In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-18-00008-CR

JUAN CARLOS GARCIA, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 276th District Court

Camp County, Texas

Trial Court No. CF-16-01679

Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.

Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
2

O P I N I O N

Juan Carlos Garcia was convicted by a jury of aggravated sexual assault of Sally Smith,1a 

disabled individual, sentenced to sixty years’ imprisonment, and ordered to pay a $10,000.00 fine. 

On appeal, Garcia argues that the trial court erred in allowing Smith’s mother to remain in the 

courtroom during Smith’s testimony. Finding no error in the trial court’s ruling, we affirm its 

judgment. 

“At a party’s request, the court must order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear 

other witnesses’ testimony.” TEX. R. EVID. 614. Before hearing any evidence, Rule 614 was 

invoked, and the trial court excluded potential witnesses, including Smith’s mother, Ronnie Smith. 

However, after Ronnie testified, the State asked that she be allowed to remain in the courtroom 

during Smith’s testimony. Garcia objected, pointed out that Ronnie was not allowed in the room 

during Smith’s Children’s Advocacy Center2interview “so that there’s no suggestibility by an 

outside source,” and argued that “the mother being in the room is making it suggestible to [Smith].” 

After questioning Smith, the trial court overruled Garcia’s objection and allowed Ronnie to remain 

in the courtroom. 

The trial court specifically based its ruling on Article 38.074 of the Texas Code of Criminal 

Procedure. Under that Article, a trial court may allow “any person whose presence would 

 

1We will use a pseudonym for the victim and her mother to protect the victim’s identity in this case. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 9.8.

2Garcia’s brief mistakenly described Ronnie as the outcry witness. Although Ronnie references a general allegation 

of abuse by Smith, “to be a proper outcry statement, the child’s statement to the witness must describe the alleged 

offense in some discernible manner and must be more than a general allusion to sexual abuse.” Eldred v. State, 431 

S.W.3d 177, 184 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, pet. ref’d). Here, Jenni Harwood conducted Smith’s forensic 

interview and was designated by the State as the proper outcry witness in this case. See id. 
3

contribute to the welfare and well-being of a child,” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.074, 

§ 1(2) (West Supp. 2017), to remain in the courtroom during the child victim’s testimony if the 

trial court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: “(1) the child cannot reliably testify 

without the possession of the item or presence of the support person, as applicable; and (2) granting 

the motion is not likely to prejudice the trier of fact in evaluating the child’s testimony.” TEX.

CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.074, § 3(b) (West Supp. 2017). 

Garcia argues that the trial court misapplied Article 38.074 because Smith, though having 

the mental capacity of a child, was twenty years old at the time of trial. The State concedes Article 

38.074’s inapplicability. However, it argues that Article 36.03 permitted Ronnie’s presence in the 

courtroom. We agree. 

Article 36.03 was enacted as a part of 2001 legislation strengthening the ability of crime 

victims and particular witnesses to participate in certain criminal justice proceedings. See Act of 

May 14, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1034, § 1, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2290, 2290. The current 

version of Article 36.03 states:

(a) Notwithstanding Rule 614, Texas Rules of Evidence, a court at the 

request of a party may order the exclusion of a witness who for the purposes of the 

prosecution is a victim, close relative of a deceased victim, or guardian of a victim 

only if the witness is to testify and the court determines that the testimony of the 

witness would be materially affected if the witness hears other testimony at the trial.

(b) On the objection of the opposing party, the court may require the 

party requesting exclusion of a witness under Subsection (a) to make an offer of 

proof to justify the exclusion.
4

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.03 (West 2007).3 A trial court is “without authority to 

exclude [a qualifying witness] unless the court determine[s] her testimony would be materially 

affected if she heard the other testimony at trial.” Wilson v. State, 179 S.W.3d 240, 248 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.). In the absence of such a showing, a trial court does not err in 

allowing the witness to remain in the courtroom. See id. Additionally, unlike Rule 614, Article 

36.03 places the burden on the party seeking exclusion of a witness to make an offer of proof to 

justify the exclusion.4 Thus, “legal guardians of crime victims should generally be permitted to 

stay in the courtroom.” Parks v. State, 463 S.W.3d 166, 174 n.6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2015, no pet.) (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.03(a)). 

Here, the evidence at trial established that, as a result of a guardianship proceeding, Ronnie 

was appointed as Smith’s permanent legal guardian of Smith’s person and estate. Ronnie was 

initially excluded from the courtroom as many of the State’s witnesses testified. When the State 

asked that she be allowed to remain during Smith’s testimony, Garcia failed to argue or make any 

showing that Ronnie’s testimony would be materially affected if she heard Smith’s testimony, 

presumably because Ronnie testified before Smith and was not recalled. Additionally, the record 

also shows that Garcia failed to make an offer of proof justifying Ronnie’s exclusion. As a result, 

 

3Article 56.02(b) also provides, “A victim, guardian of a victim, or close relative of a deceased victim is entitled to 

the right to be present at all public court proceedings related to the offense, subject to the approval of the judge in the 

case.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 56.02(b) (West 2018). 

4See Harris v. State, No. AP-76,810, 2014 WL 2155395, at *15 (Tex. Crim. App. May 21, 2014) (not designated for 

publication); Batiste v. State, No. AP-76600, 2013 WL 2424134, at *7 (Tex. Crim. App. Jun. 5, 2013) (not designated 

for publication). “Although unpublished cases have no precedential value, we may take guidance from them ‘as an 

aid in developing reasoning that may be employed.’” Rhymes v. State, 536 S.W.3d 85, 99 n.9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2017, pet. ref’d) (quoting Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d)).
5

we find no error in the trial court’s decision to allow Ronnie to remain in the courtroom and 

overrule Garcia’s point of error.5

By a separate point, Garcia also argues that Ronnie’s presence in the courtroom during 

Smith’s testimony violated the Confrontation Clause and his due process rights. “As a prerequisite 

to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that: (1) the complaint was 

made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion.” TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). 

Additionally, a “point of error on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial.” Clark v. 

State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “Therefore, if a party fails to properly object 

to constitutional errors at trial, these errors can be forfeited.” Id. Here, the record establishes that 

Garcia failed to raise any Confrontation Clause or due process complaint. Because Garcia did not

preserve his last point of error for review, we overrule it. 

We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: June 14, 2018

Date Decided: June 22, 2018

Publish

 

5Moreover, “[t]he purpose of placing witnesses under the rule is to prevent the testimony of one witness from 

influencing the testimony of another, consciously or not.” Russell v. State, 155 S.W.3d 176, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2005). “The question in assessing the harm of allowing [a witness] to remain in the courtroom is whether [s]he was 

influenced in h[er] testimony by the testimony [s]he heard.” Id. at 181.