of Inter Partes Review , 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 108 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Paper 6 , Entered : Nov . 21 , 2016 . Decision : Institution of Inter Partes Review , 37 C . F . R . § 42 . 108 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 , Paper 6 , Entered : Nov . 21 , 2016 . Scheduling Order : United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Cases IPR2016 - 01201 , IPR2016 

01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 , Paper 7 , Entered : Nov . 21 , 2016 . Patent Owner Response to Petition , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip 

Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Filed : Feb . 10 , 2017 , 76 pages . Patent Owner Updated Exhibit List , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Filed : Feb . 10 , 2017 , 6 

pages 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2002 , IPR2016 - 01201 , “ Declaration of Ryan Thomas 

in Support of Pro HAC Vice Motion , " Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 10 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 10 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : Jan . 20 , 2017 , 4 . pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2003 , IPR 2016 - 01201 , “ Technical Review of Digifonica 

VoIP System , ” Digifonica , Global Telephone Solutions , Author : 

John Rutter , Stuart Gare , Version V0 . 7 ( Draft ) , Date : May 7 , 2005 , 35 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2004 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Memo — “ Subject : Smart 421 

Contract signed and Faxed , ” From : Clay S . Perreault , Date : Jun . 6 , 2005 , 8 : 53 AM , to : Steve Nicholson , et al . , 2 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2005 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Memo — “ Subject : Digifonica TEchnology review , " From : Clay Perreault , Date : Jun . 6 , 2005 , 5 : 37 

PM ; to : John Rutter , et al . , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2006 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Memo — “ Subject : Re : Sample code for review Next document upload complete , ” From : Clay 

Perreault , Date : Jun . 15 , 2005 , 3 : 28 PM , to : John Rutter , et al . , 3 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2007 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DigiFonica International Inc 

Memo — “ [ Fwd : Digifonica Technical Reviewdraft report ] , ” From 

Clay Perreault , to : Rod Thomson , et al . , Tue , Jul . 5 , 2005 at 4 : 45 

PM , 2 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2008 , IPR2016 - 01201 , John Rutter — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , ” Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Jan . 31 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2009 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Stuart Gare — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , ” Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Feb . 2 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2010 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Pentti Kalevi Huttunen 

“ Declaration in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes 

Petition , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Dated : Feb . 3 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2011 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Ryan Purita — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , ” Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Jan . 31 , 2017 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2012 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Johan Emil Viktor Bjorsell 

“ Declaration in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes 

Petition , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Dated : Feb . 9 , 2017 , 9 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2013 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Clay Perreault — “ Declaration 

in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , ” Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Feb . 8 , 2017 , 6 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2014 , IPR2016 - 01201 , RBR Source Code , Version 

361 , " call _ e164 . class . php RBR Version 361 , Jun . 6 , 2005 09 : 22 : 59 , " 

45 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2015 , IPR2016 - 01201 , RBR Source Code Log for 

Trunk Directory , " r1879 | cdelalande | Oct . 31 , 2006 17 : 07 : 46 - 0800 

( Tue , Oct . 31 , 2006 ) | 3 lines , ” 56 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2016 , IPR2016 - 01201 , William Henry Mangione Smith — “ Declaration in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter 

Partes Petition , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Dated : Feb . 10 , 2017 , 82 pages . 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2017 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ notes from your presentation , 1 message " From 

Konstantin Kropivny , To : Emil Björsell , Tue , Jun . 14 , 2005 at 

7 : 33PM , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2018 , IPR2016 - 01201 , David Terry — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , " Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Feb . 8 , 2017 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2019 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software release 10 : 30 am PST – 11 : 00 am PST for 

Aug . 25 , 2005 . 1 message ” From Samantha Edwards , to : 

everyone @ digifonica . com , Wed . , Aug . 24 , 2005 at 4 : 02 PM , 8 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2020 , IPR2016 - 01201 , “ Next Generation Net 

works — A Migration Path Digifonica Voice Over IP Technologies . Technology Overview , Draft Jun . 3 , 2005 , Not for Distribution , ” by Clay S Perreault , CEO / CTO , Digifonica International Ltd , Gibral 

tar , 45 pages Voip - Pal Ex . 2021 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : Salm Rev 341 , RBR Rev 341 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Tue , May 31 , 2005 at 1 : 13 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2022 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Salm Rev 341 , RBR Rev 341 , 2 messages ” Emil 

Björsell to : Fuad , et al . , Tue , May 31 , 2005 at 2 : 38 and 2 : 44 PM , 1 

page . 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2023 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

353 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Thu , Jun . 2 , 2005 

at 1 : 12 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2024 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

358 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Sun , Jun . 5 , 2005 

at 1 : 18 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2025 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

361 updated , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Mon . , Jun . 6 , 2005 

at 9 : 26 AM , 1 page . 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2026 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo “ RBR Roll out Rev 361 , 1 message ” David Terry to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon . , Jun . 6 , 2005 at 9 : 33 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2027 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Df DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 361 , 1 message ” Emil Björsell to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon . , Jun . 6 , 2005 at 11 : 33 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2030 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Rev 541 

updated , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Thu , Aug . 4 , 2005 at 

11 : 57 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2031 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Rev 541 , 1 message ” David Terry to : Fuad , et 

al . , Thu , Aug . 4 , 2005 at 1 : 58 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2032 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Rev 541 , 1 message ” Emil Björsell to : Fuad , et 

al . , Thu , Aug . 4 , 2005 at 3 : 59 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2033 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

554 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : Emil Björsell , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 10 : 55 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2034 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 554 , 2 messages ” David Terry to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 11 : 48 AM and 12 : 00 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2035 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 554 , 1 message ” Emil Björsell to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 12 : 09 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2036 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Digifonica : RBR and Salma Deployment , ” Samantha 

Edwards to : everyone @ digifonica . com , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 4 : 12 

PM , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2042 , IPR2016 - 01201 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 693 694 , 1 message " Chris Huff 

to : Fuad , et al . , Tue , Aug . 23 , 2005 at 1 : 33 PM , 1 page . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 11 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 11 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2043 , IPR2016 - 01201 , “ Deposition of Henry H . Houh , Ph . D . , vol . I , Taken on Behalf of the Patent Owner , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark 

Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : Jan . 25 , 2017 , 128 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2044 , IPR2016 - 01201 , “ Deposition of Henry H . Houh , Ph . D . , Volume II , Taken on Behalf of the Patent Owner , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark 

Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : Jan . 26 , 2017 , 158 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2045 , IPR 2016 - 01201 , Curriculum Vitae of William 

Henry Mangione - Smith , Ph . D . , 23 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2046 , IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 3 , 725 , 596 , Issued 

Apr . 3 , 1973 , Rodney Robert Maxon et al . , 18 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2047 , IPR2016 - 01201 , “ Merlin® Communications 

System , Centrex / PBS Connection , ” Lucent Technologies , Bell Labs 

Innovations , © 1984 AT & T , 999 - 500 - 138 IS , Issue 1 , Mar . 1985 , 26 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2048 , IPR2016 - 01201 , “ Telephone Features , ” Quick Reference Guide , Definity , Rockefeller Group , Telecommunications 

Services , Inc . , 2000 , 2 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2049 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Valdar , Andy , Understanding Telecommunications Networks , © 2006 the Institution of Engineer ing and Technology , London , UK , Title page , copyright page , pp . 38 - 39 . Voip - Pal Ex . 2050 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Horak , Ray , “ Webster ' s New 

World® Telecom Dictionary , " © 2008 by Wiley Publishing , Inc . , Indianapolis , Indiana , Title page , copyright page , p . 133 . Patent Owner Response to Petition , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip 

Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Filed : Feb . 10 , 2017 , 78 pages . Patent Owner Updated Exhibit List , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Filed : Feb . 10 , 2017 , 6 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2002 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Declaration of Ryan Thomas 

in Support of Pro HAC Vice Motion , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : Jan . 20 , 2017 , 4 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2003 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Technical Review of Digifonica 

VoIP System , ” Digifonica , Global Telephone Solutions , Author : 

John Rutter , Stuart Gare , Version 10 . 7 ( Draft ) , Date : May 7 , 2005 , 35 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2004 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Memo — “ Subject : Smart 421 

Contract signed and Faxed , ” From : Clay S . Perreault , Date : Jun . 6 , 2005 , 8 : 53 AM , to : Steve Nicholson , et al . , 2 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2005 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Memo — “ Subject : Digifonica TEchnology review , " From : Clay Perreault , Date : Jun . 6 , 2005 , 5 : 37 

PM ; To : John Rutter , et al . , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2006 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Memo — “ Subject : Re : Sample code for review Next document upload complete , ” From : Clay Perreault , Date : Jun . 15 , 2005 , 3 : 28 PM , to : John Rutter , et al . , 3 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2007 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DigiFonica International Inc 

Memo — “ [ Fwd : Digifonica Technical Reviewdraft report ] , ” From 

Clay Perreault , to : Rod Thomson , et al . , Tue , Jul . 5 , 2005 at 4 : 45 

PM , 2 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2008 , IPR2016 - 01198 , John Rutter — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , ” Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Jan . 31 , 2017 , 4 pages . 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2009 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Stuart Gare “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , " Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Feb . 2 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2010 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Pentti Kalevi Huttunen 

“ Declaration in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes 

Petition , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Dated : Feb . 3 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2011 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Ryan Purita — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , " Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Jan . 31 , 2017 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2012 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Johan Emil Viktor Bjorsell — “ Declaration in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes 

Petition , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Dated : Feb . 9 , 2017 , 9 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2013 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Clay Perreault — “ Declaration 

in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , " Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Feb . 8 , 2017 , 6 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2014 , IPR2016 - 01198 , RBR Source Code , Version 

361 , " call _ e164 . class . php RBR Version 361 , Jun . 6 , 2005 09 : 22 : 59 , " 

45 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2015 , IPR2016 - 01198 , RBR Source Code Log for 

Trunk Directory , “ r1879 | cdelalande | Oct . 31 , 2006 17 : 07 : 46 - 0800 

( Tue , Oct . 31 , 2006 ) | 3 lines , ” 56 pages Voip - Pal Ex . 2016 , IPR2016 - 01198 , William Henry Mangione 

Smith — “ Declaration in Support Patent Owner Response to Inter 

Partes Petition , " Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Dated : Feb . 10 , 2017 , 96 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2017 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ notes from your presentation , 1 message ” From 

Konstantin Kropivny , to : Emil Björsell , Tue , Jun . 14 , 2005 at 

7 : 33PM , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2018 , IPR2016 - 01198 , David Terry — “ Declaration in 

Support Patent Owner Response to Inter Partes Petition , " Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : 

Feb . 8 , 2017 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2019 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — " Software release 10 : 30 am PST – 11 : 00 am PST for 

Aug . 25 , 2005 . 1 message ” From Samantha Edwards , to : 

everyone @ digifonica . com , Wed . , Aug . 24 , 2005 at 4 : 02 PM , 8 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2020 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Next Generation Net 

works — A Migration Path Digifonica Voice Over IP Technologies . Technology Overview , Draft Jun . 3 , 2005 , Not for Distribution , " by Clay S Perreault , CEO / CTO , Digifonica International Ltd , Gibral 

tar , 45 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2021 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : Salm Rev 341 , RBR Rev 341 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Tue , May 

31 , 2005 at 1 : 13 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2022 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Salm Rev 341 , RBR Rev 341 , 2 messages ” Emil 

Björsell to : Fuad , et al . , Tue , May 31 , 2005 at 2 : 38 and 2 : 44 PM , 1 

page 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 12 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 12 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2049 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Valdar , Andy , Understanding 

Telecommunications Networks , © 2006 The Institution of Engineer ing and Technology , London , UK , Title page , copyright page , pp . 38 - 39 . Voip - Pal Ex . 2050 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Horak , Ray , “ Webster ' s New 

World® Telecom Dictionary , " © 2008 by Wiley Publishing , Inc . , Indianapolis , Indiana , Title page , copyright page , p . 133 . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2017 - 01399 - 815 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Dated May 9 , 2017 , 63 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01399 - 815 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 : U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 486 , 684 to Chu , et al . , 59 

pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1004 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01399 - 815 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 : U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 760 , 324 to Scott , et al . , 65 

pages . 

Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1005 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01399 - 815 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 : Declaration of Henry H . Hough , PhD , 45 

pages . 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2023 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

353 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Thu , Jun . 2 , 2005 

at 1 : 12 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2024 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

358 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Sun , Jun . 5 , 2005 

at 1 : 18 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2025 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

361 updated , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Mon . , Jun . 6 , 2005 

at 9 : 26 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2026 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 361 , 1 message ” David Terry to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon . , Jun . 6 , 2005 at 9 : 33 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2027 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 361 , 1 message ” Emil Björsell to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon . , Jun . 6 , 2005 at 11 : 33 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2030 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Rev 541 

updated , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : E . Björsell , Thu , Aug . 4 , 2005 at 

11 : 57 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2031 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Rev 541 , 1 message ” David Terry to : Fuad , et 

al . , Thu , Aug . 4 , 2005 at 1 : 58 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2032 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Rev 541 , 1 message ” Emil Björsell to : Fuad , et 

al . , Thu , Aug . 4 , 2005 at 3 : 59 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2033 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Software roll out for supernodes . : : RBR Roll out Rev 

554 added , 1 message ” Fuad A . To : Emil Björsell , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 10 : 55 AM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2034 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 554 , 2 messages ” David Terry to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 11 : 48 AM and 12 : 00 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2035 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 554 , 1 message ” Emil Björsell to : 

Fuad , et al . , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 12 : 09 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2036 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ Digifonica : RBR and Salma Deployment , ” Samantha 

Edwards to : everyone @ digifonica . com , Mon , Aug . 8 , 2005 at 4 : 12 

PM , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2042 , IPR2016 - 01198 , DF DigiFonica International 

Inc Memo — “ RBR Roll out Rev 693 = 694 , 1 message ” Chris Huff 

to : Fuad , et al . , Tue , Aug . 23 , 2005 at 1 : 33 PM , 1 page . Voip - Pal Ex . 2043 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Deposition of Henry H . Houh , Ph . D . , vol . I , Taken on Behalf of the Patent Owner , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark 

Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : Jan . 25 , 2017 , 128 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2044 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Deposition of Henry H . Houh , Ph . D . , vol . II , Taken on Behalf of the Patent Owner , ” Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , United States Patent and Trademark 

Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Dated : Jan . 26 , 2017 , 158 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2045 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Curriculum Vitae of William 

Henry Mangione - Smith , Ph . D . , 23 pages 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2046 , IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 3 , 725 , 596 , Issued 

Apr . 3 , 1973 , Rodney Robert Maxon et al . , 18 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2047 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Merlin® Communications 

System , Centrex / PBS Connection , ” Lucent Technologies , Bell Labs 

Innovations , © 1984 AT & T , 999 - 500 - 138 IS , Issue 1 , Mar . 1985 , 26 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2048 , IPR2016 - 01198 , “ Telephone Features , ” Quick Reference Guide , Definity , Rockefeller Group , Telecommunications 

Services , Inc . , 2000 , 2 pages . 

Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1006 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01399 - 815 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 : U . S . Publication No . 2002 / 0122547 to 

Hinchey et al . , 21 pages . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Patent 

of Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2017 - 01398 

005 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Petition for Inter Partes Review of 

U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Dated May 9 , 2017 . 54 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1006 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01398 - 005 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 : U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 486 , 684 to Chu , et al . , 59 

pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1007 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01398 - 005 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 : U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 760 , 324 to Scott , et al . , 65 

pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1008 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01398 - 005 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 : Declaration of Henry H . Hough , PhD , 41 

pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1009 , Case No . IPR2017 - 01398 - 005 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 : U . S . Publication No . 2002 / 0122547 to 

Hinchey et al . , 21 pages . Document Title : in the United States Patent and Trademark Office ; 

Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner v . Digifonica ( International ) Limited Patent Owner , Case 

No . IPR2017 - 01382 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Petition for Inter 

Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Dated May 8 , 2017 , 84 

pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , United States Patent 

and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; 

AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner v . Digifonica ( International ) Lim 

ited Patent Owner , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , Inter Partes Review 

No . IPR2017 - 01382 ; Declaration of James Bress in Support of 

Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; with 

Appendices A through II , 2113 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix A , James R . Bress , Curriculum Vitae , 26 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix B , Chapter 5 , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian Goleniewski , © 2002 , 40 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix C , Chapter 11 , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian Goleniewski , © 2002 , 41 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix D , ITU - T Recommendation E . 164 ( May 1997 ) , 27 

pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix E , Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , pp . 3 - 8 - 3 - 14 , 9 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix F , Chapter 4 , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian Goleniewski , © 2002 , pp . 99 - 100 , 4 pages . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 13 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 13 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix G , Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , pp . 18 - 1 - 18 - 20 , 22 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix H , Softswitch , Architecture for VoIP , Franklin D . Ohrtman , Jr . , © 2003 , Chapter 2 , 32 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix I , Telecommunications Act of 1996 , 104th Con 

gress of the U . S . A . , Jan . 1996 , 128 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix J , Perspectives on the AIN Architecture , Berman 

et al . , IEEE Communications Magazine , Feb . 1992 , 6 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix K , U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 907 , 714 B2 , to Baniak et al . , 21 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix L , The IMS , Poikselkä & Mayer , © 2009 , John 

Wiley & Sons Ltd , Chapter 1 Introduction , 14 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix M , the IMS , Poikselkä & Mayer , © 2009 , John 

Wiley & Sons Ltd , pp . 24 - 25 and 86 - 94 , 13 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix N , Chapter 9 , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian Goleniewski , © 2002 , 42 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix O , Softswitch , Architecture for VoIP , Franklin D . Ohrtman , Jr . , © 2003 , pp . 238 - 239 , 4 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix P , Softswitch , Architecture for VoIP , Franklin D . Ohrtman , Jr . , © 2003 , Chapter 4 , pp . 67 - 86 , 22 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix , Softswitch , Architecture for VoIP , Franklin D . Ohrtman , Jr . , © 2003 , Chapter 5 , pp . 87 - 112 , 28 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix R , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian 

Goleniewski , © 2002 , p . 221 , 3 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix S , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 1122 , Internat Engineering Task Force , R . Braden , Ed . , Oct . 1989 , pp . 18 - 25 , 9 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix T , RFC ( Request for Comments ) : 791 , Internet 

Protocol , Darpa Internet Program , Protocol Specification , Sep . 1981 , by Information Sciences Institute , USC , 50 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix U , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 1034 , P . Mockapetris , ISI , Nov . 1987 , pp . 155 , 55 

pages . 

Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix V , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 1035 , P . Mockapetris , ISI , Nov . 1987 , pp . 155 , 55 

pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 01382 ; Appendix W , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 3761 , P . Faltstrom et al . , Apr . 2004 , pp . 1 - 18 , 18 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix X , U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 594 , 254 B1 , to Kelly , 18 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix Y , ITU - T Recommendation H . 323 ( Jul . 2003 ) , 298 pages Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix Z , Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , pp . 6 - 306 - 6 - 309 , 4 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix AA , Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , pp . 14 - 10 - 14 - 13 , 6 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix BB , The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF® ) , May 5 , 2017 , 2 pages . 

Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix CC , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 3261 , J . Rosenberg et al . , Jun . 2002 , 269 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix DD , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 3666 , A . Johnston et al . , Dec . 2003 , 118 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix EE , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 3665 , A . Johnston et al . , Dec . 2003 , 94 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix FF , Network Working Group , RFC ( Request for 

Comments ) : 2327 , M . Handley et al . , Apr . 1998 , 42 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix GG , ITU - T Recommendation Q . 931 ( May 1998 ) , 345 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix HH , Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , pp . 14 - 76 - 14 - 77 , 4 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Appendix II , Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , p . 10 - 7 , 3 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1004 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; James R . Bress , Curriculum Vitae , 26 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1005 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 240 , 449 , Issued May 29 , 2001 to Raymond Nadeau , 13 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1006 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 594 , 254 B1 , Issued Jul . 15 , 2003 to Keith C . Kelly , 18 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1007 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 715 , 413 B2 , Issued May 11 , 2010 , to Vaziri 

et al . , 53 pages Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1008 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Decision , Institution of Inter Partes Review , 37 C . F . R . $ 

42 . 108 , Paper 6 , Entered Nov . 21 , 2016 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Before Barbara A . Benoit , Lynne E . Pettigrew , and Stacy B . Margolies , Administrative Patent 

Judges , 33 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1009 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; p . 221 and Chapter 11 , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian Goleniewski , © 2002 , 44 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1010 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; RFC ( Request for Comments ) : 791 , Internet Protocol , Darpa 

Internet Program , Protocol Specification , Sep . 1981 , by Information 

Sciences Institute , USC , 50 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1011 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; ITU - T Recommendation H . 323 ( Jul . 2003 ) , 298 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1012 , Case No . IPR2017 

01382 ; Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , p . 10 - 7 , 3 pages . Document Title : In the United States Patent and Trademark Office ; 

Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner v . Digifonica ( International ) Limited Patent Owner , Case 

No . IPR2017 - 01383 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Petition for Inter 

Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Dated May 8 , 2017 , 92 

pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , United States Patent 

and Trademark Office ; Before The Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; 

AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner v . Digifonioa ( International ) Lim 

ited Patent Owner , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , Inter Partes Review 

No . IPR2017 - 01383 ; Declaration of James Bress in Support of 

Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; with 

Appendices A through II , 2094 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1004 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; James R . Bress , Curriculum Vitae , 26 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1005 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 240 , 449 , Issued May 29 , 2001 to Raymond Nadeau , 13 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1006 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; U . S . Publication No . 2004 / 0218748 A1 , Published Nov . 4 , 2004 , by Stephen Fisher , 18 pages . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 14 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 14 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1007 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 594 , 254 B1 , Issued Jul . 15 , 2003 , to Keith 

C . Kelly , 18 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1008 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 674 , 850 B2 , Issued Jan . 6 , 2004 , to Vu et al . , 10 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1009 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; Decision , Institution of Inter Partes Review , 37 C . F . R . S 

42 . 108 , Paper 6 , Entered Nov . 21 , 2016 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 

01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 , Before Barbara A . Benoit , Lynne E . Pettigrew , and Stacy B . Margolies , Administrative Patent 

Judges , 32 pags . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1010 , Case No . IPR2017 

01383 ; Patent Owner Response to Petition , Filed Feb . 10 , 2017 , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 , 78 

pages . Document Title : In the United States Patent and Trademark Office ; 

Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner v . Digifonica ( International ) Limited Patent Owner , Case 

No . IPR2017 - 01384 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Petition for Inter 

Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Dated May 7 , 2017 , 70 

pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1003 , United States Patent 

and Trademark Office ; Before The Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; 

AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner v . Digifonioa ( International ) Lim 

ited Patent Owner , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , Inter Partes Review 

No . IPR2017 - 01384 ; Declaration of James Bress in Support of 

Petition for Inter Partes Review of U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; with Appendices A through II , 2085 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1004 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; James R . Bress , Curriculum Vitae , 26 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1005 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 240 , 449 , Issued May 29 , 2001 to Raymond Nadeau , 13 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1006 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; U . S . Pat . No . 6 , 594 , 254 B1 , Issued Jul . 15 , 2003 , to Keith 

C . Kelly , 18 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1007 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 715 , 413 B2 , Issued May 11 , 2010 , to Vaziri 

et al . , 53 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1008 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; Decision , Institution of Inter Partes Review , 37 C . F . R . S 

42 . 108 , Paper 6 , Entered Nov . 21 , 2016 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com INC . , Patent Owner , Case IPR2016 

01198 , Patent 9 , 179 , 005 B2 , Before Barbara A . Benoit , Lynne E . Pettigrew , and Stacy B . Margolies , Administrative Patent Judges , 32 

pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1009 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; p . 221 and Chapter 11 , Telecommunications Essentials , Lillian Goleniewski , © 2002 , 44 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1010 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; RFC ( Request for Comments ) : 791 , Internet Protocol , Darpa Internet Program , Protocol Specification , Sep . 1981 , by Information 

Sciences Institute , USC , 50 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1011 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; ITU - T Recommendation H . 323 ( Jul . 2003 ) , 298 pages . Petitioner AT & T Services , Inc . Exhibit 1012 , Case No . IPR2017 

01384 ; Telcordia Notes on the Networks , SR - 2275 , Issue 4 , Oct . 2000 , p . 10 - 7 , 3 pages . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip 

Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Petitioner ' s Reply to Patent Owner ' s Response , Dated May 17 , 2017 , 34 pages . 

Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1007 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Discovery Deposition of William 

Henry Mangione - Smith , taken on Apr . 19 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 213 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1008 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Discovery Deposition of John 

Rutter , taken ( by phone ) on Apr . 5 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 43 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1009 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Discovery Deposition of David 

Terry , taken on Mar . 24 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 95 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1010 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Discovery Deposition of Clay 

Perreault , taken on Apr . 12 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 118 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1011 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Complaint for Patent Infringement 

[ Jury Demand ] , United States District Court , District of Nevada , Case No . 2 : 16 - CV - 00260 , Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada corpora tion , Plaintiff , v . Apple , Inc . , a California corporation , Defendants , filed Feb . 9 , 2016 , 8 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1012 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Discovery Deposition of Johan 

Emil Viktor Bjorsell , taken on Mar . 24 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 204 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1013 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 : U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Letter dated Apr . 21 , 2017 to Adam 

P . Seitz et al . , Erise IP , P . A . , re : IPR2016 - 01198 & IPR1026 - 01201 , “ Pursuant to the Board Order of Apr . 19 , 2017 ( Paper 28 ) . . . ” from 

Kerry Taylor , Knobbe , Martens , Olson & Bear , LLP , 1 page . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1014 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Email dated May 1 , 2017 to Adam 

P . Seitz et al . , Erise IP , P . A . , re : IPR2016 - 01198 & IPR1026 - 01201 — Fuad Arafa , from Kerry Taylor , Knobbe , Martens , Olson & Bear , LLP , 2 pages . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip 

Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Petitioner ' s Reply to Patent Owner ' s Response , Paper 34 , Dated May 17 , 2017 , 33 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1010 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Discovery Deposition of William 

Henry Mangione - Smith , taken on Apr . 19 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 213 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1011 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Discovery Deposition of John 

Rutter , taken ( by phone ) on Apr . 5 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 43 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1012 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 15 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 15 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Discovery Deposition of David 

Terry , taken on Mar . 24 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 95 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1013 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Discovery Deposition of Clay 

Perreault , taken on Apr . 12 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 118 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1014 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Complaint for Patent Infringement [ Jury Demand ] , United States District Court , District of Nevada , Case No . 2 : 16 - CV - 00260 , Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , a Nevada corpora 

tion , Plaintiff , v . Apple , Inc . , a California corporation , Defendants , filed Feb . 9 , 2016 , 8 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1015 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Discovery Deposition of Johan 

Emil Viktor Bjorsell , taken on Mar . 24 , 2017 in Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , 204 pages . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1016 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Letter dated Apr . 21 , 2017 to Adam 

P . Seitz et al . , Erise IP , P . A . , re : IPR2016 - 01198 & IPR1026 - 01201 , “ Pursuant to the Board Order of Apr . 19 , 2017 ( Paper 28 ) . . . ” from 

Kerry Taylor , Knobbe , Martens , Olson & Bear , LLP , 1 page . Petitioner Apple Inc . Exhibit 1017 , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 

01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Email dated May 1 , 2017 to Adam 

P . Seitz et al . , Erise IP , P . A . , re : IPR2016 - 01198 & IPR1026 - 01201 

Fuad Arafa , from Kerry Taylor , Knobbe , Martens , Olson & Bear , LLP , 2 pages . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip 

Pal . Com . Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Patent Owner Objections to Apple Evidence Served 

With Petitioner ' s Reply , Filed on behalf of Patent Owner Voip - Pal . com Inc . , Filed : May 24 , 2017 , 6 pages . Document Title : United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before 

the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip 

Pal . Com . Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Patent Owner Objections to Apple Evidence Served 

With Petitioner ' S Reply , Filed on behalf of Patent Owner Voip - Pal . com Inc . , Filed : May 24 , 2017 , 6 pages . Petitioner ' s Request for Oral Argument , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 4 

pages . Patent Owner Sur - Reply in Response to Petitioner ' s Reply , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , Patent 8 , 542 , 815 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 8 pages . Patent Owner Request for Oral Argument , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 4 . pages . Patent Owner Motion to Exclude , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 18 pages . 

Voip - Pal Ex . 2052 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Apple Inc . vs . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , Reporter ' s Transcript of Telephonic Hearing , Jun . 7 , 2017 , 16 

sheets . Petitioner ' s Request for Oral Argument , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , Patent 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 4 pages . Patent Owner Sur - Reply in Response to Petitioner ' s Reply , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , Patent 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 8 pages . Patent Owner Request for Oral Argument , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , Patent 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 4 pages . Patent Owner Motion to Exclude , United States Patent and Trade 

mark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 

01198 , Patent 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Jun . 14 , 2017 , 18 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2052 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Apple Inc . vs . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , Reporter ' s Transcript of Telephonic Hearing , Jun . 7 , 2017 , 16 

sheets . Order , Conduct of Proceeding , 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 5 , United States 

Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Patent Owner , Cases IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 

B2 and 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Paper No . 37 , Filed : Jun . 13 , 2017 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2053 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Apple Inc . vs . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , Reporters Transcript of Telephonic Hearing , Jun . 20 , 2017 , 25 

pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2053 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Apple Inc . vs . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , Reporters Transcript of Telephonic Hearing , Jun . 20 , 2017 , 25 

pages . Order , Conduct of Proceeding , 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 5 , United States 

Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trail and Appeal 

Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner . Cases IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 

B2 and 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Paper No . 43 , Filed : Jun . 22 , 2017 , 4 pages . Order , Trial Hearing , 37 C . F . R . § 42 . 70 , United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trail and Appeal Board , Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner . Cases IPR2016 

01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 and 

8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Paper No . 45 , Filed : Jun . 26 , 2017 , 4 pages . Petitioner ' s Opposition to Patent Owner ' s Motion to Exclude , Unted States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , Date : Jun . 26 , 2017 , 15 pages . Petitioner ' s Opposition to Patent Owner ' s Motion to Exclude , Unted States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , Date : Jun . 26 , 2017 , 15 pages 

Patent Owner Reply to Opposition to Motion to Exclude , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR 2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , Filed : 

Jul . 3 , 2017 , 8 pages . Patent Owner Reply to Opposition to Motion to Exclude , United 

States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the Patent Trial and 

Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent 

Owner , Case No . IPR 2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , Filed : 

Jul . 3 , 2017 , 8 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2054 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Voip - Pal ' s Demonstratives for 

Oral Hearing , Apple Inc . v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Case IPR2016 

01201 ( U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ) , Case IPR 2016 - 01198 ( U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ) , Jul . 20 , 2017 , 34 pages . Voip - Pal Ex . 2054 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Voip - Pal ' s Demonstratives for 

Oral Hearing , Apple Inc . V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Case IPR2016 

01201 ( U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ) , Case IPR2016 - 01198 ( U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ) , Jul . 20 , 2017 , 34 pages . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 16 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Page 16 

( 56 ) References Cited 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Petitioner Apple Inc . Ex . 1018 , Petitioner ' s Demonstrative Exhibits , Inter Partes Reviews , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 & 8 , 542 , 815 , Oral 

Argument , Jul . 20 , 2017 , Apple Inc . V . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , Case 

IPR2016 - 01198 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , Case IPR2016 - 01201 ; 

U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , 46 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board , AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner , v . VoIP - Palcom , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2017 - 01382 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , dated Aug . 24 , 2017 , 71 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board , AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner , v . VoIP - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2017 - 01383 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Aug . 24 , 2017 , 74 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board , AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner , v . VoIP - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2017 - 01384 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Aug . 24 , 2017 , 61 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2017 - 01398 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , dated Aug . 25 , 2017 , 76 pages . Patent Owner ' s Preliminary Response to Petition for Inter Partes 

Review , United States Patent and Trademark Office , Before the 

Patent Trial and Appeal Board , Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . VoIP - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner , Case No . IPR2017 - 01399 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 , dated Aug . 25 , 2017 , 77 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com . , Inc . Patent Owner ; Cases IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 and 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; Record of Oral Hearing , Held : 

Jul . 20 , 2017 ; Before Josiah C . Cocks , Jennifer Meyer Chagnon , and 

John A . Hudalla , Administrative Patent Judges , 83 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; 

Final Written Decision ; Paper 53 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; 29 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; 

Final Written Decision ; Paper 54 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; 29 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2017 - 01399 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; 

Decision : Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review ; Paper No . 6 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; 23 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2017 - 01398 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; 

Decision : Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review ; Paper No . 6 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; 23 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2017 - 01382 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 , Decision : Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review ; 

Paper No . 8 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; 28 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2017 - 01383 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; Decision : Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review ; 

Paper No . 8 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; 43 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; AT & T Services , Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2017 - 01384 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; Decision : Denying Institution of Inter Partes Review ; 

Paper No . 8 , Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 , 31 pages . 

United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Cases IPR 2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 and 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; Order , Conduct of Proceeding , 37 

C . F . R . $ 42 . 5 ; Paper No . 54 , Entered : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 4 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Petitioner ' s Motion for Entry of Judgment in Favor of Petitioner etc ; 

Paper 55 , Date : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 18 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Petitioner ' s Updated Exhibit List ; Date : Dec . 22 , 2017 ; 4 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Exhibit 1019 - Sep . 18 , 2017 Voip - Pal Website advertising Dr . Sawyer ' s Letters ; Date : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 1 page . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Exhibit 1020 — Sep . 2017 Voip - Pal Website posting and linking all 

of Dr . Sawyer ' s Letters ; Date : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 2 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , vs . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 

B2 and Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; 

IPR2016 - 01201 Exhibit 1021 — Telephonic Hearing Before the Admin 

istrative Patent Judges : Dec . 19 , 2017 ; 25 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Petitioner ' s Motion for Entry of Judgment in Favor of Petitioner etc ; 

Date : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 18 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Petitioner ' s Updated Exhibit List ; Date : Dec . 22 , 2017 ; 4 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; 

Exhibit 1019 - Sep . 18 , 2017 Voip - Pal Website advertising Dr . Sawyer ' s Letters ; Date : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 1 page . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 ; 

Exhibit 1020 - Sep . 2017 Voip - Pal Website posting and linking all 

of Dr . Sawyer ' s Letters ; Date : Dec . 20 , 2017 ; 2 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , vs . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 

B2 and Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; 

IPR2016 - 01198 Exhibit 1021 — Telephonic Hearing Before the Admin 

istrative Patent Judges : Dec . 19 , 2017 ; 25 pages . Exhibit 3001 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 — Letter from Ryan L . Thomas 

dated Dec . 19 , 2017 re Representation of VoIP - Pal . com , Inc . in 

Conference Call to the Administrative Patent Judges in re IPR2016 

01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 ; 1 page . Exhibit 3002 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 – Email from Attorney Adam Seitz 

dated Dec . 15 , 2017 to the Administrative Patent Judges in re 

IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 re Authorization to File Motion 

for Sanctions ; 1 page . Exhibit 3003 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 — Letter from Dr . Thomas E . Sawyer ( Shareholder ) dated May 1 , 2017 to Ptab Chief Judge David 

P . Ruschke in re IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 re Review of 

Proceedings , 6 pages . Exhibit 3004 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 — Letter from Dr . Thomas E . Sawyer ( Shareholder ) dated Jun . 21 , 2017 to Ptab Chief Judge 

David P . Ruschke in re IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 re Review of Proceedings , 3 pages . 

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OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Exhibit 3005 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 — Letter from Dr . Thomas E . Sawyer ( Shareholder ) dated Jul . 11 , 2017 to PTAB Chief Judge David P . Ruschke in re IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 re 

Review of Proceedings , 5 pages . Exhibit 3006 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 – Letter from Dr . Thomas E . Sawyer ( Shareholder ) dated Jul . 27 , 2017 to the Secretary of the 

Department of Commerce Hon . Wilbur Ross et al . In re IPR2016 

01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 re Review of Proceedings , 6 pages . Exhibit 3007 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 — Letter from Dr . Thomas E . Sawyer ( Shareholder ) dated Aug . 31 , 2017 to the Secretary of the 

Department of Commerce Hon . Wilbur Ross in re IPR2016 - 01198 

and IPR - 2016 - 01201 re Review of Proceedings , 8 pages . Exhibit 3008 filed Dec . 20 , 2017 – Letter from Dr . Thomas E . Sawyer ( Shareholder ) dated Oct . 23 , 2017 to the PTAB Chief Judge 

David P . Ruschke et al . in re IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR - 2016 - 01201 

re Review of Proceedings , 10 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Patent Owner ' s Opposition to Apple ' s Motion for Sanctions Pur 

suant to Board Order of Dec . 20 , 2017 ; Filed : Jan . 12 , 2018 ; 17 

pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Patent Owner ' s Updated Exhibit List ; Filed : Jan . 12 , 2018 ; 9 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2056 , IPR2016 - 01198 ; United States Patent and 

Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Declaration in Support of 

Patent Owner ' s Opposition to Motion for Sanctions ; Dated : Jan . 12 , 2018 ; 12 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Patent Owner ' s Opposition to Apple ' s Motion for Sanctions Pur 

suant to Board Order of Dec . 20 , 2017 ; Filed : Jan . 12 , 2018 ; 17 

pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Patent Owner ' s Updated Exhibit List ; Filed : Jan . 12 , 2018 ; 9 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2056 , IPR2016 - 01198 ; United States Patent and 

Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board ; Apple 

Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Declaration in Support of 

Patent Owner ' s Opposition to Motion for Sanctions ; Dated : Jan . 12 , 2018 ; 12 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2057 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Dec 

laration of Adam R . Knecht , Esq . Regarding Notice of Various 

Letters From Dr . Thomas Sawyer to the Honorable Judge Richard 

F . Boulware II ( ECF Nos . 28 and 32 ) ; including Exhibit A ( 7 pages ) , Exhibit B ( 19 pages ) and Exhibit C ( 12 pages ) ; Executed on Dec . 18 , 2017 ; 40 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2058 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; O ' Brien 

et al . , “ Revealed : Federal Judges Guilty of Owning Stock in 

Corporations They Ruled on , " Occupy . com ( May 1 , 2014 ) 11 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2059 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Letter 

dated Aug . 7 , 2013 from Kathryn Siehndel , USPTO FOIA Officer 

Re : Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) Request No . F - 13 - 00218 

concerning U . S . Pat . No . 7 , 139 , 761 ; 77 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2060 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Ques tionnaire for Non - Judicial Nominees ; Affidavit executed by Michelle 

K . Lee Oct . 28 , 2014 ; 40 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2061 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Davis , R . , “ PTAB ' s ' Death Squad ' Label Not Totally Off - Base , Chief 

Says , ” Law360 , New York ( Aug . 14 , 2014 ) 4 pages . 

Voip - Pal Exhibit 2062 ; IPR 2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Gra 

ham et al . , “ The Brainy Bunch , " Intellectual Property : An ALM 

Supplement , Fall 2015 , 7 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2063 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Patent 

Trial and Appeal Board Statistics , USPTO , Jan . 31 , 2017 , 15 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2064 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Davis , R . , “ Fed . Circ . Reverses PTAB Nix of Synopsys Circuit Patent , " 

Law360 , New York , Apr . 24 , 2017 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2065 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Scheller 

et al . “ Federal Circuit to PTAB : No Short Cuts Allowed , ” The 

National Law Review ; Apr . 25 , 2017 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2066 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Cou 

turier , K . “ How Europe Is Going After Apple , Google and Other 

U . S . Tech Giants , ” New York Times , Apr . 13 , 2015 , 1 page . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2067 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , Manjoo , F . , “ Tech Giants Seem Invincible . That Worries Lawmakers . ” New 

York Times , Jan . 4 , 2017 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2068 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Quinn 

et al . , “ Michelle Lee ' s views on patent quality out of touch with 

reality facing patent applicants , ” IPWatchdog® , Feb . 2 , 2017 , 5 

pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2069 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Quinn , G . , “ Michelle Lee launches PTAB initiative to ' shape and improve 

IPR proceedings , ” IPWatchdog® , Apr . 10 , 2017 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2070 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , Kampis , J . , “ Google employees have enjoyed revolving door during Obama 

administration , ” watchdog . org , Aug . 8 , 2016 , 6 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2071 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Dayen , D . , “ The Android Administration , ” The Intercept _ , Apr . 22 , 2016 , 16 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2072 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Editor 

Charlie , “ ©scleland : How Google Is Anti - employment Anti 

property & Pro - regulation , ” Artist Rights Watch , News for the Artist 

Rights Advocacy Community , Nov . 18 , 2016 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2073 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Press 

Release : “ Voip - Pal Issues a Correction to its Press Release of Sep . 18 , 2017 , " Voip - Pal . Com Inc . , Jan . 11 , 2018 , 1 page . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2074 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ For 

mer head of Google patent strategy appointed to run U . S . patent 

agency , ” ai ( / Profile / 12836 / AppleInsider ) , Dec . 12 , 2013 , 8 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2075 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Ver 

mont , S . “ IPR Statistics Revisited : Yep , It ' s A Patent Killing Field , ” 

PatentAttorney . com , Feb . 8 , 2017 , 9 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2076 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , Sterne 

et al . , “ PTAB Death Squads : Are All Commercially Viable Patents 

Invalid ? ” IPWatchdog® , Mar . 24 , 2014 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2077 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , Sheafe , B . , “ Dear Congress : A Small Request on Behalf of the Innovators 

You ( Theoretically ) Represent : Part 2 , " IPWire , Jan . 12 , 2018 , 5 

pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2078 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; 

Brachmann , S . , “ Are conflicts of interest at the PTAB leading to 

preferential decisions for Apple ? ” IP Watchdog® , Apr . 28 , 2017 , 5 

pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2079 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Quinn 

et al . , “ Patent owners do not like IPRs despite what Bloomberg Law , AIPLA study says , " IPWatchdog® , Feb . 6 , 2017 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2080 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ Does 

Google ' s Michelle Lee Work for Both Google and the U . S . Patent 

Office at the Same Time ? ” The Corruption Times , Your Public New 

Wiki for Social Updates , Apr . 6 , 2016 , 8 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2081 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Morinville , P . , “ The Senate Must Vet Vishal Amin , ” IPWatchdog® , Apr . 23 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2082 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; The 

New York Times “ May 15 , 1911 , Supreme Court Orders Standard 

Oil to Be Broken Up , ” By the Learning Network , May 15 , 2012 , 3 

pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2083 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , Simpson 

et al . , “ PTAB Kill Rates : How IPRs Are Affecting Patents , ” Law360 , New York , Sep . 15 , 2015 , 6 pages . 

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OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Voip - Pal Exhibit 2084 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Ver 

mont , S . , “ IPR Statistics Revisited : Yep , It ' s a Patent Killing Field , ” 

PatentAttorney . com , Feb . 8 , 2017 , 9 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2085 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Rob 

inson , E . , “ Why the Unified Patents Model Would Not Work in 

China , ” IPWatchdog® , Apr . 26 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2086 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , Brachmann et al . , “ US Inventor sets patents on fire as part of PTAB 

protest at USPTO , ” IPWatchdog® , Aug . 11 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2087 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ Selec tion process for assigning judges to expanded PTAB panels , ” 717 

Madison Place , Aug . 28 , 2017 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2088 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Eden , S . , “ How the U . S . Patent Office Got So Screwed Up , ” Popular Mechanics , Jun . 21 , 2016 , 21 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2089 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Quinn , G . , “ Supreme Court to decide if Inter Partes Review is Unconsti 

tutional , ” IPWatchdog® , Jun . 12 , 2017 , 4 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2090 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Quinn , G . , “ Industry reaction to Scotus patent venue decision in TC 

Heartland v . Kraft Food Group , " IPWatchdog® , May 22 , 2017 , 7 

pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2091 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Flib 

bert et al . , “ 5 Distinctions Between IPRs and District Court Patent Litigation , ” Finnegan , Dec . 16 , 2015 , 6 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2092 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ 2404 . Hobbs Act — Under Color of Official Right , ” USAM , Department of 

Justice , downloaded on Jan . 12 , 2018 , 5 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2093 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ Selec 

tion process for assigning judges to expanded Ptab panels , " 717 

Madison Place , Aug . 28 , 2017 , 3 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2094 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ 2015 

Summary of Ethics Rules , " Economic Development Administration , U . S . Department of Commerce , 16 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2095 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; “ Pat 

ent Trial and Appeal Board Statistics , " United States Patent and 

Trademark Office , USPTO , Mar . 31 , 2017 , 15 pages . Voip - Pal Exhibit 2096 ; IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 ; Madigan 

et al . , “ Turning Gold to Lead : How Patent Eligibility Doctrine is 

Undermining U . S . Leadership in Innovation , ” George Mason Law 

& Economics Research Paper No . 17 - 16 , Mar . 30 , 2017 , 21 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Cases IPR2016 - 01198 and IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . Nos . 9 , 179 , 005 B2 and 8 , 542 , 815 B2 ; Order , Conduct of Proceed 

ing , 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 5 , for both proceedings ; Paper No . 62 , Entered : 

Jan . 19 , 2018 , 4 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Notice of 

Appeal , Dated : Jan . 22 , 2018 , 5 pages . Apple Exhibit 1022 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Telephonic Hearing Before 

the Administrative Patent Judges ; Jan . 19 , 2018 ; 14 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Notice of 

Appeal , Dated : Jan . 22 , 2018 , 5 pages . Apple Exhibit 1022 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Telephonic Hearing Before 

the Administrative Patent Judges ; Jan . 19 , 2018 , 14 pages . Case : 18 - 1456 ; Document : 1 - 1 ; Filed : Jan . 23 , 2018 , 1 page : UNited 

States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ; Notice of Docketing ; 

18 - 1456 — Apple Inc . v . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . ; Date of Docketing : Jan . 23 , 2018 , IPR2016 - 01198 ; 1 page . Case : 18 - 1456 ; Document : 1 - 2 ; Filed : Jan . 23 , 2018 , 34 pages : 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; Notice of Appeal , ( Dated : Jan . 22 , 2018 , 5 pages ) ; with Paper 53 ; Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; Final Written 

Decision ; 35 U . S . C . § 318 ( a ) and 37 C . F . R . $ 42 . 73 ; ( 29 pages ) . 

