EXHIBIT 3 

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IEEE Std 100-1996 

The IEEE Standard Dictionary of 

Electrical and Electronics Terms 

Sixth Edition 

Standards Coordinating Committee 10, Terms and Definitions 

Jane Radatz, Chair 

This standard is one of a number of information technology dictionaries being developed by standards 

organizations accredited by the American National Standards Institute. This dictionary was developed 

under the sponsorship of voluntary standards organizations, using a consensus-based process. 

ISBN 1-55937-833-6 

90000 

9 781559 378338 

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Introduction 

Since the first edition in 1941 of the American Standard Definitions of Electrical Terms, the work now 

known as IEEE Std 100, The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, has evolved 

into the unique compendium of terms that it is today. 

The current edition includes all terms defined in approved IEEE standards through December 1996. Terms 

are categorized by their technical subject area. They are also associated with the standards or publications 

in which they currently appear. In some cases, terms from withdrawn standards are included when no 

current source can be found. Earlier editions of IEEE Std 100 included terms from sources other than 

IEEE standards, such as technical journals, books, or conference proceedings. These terms have been 

maintained for the sake of consistency and their sources are listed with the standards in the back of the 

book. 

The practice of defining terms varies from standard to standard. Many working groups that write standards 

prefer to work with existing definitions, while other choose to write their own. Thus terms may have 

several similar, although not identical, definitions. Definitions have been combined wherever it has been 

possible to do so by making only minor editorial changes. Otherwise, they have been left as written in 

the original standard. 

Users of IEEE Std 100 occasionally comment on the surprising omission of a particular term commonly 

used in an electrical or electronics field. This occurs because the terms in IEEE Std 100 represent only 

those defined in the existing or past body of IEEE standards. To respond to this, some working groups 

obtain authorization to create a glossary of terms used in their field. All existing, approved standard 

glossaries have been incorporated into this edition of IEEE Std 100, including the most current glossaries 

of terms for computers and power engineering. 

IEEE working groups are encouraged to refer to IEEE Std 100 when developing new or revised standards 

to avoid redundancy. They are also encouraged to investigate deficiencies in standard terms and create 

standard glossaries to alleviate them. 

The sponsoring body for this document was Standards Coordinating Committee 10 on Definitions 

(SCClO), which consisted of the following members: 

John W. Balde 

Arthur Ballato 

Bruce Barrow 

William Carey 

Frank A. Denbrock 

Jay Forster 

Jane Radatz, Chair 

Chris Heegard 

John Horch 

J. L. Koepfinger 

Allen H. Meitzler 

Frank D. Myers 

David E. Roberts 

F. A. Saal 

Ralph M. Showers 

Edward N. Skomal 

Kenneth L. Swinth 

Raymond S. Turgel 

Edward F. Vance 

LINDA HALL LIBRARY 

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI 

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When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 10 December 1996, it had the following 

membership. 

Donald C. Loughry, Chair Richard J. Holleman, Vice Chair 

Gilles A. Baril 

Clyde R. Camp 

Joseph A. Cannatelli 

Stephen L. Diamond 

Harold E. Epstein 

Donald C. Fleckenstein 

Jay Forster* 

Donald N. Heirman 

Ben C. Johnson 

*Member Emeritus 

Andrew G. Salem, Secretary 

E.G. "Al" Kiener 

Joseph L. Koeptinger* 

Stephen R. Lambert 

Lawrence V. McCall 

L. Bruce McClung 

Marco W. Migliaro 

Mary Lou Padgett 

John W. Pope 

Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons: 

Satish K. Aggarwal 

Alan H. Cookson 

Chester C. Taylor 

Kim Breitfelder (1995-present), IEEE Std JOO Editor 

Stephen Huffman (1993-1995), JEEE Std JOO Editor 

Assistance was provided by the IEEE Standards editorial staff. 

How to use this dictionary 

Jose R. Ramos 

Arthur K. Reilly 

Ronald H. Reimer 

Gary S. Robinson 

Ingo Riisch 

John S. Ryan 

Chee Kiow Tan 

Leonard L. Tripp 

Howard L. Wolfman 

The terms defined in this dictionary are listed in letter-by-letter alphabetical order. Spaces are ignored in 

this style of alphabetization, so cable value will come before cab signal. Descriptive categories associated 

with the term in earlier editions of IEEE Std 100 will follow the term in parentheses. New categories 

appear after the definitions (see Categories, below), followed by the designation of the standard or standards that include the definition. If a standard designation is followed by the letter s, it means that edition 

of the standard was superseded by a newer revision and the term was not included in the revision. If a 

designation is followed by the letter w, it means that edition of the standard was withdrawn and not 

replaced by a revision. A bracketed number refers to the non-IEEE standard sources given in the back 

of the book. 

