# Georgia's Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan for the Macon Nonattainment Area for the 1997 PM 2.5 

# NAAQS

May 31, 2012

Prepared by:



# Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
Air Protection BranchExecutive Summary

This document contains Georgia's request under the Clean Air Act Amendments of (CAA) of 1990 that the Macon nonattainment area be redesignated to atta inment with respect to the annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for PM 2.5 (1997 fine particulate matter standard, retained in 2006). The document also includes Georgia’s plan to maintain attainment of the PM 2.5 standard in the Macon area.
This request is based on three years, 2007-2009, of ambient monitoring data s howing attainment of the standard (15.0 μ g/m 3 ) consistent with the clean data policy memo (Stephen Page 12/14/2004); the implementation of permanent and enforceable reductions in PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 precursor emissions; compliance with all applicable requirements; an d the Macon Maintenance Plan with projections demonstrating maintenance of the standard through the year 2023.

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### Nonattainment Area Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan

i TABLE OF CONTENTS



### 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Nonattainment Designation and Attainment Demonstration .......................................... 1
1.2 Redesignation Request ........................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Maintenance Plan .............................................................................................................. .. 3


### 2.0 Redesignation Request ................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Attainment of the Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS .......................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Monitoring Network ............................................................................................................ ............ 4 2.1.2 Ambient PM 2.5 Data ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.3 Clean Data De termina tion ...................................................................................................... ......... 7
2.2 Implementation Plan Under Section 110(k) ...................................................................... 7
2.3 Permanent and Enforceable and Other Reductions in Emissions .................................. 8 2.3.1 Source Apportionment of Ambient PM 2.5 ....................................................................................... 8 2.3.2 State Control Meas ures - Georgia .............................................................................................. ... 10 2.3.2.1 SO 2 and NO x Controls and SO 2 Limits ................................................................................. 11 2.3.2.2 Smoke Management Plan ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Federal Contro l Measur es ...................................................................................................... ....... 18 2.3.3.1 Clean Air Inters tate Ru le ..................................................................................................... . 19 2.3.3.2 Tier 2 Vehicle Standards an d low-sulfur gasoline ................................................................ 19 2.3.3.3 Heavy-Duty Gasoline and Diesel Highway Vehi cles Standards & Ultr a Low-Sulfur Diesel Rule .......................................................................................................................... .............. 20 2.3.3.4 Large Nonroad Diesel Engines Rule & Ultra Low-Sulfur Diesel Rule ................................ 20 2.3.3.5 Nonroad Large Spark-Ignitio n Engines and Recreationa l Engines St andard ....................... 20 2.3.3.6 NO x SIP Call in Surro unding States ..................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 SO 2 Emissions Reductions in Upwind States ................................................................................ 21
2.4 Section 110 and Part D Requirements ............................................................................. 23


### 3.0 Maintenance Plan ...................................................................................................... 24
3.1 Maintenance Demonstration ............................................................................................ 24 3.1.1 Attainment Year Emissions Inventory .......................................................................................... 24 3.1.1.1 Point S ources ................................................................................................................. ....... 26 3.1.1.2 Nonpoint Sources .............................................................................................................. ... 27 3.1.1.3 Onroad Mobile Sources ........................................................................................................ 28 3.1.1.4 Nonroad Mobile Sources ...................................................................................................... 2 9 3.1.1.5 Summary of 2007 Emissions Inventory ............................................................................... 29 3.1.2 Projected Emissions Inventories ............................................................................................... .... 30 3.1.2.1 Methods and Projected Inventories ...................................................................................... 30 3.1.2.2 Point S ources ................................................................................................................. ....... 31 3.1.2.3 Nonpoint Sources .............................................................................................................. ... 33 3.1.2.4 Onroad Mobile Sources ........................................................................................................ 35 3.1.2.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources ...................................................................................................... 3 6 3.1.3 Emissions Projections Summary and Demonstr ation of Maintenance of Attainment ................... 37 3.1.4 Emissions De creases ........................................................................................................... .......... 37 3.1.5 Verification of Con tinued Attainment .......................................................................................... . 38
3.2 Contingency Provisions ..................................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Contingency Meas ure Triggers .................................................................................................. ... 38 3.2.2 Schedule and Procedure for Adoption and Impl ementation of Contingency Measures ............... 39

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ii 3.2.3 Contingency Measures .......................................................................................................... ........ 40 

### 4.0 Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget ............................................................................... 42
4.1 Pollutants .................................................................................................................... ....... 42
4.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................... ... 43
4.3 Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets and Safety Margins.................................................. 44


### 5.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 45
6.0 References .................................................................................................................. 4 8

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iii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas in Georgia ........................................................................ 1 Figure 2-1. Locations of PM 2.5 Monitors in the Macon Nonattainment Area ............................... 6 Figure 2-2: Average factor contributions for 2003-04 at the Atlanta, Floyd County, and Macon STN sites using PMF ........................................................................................................... ........ 9 Figure 2-3. Locations and 2007 Energy Production of Coal-fired EGU Facilities in North Georgia ....................................................................................................................... ................ 13 Figure 2-4. SO 2 Emissions and Generation from North Georgia Coal-fired EGU Facilities,
2003 - 2009 ................................................................................................................... .............. 16 Figure 2-5. Trend of Aggregated Annual SO 2 Emissions in States With Downwind Contributions to Georgia PM 2.5 Exceeding 0.15 μg/m 3 .......................................................... 23

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iv LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1. PM 2.5 Design Values for Macon ....................................................................................... 2
Table 2-1. Macon PM 2.5 Data Collection Sites ................................................................................. 5 Table 2-2. Annual and Three-year Average Ambient PM 2.5 Concentrations................................. 7 Table 2-3. Average factor contributions to PM 2.5 (  g/m 3 ) for 2003-04 at the Atlanta, Floyd County, and Macon STN sites using PMF .............................................................................. 10 Table 2-4. Timetable of State Measure Implementation ............................................................... 11
Table 2-5. Annual SO2 Emissions and Generati on (106 MWh) from North Georgia Coal-fired EGU Facilities, 2003 – 2009 ................................................................................................... ... 15 Table 2-6. Timetable of Federal Measure Implementation .......................................................... 18
Table 2-7. Annual SO 2 Emissions in States With Downwind Contributions to Georgia PM 2.5 Exceeding 0.15 μg/m 3 ................................................................................................................ 22 Table 3-1. 2007 Emissions Inventory Sources ................................................................................ 2 5 Table 3-2. Point Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual) ........................................................... 26 Table 3-3. Non-EGU Point Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual) ......................................... 26 Table 3-4. Nonpoint Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual) .................................................... 27 Table 3-5. Largest Nonpoint PM 2.5 Emissions by Source Classification ...................................... 28 Table 3-6. Onroad Mobile Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual) .......................................... 28 Table 3-7. Nonroad Mobile Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual) ....................................... 29 Table 3-8. Attainment-year (2007) Emissions Inventory (tons, annual) ...................................... 30
Table 3-9. Bases of Control and Growth Factors for 2017 and 2023 Inventories ....................... 31 Table 3-10. Projected Poin t Source Emissi ons (tons) .................................................................... 32 Table 3-11. Non-EGU Point Source Emissions for 2023 (tons, annual) ....................................... 33 Table 3-12. Projected Nonpoint Source Emissions (tons) ............................................................. 34 Table 3-13. Largest Nonpoint PM 2.5 Emissions by Source Classification, Year 2023 ................. 34 Table 3-14. Projected Onroad Mobile Source Emissions (tons) ................................................... 35 Table 3-15. Projected Nonroad Mobile Source Emissions (tons) ................................................. 36 Table 3-16. Projected Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons) ....................................................... 37
Table 3-17. Emissions Decrease ............................................................................................... ........ 37 Table 4-1. 2023 Motor Vehicle Emissions, Emissions Budgets, and Safety Margins .................. 44 Table 5-1. Summary of Projected SO 2 Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons) ........................... 45 Table 5-2. Summary of Projected NO x Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons) .......................... 46 Table 5-3. Summary of Projected PM 2.5 Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons) ........................ 46

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vi LIST of APPENDICES

Appendix A Source Apportionment of PM 2.5 in Georgia
Appendix B Georgia’s Basic Smoke Management Plan and Memorandum of Understanding
Appendix C Emissions Inventory De velopment for the Macon Area
Appendix C-1 Development of the Point Source Emissions Inventory for 2007 in the SESARM Region (Version 1.8), January 26, 2011
Appendix C-2 Area and Nonroad 2007 Base Year Inventories, Final Report, June 2010
Appendix C-3 Mobile Source Emissions M odeling for Macon Nonattainment Area PM 2.5 Maintenance Plan Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget
Appendix C-4 The Travel Demand Model for the Macon Area
Appendix C-5 Growth and Control Factors fo r Aircraft, Commercial Marine Vessel, and Locomotive Emissions (includes memorandum from K. Thesing and two spreadsheets)
Appendix C-6 Documentation of the 2012 Projection Emission Inventory (VISTAS)
Appendix C-7 Growth Factors for Nonpoint Sources and Non-EGU Point Sources
Appendix C-8 MACTEC, August 2009. Point Source, On-road, and Fire Base Year, Future Year, and Control Strategy Emissions Inventori es Draft Quality Assurance Project Plan.
Appendix C-9 E.H. Pechan and Associates, July 29, 2009. Quality Assurance Project Plan for Nonroad and Area Source Base Year and Future Year Emissions Inventories.

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vii List of Acronyms
Acronym Meaning Acronym Meaning
AEO Annual Energy Outlook FGD Flue Gas Desulfurization
AERR Annual Emissions Reporting Requirements FR Federal Register

AIRS Aerometric Information Retrieval System FRM Federal Reference Method

AQS Air Quality Subsystem GDOT Georgia Department of Transportation
CAA Clean Air Act GFC Georgia Forestry Commission

CAIR Clean Air Interstate Rule HC Hydrocarbon
CARB California Air Resources Board HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System
CERR Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule ICI Industrial and Commercial/Institutional
CFR Code of Federal Regulations MATS Macon Area Transportation Study

CO Carbon Monoxide MOU Me morandum of Understanding

CSAPR Cross-state Air Pollution Rule M OVES Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator
DNR Department of Natural Resources MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization
DOT Department of Transportation MVEB Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget
EGAS Economic Growth Analysis System MWe Megawatt Electrical
EGU Electric Generating Unit MWh Megawatt Hours
EPA Environmental Protection Agency NAA Nonattainment Area
EPD Environmental Protection Division NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard
ERTAC Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee NCD NMIM County Database

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viii Acronym Meaning Acronym Meaning
NEI National Emissions Inventory SC R Selective Catalytic Reduction
NMIM National Mobile Inventory Model SEMAP Southeastern Modeling Analysis Plan

NTE Not-To-Exceed SIP State Implementation Plan

NO x Nitrogen Oxides SMP Smoke Management Plan
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide

PM Particulate Matter SOA S econdary Organic Aerosols

PM 2.5 Fine Particulate Matter STN Speciated Trends Network
PMF Positive Matrix Factorization tpy tons per year
Ppm parts per million SUV Sport Utility Vehicle
RACM Reasonably Available Control Measures ULSD Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

RACT Reasonably Available Control Technology VISTAS Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast
RFP Reasonable Further Progress VMT Vehicle Miles Traveled

SCC Source Classification Code WRD Wildlife Resources Division

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## 1.0 Introduction

This document contains the technical support for the Georgia Environmental Protection Division's (EPD) request that the Macon nonattainment area be redesignated as an area attaining the 1997 annual fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) pursuant to Sections 107(d)(3)(D) and (E) of the Clean Air Ac t (CAA), as amended. This redesignation request was prepared in accordance with U.S. EPA Guidance issued in 1992 (memorandum dated September 4 of that year from John Calcagni 1 ).


### 1.1 Nonattainment Designation and Attainment Demonstration In 2005 EPA designated four PM 2.5 nonattainment areas in Georgia: Chattanooga (which also includes parts of Alabama and Tennessee), Floyd County, Atlanta, and Macon. Figure 1-1 shows their locations. The Macon nonattainment area is located in the central portion of the state and



### Figure 1-1. PM 2.5 

### Nonattainment Areas in Georgia

1 “Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,” September 4, 1992. John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality Mana gement Division, OAQPS, USEPA.