Case : 18 - 1456 ; Document 6 ; Filed : Jan . 25 , 2018 ; 14 pages : In the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , Apple Inc . , Petitioner - Appellant , V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner 

Appellee . On Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office , Patent Trial and Appeal Board , in Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 ; 

Motion of Appellant Apple Inc . To Stay Appeal or for a Limited 

Remand to Allow Conclusion of Administrative Proceedings . Case : 18 - 1457 ; Document : 1 - 1 ; Filed : Jan . 23 , 2018 , 1 page : United 

States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ; Notice of Docketing ; 

18 - 1457 — Apple Inc . v . Voip - Pal . com , Inc . ; Date of Docketing : Jan . 23 , 2018 , IPR2016 - 01201 ; 1 page . Case : 18 - 1457 ; Document : 1 - 2 ; Filed : Jan . 23 , 2018 , 34 pages : 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; Notice of Appeal , ( Dated : Jan . 22 , 2018 , 5 pages ) ; with Paper 54 ; Entered : Nov . 20 , 2017 ; Final Written 

Decision ; 35 U . S . C . $ 318 ( a ) and 37 C . F . R . § 42 . 73 ; ( 29 pages ) . Case : 18 - 1457 ; Document 6 ; Filed : Jan . 25 , 2018 ; 14 pages : In the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , Apple Inc . , Petitioner - Appellant , V . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner 

Appellee . On Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark 

Office , Patent Trial and Appeal Board , in Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 ; Motion of Appellant Apple Inc . to Stay Appeal or for a Limited 

Remand to Allow Conclusion of Administrative Proceedings . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Petitioner ' s Reply in Support of Its Motion for Entry of Judgment 

in Favor of Petitioner as a Sanction for Improper Ex Parte Com 

munications by Patent Owner , or , Alternatively , for New and 

Constitutionally Correct Proceedings , Date : Jan . 26 , 2018 , 11 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01198 , U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 ; 

Petitioner ' s Updated Exhibit List , Date : Jan . 26 , 2018 , 4 pages . Apple Exhibit 1023 , IPR2016 - 01198 , Voip - Pal Issues a Correction 

to its Press Release of Sep . 18 , 2017 , Jan . 12 , 2018 , 1 page . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Petitioner ' s Reply in Support of Its Motion for Entry of Judgment 

in Favor of Petitioner as a Sanction for Improper Ex Parte Com 

munications by Patent Owner , or , Alternatively , for New and 

Constitutionally Correct Proceedings , Date : Jan . 26 , 2018 , 11 pages . United States Patent and Trademark Office ; Before the Patent Trial 

and Appeal Board ; Apple Inc . , Petitioner , v . Voip - Pal . Com , Inc . , Patent Owner ; Case No . IPR2016 - 01201 , U . S . Pat . No . 8 , 542 , 815 ; 

Petitioner ' s Updated Exhibit List , Date : Jan . 26 , 2018 , 4 pages . Apple Exhibit 1023 , IPR2016 - 01201 , Voip - Pal Issues a Correction 

to its Press Release of Sep . 18 , 2017 , Jan . 12 , 2018 , 1 page . Case : 18 - 1456 ; Document 7 ; Filed : Jan . 29 , 2018 ; 2 pages : United 

States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , Order ; consolidating 

the appeals . Case : 18 - 1457 ; Document 7 ; Filed : Jan . 29 , 2018 ; 2 pages : United 

States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , Order ; consolidating the appeals . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 00953 - RFB - GWF , Document 1 , Filed May 24 , 2018 ; 

Voip - Pal . com , Inc . Complaint for Patent Infringement [ Jury Demand ] 

against Defendant Apple , Inc . , United States District Court , District 

of Nevada , 30 pages . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01076 , Document 1 , Filed Jun . 15 , 2018 , Voip - Pal . com , Inc . Complaint for Patent Infringement [ Jury Demand ] , United 

States District Court , District of Nevada against Defendants Amazon . com , Inc . ( “ Amazon Inc . " ) , Amazon Technologies , Inc . ( “ Amazon 

Technologies " ) and Amazon Lab126 ( “ Amazon Lab126 ” and together with Amazon Inc . and Amazon Technologies collectively referred to 

as the “ Defendants ” ) , 39 pages . Case 2 : 18 - CV - 01129 - RCJ - VCF ; Document 6 ; Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 30 

pages ; United States District Court District of Nevada , AT & T 

Corp ' s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff ' s Second Amended Complaint . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF ; Document 6 - 1 ; Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 

3 pages : : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Decla 

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OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

ration of Lauren J . Dreyer in Support of AT & T Corp ' s Motion to 

Dismiss Plaintiff ' s Second Amended Complaint . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 2 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 8 

pages United States District Court District of Nevada ; Appendix 

A - Asserted Claims of ' 005 Patent . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 3 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 6 

pages , United States District Court District of Nevada ; Appendix 

B — Asserted Claims of ' 815 Patent . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 4 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 

70 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Exhibit 

1 — War Department Field Manual for the Telephone Switchboard 

Operating Procedure . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 5 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 6 

pages United States District Court District of Nevada ; Exhibit 2 — Transcript of “ Telephone Technology - 1940s - USA ” . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 6 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 

79 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Exhibit 

3 — Patent Owner ' s Response ( Paper 17 ) , IPR 2016 - 01198 . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 7 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 

33 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Exhibit 

4 - Institution Decision ( Paper 6 ) , IPR2016 - 01198 . Case 2 : 18 - CV - 01129 - RCJ - VCF Document 6 - 8 Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 6 

pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Exhibit 5 , 34 

pages : Institution Decision ( Paper 6 ) , IPR2016 - 01201 . Case 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF , Document 14 , Filed Sep . 6 , 2018 , 39 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada , Plaintiff 

Voip - Pal ' s Opposition to AT & T Corp ' s Motion to Dismiss Plain 

tiff ' s Second Amended Complaint . Case 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 68 , Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 ; 

30 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Verizon 

Wireless ' s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff ' s Second Amended Com 

plaint . Case 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 68 - 1 , Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 , 225 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Exhibit 

A - Declaration of Megan S . Woodworth in Support of Verizon 

Wireless ' s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff ' s Second Amended Com 

plaint . 

Case 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 68 - 2 , Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 , 8 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Appendix 

A : Asserted Claims of ' 005 Patent . Case 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 68 - 3 , Filed Aug . 9 , 2018 , 6 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Appendix 

B : Asserted Claims of ' 815 Patent . Case 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 82 , Filed Sep . 7 , 2018 ; 

39 pages : United States District Court District of Nevada ; Plaintiff 

Voip - Pal ' s Opposition to Verizon ' s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff ' s 

Second Amended Complaint ( Corrected Brief ) . Case No . 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 79 , filed on Sep . 6 , 2018 , Motion for Leave to Amend / Correct [ 10 ] Amended Com 

plaint , by Plaintiff Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , in Voip - Pal . com , Inc . V . Verizon Wireless Services , LLC et al . ( 11 pages ) . Case No . 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 79 - 1 , filed on Sep . 6 , 2018 , Exhibit to Motion for Leave to Amend / Correct [ 10 ] Amended 

Complaint , by Plaintiff Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , in Voip - Pal . com , Inc . v . Verizon Wireless Services , LLC et al . , namely , Third Amended Complaint for Patent Infringement ( 148 pages ) . Case No : 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF , Document 12 , filed on Sep . 6 , 2018 , Motion for Leave to Amend / Correct Amended Complaint by Plaintiff Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , in Voip - Pal . com , Inc . V . AT & T Corp . ( 11 pages ) . Case No : 2 : 18 - cv - 01129 - RCJ - VCF , Document 12 - 1 , filed on Sep . 6 , 2018 , Exhibit to Motion to Amend / Correct [ 3 ] Amended Complaint by Plaintiff Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , in Voip - Pal . com , Inc . V . AT & T 

Corp . , namely , Third Amended Complaint for Patent Infringement ( 147 pages ) . Case No . 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 13 , filed Sep . 6 , 18 , Motion to Strike [ 6 ] Motion to Dismiss , by Plaintiff Voip - Pal . com , Inc . , in Voip - Pal . com , Inc . V . AT & T Corp . ( 15 pages ) . Case No . 2 : 16 - cv - 00271 - RCJ - VCF , Document 80 , filed Sep . 6 , 2018 , Motion to Strike [ 68 ] Motion to Dismiss , by Plaintiff Voip 

Pal . com , Inc . , in Voip - Pal . com , Inc . v . Verizon Wireless Services , LLC et al . ( 15 pages ) . Canadian Office Action dated Oct . 24 , 2018 for Canadian Patent Application No . CA 2 , 670 , 510 . 

* cited by examiner 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 20 of 75
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ANNNNN 

FIG . 5 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 24 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 5 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

152 . - mw Caller 2001 1050 8667 

154 . - Cailee 2001 1050 2222 

156 - Digest XXXXXXX 

158mm Call ID FF10 @ 192 . 168 . 0 . 20 

160 - Type Subscriber 

FIG . 6 

kannawane pory 200 d 

o 

ww UUUUUU KOM wwwwwwwww 

LOWwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww RAMMWANARAR VAATA CELIN 

DOWwwWwwWwWWWWW 

WANNA 

DB Response NANAW 

216 Routing wwwwwwwww Message 

FIG . 7 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 25 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 6 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

250 mm the WWWWWWWWWWW 

Sum 

W 

Www wwww 

End winni Concurren 256 

yoood 

BUAT 

w 

* My W X 

nat 

WWW *

vyys 

YKELY 

WWW End 

FIG . SA YUXLALAMU N ANAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 26 of 75
_ 259

Formatter none 

U . S . Patent 

269 

WWWWWWWWWW 

identifier begins

WWW 

c 

NY -265

YOU GROW

Y 

~ 279 

WWWZzet 

Callee 

00000000000000000000440 

382 

H????????????????????? 

ent 

WWW 

TVmWWW W 

WWWMWMMWLAUWAW AXWX 

Feb . 26 , 2019 

SAMO 

* * * * * 

Set calltype as

remove NDD,

?????????ERA????? 

posmatrate da 

primer 

- 394

WWW 

ADATA 

KWA WORTH

Sheet 7 of 32 

www 

. 

A 

AVE 

W 

wwwwwwwwwww 

Set calltypeo local 

# 

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 

w 

402 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 

YUL 

rrrrrrrrrrow A

W 

AM 

ww 

Yin 

- 

Errar 

End 

US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

. www 

* 

WA MAMLAMA 

Private System Call 

FIG .8B

SOM 

Public System Call)VW 

dovouage999999999954W 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 27 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 8 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

029 

espeitonitrid 

W WW2 

A LAMANWWW .

( +*-HA

YLEISTELYOVEL 

WWWWW 

wwwwwwwwwww 

Store address of 

WS X A or 

o 000 90 

WWW WWW 

WWWWWWW 

abesseu 01 je 

WWW 

WWWWWWWWWW 

FIG . 8C 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 28 of 75
U . S . Patent atent Feb . 26 , 2019 Feb . 

Sheet 9 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

WWA 

www NAVVA4 * 22222222222222xWWWW 

Hanuman 

V UMWAXAAAAA /AA.

WWW 

turk 

222222 

NYWAY 

TY 

Wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 

WWWWW 

Store TTL and 

W oV * * * * OR : 18 MALAWAKUWAWAWAR PE 

considered ? 

Send routing message wwwwwww 

FIG . 8D 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 29 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 10 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Dialing Profile for a User 

Scope 

267 To Local Area Codes 604 , 778 7 

3 

Assigned on Subscription 

1 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w w w 

284 

258 - Username 260 Domain 

63 70 74 

2001 1050 8667 spyvrdigifonica . com 

011 286 288 280 

282 * food et bredt 

2066 

206 

275m Maximum # of concurrent calls 5 

FIG . 10 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 30 of 75
atent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 11 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Y 999 Lock Subscriber . 

83 

20 

S? ?o8kg 

FIG . 11 

Calee Profile for London Subscriber CA KG 

6 

Was wohl 

5 

FIG . 12 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 31 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 12 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

DID HAVAYALA Bank Table Record Format AWASAKTAN 

2 

FIG . 13 

008 ono Subscriber 

281 - w Usernama 2001 1050 2222 272 - - User Domain Spyur digifonica . com 274 . DID 1 604 867 5309 

283 287 289 

FIG . 14 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 32 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 13 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Routing Message Www Format 

354 - Supplier Prefix ( optional ) Code identifying supplier traffic or * K 

na 

362 . Time to Live ( TTL ) In seconds 

FIG . 15 

* 000K X 90 W 

440110624444 @ sp . ihr digifonica . com : it - 9999 

FIG . 16 

from 370 

Prefix to Supernode Table Record Format M X * * 

3 / 44 - Supernode Address IP address or fully qualified domain name 

FIG . 17 

Prefix to Supernode Table Record for Calgary Subscriber 

Supernode Address sp . yyr digifonica . com 

FIG . 18 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 33 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 14 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

MLXLXXL XXXL XXXLLLLLLLLLLL 

Number Sequence 

Number Sequence 

Same vicinity , this may not be necessary ) . 

514 IDD needed to dial a call FROM the country listed 

Example : Master List Record with Populated Fields 

acoso sec

Smash thoe

FIG . 20 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 34 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 15 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Name code 

FIG . 21 

Telus Supplier * Record * * * * * * * * * * * * 

FIG . 22 

Shaw Suppiler Record ma LALALUMNUNUL VIVUN 

FIG . 23 

Sorint Supplier Record 

2012 ( Sprint ) 

Prefix ( optional ) w 

gues ise 

FIG . 24 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 35 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 16 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

8000 50006 roy toos wwwwww 

497340116048675309072 . 64 . 39 . 58 : 17I3600 ; 10 - 20 570 

4974 # 0116048675309 @ 73 . 65 . 40 . 59 ; 101 3600 to - 30 - mmmm . . . . 572 

1 Seron SO 2 EN yo 

FIG . 25 

2 Call Block * Table Record Format YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY 

606 33 Block 34 Pattern PSTN compatible or Digifonica wwy # 

FIG . 26 

+ 94 . Call Block Table Record for Calgary Callee 

604 . Username of Callee 2001 1050 2222 

606 - Block Pattern 2001 1050 8664 

FIG . 27 

Call Forwarding Table Record Format for Callee 

614 - - Username of Callee Digifonica * Tunni 

SVAR Soo KY 

FIG . 28 

XXXX X OX Call Forwarding Table Record for Calgary Callee 

614mwww Username of Callee 2001 1050 2222 YYYYY 

FIG . 29 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 36 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 17 of 32 US US 10 10 , , 218 41 , 606 B2 

Voicemail Table Record wwwwwwwwwwwwww Format AN 

628 - Seconds to Volcemall time to wait before engaging voicemail 

FIG . 30 

Voicemall Table Record for Calgary Callee 

XXS PUU 

wo 

FIG . 31 

WAAN 

Routing Message Buffer - Same Node EYLEMA 

My cock este nos mo. France xodod x0000 5 . 

Sy & 2 

654 - 656 - 

ym . ywr . digifonica . com : 20 ; 11 - 60 SP yvr digifonica . com 

FIG . 32 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 37 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 18 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Start 

Set TTL = 99999702 

WWW wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 

712 

ww728 VIHMAMA wwwwwwwwwwww 

WATY Servicedet dunice piele Set TTL - 99999732 W 

ONOSCONO LA CEND 

FIG . 33A 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 38 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 19 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

account record funds bal N Set TTL 0 - 7 48 

M 

new ??????????? End 

AM WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWY 

0 Cost / sec = 0 ? Set TTL - 99999754 

AN Sarances 

obno WWWWWWWWW BUVOX WWWWWWWWWWY 

YYYYY OSU 

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 * 111 * 4 1 * 

W 4 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 

FIG . 33B 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 39 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 20 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

417of 

* * Subscriber * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Bundle Table Record WWWWWWWWWWWWWWYM 

FIG . 34 

3848 VYYYYYYYYYYYYY Subscriber Bundle Record for Vancouver Caller 

708 Username 2001 1050 8667 

FIG . 35 

33933 

th Sooox 

FIG . 36 

11 .726 Bundle Override Record for Located ML _ ID 

716 - MLIO 1019 WWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 

FIG . 37 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 40 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 21 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

AKKUKA Subscriber K AMAS * * * * Account * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Table * * * * * Record * LLLLLLLLLLLLIMIYIK HVV 

742 - Free time balance integer representing # of free seconds 

FIG . 38 

E . 744 

738 - pin Username 2001 1050 8667 4 . so 

FIG . 39 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 41 of 75
U . S . Patent F eb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 22 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwww 

chchakelen 

Remainder > 07 

MAULAYARALANYAAAAAAAAAAAAA WW Cando 

* FIG . 40 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 42 of 75
U . S . Patent F eb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 23 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

10 : TELE 

THEN W Look for special 

AKRO 

Irene 

wwwwwwwwwwx wwwww RR Y 

erwehr A 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww *+SAAMALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 

MWM ULILLA 

cock 

sont 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 1134 

wn e 

anamum 

$ 92 

562 Set override - contents of markup value field of located record oooooooooo 

Xo 

Www o e cale - teles cerowane 

FIG . 41 CEMO 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 43 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 24 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

System Operator Special Rates Table Record 

FIG th . 42 

ft 

e 

System Operator Special Rates Table Recard for Klondike 

1 

wie oor 2000 

FIG . 43 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 44 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 25 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

um 

Suos 

FIG . 44 

DO 4028 System Operator Markup Table Record for the Reseller Klondike JO 

Soose 

814 . Inc2 6 

FIG . 45 

System Operator Markup Table Record 

812 - Inct 30 

FIG . 46 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 45 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 26 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

Nu Reseller - ? Special ?????????????????????????????????????????????? Destinations Moto XXX XXXX Table Record 

FIG . 47 161 

Reseller Special Destinations wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Table Record for the w Reseller wwwwwwwwwwwwww * * * Klondike * * * * * * * * * www . 

FIG . 48 

9 Reseller 0000 Global Markup 1 Table Record ???????????????? 

cea museent cents 898 

FIG . 49 

Reseller Global Markup Y . Table Record for the Reseller Klondike 

A 

Coro 38888 ba ?

FIG . 50 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 46 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 27 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

SIP Bye Message 

FIG . 51 

SIP Bye Message 

S 

FIG . 52 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 47 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 28 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

SIP BY @ Message 

Y * wwwwwwwwww wwww 

Copy Acet Stop Time from Call Timer 

Calculate Communication Session Time Call Stoo - Call Start ) & store in RC Cal Stop msg buffer 

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 

om 917 

* * * 21 . 11 . wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww 

God Copy route from call log 1918 

Send RC Stop msg to RC 

ZE 

www 

Send Bye msg MAY to Callee W wwwwwwwwwwwwww 

1922 

End 

FIG . 53 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 48 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 29 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

RC Call Stop wwwwwwwww Message WWWWWWWWWWWzmaz 

TY 

FIG . 54 

RC Call Stop 988 Message for Calgary Called 

Ro FIG . 55 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 49 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 30 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

????? ??? ??? . 

RC STOP CALL MSG . 

* * 

Session time se Set chargeable time - Inci 

CommSession 4 

SP * * * 

WWWWWW wwwww 

MW WWW CommSessionTime - Remainder 

10 :2

Wyry 

WWIIVIT 

FIG . 56A 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 50 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 31 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

WWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY 

4 

2 34 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w 

wany c ost / sec + AAAAA

AA 

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY 

F 

IN 

W WWWWWWWWWW * * * * * * 

WWWWWWW 

XX 

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwYYYYYYYY 

980 wwwww 

qon System Operator Cost - Sys Op Cost / sec 

WWW 

111111111 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 

992 Add System Operator Cost to Sys Op VVVVV 

wwwwwwwwww 

FIG . 56B 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 51 of 75
U . S . Patent Feb . 26 , 2019 Sheet 32 of 32 US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

FIG . 57 

A 

FIG . 58 

System Operator Accounts Table Record 

996mw System Operator balance accumulated balance of charges 

FIG . 59 

S 200 

wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwWWW WWWWWWWAAALAAANWwwwser Accoun 

996 - System Operator balance $ 1000 . 02 

FIG . 60 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 52 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

25 

PRODUCING ROUTING MESSAGES FOR to initiation of a call by a calling subscriber , receiving a 

VOICE OVER IP COMMUNICATIONS caller identifier and a callee identifier . The process also 

involves using call classification criteria associated with the 

This application is a continuation of U . S . application Ser . caller identifier to classify the call as a public network call 

No . 15 / 730 , 600 , filed Oct . 11 , 2017 , which is a continuation 5 or a private network call . The process further involves 

of U . S . application Ser . No . 15 / 396 , 344 , filed Dec . 30 , 2016 , producing a routing message identifying an address , on the 

now U . S . Pat . No . 9 , 813 , 330 , which is a continuation of U . S . private network , associated with the callee when the call is 

application Ser . No . 14 / 877 , 570 , filed Oct . 7 , 2015 , now U . S . classified as a private network call . The process also 

Pat . No . 9 . 537 , 762 , which is a continuation of U . S . appli - involves producing a routing message identifying a gateway 

cation Ser . No . 13 / 966 , 096 , filed Aug . 13 , 2013 . now U . S . 10 to the public network when the call is classified as a public 

Pat . No . 9 , 179 , 005 , which is a continuation of U . S . appli network call . 

cation Ser . No . 12 / 513 , 147 , filed Mar . 1 , 2010 , now U . S . Pat . The process may involve receiving a request to establish 

No . 8 , 542 , 815 , which is a national phase entry of PCT ) a call , from a call controller in communication with a caller a call 

CA2007 / 001956 , filed filed Nov Nov . . 1 1 . , 2007 2007 . , which which claims claims priority priority identified by the callee identifier . ide to U . S . Provisional Application No . 60 / 856 . 212 . filed Nov . 15 Using the call classification criteria may involve search 

2 . 2006 , all of which are incorporated by reference in their ing a database to locate a record identifying calling attributes 

entirety . associated with a caller identified by the caller identifier . Locating a record may involve locating a caller dialing 

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION profile comprising a username associated with the caller , a 

20 domain associated with the caller , and at least one calling 

Field of Invention attribute . Using the call classification criteria may involve compar 

This invention relates to voice over IP communications ing calling attributes associated with the caller dialing 

and methods and apparatus for routing and billing . profile with aspects of the callee identifier . Comparing may involve determining whether the callee 

Description of Related Art identifier includes a portion that matches an IDD associated 

with the caller dialing profile . Internet protocol ( IP ) telephones are typically personal Comparing may involve determining whether the callee 

computer ( PC ) based telephones connected within an IP identifier includes a portion that matches an NDD associated 

network , such as the public Internet or a private network of 30 with the caller dialing profile . a large organization . These IP telephones have installed Comparing may involve determining whether the callee 

" voice - over - IP ” ( VoIP ) software enabling them to make and identifier includes a portion that matches an area code 

receive voice calls and send and receive information in data associated with the caller dialing profile . and video formats . Comparing may involve determining whether the callee 

IP telephony switches installed within the IP network 35 identifier has a length within a range specified in the caller 

enable voice calls to be made within or between IP networks , dialing profile . and between an IP network and a switched circuit network The process may involve formatting the callee identifier 

( SCN ) , such as the public switched telephone network into a pre - defined digit format to produce a re - formatted 

( PSTN ) . If the IP switch supports the Signaling System 7 callee identifier . ( SS7 ) protocol , the IP telephone can also access PSTN 40 Formatting may involve removing an international dialing 

databases . digit from the callee identifier , when the callee identifier 

The PSTN network typically includes complex network begins with a digit matching an international dialing digit nodes that contain all information about a local calling specified by the caller dialing profile associated with the 

service area including user authentication and call routing . caller . The PSTN network typically aggregates all information and 45 Formatting may involve removing a national dialing digit traffic into a single location or node , processes it locally and from the callee identifier and prepending a caller country then passes it on to other network nodes , as necessary , by code to the callee identifier when the callee identifier begins maintaining route tables at the node . PSTN nodes are with a national dialing digit . redundant by design and thus provide reliable service , but if Formatting may involve prepending a caller country code 

a node should fail due to an earthquake or other natural 50 to the callee identifier when the callee identifier begins with 

disaster , significant , if not complete service outages can digits identifying an area code specified by the caller dialing 

occur , with no other nodes being able to take up the load . profile . Existing VoIP systems do not allow for high availability Formatting may involve prepending a caller country code 

and resiliency in delivering Voice Over IP based Session and an area code to the callee identifier when the callee 

Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) Protocol service over a geographi - 55 identifier has a length that matches a caller dialing number 

cally dispersed area such as a city , region or continent . Most format specified by the caller dialing profile and only one 

resiliency originates from the provision of IP based tele - area code is specified as being associated with the caller in 

phone services to one location or a small number of loca the caller dialing profile . tions such as a single office or network of branch offices . The process may involve classifying the call as a private 60 network call when the re - formatted callee identifier identi 

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION fies a subscriber to the private network . The process may involve determining whether the callee identifier complies 

In accordance with one aspect of the invention , there is with a pre - defined username format and if so , classifying the 

provided a process for operating a call routing controller to call as a private network call . facilitate communication between callers and callees in a 65 The process may involve causing a database of records to 

system comprising a plurality of nodes with which callers be searched to locate a direct in dial ( DID ) bank table record 

and callees are associated . The process involves , in response associating a public telephone number with the reformatted 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 53 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

callee identifier and if the DID bank table record is found , a plurality of nodes with which callers and callees are 

classifying the call as a private network call and if a DID associated . The apparatus includes receiving provisions for 

bank table record is not found , classifying the call as a public receiving a caller identifier and a callee identifier , in 

network call . response to initiation of a call by a calling subscriber . The 

Producing the routing message identifying a node on the 5 apparatus also includes classifying provisions for classifying 

private network may involve setting a callee identifier in the call as a private network cal or a public network call 

response to a username associated with the DID bank table according to call classification criteria associated with the 

record . caller identifier . The apparatus further includes provisions Producing the routing message may involve determining for producing a routing message identifying an address , on 

whether a node associated with the reformatted callee iden - 10 the private network , associated with the callee when the call 

tifier is the same as a node associated the caller identifier is classified as a private network call . The apparatus also 

Determining whether a node associated with the refor includes provisions for producing a routing message iden 

matted callee identifier is the same as a node associated the tifying a gateway to the public network when the call is 

caller identifier may involve determining whether a prefix of classified as a public network call . the re - formatted callee identifier matches a corresponding 15 The receiving provisions may be operably configured to 

prefix of a username associated with the caller dialing receive a request to establish a call , from a call controller in 

profile . communication with a caller identified by the callee identi 

When the node associated with the caller is not the same fier . as the node associated with the callee , the process involves The apparatus may further include searching provisions producing a routing message including the caller identifier , 20 for searching a database including records associating call 

the reformatted callee identifier and an identification of a ing attributes with subscribers to the private network to 

private network node associated with the callee and com - locate a record identifying calling attributes associated with 

municating the routing message to a call controller . a caller identified by the caller identifier . When the node associated with the caller is the same as The records may include dialing profiles each including a 

the node associated with the callee , the process involves 25 username associated with the subscriber , an identification of 

determining whether to perform at least one of the follow - a domain associated with the subscriber , and an identifica 

ing : forward the call to another party , block the call and tion of at least one calling attribute associated with the 

direct the caller to a voicemail server associated with the subscriber . callee . The call classification provisions may be operably con 

Producing the routing message may involve producing a 30 figured to compare calling attributes associated with the 

routing message having an identification of at least one of caller dialing profile with aspects of the callee identifier . the callee identifier , an identification of a party to whom the The calling attributes may include an international dialing call should be forwarded and an identification of a voicemail digit and call classification provisions may be operably 

server associated with the callee . configured to determine whether the callee identifier 

The process may involve communicating the routing 35 includes a portion that matches an IDD associated with the 

message to a call controller . caller dialing profile . Producing a routing message identifying a gateway to the The calling attributes may include an national dialing public network may involve searching a database of route digit and the call classification provisions may be operably 

records associating route identifiers with dialing codes to configured to determine whether the callee identifier 

find a route record having a dialing code having a number 40 includes a portion that matches an NDD associated with the 

pattern matching at least a portion of the reformatted callee caller dialing profile . identifier . The calling attributes may include an area code and the 

The process may involve searching a database of supplier call classification provisions may be operably configured to 

records associating supplier identifiers with the route iden - determine whether the callee identifier includes a portion tifiers to locate at least one supplier record associated with 45 that matches an area code associated with the caller dialing 

the route identifier associated with the route record having a profile . dialing code having a number pattern matching at least a The calling attribute may include a number length range 

portion of the reformatted callee identifier . and the call classification provisions may be operably con 

The process may involve loading a routing message buffer figured to determine whether the callee identifier has a 

with the reformatted callee identifier and an identification of 50 length within a number length range specified in the caller 

specific routes associated respective ones of the supplier dialing profile . records associated with the route record and loading the The apparatus may further include formatting provisions 

routing message buffer with a time value and a timeout for formatting the callee identifier into a pre - defined digit 

value . format to produce a re - formatted callee identifier . The process may involve communicating a routing mes - 55 The formatting provisions may be operably configured to 

sage involving the contents of the routing message buffer to remove an international dialing digit from the callee iden 

a call controller . tifier , when the callee identifier begins with a digit matching The process may involve causing the dialing profile to an international dialing digit specified by the caller dialing include a maximum concurrent call value and a concurrent profile associated with the caller . call count value and causing the concurrent call count value 60 The formatting provisions may be operably configured to 

to be incremented when the user associated with the dialing remove a national dialing digit from the callee identifier and 

profile initiates a call and causing the concurrent call count prepend a caller country code to the callee identifier when 

value to be decremented when a call with the user associated the callee identifier begins with a national dialing digit . with the dialing profile is ended . The formatting provisions may be operably configured to 

In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 65 prepend a caller country code to the callee identifier when 

is provided a call routing apparatus for facilitating commu - the callee identifier begins with digits identifying an area 

nications between callers and callees in a system comprising code specified by the caller dialing profile . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 54 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

The formatting provisions may be operably configured to The apparatus further includes a routing message buffer 

prepend a caller country code and area code to the callee and provisions for loading the routing message buffer with 

identifier when the callee identifier has a length that matches the reformatted callee identifier and an identification of 

a caller dialing number format specified by the caller dialing specific routes associated respective ones of the supplier profile and only one area code is specified as being associ - 5 records associated with the route record and loading the 

ated with the caller in the caller dialing profile . routing message buffer with a time value and a timeout The classifying provisions may be operably configured to value . classify the call as a private network call when the re The apparatus further includes provisions for communi formatted callee identifier identifies a subscriber to the cating a routing message including the contents of the private network . routing message buffer to a call controller . The classifying provisions may be operably configured to The apparatus further includes means for causing said classify the call as a private network call when the callee 

identifier complies with a pre - defined username format . dialing profile to include a maximum concurrent call value 

and a concurrent call count value and for causing said The apparatus may further include searching provisions for searching a database of records to locate a direct in dial 15 con ndial 15 concurrent call count value to be incremented when the user 

( DID ) bank table record associating a public telephone associated with said dialing profile initiates a call and for 

number with the reformatted callee identifier and the clas - causing said concurrent call count value to be decremented 

sifying provisions may be operably configured to classify when a call with said user associated with said dialing profile 

the call as a private network call when the DID bank table is ended . record is found and to classify the call as a public network 20 In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 

call when a DID bank table record is not found is provided a data structure for access by an apparatus for 

The private network routing message producing provi - producing a routing message for use by a call routing 

sions may be operably configured to produce a routing controller in a communications system . The data structure 

message having a callee identifier set according to a user includes dialing profile records comprising fields for asso 

name associated with the DID bank table record . 25 ciating with respective subscribers to the system , a sub 

The private network routing message producing provi - scriber user name , direct - in - dial records comprising fields 

sions may be operably configured to determine whether a for associating with respective subscriber usernames , a user 

node associated with the reformatted callee identifier is the domain and a direct - in - dial number , prefix to node records 

same as a node associated the caller identifier . comprising fields for associating with at least a portion of the 

The private network routing provisions may include pro - 30 respective subscriber usernames , a node address of a node in 

visions for determining whether a prefix of the re - formatted the system , whereby a subscriber name can be used to find 

callee identifier matches a corresponding prefix of a user - a user domain , at least a portion of the a subscriber name can 

name associated with the caller dialing profile . be used to find a node with which the subscriber identified 

The private network routing message producing provi - by the subscriber name is associated , and a user domain and 

sions may be operably configured to produce a routing 35 subscriber name can be located in response to a direct - in 

message including the caller identifier , the reformatted dial number . callee identifier and an identification of a private network In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 

node associated with the callee and to communicate the is provided a data structure for access by an apparatus for 

routing message to a call controller . producing a routing message for use by a call routing 

The private network routing message producing provi - 40 controller in a communications system . The data structure 

sions may be operably configured to perform at least one of includes master list records comprising fields for associating 

the following forward the call to another party , block the call a dialing code with respective master list identifiers and 

and direct the caller to a voicemail server associated with the supplier list records linked to master list records by the 

callee , when the node associated with the caller is the same master list identifiers , said supplier list records comprising 

as the node associated with the callee . 45 fields for associating with a communications services sup 

The provisions for producing the private network routing plier , a supplier id , a master list id , a route identifier and a 

message may be operably configured to produce a routing billing rate code , whereby communications services suppli 

message having an identification of at least one of the callee e rs are associated with dialing codes , such that dialing codes 

identifier , an identification of a party to whom the call should can be used to locate suppliers capable of providing a 

be forwarded and an identification of a voicemail server 50 communications link associated with a given dialing code . associated with the callee . In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 

The apparatus further includes provisions for communi - is provided a method for determining a time to permit a 

cating the routing message to a call controller . communication session to be conducted . The method 

The provisions for producing a public network routing involves calculating a cost per unit time , calculating a first 

message identifying a gateway to the public network may 55 time value as a sum of a free time attributed to a participant 

include provisions for searching a database of route records in the communication session and the quotient of a funds 

associating route identifiers with dialing codes to find a route balance held by the participant to the cost per unit time value 

record having a dialing code having a number pattern and producing a second time value in response to the first 

matching at least a portion of the reformatted callee identi - time value and a billing pattern associated with the partici 

fier . 60 pant , the billing pattern including first and second billing 

The apparatus further includes provisions for searching a intervals and the second time value being the time to permit database of supplier records associating supplier identifiers a communication session to be conducted . with the route identifiers to locate at least one supplier record Calculating the first time value may involve retrieving a 

associated with the route identifier associated with the route record associated with the participant and obtaining from the 

record having a dialing code having a number pattern 65 record at least one of the free time and the funds balance . matching at least a portion of the reformatted callee identi - Producing the second time value may involve producing 

fier . a remainder value representing a portion of the second 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 55 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

billing interval remaining after dividing the second billing The instructions may include instructions for directing the 

interval into a difference between the first time value and the processor circuit to produce the second time value comprises first billing interval . setting a difference between the first time value and the 

Producing the second time value may involve setting a remainder as the second time value . The instructions may difference between the first time value and the remainder as 5 include instructions for directing the processor circuit to set 

the second time value . the second time value to zero when the remainder is greater The method may further involve setting the second time than zero and the first time value is less than the free time 

value to zero when the remainder is greater than zero and the associated with the participant . first time value is less than the free time associated with the The instructions for directing the processor circuit to 

participant . 10 calculate the cost per unit time may include instructions for 

Calculating the cost per unit time may involve locating a directing the processor circuit to locate a record in a data 

record in a database , the record comprising a markup type base , the record comprising a markup type indicator , a 

indicator , a markup value and a billing pattern and setting a markup value and a billing pattern and set a reseller rate 

reseller rate equal to the sum of the markup value and the equal to the sum of the markup value and the buffer rate . buffer rate . 15 The instructions for directing the processor circuit to 

Locating the record in a database may involve locating at locate the record in a database may include instructions for 

least one of a record associated with a reseller and a route directing the processor circuit to locate at least one of a 

associated with the reseller , a record associated with the record associated with a reseller and a route associated with 

reseller and a default reseller markup record . the reseller , a record associated with the reseller , and a 

Calculating the cost per unit time value further may 20 default reseller markup record . The instructions for directing 

involve locating at least one of an override record specifying the processor circuit to calculate the cost per unit time value 

a route cost per unit time amount associated with a route may further include instructions for directing the processor 

associated with the communication session , a reseller record circuit to locate at least one of an override record specifying 

associated with a reseller of the communications session , the a route cost per unit time amount associated with a route 

reseller record specifying a reseller cost per unit time 25 associated with the communication session , a reseller record 

associated with the reseller for the communication session , associated with a reseller of the communications session , the 

a default operator markup record specifying a default cost reseller record specifying a reseller cost per unit time 

per unit time . associated with the reseller for the communication session , The method may further involve setting as the cost per a default operator markup record specifying a default cost 

unit time the sum of the reseller rate and at least one of the 30 per unit time . route cost per unit time , the reseller cost per unit time and The instructions may include instructions for directing the 

the default cost per unit time . processor circuit to set as the cost per unit time the sum of 

The method may further involve receiving a communi - the reseller rate and at least one of the route cost per unit 

cation session time representing a duration of the commu - time , the reseller cost per unit time and the default cost per nication session and incrementing a reseller balance by the 35 unit time . product of the reseller rate and the communication session The instructions may include instructions for directing the 

time . processor circuit to receive a communication session time 

The method may further involve receiving a communi representing a duration of the communication session and 

cation session time representing a duration of the commu - increment a reseller balance by the product of the reseller 

nication session and incrementing a system operator balance 40 rate and the communication session time . by a product of the buffer rate and the communication The instructions may include instructions for directing the 

session time . processor circuit to receive a communication session time 

In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there representing a duration of the communication session and 

is provided an apparatus for determining a time to permit a increment a system operator balance by a product of the 

communication session to be conducted . The apparatus 45 buffer rate and the communication session time . includes a processor circuit , a computer readable medium In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 

coupled to the processor circuit and encoded with instruc - is provided a process for attributing charges for communi 

tions for directing the processor circuit to calculate a cost per cations services . The process involves determining a first 

unit time for the communication session , calculate a first chargeable time in response to a communication session 

time value as a sum of a free time attributed to a participant 50 time and a pre - defined billing pattern , determining a user 

in the communication session and the quotient of a funds cost value in response to the first chargeable time and a free 

balance held by the participant to the cost per unit time value time value associated with a user of the communications 

and produce a second time value in response to the first time services , changing an account balance associated with the 

value and a billing pattern associated with the participant , user in response to a user cost per unit time . The process may 

the billing pattern including first and second billing intervals 55 further involve changing an account balance associated with 

and the second time value being the time to permita a reseller of the communications services in response to a 

communication session to be conducted . reseller cost per unit time and the communication session 

The instructions may include instructions for directing the time and changing an account balance associated with an 

processor circuit to retrieve a record associated with the operator of the communications services in response to an 

participant and obtain from the record at least one of the free 60 operator cost per unit time and the communication session 

time and the funds balance . time . The instructions may include instructions for directing the Determining the first chargeable time may involve locat 

processor circuit to produce the second time value by ing at least one of an override record specifying a route cost 

producing a remainder value representing a portion of the per unit time and billing pattern associated with a route 

second billing interval remaining after dividing the second 65 associated with the communication session , a reseller record 

billing interval into a difference between the first time value associated with a reseller of the communications session , the 

and the first billing interval . reseller record specifying a reseller cost per unit time and 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 56 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

10 

billing pattern associated with the reseller for the commu - record specifying a route cost per unit time and billing nication session and a default record specifying a default pattern associated with a route associated with the commu 

cost per unit time and billing pattern and setting as the nication session , a reseller record associated with a reseller 

pre - defined billing pattern the billing pattern of the record of the communications session , the reseller record specify located . The billing pattern of the record located may 5 ing a reseller cost per unit time and billing pattern associated 

involve a first billing interval and a second billing interval . with the reseller for the communication session and a default 

Determining the first chargeable time may involve setting record specifying a default cost per unit time and billing 

the first chargeable time equal to the first billing interval pattern and instructions for setting as the pre - defined billing 

when the communication session time is less than or equal pattern the billing pattern of the record located . The billing 

to the first billing interval . 10 pattern of the record located may include a first billing 

Determining the first chargeable time may involve pro - interval and a second billing interval . ducing a remainder value representing a portion of the The instructions for causing the processor circuit to 

second billing interval remaining after dividing the second determine the first chargeable time may include instructions 

billing interval into a difference between communication for directing the processor circuit to set the first chargeable 

session time and the first interval when the communication 15 time equal to the first billing interval when the communi 

session time is greater than the communication session time cation session time is less than or equal to the first billing and setting the first chargeable time to a difference between interval . the communication session time and the remainder when the The instructions for causing the processor circuit to 

remainder is greater than zero and setting the first chargeable determine the first chargeable time may include instructions 

time to the communication session time when the remainder 20 for producing a remainder value representing a portion of 

is not greater than zero . the second billing interval remaining after dividing the 

The process may further involve determining a second second billing interval into a difference between communi 

chargeable time in response to the first chargeable time and cation session time and the first interval when the commu 

the free time value associated with the user of the commu nication session time is greater than the communication 

nications services when the first chargeable time is greater 25 session time and instructions for causing the processor 

than or equal to the free time value associated with the user circuit to set the first chargeable time to a difference between 

of the communications services . the communication session time and the remainder when the 

Determining the second chargeable time may involve remainder is greater than zero and instructions for causing setting the second chargeable time to a difference between the processor circuit to set the first chargeable time to the 

the first chargeable time . 30 communication session time when the remainder is not 

The process may further involve resetting the free time greater than zero . value associated with the user to zero when the first charge The instructions may further include instructions for 

able time is greater than or equal to the free time value causing the processor circuit to determine a second charge 

associated with the user of the communications services . able time in response to the first chargeable time and the free 

Changing an account balance associated with the user 35 time value associated with the user of the communications 

may involve calculating a user cost value in response to the services when the first chargeable time is greater than or 

second chargeable time and the user cost per unit time . equal to the free time value associated with the user of the 

The process may further involve changing a user free cost communications services . balance in response to the user cost value . The instructions for causing the processor circuit to 

The process may further involve setting the user cost to 40 determine the second chargeable time may include instruc 

zero when the first chargeable time is less than the free time tions for causing the processor circuit to set the second 

value associated with the user . chargeable time to a difference between the first chargeable The process may further involve changing a user free time time . balance in response to the first chargeable time . The instructions may further include instructions for 

In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 45 causing the processor circuit to reset the free time value 

is provided an apparatus for attributing charges for commu - associated with the user to zero when the first chargeable 

nications services . The apparatus includes a processor cir - time is greater than or equal to the free time value associated 

cuit , a computer readable medium in communication with with the user of the communications services . the processor circuit and encoded with instructions for The instructions for causing the processor circuit to 

directing the processor circuit to determine a first chargeable 50 change an account balance associated with the user may 

time in response to a communication session time and a include instructions for causing the processor circuit to 

pre - defined billing pattern , determine a user cost value in calculate a user cost value in response to the second charge 

response to the first chargeable time and a free time value able time and the user cost per unit time . associated with a user of the communications services , The instructions may further include instructions for 

change an account balance associated with the user in 55 causing the processor circuit to change a user free cost 

response to a user cost per unit time . balance in response to the user cost value . The instructions may further include instructions for The instructions may further include instructions for 

changing an account balance associated with a reseller of the causing the processor circuit to set the user cost to zero when 

communications services in response to a reseller cost per the first chargeable time is less than the free time value 

unit time and the communication session time and changing 60 associated with the user . an account balance associated with an operator of the The instructions may further include instructions for 

communications services in response to an operator cost per causing the processor circuit to change a user free time 

unit time and the communication session time . balance in response to the first chargeable time . The instructions for directing the processor circuit to In accordance with another aspect of the invention , there 

determine the first chargeable time may further include 65 is provided a computer readable medium encoded with 

instructions for causing the processor circuit to communi - codes for directing a processor circuit to execute one or more 

cate with a database to locate at least one of an override of the methods described above and / or variants thereof . 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 57 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

12 

10 

Other aspects and features of the present invention will FIG . 25 is a schematic representation of a routing mes 

become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon sage , held in a routing message buffer , identifying to the 

review of the following description of specific embodiments controller a plurality of possible suppliers that may carry the 

of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying call ; 

figures . FIG . 26 is a tabular representation of a call block table 

record ; 

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG . 27 is a tabular representation of a call block table 

record for the Calgary callee ; In drawings which illustrate embodiments of the inven FIG . 28 is a tabular representation of a call forwarding tion , table record ; FIG . 1 is a block diagram of a system according to a first FIG . 29 is a tabular representation of a call forwarding embodiment of the invention ; table record specific for the Calgary callee ; FIG . 2 is a block diagram of a caller telephone according FIG . 30 is a tabular representation of a voicemail table to the first embodiment of the invention ; 

FIG . 3 is a schematic representation of a SIP invite 15 record specifying voicemail parameters to enable the caller 

message transmitted between the caller telephone and a to leave a voicemail message for the callee ; 

controller shown in FIG . 1 ; FIG . 31 is a tabular representation of a voicemail table 

FIG . 4 is a block diagram of a call controller shown in record specific to the Calgary callee ; 

FIG . 1 ; FIG . 32 is a schematic representation of an exemplary 

FIG . 5 is a flowchart of a process executed by the call 20 routing message , held in a routing message buffer , indicating controller shown in FIG . 1 ; call forwarding numbers and a voicemail server identifier ; 

FIG . 6 is a schematic representation of a routing , billing FIGS . 33A and 33B are respective portions of a flowchart 

and rating ( RC ) request message produced by the call of a process executed by the RC processor for determining 

controller shown in FIG . 1 ; a time to live value ; 

FIG . 7 is a block diagram of a processor circuit of a 25 FIG . 34 is a tabular representation of a subscriber bundle 

routing , billing , rating element of the system shown in FIG . table record ; 

1 ; FIG . 35 is a tabular representation of a subscriber bundle 

FIGS . 8A - 8D is a flowchart of a RC request message record for the Vancouver caller ; 

handler executed by the RC processor circuit shown in FIG . FIG . 36 is a tabular representation of a bundle override 

30 table record ; 

FIG . 9 is a tabular representation of a dialing profile FIG . 37 is a tabular representation of bundle override 

stored in a database accessible by the RC shown in FIG . 1 ; record for a located master list ID ; 

FIG . 10 is a tabular representation of a dialing profile for FIG . 38 is a tabular representation of a subscriber account 

a caller using the caller telephone shown in FIG . 1 ; table record ; 

FIG . 11 is a tabular representation of a callee profile for 35 FIG . 39 is a tabular representation of a subscriber account 

a callee located in Calgary ; record for the Vancouver caller ; 

FIG . 12 is a tabular representation of a callee profile for FIG . 40 is a flowchart of a process for producing a second 

a callee located in London ; time value executed by the RC processor circuit shown in 

FIG . 13 is a tabular representation of a Direct - in - Dial FIG . 7 ; 

( DID ) bank table record stored in the database shown in 40 FIG . 41 is a flowchart for calculating a call cost per unit 

FIG . 1 ; time ; 

FIG . 14 is a tabular representation of an exemplary DID FIG . 42 is a tabular representation of a system operator 

bank table record for the Calgary callee referenced in FIG . special rates table record ; 

11 ; FIG . 43 is a tabular representation of a system operator 

FIG . 15 is a tabular representation of a routing message 45 special rates table record for a reseller named Klondike ; 

transmitted from the RC to the call controller shown in FIG . FIG . 44 is a tabular representation of a system operator 

mark - up table record ; 

FIG . 16 is a schematic representation of a routing message FIG . 45 is a tabular representation of a system operator 

buffer holding a routing message for routing a call to the mark - up table record for the reseller Klondike ; 

