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Filed 2/10/23 Marriage of Hettinga CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re the Marriage of CHRISTY AND 

GERBEN HETTINGA.

CHRISTY HETTINGA,

Appellant,

v.

GERBEN HETTINGA,

Respondent;

AMERICAN BEEF PACKERS, INC.,

Movant and Respondent.

E077367

(Super.Ct.No. FAMRS1400253)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Cheryl C. Kersey, 

Judge. Affirmed.

John L. Dodd & Associates, and John L. Dodd; Brown & Chabonneau, Gregory 

G. Brown, and Joseph Dankert for Appellant.

DaCorsi Placencio, and Michael M. Hernandez for Movant and Respondent.
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Christy and Gerben Hettinga separated after 18 years of marriage.1 They settled 

their marital dissolution action, and the trial court entered judgment pursuant to the 

settlement agreement. Christy later moved to set aside the judgment on the basis of

Gerben’s allegedly incomplete disclosure of his income and his ownership interest in 

various businesses, including American Beef Packers, Inc. (American Beef Packers). 

After a trial on Christy’s motion, the trial court declined to set aside the judgment. 

American Beef Packers then moved for sanctions against Christy for misusing the 

discovery process before trial. Christy appeals from that order. We affirm.

BACKGROUND2

A. The Dissolution and Postjudgment Proceeding

In 2015, Christy moved to set aside the judgment of dissolution on the ground that

Gerben had not accurately and fully disclosed his assets and income. Christy claimed 

that Gerben and his father, Hein Hettinga, lied to her about the value of GH Dairy (a 

company they co-owned along with Hein’s wife), Gerben did not accurately disclose his

income, Gerben falsely claimed to own only 25 percent of American Beef Packers when 

1 We refer to Christy, Gerben, and certain other individuals by their first names 

because they have the same last name. No disrespect is intended.

2 We grant Christy’s request for judicial notice of the record on appeal in case 

number E075687. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459, subd. (a).) We deny Christy’s 

request for judicial notice of the record in case number E076835 (an appeal she took from 

a separate posttrial sanctions award), because it is not relevant to our analysis of the

issues in this appeal. (People ex rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 

415, 422, fn. 2 [“any matter to be judicially noticed must be relevant to a material 

issue”].)
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he actually owned 50 percent of the company, and Gerben failed to disclose his 

ownership interest in other businesses. 

After an 11-day bench trial in 2020, the trial court denied the motion. We affirm 

the denial in a separate nonpublished opinion.

B. Posttrial Motion for Sanctions

After the trial court denied Christy’s motion to set aside the judgment, American 

Beef Packers moved for sanctions against Christy and her counsel under sections 1987.2, 

2023.010, 2023.020, and 2025.410, subdivision (d), of the Code of Civil Procedure. 

(Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.) American Beef 

Packers sought sanctions on the basis of Christy’s alleged abuse of the discovery process. 

American Beef Packers sought an award of attorney fees incurred in making or opposing 

five specific motions, duplicative subpoenas propounded by Christy, and “[b]riefs, letters, 

and other communications with Discovery Referee regarding the Motions to Quash, 

Motions to Compel, and apex subpoenas.” The motion was based on (1) attached 

declarations filed by two of American Beef Packers’ attorneys and a legal assistant, (2) 

attached exhibits that included minute orders, billing records from American Beef 

Packers’ attorneys, and subpoenas, (3) a memorandum of points and authorities, (4) “the 

pleadings, records, and files” in the action, and (5) any further evidence submitted at the 

hearing on the matter.

Christy opposed the motion, arguing that it was time-barred, American Beef 

Packers sought attorney fees that were previously requested and denied, American Beef 
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Packers had not requested sanctions when the discovery disputes occurred, one of the 

motions was never heard by the court, and American Beef Packers failed to specify 

which fees were incurred for each underlying motion. She also argued that the trial court 

should not award sanctions for conduct related to some of the underlying discovery 

motions.