Acronyms and abbreviations are no longer listed in a separate section in the dictionary; rather, they are 

incorporated alphabetically with other terms. Each acronym or abbreviatioi;i refers to its expanded term, 

where it is defined. Acronyms and abbreviations for which no definition was included in past editions 

have been deleted from this edition of IEEE Std 100. 

Abstracts of the current set of approved IEEE standards are provided in the back of the book. It should 

be noted that updated information about IEEE standards can be obtained at any time from the IEEE 

Standards World Wide Web site at http://standards.ieee.org/. 

Categories 

The category abbreviations that are used in this edition of IEEE Std 100 are defined below. This information is provided to help elucidate the context of the definition. Older terms for which no category could 

be found have had the category "StdlOO" assigned to them. Note that terms from sources other than IEEE 

standards, such as the Nafional Electrical Code® (NEC®) or the National Fire Protection Association, 

may not be from the most.recent editions; the reader is cautioned to check the latest editions of all sources 

for the most up-to-date terminology. 

iv 

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interconnected delta connection 540 

interconnected delta connection (power and distribution 

transformers) A three-phase connection using six windings 

(two per phase) connected in a six-sided circuit with ix bushings to provide a fixed phase-shift between two three-phase 

circuits without change in voltage magnitude. Nore: The interconnected delta connection is sometimes described as a 

"hexagon autotransformer," or a "squashed delta." 

(PE) C57. I 2.80- I 978r 

interconnected star connection of polyphase circuits See: zigzag connection of polyphase circuits. 

interconnected system (A) (electric power system) A system 

consisting of two or more individual power systems normally 

operating with connecting tie lines. See also: power system. 

(B) Two or more power systems connected by transmission 

facilities. (PE) 94-1991 

interconnecting channel (of a supervisory system) The transmission link, such as the direct wire, carrier, or microwave 

channel (including the direct current, tones, etc.) by which 

supervisory control or indication signals or selected telemeter 

readings are transmitted between the master station and the 

remote station or stations, in a single supervisory system. 

(PE/SWG) C37.IOO-l992 

interconnection (1) The physical plant and equipment required 

to facilitate the transfer of electric energy between two or 

more entities. It can consist of a substation and an associated 

transmission line and communications facilities or only a simple electric power feeder. (PE/SUB) 1109-1990 

(2) The facilitie that connect two power systems or control 

areas. (PE) 858-1993 

interconnection device See: adapter. 

interconnection diagram (packaging machinery) A diagram 

showing the connections between the terminals in the control 

panel and outside points, such as connections to motors and 

auxiliary devices. (IA) 333-1980w 

interconnection tie A feeder interconnecting two electric supply systems. Note: The normal flow of energy in such a feeder 

may be in either direction. See also: center of distribution. 

(PE/T&D) [10] 

interconnect space The address space used for board identification, system configuration, and board speci fie functions 

such as testing and diagnostics. (C/MM) 1296-l 987s 

interconnect template A definition of the contents of the interconnect space of an agent. (C/MM) 1296-1987s 

interdendritic corrosion Corrosive attack that progresses preferentially along interdendritic paths. Nore: This type of attack 

results from local differences in composition, that is, coring, 

commonly encountered in alloy castings. (IA) [59] 

interdigital magnetron A magnetron having axial anode 

segments around the cathode, alternate segments being 

connected together at one end, remaining segments connected together at the opposite end. 

(ED) [45], 161-l971w 

interdigital transducer (IDT) A comb-like conductive structure that is fabricated on the surface of a substrate and consists 

- X/4 

interface 

of interleaved metal electrodes (fingers) whose function is to 

transform electrical energy into acoustic energy or vice versa 

by means of the piezoelectric effect. (UFFC) 1037-1992 

interdigit interval (dial-pulse address signaling system ) (telephony) In dial-pulse signaling, an extended make interval 

used to separate and distinguish successive dial-pulse address 

digits. (COM) 753-I 983w 

interdigit (interdigital) time (measuring the performance of 

tone address signaling systems) The time interval between 

successive signal present intervals during which no signal 

present condition exists. This time includes the signal off condition and transition intervals between signal off condition 

and signal present condition on both state transitions. 