Calgary callee referenced in FIG . 11 ; 50 FIG . 46 is a tabular representation of a default system 

FIG . 17 is a tabular representation of a prefix to supernode operator mark - up table record ; 

table record stored in the database shown in FIG . 1 ; FIG . 47 is a tabular representation of a reseller special 

FIG . 18 is a tabular representation of a prefix to supernode destinations table record ; 

table record that would be used for the Calgary callee FIG . 48 is a tabular representation of a reseller special 

referenced in FIG . 11 ; 55 destinations table record for the reseller Klondike ; 

FIG . 19 is a tabular representation of a master list record FIG . 49 is a tabular representation of a reseller global stored in a master list table in the database shown in FIG . 1 ; mark - up table record ; 

FIG . 20 is a tabular representation of a populated master FIG . 50 is a tabular representation of a reseller global 

list record ; mark - up table record for the reseller Klondike ; 

FIG . 21 is a tabular representation of a suppliers list 60 FIG . 51 is a tabular representation of a SIP bye message 

record stored in the database shown in FIG . 1 ; transmitted from either of the telephones shown in FIG . 1 to 

FIG . 22 is a tabular representation of a specific supplier the call controller ; 

list record for a first supplier ; FIG . 52 is a tabular representation of a SIP bye message FIG . 23 is a tabular representation of a specific supplier sent to the controller from the Calgary callee ; 

list record for a second supplier ; 65 FIG . 53 is a flowchart of a process executed by the call 

FIG . 24 is a tabular representation of a specific supplier controller for producing a RC stop message in response to 

list record for a third supplier ; receipt of a SIP bye message ; 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 58 of 75
13 

me 

das 

US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

14 

FIG . 54 is a tabular representation of an exemplary RC It should be noted that throughout the description of the 

call stop message ; embodiments of this invention , the IP / UDP addresses of all 

FIG . 55 is a tabular representation of an RC call stop elements such as the caller and callee telephones , call 

message for the Calgary callee ; controller , media relay , and any others , will be assumed to 

FIGS . 56A and 56B are respective portions of a flowchart 5 be valid IP / UDP addresses directly accessible via the Inter 

of a RC call stop message handling routine executed by the net or a private IP network , for example , depending on the 

RC shown in FIG . 1 ; specific implementation of the system . As such , it will be 

FIG . 57 is a tabular representation of a reseller accounts assumed , for example , that the caller and callee telephones 

will have IP / UDP addresses directly accessible by the call table record ; 10 controllers and the media relays on their respective super FIG . 58 is a tabular representation of a reseller accounts nodes , and those addresses will not be obscured by Network table record for the reseller Klondike ; Address Translation ( NAT ) or similar mechanisms . In other FIG . 59 is a tabular representation of a system operator words , the IP / UDP information contained in SIP messages accounts table record ; and ( for example the SIP Invite message or the RC Request FIG . 60 is a tabular representation of a system operator 

accounts record for the system operator described herein . IP / UDP addresses of the IP packets carrying these SIP 

messages . DETAILED DESCRIPTION It will be appreciated that in many situations , the IP 

addresses assigned to various elements of the system may be Referring to FIG . 1 , a system for making voice over IP 20 in a private IP address space , and thus not directly accessible 

telephone / videophone calls is shown generally at 10 . The from other elements . Furthermore , it will also be appreciated 

system includes a first super node shown generally at 11 and that NAT is commonly used to share a " public " IP address 

a second super node shown generally at 21 . The first super between multiple devices , for example between home PCs 

node 11 is located in geographical area , such as Vancouver , and IP telephones sharing a single Internet connection . For 

B . C . , Canada for example and the second super node 21 is 25 example , a home PC may be assigned an IP address such as 

located in London , England , for example . Different super 192 . 168 . 0 . 101 and a Voice over IP telephone may be 

nodes may be located in different geographical regions assigned an IP address of 192 . 168 . 0 . 103 . These addresses 

throughout the world to provide telephone / videophone ser are located in so called “ non - routable ” ( IP ) address space vice to subscribers in respective regions . These super nodes and cannot be accessed directly from the Internet . In order 

may be in communication with each other by high speed / 30 for these devices to communicate with other computers 

high data throughput links including optical fiber , satellite located on the Internet , these IP addresses have to be 

and / or cable links , forming a backbone to the system . These converted into a " public " IP address , for example 

super nodes may alternatively or , in addition , be in commu - 24 . 10 . 10 . 123 assigned by the Internet Service Provider to 

nication with each other through conventional internet ser the subscriber , by a device performing NAT , typically a 

vices . 35 home router . In addition to translating the IP addresses , NAT 

In the embodiment shown , the Vancouver supernode 11 typically also translates UDP port numbers , for example an 

provides telephone / videophone service to western Canadian audio path originating at a VoIP telephone and using a UDP 

customers from Vancouver Island to Ontario . Another node port 12378 at its private IP address , may have be translated 

( not shown ) may be located in Eastern Canada to provide to a UDP port 23465 associated with the public IP address 

services to subscribers in that area . 40 of the NAT device . In other words , when a packet originat Other nodes of the type shown may also be employed ing from the above VoIP telephone arrives at an Internet 

within the geographical area serviced by a supernode , to based supernode , the source IP / UDP address contained in 

provide for call load sharing , for example within a region of the IP packet header will be 24 . 10 . 10 . 1 : 23465 , whereas the 

the geographical area serviced by the supernode . However , source IP / UDP address information contained in the SIP 

in general , all nodes are similar and have the properties 45 message inside this IP packet will be 192 . 168 . 0 . 103 : 12378 . described below in connection with the Vancouver super - The mismatch in the IP / UDP addresses may cause a problem 

node 11 . for SIP - based VoIP systems because , for example , a super In this embodiment , the Vancouver supernode includes a node will attempt to send messages to a private address of 

call controller ( C ) 14 , a routing controller ( RC ) 16 , a a telephone but the messages will never get there . database 18 and a voicemail server 19 and a media relay 9 . 50 Referring to FIG . 1 , in an attempt to make a call by the 

Each of these may be implemented as separate modules on Vancouver telephone / videophone 12 to the Calgary tele 

a common computer system or by separate computers , for phone / videophone 15 , the Vancouver telephone / videophone 

example . The voicemail server 19 need not be included in sends a SIP invite message to the Vancouver supernode 11 

the node and can be provided by an outside service provider . and in response , the call controller 14 sends an RC request 

Subscribers such as a subscriber in Vancouver and a 55 message to the RC 16 which makes various enquiries of the 

subscriber in Calgary communicate with the Vancouver database 18 to produce a routing message which is sent back 

supernode using their own internet service providers which to the call controller 14 . The call controller 14 then com 

route internet traffic from these subscribers over the internet municates with the media relay 9 to cause a communications 

shown generally at 13 in FIG . 1 . To these subscribers the link including an audio path and a videophone ( if a video 

Vancouver supernode is accessible at a pre - determined inter - 60 path call ) to be established through the media relay to the 

net protocol ( IP ) address or a fully qualified domain name same node , a different node or to a communications supplier 

that can be accessed in the usual way through a subscriber ' s gateway as shown generally at 20 to carry audio , and where 

internet service provider . The subscriber in Vancouver uses applicable , video traffic to the call recipient or callee . a telephone 12 that is capable of communicating with the Generally , the RC 16 executes a process to facilitate 

Vancouver supernode 11 using Session Initiation Protocol 65 communication between callers and callees . The process ( SIP ) messages and the Calgary subscriber uses a similar involves , in response to initiation of a call by a calling telephone 15 , in Calgary AB . subscriber , receiving a callee identifier from the calling 

Case 6:20-cv-00269-ADA Document 1-1 Filed 04/03/20 Page 59 of 75
US 10 , 218 , 606 B2 

15 16 

subscriber , using call classification criteria associated with The program memory 34 stores blocks of codes for 

the calling subscriber to classify the call as a public network directing the processor 32 to carry out the functions of the 

call or a private network call and producing a routing telephone , one of which includes a firewall block 56 which 

message identifying an address on the private network , provides firewall functions to the telephone , to prevent associated with the callee when the call is classified as a 5 access by unauthorized persons to the microprocessor 32 

private network call and producing a routing message iden and memories 34 , 38 and 40 through the internet connection 

tifying a gateway to the public network when the call is 48 . The program memory 34 also stores codes 57 for 

classified as a public network call . establishing a call ID . The call ID codes 57 direct the 

Subscriber Telephone processor 32 to produce a call identifier having a format 

In greater detail , referring to FIG . 2 , in this embodiment , 10 bent 10 comprising a hexadecimal string at an IP address , the IP 

address being the IP address of the telephone . Thus , an the telephone / videophone 12 includes a processor circuit exemplary call identifier might be FF10 @ 192 . 168 . 0 . 20 . shown generally at 30 comprising a microprocessor 32 , Generally , in response to picking up the handset interface program memory 34 , an input / output ( I / O ) port 36 , param 46 and activating a dialing function 44 , the microprocessor eter memory 38 and temporary memory 40 . The program 15 32 produces and sends a SIP invite message as shown in 

memory 34 , I / O port 36 , parameter memory 38 and tempo FIG . 3 , to the routing controller 16 shown in FIG . 1 . This SIP 

rary memory 40 are all in communication with the micro - invite message is essentially to initiate a call by a calling 

processor 32 . The I / O port 36 has a dial input 42 for subscriber . receiving a dialed telephone / videophone number from a Referring to FIG . 3 , the SIP invite message includes a 

keypad , for example , or from a voice recognition unit or 20 caller ID field 60 , a callee identifier field 62 , a digest from pre - stored telephone / videophone numbers stored in the parameters field 64 , a call ID field 65 an IP address field 67 

parameter memory 38 , for example . For simplicity , in FIG . and a caller UDP port field 69 . In this embodiment , the caller 

2 a box labelled dialing functions 44 represents any device ID field 60 includes the user name 2001 1050 8667 that is 

capable of informing the microprocessor 32 of a callee the Vancouver user name stored in the user name field 50 of 

identifier , e . g . , a callee telephone / videophone number . 25 the parameter memory 38 in the telephone 12 shown in FIG . The processor 32 stores the callee identifier in a dialed 2 . In addition , referring back to FIG . 3 , the callee identifier 

number buffer 45 . In this case , assume the dialed number is field 62 includes a callee identifier which in this embodiment 

2001 1050 2222 and that it is a number associated with the is the user name 2001 1050 2222 that is the dialed number 

Calgary subscriber . The I / O port 36 also has a handset of the Calgary subscriber stored in the dialed number buffer 

interface 46 for receiving and producing signals from and to 30 45 shown in FIG . 2 . The digest parameters field 64 includes 

a handset that the user may place to his ear . This interface 46 digest parameters and the call ID field 65 includes a code 

may include a BLUETOOTHTM wireless interface , a wired comprising a generated prefix code ( FF10 ) and a suffix 

interface or speaker phone , for example . The handset acts as which is the Internet Protocol ( IP ) address of the telephone 

a termination point for an audio path ( not shown ) which will 12 stored in the IP address field 53 of the telephone . The IP 

be appreciated later . The I / O port 36 also has an internet 35 address field 67 holds the IP address assigned to the tele 

connection 48 which is preferably a high speed internet phone , in this embodiment 192 . 168 . 0 . 20 , and the caller UDP 

connection and is operable to connect the telephone / video - port field 69 includes a UDP port identifier identifying a 

phone to an internet service provider . The internet connec - UDP port at which the audio path will be terminated at the 

tion 48 also acts as a part of the voice path , as will be caller ' s telephone . appreciated later . It will be appreciated that where the 40 Call Controller 

subscriber device is a videophone , a separate video path is Referring to FIG . 4 , a call controller circuit of the call 

established in the same way an audio path is established . For controller 14 ( FIG . 1 ) is shown in greater detail at 100 . The 

simplicity , the following description refers to a telephone call controller circuit 100 includes a microprocessor 102 , call , but it is to be understood that a videophone call is program memory 104 and an I / O port 106 . The circuit 100 

handled similarly , with the call controller causing the media 45 may include a plurality of microprocessors , a plurality of 

relay to facilitate both an audio path and a video path instead program memories and a plurality of I / O ports to be able to 

of only an audio path . handle a large volume of calls . However , for simplicity , the 

The parameter memory 38 has a username field 50 , a call controller circuit 100 will be described as having only password field 52 an IP address field 53 and a SIP proxy one microprocessor 102 , program memory 104 and I / O port 

address field 54 , for example . The user name field 50 is 50 106 , it being understood that there may be more . operable to hold a user name , which in this case is 2001 1050 Generally , the I / O port 106 includes an input 108 for 

8667 . The user name is assigned upon subscription or receiving messages such as the SIP invite message shown in 

registration into the system and , in this embodiment , FIG . 3 , from the telephone shown in FIG . 2 . The I / O port 

includes a twelve digit number having a continent code 61 , 106 also has an RC request message output 110 for trans 

a country code 63 , a dealer code 70 and a unique number 55 mitting an RC request message to the RC 16 of FIG . 1 , an 

code 74 . The continent code 61 is comprised of the first or RC message input 112 for receiving routing messages from 

left - most digit of the user name in this embodiment . The the RC 16 , a gateway output 114 for transmitting messages 

country code 63 is comprised of the next three digits . The to one of the gateways 20 shown in FIG . 1 to advise the 

dealer code 70 is comprised of the next four digits and the gateway to establish an audio path , for example , and a 

unique number code 74 is comprised of the last four digits . 60 gateway input 116 for receiving messages from the gateway . 

The password field 52 holds a password of up to 512 The I / O port 106 further includes a SIP output 118 for 

characters , in this example . The IP address field 53 stores an transmitting messages to the telephone 12 to advise the 

IP address of the telephone , which for this explanation is telephone of the IP addresses of the gateways which will 

192 . 168 . 0 . 20 . The SIP proxy address field 54 holds an IP establish the audio path . The I / O port 106 further includes a 

protocol compatible proxy address which may be provided 65 voicemail server input and output 117 , 119 respectively for 

to the telephone through the internet connection 48 as part communicating with the voicemail server 19 shown in 

of a registration procedure . FIG . 1 . 

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While certain inputs and outputs have been shown as program memory 204 , a table memory 206 , buffer memory 

separate , it will be appreciated that some may be a single IP 207 , and an I / O port 208 , all in communication with the 

address and IP port . For example , the messages sent to the processor 202 . ( As earlier indicated , there may be a plurality 

RC 16 and received from the RC 16 may be transmitted and of processor circuits ( 202 ) , memories ( 204 ) , etc . ) The buffer 

received on the same single IP port . 5 memory 207 includes a caller id buffer 209 and a callee id 

The program memory 104 includes blocks of code for buffer 211 . directing the microprocessor 102 to carry out various func - The I / O port 208 includes a database request port 210 

tions of the call controller 14 . For example , these blocks of through which a request to the database ( 18 shown in FIG . code include a first block 120 for causing the call controller 1 ) can be made and includes a database response port 212 for 

circuit 100 to execute a SIP invite to RC request process to 10 receiving a reply from the database 18 . The I / O port 208 

produce an RC request message in response to a received further includes an RC request message input 214 for 

SIP invite message . In addition , there is a routing message receiving the RC request message from the call controller 

to gateway message block 122 which causes the call con - ( 14 shown in FIG . 1 ) and includes a routing message output troller circuit 100 to produce a gateway query message in 216 for sending a routing message back to the call controller 

response to a received routing message from the RC 16 . 15 14 . The I / O port 208 thus acts to receive caller identifier and 

Referring to FIG . 5 , the SIP invite to RC request process a callee identifier contained in the RC request message from 

is shown in more detail at 120 . On receipt of a SIP invite the call controller , the RC request message being received in 

message of the type shown in FIG . 3 , block 122 of FIG . 5 response to initiation of a call by a calling subscriber . directs the call controller circuit 100 of FIG . 4 to authenti The program memory 204 includes blocks of codes for 

cate the user . This may be done , for example , by prompting 20 directing the processor 202 to carry out various functions of 

the user for a password , by sending a message back to the the RC ( 16 ) . One of these blocks includes an RC request 

telephone 12 which is interpreted at the telephone as a message handler 250 which directs the RC to produce a 

request for a password entry or the password may automati - routing message in response to a received RC request 

cally be sent to the call controller 14 from the telephone , in message . The RC request message handler process is shown 

response to the message . The call controller 14 may then 25 in greater detail at 250 in FIGS . 8A through 8D . make enquiries of databases to which it has access , to RC Request Message Handler 

determine whether or not the user ' s password matches a Referring to FIG . 8A , the RC request message handler 

password stored in the database . Various functions may be begins with a first block 252 that directs the RC processor 

used to pass encryption keys or hash codes back and forth to circuit ( 200 ) to store the contents of the RC request message 

ensure that the transmittal of passwords is secure . 30 ( 150 ) in buffers in the buffer memory 207 of FIG . 7 , one of 

Should the authentication process fail , the call controller which includes the caller ID buffer 209 of FIG . 7 for 

circuit 100 is directed to an error handling routine 124 which separately storing the contents of the callee field 154 of the 

causes messages to be displayed at the telephone 12 to RC request message . Block 254 then directs the RC proces 

indicate there was an authentication problem . If the authen - sor circuit to use the contents of the caller field 152 in the RC 

tication procedure is passed , block 121 directs the call 35 request message shown in FIG . 6 , to locate and retrieve from 

controller circuit 100 to determine whether or not the the database 18 a record associating calling attributes with 

contents of the caller ID field 60 of the SIP invite message the calling subscriber . The located record may be referred to 

received from the telephone is an IP address . If it is an IP as a dialing profile for the caller . The retrieved dialing profile 

address , then block 123 directs the call controller circuit 100 may then be stored in the buffer memory 207 , for example . to set the contents of a type field variable maintained by the 40 Referring to FIG . 9 , an exemplary data structure for a 

microprocessor 102 to a code representing that the call type dialing profile is shown generally at 253 and includes a user 

is a third party invite . If at block 121 the caller ID field name field 258 , a domain field 260 , and calling attributes 

contents do not identify an IP address , then block 125 directs comprising a national dialing digits ( NDD ) field 262 , an 

the microprocessor to set the contents of the type field to a international dialing digits ( IDD ) field 264 , a country code 

code indicating that the call is being made by a system 45 field 266 , a local area codes field 267 , a caller minimum 

subscriber . Then , block 126 directs the call controller circuit local length field 268 , a caller maximum local length field 

to read the call identifier 65 provided in the SIP invite 270 , a reseller field 273 , a maximum number of concurrent 

message from the telephone 12 , and at block 128 the calls field 275 and a current number of concurrent calls field 

processor is directed to produce an RC request message that 277 . Effectively the dialing profile is a record identifying 

includes that call ID . Block 129 then directs the call con - 50 calling attributes of the caller identified by the caller iden 

troller circuit 100 to send the RC request to the RC 16 . tifier . More generally , dialing profiles represent calling attri 

Referring to FIG . 6 , an RC request message is shown butes of respective subscribers . generally at 150 and includes a caller field 152 , a callee field An exemplary caller profile for the Vancouver subscriber 

154 , a digest field 156 , a call ID field 158 and a type field is shown generally at 276 in FIG . 10 and indicates that the 

160 . The caller , callee , digest call ID fields 152 , 154 , 156 and 55 user name field 258 includes the user name ( 2001 1050 

158 contain copies of the caller , callee , digest parameters 8667 ) that has been assigned to the subscriber and is stored 

and call ID fields 60 , 62 , 64 and 65 of the SIP invite message in the user name field 50 in the telephone as shown in FIG . shown in FIG . 3 . The type field 160 contains the type code 2 . established at blocks 123 or 125 of FIG . 5 to indicate Referring back to FIG . 10 , the domain field 260 includes 

whether the call is from a third party or system subscriber , 60 a domain name as shown at 282 , including a node type 

respectively . The caller identifier field may include a PSTN identifier 284 , a location code identifier 286 , a system 

number or a system subscriber username as shown , for provider identifier 288 and a domain portion 290 . The 

example . domain field 260 effectively identifies a domain or node 

Routing Controller ( RC ) associated with the user identified by the contents of the user 

Referring to FIG . 7 , the RC 16 is shown in greater detail 65 name field 258 . In this embodiment , the node type identifier 

and includes an RC processor circuit shown generally at 284 includes the code " sp ” identifying a supernode and the 

200 . The RC processor circuit 200 includes a processor 202 , location identifier 286 identifies the supernode as being in 

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Vancouver ( YVR ) . The system provider identifier 288 iden would be included in the DID bank table , each having the 

tifies the company supplying the service and the domain same user name and user domain , but different DID field 274 

portion 290 identifies the " corn ” domain . contents reflecting the different telephone numbers associ 

The national dialed digit field 262 in this embodiment a ted with that user . includes the digit “ 1 ” and , in general , includes a number 5 In addition to creating dialing profiles as shown in FIG . 9 

specified by the International Telecommunications Union and DID records as shown in FIG . 13 when a user registers 

( ITU ) Telecommunications Standardization Sector ( ITU - T ) with the system , call blocking records of the type shown in 

E . 164 Recommendation which assigns national dialing dig - FIG . 26 , call forwarding records of the type shown in FIG . its to countries . 28 and voicemail records of the type shown in FIG . 30 may 

The international dialing digit field 264 includes a code 10 be added to the database 18 when a new subscriber is added 

also assigned according to the ITU - T according to the to the system . country or location of the user . Referring back to FIG . 8A , after retrieving a dialing 

The country code field 266 also includes the digit “ 1 ” and , profile for the caller , such as shown at 276 in FIG . 10 , the 

in general , includes a number assigned according to the RC processor circuit 200 is directed to block 256 which 

ITU - T to represent the country in which the user is located . 15 directs the processor circuit ( 200 ) to determine whether the 

The local area codes field 267 includes a list of area codes contents of the concurrent call field 277 are less then the 

that have been assigned by the ITU - T to the geographical contents of the maximum concurrent call field 275 of the 

area in which the subscriber is located . The caller minimum dialing profile for the caller and , if so , block 271 directs the 

and maximum local number length fields 268 and 270 hold processor circuit to increment the contents of the concurrent 

numbers representing minimum and maximum local number 20 call field 277 . If the contents of concurrent call field 277 are 

lengths permitted in the area code ( s ) specified by the con - equal to or greater than the contents of the maximum 

tents of the local area codes field 267 . The reseller field 273 concurrent call field 275 , block 259 directs the processor is optional and holds a code identifying a retailer of the circuit 200 to send an error message back to the call 

services , in this embodiment “ Klondike ” . The maximum controller ( 14 ) to cause the call controller to notify the caller 

number of concurrent calls field 275 holds a code identifying 25 that the maximum number of concurrent calls has been 

the maximum number of concurrent calls that the user is reached and no further calls can exist concurrently , including entitled to cause to concurrently exist . This permits more the presently requested call . than one call to occur concurrently while all calls for the user Assuming block 256 allows the call to proceed , the RC 

are billed to the same account . The current number of processor circuit 200 is directed to perform certain checks 

concurrent calls field 277 is initially 0 and is incremented 30 on the callee identifier provided by the contents of the callee 

each time a concurrent call associated with the user is field 154 in FIG . 6 , of the RC request message 150 . These 

initiated and is decremented when a concurrent call is checks are shown in greater detail in FIG . 8B . terminated . The area codes associated with the user are the Referring to FIG . 8B , the processor ( 202 in FIG . 7 ) is 

area codes associated with the location code identifier 286 of directed to a first block 257 that causes it to determine 

the contents of the domain field 260 . 35 whether a digit pattern of the callee identifier ( 154 ) provided 