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2 of 48 southeast of the Atlanta Nonattainment Area. The nonattainment area consists of Bibb County in its entirety and a small portion of Monroe County, on its east side.
EPA made initial designations of nonattainment area s, including the Macon nonattainment area, for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS on January 5, 2005 (70FR944), and amended the designations on April 5, 2005 (70FR19844). The observed PM 2.5 design value at Macon’s Allied Chemical monitor violated the annual standard, as shown in Table 1-1 below.


### Table 1-1. PM 2.5 

### Design Values for Macon

Site name Monitor ID PM 2.5 Design Value 2001-2003 (μg/m 3 ) Allied Chemical (Bibb Co.) 13-021-0007 15.2 Georgia Forestry (Bibb Co.) 13-021-0012 13.3

The State of Georgia prepared and submitted a PM 2.5 attainment demonstration plan for the Macon Nonattainment Area to EPA Region IV on August 17, 2009 (cover date is June 12, 2009). The plan was based on modeling of the effects of existing and planned control measures on air quality in Macon and demonstrated attainment of the standa rd by April 5, 2010. Since EPA has determined that the area has met the clean data requirements ( 76FR 31858) and attained the standard prior to the attainment date (76FR 55774) (see Section 2), th e SIP requirements that the August 17, 2009, attainment demonstration was required to fulfill ar e suspended. The attainment demonstration plan has been withdrawn and will be replaced with this maintenance plan. Relief from the requirement to submit an attainment demonstration as well as Reasonable Further Progress (RFP), associated RACM, and contingency requirements upon clean data determination is specified in 40 CFR 1004(c) and also in a December 14, 2004, memo from Stephen D. Page of U.S. EPA.



### 1.2 Redesignation Request
This document contains Georgia's request that the Macon nonattainment area be redesignated to attainment with respect to the annual NAAQS for PM 2.5 (1997 fine particulate matter standard, retained in 2006). Section 107(d) of the CAA states that an area can be redesignated to attainment if the following conditions are met:

1. The EPA has determined that the NAAQS has been attained.
2. The applicable implementation plan has been fully approved by EPA under Section 110(k).
3. The EPA has determined that the improveme nt in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions.
4. The state has met all applicable requireme nts for the area under Section 110 and Part D.
5. The EPA has fully approved a maintenance plan , including a contingency plan, for the area as required by CAA Section 175A.

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3 of 48 The supporting documentation to show that the above conditions have been met is contained in Sections 2 and 3. EPA’s approval of this document will satisfy the 5 th condition.



### 1.3 Maintenance Plan The maintenance plan (see above) has tw o required components under Section 175A:

 A demonstration of maintenance of the standard for at least ten years after redesignation

 Contingency provisions for prompt correction of any future violations
Per EPA guidance 2 , the Macon PM 2.5 maintenance plan also incl udes the following elements:

 An attainment year emissions inventory (t o support the maintenance demonstration)

 A commitment to continued operation of am bient monitoring equipment in the area

 Verification of continued attainment
The maintenance plan is presented in Section 3.

2 “Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,” September 4, 1992. John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality Mana gement Division, OAQPS, USEPA.

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## 2.0 Redesignation Request

As noted in Section 1.2 of this document, Section 107(d) of the CAA states that an area can be redesignated to attainment if the following conditions are met:
1. The EPA has determined that the NAAQS has been attained. 2. The applicable implementation plan has been fully approved by EPA under Section 110(k). 3. The EPA has determined that the improveme nt in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions. 4. The state has met all applicable requireme nts for the area under Section 110 and Part D. 5. The EPA has fully approved a maintenance plan , including a contingency plan, for the area under CAA Section 175A.

This section of the document includes s upporting documentation for the following:

 Attainment of the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS based on ambient da ta from 2007 through 2009

 Approval by EPA of the implementation plan under Section 110(k).

 Improvement of air quality with respect to PM 2.5 is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions.

 The state has met all applicable requirement s for the area under Section 110 and Part D.



### 2.1 Attainment of the Annual PM 2.5 

### NAAQS
A monitoring site is in attainment of the annual PM 2.5 standard when the annual standard design value is less than or equal to 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) per Appendix N of 40 CFR Part 50. The annual standard design value is th e 3-year average of the annual mean, which is, in turn, the average of one year’s 4-calendar-quarter averages. The data must be complete and qualityassured, consistent with 40 CFR part 58 requirement s, and other relevant EPA guidance. Therefore, for a single site to meet the standard, the annua l design value calculated from the previous three calendar years must be less than or equal to the standard. For a nonattainment area to achieve attainment, all monitoring sites in the no nattainment area must be in attainment.
The Macon design value based on data from 2007 through 2009 is 13.7 μg/m 3 , which demonstrates attainment of the standard. The monitoring network and ambient PM 2.5 data are presented below.

2.1.1 Monitoring Network
There are currently two ambient PM 2.5 monitoring sites in the Macon nonattainment area, as shown in Table 2-1 and Figure 2.1. The Macon-Allied Chemical and Macon-Forestry sites are in Bibb County. Providing adequate coverage of the nona ttainment area, data from both sites represent a neighborhood scale, which extends up to 4.0 kilomete rs from each monitor. Both of the sites are considered to be part of the State and Local Ai r Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) monitoring network, with the monitoring objective of sampling for population exposure.
Two Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors a nd one speciation monitor are located at the Macon-Allied Chemical site (13-021-0007). The FRM monitors were installed in accordance with 40 CFR 58. The first FRM monitor has been collect ing data since February 2, 1999. Its sampling schedule was every three days until March 1, 20 07, when the schedule was changed to daily sampling. The second FRM monitor has been collect ing data since January 5, 2006. The sampling schedule of the second FRM monitor was every six days until July 1, 2009, when it changed to every twelve days. The speciation monitor has been coll ecting data since March 3, 2002. The sampling

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5 of 48 schedule of the speciation monitor is every six days . Speciated data is useful for determining the composition of the particulate matter but cannot be used for the purpose of determining attainment with the NAAQS.
One FRM monitor, which has been collecting data si nce February 11, 1999, is located at the MaconForestry site (13-021-0012). Its sampling schedule has been and remains every three days. There is no speciation monitor at the Macon-Forestry site.



### Table 2-1. Macon PM 2.5 

### Data Collection Sites

Site Name AQS* Site ID Start Date– FRM Data Collection End DateFRM Data Collection Start Date – Speciation Data Collection End DateSpeciation Data Collection

MaconAllied Chemical 13- 021- 0007 Monitor 1 – Feb. 2, 1999 Monitor 2 – Jan. 5, 2006 NA March 3, 2002 NA

MaconForestry 13- 021- 0012 February 11, 1999 NA NA NA



### * EPA’s Air Quality System
NA – not applicable

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### Figure 2-1. Locations of PM 2.5 

### Monitors in the Macon Nonattainment Area

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### 2.1.2 Ambient PM 2.5 

### Data
Table 2-2 shows the annual average PM 2.5 concentrations and the associat ed three-year average that demonstrate attainment of the standard in M acon. Data are presented for the Macon-Allied Chemical site (0007) and the Macon-Forestry site (0012). The 2007 – 2009 three-year design value is 13.7 μg/m 3 , which is below the standard of 15.0 μg/m 3 . The table includes annual averages from 2003 through 2010, demonstrating the dow nward trend in the measured ambient PM 2.5 level in the nonattainment area. The annual average PM 2.5 concentration for 2010 at the Allied Chemical site was 13.7 μg/m 3 . This provides continued evidence that the ar ea is meeting the standard. To date the quality-assured annual average for 2011 is not available.



### Table 2-2. Annual and Th ree-year Average Ambient PM 2.5 

### Concentrations

Site Ambient PM 2.5 Concentration (μg/m 3 )

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2007 – 2009 0007 14.8 16.8 16.7 16.9 16.7 12.3 12.2 13.7 13.7 0012 12.9 14.3 14.3 14.1 13.2 12.1 10.6 11.4 12.0
* Source of 2007 through 2009 data is USEPA’s T echnical Support Document, March 2011, Docket No. EPA-R04-OAR-2011-0055

2.1.3 

### Clean Data Determination
On June 2, 2011, EPA promulga ted its determination (76 FR 31 858) that the Macon nonattainment area had attained the 1997 annual average PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). This determination was based upon quality-assured a nd certified ambient air monitoring data for the 2007-2009 period which showed a design value of 13.7 μg/m 3 [FR lists design value as 13.3 μg/m 3

, which appears to be an error]. With the clean data determination, EPA suspended the requirements for the nonattainment area to submit an attainme nt demonstration, a reasonable further progress (RFP) plan, associated RACM, and contingency measures. These requirements are suspended as long as the area continues to attain the standard. Th is final rule became effective on July 5, 2011.



### 2.2 Implementation Plan Under Section 110(k)
Section 110(k) of the CAA addresses EPA’s actions on state implementation plan submittals (completeness, deadline for action by EPA, etc.). A September 4, 1992, memo from John Calcagni of EPA states the following:
“The SIP for the area must be fully approved under section 110(k), and must satisfy all requirements that apply to the area. It should be noted that approval action on SIP elements and the redesignation request may occur simultaneously.”
The State of Georgia has prepared and submitted a PM 2.5 attainment demonstration plan for the Macon Nonattainment Area. The plan was subm itted for approval to EPA Region IV on August 17, 2009. As discussed in section 1.2 of this redesignation request and maintenance plan, the attainment demonstration, RFP, associated RACM, and contingency requirements that the August 17, 2009, SIP revision was required to fulfill have b een suspended. Therefore the attainment demonstration has been withdrawn and substitute d with submittal of this maintenance plan. Therefore there are no longer any Sectio n 110(k) requirements to be met.

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### 2.3 Permanent and Enforceable and Other Reductions in Emissions
In order for the nonattainment area to be redesignate d to attainment, the State must demonstrate (and EPA must determine) that the improvement of ambient PM 2.5 concentrations during the years 2007 through 2009 is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions that were implemented following the nonattainment design value period (2 001–2003). This subsec tion contains Georgia EPD’s demonstration that the improved air quality is due to permanent and enforceable emissions reductions. The elements of the demons tration described below are as follows:

 Source apportionment, which links individual observed ambient PM 2.5 species to specific emissions sources

 State control measures and associated emissions reductions

 Federal control measures and associated emissions reductions

 Reductions in SO 2 emissions from upwind states



### 2.3.1 Source Apportionm ent of Ambient PM 2.5

Source apportionment of speciated ambient pollutant measurements is an important tool for the prioritization of pollutant control strategies. Presented here are source-apportionment results for 2003-2004 speciated PM 2.5 measurements in the Atlanta, Floyd County, and Macon areas (Figure 2-2 and Table 2-3). The source-apportionment results are based on Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), a factor analytic method that distinguishes correlation patterns among speciated PM 2.5 measurements in a given location. More detailed information on source apportionment is presented in Appendix A.

The similarities between the PMF results for th e three sites show the regional nature of PM 2.5 . The major impacting factors at all sites are secondary sulfates, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), mobile sources, and biomass burning. The Atlanta area, as expected, has higher levels of mobile-source PM 2.5 , compared to Floyd County and Macon. On the other hand, these latter two sites exhibit higher levels of soil dust, and the Macon site exhibits a relatively high contribution of Lime/Minerals PM 2.5 . This is likely due to local sources in th e industrial area where the site is located.

