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| 2. | Based      on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a      material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the      statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements      were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this      report; |
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| 3. | Based      on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information      included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the      financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the small      business issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this      report; |
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| 4. | The      small business issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible      for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as      defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal      control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules      13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the small business issuer and      have: |
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|   | a) | Designed      such disclosure controls and procedures or caused such disclosure controls      and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that      material information relating to the small business issuer, including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those      entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being      prepared; |
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|   | b) | Designed      such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal      control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to      provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial      reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external      purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles; |
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|   | c) | Evaluated      the effectiveness of the small business issuer’s disclosure controls and      procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the      effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of      the period covered by this report based on our evaluation;    and |
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|   | d)  | Disclosed      in this report any change in the small business issuer’s internal control      over financial reporting that occurred during the small business issuer’s      most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably      likely to materially affect, the small business issuer’s internal control      over financial reporting; and |
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| 5.  | The      small business issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed,      based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial      reporting, to the small business issuer’s auditors and the audit committee      of the small business issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing      the equivalent function): |
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|   | a)       | All      significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls      over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect      the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report      financial information; and |
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|   |     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
|   |  b) | Any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other      employees who have a significant role in the small business issuer’s      internal controls over financialreporting.                                                             |

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