A dialing profile of the type shown in FIG . 9 is produced in the RC request message ( 150 ) includes a pattern that 

whenever a user registers with the system or agrees to matches the contents of the international dialing digits ( IDD ) 

become a subscriber to the system . Thus , for example , a user field 264 in the caller profile shown in FIG . 10 . If so , then 

wishing to subscribe to the system may contact an office block 259 directs the processor ( 202 ) to set a call type code 

maintained by a system operator and personnel in the office 40 identifier variable maintained by the processor to indicate 

may ask the user certain questions about his location and that the call is an international call and block 261 directs the 

service preferences , whereupon tables can be used to pro - processor to produce a reformatted callee identifier by vide office personnel with appropriate information to be reformatting the callee identifier into a predefined digit 

entered into the user name 258 , domain 260 , NDD 262 , IDD format . In this embodiment , this is done by removing the 

264 , country code 266 , local area codes 267 , caller minimum 45 pattern of digits matching the IDD field contents 264 of the 

and maximum local length fields 268 and 270 reseller field caller dialing profile to effectively shorten the callee iden 

273 and concurrent call fields 275 and 277 to establish a tifier . Then , block 263 directs the processor 202 to determine 

dialing profile for the user . whether or not the callee identifier has a length which meets 

Referring to FIGS . 11 and 12 , callee dialing profiles for criteria establishing it as a number compliant with the E . 164 

users in Calgary and London , respectively for example , are 50 Standard set by the ITU . If the length does not meet this 

shown . criteria , block 265 directs the processor 202 to send back to 

In addition to creating dialing profiles when a user reg the call controller ( 14 ) a message indicating the length is not 

isters with the system , a direct - in - dial ( DID ) record of the correct . The process is then ended . At the call controller 14 , type shown at 278 in FIG . 13 is added to a direct - in - dial routines ( not shown ) stored in the program memory 104 may 

bank table in the database ( 18 in FIG . 1 ) to associate the 55 direct the processor ( 102 of FIG . 4 ) to respond to the 

username and a host name of the supernode with which the incorrect length message by transmitting a message back to 

user is associated , with an E . 164 number associated with the the telephone ( 12 shown in FIG . 1 ) to indicate that an invalid 

user on the PSTN network . number has been dialed . An exemplary DID table record entry for the Calgary Still referring to FIG . 8B , if the length of the amended 

callee is shown generally at 300 in FIG . 14 . The user name 60 callee identifier meets the criteria set forth at block 263 , field 281 and user domain field 272 are analogous to the user block 269 directs the processor ( 202 of FIG . 7 ) to make a 

name and user domain fields 258 and 260 of the caller database request to determine whether or not the amended 

dialing profile shown in FIG . 10 . The contents of the DID callee identifier is found in a record in the direct - in - dial bank 

field 274 include a E . 164 public telephone number including ( DID ) table . Referring back to FIG . 8B , at block 269 , if the 

a country code 283 , an area code 285 , an exchange code 287 65 processor 202 receives a response from the database indi 

and a number 289 . If the user has multiple telephone cating that the reformatted callee identifier produced at 

numbers , then multiple records of the type shown at 300 block 261 is found in a record in the DID bank table , then 

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the callee is a subscriber to the system and the call is FIG . 7 ) to send the routing message shown in FIG . 16 to the 

classified as a private network call by directing the processor call controller 14 shown in FIG . 1 . to block 279 which directs the processor to copy the contents Referring back to FIG . 8B , if at block 257 , the callee 

of the corresponding user name field ( 281 in FIG . 14 ) from identifier stored in the callee id buffer ( 211 in FIG . 7 ) does 

the callee DID bank table record ( 300 in FIG . 14 ) into the 5 not begin with an international dialing digit , block 380 

callee ID buffer ( 211 in FIG . 7 ) . Thus , the processor 202 directs the processor ( 202 ) to determine whether or not the 

locates a subscriber user name associated with the reformat callee identifier begins with the same national dial digit code 

ted callee identifier . The processor 202 is then directed to as assigned to the caller . To do this , the processor ( 202 ) is 

directed to refer to the retrieved caller dialing profile as point B in FIG . 8A . Subscriber to Subscriber Calls Between Different Nodes 1 10 shown in FIG . 10 . In FIG . 10 , the national dialing digit code 

262 is the number 1 . Thus , if the callee identifier begins with Referring to FIG . 8A , block 280 directs the processor the number 1 , then the processor ( 202 ) is directed to block ( 202 of FIG . 7 ) to execute a process to determine whether or 382 in FIG . 8B . not the node associated with the reformatted callee identifier Block 382 directs the processor ( 202 of FIG . 7 ) to 

is the same node that is associated with the caller identifier . 15 examine the callee identifier to determine whether or not the 

To do this , the processor 202 determines whether or not a digits following the NDD digit identify an area code that is 

prefix ( e . g . , continent code 61 ) of the callee name held in the the same as any of the area codes identified in the local area callee ID buffer ( 211 in FIG . 7 ) , is the same as the corre codes field 267 of the caller dialing profile 276 shown in 

sponding prefix of the caller name held in the username field FIG . 10 . If not , block 384 of FIG . 8B directs the processor 

258 of the caller dialing profile shown in FIG . 10 . If the 20 202 to set the call type flag to indicate that the call is a 

corresponding prefixes are not the same , block 302 in FIG . national call . If the digits following the NDD digit identify 

8A directs the processor ( 202 in FIG . 7 ) to set a call type flag an area code that is the same as a local area code associated 

in the buffer memory ( 207 in FIG . 7 ) to indicate the call is with the caller as indicated by the caller dialing profile , a cross - domain call . Then , block 350 of FIG . 8A directs the block 386 directs the processor 202 to set the call type flag 

processor ( 202 of FIG . 7 ) to produce a routing message 25 to indicate a local call , national style . After executing blocks 

identifying an address on the private network with which the 384 or 386 , block 388 directs the processor 202 to format the 

callee identified by the contents of the callee ID buffer is callee identifier into a pre - defined digit format to produce a 

associated and to set a time to live for the call at a maximum re - formatted callee identifier by removing the national 

value of 99999 , for example . dialed digit and prepending a caller country code identified 

Thus the routing message includes a caller identifier , a call 30 by the country code field 266 of the caller dialing profile 

identifier set according to a username associated with the shown in FIG . 10 . The processor ( 202 ) is then directed to 

located DID bank table record and includes an identifier of block 263 of FIG . 8B to perform other processing as already 

a node on the private network with which the callee is described above . associated . If at block 380 , the callee identifier does not begin with a 

The node in the system with which the callee is associated 35 national dialed digit , block 390 directs the processor ( 202 ) 

is determined by using the callee identifier to address a to determine whether the callee identifier begins with digits 

supernode table having records of the type as shown at 370 that identify the same area code as the caller . Again , the 

in FIG . 17 . Each record 370 has a prefix field 372 and a reference for this is the retrieved caller dialing profile shown 

supernode address field 374 . The prefix field 372 includes in FIG . 10 . The processor ( 202 ) determines whether or not 

the first n digits of the callee identifier . In this embodiment 40 the first few digits of the callee identifier identify an area 

n = 2 . The supernode address field 374 holds a code repre - code corresponding to the local area code field 267 of the 

senting the IP address or a fully qualified domain name of retrieved caller dialing profile . If so , then block 392 directs 

the node associated with the code stored in the callee the processor 202 to set the call type flag to indicate that the 

identifier prefix field 372 . Referring to FIG . 18 , for example , call is a local call and block 394 directs the processor ( 202 ) 

if the prefix is 20 , the supernode address associated with that 45 to format the callee identifier into a pre - defined digit format 

prefix is sp . yvr . digifonica . com . to produce a reformatted callee identifier by prepending the 

Referring to FIG . 15 , a generic routing message is shown caller country code to the callee identifier , the caller country generally at 352 and includes an optional supplier prefix code being determined from the country code field 266 of 

field 354 , and optional delimiter field 356 , a callee user name the retrieved caller dialing profile shown in FIG . 10 . The 

field 358 , at least one route field 360 , a time to live field 362 50 processor ( 202 ) is then directed to block 263 for further 

and other fields 364 . The optional supplier prefix field 354 processing as described above . 

holds a code for identifying supplier traffic . The optional Referring back to FIG . 8B , at block 390 , the callee 

delimiter field 356 holds a symbol that delimits the supplier identifier does not start with the same area code as the caller , prefix code from the callee user name field 358 . In this block 396 directs the processor ( 202 of FIG . 7 ) to determine 

embodiment , the symbol is a number sign ( # ) . The route 55 whether the number of digits in the callee identifier , i . e . the 

field 360 holds a domain name or IP address of a gateway length of the callee identifier , is within the range of digits 

or node that is to carry the call , and the time to live field 362 indicated by the caller minimum local number length field 

holds a value representing the number of seconds the call is 268 and the caller maximum local number length field 270 

permitted to be active , based on subscriber available minutes of the retrieved caller dialing profile shown in FIG . 10 . If so , and other billing parameters . 60 then block 398 directs the processor ( 202 ) to set the call type Referring to FIG . 8A and FIG . 16 , an example of a routing flag to indicate a local call and block 400 directs the 

message produced by the processor at block 350 for a caller processor ( 202 ) to format the callee identifier into a pre associated with a different node than the caller is shown defined digit format to produce a reformatted callee identi 

generally at 366 and includes only a callee field 359 , a route fier by prepending to the callee identifier the caller country 

field 361 and a time to live field 362 . 65 code ( as indicated by the country code field 266 of the Referring to FIG . 8A , having produced a routing message retrieved caller dialing profile shown in FIG . 10 ) followed 

as shown in FIG . 16 , block 381 directs the processor ( 202 of by the caller area code ( as indicated by the local area code 

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field 267 of the caller profile shown in FIG . 10 ) . The a master list ID field 500 , a dialing code field 502 , a country 

processor ( 202 ) is then directed to block 263 of FIG . 8B for code field 504 , a national sign number field 506 , a minimum 

further processing as described above . length field 508 , a maximum length field 510 , a national 

Referring back to FIG . 8B , if at block 396 , the callee dialed digit field 512 , an international dialed digit field 514 

identifier has a length that does not fall within the range 5 and a buffer rate field 516 . specified by the caller minimum local number length field The master list ID field 500 holds a unique code such as 

( 268 in FIG . 10 ) and the caller maximum local number 1019 , for example , identifying the record . The dialing code 

length field ( 270 in FIG . 10 ) , block 402 directs the processor field 502 holds a predetermined number pattern that the 

202 of FIG . 7 to determine whether or not the callee processor 202 of FIG . 7 uses at block 410 in FIG . 8B to find 

identifier identifies a valid user name . To do this , the 10 the master list record having a dialing code matching the first 

processor 202 searches through the database ( 18 of FIG . 10 few digits of the amended callee identifier stored in the 

of dialing profiles to find a dialing profile having user name callee id buffer 211 . The country code field 504 holds a 

field contents ( 258 in FIG . 10 ) that match the callee iden - number representing the country code associated with the 

tifier . If no match is found , block 404 directs the processor record and the national sign number field 506 holds a 

( 202 ) to send an error message back to the call controller 15 number representing the area code associated with the 

( 14 ) . If at block 402 , a dialing profile having a user name record . ( It will be observed that the dialing code is a 

field 258 that matches the callee identifier is found , block combination of the contents of the country code field 504 

406 directs the processor 202 to set the call type flag to and the national sign number field 506 . ) The minimum 

indicate that the call is a private network call and then the length field 508 holds a number representing the minimum 

processor is directed to block 280 of FIG . 8A . Thus , the call 20 length of digits associated with the record and the maximum 

is classified as a private network call when the callee length field 51 holds a number representing the maximum 

identifier identifies a subscriber to the private network . number of digits in a number with which the record may be 

From FIG . 8B , it will be appreciated that there are certain compared . The national dialed digit ( NDD ) field 512 holds 

groups of blocks of codes that direct the processor 202 in a number representing an access code used to make a call 

FIG . 7 to determine whether the callee identifier has certain 25 within the country specified by the country code , and the 

features such as an international dialing digit , a national international dialed digit ( IDD ) field 514 holds a number 

dialing digit , an area code and a length that meet certain representing the international prefix needed to dial a call 

criteria , and cause the processor 202 to reformat the callee from the country indicated by the country code . identifier stored in the callee id buffer 211 , as necessary into Thus , for example , a master list record may have a format 

a predetermined target format including only a country code , 30 as shown in FIG . 20 with exemplary field contents as shown . area code , and a normal telephone number , for example , to Referring back to FIG . 8B , using the country code and 

cause the callee identifier to be compatible with the E . 164 area code portions of the reformatted callee identifier stored 

number plan standard in this embodiment . This enables in the callee id buffer 211 , block 410 directs the processor 

block 269 in FIG . 8B to have a consistent format of callee 202 of FIG . 7 to find a master list record such as the one 

identifiers for use in searching through the DID bank table 35 shown in FIG . 20 having a dialing code that matches the 

records of the type shown in FIG . 13 to determine how to country code ( 1 ) and area code ( 604 ) of the callee identifier . route calls for subscriber to subscriber calls on the same Thus , in this example , the processor ( 202 ) would find a 

system . Effectively , therefore blocks 257 , 380 , 390 , 396 and master list record having an ID field containing the number 

402 establish call classification criteria for classifying the 1019 . This number may be referred to as a route ID . Thus , call as a public network call or a private network call . Block 40 a route ID number is found in the master list record 

269 classifies the call , depending on whether or not the associated with a predetermined number pattern in the 

formatted callee identifier has a DID bank table record and reformatted callee identifier . this depends on how the call classification criteria are met After executing block 410 in FIG . 8B , the process con 

and block 402 directs the processor 202 of FIG . 7 to classify tinues as shown in FIG . 8D . Referring to FIG . 8D , block 412 

the call as a private network call when the callee identifier 45 directs the processor 202 of FIG . 7 to use the route ID 

complies with a pre - defined format , i . e . is a valid user name number to search a database of supplier records associating 

and identifies a subscriber to the private network , after the supplier identifiers with route identifiers to locate at least 

callee identifier has been subjected to the classification one supplier record associated with the route identifier to 

criteria of blocks 257 , 380 , 390 and 396 . identify at least one supplier operable to supply a commu 

Subscriber to Non - Subscriber Calls 50 nications link for the route . Not all calls will be subscriber to subscriber calls and this Referring to FIG . 21 , a data structure for a supplier list 

will be detected by the processor 202 of FIG . 7 when it record is shown . Supplier list records include a supplier ID 

executes block 269 in FIG . 8B , and does not find a DID bank field 540 , a master list ID field 542 , an optional prefix field 

table record that is associated with the callee , in the DID 544 , a specific route identifier field 546 , a NDD / IDD rewrite 

bank table . When this occurs , the call is classified as a public 55 field 548 , a rate field 550 , and a timeout field 551 . The 

network call by directing the processor 202 to block 408 of supplier ID field 540 holds a code identifying the name of 

FIG . 8B which causes it to set the contents of the callee id the supplier and the master list ID field 542 holds a code for 

buffer 211 of FIG . 7 equal to the newly formatted callee associating the supplier record with a master list record . The 

identifier , i . e . , a number compatible with the E . 164 standard . prefix field 544 holds a string used to identify the supplier 

Then , block 410 of FIG . 8B directs the processor ( 202 ) to 60 traffic and the specific route identifier field 546 holds an IP 

search a database of route or master list records associating address of a gateway operated by the supplier indicated by 

route identifiers with dialing codes shown in FIG . 19 to the supplier ID field 540 . The NDD / IDD rewrite field 548 

locate a router having a dialing code having a number holds a code representing a rewritten value of the NDD / IDD 

pattern matching at least a portion of the reformatted callee associated with this route for this supplier , and the rate field 

identifier . 65 550 holds a code indicating the cost per second to the system Referring to FIG . 19 , a data structure for a master list or operator to use the route provided by the gateway specified 

route list record is shown . Each master list record includes by the contents of the route identifier field 546 . The timeout 

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field 551 holds a code indicating a time that the call the type shown in FIG . 11 or 12 , for example . Block 602 of 

controller should wait for a response from the associated FIG . 8A then directs the processor 202 of FIG . 7 to get call 

gateway before giving up and trying the next gateway . This block , call forward and voicemail records from the database 

time value may be in seconds , for example . Exemplary 18 of FIG . 1 based on the user name identified in the callee 

supplier records are shown in FIGS . 22 , 23 and 24 for the 5 dialing profile retrieved by the processor at block 600 . Call 

exemplary suppliers shown at 20 in FIG . 1 , namely Telus , block , call forward and voicemail records may be as shown 

Shaw and Sprint . in FIGS . 26 , 27 , 28 and 30 for example . Referring back to FIG . 8D , at block 412 the processor 202 Referring to FIG . 26 , the call block records include a user 

finds all supplier records that identify the master list ID name field 604 and a block pattern field 606 . The user name 

found at block 410 of FIG . 8B . 10 field holds a user name corresponding to the user name in the 

Referring back to FIG . 8D , block 560 directs the proces - user name field ( 258 in FIG . 10 ) of the callee profile and the 

sor 202 of FIG . 7 to begin to produce a routing message of block pattern field 606 holds one or more E . 164 - compatible 

the type shown in FIG . 15 . To do this , the processor 202 numbers or user names identifying PSTN numbers or system 

loads a routing message buffer as shown in FIG . 25 with a subscribers from whom the subscriber identified in the user 

supplier prefix of the least costly supplier where the least 15 name field 604 does not wish to receive calls . costly supplier is determined from the rate fields 550 of FIG . Referring to FIG . 8A and FIG . 27 , block 608 directs the 

21 of the records associated with respective suppliers . processor 202 of FIG . 7 to determine whether or not the 

Referring to FIGS . 22 - 24 , in the embodiment shown , the caller identifier received in the RC request message matches 

supplier " Telus ” has the lowest number in the rate field 550 a block pattern stored in the block pattern field 606 of the 

and therefore the prefix 4973 associated with that supplier is 20 call block record associated with the callee identified by the 

loaded into the routing message buffer shown in FIG . 25 contents of the user name field 604 in FIG . 26 . If the caller 

first . Block 562 in FIG . 8D directs the processor to delimit identifier matches a block pattern , block 610 directs the 

the prefix 4973 by the number sign ( # ) and to next load the processor to send a drop call or non - completion message to 

reformatted callee identifier into the routing message buffer the call controller ( 14 ) and the process is ended . If the caller 

shown in FIG . 25 . At block 563 of FIG . 8D , the contents of 25 identifier does not match a block pattern associated with the 

the route identifier field 546 of FIG . 21 of the record callee , block 609 directs the processor to store the username 

associated with the supplier " Telus ” are added by the pro - and domain of the callee , as determined from the callee 

cessor 202 of FIG . 7 to the routing message buffer shown in dialing profile , and a time to live value in the routing 

FIG . 25 after an @ sign delimiter , and then block 564 in FIG . message buffer as shown at 650 in FIG . 32 . Referring back 

8D directs the processor to get a time to live value , which in 30 to FIG . 8A , block 612 then directs the processor 202 to 

one embodiment may be 3600 seconds , for example . Block determine whether or not call forwarding is required . 566 then directs the processor 202 to load this time to live Referring to FIG . 28 , the call forwarding records include 

value and the timeout value ( 551 ) in FIG . 21 in the routing a user name field 614 , a destination number field 616 , and a 

message buffer of FIG . 25 . Accordingly , a first part of the sequence number field 618 . The user name field 614 stores 

routing message for the Telus gateway is shown generally at 35 a code representing a user with which the record is associ 

570 in FIG . 25 . ated . The destination number field 616 holds a user name 

Referring back to FIG . 8D , block 571 directs the proces representing a number to which the current call should be 

sor 202 back to block 560 and causes it to repeat blocks 560 , forwarded , and the sequence number field 618 holds an 

562 , 563 , 564 and 566 for each successive supplier until the integer number indicating the order in which the user name 

routing message buffer is loaded with information pertaining 40 associated with the corresponding destination number field 

to each supplier identified by the processor at block 412 616 should be attempted for call forwarding . The call 

Thus , a second portion of the routing message as shown at forwarding table may have a plurality of records for a given 

572 in FIG . 25 relates to the second supplier identified by the user . The processor 202 of FIG . 7 uses the contents of the 

record shown in FIG . 23 . Referring back to FIG . 25 , a third sequence number field 618 to place the records for a given 

portion of the routing message as shown at 574 and is 45 user in order . As will be appreciated below , this enables the 

associated with a third supplier as indicated by the supplier call forwarding numbers to be tried in an ordered sequence . record shown in FIG . 24 . Referring to FIG . 8A and FIG . 29 , if at block 612 , the call 

Consequently , referring to FIG . 25 , the routing message forwarding record for the callee identified by the callee 

buffer holds a routing message identifying a plurality of identifier contains no contents in the destination number 

different suppliers able to provide gateways to the public 50 field 616 and accordingly no contents in the sequence 

telephone network ( i . e . specific routes ) to establish at least number field 618 , there are no call forwarding entries for this 

part of a communication link through which the caller may callee , and the processor 202 is directed to block 620 in FIG . contact the callee . In this embodiment , each of the suppliers 8C . If there are entries in the call forwarding table 27 , block 

is identified , in succession , according to rate . Other criteria 622 in FIG . 8A directs the processor 202 to search the 

for determining the order in which suppliers are listed in the 55 dialing profile table to find a dialing profile record as shown 

routing message may include preferred supplier priorities in FIG . 9 , for the user identified by the destination number 

which may be established based on service agreements , for field 616 of the call forward record shown in FIG . 28 . The 

example . Referring back to FIG . 8D , block 568 directs the processor 202 of FIG . 7 is further directed to store the 

processor 202 of FIG . 7 to send the routing message shown username and domain for that user and a time to live value 

in FIG . 25 to the call controller 14 in FIG . 1 . 60 in the routing message buffer as shown at 652 in FIG . 32 , to 

Subscriber to Subscriber Calls within the Same Node produce a routing message as illustrated . This process is 

Referring back to FIG . 8A , if at block 280 , the callee repeated for each call forwarding record associated with the 

identifier received in the RC request message has a prefix callee identified by the callee id buffer 211 in FIG . 7 to add 

that identifies the same node as that associated with the to the routing message buffer all call forwarding usernames 

caller , block 600 directs the processor 202 to use the callee 65 and domains associated with the callee . identifier in the callee id buffer 211 to locate and retrieve a Referring back to FIG . 8A , if at block 612 there are no call dialing profile for the callee . The dialing profile may be of forwarding records , then at block 620 in FIG . 8C the 

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processor 202 is directed to determine whether or not the supplier , in this case Shaw . The process is repeated until one 

user identified by the callee identifier has paid for voicemail of the suppliers responds indicating that it is available to 

service . This is done by checking to see whether or not a flag carry the call . Once a supplier responds indicating that it is 

is set in a voicemail record of the type shown in FIG . 30 in able to carry the call , the supplier sends back to the call 

a voicemail table stored in the database 18 shown in FIG . 1 . 5 controller 14 an IP address for a gateway provided by the 

Referring to FIG . 30 , voicemail records in this embodi - supplier through which the call or audio path of the call will 

ment may include a user name field 624 , a voicemail server be carried . This IP address is sent in a message from the call 

field 626 , a seconds to voicemail field 628 and an enable controller 14 to the media relay 9 which responds with a 

field 630 . The user name field 624 stores the user name of message indicating an IP address to which the caller tele 

the callee . The voicemail server field 626 holds a code 10 phone should send its audio / video , traffic and an IP address 

identifying a domain name of a voicemail server associated to which the gateway should send its audio / video for the 

with the user identified by the user name field 624 . The call . The call controller conveys the IP address at which the 

seconds to voicemail field 628 holds a code identifying the media relay expects to receive audio / video from the caller 

time to wait before engaging voicemail , and the enable field telephone , to the caller telephone 12 in a message . The caller 

