FILED

October 29, 1997

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE

CHRIS SENSING, )

)

Plaintiff/Appellant, )

) Appeal No.

) 01-A-01-9701-JP-00042

VS. )

) Humphreys Juvenile/Probate

) No. J-3454-95

KARRIE DODSON, )

)

Defendant/Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE JUVENILE AND PROBATE COURT 

OF HUMPHREYS COUNTY

AT WAVERLY, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE ANTHONY L. SANDERS, JUDGE

PHILLIP M. GEORGE

P. O. Box 467

511 Enon Springs Road, East

Smyrna, Tennessee 37167

Attorney for Plaintiff/Appellant

WILLIAM LANDIS TURNER

102 No. Court Street

P. O. box 789

Hohenwald, Tennessee 38462

Attorney for Defendant/Appellee

AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART;

AND REMANDED

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

TODD, P.J., M.S.

KOCH, J.
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O P I N I O N

This case involves a father's right of visitation with his minor child born

out of wedlock. Because we find that the trial court could have structured visitation

in a manner which interfered less with the parent/child relationship, we remand this

case for a re-structuring of the visitation arrangement in accordance with the following

opinion.

I. 

Facts

In 1989, Chris Sensing ("the Father") and Karrie Dodson ("the Mother")

entered a relationship which resulted in the birth of Taylor Nicole Dodson ("the Child")

on June 24, 1990. Though their relationship was over by the time the Child was born,

the parties continued to be in communication throughout the Mother's pregnancy. By

his own admission, the Father was minimally involved in the early years of the Child's

life. The evidence showed that his visits with the Child were sporadic and his efforts

to financially support her were insignificant. The Father accounted for this failure with

testimony that he was young and irresponsible at this point in his life. 

However, in December of 1994, when the Father married Terri Sensing

and became the step father of her two children, his attitude toward the Child greatly

changed. He testified that, at this time, he became a devout Christian and an involved

member of a Pentecostal church. Terri Sensing testified that the Father is a wonderful

father to her two children. They have decided together to keep alcohol and drugs out

of their lives. Mrs. Sensing understands what the Mother is going through and that
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her husband, the Father, has not always acted responsibly in the past. Mrs. Sensing

stated that she has encouraged the Father to establish a relationship with the Child.

The court proceedings in this case began with a hearing on the Father's

"Petition to Establish Paternity and to Set Child Support and Visitation" which resulted

in an "Order of Paternity" entered March 11, 1996. As well as establishing the

Father's paternity, this order set child support and ordered that visitation be

"implemented gradually" beginning with two hours every two weeks. On July 30,

1996, the court entered a second order after holding a hearing on the Father's "Motion

to Increase Visitation and to Decrease Child Support." In this order, the court

decreased child support but increased the visitation to six hours every two weeks with

the provision that "[o]n September 13, 1996, the visitation will increase to overnight

visitation" from 6:00 p.m. Friday to 6:00 p.m. Saturday. These visitation provisions

were allowed to stand in the court's third and final order issued on October 17, 1996.

II.

Visitation 

On appeal, the Father challenges only the visitation arrangement set by

the court below. He asserts first that the trial judge erred after the second and third

hearing by not expanding his visitation with the Child to standard visitation. See Tenn.

Comp. R. & Reg. R. 1240-2-4-.04(1)(b)(a section on child support guidelines, defining

"average visitation" as "every other weekend from Friday evening to Sunday evening,

two weeks during the summer and two weeks during holiday periods throughout the

year"). The Father offers the uncontroverted testimony that the two-hour bi-weekly

visitation structured by the court in the first order had been successful and had

resulted in the Father and the Child bonding. He testified that he was driving over two

hundred miles round trip for the two hours of visitation.
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The Mother contends that because the Child was born out of wedlock

and because the Father has neglected the Child in the past, the Father has no right

to visitation at all. She cites Lawson v. Scott, 9 Tenn. 92 (1825), for the proposition

that the mother of a child born out of wedlock has superior rights to a legitimizing

father. More recently, our supreme court has held as follows:

The father of a child born out of wedlock has a

fundamental interest in the care and custody of the child

under both the federal and state constitutions; however,

the father must take affirmative steps to develop a

responsible relationship with the child before his interest

is sufficient to acquire constitutional due process

protection; and, if the father has admitted his paternity

and has established a substantial relationship with the

child, the state may not interfere with that relationship

except to protect the child from substantial harm.