(COM) 752- I 986r 

interelectrode capacitance (j-1 interelectrode capacitance cjl 

of an n-terminal electrode tube) The capacitance determined from the short-circuit transfer admittance between the 

}th and the /th terminals. Note: This quantity is often referred 

to as direct interelectrode capacitance. See also: electron-tube 

admitta~ces. (ED) 161-1971w 

interelectrode transadmittance (j-1 interelectrode transadmittance of an n-electrode electron tube) The short-circuit 

transfer admittance from the }th electrode to the Ith electrode. 

See also: electron-tube admittances. (ED) 161-1971 w 

interelectrode transconductance (j-1 interelectrode transconductance) The real part of the j-1 interelectrode transadmittance. See also: electron-tube admittances. 

(ED) 161-1971w 

interelement influences (polyphase wattmeters) The percentage change in the recorded value that is caused solely by the 

action of the stray field of one element upon the other element. 

Note: This influence i determined at the specified frequency 

of calibration with rated current and rated voltage in phase 

on both elements or such lesser value of equal currents in 

both elements as gives end-scale deflection. Both current and 

voltage in one element shall then be reversed, and, for rating 

purposes, one-half the difference in the readings in percent is 

the interelement influence. See also: accuracy rating. 

(EEC) (102], (111] 

interexchange carrier In the United States, a common carrier 

limited by law to carry telephone traffic between local exchange and transport areas. (C) 610.7-1995 

interexchange channel A direct channel or circuit between exchanges. (C) 610.7-1995 

interface (1) (696 interface devices) A shared electrical boundary between parts of a computer system, through which information is conveyed. (C/MM) 696-I 983w 

(2) (microprocessor operating systems) A shared boundary 

between two layers or modules of software. 

(C/MM) 855-1985s 

(3) (watthour meters) The means for transmitting information between the register and peripheral equipment. 

(ELM) Cl2.13-1985s 

(4) (general) A shared boundary. (C) [20], [85] 

- -x1a BUS BAR 

FINGER/ELECTRODE 

_./ ....__ t APERTURE 

~ 

-x/4 - -xta 

IDT with Smale {X/4) Electrodes IDT with Double/Split (X/8) Electrodes 

Illustration of transducer parameters 

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interface-CCITT 

(5) (Class IE equipment and circuits) (nuclear power generating station) A junction or junctions between a Class IE 

equipment and another equipment or device. (Examples: connection boxes, splices, terminal boards, electrical connections, grommets, gaskets, cables, conduits, enclosures, etc.) 

541 

(PE) 323-1974s, 380-1975w 

(6) (programmable instrumentation) A common boundary 

between a considered system and another system, or between 

part of a system, through which information is conveyed. 

(IM) 488. l-l 987r 

(7) (test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment) A 

shared boundary involving the specification of the interconnection between two equipments or systems. The specification includes the type, quantity and function of the interconnection circuits and the type and form of signals to be 

interchanged via those circuits. See also: adapter. 

(MIL) [2] 

(8) (A) (data transmission) A common boundary; for example, a physical connection between two systems or two 

devices. The boundary may be mechanical such as the physical surfaces and spacings in mating parts, modules, components, or subsystems, or electrical, such as matching signal 

levels, impedances, or power levels of two or more subsystems. (B) (data transmission) A concept involving the pecification of the interconnection between two equipments or 

systems. The specification includes the type, quantity, and 

function of the interconnection circuits and the type and form 

of signals to be interchanged by these circuits. 

(PE) 599- I 985w 

(9) (A) (software) A shared boundary across which information is passed. (B) (software) A hardware or software 

component that connects two or more other components 

for the purpose of passing information from one to 

the other. (C) (software) To connect two or more components 

for the purpose of passing information from one to the other. 

(D) (software) To serve as a connecting or connected component as in definition (B). (C) 610.12- I 990 

(10) (STEbus) A shared boundary between two or more systems, or between two or more elements within a system, 

through which information is conveyed. 