630 holds a code representing whether or not voicemail is 15 telephone replies to the call controller with an IP address at 

enabled for the user . Referring back to FIG . 8C , at block 620 which it would like to receive audio / video and the call 

if the processor 202 of FIG . 7 finds a voicemail record as controller conveys that IP address to the media relay . The 

shown in FIG . 30 having user name field 624 contents call may then be conducted between the caller and callee 

matching the callee identifier , the processor is directed to through the media relay and gateway . examine the contents of the enabled field 630 to determine 20 Referring back to FIG . 1 , if the call controller 14 receives 

whether or not voicemail is enabled . If voicemail is enabled , a routing message of the type shown in FIG . 32 , and which 

then block 640 in FIG . 8C directs the processor 202 to FIG . has at least one call forwarding number and / or a voicemail 

7 to store the contents of the voicemail server field 626 and number , the call controller attempts to establish a call to the 

the contents of the seconds to voicemail field 628 in the callee telephone 15 by seeking from the callee telephone a 

routing message buffer , as shown at 654 in FIG . 32 . Block 25 message indicating an IP address to which the media relay 

642 then directs the processor 202 to get time to live values should send audio / video . If no such message is received 

for each path specified by the routing message according to from the callee telephone , no call is established . If no call is 

the cost of routing and the user ' s balance . These time to live established within a pre - determined time , the call controller 

values are then appended to corresponding paths already 14 attempts to establish a call with the next user identified 

stored in the routing message buffer . 30 in the call routing message in the same manner . This process 

Referring back to FIG . 8C , block 644 then directs the is repeated until all call forwarding possibilities have been 

processor 202 of FIG . 7 to store the IP address of the current exhausted , in which case the call controller communicates 

node in the routing message buffer as shown at 656 in FIG . with the voicemail server 19 identified in the routing mes 

32 . Block 646 then directs the processor 202 to send the sage to obtain an IP address to which the media relay should 

routing message shown in FIG . 32 to the call controller 14 35 send audio / video and the remainder of the process men 

in FIG . 1 . Thus in the embodiment described the routing tioned above for establishing IP addresses at the media relay 

controller will produce a routing message that will cause at 9 and the caller telephone is carried out to establish audio / 

least one of the following : forward the call to another party , video paths to allowing the caller to leave a voicemail 

block the call and direct the caller to a voicemail server . message with the voicemail server . Referring back to FIG . 1 , the routing message whether of 40 When an audio / video path through the media relay is 

the type shown in FIG . 16 , 25 or 32 , is received at the call established , a call timer maintained by the call controller 14 

controller 14 and the call controller interprets the receipt of logs the start date and time of the call and logs the call ID 

the routing message as a request to establish a call . and an identification of the route ( i . e . , audio / video path IP 

Referring to FIG . 4 , the program memory 104 of the call address ) for later use in billing . controller 14 includes a routing to gateway routine depicted 45 Time to Live 

generally at 122 . Referring to FIGS . 33A and 33B , a process for determin 

Where a routing message of the type shown in FIG . 32 is ing a time to live value for any of blocks 642 in FIG . 8C , 350 

received by the call controller 14 , the routing to gateway in FIG . 8A or 564 in FIG . 8D above is described . The 

routine 122 shown in FIG . 4 may direct the processor 102 process is executed by the processor 202 shown in FIG . 7 . cause a message to be sent back through the internet 13 50 Generally , the process involves calculating a cost per unit 

shown in FIG . 1 to the callee telephone 15 , knowing the IP time , calculating a first time value as a sum of a free time 

address of the callee telephone 15 from the user name . attributed to a participant in the communication session and Alternatively , if the routing message is of the type shown the quotient of a funds balance held by the participant to the 

in FIG . 16 , which identifies a domain associated with cost per unit time value and producing a second time value 

another node in the system , the call controller may send a 55 in response to the first time value and a billing pattern 

SIP invite message along the high speed backbone 17 associated with the participant , the billing pattern including 

connected to the other node . The other node functions as first and second billing intervals and the second time value 

explained above , in response to receipt of a SIP invite being the time to permit a communication session to be 

message . conducted . If the routing message is of the type shown in FIG . 25 60 Referring to FIG . 33A , in this embodiment , the process 

where there are a plurality of gateway suppliers available , begins with a first block 700 that directs the RC processor to 

the call controller sends a SIP invite message to the first determine whether or not the call type set at block 302 in 

supplier , in this case Telus , using a dedicated line or an FIG . 8A indicates the call is a network or cross - domain call . internet connection to determine whether or not Telus is able If the call is a network or cross - domain call , block 702 of 

to handle the call . If the Telus gateway returns a message 65 FIG . 33A directs the RC processor to set the time to live 

indicating it is not able to handle the call , the call controller equal to 99999 and the process is ended . Thus , the network 

14 then proceeds to send a SIP invite message to the next or cross - domain call type has a long time to live . If at block 

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700 the call type is determined not to be a network or to 99999 , giving the user a long period of time for the call . cross - domain type , block 704 directs the RC processor to get The process is then ended . If the conditions associated with 

a subscriber bundle table record from the database 18 in block 730 are not satisfied , block 734 of FIG . 33B directs the 

FIG . 1 and store it locally in the subscriber bundle record RC processor to retrieve a subscriber account record asso 

buffer at the RC 14 . 5 ciated with a participant in the call . This is done by copying 

Referring to FIG . 34 , a subscriber bundle table record is and storing in the subscriber account record buffer a sub 

shown generally at 706 . The record includes a user name scriber account record for the caller . field 708 and a services field 710 . The user name field 708 Referring to FIG . 38 , an exemplary subscriber account 

holds a code identifying the subscriber user name and the table record is shown generally at 736 . The record includes 

services field 710 holds codes identifying service features 10 a user name field 738 , a funds balance field 740 and a free 

assigned to the subscriber , such as free local calling , call time field 742 . The user name field 738 holds a subscriber 

blocking and voicemail , for example . user name , the funds balance field 740 holds a real number 

FIG . 35 shows an exemplary subscriber bundle record for representing the dollar value of credit available to the 

the Vancouver caller . In this record the user name field 708 subscriber and the free time field 742 holds an integer is loaded with the user name 2001 1050 8667 and the 15 representing the number of free seconds that the user is 

services field 710 is loaded with codes 10 , 14 and 16 entitled to . corresponding to free local calling , call blocking and voice - An exemplary subscriber account record for the Vancou 

mail , respectively . Thus , user 2001 1050 8667 has free local ver caller is shown generally at 744 in FIG . 39 , wherein the 

calling , call blocking and voicemail features . user name field 738 holds the user name 2001 1050 8667 , the 

Referring back to FIG . 33A , after having loaded a sub - 20 funds balance field 740 holds the value $ 10 . 00 , and the free 

scriber bundle record into the subscriber bundle record time field 742 holds the value 100 . The funds balance field 

buffer , block 712 directs the RC processor to search the holding the value of $ 10 . 00 indicates the user has $ 10 . 00 

database ( 18 ) determine whether or not there is a bundle worth of credit and the free time field having the value of 

override table record for the master list ID value that was 100 indicates that the user has a balance of 100 free seconds 

determined at block 410 in FIG . 8B . An exemplary bundle 25 of call time . override table record is shown at 714 in FIG . 36 . The bundle Referring back to FIG . 33B , after copying and storing the 

table record includes a master list ID field 716 , an override subscriber account record shown in FIG . 39 from the data 

type field 718 , an override value field 720 a first interval field base to the subscriber account record buffer RC , block 746 

722 and a second interval field 724 . The master list ID field directs the processor to determine whether or not the sub 

716 holds a master list ID code . The override type field 718 30 scriber account record funds balance field 740 or free time 

holds an override type code indicating a fixed , percent or field 742 are greater than zero . If they are not greater than 

cent amount to indicate the amount by which a fee will be zero , block 748 directs the processor to set the time to live 

increased . The override value field 720 holds a real number equal to zero and the process is ended . The RC then sends 

representing the value of the override type . The first interval a message back to the call controller to cause the call 

field 722 holds a value indicating the minimum number of 35 controller to deny the call to the caller . If the conditions 

seconds for a first level of charging and the second interval associated with block 746 are satisfied , block 750 directs the 

field 724 holds a number representing a second level of processor to calculate the call cost per unit time . A procedure charging . for calculating the call cost per unit time is described below 

Referring to FIG . 37 , a bundle override record for the in connection with FIG . 41 . located master list ID code is shown generally at 726 and 40 Assuming the procedure for calculating the cost per 

includes a master list ID field 716 holding the code 1019 second returns a number representing the call cost per 

which was the code located in block 410 of FIG . 8B . The second , block 752 directs the processor 202 in FIG . 7 to 

override type field 718 includes a code indicating the determine whether or not the cost per second is equal to zero . override type is a percentage value and the override value If so , block 754 directs the processor to set the time to live 

field 720 holds the value 10 . 0 indicating that the override 45 to 99999 to give the caller a very long length of call and the 

will be 10 . 0 % of the charged value . The first interval field process is ended . 722 holds a value representing 30 seconds and the second If at block 752 the call cost per second is not equal to zero , interval field 724 holds a value representing 6 seconds . The block 756 directs the processor 202 in FIG . 7 to calculate a 

30 second value in the first interval field 722 indicates that first time to live value as a sum of a free time attributed to 

charges for the route will be made at a first rate for 30 50 the participant in the communication session and the quo 

seconds and thereafter the charges will be made at a different tient of the funds balance held by the participant to the cost 

rate in increments of 6 seconds , as indicated by the contents per unit time value . To do this , the processor 202 of FIG . 7 

of the second interval field 724 . is directed to set a first time value or temporary time to live 

Referring back to FIG . 33A , if at block 712 the processor value equal to the sum of the free time provided in the free 

finds a bundle override record of the type shown in FIG . 37 , 55 time field 742 of the subscriber account record shown in 

block 728 directs the processor to store the bundle override FIG . 39 and the quotient of the contents of the funds balance 

record in local memory . In the embodiment shown , the field 740 in the subscriber account record for the call shown 

bundle override record shown in FIG . 37 is stored in the in FIG . 39 and the cost per second determined at block 750 

bundle override record buffer at the RC as shown in FIG . 7 . of FIG . 33B . Thus , for example , if at block 750 the cost per 

Still referring to FIG . 33A , block 730 then directs the RC 60 second is determined to be three cents per second and the 

processor to determine whether or not the subscriber bundle funds balance field holds the value $ 10 . 00 , the quotient of 

table record 706 in FIG . 35 has a services field including a the funds balance and cost per second is 333 seconds and 

code identifying that the user is entitled to free local calling this is added to the contents of the free time field 742 , which 

and also directs the processor to determine whether or not is 100 , resulting in a time to live of 433 seconds . the call type is not a cross domain cell , i . e . it is a local or 65 Block 758 then directs the RC processor to produce a 

local / national style . If both of these conditions are satisfied , second time value in response to the first time value and the 

block 732 directs the processor to set the time to live equal billing pattern associated with the participant as established 

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by the bundle override record shown in FIG . 37 . This look for a record associated with a reseller and a route with 

process is shown in greater detail at 760 in FIG . 40 and the reseller by looking for a special rate record based on the 

generally involves producing a remainder value representing master list ID established at block 410 in FIG . 8C . a portion of the second billing interval remaining after Referring to FIG . 42 , a system operator special rate table 

dividing the second billing interval into a difference between 5 record is shown generally at 784 . The record includes a 

the first time value and the first billing interval . reseller field 786 , a master list ID field 788 , a mark - up type Referring to FIG . 40 , the process for producing the second field 790 , a mark - up value field 792 , a first interval field 794 time value begins with a first block 762 that directs the and a second interval field 796 . The reseller field 786 holds 

processor 202 in FIG . 7 to set a remainder value equal to the a reseller ID code and the master list ID field 788 holds a difference between the time to live value calculated at block 10 master list ID code . The mark - up type field 790 holds a 756 in FIG . 33B and the contents of the first interval field mark - up type such as fixed percent or cents and the mark - up 722 of the record shown in FIG . 37 , multiplied by the 

modulus of the contents of the second interval field 724 of value field 792 holds a real number representing the value 

FIG . 37 . Thus , in the example given , the difference between corresponding to the mark - up type . The first interval field 

the time to live field and the first interval field is 433 minus 15 794 holds a number representing a first level of charging and 

30 , which is 403 and therefore the remainder produced by the second interval field 796 holds a number representing a 

the mod of 403 divided by 6 is 0 . 17 . Block 764 then directs second level of charging . the processor to determine whether or not this remainder An exemplary system operator special rate table for a 

value is greater than zero and , if so , block 766 directs the reseller known as “ Klondike ” is shown at 798 in FIG . 43 . In 

processor to subtract the remainder from the first time value 20 this record , the reseller field 786 holds a code indicating the 

and set the difference as the second time value . To do this the retailer ID is Klondike , the master list ID field 788 holds the 

processor is directed to set the time to live value equal to the code 1019 to associate the record with the master list ID 

current time to live of 403 minus the remainder of 1 , i . e . , 402 code 1019 . The mark - up type field 790 holds a code indi 

seconds . The processor is then returned back to block 758 of cating the mark - up type is cents and the mark - up value field 

FIG . 33B . 25 792 holds a mark - up value indicating 1 / 10 of one cent . The 

Referring back to FIG . 40 , if at block 764 the remainder first interval field 794 holds the value 30 and the second 

is not greater than zero , block 768 directs the processor 202 interval field 796 holds the value 6 , these two fields indi 

of FIG . 7 to determine whether or not the time to live is less cating that the operator allows 30 seconds for free and then 

than the contents of the first interval field 722 in the record billing is done in increments of 6 seconds after that . shown in FIG . 37 . If so , then block 770 of FIG . 40 directs 30 Referring back to FIG . 41 , if at block 782 a record such 

the processor to set the time to live equal to zero . Thus , the as the one shown in FIG . 43 is located in the system operator 

second time value is set to zero when the remainder is special rates table , the processor is directed to block 800 in 

greater than zero and the first time value is less than the free FIG . 41 . If such a record is not found in the system operator 

time associated with the participant in the call . If at block special rates table , block 802 directs the processor to address 

768 the conditions of that block are not satisfied , the 35 the database 18 to look in a system operator mark - up table 

processor returns the first time to live value as the second for a mark - up record associated with the reseller . time to live value . Referring to FIG . 44 , an exemplary system operator Thus , referring to FIG . 33B , after having produced a mark - up table record is shown generally at 804 . The record 

second time to live value , block 772 directs the processor to includes a reseller field 806 , a mark - up type field 808 , a 

set the time to live value for use in blocks 342 , 350 or 564 . 40 mark - up value field 810 , a first interval field 812 and a 

Cost Per Second second interval field 814 . The reseller mark - up type , mark 

Referring back to FIG . 33B , at block 750 it was explained up value , first interval and second interval fields are as 

that a call cost per unit time is calculated . The following described in connection with the fields by the same names in 

explains how that call cost per unit time value is calculated the system operator special rates table shown in FIG . 42 . Referring to FIG . 41 , a process for calculating a cost per 45 FIG . 45 provides an exemplary system operator mark - up 

unit time is shown generally at 780 . The process is executed table record for the reseller known as Klondike and therefore 

by the processor 202 in FIG . 7 and generally involves the reseller field 806 holds the value “ Klondike ” , the mark 

locating a record in a database , the record comprising a up type field 808 holds the value cents , the mark - up value 

markup type indicator , a markup value and a billing pattern field holds the value 0 . 01 , the first interval field 812 holds 

and setting a reseller rate equal to the sum of the markup 50 the value 30 and the second interval field 814 holds the value 

value and the buffer rate , locating at least one of an override 6 . This indicates that the reseller “ Klondike ” charges by the 

record specifying a route cost per unit time amount associ - cent at a rate of one cent per minute . The first 30 seconds of 

ated with a route associated with the communication ses - the call are free and billing is charged at the rate of one cent 

sion , a reseller record associated with a reseller of the per minute in increments of 6 seconds . communications session , the reseller record specifying a 55 FIG . 46 provides an exemplary system operator mark - up 

reseller cost per unit time associated with the reseller for the table record for cases where no specific system operator communication session and a default operator markup mark - up table record exists for a particular reseller , i . e . , a 

record specifying a default cost per unit time and setting as default reseller mark - up record . This record is similar to the 

the cost per unit time the sum of the reseller rate and at least record shown in FIG . 45 and the reseller field 806 holds the 

one of the route cost per unit time , the reseller cost per unit 60 value " all " , the mark - up type field 808 is loaded with a code 

time and the default cost per unit time . indicating mark - up is based on a percentage , the mark - up 

The process begins with a first set of blocks 782 , 802 and value field 810 holds the percentage by which the cost is 

820 which direct the processor 202 in FIG . 7 to locate at marked up , and the first and second interval fields 812 and 

least one of a record associated with a reseller and a route 814 identify first and second billing levels . associated with the reseller , a record associated with the 65 Referring back to FIG . 41 , if at block 802 a specific 

reseller , and a default reseller mark - up record . Block 782 , in mark - up record for the reseller identified at block 782 is not 

particular , directs the processor to address the database 18 to located , block 820 directs the processor to get the mark - up 

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record shown in FIG . 46 , having the “ all ” code in the reseller includes a reseller field 850 , a mark - up type field 852 , a 

field 806 . The processor is then directed to block 800 . mark - up value field 854 , a first interval field 856 and a 

Referring back to FIG . 41 , at block 800 , the processor 202 second interval field 858 . The reseller field 850 holds a code 

of FIG . 7 is directed to set a reseller rate equal to the sum identifying the reseller . The mark - up type field 852 , the 

of the mark - up value of the record located by blocks 782 , 5 mark - up value field 854 and the first and second interval 

802 or 820 and the buffer rate specified by the contents of the fields 856 and 858 are of the same type as described in 

buffer rate field 516 of the master list record shown in FIG . connection with fields of the same name in FIG . 47 , for 

20 . To do this , the RC processor sets a variable entitled example . The contents of the fields of this record 860 may 

" reseller cost per second " to a value equal to the sum of the be set according to system operator preferences , for 

contents of the mark - up value field ( 792 , 810 ) of the 10 example . associated record , plus the contents of the buffer rate field Referring to FIG . 50 , an exemplary reseller global mark 

( 516 ) from the master list record associated with the master up table record is shown generally at 860 . In this record , the 

list ID . Then , block 822 directs the processor to set a system reseller field 850 holds a code indicating the reseller is 

operator cost per second variable equal to the contents of the “ Klondike ” , the mark - up type field 852 holds a code indi 

buffer rate field ( 516 ) from the master list record . Block 824 15 cating the mark - up type is percent , the mark - up value field 

then directs the processor to determine whether the call type 854 holds a value representing 10 % as the mark - up value , flag indicates the call is local or national / local style and the first interval field 856 holds the value 30 and the second 

whether the caller has free local calling . If both these interval field 858 holds the values 30 and 6 respectively to 

conditions are met , then block 826 sets the user cost per indicate the first 30 seconds are free and billing is to be done 

second variable equal to zero and sets two increment vari - 20 in 6 second increments after that . ables equal to one , for use in later processing . The cost per Referring back to FIG . 41 , should the processor get to 

second has thus be calculated and the process shown in FIG . block 832 , the reseller global mark - up table record as shown 

41 is ended . in FIG . 50 is retrieved from the database and stored locally 

If at block 824 the conditions of that block are not met , the at the RC . As seen in FIG . 41 , it will be appreciated that if 

processor 202 of FIG . 7 is directed to locate at least one of 25 the conditions are met in blocks 828 or 830 , or if the 

a bundle override table record specifying a route cost per processor executes block 832 , the processor is then directed 

unit time associated with a route associated with the com - to block 862 which causes it to set an override value equal munication session , a reseller special destinations table to the contents of the mark - up value field of the located 

record associated with a reseller of the communications record , to set the first increment variable equal to the 

session , the reseller record specifying a reseller cost per unit 30 contents of the first interval field of the located record and 

time associated with the reseller for the communication to set the second increment variable equal to the contents of 

session and a default reseller global markup record speci - the second interval field of the located record . ( The incre 

fying a default cost per unit time . ment variables were alternatively set to specific values at 

To do this block 828 directs the processor 202 of FIG . 7 block 826 in FIG . 41 . ) 

to determine whether or not the bundle override record 726 35 It will be appreciated that the located record could be a 

in FIG . 37 located at block 712 in FIG . 33A has a master list bundle override record of the type shown in FIG . 37 or the 

ID equal to the stored master list ID that was determined at located record could be a reseller special destination record 

block 410 in FIG . 8B . If not , block 830 directs the processor of the type shown in FIG . 48 or the record could be a reseller 

to find a reseller special destinations table record in a reseller global mark - up table record of the type shown in FIG . 50 . special destinations table in the database ( 18 ) , having a 40 After the override and first and second increment variables 

master list ID code equal to the master list ID code of the have been set at block 862 , the processor 202 if FIG . 7 is 

master list ID that was determined at block 410 in FIG . 8B . directed to set as the cost per unit time the sum of the reseller 

An exemplary reseller special destinations table record is rate and at least one of the route cost per unit time , the 

shown in FIG . 47 at 832 . The reseller special destinations reseller cost per unit time and the default cost per unit time , table record includes a reseller field 834 , a master list ID 45 depending on which record was located . To do this , block 

field 836 , a mark - up type field 838 , a mark - up value field 864 directs the processor to set the cost per unit time equal 

840 , a first interval field 842 and a second interval field 844 . to the sum of the reseller cost set at block 800 in FIG . 41 , This record has the same format as the system operator plus the contents of the override variable calculated in block 

special rates table record shown in FIG . 42 , but is stored in 862 in FIG . 41 . The cost per unit time has thus been 

a different table to allow for different mark - up types and 50 calculated and it is this cost per unit time that is used in block 

values and time intervals to be set according to resellers ' 752 of FIG . 33B , for example . preferences . Thus , for example , an exemplary reseller spe - Terminating the Call 

cial destinations table record for the reseller “ Klondike ” is . In the event that either the caller or the callee terminates 

shown at 846 in FIG . 48 . The reseller field 834 holds a value a call , the telephone of the terminating party sends a SIP bye indicating the reseller as the reseller “ Klondike ” and the 55 message to the controller 14 . An exemplary SIP bye message 

master list ID field holds the code 1019 . The mark - up type is shown at 900 in FIG . 51 and includes a caller field 902 , field 838 holds a code indicating the mark - up type is percent a callee field 904 and a call ID field 906 . The caller field 902 

and the mark - up value field 840 holds a number representing holds a twelve digit user name , the callee field 904 holds a 

the mark - up value as 5 % . The first and second interval fields PSTN compatible number or user name , and the call ID field 

identify different billing levels used as described earlier . 60 906 holds a unique call identifier field of the type shown in 

Referring back to FIG . 41 , the record shown in FIG . 48 the call ID field 65 of the SIP invite message shown in FIG . may be located at block 830 , for example . If at block 830 3 . such a record is not found , then block 832 directs the Thus , for example , referring to FIG . 52 , a SIP bye 

processor to get a default operator global mark - up record message for the Calgary callee is shown generally at 908 and 

based on the reseller ID . 65 the caller field 902 holds a user name identifying the caller , Referring to FIG . 49 , an exemplary default reseller global in this case 2001 1050 8667 , the callee field 904 holds a user 

mark - up table record is shown generally at 848 . This record name identifying the Calgary callee , in this case 2001 1050 

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2222 , and the call ID field 906 holds the code FA10 @ set by the cost calculation routine shown in FIG . 41 , 192 . 168 . 0 . 20 , which is the call ID for the call . specifically blocks 826 or 862 thereof . If this condition is 