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9 of 48 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

Atlanta Floyd county Maconug/m3 Unspec. SOA Sec. Nitrate Sec. Sulfate Zn-rich Cu-rich Road-dust Oil burning Na-rich Lime/Minerals Soil Biomass burning Mobile-sources



### Figure 2-2: Average factor contributions for 2003-04 at the Atlanta, Floyd County, and Macon STN sites using PMF

These results are useful fo r an assessment of control strategies. Secondary sulfate at the Macon site makes up approximately 4.7 μg/m 3 (28 %) of ambient PM 2.5 , the largest contribution of all of the factors. SOAs make up the next largest contribut ion at 23 %. The contribution of secondary nitrate is only one-sixth of the contribution of sulfate. Contributions from all other source-categories were small in general, though the Macon and Rome sites seem to be affected by local sources related to lime/minerals processing and soil dust re-suspension.
Secondary sulfates are formed in the atmosphere from SO 2 emissions. As the sulfate fraction is the largest fraction of ambient PM 2.5 , it is evident that controlling SO 2 emissions (generated primarily by coal-burning EGUs) would reduce PM 2.5 levels throughout the state. Secondary nitrates are associated with NO x emissions from combustion, primarily combustion in EGUs and in on-road mobile sources. SOAs are associated with bioge nic emissions (natural emissions from living trees and other vegetation). It is not practical to c ontrol biogenic emissions. Biomass burning generates elemental carbon (soot) and is associated with wild fires, prescribed burning, and wood-fired boilers. In addition to NO x , mobile sources generate elemental carbon.

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### Table 2-3. Average factor contributions to PM 2.5 

### (  g/m 3 

### ) for 2003-04 at the Atlanta, Floyd County, and Macon STN sites using PMF Factor Atlanta Floyd County Macon
Unspecified 2.32 2.97 1.81

SOA 2.55 3.46 3.81

Sec. Nitrate 0.99 1.05 0.74

Sec. Sulfate 4.82 5.10 4.67

Zn-rich 0.03 0.03 0.03

Cu-rich 0.07 0.03 0.02

Road-dust 0.12 0.13 0.11
Oil burning 0.03 0.04 0.04

Na-rich 0.43 0.42 0.33

Lime/Minerals 0.05 0.24 0.59

Soil 0.29 0.61 0.67
Biomass burning 1.06 1.31 1.50

Mobile sources 2.78 1.61 2.12

TOTAL 15.5 17.0 16.4



### 2.3.2 State Control Measures - Georgia

Based on source factor analysis, Georgia’s control strategy is focused on the reduction of emissions associated with secondary sulfates and nitrates, bi omass burning, and mobile sources. Control of SO 2 is the most important component of the strategy, as secondary sulfates make up the largest controllable contribution to ambient PM 2.5 . State measures that target reduction of these emissions

are:

 SO 2 and NO x controls on EGUs (rule (sss))

 SO 2 limits on EGUs (Rule (uuu))

 Smoke Management Plan

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11 of 48 Table 2-4 shows the timetable of implementation of these measures as well as the species controlled by each. The correlation between the drop in PM 2.5 annual averages and the implementation of the control measures, particularly Georgia Rule 391- 3-1-.02(2)(sss), lends strong evidence that the improvements in air quality are a result of redu ction in emissions and not a meteorological influenced phenomenon. Detailed discussions of the measures are presented in the following subsections.



### Table 2-4. Timetable of St ate Measure Implementation

Measure Species controlled 2001 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10

PM 2.5 ann. avg. (μg/m 3 ), Macon – Allied Chemical 16.1 14.8 14.8 16.8 16.7 16.9 16.7 12.3 12.2 13.7

Rule (sss) SO 2 , NO x *

Smoke Management Plan PM, NO x

Rule (uuu) SO 2 * Controls were required on December 31, 2008, but we re actually started up in the first half of the year.

2.3.2.1 SO 2 and NO x Controls and SO 2 Limits
Atmospheric secondary sulfate is formed from emissions of SO 2 . Coal-fired EGUs are by far the most significant source of SO 2 emissions in Georgia and in the Southeast. Georgia’s Multipollutant Rule (391-3-1-.02(2)(sss)) requires flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) controls on the majority of coal-fired EGUs in Georgia. This state enforceable rule was promulgated in 2007 for the purposes of lowering ozone and PM 2.5 concentrations by controlling precursor emissions and reducing mercury deposition. The FGD controls reduced SO 2 emissions rates from the affected emissions units by at least 95 percent and the SCR controls reduced NO x emissions rates by approximately 85 percent. The SO 2 and NO x controls were required in support of EPA’s CAIR rule, which was promulgated in 2005 and required state-wide caps for NO x and SO 2 beginning in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The CA IR rule is discussed further in Section 2.3.3.
Georgia Rule (uuu), SO 2 Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units, is a companion rule to Rule (sss) and is both state and federally enforceable upon approval by EPA. Both of these rules were implemented in response to CAIR a nd require emissions reduc tions consistent with CAIR’s original schedule starting in 2009. The rule requires 95% reduction of SO 2 emissions from

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12 of 48 the majority of Georgia’s coal-fired EGUs, with the requirement being phased in from 2010 through 2016. It requires 95% reduction of SO 2 emissions from all four EGUs at Plant Scherer and will be phased in on individual uni ts between 2011 and 2015.
It has been well demonstrated that ambient secondary sulfate in a given location can be significantly affected by SO 2 emissions from distant sources. Therefore, secondary sulfate in Macon is due not only to SO 2 emissions from Plant Scherer, located insi de the nonattainment area, but also to SO 2 emissions from other coal-fired EGUs in north Georgia. Figure 2-3 shows the locations of the coalfired EGU facilities in the northern half of Georgia as well as their respective energy production (in million megawatt-hours) in the year 2007. Plant Bowen, located in Bartow County, was a close second to Plant Scherer in energy production and historically has been by far the highest SO 2 - emitting facility in the state. The facilities shown in the figure comprise seven of the ten coal-fired EGU facilities that were operated in Georgia in 2007. In 2007, the energy produced by the seven facilities made up 97 percent of the state-wide energy production from coal-fired facilities.

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### Figure 2-3. Locations and 2007 Energy Produc tion of Coal-fired EGU Facilities in North Georgia The required FGD control implementation date va ries by EGU, starting on December 31, 2008. SO 2 controls were actually started on five units in May 2008. SO 2 controls were operating for the entire year of 2009 as follows:

 Plant Hammond – controls on 4 of 4 units

 Plant Bowen – controls on 2 of 4 units

 Plant Wansley – controls on 1 of 2 units

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14 of 48 SO 2 controls on a third unit at Plant Bowen and th e second unit at Plant Wansley began operation on April 1, 2009.
Rule (sss) requires SCR controls to be operated year-round, starting at six EGUs in 2008 and 2009 (Bowen Units 2, 3, and 4; Wansley Units 1 and 2; Hammond Unit 4). However, these NO x controls were already in place and operating during the ozone season by the end of 2003. The Title V permit of each of the above facilities has been amended to permit operation of the FGD and SCR controls.

Table 2-5 shows the annual SO 2 emissions for Plant Scherer and the other six coal-fired facilities in north Georgia for the period 2003 through 2009. The table also includes the electrical generation, a measure of production, for the facilities for the same ti me period. This data is presented in graphical form in Figure 2-4.
For the seven facilities, SO 2 emissions were reduced by 50.4 percent and generation was down by only 4.5 percent. These statistics provide clear evidence that the reduction in PM 2.5 concentration is due to permanent and enforceable controls rather than to reduced generation.
Plant Scherer operates four coal-fired EGUs. All four of the EGUs burn Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, which is lower in both sulfur and BTU value th an Appalachian coal. The sulfur levels in the PRB coal, as measured in 2007, were 0.285%, wher eas the Georgia Power system-wide average was 1.12% over the same time period. Rule (sss) requires operation of SO 2 and NO x controls on all four of Scherer’s EGUs, but the timing of the requ irement is after the 2007 – 2009 attainment demonstration period. It should be noted, however, that the average annual SO 2 emissions from Plant Scherer for the period 2007 through 2009 was 74,600 tons, a 9 percent decrease from the average for the period 2003 through 2005 (average of 82,200 tons). Power generation from the plant was higher during the 2007-to-2009 period.

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### Table 2-5. Annual SO2 Emissions and Gene ration (106 MWh) from North Georgia Coal-fired EGU Facilities, 2003 – 2009

Facility 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Hammond SO 2 (tpy) 35900 37700 39500 40600 47800 12500* 900*
generation 4.79 4.11 4.64 4.27 5.09 4.32 3.73

Bowen SO 2 (tpy) 164900 165900 186500 206400 196800 148100* 54800*
generation 21.9 21.9 23.3 23.7 24.0 23.4 22.9

Branch SO 2 (tpy) 64800 70100 90500 96000 98400 94000 60100
generation 8.28 7.97 10.3 10.8 10.9 10.7 6.82
McDonough SO 2 (tpy) 23900 22700 27700 28800 28500 24300 15900
generation 3.75 3.52 3.92 4.07 4.07 3.43 2.34

Scherer SO 2 (tpy) 83900 79700 82900 74200 76500 77700 69500
generation 21.3 24.6 25.5 24.5 26.5 25.7 24.3
Wansley** SO 2 (tpy) 94000 99000 101500 96200 93900 74300* 7400*
generation 13.7 14 15.1 14.8 16.1 15.5 11.8

Yates SO 2 (tpy) 44900 50600 66500 75500 77200 68200 45500
generation 6.73 6.22 7.37 7.49 8.10 7.37 4.90

TOTAL SO 2 Tons/yr 512300 525700 595100 617700 619100 499100 254100

TOTAL Generation 10 6 MWh 80.45 82.32 90.13 89.6 94.76 90.42 76.79

Ambient PM 2.5 , Macon area annual avg (ug/m 3) 14.8 16.8 16.7 16.9 16.7 12.3 12.2

Source: EPA Clean Air Markets Division

* SO 2 control, required by Georgia Rule (sss), was ope rational on one or more EGUs for partial or full year

** does not include emissions fro m facility’s gas-fired units

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16 of 48 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

SO2 (tpy) gen (million MWh)



### Figure 2-4. SO 2 

### Emissions and Generation from North Georgia Coal-fired EGU Facilities, 2003 - 2009

2.3.2.2 Smoke Management Plan
Forestry and agriculture, two of the Georgia’s mo st significant industries, utilize prescribed burning practices to support production. Prescribed burning is the controlled application of fire to existing vegetative fuels to accomplish planned land ma nagement objectives or to mitigate catastrophic wildfires. In addition to managing forests a nd agricultural resources, prescribed burning helps protect lives and property by reducing accumulations of forest fuels and helps to sustain imperiled species and ecosystems. The Georgia General As sembly enacted the Georgia Prescribed Burning Act to authorize and promote the use of prescribed burning for community protection and for silvicultural, environmental, and wildlife purposes.
Large prescribed burns can produce significant PM 2.5 emissions. These emissions, if not properly managed, can reach smoke-sensitive areas and have significant negative impacts on the air quality in these areas. Smoke-sensitive areas include Georgia’s heavily populated areas and PM 2.5 nonattainment areas. Without a prescribed burning program, there is a higher probability of catastrophic wildfires, which can threaten pers onal property and can have even higher negative impacts on air quality.
To prevent negative air quality impacts from pr escribed burning, Georgia DNR and the Georgia Forestry Commission formulated and adopted Georgia’s Basic Smoke Management Plan (SMP) dated April 16, 2008. The plan was developed in accordance with EPA’s “The Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires” and the draft EPA guidance document, “Elements of a Smoke Management Program”. The purpose of the SMP is to allow fire to function in its natural role in maintaining healthy wildland ecosystems while pr otecting public health and welfare by mitigating

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17 of 48 the impacts of air pollutants from wildland and prescrib ed fires on air quality and visibility. The plan is a necessary component in determining Exceptiona l Events related to prescribed burning and is an element of Georgia’s Regional Haze SIP. The Georgia Forestry Commission (GFC), Georgia DNR’s EPD, and Georgia DNR’s Wildlife Resources Division (WRD) signed a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) to implement the SMP on April 16, 2008. The SMP and the MOU are included as Appendix B.
The SMP identifies the following components that should be considered in the planning of prescribed burns:

 smoke mitigation

 smoke dispersion evaluation

 public notification

 air quality monitoring
Smoke mitigation, smoke dispersion evaluation, and air quality monitoring are important to mitigating the effects of prescribed burns on air qua lity in smoke-sensitive areas. Smoke mitigation is accomplished by avoiding smoke-sensitive ar eas, performing burns under favorable smoke dispersion conditions, and managing the generati on and release of emissions over time. Smoke dispersion evaluations are performed by GFC-certif ied prescribed fire managers and are supported by the GFC’s full-time fire weather meteorol ogist. Air quality monitoring and forecasting, performed by Georgia EPD, provides important air quality data to assist fire managers with their decisions on when to schedule prescribed burns.
In addition to mitigating the impacts of prescribed burns on air quality, the implementation of a SMP has benefits with regard to the computation of ai r quality design values. Design values are statistical measures of historical ambient pollutant concentr ations that are compared to EPA’s air quality standards to determine if attainment of the standard has been achieved. An at ypical event, such as an unusually large forest fire, can produce PM 2.5 emissions that will significantly increase ambient concentration measurements, and therefore design va lue computations, in a nonattainment area. EPA will allow the atypical ambient measurements to be excluded from the design value computation if the fire event is deemed to be an “exceptional ev ent”. In order for a large fire to qualify as an exceptional event, the EPA has stated that a state must demonstrate that a certified SMP was in place at the time of the event, or th at the state must ensure that the burner employs basic smoke management practices.
All outdoor burning is subject to enforcement th rough law enforcement officers of GFC, DNR and local law enforcement. The enforc ement authority is the Georgia Forest Fire Protection Act, as well as EPD’s authority to enforce Federal and State ai r quality regulations and laws. In addition, GFC has the authority to void certification of certified prescribed burners if investigation reveals that disregard for basic smoke management practices contributed to smoke intrusion into a smokesensitive area. This measure is State enforceable. It is not necessary for the continued maintenance of attainment in the Macon area. However, impl ementation of the SMP will support the maintenance of the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS.