C. Pretrial Discovery Proceedings

In October 2016, the trial court issued a statement of decision on numerous 

motions it had previously heard. The court denied Gerben’s motion to dismiss Christy’s 

motion to set aside the judgment. The court granted Christy’s motion to compel 

discovery from Gerben. The court concluded that Christy was allowed to seek discovery 

on her motion to set aside the judgment even though the stipulated judgment between 

Christy and Gerben prohibited further discovery. The court “reserve[d] jurisdiction on 

any Sanctions under the circumstances of this case.” (Italics omitted.)

Later that month, Christy served American Beef Packers with a subpoena for the 

production of documents, with a production deadline the following month. Christy 

sought 11 categories of documents from American Beef Packers from January 1, 2013, 

through the date of production. American Beef Packers objected. Christy subsequently 

withdrew the subpoena.

On January 3, 2017, Christy served a second subpoena for production of 

documents on American Beef Packers, with a production deadline later that month.

Christy sought 11 categories of documents from American Beef Packers from January 1, 
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2013, through the date of production, including American Beef Packers’ tax returns and 

financial statements. The subpoena was not served on counsel for American Beef 

Packers. In April 2017, American Beef Packers objected to the subpoena.

In April 2017, American Beef Packers, GH Dairy, and other nonparties moved to 

quash subpoenas issued to all of them to produce business records. The motion was 

heard on June 14, 2017. While that motion to quash was pending, Christy moved to 

compel American Beef Packers to comply with the same January 3, 2017, subpoena that 

was the subject of the motion to quash. The motion to compel was scheduled to be heard 

on June 27, 2017.

On June 14, 2017, the trial court granted American Beef Packers’ and other 

nonparties’ motion to quash. The court ordered Christy’s counsel to “redraft an 

appropriate subpoena for both companies, [GH Dairy] and [American Beef Packers] and 

any other company believed that [Gerben] has failed to disclose. Th[i]s subpoena needs 

to be specific as to the ownership interest of [Gerben], any money by way of salary or 

stock or any typ[e] of benefit that he may have received prior to the date of separation.” 

(Capitalization omitted.) The court also ordered “all counsel to meet and confer 

regarding any objections on [the] document[s] that have been requested” before bringing 

the dispute to the court. (Capitalization omitted.)

On June 26, 2017, Christy’s counsel agreed to American Beef Packers’ written 

request to take the motion to compel compliance with the quashed subpoena off calendar.
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The following month, Christy filed an ex parte motion for clarification of the 

June 14, 2017, order. On September 7, 2017, the court denied the motion.

Nearly one year later, on August 21, 2018, Christy served American Beef Packers 

with another subpoena for the production of business records. Christy sought American 

Beef Packers’ tax returns and financial statements from 2008 through May 2015, among 

other things. Christy also subpoenaed Rabobank, N.A. (Rabobank) for records from the 

same period of any loans made to American Beef Packers and for monthly statements for 

any accounts held by American Beef Packers.

In September 2018, American Beef Packers’ counsel appeared at a hearing 

concerning an ex parte motion to quash filed by GH Dairy and other nonparties

concerning subpoenas Christy had served on various nonparties, including American 

Beef Packers and Rabobank. The court quashed certain subpoenas issued to American 

Beef Packers and Rabobank because they were previously withdrawn by Christy. The 

court set a future hearing date to entertain any requests for attorney fees.

In December 2018, Christy served American Beef Packers with another subpoena 

for the production of business records, seeking American Beef Packers’ tax returns and 

financial statements (among other records) from 2014 through the date of production. 

American Beef Packers moved to quash the subpoenas by joining a motion to quash filed 

by GH Dairy. On January 23, 2019, the court referred the third party discovery matters

to a discovery referee. In March 2019, the referee issued a 32-page recommendation 

concerning the motion to quash.
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On May 2, 2019, the court heard a motion to compel filed by Christy. Counsel for 

American Beef Packers was present. The court denied the motion and reserved 

jurisdiction over the issue of sanctions.