(C/MM) I000-1987r, 796-1983r 

(11) (SBX bus) A hared boundary, between two systems or 

parts of systems, through which information is transferred. 

(C/MM) 959-I 988r 

(12) (electromechanical watthour meters) The means for 

communications between devices. (ELM) Cl2.15-1990 

(13) A device placed between the line output of a digital telephone set and test equipment. The device performs at least 

one of the following functions: simulation of a normal network connection, control of the telephone set under test, or 

access for the reference codec to the digital voice signal. 

(COM) 269-1992 

(14) (MULTIBUS) A shared boundary between modules or 

agents of a computer system, through which information is 

conveyed. (C/MM) l296-l987s 

(15) A junction or junctions between a Class IE equipment 

and another equipment or device. (For motors, typical interfaces include, as applicable: mechanical mounting connection 

to the driven equipment and the motor mounting to its base, 

and force transmitted to the motor, electrical connection, 

cooling system connections, and lubrication system connection. See also: data-transfer interface; user interface. 

(PE) 334-1994 

(16) A shared boundary between two functional entities. A 

standard specifies the services in terms of the functional 

characteristics and behavior observed at the interface. The 

standard is a contract in the sense that it documents a 

mutual obligation between the service user and provider and 

a ures a table definition of that obligation. 

(C/PA) 14252-1996 

(17) Hardware or software that provides a point of communication between two or more processes, persons, or other 

physical entities. (C) 610.10-1994, 610.7-1995 

interface plane 

(18) A shared boundary between two objects such as devices, 

systems, or networks, across which information is passed. See 

also: data-transfer interface; user interface. 

(C/PE/SUB) 610.10-1994, 999-1992 

(19) Either the MA interface or the MT interface without 

distinction, or one of the two in particular. 

(C/PA) 1224.1-1993 

(20) A junction or junctions between a Class IE equipment 

and another equipment or device. (For motors, typical interfaces include, as applicable: mechanical mounting connection 

to the driven equipment and the motor mounting to its base, 

any force transmitted to the motor, electrical connection, 

cooling system connections, and lubrication system connection.) (PE) 334-1994 

(21) In software development, a relationship among two or 

more entities (such as software item - software item, software 

item - hardware item, software item - user, or software unit -

software unit) in which the entities share, provide, or exchange data. An interface is not a software item, software 

unit, or other system component; it is a relationship among 

them. (C/SE) J-STD-0 I 6- I 995 

(22) A shared boundary between two layers or modules of 

software. (C/MM) 855-1990 

interface-CCITT (data transmission) The present European, 

and possible world standard, for interface requirements between data processing terminal equipment and data communication equipment. The CCITT standard resembles very 

closely the American EIA, Standard RS-232-C. This standard 

is considered mandatory in Europe and on the other continents. (PE) 599- l 985w 

interface control (1) (software, configuration management) 

The process of identifying all functional and physical characteristics relevant to the interfacing of two or more configuration items provided by one or more organizations, and 

ensuring that proposed changes to these characteristics are 

evaluated and approved prior to implementation. See also: 

baseline; configuration audit; configuration control; configuration control board; configuration identification; configuration item; configuration management; configuration status 

accounting; software library. 

(C/SE) 610.12-1990, 828-1983s 

(2) (software) (DoD usage) In configuration management, the 

administrative and technical procedures and documentation 

necessary to identify functional and physical characteristics 

between and within configuration items provided by different 

developers, and to resolve problems concerning the specified 

interfaces. See also: configuration control. 

(C) 610.12-1990 

interface-EIA standard RS-232-C (data transmission) A 

standardized method adopted by the Electronic Industries Association to ensure uniformity of interface between data communication equipment and data processing terminal equipment. The standard interface has been generally accepted by 

a great majority of the manufacturers of data transmission and 

business equipment. (PE) 599- I 985w 

interface error An error condition caused by hardware incompatibility, software incompatibility or other incompabilities 

between any two items of equipment. (C) 610.10-1994 

interface-MIL STD 188B (data transmission) The standard 

method of interface established by the Department of Defense 

and is presently mandatory for use by the departments and 

agencies of the Department of Defense for the installation of 

all new equipment. This standard provides the interface requirements for interconnection between data communication 

security devices, data processing equipment, or other special 

military terminal devices. (PE) 599-1985w 

interface, operating (connector) The surfaces at which a connector is normally separated. (See the corresponding figure.) 