The SIP bye message shown in FIG . 52 is received at the met , then block 954 of FIG . 56A directs the RC processor to 

call controller 14 and the call controller executes a process set a chargeable time variable equal to the first increment 

as shown generally at 910 in FIG . 53 . The process includes 5 value set at block 826 or 862 of FIG . 41 . If at block 952 of 

a first block 912 that directs the call controller processor 202 FIG . 56 A the condition is not met , block 956 directs the RC 

of FIG . 7 to copy the caller , callee and call ID field contents processor to set a remainder variable equal to the difference from the SIP bye message received from the terminating between the communication session time and the first incre party to corresponding fields of an RC stop message buffer ment value mod the second increment value produced at ( not shown ) . Block 914 then directs the processor to copy 10 block 826 or 862 of FIG . 41 . Then , the processor is directed the call start time from the call timer and to obtain a call stop to block 958 of FIG . 56A which directs it to determine time from the call timer . Block 916 then directs the call whether or not the remainder is greater than zero . If so , block controller to calculate a communication session time by determining the difference in time between the call start time 960 directs the RC processor to set the chargeable time 

and the call ston time . This session time is then stored in a 15 variable equal to the difference between the communication 

corresponding field of the RC call stop message buffer . session time and the remainder value . If at block 958 the 

Block 917 then directs the processor to decrement the remainder is not greater than zero , block 962 directs the RC 

contents of the current concurrent call field 277 of the processor to set the chargeable time variable equal to the 

dialing profile for the caller as shown in FIG . 10 , to indicate contents of the communication session time from the RC 

that there is one less concurrent call in progress . A copy of 20 stop message . The processor is then directed to block 964 . the amended dialing profile for the caller is then stored in the In addition , after executing block 954 or block 960 , the 

database 18 of FIG . 1 . Block 918 then directs the processor processor is directed to block 964 . to copy the route from the call log . An RC call stop message Block 964 directs the processor 202 of FIG . 7 to deter 

produced as described above is shown generally at 1000 in mine whether or not the chargeable time variable is greater 

FIG . 54 . An RC call stop message specifically associated 25 than or equal to the free time balance as determined from the 

with the call made to the Calgary callee is shown generally free time field 742 of the subscriber account record shown 

at 1020 in FIG . 55 . in FIG . 39 . If this condition is satisfied , block 966 of FIG . Referring to FIG . 54 , the RC stop call message includes 56A directs the processor to set the free time field 742 in the 

a caller field 1002 , callee field 1004 , a call ID field 1006 , an record shown in FIG . 39 , to zero . If the chargeable time 

account start time field 1008 , an account stop time field 30 variable is not greater than or equal to the free time balance , 1010 , a communication session time 1012 and a route field block 968 directs the RC processor to set a user cost variable 

1014 . The caller field 1002 holds a username , the callee field to zero and Block 970 then decrements the free time field 

1004 holds a PSTN - compatible number or system number , 742 of the subscriber account record for the caller by the 

the call ID field 1006 hold the unique call identifier received chargeable time amount determined by block 954 , 960 or 

from the SIP invite message shown in FIG . 3 , the account 35 962 . start time field 1008 holds the date and start time of the call , If at Block 964 the processor 202 of FIG . 7 was directed 

the account stop time field 1010 holds the date and time the to Block 966 which causes the free time field ( 742 of FIG . call ended , the communication session time field 1012 holds 39 ) to be set to zero , referring to FIG . 56B , Block 972 directs 

a value representing the difference between the start time the processor to set a remaining chargeable time variable 

and the stop time , in seconds , and the route field 1014 holds 40 equal to the difference between the chargeable time and the 

the IP address for the communications link that was estab - contents of the free time field ( 742 of FIG . 39 ) . Block 974 

lished . then directs the processor to set the user cost variable equal Referring to FIG . 55 , an exemplary RC stop call message to the product of the remaining chargeable time and the cost 

for the Calgary callee is shown generally at 1020 . In this per second calculated at Block 750 in FIG . 33B . Block 976 

example the caller field 1002 holds the user name 2001 1050 45 then directs the processor to decrement the funds balance 

8667 identifying the Vancouver - based caller and the callee field ( 740 ) of the subscriber account record shown in FIG . field 1004 holds the user name 2001 1050 2222 identifying 39 by the contents of the user cost variable calculated at 

the Calgary callee . The contents of the call ID field 1006 are Block 974 . FA10 @ 192 . 168 . 0 . 20 . The contents of the account start time After completing Block 976 or after completing Block 

field 1008 are 2006 - 12 - 30 12 : 12 : 12 and the contents of the 50 970 in FIG . 56A , block 978 of FIG . 56B directs the 

account stop time field are 2006 - 12 - 30 12 : 12 : 14 . The con processor 202 of FIG . 7 to calculate a reseller cost variable 

tents of the communication session time field 1012 are 2 to as the product of the reseller rate as indicated in the mark - up indicate 2 seconds call duration and the contents of the route value field 810 of the system operator mark - up table record 

field are 72 . 64 . 39 . 58 . shown in FIG . 45 and the communication session time 

Referring back to FIG . 53 , after having produced an RC 55 determined at Block 916 in FIG . 53 . Then , Block 980 of 

call stop message , block 920 directs the processor 202 in FIG . 56B directs the processor to add the reseller cost to the 

FIG . 7 to send the RC stop message compiled in the RC call reseller balance field 986 of a reseller account record of the 

stop message buffer to the RC 16 of FIG . 1 . Block 922 type shown in FIG . 57 at 982 . directs the call controller 14 to send a “ bye ” message back The reseller account record includes a reseller ID field 

to the party that did not terminate the call . 60 984 and the aforementioned reseller balance field 986 . The 

The RC 16 of FIG . 1 receives the call stop message and reseller ID field 984 holds a reseller ID code , and the reseller 

an RC call stop message process is invoked at the RC , the balance field 986 holds an accumulated balance of charges . process being shown at 950 in FIGS . 56A , 56B and 56C . Referring to FIG . 58 , a specific reseller accounts record 

Referring to FIG . 56A , the RC stop message process 950 for the reseller " Klondike ” is shown generally at 988 . In this 

begins with a first block 952 that directs the processor 202 65 record the reseller ID field 984 holds a code representing the 

in FIG . 7 to determine whether or not the communication reseller “ Klondike ” and the reseller balance field 986 holds 

session time is less than or equal to the first increment value a balance of $ 100 . 02 . Thus , the contents of the reseller 

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balance field 986 in FIG . 58 are incremented by the reseller participant device to the second participant device 

cost calculated at block 978 of FIG . 56B . based on at least one network address identified in the 

Still referring to FIG . 56B , after adding the reseller cost routing message . to the reseller balance field as indicated by Block 980 , Block 2 . The method of claim 1 wherein processing the new 

990 directs the processor to 202 of FIG . 7 calculate a system 5 second participant identifier comprises comparing at least a 

operator cost as the product of the system operator cost per portion of the second participant identifier with an identifier second , as set at block 822 in FIG . 41 , and the communi associated with the first network element . cation session time as determined at Block 916 in FIG . 53 . 3 . The method of claim 1 further comprising processing a Block 992 then directs the processor to add the system user - specific attribute associated with the first participant operator cost value calculated at Block 990 to a system 10 profile , using the at least one processor , to determine operator accounts table record of the type shown at 994 in whether the communication is allowed to proceed . FIG . 59 . This record includes a system operator balance field 

996 holding an accumulated charges balance . Referring to 4 . The method of claim 1 further comprising : 

causing the at least one processor to access a database to FIG . 60 in the embodiment described , the system operator balance field 996 may hold the value $ 1 , 000 . 02 for example , 15 locate communication forwarding information associ 

and to this value the system operator cost calculated at Block ated with the second participant ; and 

990 is added when the processor executes Block 992 of FIG . processing the communication forwarding information , 56B . using the at least one processor , to determine whether 

Ultimately , the final reseller balance 986 in FIG . 58 holds the forwarding information identifies a communication 

a number representing an amount owed to the reseller by the 20 device associated with a node that is associated with the 

system operator and the system operator balance 996 of FIG . first network element . 59 holds a number representing an amount of profit for the 5 . The method of claim 4 wherein the communication 

system operator . forwarding information associated with the second partici 

While specific embodiments of the invention have been pant comprises a plurality of communication destination 

described and illustrated , such embodiments should be con - 25 identifiers , and wherein the method further comprises caus 

sidered illustrative of the invention only and not as limiting i ng the communication system to attempt to forward the 

the invention as construed in accordance with the accom - communication to a plurality of communication destinations 

panying claims . corresponding to the plurality of communication destination 

What is claimed is : identifiers . 1 . A method for routing communications in a packet 30 6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising : 

switched communication system between a first participant in response to initiation of a further communication from 

device associated with a first participant and a second a third participant device to the second participant participant device associated with a second participant , the device , receiving a third participant identifier and the 

first and second participant devices being associated with second participant identifier ; 

first and second network elements of the communication 35 causing the at least one processor to access a database to 

system , respectively , the method comprising : locate communication blocking information associated 

receiving , by at least one processor , a second participant with the second participant ; and 

identifier associated with the second participant device , blocking the further communication when the communi 

in response to initiation of a communication from the cation blocking information identifies the third partici first participant device to the second participant device , 40 pant identifier . 

the first participant device being associated with a first 7 . The method of claim 4 , wherein processing the second 

participant identifier ; participant identifier further comprises : 

causing the at least one processor to access at least one causing the at least one processor to access a database to 

memory storing a first participant profile identifying at locate communication blocking information associated 

least one first participant attribute ; 45 with the second participant . processing the second participant identifier and the at least 8 . The method of claim 1 further comprising : 

one first participant attribute , using the at least one ( a ) updating a database to cause at least one user - specific 

processor , to produce a new second participant identi first participant attribute to be modified , fier based on at least one match between the second ( b ) wherein the second participant identifier identifies a 

participant identifier and the at least one first participant 50 device in communication with a public switched tele 

attribute ; phone network ( PSTN ) , processing the new second participant identifier , using the ( c ) wherein the communication comprises a video or 

at least one processor , to determine whether the second audio call , network element is the same as the first network ( d ) wherein the packet switched communication system , element ; 55 including the first and second network elements , form 

when the second network element is determined to be the a private network operably configured to provide com 

same as the first network element , producing a routing munication services to subscribers thereof , and 

message identifying a first network address associated ( e ) wherein the at least one network element of the 

with the first network element , using the at least one communication system comprises a call controller 

processor , and 60 operable to establish the video or audio call to the 

when the second network element is determined not to be second participant device in response to the routing 

the same as the first network element , producing a message . routing message identifying a second network address 9 . The method of claim 1 wherein processing the new 

associated with the second network element , using the second participant identifier comprises determining whether 

at least one processor ; 65 a location associated with the first participant device is the 

wherein the packet switched communication system same as a location associated with the new second partici 

attempts to establish the communication from the first pant identifier . 

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10 . The method of claim 9 wherein the new second nication system , respectively , first and second network 

participant identifier is associated with a second participant elements being operably configured to provide communica 

profile identifying a domain name or IP address of a com - tion services to users associated with first and second 

munication system node comprising the second network geographical areas , respectively , the method comprising : 

element . receiving , by at least one processor , a second participant 11 . The method of claim 1 wherein processing the second identifier associated with the second participant device , participant identifier comprises locating the new second in response to the first participant device initiating a participant identifier in a database based on the second communication to the second participant device , the participant identifier , and causing the packet switched com first participant device being associated with a first munication system to establish the communication to the 10 participant identifier ; second participant device based on the new second partici causing the at least one processor to access at least one pant identifier . 12 . The method of claim 1 further comprising locating the memory storing a first participant profile identifying at 

second network address associated with the second network least one first participant attribute ; 

element in a database based on the second participant 15 15 producing a new second participant identifier based on 

identifier , and causing the packet switched communication determining at least one match of the at least one first 

system to establish the communication to the second par participant attribute and at least a portion of the second 

ticipant device based on the second network address . participant identifier , using the at least one processor ; 

13 . The method of claim 1 wherein processing the second processing the new second participant identifier , using the 

participant identifier comprises modifying the second par - 20 at least one processor , to determine whether the second 

ticipant identifier based on the first participant profile . network element is the same as the first network 

14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the packet switched element ; 

communication system is controlled by a system operator , when the second network element is determined to be the 

the method further comprising : same as the first network element , producing a routing receiving a third participant identifier associated with a 25 message identifying a first network address associated 

third participant device , wherein the third participant with the first network element , using the at least one 

device is not associated with either the first network processor ; and 

element or the second network element ; and when the second network element is determined not to be producing a routing message identifying a gateway to an the same as the first network element , producing a external communication system that is not controlled 30 routing message identifying a second network address by the system operator , using the at least one processor , associated with the second network element , using the to cause a further communication to be established to 

the third participant device . at least one processor , 

15 . The method of claim 14 wherein at least a portion of wherein at least one network node is provided in geo 

the external communication system is a public switched 35 graphical proximity to at least one of the first and 

telephone network ( PSTN ) communication system , and second network elements to provide load sharing of the 

wherein the third participant identifier comprises a public communication services provided to users associated 

switched telephone network ( PSTN ) number . with at least one of the first and second geographical 

16 . The method of claim 14 wherein the packet switched areas , the at least one network node providing the load 

communication system is connected to a plurality of gate - 40 sharing to the at least one of the first and second 

ways to the external communication system , the method network elements , to establish the communication to 

further comprising : the second participant device in response to the routing using the at least one processor to select the gateway from message . among the plurality of gateways . 20 . The method of claim 19 wherein the communication 

17 . The method of claim 1 further comprising : 45 system comprises at least one database for storing user 

receiving communication forwarding information associ - profiles including the first participant profile , each user 

ated with the second participant , the communication profile identifying a respective address associated with a 

forwarding information comprising a plurality of com network element at which the respective user of the com 

munication destination identifiers ; munication system is registered to access communication 

processing one or more of the communication destination 50 services . identifiers , using the at least one processor , to attempt 21 . An apparatus for routing communications in an Inter 

to establish the communication with the second par - net Protocol ( IP ) based communication system between a 

ticipant device until the communication is established first participant device associated with a first participant and 

or all communication destination identifiers have been a second participant device associated with a second par 

exhausted . 55 ticipant , the communication system comprising a plurality 

18 . The method of claim 1 further comprising , if the of network elements , the first participant device being asso 

communication cannot be established to the second partici - ciated with a first network element and the second partici 

pant device , causing communication to be routed to a server pant device being associated with a second network element 

operable to store the communication and facilitate delivery of the communication system , the apparatus comprising : 

of the communication to the second participant device at a 60 a controller comprising at least one processor in commu 

later time . nication with at least one memory storing processor 

19 . A method for routing communications in an Internet readable instructions , the at least one processor being Protocol ( IP ) based communication system between a first operably configured by the processor readable instruc 

participant device associated with a first participant and a tions to : 

second participant device associated with a second partici - 65 in response to initiation of a communication to the second 

pant , the first and second participant devices being associ participant device , receive a second participant identi 

ated with first and second network elements of the commu fier ; 

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access at least one first participant profile in the at least 25 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one 

one memory to locate at least one first participant processor is further operably configured to : 

attribute associated with the first participant ; ( a ) process an attribute associated with the first participant 

process the second participant identifier and the at least profile to determine whether the communication is 

one first participant attribute to determine at least one 5 allowed to proceed ; and match between the second participant identifier and the ( b ) if the communication is allowed to proceed , cause at 

at least one first participant attribute ; least one attribute associated with the first participant determine whether the second network element is the profile to be modified . same as the first network element based at least in part 26 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one 

on the at least one match ; 10 processor is further operably configured to cause a routing when the second network element is determined to be the message identifying a gateway to a public network to be 

same as the first network element , produce a routing produced , to cause at least one communication to be routed message identifying a first Internet Protocol ( IP ) net 

work address associated with the first network element ; through the gateway over the public network . and 27 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one 15 - 

when the second network element is determined to be not processor is further operably configured to determine a 

the same as the first network element , produce a routing network element with which the second participant device is 

message identifying a second Internet Protocol ( IP ) associated based on a geographical area associated with the 

network address associated with the second network second participant identifier and to identify the network 

element ; and 20 element with which the second participant device is asso 

causing the communication to be established to a desti - ciated in the routing message . nation communication device using one of the first 28 . The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the at least one 

network element and the second network element based processor is further operably configured to : 

on the routing message . ( a ) in response to initiation of a further communication to 

22 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one 25 a third participant device , receive a third participant 

processor is further operably configured to : identifier associated with the third participant device ; in response to initiation of a further communication to a and third participant device , receive a third participant ( b ) cause a query to be sent to a plurality of gateways to identifier associated with the third participant device ; determine whether at least one gateway from the plu access at least one database to locate at least one of : ( 1 ) 30 rality of gateways is available to carry the further blocking information associated with the third partici communication to the third participant device . pant device ; and ( ii ) forwarding information associated 29 . The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the at least one with the third participant device ; 

determine whether the further communication should be processor is further operably configured to cause a message P 

blocked from being established to the third participant nant as 35 to 10 be sent through at least one Internet - connected server to 

device based on the communication blocking informa ora a n IP address of the second participant device . tion ; and 30 . A non - transitory computer readable medium storing 

determine whether the communication should be for instructions for directing the at least one processor to 

warded to at least one other communication device execute the method of claim 1 . based on the forwarding information associated with 40 31 . The method of claim 1 wherein the routing message 

the third participant device . causes a communication controller to establish the commu 

23 . The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the at least one n ication to the second participant device : 

processor is further operably configured to cause the com - ( a ) using the first network address , if the second network 

munication to be established to the destination communica element is determined to be the same as the first 

tion device : 45 network element ; and 

( a ) using the first IP network address , if the second ( b ) using the second network address , if the second 

network element is determined to be the same as the network element is determined to be not the same as the 

first network element ; and first network element ; 

( b ) using the second IP network address , if the second ( c ) wherein the first participant identifier comprises a first 

network element is determined to be not the same as the 50 public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) number 

first network element . and the new second participant identifier comprises a 

24 . The apparatus of claim 21 , second public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) ( a ) wherein the communication system comprises a plu number . rality of nodes including at least a first communication 32 . The method of claim 1 wherein the communication 

node and a second communication node in communi - 55 system comprises a plurality of nodes including at least a 

cation with each other , the first and second communi - first communication node and a second communication node 

cation nodes comprising the first and second network in communication with each other , the first and second 

elements , respectively ; communication nodes comprising the first and second net 

( b ) wherein the first and second communication nodes are work elements , respectively , the first and second communi 

operably configured to provide communications ser - 60 cation nodes being operably configured to provide commu 

vices to communication devices associated with first nications services to communication devices associated with 

and second geographical areas , respectively ; and first and second geographical areas , respectively , the method 

( c ) wherein at least one communication node is provided further comprising : 

in geographical proximity to at least one of the first and determining a particular communication node with which 

second communication nodes to provide load sharing 65 the second participant device is associated based on a 

of the communication services provided by the at least geographical area associated with the second partici 

one of the first and second communication nodes . pant identifier , and identifying the particular commu 

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nication node in the routing message , to cause the 42 . The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the at least one 

communication to be established through the particular processor is further operably configured to : 

communication node . ( a ) in response to initiation of a further communication 

33 . The method of claim 1 wherein the communication from a third participant device to the second participant 

comprises a video or audio call , and wherein a call controller 5 device , receive a third participant identifier and the 

causes the communication to be routed to the second par second participant identifier ; 

ticipant device in response to the routing message . ( b ) process a user - specific attribute associated with a third 

34 . The method of claim 1 further comprising , in response participant profile to determine whether the further 

communication is allowed to proceed ; and to initiation of a further communication from the first ( c ) block the further communication when it is determined participant device to a third participant device accessible that the further communication is not allowed to pro within the communication system , the third participant ceed . device being associated with a public switched telephone 43 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one network ( PSTN ) number : processor is further operably configured to : receiving a third participant identifier associated with the 15 ( a ) locate a new second participant identifier associated third participant device ; with the second participant identifier ; and processing an attribute associated with the first participant ( b ) cause a communication controller to establish the profile , using the at least one processor , to determine communication to the second participant device based 

whether the further communication from the first par on the new second participant identifier ; 

ticipant device is allowed to proceed , and if the further 20 ( c ) wherein at least one of the second participant identifier 

communication is not allowed to proceed , causing a and the new second participant identifier comprises a 

communication controller to block the further commu public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) number . nication ; and 44 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one identifying the public switched telephone network processor is further operably configured to : 

( PSTN ) telephone number associated with the third 25 ( a ) modify the second participant identifier based on the 

participant device based on receiving the third partici first participant profile ; and 

pant identifier , to produce a further routing message ( b ) cause a communication controller to establish the 

and cause the communication controller to establish the communication to the second participant device based 

communication to the third participant device . on the modified second participant identifier ; 

35 . A non - transitory computer readable medium storing 30 ( c ) wherein the modified second participant identifier 

instructions for directing the at least one processor to comprises a public switched telephone network 

execute the method of claim 6 . ( PSTN ) number . 36 . A non - transitory computer readable medium storing 45 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the communica 

instructions for directing the at least one processor to tion system is controlled by a system operator and wherein 

execute the method of claim 8 . 35 the at least one processor is further operably configured to : 

37 . A non - transitory computer readable medium storing ( a ) receive a third participant identifier associated with a 

instructions for directing the at least one processor to third participant device , wherein the third participant 

execute the method of claim 20 . device is not associated with either the first network 

38 . A non - transitory computer readable medium storing element or the second network element ; and instructions for directing the at least one processor to 40 ( b ) produce a routing message identifying a gateway to an 

execute the method of claim 31 . external communication system that is not controlled 

39 . A non - transitory computer readable medium storing by the system operator , to cause a communication 

instructions for directing the at least one processor to controller to establish a further communication through 

execute the method of claim 34 . the gateway to the third participant device . 40 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one 45 46 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one 

processor is further operably configured to locate commu - processor is further operably configured to : 

nication forwarding information associated with the second ( a ) produce a new second participant identifier associated 

participant , the communication forwarding information with the second participant device , in response to 

comprising a plurality of communication destination iden receiving the second participant identifier ; and 

tifiers , and to cause a communication controller to attempt to 50 ( b ) cause a communication controller to establish the 

forward the communication to a plurality of communication communication to the second participant device based 

destinations corresponding to the plurality of communica on the new second participant identifier . tion destination identifiers . 47 . The apparatus of claim 46 wherein the new second 

41 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the at least one participant identifier comprises a public switched telephone 

processor is further operably configured to : 55 network ( PSTN ) number . ( a ) in response to initiation of a further communication 48 . The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the at least one 

from a third participant device to the second participant processor is further operably configured to produce a routing 

device , receive a third participant identifier and the message causing at least one communication initiated from 

second participant identifier ; the first participant device to a particular destination device , ( b ) locate communication blocking information associ - 60 to be routed to a server operable to store the at least one 

ated with the second participant identifier in a database ; communication and to provide access to the stored at least 

one communication to the particular destination device at a 

( c ) block the further communication when the communi - later time . cation blocking information identifies the third partici - 49 . The apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the communica 

pant identifier , wherein at least one of the second and 65 tion system comprises at least one database for storing user 

third participant identifiers comprises a public switched profiles including the first participant profile , each user 

telephone network ( PSTN ) number . profile identifying a respective IP address associated with a 

and 

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network element at which the respective user of the com 

munication system is registered to access communication 

services , wherein the at least one processor is further oper 

ably configured to locate , in the at least one database , an IP 

network address of a particular network element associated 5 

with a second participant profile , and to cause the commu 

nication to be established to the second participant device 

using the particular network element associated with the 

second participant profile . 10 * * * * * 

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