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### 2.3.3 Federal Control Measures

Federal control measures related to ambient PM 2.5 are focused on the reduction of emissions associated with sulfates, nitrates, and direct PM. Federal measures that targeted reduction of these emissions between nonattainment designation a nd the clean data period are as follows:

 Clean Air Interstate Rule/Cross State Air Pollution Rule

 Tier 2 Vehicle Standards

 Heavy-duty Gasoline and Diesel Highway Vehicles Standards, and Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Rule;

 Large Nonroad Diesel Engines Rule, and ULSD Rule;

 Non-Road Spark Ignition Engines and Recreational Engines Standard; and

 NO x SIP Call in Surrounding States.

All of the measures were in place prior to 2007, w ith the exception of the large nonroad diesel rule (effective in 2008) and CAIR. Reductions associated with vehicles and engines will increase during the maintenance period as older engines are removed from service and replaced by new engines.
Table 2-6 shows the timetable of implementation of these measures as well as the species controlled by each. The continuous drop in PM 2.5 concentration from 2005 through 2009 demonstrates that the improvement of air quality is due to the impl ementation of the control measures. Detailed discussions of the measures are presented in the following subsections.



### Table 2-6. Timetable of Fe deral Measure Implementation

Species controlled 2001 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 2009

PM 2.5 ann. avg. (μg/m 3 ) 16.1 14.8 14.8 16.8 16.7 16.9 16.7 12.3 12.2

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) NO x *

Tier 2 vehicle standards NO x Heavy Duty Engine Standard, first phase NO x , VOC
Heavy Duty Engine Standard, second phase, and ULSD PM, SO 2

Large Nonroad Diesel Rule and ULSD PM, NO x , SO 2

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19 of 48 Nonroad Spark Ignition and Recreational Vehicle NO x , VOC, CO

NO x SIP Call in Surrounding States NO x

* also requires SO 2 controls after 2009

2.3.3.1 Clean Air Interstate Rule
On May 12, 2005, the US EPA promulgated the “R ule To Reduce Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone (Clean Air Interstate Ru le),” referred to as CAIR. This rule established the requirement for States to adopt rules limiting the emissions of NO x and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and a model rule for the states to use in developing thei r rules. The purpose of the CAIR was to reduce interstate transport of precursor s to fine particulate and ozone.
The CAIR rule applied to fossil-fuel-fired elect ric generation units (EGUs), including certain cogeneration units, with nameplate capacities of greater than 25 MWe. This rule set annual state caps for NO x and SO 2 in two phases, with the Phase I caps star ting in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Phase II caps for NO x and SO 2 were to become effective in 2015.
As part of the CAIR rule, EPA determined that Georgia contributed significantly to downwind PM 2.5 nonattainment areas and/or interfered with maintenance of the PM 2.5 NAAQS (70 FR 25246-25250). Accordingly, a State CAIR rule [Georgia rule 391-3-1-.02(13)] was promulgated that, for the most part, mirrors the provisions of the federal rule.
On July 11, 2008, the U.S. District Court of App eals in the District of Co lumbia vacated the Clean Air Interstate Rule and remanded it to EPA. A re hearing of the Court’s decision was requested and granted. On December 23, 2008, the court rema nded CAIR to EPA without vacatur (i.e., the rule was still in place). EPA was directed to correct the deficiencies in CAIR that were identified in the court’s decision.
To replace CAIR, EPA promulgated the final Cros s-State Air Pollution Rule (76 FR 48208) on August 8, 2011. The Cross-state rule imposes restrictions on emissions of NO x and SO 2 from states identified as having significant impacts on ozone and/or PM 2.5 NAAQS attainment or as interfering with maintenance of these same standards in downw ind states. The requirements of the Cross-state Rule were to become effective in 2012 and 201 4, which is beyond the 2007-to-2009 clean data period for the Macon area. However, on December 30, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C Circuit Court issued a ruling to stay CSAPR pending judicial review. Regardless of the timing of the transition from CAIR to CSAPR, or the resultin g court-ordered interstate transport remedy, emissions of NO x and SO 2 have declined significantly and are e xpected to continue to decrease in the future due to the continuation of CAIR and Georgia’s own EGU emission rules.

2.3.3.2 Tier 2 Vehicle Standards and low-sulfur gasoline

Federal Tier 2 vehicle standards will reduce NO x emissions from passenger vehicles. The standards require all passenger vehicles in a manufacturer’s fleet, including light-duty trucks and sport utility

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20 of 48 vehicles (SUVs), to meet an average standard of 0.07 grams of NO x per mile. Implementation began in 2004 and was completely phased in by 2007. The Tier 2 standards will also cover passenger vehicles over 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight rati ng (the larger pickup trucks and SUVs), which are not covered by the current Tier 1 regulations. For these vehicles, the standards were phased in beginning in 2008, with full compliance in 2009. The new standards require vehicles to be 77% to 95% cleaner than those on the road prior to implemen tation of Tier 2. The Tier 2 rule also reduced the sulfur content of gasoline to 30 parts per milli on (ppm) starting in January of 2006. Sulfur occurs naturally in gasoline, but interferes with the opera tion of catalytic converters on vehicles resulting in higher emissions. Lower-sulfur gasoline is n ecessary to achieve the Tier 2 vehicle emission standards.

2.3.3.3 Heavy-Duty Gasoline and Diesel Highway Vehicles Standards & Ultra Low-Sulfur Diesel Rule
New US EPA standards designed to reduce NO x and VOC emissions from heavy-duty gasoline and diesel highway vehicles (14001 pounds or more) bega n to take effect in 2004. A second phase of standards and testing procedures, which began in 2007, will reduce partic ulate matter from heavyduty highway engines and will also reduce highway di esel fuel sulfur content to 15 ppm to prevent damage to the emission control devices. The total program is expected to achieve a 90% reduction in particulate matter (PM) emissi ons and a 95% reduction in NO x emissions for these new engines using low sulfur diesel, compared to older engin es using diesel with higher sulfur content. SO 2 emissions will also be reduced due to the lower fuel sulfur content.

2.3.3.4 Large Nonroad Diesel Engines Rule & Ultra Low-Sulfur Diesel Rule
In May 2004, the US EPA promulgated new rules for large nonroad diesel engines, such as those used in construction, agricultural, and industrial e quipment, to be phased in between 2008 and 2014. The nonroad diesel rules also reduce the allowable su lfur in nonroad diesel fuel by over 99%. Prior to 2006, nonroad diesel fuel averaged about 3,400 ppm sulfur. The rule limits nonroad diesel sulfur content to 500 ppm in 2006 and 15 ppm in 2010. Th e combined engine and fuel rules would reduce NO x and PM emissions from large nonroad diesel e ngines by over 90%, compared to older engines using diesel with higher sulfur content. SO 2 emissions will also be reduced due to the lower fuel sulfur content.

2.3.3.5 Nonroad Large Spark-Ignition Engines and Recreational Engines Standard
This standard, effective in July 2003, regulates NO x , hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) for groups of previously unregulated nonroad engi nes. The new standard will apply to all new engines sold in the United States and imported afte r these standards began and apply to large sparkignition engines (forklifts and airport ground servi ce equipment), recreational vehicles (off-highway motorcycles and all-terrain-vehicles), and recreationa l marine diesel engines. The regulation varies based upon the type of engine or vehicle.
The large spark-ignition engines contribute to ozon e formation and ambient CO and PM levels in urban areas. Tier 1 of this standard was implemente d in 2004 and Tier 2 star ted in 2007. Like the large spark-ignition engines, recreational vehicles contribute to ozone formation and ambient CO and PM levels. For the off-highway motorcycles and all-terrain-vehicles, model year 2006, the new

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21 of 48 exhaust emissions standard was phased-in by 50% and for model years 2007 and later at 100%. Recreational marine diesel engines over 37 kilowatts ar e used in yachts, cruisers, and other types of pleasure craft. Recreational marine engines contri bute to ozone formation a nd PM levels, especially in marinas. Depending on the size of the engi ne, the standard began phasing in during 2006.
When all of the nonroad spark-ignition engines and recreational engines standards are fully implemented, an overall 72% reduc tion in HC, 80% reduction in NO x , and 56% reduction in CO emissions are expected by 2020. These controls w ill help reduce ambient concentrations of ozone, CO, and fine PM.

2.3.3.6 NO x SIP Call in Surrounding States
In October 1998, the US EPA made a finding of significant contribution of NO x emissions from certain states and published a rule that set ozone season NO x budgets for the purpose of reducing regional transport of ozone (63 FR 57356) . This rule, referred to as the NO x SIP Call, called for ozone season controls to be put on utility and industrial boilers , as well as internal combustion engines in 22 states in the Eastern United States. A NO x emissions budget was set for each state and the states were required to develop rules that would allow the state to meet their budget. A NO x trading program was established, allowing sources to buy credits to meet their NO x budget as opposed to actually installing controls. The emis sion budgets were to be met by the beginning of 2004.



### 2.3.4 SO 2 

### Emissions Reductions in Upwind States

As noted previously, secondary sulfate concentrat ions in a given location can be significantly affected by SO 2 emissions from distant sources. Duri ng the period of 2003 through 2009, SO 2 emissions from coal-fired electric generation fac ilities upwind of Georgia have been significantly reduced.
EPA promulgated the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (76 FR 48208) on August 8, 2011, and projected future emissions to support the rule-making. Modeling in support of the Cross-State Rule has established linkages between emissions from upwind states and ambient PM 2.5 concentrations in downwind receptor states. EPA’s projections indicat e that 2012 emissions for the base case (which disallows reductions from existing or future CAIR controls) from ten upwind states will contribute 0.15 μg/m 3 (1 % of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 standard) or more to ambient PM 2.5 concentrations in Georgia’s 2012 projected nonattainment area (Atlanta). The ten states are Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, S outh Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. [Source: Appendix D of the Air Quality Modeling Final Rule Technical Support Document, June 2011, docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491-4140].

Table 2-7 shows the SO 2 emissions trends from coal-fired EGU facilities in the ten upwind states during the period 2003 through 2009. The total SO 2 emissions from the ten states dropped approximately 15 percent from 2003 to 2007 and ove r 50 percent from 2003 to 2009. The trend of aggregated SO 2 emissions from these states is presented in Figure 2-5.