D. Posttrial Sanctions Ruling

The court granted American Beef Packers’ posttrial motion for sanctions and 

ordered Christy to pay American Beef Packers $38,818. The court issued the order 

pursuant to section 2023.010 on the ground that Christy had engaged in “a ‘clear misuse 

of the discovery process by persisting without substantial justification in an attempt to 

obtain information or materials that are outside the scope of permissible discovery.’” The 

court explained that it had allowed Christy to conduct limited discovery to ascertain 

Gerben’s “income from American Beef Packers and [to] determine how his ownership 

interest changed post marital separation.” Christy “chose to send subpoenas to other 

companies who do business with [American Beef Packers] without any showing of a 

nexus to the object of the search which was [American Beef Packers]. The first set was 

ordered quashed due to overreaching and overbroad. The second set was the same as the 

first and as it had previously been quashed, as such the discovery requests can only be 

seen as harassment. Additionally, the appointed Discovery Referee recommendations 

were consistently finding that the subpoenas went beyond the parameters of the court[’s] 

restrictive ruling and had no relation to determining [Gerben’s] income or ownership of 

American Beef Packers.”
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DISCUSSION

Christy argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding sanctions to 

American Beef Packers. She also argues in the alternative that the award should be 

reduced because certain portions are not supported by substantial evidence. We are not 

persuaded.

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Section 2023.010 sets forth a nonexhaustive list of acts or practices that are

misuses of the discovery process, including “[p]ersisting, over objection and without 

substantial justification, in an attempt to obtain information or materials that are outside 

the scope of permissible discovery.” (Id., subd. (a).) 

Section 2023.030 authorizes a trial court to impose monetary sanctions for abuses 

of the discovery process. (Id., subd. (a).) The statute provides: “The court may impose a 

monetary sanction ordering that one engaging in the misuse of the discovery process, or 

any attorney advising that conduct, or both pay the reasonable expenses, including 

attorney’s fees, incurred by anyone as a result of that conduct. . . . If a monetary sanction 

is authorized by any provision of this title, the court shall impose that sanction unless it 

finds that the one subject to the sanction acted with substantial justification or that other 

circumstances make the imposition of the sanction unjust.” (Ibid.)

3 Christy argues that if we reverse the trial court’s order denying her motion to set 

aside the judgment or the order awarding sanctions to GH Dairy, then we should reverse 

the sanctions award to American Beef Packers as well. The argument fails because by 

separate opinions we affirm the order denying her motion to set aside the judgment and 

the order awarding sanctions to GH Dairy (though we reduce the amount of the award 

from $41,092.90 to $40,900.15). In addition, Christy makes various arguments 

concerning GH Dairy, which are not relevant to the sanctions awarded to American Beef 

Packers and therefore need not be addressed.
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“Discovery sanctions serve to remedy the harm caused to the party suffering the 

discovery misconduct. [Citation.] Because discovery sanctions are not designed to 

punish, ‘“sanctions should be tailored to serve that remedial purpose, should not put the 

moving party in a better position than he would otherwise have been . . . , and should be 

proportionate to the offending party’s misconduct.”’” (Kwan Software Engineering, Inc. 

v. Henning (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 57, 74 (Kwan).) 

“We review the trial court’s sanctions order for abuse of discretion. As the trial 

court has broad discretion in selecting sanctions, ‘we will reverse the trial court only if it 

was arbitrary, capricious, or whimsical in the exercise of that discretion.’” (Kwan, supra,

58 Cal.App.5th at p. 73.) We defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations and 

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the ruling. (Ibid.) We review any express or 

implied factual determinations for substantial evidence. (Ibid.; West Coast Development 

v. Reed (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 693, 697-698.) We independently review questions of 

statutory interpretation. (Kwan, at p. 73.)

We first analyze Christy’s arguments concerning the propriety of awarding 

sanctions to American Beef Packers.4 Christy argues that the trial court awarded 

4 Christy “disputes the central claim [that American Beef Packers] is a ‘nonparty’ 

for purposes of these sanctions motions.” The argument is forfeited because Christy did 

not make it in the trial court. (Richey v. AutoNation, Inc. (2015) 60 Cal.4th 909,920, fn. 3

(Richey).) On the contrary, Christy conceded the point by referring to American Beef 

Packers as a “non-party” in her opposition. In any event, Christy was married to Gerben, 

not to American Beef Packers. Regardless of the nature of Gerben’s ownership interest 

in American Beef Packers, American Beef Packers was not a party to the divorce 

proceeding.
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sanctions on the basis of an erroneous understanding of the scope of Christy’s motion to 

set aside the judgment. She contends that the court incorrectly believed that discovery 

was limited to Gerben’s ownership interest in and income received from American Beef 

Packers alone and did not extend to other related businesses. The argument fails because 

the court made no such error. The court’s award of sanctions to American Beef Packers 

was based on abusive discovery propounded on American Beef Packers or on other 

businesses (such as Rabobank) concerning American Beef Packers, which American 

Beef Packers consequently had to oppose. The court’s sanctions ruling is not based on an 

erroneous assumption that discovery was limited to American Beef Packers. Rather, it is 

based on the correct understanding that American Beef Packers properly sought sanctions 

only for discovery that related to American Beef Packers but was abusive because it went 

beyond the permissible scope of discovery as to American Beef Packers.

Christy next argues that the record in the trial court was not adequate to support an 

award of sanctions. She contends that American Beef Packers did not carry its burden of 

proof because it only supported its motion with minute orders of the court’s previous 

rulings, some of the underlying subpoenas, and attorney billing records without asking

the court to take judicial notice of the underlying motions. Christy did not make that

argument in the trial court, so we do not consider it. (Richey, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 920, 

fn. 3.) Moreover, the motion stated that it was based on “the pleadings, records, and 

files” in the action, in addition to the attached exhibits. Christy did not argue in the trial 

court (and does not argue here) that the court could not consider the entire case file in 
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deciding the motion. We accordingly do not consider the propriety of American Beef 

Packers’ request to have the trial court consider all of the records in the case.

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Christy also argues that because her discovery requests directed at American Beef 

Packers were not made in bad faith or without substantial justification, the trial court 

abused its discretion by awarding sanctions to American Beef Packers. Christy did not 

make that argument in the trial court, so we do not consider it. (Richey, supra, 60 Cal.4th 

at p. 920, fn. 3.) Moreover, by awarding sanctions to American Beef Packers under 

section 2023.030, the court necessarily found that Christy did not act with substantial 

justification. (§ 2023.030, subd. (a).) Christy does not explain how that implied finding 

amounted to an abuse of discretion or was not supported by substantial evidence.

We next analyze Christy’s arguments concerning the amount of sanctions 

awarded. Christy argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding American 

Beef Packers the requested amount of sanctions because American Beef Packers did not 

specify which billable hours were attributable to each of the underlying motions and 

instead submitted a “‘running total’” of billable hours. Christy argues that American 

Beef Packers’ submission of the attorneys’ aggregate billable hours violates the statutory 

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In her opening brief on appeal, Christy also notes that in the trial court she 

“objected on the ground all [American Beef Packers’] individual motions and oppositions 

did not include a notice it was seeking sanctions.” She does not follow that observation

by any legal argument or analysis in support of the objection. We therefore consider any 

such argument forfeited. (City of Riverside v. Horspool (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 670, 

681.) Christy does not state that the purpose of her observation is to incorporate by 

reference the objection she made in the trial court. In any event, we do not consider

arguments incorporated by reference. (Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39 

Cal.4th 260, 294, fn. 20 (Soukup) [“the Court of Appeal does not permit incorporation by 

reference of documents filed in the trial court”].)
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requirement that a motion for sanctions must be “accompanied by a declaration setting 

forth facts supporting the amount of any monetary sanction sought.” (§ 2023.040.) 

American Beef Packers’ supported its motion with declarations from two attorneys 

and a legal assistant. All three attested that they had reviewed the law firm’s attached 

billing record and verified that the bill reflected only those fees that were incurred as a 

result of Christy’s conduct for which American Beef Packers sought sanctions. Billing 

entries for work unrelated to the conduct at issue were redacted. Christy fails to explain 

how the attestations do not satisfy section 2023.040’s requirement that a sanctions motion 

must be “accompanied by a declaration setting forth facts supporting the amount of any 

monetary sanction sought.” (Ibid.) Nothing in the statutory language implies that the 

three declarations introduced by American Beef Packers in support of the sanctions 

motion were insufficient. Christy does not cite any authority interpreting the statute 

otherwise.

Christy argues that the trial court could not “determine which fees were the result 

of which discovery request without specificity from counsel.” The argument is irrelevant 

because the trial court awarded American Beef Packers the entire amount of attorney fees 

requested. The trial court therefore credited the attestations of the attorneys and the legal 

assistant and implicitly found that all of the requested attorney fees were incurred as a 

result of Christy’s misuse of the discovery process. The court could not otherwise have 

awarded American Beef Packers monetary sanctions under section 2023.030, because the 

statute requires that the attorney fees awarded as a sanction for misuse of the discovery 
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process be incurred “as a result of that conduct.” (§ 2023.030, subd. (a).) Moreover, the 

award is supported by substantial evidence because the attorneys and a legal assistant 

attested that all of the attorney fees identified on the attached billing records resulted 

from the conduct for which American Beef Packers sought sanctions. 

Christy also argues separately that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding 

sanctions on the basis of each of the underlying discovery motions identified in the 

posttrial sanctions motion. Most of the arguments she raises were not made in the trial 

court, so we do not consider them. (Richey, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 920, fn. 3.) Below we 

address only the remaining arguments that were made in the trial court.

Christy argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding sanctions on 

the basis of her motion to quash heard on June 14, 2017, because “the court specifically 

did not order fees and/or sanctions concerning this motion.” To support that contention, 

Christy cites the transcript and the minute order from the hearing on June 14, 2017. The

court did not award any attorney fees or sanctions at that hearing, but the court also did 

not deny any request for attorney fees or sanctions. Christy does not develop the 

argument that the trial court could not later award attorney fees or sanctions if it did not 

order them when it ruled on the motion. We will not develop the argument for her. 

(Meridian Financial Services, Inc. v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 684.) Rather, the 

argument is forfeited because Christy fails to support it with any legal analysis or citation 

to legal authority. (United Grand Corp. v. Malibu Hillbillies, LLC (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 

142, 146 (United Grand).)
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For identical reasons, Christy has forfeited the only argument that she both made 

in the trial court and makes on appeal with respect to her motion for clarification heard on 

September 7, 2017. Christy claims the award of sanctions based on work done opposing 

that motion was an abuse of discretion because “the court neither awarded fees or 

sanctions or reserved jurisdiction over the issue.” Christy again does not develop the 

argument or provide any legal analysis or authority to support the contention that in order 

to award posttrial sanctions based on a pretrial discovery motion the court had to reserve 

jurisdiction over the issue or to have previously ordered attorney fees or sanctions. The 

argument is consequently forfeited. (United Grand, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 146.)

Finally, with respect to the category of “[b]riefs, letters, and other communications 

with Discovery Referee regarding the Motions to Quash, Motions to Compel, and apex 

subpoenas” on which American Beef Packers sought to recover sanctions, Christy points 

out that she “argued below no statute authorized sanctions for this generalized activity” 

and American Beef Packers did not offer any justification for such an award in its reply 

brief. Aside from pointing out that she made the argument in the trial court, however, 

Christy does not develop the argument on appeal or support it with legal analysis or 

citation to legal authority. The argument is consequently forfeited. (United Grand, 

supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 146.) Moreover, we do not consider arguments made in the 

trial court and incorporated by reference on appeal (Soukup, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 294, 

fn. 20), if that is what Christy meant to do.
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For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion by awarding American Beef Packers $38,818 in sanctions under section 

2023.030, subdivision (a), on the basis of Christy’s abuse of the discovery process.

DISPOSITION

The May 7, 2021 order awarding sanctions to American Beef Packers is affirmed. 

American Beef Packers shall recover its costs of appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

MENETREZ

J.

We concur:

MILLER

Acting P. J.

CODRINGTON

J.