Petrosky v. Keene, 898 S.W.2d 726, 728 (Tenn. 1995) (citing Nale v. Robertson, 871

S.W.2d 674 (Tenn. 1994)). In light of this clear direction from the court, we reject the

argument that the Father has no right to visitation simply because he was not married

to the Mother. We turn to a review of the lower court's decision keeping in mind that

the Father's rights depend upon whether he has "take[n] affirmative steps to develop

a responsible relationship with the child." Id.

We review the lower court decision de novo with a presumption or

correctness. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Blair v. Badenhope, 940 S.W.2d 575, 576

(Tenn. App. 1996). In so doing, we note the well established law "that 'the details of

custody and visitation with children are peculiarly within the broad discretion of the trial

judge . . . and that the trial court's decision will not ordinarily be reversed absent some

abuse of that discretion.'" Suttles v. Suttles, 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn. 1988);

Jahn v. Jahn, 932 S.W.2d 939, 941-42 (Tenn. App. 1996). The deference to the trial

court rests on the fact that "[c]ustody and visitation determinations often hinge on

subtle factors, including the parents' demeanor and credibility during the" trial court

proceedings. Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 631 (Tenn. App. 1996). 
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We find that the record establishes that the Father has taken steps to

develop a relationship with the Child thereby entitling him to a constitutionallyprotected interest in the Child's care and custody. See Petrosky, 898 S.W.2d at 728.

We appreciate the Father's candid acknowledgment that he has not always been a

reliable parent to the Child as well as his current willingness to accept his parental

responsibility. Furthermore, the Father's interest in fatherhood, though delayed, has

been consistent for the last few years of the Child's life. Our conclusion does not,

however, preempt a determination of the Child's best interests with regard to the type

of visitation arrangement now at issue. In child custody and visitation cases, "the

desires of the parents are secondary" to the best interests of the children. Gaskill,

936 S.W.2d at 630; Neely v. Neely, 737 S.W.2d 539, 542 (Tenn. App. 1987). As our

courts have made clear, the welfare of the child is and always has been the court's

"paramount consideration." Suttles, 748 S.W.2d at 429; D v. K, 917 S.W.2d 682, 685

(Tenn. App. 1995).

This court has recognized that because "stability is important to any

child's well-being," the "continuity of placement in custody and visitation cases" has

been emphasized by the courts. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 630 (citing Taylor v. Taylor,

849 S.W.2d 319, 328 (Tenn.1993)). This case involves a father who was not involved

in his child's life until that child was four or five years old. At this time, the Child had

been raised solely by the Mother and barely knew the Father. In ordering a plan of

gradual implementation of visitation, the court below seemed most concerned that the

Child be eased into this new relationship. 

Moreover, we think it extremely significant that the trial court was

increasing visitation. After only four months of two-hour bi-weekly visitation, the court

ordered visitation to increase to six hours every two weeks with a plan to increase it

to overnight visitation within the next two months. In announcing its decision not to

alter visitation after the final hearing, the trial court acknowledged that the Father was
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making an effort. The judge stated that he might change visitation in the future, "but

it will be after a while." There is no evidence that the court was opposed to standard

visitation once the child was ready. In light of these circumstances, we find that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion by declining to increase visitation to standard

forty-eight hour visitation.

III.