386-1977s 

interface operation See: operation. 

interface plane An assigned plane on the bonom surface of the 

module connector from which the connector's electrical pins 

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interface requirement 

CAP 

,,----"---.. 

CONNECTING 

PLUG 

PLUG 

600N200A 

BUSHING 

WELL 

ADAPTER 

PLUG 

TEST~ 

POINT-~ 

TEST POINT 

CAP 

INSULATING 

PLUG 

542 

ELBOW 

I 

I 

--~-

COMPRESSION 

LUG 

interference 

BUSHING 

PROVISION FOR 

CONNECTION TO 

APPARATUS 

INTEGRAL 

BUSHING 

PROVISION FOR 

i--~-+---f , / GROUND WIRE CONNECTION 

- TO EXTERNAL GROUND 

Typical components of 600 A separable insulated connector system 

operating Interface 

protrude, thus forming the mating surface. This surface is 

used as a reference for module dimensions. 

(BA/C) 1101.3-1993 

interface requirement (software) A requirement that specifies 

an external item with which a system or system component 

must interact, or that sets forth constraints on formats, timing, 

or other factors caused by such an interaction. Contrast: design requirement; functional requirement; implementation requirement; performance requirement; physical requirement. 

(C) 610.12-1990 

interface specification (1) (software) A document that specifies 

the interface characteristics of an existing or planned system 

orcomponent. (C) 610.12-1990 

(2) The description of essential functional, performance, and 

physical requirements and constraint at a common boundary 

between two or more system elements or between a system 

element and an operator (human interface). 

(C/SE) 1220-1994 

interface system (1) (696 interface devices) (general system 

term) The device independent functional, electrical, and mechanical elements of an interface necessary to effect unambiguous communication among a set of devices. Driver and 

receiver circuits, signal line descriptions, timing and control 

conventions, data transfer protocols, and functional logic circuits are typical system elements. (C/MM) 696-1983w 

(2) (general system) (microcomputer system bus) The device-dependent electrical and functional interface elements 

necessary for communication between devices. Typical elements are: driver and receiver circuits and functional logic 

circuits. (C/MM) 796-1983r 

(3) (STEbus) The device-independent electrical, mechanical, 

and functional interface elements required for unambiguous 

communication between two or more devices. Typical elements include 

• driver and receiver circuitry 

• signal line descriptions 

• timing and control conventions 

• communication protocols 

• functional logic circuits. 

(C/MM) 1000-1987r 

(4) (programmable instrumentation) The device-independent mechanical, electrical, and functional elements of an interface necessary to effect communication among a set of 

devices. Cables, connector, driver and receiver circuits, signal 

line descriptions, timing and control conventions, and functional logic circuits are typical interface system elements. 

(IM) 488. l- l 987r 

interface test A test to check interaction among equipment 

through permanent interconnections. 

(PE/SUB) 1303-1994 

interface test adapter (IT A) A device or series of devices designed to provide a compatible connection between the unit 

under te t (UUT) and the test equipment. May include proper 

stimuli or loads not contained in the test equipment. 

(ATL) 1232-1995 

interface testing (software) Testing conducted to evaluate 

whether systems or components pass data and control 

correctly to one another. See also: component testing; integration testing; system testing; unit testing. 

(C) 610.12-1990 

interfacial connection (soldered connections) A conductor 

that connects conductive patterns on opposite ides of the 

base material. (EEC) (105] 

interference (1) (data transmission) In a signal tran mis ion 

path, either extraneous power which tend to interfere with 

the reception of the desired signals or the disturbance of signal 

which results. (PE) 599-1985w 

(2) (electric-power-system measurements) Any spurious 

voltage or current appearing in the circuits of the instrument. 

Note: The source of each type of interference may be within 

the instrument case or external. The instrument design should 

be such that the effects of interference ari ing internally are 

negligible. (EEC) (112) 

(3) (induction or dielectric-heating usage) The disturbance 

of any electric circuit carrying intelligence caused by the 

transfer of energy from induction- or dielectric-heating equipment. (IA) 169-1955w, 54-1955w 

(4) (fiber optics) In optics, the interaction of two or more 

beams of coherent or partially coherent light. See also: coherent; degree of coherence; diffraction. 

(Std I 00) 812-l 984w 

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