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### Table 2-7. Annual SO 2 

### Emissions in States With Do wnwind Contributions to Georgia PM 2.5 

### Exceeding 0.15 μg/m 3

State 2003 2005 2007 2009

AL 458,622 460,072 447,189 277,972

IL 365,333 326,632 272,571 229,364

IN 804,829 870,812 714,529 413,726

KY 529,559 500,224 379,837 252,002

NC 462,041 500,936 370,826 110,948

OH 1,175,905 1,085,485 954,646 600,687

PA 967,185 985,508 951,186 573,618

SC 203,956 217,386 172,726 97,941

TN 339,536 266,081 237,231 108,042

WV 539,858 467,082 371,996 174,583

TOTAL 5,846,824 5,680,218 4,872,738 2,838,883
Source: EPA Clean Air Markets Division, Acid Rain Program

EPD understands that the emissions reductions in the upwind states are not permanent and enforceable reductions in GA. However, we believe that the reductions provide further evidence that the reduced PM 2.5 levels in GA during the period 2007 - 2009 are due to SO 2 emissions reductions achieved both within and outside Georgia. The ma jority of the upwind reductions are due to state rules or consent orders requiring reduced SO 2 emissions. With the promulgation of the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, it is highly unlikely that these reduc tions will be reversed in the future. (It should be noted that on December 30, 2011, the U.S. Cour t of Appeals for the D.C Circuit Court issued a ruling to stay CSAPR pending judicial review. Re gardless of the timing of the transition from CAIR to CSAPR, or the resulting court-ordered in terstate transport remedy, emissions of SO 2 from upwind states have declined significantly and are expect ed to continue to decrease in the future.)

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23 of 48 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000

2003 2005 2007 2009SO2 (tons) Upwind States



### Figure 2-5. Trend of Aggregated Annual SO 2 

### Emissions in States With Downwind Contributions to Georgia PM 2.5 

### Exceeding 0.15 μg/m 3



### 2.4 Section 110 and Part D Requirements
Section 110 of the CAA contains the requirements for state implementation plans (SIPs). The purpose of a SIP is to provide for the implementa tion, maintenance, and enforcement of national primary ambient air quality standards. Part D, Subpart 1, of CAA Title I (Sections 171 to 179) contains general requirements for areas that have been designated nonattainment. As stated in Section 1.1 of this maintenance plan, the Mac on area was designated as nonattainment for the 1997 annual fine PM standard in April of 2005. Th e Macon area was also classified as nonattainment for the eight-hour ozone standard, but was redesignated to attainment for this standard in September 2007 (72FR53432).
Georgia EPD submitted a PM 2.5 nonattainment plan for the Macon area per Title I Part D. With the determination that the Macon nonattainment area has attained the 1997 annual fine PM standard (Section 2.1.3), the area is no longer subject to the CAA Section 110 and Part D requirements for demonstrating attainment, RFP, associated RACM, and contingency for areas designated as nonattainment with the NAAQS. Therefore, the nonatta inment plan was subsequently withdrawn. All other Section 110 and Part D requirements pert aining to the Macon area have previously been approved or are currently subject to approval by EPA.

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## 3.0 Maintenance Plan

Section 175A of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 defines the general framework of a maintenance plan. The core provisions of S ection 175A are a quantitative demonstration of maintenance of the standard (PM 2.5 in this case) and contingency provisions for prompt adoption of corrective measures if attainment is not maintained. Per guidance from EPA 3 , this maintenance plan includes a method to verify continued attainment to support the maintenance demonstration. Per the same guidance, this plan also includes a plan to use the ambient monitoring network for verification of continued attainment or, if applicable , for triggering contingency provisions.



### 3.1 Maintenance Demonstration

Section 175A of the CAA requires a state that is re questing redesignation to submit a revision to its SIP which provides for maintenance of the applicab le standard for a minimum of 10 years after the redesignation date. Section 107(d )(3)(D) provides EPA up to 18 months from receipt of a complete submittal to process a redesignation request. Therefor e Georgia EPD is provid ing a demonstration of maintenance through the year 2023.
There are two generally accepted methodologies for demonstrating maintenance. Under the first method, an emissions inventory is compiled for one of the three years which are used to show clean (i.e., attaining) ambient data (see Section 2.1). This year is the baseline or attainment year. Emissions projections are formulated for the final year of the maintenance period and for intermediate years. If each of the projected emis sion levels is less than the emission level for the attainment year, maintenance of the standard is demonstrated. This assumes that ambient concentrations will remain below the standard if future annual emissions are kept below the inventoried emissions in the chosen attainment year. Under the second maintenance demonstration method, air quality modeling is used to project am bient pollutant concentrations and annual design values for the final year and intermediate years. If all of the modeled rolling three-year averages of the annual design values are below the st andard, maintenance is demonstrated.
Georgia EPD has adopted the method of comparing a ttainment year emissions to projected emissions for this maintenance plan. This approach has been used in the pr evious maintenance plans submitted by EPD and approved by EPA. The following sections discuss the attainment year inventory, the projected inventories, and verification of continued attainment.

3.1.1 Attainment Year Emissions Inventory Georgia EPD has selected 2007 as the year for the attainment year emissions inventory. 2007 is one of the three years (2007–2009) on which the Macon ar ea’s clean data determination is based. The pollutants inventoried and addressed in this maintenance plan are direct PM 2.5 , SO 2 , and NO x . The following emissions sectors are included in the inventory:

 Point sources (EGU and non-EGU);

 Nonpoint sources (including fire);

3 “Procedures for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,” September 4, 1992. John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality Mana gement Division, OAQPS, USEPA.

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25 of 48  Onroad mobile sources; and

 Nonroad mobile sources (including ma rine vessels, aircraft, and rail).

The 2007 inventory, with the exception of on-road mobile emissions, was prepared for Georgia by the contractors for the Southeastern Modeling, An alysis, and Planning (SEMAP) project. SEMAP is funded by the same ten states that participated in the Visibility Improvement – State and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) project. Under the SEMAP project, emissions estimates are reported by county and source classification code (SCC). The SEMAP emissions inventories were developed using data from a number of sources, including state and local agencies and EPA’s National Emissions Inventory (NEI). Georgia DOT developed the 2007 inventory of on-road mobile emissions.
The data sources for the attainment-year emissions inventories are summarized in Table 3-1. Additional details on the data sources and inventory methods are presented in the following subsections and in Appendix C. 

### Table 3-1. 2007 Emissions Inventory Sources

Emissions Source Sector Inventory Source Version / Year Generated Basis

Point – EGU SEMAP Georgia Power Co. Version 1.8, 2011 EPA’s NEI

Point – non-EGU SEMAP Version 1.8, 2011 EPA’s NEI
Nonpoint SEMAP Version 1.1, 2010 EPA’s NEI



### Onroad Mobile GDOT 2011 Georgia DOT (travel demand model and Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS)) and MOVES2010a



### Nonroad Mobile SEMAP Final Report, 2010 NMIM2008, 2007 NMIM County Database, 2008 NEI, ERTAC

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26 of 48 3.1.1.1 Point Sources
Point sources captured in the inventory include st ationary sources whose actual emissions equal or exceed 100 tons per year of SO 2 , NO x , or particulate matter. Emissi ons from point sources have been calculated for EGU and non-EGU sources.
Plant Scherer, which includes four EGUs, is th e lone electric generation facility inside the nonattainment area. The plant is located in Monroe County. The non-EGU point sources in the Macon area are as follows:

 Graphic Packaging International

 Southern Natural Gas Company, Ocmulgee

 Armstrong World Industries

 Cherokee Brick and Tile Company
All four sources are located in Bibb County. 2007 emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and PM 2.5 from EGU and non-EGU facilities are presented in Table 3-2. Graphi c Packaging International is the largest source of emissions from non-EGU point sources. Emissions from the individual non-EGU point sources are shown in Table 3-3.



### Table 3-2. Point Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual)

Pollutant EGU (Plant Scherer) Non-EGU Total Point

SO 2 76,456 447 76,903 NO x 18,849 1,737 20,586 PM 2.5 1,166 373 1,539



### Table 3-3. Non-EGU Point Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual)

Pollutant Graphic Packaging Southern Natural Gas Armstrong World Ind. Cherokee Brick and Tile
SO 2 243 0 0 204 NO x 1259 367 55 56 PM 2.5 272 10 47 44 The 2007 point source inventory is based on the Na tional Emissions Inventory (NEI) reports for reporting years 2005, 2007, and 2008. Emissions from sources that reported for 2007 were generally used as reported. For facilities with 2005 and 2008 emissions (but no 2007 emissions), 2007 emissions were estimated based on a linear in terpolation between facility level 2005 and 2008 emissions on a pollutant-by-pollutant basis to calcu late facility level 2007 emissions. For facilities

### Macon PM 2.5 

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27 of 48 with only 2008 data (no 2007 or 2005 data ava ilable), the SIC growth factors from the VISTAS Best&Final inventory were used to backcast 2008 reported emissions to 2007. For facilities with only 2005 data (no 2007 or 2008 data available), the SIC growth factors from the VISTAS Best&Final inventory were used to project 200 5 reported emissions to 2007. After the above backcasting and projecting was performed, additiona l adjustments were ma de for facilities where only 2005 data were available and the facility did not operate in 2007 or operated for only part of 2007. In addition, PM augmentation was performed to generate missing emissions estimates for filterable and primary PM 2.5 , filterable and primary PM10, and condensable PM. See Appendices C and C-1 for more details on th e development of the 2007 point source emissions inventory.

3.1.1.2 Nonpoint Sources
Nonpoint sources captured in the inventory include stationary sources whose emissions levels of SO 2 , NO x , and particulate matter are each less than 100 tons per year. Emissions from nonpoint sources in 2007 were obtained from the SEMAP nonpoi nt source inventory Version 1.1, which was developed by Pechan. A default 2007 nonpoint source inventory was created that includes all of the source categories covered by the 2008 nonpoint source NEI.
For all source categories except industrial and commercial/institutional (ICI) fuel combustion, emissions data from the 2008 nonpoint source NEI were directly incorporated when the NEI emissions were based on 2007 emissions activity data. The NEI emissions estimates were recalculated to reflect 2007 activity levels when the NEI emissions reflected 2006 or 2008 activity levels. Emissions associated with activity reflected in the point source inve ntory were removed from the nonpoint inventory.
For ICI fuel combustion, the 2008 nonpoint sour ce NEI developed emissions activity estimates rather than emission estimates. Because of the potential importance of these source categories and the availability of methodological improvements, Pechan utilized an emissions estimation method for ICI fuel combustion that incorporates a few refinements to the NEI method. These emissions were supplemented with carry-forward categori es from Georgia’s 2005 CERR submission grown using EPA’s Economic Growth Analysis System (EGAS). For more information regarding the SEMAP nonpoint inventory, please refer to Appendices C and C-2.
The 2007 nonpoint source emissions for the Macon ar ea are presented in Table 3-4. The largest contributors to SO 2 emissions were coal-fired and residual-o il-fired industrial boilers. The largest contributors to NO x emissions were industrial wood-fired and coal-fired boilers. Emissions from fires in 2007 were obtained from the SEMAP final “actual” fire emissions inventory and are shown in Table 3-4. This inventory was developed us ing 2007 burned area data submitted by Georgia, as well as updated fuel consumption and emissions factors.



### Table 3-4. Nonpoint Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual)

Pollutant Nonpoint (excluding fire) Fire Total Nonpoint SO 2 752 1 753 NO x 955 3 958 PM 2.5 1505 11 1516

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28 of 48 The 2007 level of PM 2.5 emissions from nonpoint sources, excluding fire, was 1505 tons. This quantity accounted for 44 percent of total PM 2.5 emissions in the Macon area. The top three nonpoint source classifications for PM 2.5 emissions were industrial w ood-fired boilers, dust from unpaved roads, and construction activities.



### Table 3-5. Largest Nonpoint PM 2.5 

### Emissions by Source Classification

SCC Description 2007 PM 2.5 (tons)
2102008000 Stationary Fuel Comb /Industrial /Wood /Total: All Boiler Types 807
2296000000 Unpaved Roads /All Unpaved Roads /Total: Fugitives 361

2311020000 Construction SIC 15 – 17/Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional/All (e.g., land clearing, demolition, excavation) 52

3.1.1.3 Onroad Mobile Sources

USEPA’s MOVES2010a mobile source emissions model was run in inventory m ode to generate 2007 on-road mobile source emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and PM 2.5 . The 2007 onroad mobile source emissions for The Macon Area are presented in Table 3-6.



### Table 3-6. Onroad Mobile Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual)

Pollutant Onroad Emissions SO 2 54 NO x 7539 PM 2.5 266

The following non-default inputs to the MOVES model were used:
• registration distribution by age
• vehicle population
• vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
• hourly temperature and relative humidity

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29 of 48 The age distribution and vehicle population inputs were based on 2002 vehicle counts by MOBILE6 vehicle type obtained from R.L. Polk & Company. The vehicle population was grown to 2007 using a combination of Georgia Department of Revenue registration data (for buses and motorcycles) and the change in person population estimates from th e U.S. Census (for the other MOBILE6 vehicle types). VMT fractions were based on MOVES defa ults by source type and adjusted using GDOT count data.
Actual 2007 temperature and humidity data ex tracted from the "NCD20090531" version of the county database in EPA's National Mobile Inventor y Model were used as meteorological inputs to MOVES2010a for 2007. For a detailed discussion on how the on-road mobile emission inventory was developed, see Appendices C, C-3, and C-4.

3.1.1.4 Nonroad Mobile Sources
The nonroad sector is comprised of nonroad engi nes included in EPA’s NONROAD model, such as recreational marine and land-based vehicles, farm, construction and industria l machinery, and lawn and garden equipment. This sector also includ es engines not modeled in NONROAD, specifically aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and locomo tives. There are no commercial marine vessel emissions sources in the Macon area. 2007 nonroa d mobile emissions are presented in Table 3-7.
Emissions from NONROAD model source categories in 2007 were obtained from the SEMAP final nonroad mobile sources emissions inventory. These em issions were calculated using EPA’s latest National Mobile Inventory Model, NMIM2008, wh ich incorporates EPA’s latest NONROAD model (NONROAD2008) and reflects all of EPA’s final n onroad standards to date. The county/monthly gasoline profile assignments in the CountyYearMont h table and the gasoline fuel profiles in the Gasoline table of the 2007 NMIM county-level da tabase (NCD) were updated with data provided by the state of Georgia. For more information re garding the SEMAP nonroad inventory, please refer to Appendices C and C-2.

2007 emissions from aircraft and locomotives were obtained from the SEMAP final nonroad mobile source emissions inventory. For more informa tion regarding the SEMAP marine, aircraft, and locomotives inventory, please refer to Appendices C and C-5.



### Table 3-7. Nonroad Mobile Source Emissions for 2007 (tons, annual)

Pollutant (tons) Nonroad - except air and rail Aircraft Locomotive Total Nonroad

SO 2 40 1 7 48 NO x 684 4 740 1428 PM 2.5 71 3 24 98

3.1.1.5 Summary of 2007 Emissions Inventory

The total 2007 The Macon Area emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and PM 2.5 are presented for each source sector in Table 3-8. The majority of SO 2 emissions, by far, are from point sources. The majority of

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30 of 48 NO x emissions is from point and onroad mobile sources. The majority of PM 2.5 emissions are from nonpoint and point sources.



### Table 3-8. Attainment-year (2007) Emissions Inventory (tons, annual)

Pollutant

(tons) Point Total Point EGU PointNonEGU Nonpoint Onroad Mobile Nonroad Mobile Total

SO 2 76,903 76,456 447 753 53 48 77,757 NO x 20,586 18,849 1,737 958 7,539 1,428 30,511 PM 2.5 1,539 1,166 373 1,516 266 98 3,419

3.1.2 Projected Emissions Inventories
As discussed previously, Georgia EPD is providing a demonstration of maintenance through the year 2023 (the maintenance year). Emissions projecti ons to support maintenance through 2023 have been prepared for the years 2017 and 2023. In addition, emissions have been calculated by interpolation for the years 2014 and 2020. Emissions for th ese additional years provide additional reference points for periodic assessment of maintenance of the standard. Maintenance period emissions controls, projection methods, and projected inventories are discussed in the remainder of this subsection.

3.1.2.1 Methods and Projected Inventories Projected emissions inventories are calculated by ap plying applicable control and growth factors to the 2007 emissions of individual sources or source categories. The control and growth factors may apply for some or all of the years 2008 (year foll owing attainment inventory) through 2023 (out year). The bases used to determine these factors are summarized in Table 3-9.

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### Table 3-9. Bases of Control and Grow th Factors for 2017 and 2023 Inventories

Source Category Control Basis Growth Factor Basis

Point – EGU Implementation of GA rule (sss) for SO 2 and NO x controls; VISTAS 2012 projection inventory Coal consumption forecasts in 2010 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO)

Point – non-EGU Regulatory review - no additional controls defined at this time EGAS growth factors by SCC and county for 2017 and 2023.
Nonpoint Regulatory review - no additional controls defined at this time EGAS growth factors by SCC for 2017 and 2023.
Nonpoint – fire No additional controls anticipated No growth anticipated
Onroad Mobile MOVES inventory mode (PM 2.5 , NO x , SO 2 ) for 2023. All known Federal controls. MOVES inventory mode (PM 2.5 , NO x , SO 2 ) for 2023. Vehicle population growth from human population projections. Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) growth from Georgia DOT.

Nonroad Mobile NMIM 2008 NMIM 2008

Nonroad Mobile – marine, aircraft, and rail SEMAP (Pechan) control factors by SCC for 2017 and 2023 SEMAP (Pechan) growth factors by SCC for 2017 and 2023

The pollutants whose emissions are projected are SO 2 , NO x , and direct PM 2.5 . As with the attainment inventory, emissions from the following sectors are projected:

 Point sources (EGU and non-EGU)

 Nonpoint sources (including fire)

 Onroad mobile sources

 Nonroad mobile sources (including ma rine vessels, aircraft, and rail) The projected inventories are presented in the fo llowing subsections. The methods used to develop the emissions projections are presente d in more detail in Appendix C.

3.1.2.2 Point Sources

EGU point source emissions in 2017 and 2023 were estimated using growth factors and control factors. Growth factors were calculated based on coal consumption for the southeastern region in the

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32 of 48 Energy Information Administration’s AEO2010 report. The SO 2 control factor due to Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) was assumed to be 95% according to the VISTAS 2012 Projection Emissions Inventory (see Appendices C and C-6). Georgia’s rule (sss) requires SO 2 controls on all four of Plant Scherer’s EGUs, with the controls being phased in from July 1, 2011, through December 31, 2014. In addition, Georgia Rule ( uuu) requires 95% reduction of SO 2 for all four of Plant Scherer’s EGUs by January 1, 2015. The NO x control factor due to Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) was assumed to be 82.5% according to the VISTAS 2012 Pr ojection Emissions Inventory. Georgia’s rule (sss) requires NO x controls on all four EGUs on the same schedule as the SO 2 controls. Operation of the NO x controls is required only during the m onths of May through September. The PM 2.5 control factor associated (as a cobenefit) with the new SO 2 controls was assumed to be 50% based on Table 5.4-1 on page 5.4-24 of EPA’s document "Stationary Source Control Techniques Document for Fine Particulate Matter" (EC/R Incorporated, 1998).
As noted in subsection 2.3.3, EPA promulgated CSAPR in 2011 but the rule was stayed later in the year. When the rule was promulgated, Georgia w as identified as a covered state and therefore would have been required to comply with state-wide allocations of SO 2 and/or NO x emissions from covered EGUs starting in 2012. The future of the rule is not known at this time and therefore the rule’s requirements have not been incorporated into the emissions projections presented here. Any further reductions that may ultimately be required by th e Cross-State Rule will only strengthen the case for maintenance of the NAAQS as documented in this plan.
Projected EGU point source emissions are presented in Table 3-10. The projections show a dramatic reduction in SO 2 emissions as well as significant reductions in NO x and PM 2.5 emissions. Emissions levels for 2014 were calculated by linear interpola tion between 2007 and 2017. Emissions levels for 2020 were calculated by linear in terpolation between 2017 and 2023.



### Table 3-10. Projected Point Source Emissions (tons)

Pollutant 2007 (attainment) 2014 2017 2020 2023

EGU

SO 2 76,456 25,649 3,874 3,943 4,012 NO x 18,849 14,368 12,448 12,670 12,892 PM 2.5 1,166 763 591 601 612 Non-EGU

SO 2 447 488 505 528 551 NO x 1,737 1,861 1,914 2,001 2,089 PM 2.5 373 424 446 472 498 Total Point

SO 2 76,903 26,137 4,739 4,471 4,563 NO x 20,586 16,229 14,362 14,671 14,981 PM 2.5 1,539 1,187 1,037 1,073 1,110

Projected non-EGU point source emissions are shown in Table 3-10 (area totals) and in Table 3-11 (by facility, 2023 only). The emissions for 2017 and 2023 were estimated using SCC-specific and county-specific growth factors generated with EPA’ s Economic Growth Analysis System version 5.0 (EGAS 5.0). Appendix C-7 contains the SCC-specific growth factors for the Macon area. The

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33 of 48 projections show moderate increases in emissions of all three pollutants. No additional future controls can be defined for non-EGU point sources at this time. Emissions levels for 2014 and 2020 were calculated by interpolation as described above.



### Table 3-11. Non-EGU Point Source Emissions for 2023 (tons, annual)

Pollutant Graphic Packaging Southern Natural Gas Armstrong World Ind. Cherokee Brick and Tile
SO 2 263 0 0 288 NO x 1,493 445 71 79 PM 2.5 343 12 80 63

Projected total point source emissions (sum of EGU and non-EGU) are shown in Table 3-10. The projections show dramatic decreases in emissions of SO 2 as well as moderate decreases in emissions of NO x and PM 2.5 .

3.1.2.3 Nonpoint Sources
Nonpoint source emissions, excluding fire, in futu re years 2017 and 2023 were estimated using SCCand county-specific growth factors generated with EGAS 5.0. Appendix C-7 contains the SCCspecific growth factors for The Macon Area. No a dditional future controls can be defined for these sources at this time.

Projections of nonpoint source emissions are presente d in Table 3-12. Emissions from fire in future years 2017 and 2023 were assumed to be the same as 2007 emissions. The projections show a small increase in emissions of SO 2 as well as moderate increases in emissions of NO x and PM 2.5 . The largest contributors to projected SO 2 emissions are coal-fired and resi dual-oil-fired industrial boilers. The largest contributors to projected NO x emissions are industrial wood-fired boilers and industrial natural-gas-fired boilers and inte rnal combustion engines.

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### Table 3-12. Projected Nonpoint Source Emissions (tons)

Pollutant 2007 (attainment) 2014 2017 2020 2023

Nonpoint (excluding fire)

SO 2 752 778 789 801 814 NO x 955 1057 1100 1144 1189 PM 2.5 1505 1704 1790 1867 1943

Fire

SO 2 1 1 1 1 1 NO x 3 3 3 3 3 PM 2.5 11 11 11 11 11
Total Nonpoint

SO 2 753 779 790 802 815 NO x 958 1060 1103 1147 1192 PM 2.5 1516 1715 1801 1878 1954

The top three nonpoint source classifications for 2023 PM 2.5 emissions are industrial wood-fired boilers, dust from unpaved roads, and construction activities (see Table 3-13). Projected PM 2.5 emissions from these three source classifications make up over 80 percent of total projected PM 2.5 emissions.



### Table 3-13. Largest Nonpoint PM 2.5 

### Emissions by Source Classification, Year 2023

SCC Description 2023 PM 2.5 (tons)
2102008000 Stationary Fuel Comb /Industrial /Wood /Total: All Boiler Types 1056

2296000000 Unpaved Roads /All Unpaved Roads /Total: Fugitives 468

2311020000 Construction SIC 15 – 17/Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional/All (e.g., land clearing, demolition, excavation) 71

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### Nonattainment Area Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan

35 of 48 3.1.2.4 Onroad Mobile Sources

EPD ran USEPA’s MOVES2010a mobile source emissi ons model in inventory mode to generate 2023 onroad mobile source emissions of SO 2 , NO x , and PM 2.5 . Intermediate year emissions were generated by interpolating betw een 2007 and 2023. The following non-default inputs to the model were used:

 Vehicle age distribution

 average speed distribution

 vehicle population

 vehicle miles traveled (VMT)

 road type distribution

 ramp fraction

 hourly temperature and relative humidity
The vehicle age distribution was based on R.L. Polk & Co. registration data. MOVES2010a defaults were used for Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Class 8B. Person population growth projections for the Macon Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (M PO) area were used to calculate the 2023 vehicle population. The 2023 annual VMT were calculated by Georgia DOT using travel demand model outputs and HPMS counts, as well as speed distribution, road type distribution, and ramp fraction. Temperature and humidity inputs were assumed to be the same as year 2007.
The projected onroad mobile source emissions levels are presented in Table 3-14. Onroad emissions of all three pollutants trend downward significantl y during the maintenance period. The trend in SO 2 is of less importance since onroad mobile sources emit very little SO 2 . For a detailed discussion on how the onroad mobile emission inventory was developed, see A ppendices C, C-3, and C-4.



### Table 3-14. Projected Onroad Mo bile Source Emissions (tons)

Pollutant (tons) 2007 (attainment) 2014 2017 2020 2023

SO 2 53 44 31 25 18 NO x 7,539 6,022 4,072 3,031 1,991 PM 2.5 266 213 144 107 70

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36 of 48 3.1.2.5 Nonroad Mobile Sources
Projections of nonroad emissions in 2017 and 2023, excluding air and rail sources, were calculated using NMIM2008 with the same meteorological inputs as for 2007. Defaults in NMIM 2008 were used for other inputs.
Growth factors for all aircraft engine and airpor t-related SCCs were based on landing and take-off operation (LTO) projections available from the Fe deral Aviation Administration’s Terminal Area Forecasts (FAA, 2010). Growth rates for military aircra ft were held constant at 2007 levels. No control factors were applied to aircraft emissions.
Growth factors for freight rail sector emissions were based on fuel consumption forecasts. For passenger and commuter rail, growth factors were developed from national forecasts of intercity rail diesel consumption and commuter rail diesel consump tion. Control factors were based on US EPA’s locomotive engine regulatory impact analysis and associated emission factor guidance.
The nonroad mobile source emissions projections are presented in Table 3-15. Total emissions of all three pollutants trend downward significantly during the maintenance period. As with onroad sources, the downward trend in SO 2 is of less importance since nonroad sources emit very little SO 2 . For a detailed discussion on how the nonroad mobile emissions projections were developed, see Appendix C.


### Table 3-15. Projected Nonroad Mo bile Source Emissions (tons)

Pollutant (tons) 2007 (attainment) 2014 2017 2020 2023

Nonroad*

SO 2 40 13 1 1 1 NO x 684 453 354 307 261 PM 2.5 71 53 46 40 34
Aircraft

SO 2 1 0 0 0 0 NO x 4 3 2 2 2 PM 2.5 3 3 3 3 3

Locomotive

SO 2 7 2 0 0 0 NO x 740 615 561 519 476 PM 2.5 24 17 14 12 11

Tot. Nonroad

SO 2 48 15 1 1 1 NO x 1,428 1,071 917 828 739 PM 2.5 98 73 63 55 48 * excluding aircraft and locomotive emissions

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37 of 48 3.1.3 Emissions Projections Summary and Demonstration of Maintenance of Attainment

The consolidated emissions projections for all Macon area sources are presented in Table 3-16. Emissions of SO 2 and NO x drop significantly from 2007 to 2023. This is a reflection of the implementation of the majority of state and federal controls during the first half of the maintenance period. Overall, emissions of SO 2 and NO x are projected to decline by 93 percent and 38 percent, respectively, over the course of the maintenance period. Emissions of PM 2.5 are projected to decline by 7 percent. Due to the significant projected decreases in emissions of SO 2 and NO x and to the small decrease in projected PM 2.5 emissions, GA EPD believes that maintenance of the annual PM 2.5 standard is demonstrated.



### Table 3-16. Projected Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons)

Pollutant (tons) 2007 (attainment) 2014 2017 2020 2023 % change, 2007- 2023

SO 2 77,757 26,975 5,201 5,299 5,397 - 93 NO x 30,511 24,382 20,454 19,677 18,903 -38 PM 2.5 3,419 3,188 3,045 3,113 3,182 -7

3.1.4 Emissions Decreases
An emissions surplus represents the degree of im provement (reduction) in 2023 emissions compared to the attainment year (2007) emissions. The su rpluses are shown in Table 3-17 for each pollutant. A positive surplus reflects an emissi ons decrease from the attainment year to 2023. Portions of the NO x and PM 2.5 surpluses will be allotted to the Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget as a safety margin (see Section 4).



### Table 3-17. Emissions Decrease

Pollutant Surplus Emissions* 2007 to 2023 (tons)

SO 2 72,363 NO x ** 11,608 PM 2.5 ** 237
* Surplus = (2007 emissions level) – (2023 emissions level) ** These quantities do not reflect allotment to Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget

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38 of 48 3.1.5 Verification of Continued Attainment Items 5.c and 5.d of the September 4, 1992 , EPA guidance memo outline requirements for verification of continued attainment. Verificati on of continued at tainment is accomplished through operation of the ambient PM 2.5 monitoring network and through periodic updates of the area's emissions inventory. The location and operation of EPD’s FRM monitors in the Macon Area are described in Section 2.1 of this plan. During the maintenance period EPD will continue to opera te a federal reference monitor in the Macon Area per the requirements of 40 CFR Part 58. The Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) was promulgated by EPA on June 10, 2002. The CERR was replaced by the Annual Emissions Reporting Requirements (AERR) rule on December 17, 2008. The most recent triennial inventory for Georgia was compiled for 2008. The larger point sources of air pollution will continue to submit data on their emissions on an annual basis as required by the AERR. Emissions from the rest of the point sources, the nonpoint source portion, and the onroad and nonroad m obile sources continue to be quantified on a three-year cycle. The inventory will be updated and maintained on a three-year cycle. As required by the AERR, the next overall emissions inventor y will be compiled for 2011.



### 3.2 Contingency Provisions
Section 175A(d) of the Clean Air Act requires that the maintenance plan include provisions for contingency measures that would pr omptly be implemented to correct a violation of the standard, should this occur, after redesignation of an area as an attainment area. The measures may include rules or other measures that are not yet effectiv e, but EPD agrees to adopt and implement, as expeditiously as practicable, when required by this plan. The minimum requirement for contingency provisions is the implementation of all measures that were contained in the SIP for the area (i.e., the nonattainment plan) before the redesignation. In addition, EPA guidance (John Calcagni memo dated September 4, 1992) specifies the following pertaining to contingency provisions in the maintenance plan:

 identification of additional measures that would be considered for implementation should a violation occur

 identification of triggers for the implem entation of additional contingency measures

 a schedule and procedure for adoption and im plementation of additional measures (with time limit)

3.2.1 Contingency Measure Triggers
Section 175A(d) of the Clean Air Act Amendments requires that the maintenance plan include provisions for contingency measures that would promptly be implemented by the state to correct any violation of the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS after redesignation of an area as an attainment area. A list of potential contingency measures that could be consider ed for future implementa tion in such an event should also be included in the maintenance plan.
EPD has developed a contingency plan for the Macon PM 2.5 maintenance area. Contingency measures are intended to provide further emission re ductions in the event that violations of the NAAQS occur after redesignation to attainment. Cons istent with this plan, EPD agrees to adopt and implement, as expeditiously as practicable, the necessary corrective actions in the event that violations of the standard occur within the main tenance area after redesignation to attainment.

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39 of 48 Contingency measures as described below would be adopted and implemented within 24 months of a contingency trigger unless EPD has demonstrated th at technical or economic feasibility warranted a period longer than 24 months.
EPD will use actual ambient monitoring and emission s inventory data as the indicators to determine whether contingency measures would be implemented. In accordance with 40 CFR Part 58, ambient monitoring data that indicates a violation of the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS will begin the process to implement these contingency measures according to th e protocols identified below. The contingency plan provides for corrective responses should the NAAQS be violated, or if emissions in the Macon maintenance area increase significantly above current levels.
Tier I. A Tier 1 trigger is activated when any one of the following conditions occurs:

 the previous calendar year’s annual average PM 2.5 concentration exceeds the standard by 1.5 ug/m 3 or more

 the annual average PM 2.5 concentration in each of the previous two consecutive calendar years exceeds the standard by 0.5 ug/m 3 or more

 the total maintenance area SO 2 emissions in the most recent NEI exceeds the corresponding attainment-year inventory by more than 10.0 percent

 the total maintenance area PM 2.5 emissions in the most recent NEI exceeds the corresponding attainment-year inventory by more than 30.0 percent
EPD will conduct an evaluation as expeditiously as practi cable to determine if the trend is likely to continue. If it is determined that additional em ission reductions are necessary, EPD will adopt and implement any required measures in accordance with section 3.2.2.

The PM 2.5 trigger concentrations described above apply to the PM 2.5 federal reference monitors in the maintenance area. EPD will evaluate a Tier I cond ition, if it occurs, as expeditiously as practicable to determine the cause(s) of the ambient PM 2.5 or emissions inventory increase and to determine if a Tier II condition (see below) is likely to occur.
Tier II. A Tier II trigger is activated when any violation of the annual PM 2.5 NAAQS at any FRM in the Macon maintenance area is recorded, based on qua lity-assured monitoring data. In this event, EPD will conduct a comprehensive study to determine the cause(s) of the ambient PM 2.5 increase and to determine if the increase is likely to cont inue and will implement any required measures as expeditiously as practicable, taking into consideration the ease of implementation and the technical and economic feasibility of selected measures.

3.2.2 Schedule and Procedure for Adoption and Im plementation of Contingency Measures
EPD will, in the event of 1) a Tier II trigger c ondition or 2) a Tier I condition in which EPD has determined that a Tier II condition is likely to occur, conduct a comprehens ive study to determine whether or not contingency measures are required for the maintenance of the PM 2.5 standard. Since the Macon area may be influenced by emissions fro m outside the maintenance area, the study will attempt to determine whether the trigger cond ition is due to local emissions, emissions from elsewhere, or a combination of the previous. Th e comprehensive analysis, based on quality-assured ambient data, will examine:

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40 of 48  the severity of the trigger condition;

 the meteorological conditions (in the case of an ambient concentration trigger) associated with the trigger condition;

 potential contributing local emissions sources;

 potential contributing emissions resulting from regional or long-range transport;

 the geographic applicability of possible contingency measures;

 emission trends, including implementation timelines of potential control measures;

 timelines of “on-the-books” (adopted) measures that are not yet fully implemented (e.g., Georgia Rule (sss) and Rule (uuu) SO 2 controls); and

 current and recently identified control technologies.
The comprehensive study will be completed and s ubmitted to EPA as expeditiously as practical but no later than nine months after the Tier I or Tier II trigger is activated. If EPD determines, through the comprehensive study, that contingency measur es are required for maintenance of the standard, the appropriate corrective measures will be adopted and implemented within 18 to 24 months after the Tier I or II trigger occurs. These control me asures, which will continue to produce substantial reductions in fine particulate matter and its precu rsors in excess of what is relied upon in this maintenance plan, include the Georgia Multipollutant Rule, which is described in section 2.3.2.1 of this maintenance plan, as well as diesel engine retrofit, replacement, a nd repowering programs and truck stop electrification programs which are cu rrently being implemented by Georgia EPD.
If the study determines that additional measures are required, rules will be adopted no later than 18 months following the date on which the Tier I or Tier II trigger is activated. Selection of measures will take into consideration the ease of implemen tation as well as technical and economic feasibility. If it is determined that adoption and implementation of a rule w ill take longer than 24 months following the trigger date, EPD will submit for EPA’s approval a revised schedule for the development and adoption of contingency measures.

3.2.3 Contingency Measures

If the analysis required above determines that emi ssions from the local area are contributing to the trigger condition, EPD will evaluate those measures as specified in Section 172 of the CAA for control options as well as other available measures. If a new measure/control is already promulgated and scheduled to be implemented at the federal or state level, and that measure/control is determined to be adequate, additional local controls may be unnecessary. Under Section 175A(d), the minimum requirement for contingency measures is the implem entation of all measures that were contained in the SIP before the redesignation. Currently a ll such measures are in effect for the Macon NAA; however, an evaluation of those measures, such as RACT, can be performed to determine those measures are adequate or up-to-date. In addition to those identified in section 3.2.2, contingency measure(s) will be selected from the following typ es of measures or from any other measure deemed appropriate and effective at the time the selection is made:

 Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) for sources of SO 2 and PM 2.5 ;

 Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) for point sources of SO 2 and PM 2.5 ;

 Expansion of RACM/RACT to area(s) of transport within the State;

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41 of 48  Mobile source measures; and

 Additional SO 2 and/or PM 2.5 reduction measures yet to be identified.
Any resulting contingency measure(s) will be b ased upon cost effectiveness, emission reduction potential, economic and social considerations , ease and timing of implementation, and other appropriate factors. The maintenance area is locat ed adjacent to the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is currently subject to PM 2.5 nonattainment SIP provisions.
Adoption of additional control measures is subject to necessary administrative and legal processes. EPD will solicit input from interested and affect ed persons (stakeholders) in the area prior to selecting appropriate contingency measures. No contingency measure will be implemented without providing the opportunity for full public participati on. This process will include issuance of notices, an opportunity for public hearing, and other measures required by Georgia law.

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## 4.0 Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget The transportation conformity rule (40CFR93.100 - 40CFR93.129) ensures that projects and plans funded by the Federal Highway Administration and th e Federal Transit Administration conform to air quality SIPs and maintenance plans. In the case of a NAAQS maintenance plan, the rule requires a motor vehicle emissions budget (MVEB) to be establis hed for the last year of the plan’s maintenance period. The rule, at 40CFR93.124(a), describes a motor vehicle emissions budget as "...the implementation plan's estimate of future [motor ve hicle] emissions." Such budgets establish caps on motor vehicle emissions; projected emissions from tr ansportation plans and programs must be equal to or less than these caps for a positive conformi ty determination to be made. Transportation conformity determinations are required for non-exem pt federally funded highway and transit projects before they are funded and approved and for tran sportation plans and transportation improvement programs.



### 4.1 Pollutants

For the Macon Area, MVEBs will be set for direct PM 2.5 and NO x only. 40 CFR Parts 93.119(f)(7) through (10) identify the PM 2.5 pollutants which must be analyzed for transportation conformity purposes. These parts of the rule are listed below:
§119(f)(7) - PM 2.5 in PM 2.5 areas;
§119(f)(8) - Reentrained road dust in PM 2.5 areas only if the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] Regional Administrator or the director of the State air agency has made a finding that emissions from reentrained road dust within the area are a significant contributor to the PM 2.5 nonattainment problem and has so notified the MPO and DOT [Department of Transportation];
§119(f)(9) - NO x [nitrogen oxides] in PM 2.5 areas, unless the EPA Regional Administrator and the director of the State air agency have made a finding that emissions of NO x from within the area are not a significant contributor to the PM 2.5 nonattainment problem and has so notified the MPO and DOT; and
§119(f)(10) - VOC, SO 2 and/or ammonia in PM 2.5 areas if the EPA Regional Administrator or the director of the State air agency has made a finding that any of such precursor emissions from within the area are a significant contributor to the PM 2.5 nonattainment problem and has so notified the MPO and DOT.
Primary, or direct, PM 2.5 emissions must be considered for all transportation conformity regional emissions analyses. For the Macon Area, NO x must also be considered since EPA has not approved Georgia EPD’s finding that NO x is not a significant contributor to the PM 2.5 nonattainment problem in the Macon area. None of the other pollutant s identified above have been determined to be significant contributors to PM nonattainment in the Macon area. SO 2 from coal combustion is significant but levels of SO 2 emissions from mobile sources are very low and therefore not significant for transportation conformity purposes.

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### 4.2 Methodology
In preparation of this Macon PM 2.5 Maintenance Plan, EPD worked closely with the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) and the Macon Area Transportation Study (MATS) to develop the estimates of mobile source emissions for the Macon nonattainment area. MATS is the metropolitan planning organization (MPO) for the M acon area. Mobile source inventories for 2023 were developed using the latest available planning assumptions, the most recent travel demand model, EPA's latest motor vehicle emission factor model, and vehicle population and age distributions developed from re gistration data obtained from R.L. Polk & Company. The methodology used to calculate the highway mob ile source emissions on which the 2023 MVEBs are based is discussed below. Emissions from motor vehicles were estimated as a sum of products of vehicle activity measures and vehicle emissions factors. Vehicle activity measures (e.g. vehicle miles traveled, or VMT) are determined from a county-specific travel demand mode l. Vehicle emissions factors are determined from a motor vehicle emissions model. See Appendices C, C-3, and C-4 for more details on the development of the travel demand model and the determination of emissions factors.

The MOVES2010a motor vehicle emission model was used to calculate 2023 emission factors with all currently known 2023 mobile source control rules in place. The MOVES model was run in Inventory Mode. The emission factors reflect all federal controls, e.g., the Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program including Tier 1 and (beginning w ith 2006 models) Tier 2 tailpipe standards; and the National Low Emission Vehicle program. MOVES2010a produces three sets of emission factors per run:

 rate per distance;

 rate per vehicle; and

 rate per profile Of these three types of emission factors, the fi rst is multiplied by VMT and the second two by vehicle population. Note that rate per profile emis sions (i.e., vapor venting) are not applicable to PM 2.5 modeling.
The MATS travel demand model is developed and maintained by GDOT. Inputs to the model are socioeconomic data and the highw ay network that consists of roadway segments (links) and intersections (nodes). Outputs include vehicle activ ity, number of trips, vehicle population, and other data. The use of a county-specific travel demand m odel for transportation conformity calculations is consistent with the transportation conformity rule at 40CFR93.122(b) and (d), which requires a network-based travel model emissions estimation methodology if the use of such procedures has been the previous practice of the MPO. The u se of such a methodology has been the previous practice of MATS.
Section 93.105(b) of the Transportation Conformi ty Rule and Sections 106(g) and 106(h) of Georgia's transportation conformity SIP require interagency consultation for SIP development. Accordingly, a detailed listing of the procedur es and planning assumptions used for the regional emissions analysis supporting development of th e MVEB was presented to the Macon interagency consultation committee for review in October, 201 1. The assumptions used to develop Macon's conforming Long Range Transportation Plan and Tr ansportation Improvement Program were also used to develop the network and emissi ons for this maintenance plan MVEB.

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### 4.3 Motor Vehicle Emissions Bu dgets and Safety Margins
The projected 2023 on-road motor vehicle emissions for direct PM 2.5 and NO x are 70.2 and 1,991 tons, respectively. A budget for SO 2 is not required. On-road emissions of SO 2 are considered to be

“ de-minimus ” (70FR 24283), and therefore no budget is necessary. The on-road mobile emissions, emissions budgets, and safety margins are presented in Table 4-1. A safety margin is necessary to accommodate the variabilities, or worst-case scenarios that can occur due to future planning assumptions.
The worst-case daily motor vehicle emissions projection for PM 2.5 is 14.7 percent above the projected 2023 on-road emissions. In a worst-case sc enario, the needed annual safety margin for the MVEB would be 10.3 tons resulting in an overall MVEB of 80.5 tons per year.
The worst-case daily motor vehicle emissions projection for NO x is 9.8 percent above the projected 2023 on-road emissions. In a worst-case scenario, th e needed annual safety margin for the MVEB would be 196 tons resulting in an ove rall MVEB of 2,187 tons per year.



### Table 4-1. 2023 Motor Vehicle Emissions, Emissions Budgets, and Safety Margins

Pollutant Projected 2023 On-Road Emissions (tons) Safety Margin Allotted to MVEB (%) Safety Margin Allotted to MVEB (tons) MVEB with Safety Margin (tons)

PM 2.5 70.2 14.7 10.3 80.5

NO x 1,991 9.8 196 2,187

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## 5.0 Conclusion

Section 107(d) of the CAA states that an area can be redesignated to attainment if the following conditions are met:

1. The EPA has determined that the NAAQS has been attained.
2. The applicable implementation plan has been fully approved by EPA under Section 110(k).
3. The EPA has determined that the improveme nt in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions.
4. The state has met all applicable requireme nts for the area under Section 110 and Part D.
5. The EPA has fully approved a maintenance plan , including a contingency plan, for the area as required by CAA Section 175A.



### Table 5-1. Summary of Projected SO 2 

### Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons)

Source 2007 attainment (tons) 2014 (tons) 2017 (tons) 2020 (tons) 2023 (tons)

Point - total 76,903 26,137 4,379 4,471 4,563

Area - total 753 779 790 802 815

Non-road - total 48 15 1 1 1

Onroad 53 44 31 25 18

Total 77,757 26,975 5,201 5,299 5,397

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### Table 5-2. Summary of Projected NO

x 

### Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons)

Source 2007 attainment (tons) 2014 (tons) 2017 (tons) 2020 (tons) 2023 (tons)

Point - total 20,586 16,229 14,362 14,671 14,981
Nonpoint - total 958 1,060 1,103 1,147 1,192

Non-road - total 1,428 1,071 917 828 739

Onroad 7,539 6,022 4,072 3,031 1,991

2023 Onroad Safety Margin - - - - 196

Total 30,511 24,382 20,454 19,677 19,099



### Table 5-3. Summary of Projected PM 2.5 

### Emissions – Total of All Sectors (tons)

Source 2007 attainment (tons) 2014 (tons) 2017 (tons) 2020 (tons) 2023 (tons)

Point - total 1,539 1,187 1,037 1,073 1,110
Nonpoint - total 1,516 1,715 1,801 1,878 1,954

Non-road - total 98 73 63 55 48

Onroad 266 213 144 107 70

2023 Onroad Safety Margin - - - - 10.3

Total 3,419 3,188 3,045 3,113 3,192

The supporting documentation to show that the above conditions have been met for the Macon Area is contained in this document. Based on th e 2007-2009 monitored design value for the Macon nonattainment area, EPA has published in the Federal Register its final rule that the nonattainment area has attained the 1997 annual average PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS).

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47 of 48 The maintenance demonstration in this documen t shows that, based on comparison of projected emissions to attainment year emissions, emissions are expected to stay at or below levels commensurate with attaining air quality through th e year 2023 as illustrated by Tables 5-1, 5-2 and 5-3 above. Analysis was presented to demonstrate that the standard will be maintained despite a small projected increase in direct PM 2.5 emissions. This document also contains provisions for contingency measures should emissi ons levels or ambient concentr ations rise unexpectedly. EPA’s concurrence that the improvement in the Maco n area’s air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions and EPA’s appr oval of this document will satisfy items 3 and 5 above. Therefore, Georgia EPD requests that th e Macon area be redesignated from nonattainment to attainment with respect to the 1997 NAAQS for annua l fine particulate matter. In addition, 2023 MVEBs have been presented for onroad mobile emissions of direct PM 2.5 and NO x . These emissions budgets are required by EPA’s transportation confor mity rule as tools for ensuring conformance of highway and transit plans with air qua lity SIPs and maintenance plans.

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## 6.0 References

State of Georgia, Rules for Air Quality Control, Chapter 391-3-1, Effective September 13, 2011
US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2010, April 2010
USEPA, Air Quality Modeling Final [Cross-state Air Pollution] Rule Technical Support Document, June 2011, Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491-4140
USEPA, “Approval, and Promulgation of Air Qualit y Implementation Plans; Indiana; Redesignation of the Evansville Area to Attainment of the Fine Particulate Matter Standard’; proposed rule, 76 FR 29695
USEPA, “Clean Data Policy for the Fine Par ticle National Ambient Air Quality Standards,” Memorandum from Stephen Page, December 14, 2004
USEPA, “Approval and Promulgation of Implemen tation Plans and Designations of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes; Georgia: Macon; Dete rmination of Attaining Data for the 1997 Annual Fine Particulate Standard”; final rule; 76 FR 31858 – 31860.
USEPA, “Federal Implementation Plans: Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone and Correction of SIP Approvals” [a.k.a. “Cross-St ate Air Pollution Rule”]; final rule, 76 FR 48208
USEPA, National Emissions Inventory: inventory years 2005, 2007, and 2008
USEPA, “Procedures for Processing Requests to Re designate Areas to Attainment,” Memorandum from John Calcagni, September 4, 1992