Dispute over the Child's Religious Upbringing

Lastly, we turn to the Father's allegation that the trial court showed a

preference for the Mother's church affiliation over his own. The proof was that the

Father is an active member of a Pentecostal church while the Mother and the Child

regularly attend a Baptist church. Our court has spoken clearly on the issue of the

purposeful structuring of visitation to prevent children from accompanying their noncustodial parents to church. Neely v. Neely, 737 S.W.2d 539 (Tenn. App. 1987). In

Neely, the court held that "[i]n the absence of a showing of harm to the child, visitation

provisions cannot have the effect of advancing one parent's religion while inhibiting

that of the other parent." Id. at 543. 

The lower court in Neely had declined to modify a visitation arrangement

which required a father to return his child to the child's mother in time for Sunday

morning church. In so doing, the court stated that the child "needs stability and

needs to know where his church is and where his home is and to be comfortable with

that knowledge." Id. at 541. The Court of Appeals reversed the lower court's decision

noting the fundamental interests that natural parents have in their children. Id. at 542

(citing State ex rel. Bethel v. Kilvington, 45 S.W. 433, 435 (Tenn. 1898)). The court

stated that "[c]ourts should attempt, to the extent warranted by the facts, to devise a

custody and visitation arrangement that interferes with the parent/child relationship as

little as possible." Neely, 737 S.W.2d at 542. When parents disagree as to the
1W hile the Father testified that his church was "not to the norm of certain churches" as it

included healing services, hand clapping, and speaking in tongues, the record contained no proof

that the child would be harm ed by exposure the these practices. 

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religious upbringing of their children, "[c]ourts must maintain strict neutrality. . . . [A]

court cannot prefer the religious views of one parent over another unless one parent's

religious beliefs and practices threaten the health and well-being of the child." Id. at

543. The Neely court concluded that there had been no proof that exposing the child

to his father's church would affect the child's well-being.

In the case before us, the trial court did order that overnight visitation be

from 6:00 p.m. on Friday to 6:00 p.m. on Saturday, thereby precluding regular Sunday

visitation. At the second hearing, the Mother testified that she wanted the Child to go

to her own church on all Sunday mornings: "I don't think she should be there fifty

percent of the time. I mean, her friends are there, you know her family . . . It's her

schedule that's being interrupted, and it shouldn't be." Upon being questioned by her

attorney as to whether forty-eight hour visitation could be scheduled so that the Child

would be with the Mother for church, the Mother suggested that the Father bring her

back earlier. Regarding the conflict, the court made only the following comment: "I'm

not promoting anybody's religion by saying this. But I think this child needs the

stability of, what we always say, our own church. And I think this child needs that

stability." 

 By expressing concern that the Child experience the stability of her own

church, the trial judge’s comments could be interpreted as stating a preference for the

Mother's religious views. In Neely, we found such a preference to be unacceptable

absent a showing that exposure to the father's views would harm the child.1

 As this

court has stated, it "should attempt, to the extent warranted by the facts, to devise a

custody and visitation arrangement that interferes with the parent/child relationship as

little as possible." Neely, 737 S.W.2d at 542. It is clear that the Father's rights would

have been violated had the lower court followed the Mother's suggestion and ordered
the Father to return the Child in time for church. However, it is less clear when the

court, in an effort to gradually ease the child into a relationship with her father, had

only expanded visitation to twenty-four hours. 

In order to ensure that the Father’s rights are not violated, we vacate the

visitation order and remand this case to the trial court for a rehearing on the question

of the Father’s visitation rights. The number of hours or days is left to the trial judge’s

discretion in light of the proof to be offered, but the determination cannot be based on

a preference for one parent’s religious views, unless the proof shows that exposure

to the other parent’s views would be harmful to the Child.

We remand this case to the trial court for a determination of the Father’s

visitation rights in accordance with the principles set out in this opinion. Tax the costs

on appeal equally to the appellant and to the appellee. 

_____________________________

BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE

CONCUR:

_______________________________

HENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE

MIDDLE SECTION

_______________________________

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE