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TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1

CROP GROUPING PETITION – TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT, EDIBLE PEEL, 

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT (ADDITION) TO 40 CFR 180.41 (c) AND 180.1 (h)

(Açaí; Acerola; African plum; Agritos; Almondette; Ambarella; Apak palm; 

Appleberry; Arazá; Arbutus Berry; Babaco; Bacaba palm; Bacaba-de-leque; 

Bayberry, Red; Bignay; Bilimbi; Breadnut; Cabeluda; Cajou (pseudofruit); Cambucá; 

Carandas-plum; Carob; Cashew (pseudofruit); Ceylon iron wood; Ceylon olive; 

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande; Chinese olive, black; Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; 

Ciruela verde; Cocoplum; Date; Davidson's plum; Desert-date; Doum palm coconut; 

False sandalwood; Feijoa; Fig; Fragrant Manjack; Gooseberry, Abyssinian; 

Gooseberry, Ceylon; Gooseberry, Indian; Gooseberry, Otaheite; Governor's plum; 

Grumichama; Guabiroba; Guava; Guava berry; Guava, Brazilian; Guava, cattley; 

Guava, Costa Rican; Guava, para; Guava, purple strawberry; Guava, strawberry; 

Guava, yellow strawberry; Guayabillo; Illawarra plum; Imbé; Imbu; Indian-plum; 

Jaboticaba; Jamaica-cherry; Jambolan; Jelly palm; Jujube, Chinese; Jujube, Indian; 

Kaffir-plum; Kakadu plum; Kapundung; Karanda; Kwai muk; Lemon aspen; 

Mangaba; Marian plum; Mombin, Malayan; Mombin, purple; Mombin, yellow; 

Monkeyfruit; Monos plum; Mountain cherry; Nance; Natal plum; Noni; Olive; 

Papaya, Mountain; Patauá; Peach Palm; Persimmon, black; Persimmon, Japanese; 

Pitomba; Plum-of-Martinique; Pomerac; Rambai; Rose apple; Rukam; Rumberry; 

Sea grape; Sentul; Sete-capotes; Silver aspen; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Tamarind; 

Uvalha; Water apple; Water pear; Water berry; Wax jambu)

AUTHORS

William P. Barney and Kathryn Homa

INTERREGIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 4

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

500 COLLEGE ROAD EAST, 201W

PRINCETON, NJ 08540

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication

No. A - 27200-21-10, Supported by State, U.S. Hatch Act

and other U.S. Department of Agriculture funds.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PAGE

TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 .............................................................................................................1

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................2

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT (ADDITION): ................................................................................3

PROPOSED AMENDMENT......................................................................................... 3

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 7

CULTURAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 7

PEST PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................... 7

PROPOSED CROP GROUP.......................................................................................... 8

PROPOSED SUBGROUPS AND REPRESENTATIVE CROPS............................... 11

CROP DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................. 14

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSIONS ......................................... 15

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel........ 18

Table 2. Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in 2008.................... 22

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel..... 23

ATTACHMENT 1. EXCEL SPREADSHEETS FOR SORTING SUBGROUPS ........................31

ATTACHMENT 2. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL ..........................................................................68

ATTACHMENT 3. REFERENCES ..............................................................................................80

VOLUME 2. COMMODITY MONOGRAPHS

VOLUME 3. REFERENCES
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TECHNICAL AMENDMENT (ADDITION):

40 CFR 180.41 (c)

IR-4 Project and the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC)

propose an amendment (addition) to 40 CFR 180.41 (c), adding a new crop group –

Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edilbe Peel.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT

1. Add a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, 

Edilbe Peel”.

2. Add the following 108 commodities in this new crop group:

1. Açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

2. Acerola, Malpighia emarginata DC., (Malpighiaceae)

3. African plum, Vitex doniana Sweet, (Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also placed in 

Verbenaceae))

4. Agritos, Berberis trifoliolata Moric., (Berberidaceae)

5. Almondette, Buchanania lanzan Spreng., (Anacardiaceae)

6. Ambarella, Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson, (Anacardiaceae)

7. Apak palm, Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

8. Appleberry, Billardiera scandens Sm., (Pittosporaceae)

9. Arazá, Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, (Myrtaceae)

10. Arbutus Berry, Arbutus unedo L., (Ericaceae)

11. Babaco, Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo, (Caricaceae)

12. Bacaba palm, Oenocarpus bacaba Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

13. Bacaba-de-leque, Oenocarpus distichus Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

14. Bayberry, Red, Morella rubra Lour., (Myricaceae)

15. Bignay, Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in 

Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae))

16. Bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae))

17. Breadnut, Brosimum alicastrum Sw., (Moraceae)

18. Cabeluda, Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff, (Myrtaceae)

19. Cajou (pseudofruit), Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl., (Anacardiaceae)

20. Cambucá, Marlierea edulis Nied., (Myrtaceae)

21. Carandas-plum, Carissa edulis Vahl, (Apocynaceae)

22. Carob, Ceratonia siliqua L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in 

Caesalpiniaceae))

23. Cashew (pseudofruit), Anacardium occidentale L., (Anacardiaceae)

24. Ceylon iron wood, Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, (Sapotaceae)

25. Ceylon olive, Elaeocarpus serratus L., (Elaeocarpaceae)

26. Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande, Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk., (Myrtaceae)
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27. Chinese olive, black, Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev, 

(Burseraceae)

28. Chinese olive, white, Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch., (Burseraceae)

29. Chirauli-nut, Buchanania latifolia Roxb., (Anacardiaceae)

30. Ciruela verde, Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC., (Malpighiaceae)

31. Cocoplum, Chrysobalanus icaco L., (Chrysobalanaceae)

32. Date, Phoenix dactylifera L., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

33. Davidson's plum, Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell., (Cunoniaceae (also placed in 

Davidsoniaceae))

34. Desert-date, Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile, (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in 

Balanitaceae))

35. Doum palm coconut, Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

36. False sandalwood, Ximenia americana L., (Olacaceae)

37. Feijoa, Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, (Myrtaceae)

38. Fig, Ficus carica L., (Moraceae)

39. Fragrant Manjack, Cordia dichotoma G. Forst., (Boraginaceae)

40. Gooseberry, Abyssinian, Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb., (Salicaceae (also 

placed in Flacourtiaceae))

41. Gooseberry, Ceylon, Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb., (Salicaceae (also 

placed in Flacourtiaceae))

42. Gooseberry, Indian, Phyllanthus emblica L., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in 

Euphorbiaceae))

43. Gooseberry, Otaheite, Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, (Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in Euphorbiaceae))

44. Governor's plum, Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr., (Salicaceae (also placed in 

Flacourtiaceae))

45. Grumichama, Eugenia brasiliensis Lam, (Myrtaceae)

46. Guabiroba, Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)

47. Guava, Psidium guajava L., (Myrtaceae) [Includes by crop definition: 

48. Guava berry, Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)

49. Guava, Brazilian, Psidium guineense Sw.

50. Guava, Cattley, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, (Myrtaceae)

51. Guava, Costa Rican, (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.)

52. Guava, Para, Psidium acutangulum DC., (Myrtaceae)

53. Guava, purple strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum, 

(Myrtaceae)

54. Guava, strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg, 

(Myrtaceae)

55. Guava, yellow strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma 

lucidum O. Deg., (Myrtaceae)
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56. Guayabillo, (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.)

57. Illawarra plum, Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl., (Podocarpaceae)

58. Imbé, Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson, (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))

59. Imbu, Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost., (Anacardiaceae)

60. Indian-plum, Flacourtia jangomas, (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))

61. Jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)

62. Jamaica-cherry, Muntingia calabura L., (Muntingiaceae, ((also placed in 

Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae))

63. Jambolan, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, (Myrtaceae)

64. Jelly palm, Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

65. Jujube, Chinese, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., (Rhamnaceae)

66. Jujube, Indian, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., (Rhamnaceae)

67. Kaffir-plum, Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss, (Anacardiaceae)

68. Kakadu plum, Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley, 

(Combretaceae)

69. Kapundung, Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in Euphorbiaceae))

70. Karanda, Carissa carandas L. 

71. Kwai muk, Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth., (Moraceae)

72. Lemon aspen, Acronychia acidula, (Rutaceae)

73. Mangaba, Hancornia speciosa Gomes, (Apocynaceae)

74. Marian plum, Bouea macrophylla Griff., (Anacardiaceae)

75. Mombin, Malayan, Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz, (Anacardiaceae)

76. Mombin, purple, Spondias purpurea L., (Anacardiaceae)

77. Mombin, yellow, Spondias mombin L., (Anacardiaceae)

78. Monkeyfruit, Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham., (Moraceae)

79. Monos plum, Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel, (Myrtaceae)

80. Mountain cherry, Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth, (Malpighiaceae)

81. Nance, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, (Malpighiaceae)

82. Natal plum, Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC, (Apocynaceae)

83. Noni , Morinda citrifolia L., (Rubiaceae)

84. Olive, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea, (Oleaceae)

85. Papaya, Mountain, Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC., (Caricaceae)

86. Patauá, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

87. Peach Palm, Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes, (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))

88. Persimmon, black, Diospyros texana Scheele, (Ebenaceae)

89. Persimmon, Japanese, Diospyros kaki Thunb., (Ebenaceae)

90. Pitomba, Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)

91. Plum-of-Martinique, Flacourtia inermis, (Salicaceae (also placed in 

Flacourtiaceae))

92. Pomerac, Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, (Myrtaceae)
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93. Rambai, Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae)

94. Rose apple, Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, (Myrtaceae)

95. Rukam, Flacourtia rukam, (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))

96. Rumberry, Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh, (Myrtaceae)

97. Sea grape, Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L., (Polygonaceae)

98. Sentul, Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr., (Meliaceae)

99. Sete-capotes, Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)

100. Silver aspen, Acronychia wilcoxiana, (Rutaceae)

101. Starfruit, Averrhoa carambola L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae))

102. Surinam cherry, Eugenia uniflora L., (Myrtaceae)

103. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in 

Caesalpiniaceae))

104. Uvalha, Eugenia pyriformis, (Myrtaceae)

105. Water apple, Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston, (Myrtaceae)

106. Water pear Syzygium guineense, (Myrtaceae)

107. Water berry, Syzygium cordatum, (Myrtaceae)

108. Wax jambu, Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry, 

(Myrtaceae)
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BACKGROUND

A tropical fruit is a fruit produced by a tree, shrub or vine native to the tropics. 

The tropics are generally defined as the region of the globe between the Tropic of Cancer 

and the Tropic of Capricorn. The environment of the tropics is warm to hot and humid 

year round, creating a unique habitat that results in trees, shrubs, and vines that grow 

nowhere else in the world. The sub-tropics are geographically located immediately north 

and south of the tropical zone and have climates much milder than temperate, northern 

zones.

Some tropical fruits are well known throughout the world and have been 

consumed for centuries. Some of these fruits include bananas, pomegranates, mangoes, 

papaya, avocados, pineapple, guavas, passionfruit and dates. Many of these fruits are 

available in markets year-round from a steady supply of fruit produced in the tropics and 

sub-tropics. Other tropical fruit are less well known, but are popular in specific countries 

or regions of the world. Other previously less well known fruit have recently become 

popular in the US. For example açaí fruit is now a popular health drink. 

CULTURAL INFORMATION

The majority of tropical fruits develop on trees or shrubs, while a small portion of 

tropical fruits grow on vines on trellises. Since tropical and sub-tropical fruits are grown 

in similar climates, these crops have similar production methods. The monographs in 

Volume 2 of this submission include cultivation details for each of the proposed tropical 

and sub-tropical crops.

PEST PROBLEMS

Environmental conditions in the tropics and sub-tropics are favorable for a wide 

range of weed, insect and plant diseases on a year-round basis. These diverse insects, 

weeds and pathogens often need to be controlled by herbicides, insecticides and 

fungicides. A crop group regulation would facilitate the establishment of pesticide 

tolerances on numerous pesticides that are needed to control a wide diversity of plant 

pests. 
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PROPOSED CROP GROUP

The Tropical and sub-tropical fruit, edible peel proposal was initiated at the 

USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 (see 

Attachment 2 for Symposium proposal). This workgroup was Chaired by Michael 

Braverman (IR-4) and Co-Chaired by Jonathan Crane (University of Florida), Nancy

Dodd (EPA), Will Donovan (EPA), Edith Lurvey (IR-4) and Maria Rodriguez (EPA).

This new crop group was further discussed and developed within the Tropical 

Fruit, Edible Peel Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee 

(ICGCC), which consisted of 62 U.S. crop or regulatory experts from agriculture 

commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry, IR-4 Project, USDA, and EPA, 

and also 33 international crop or regulatory experts representing over 30 countries. The 

Workgroup discussed and validated each of the proposed commodities. Kathryn Homa 

(author, IR-4) then updated and developed commodity monographs (Volume 2 of this 

submission) as supporting data. A list of references is provided at the end of the 

monographs. Copies of partial references are included as Volumes 3 and 4??? of this

submission.

An important aspect of developing this new crop group was the harmonization 

with the Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. The Codex 

classification system is currently under revision with many proposed tropical fruit 

additions. The IR-4/EPA Crop Grouping Working Group and the ICGCC are making 

every effort to collaborate with the revision of the Codex crop classification. In the 

current Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds, assorted tropical and subtropical fruits – edible peel are included in Group 005 which is classified in Type 01 

Fruits. The IR-4/ICGCC submission will be forwarded to the Codex Electronic Working 

Group for the revision of the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. This 

submission includes many of the recently proposed additions of tropical fruits, edible 

peel to the Codex classification. The inclusion of tropical fruits with edible peels will 

ultimately benefit US growers in exporting commodities that would have Codex MRLS 

established based on a harmonized tropical and sub-tropical fruits, edible peel crop group. 

Fruits that are primarily processed into juice, jams, jelly or wine were also 

included in the edible peel crop group since it was assumed that pesticide residues could 

contaminate the commodity during processing. Examples include (1) açaí, which is 

soaked in water to soften the outer shell; (2) arazá, which is rarely eaten raw due to its 

acidity and is mostly prepared into a juice or jelly; (3) red bayberry, which has a knobby

surface and is prepared into juice, sweets, jam and wine; (4) bilimbi, which is extremely

acidic/sour and is usually not eaten raw, but is soaked and boiled to make jam, jelly and

beverages and (5) patauá, which is soaked before it is eaten to soften the pulp. 
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Palm commodities are proposed to be classified in a separate subgroup based on 

botanical similarity of trees of the family Arecaceae (alt. Palmae). Generally, trees 

within the palm family contain a tall, unbranched stem that can reach 80 meters in height, 

a rosette of leathery, evergreen palmate (fan-like) to pinnate (feather-like) spirally

arranged leaves that measure several meters long, spike or branched inflorescences, and 

berry or drupe fruit. In most palms, fruit is produced in clusters that hang from the tree. 

Because fruit is produced in clusters that are partially exposed to the elements and fruit is 

located considerably higher on palm trees than other tropical and sub-tropical fruits, 

similar use patterns of pesticide applications are expected to occur and similar residue 

patterns can be expected within the palm group.

Some proposed tropical fruits with an edible peel (abrico-da-praia, bacupari, 

bacupari-do-campo, cambuci, curriola, guabiju, jacaratia, jua, mama-cadela, marmelada, 

per-do-cerrado, Puerto Rican guava and sorva) were rejected from consideration from the 

crop group either because there was not enough information available to properly classify 

them into crop groups and subgroups or they are rarely cultivated.

Table 1 (Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel, pages 

18-21 of this volume) shows the existing US, Codex and EU tolerances for Tropical and 

Sub-tropical fruits with an edible peel. The majority of these tolerances are US

tolerances and it should be noted that over half of the US tolerances are tolerances for 

those commodities which are included in the edible peel crop definition as follows: 

General 

commodity 

Specific Commodities Included in 

Definition Comments 

Guava guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax 

jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola 

Primarily edible peel; note/peel rarely 

contaminates Passiflora spp. during 

juicing 

Table 2 (Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in 2008, page 22 of this 

volume) shows the production (2008) of Tropical and Sub-tropical fruits, edible peel from 

the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) website. Note the

proposed representative crops for the new US Tropical and Sub-tropical, edible peel crop 

group are among those tropical fruits that are reported by the FAO.

Table 3 (Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel , 

pages 23-30 of this volume) shows a comparison of the classification of tropical fruits 

from the Codex Classification with both the proposed US grouping and the EU crop

regulation. Most of the proposed additions to the Codex Classification have been 

included in the US proposed new crop group.

The new Tropical and Sub-Tropical fruits, edible peel crop group consists of a 

diverse group of plants from many plant families. Within this group, fruit size of tropical 

and sub-tropical fruits with edible peels range from a diameter of 0.2 inches (fruit of 

chirauli-nut, Buchanania latifolia Roxb.) to 8 inches (babaco, Vasconcellea x heilbornii
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10

(V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo). In addition to size, the texture of tropical and subtropical fruit also varies from a thin smooth peel to a peel with fine hairs or pubescence. 

Many publications have documented the relationship between surface area and 

mass of a commodity (Maclachlan, D.J. and D. Hamilton, 2010; Ripley, B.D., G.M. 

Ritcey, R. Harris, M.A. Denomme, L. Lissemore, 2003; Matsumura, F., G.M. Boush, T. 

Misato, eds., 1972; Schneider, B., 2002). In general, the smaller the object, the larger 

the ratio of surface area to weight becomes. For example, pesticide deposits on grapes 

can be expected to be about 3X the pesticide deposit on apples due to the higher surface 

area per unit weight (Bates, 1990). Chili peppers are also often cited as an example. 

Because of their size, they normally have a higher residue than sweet peppers (with the 

same GAP) and are likely to drive a tolerance or MRL for peppers. There is also 

indication that surface area/mass ratio plays a more important role on pesticide deposits 

than pubescence/serration present on surfaces (Sundaram, 1991). 

To classify Tropical and Sub-Tropical fruits into groups (edible versus inedible 

peel) and subgroups, Excel spreadsheets (see Attachment 1) were developed to be able to 

sort commodities with common characteristics. These spreadsheets include information 

regarding the common name, scientific name, taxonomic family name, production in the 

US, fruit shape, maximum radius (cm) and maximum height (cm) from the literature, 

calculated volume, calculated surface area, surface area to mass (volume) ratio, texture 

description and peel texture (see Attachment 1). These spreadsheets allowed the sorting 

of commodities into small versus medium to large fruit and also smooth peel versus a 

rough or hairy peel. Fruit that were described in the literature as small fruit generally had 

a surface area/mass (volume) ratio of >1.5:1; so this criteria was used to separate small 

versus medium to large fruit (surface area/mass (volume) ratio of ≤1.5:1).

Since sorting the spreadsheets into both fruit size (surface area/mass (volume) 

ratio) and also peel texture resulted in subgroups that could not be supported by an 

appropriate representative commodity (lack of production in the US), this scheme was 

rejected (see page 12). Sorting into fruit size (small versus medium to large fruit) based 

on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio, with the addition of a palm subgroup resulted 

in the proposed crop grouping scheme (see page 13).

Based on above background and the input from the International Crop Grouping 

Consulting Committee (ICGCC), IR-4 and the ICGCC propose that the Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel be established as a new crop group. Three subgroups are 

proposed: (1) Subgroup 21A. Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel; (2) 

Subgroup 21B. Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel 

Subgroup and (3) Subgroup 21C. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel 

Subgroup. 
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Selection of representative commodities should be based on a representative 

commodity that is most likely to (1) contain the highest residues; (2) be major in terms of 

production and/or consumption and (3) similar in morphology, growth habit, pest 

problems and edible portion to the related commodities within a group or subgroup. 

Based on these criteria, one representative commodity is proposed (olive) for Subgroup 

21A; two representative commodities (fig and guava) are proposed for Subgroup 21B and 

one representative commodity (date) is proposed for Subgroup 21C. A crop group 

regulation would benefit growers and consumers, save considerable taxpayer’s money on 

residue studies, save time for government agencies on review of residue data and

facilitate the establishment of import tolerances. 

PROPOSED SUBGROUPS AND REPRESENTATIVE CROPS

Proposed US Subgroups and Representative Crops for the Tropical and Subtropical fruits, Edible Peel Crop Group:

Subgroup 21A. Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop: Olive

Subgroup 21B. Tropical and Sub-Tropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel 

Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crops: Fig and Guava

Subgroup 21C. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop: Date
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12

Rejected Crop Subgroups:

Crop Group / 

Subgroup

Proposed 

Rep. 

Commodities Proposed Commodities

Tropical and SubTropical, Small 

Fruit, Smooth Peel 

Subgroup

Olive

Açaí; Acerola; African plum; Agritos; Almondette; Bacaba palm; Bacaba-de-leque; Bignay; 

Carandas-plum; Ceylon iron wood; Ceylon olive; Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande; Chinese olive, black; 

Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; Cocoplum; Date; False sandalwood; Fragant Manjack; 

Gooseberry, Otaheite; Governor’s plum; Grumichama; Guabiroba; Guava berry; Illawarra plum; 

Indian-plum; Jamaica-cherry; Jambolan; Jelly palm; Jujube, Chinese; Kaffir-plum; Kakadu plum; 

Karnada; Lemon aspen; Mombin, yellow; Monos plum; Mountain cherry; Olive; Persimmon, Black; 

Pitomba; Plum-of-Martinique; Rukam; Rumberry; Silver aspen; Water apple; Water pear; Water

berry; Wax jambu

Tropical and SubTropical, Small 

Fruit, Rough or 

Hairy Peel 

Subgroup

???

Apak palm; Appleberry; Arbutus berry; Bayberry, Red; Breadnut; Cabeluda; Desert-date; 

Gooseberry, Abyssinian; Gooseberry, Ceylon; Kapundung; Sea grape; Sete-capotes; 

Tropical and SubTropical, MediumLarge Fruit, Smooth 

Peel Subgroup

Fig and

Guava

Ambarella; Arazá; Babaco; Bilimbi; Cajou (fruit); Cambucá; Cashew (pseudofruit); Ciruela verde; 

Davidson’s plum; Doum palm coconut; Feijoa; Fig; Gooseberry, Indian Guava; Guava, Cattley; 

Guava, Para; Guava, purple strawberry; Guava, strawberry; Guava, yellow strawberry; Imbé; Imbu; 

Jaboticaba; Jujube, Indian; Mangaba; Marian plum; Mombin, Malayan; Mombin, purple; Nance; 

Natal plum; Papaya Mountain; Patauá; Peach palm; Persimmon, Japanese; Pomerac; Rose apple; 

Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Uvalha

Tropical and SubTropical, MediumLarge Fruit, Rough 

or Hairy Peel 

Subgroup

???

Carob; Kwai muk; Monkeyfruit; Noni; Rambai; Sentul; Tamarind

Small fruit = SA:M of >1.5:1. Medium to Large Fruit = SA:M of ≤1.5:1.
Page	

13

Proposed Crop Subgroups:

Crop Group / 

Subgroup

Proposed 

Rep. 

Commodities Proposed Commodities

21A. Tropical and 

Sub-Tropical, 

Small Fruits, 

Edible Peel 

Subgroup

Olive Acerola; African plum; Agritos; Almondette; Appleberry; Arbutus berry; Bayberry, Red; Bignay; 

Breadnut; Cabeluda; Carandas-plum; Ceylon iron wood; Ceylon olive; Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande; 

Chinese olive, black; Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; Cocoplum; Desert-date; False sandalwood; 

Fragant Manjack; Gooseberry, Abyssinian; Gooseberry, Ceylon; Gooseberry, Otaheite; Governor’s 

plum; Grumichama; Guabiroba; Guava berry; Illawarra plum; Indian-plum; Jamaica-cherry; 

Jambolan; Jujube, Chinese; Kaffir-plum; Kakadu plum; Kapundung; Karnada; Lemon aspen; 

Mombin, yellow; Monos plum; Mountain cherry; Olive; Persimmon, Black; Pitomba; Plum-ofMartinique; Rukam; Rumberry; Sea grape; Sete-capotes; Silver aspen; Water apple; Water pear; 

Water berry; Wax jambu

21B. Tropical and 

Sub-Tropical, 

Medium to Large 

Fruits, Edible Peel 

Subgroup

Fig and 

Guava

Ambarella; Arazá; Babaco; Bilimbi; Cajou (fruit); Cambucá; Carob; Cashew (pseudofruit); Ciruela 

verde; Davidson’s plum; Feijoa; Fig; Gooseberry, Indian; Guava; Guava, Cattley, Guava, Para; 

Guava, purple strawberry; Guava, strawberry; Guava, yellow strawberry; Imbé; Imbu; Jaboticaba; 

Jujube, Indian; Kwai muk; Mangaba; Marian plum; Mombin, Malayan; Mombin, purple; 

Monkeyfruit; Nance; Natal plum; Noni; Papaya, Mountain; Persimmon, Japanese; Pomerac; 

Rambai; Rose apple; Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Tamarind; Uvalha

21C. Tropical and 

Sub-Tropical Palm 

Fruits, Edible Peel 

Subgroup

Date Açaí; Apak palm; Bacaba palm; Bacaba-de-leque; Date; Doum palm coconut; Jelly palm; Patauá; 

Peach Palm

Small fruit = Surface Area:Mass ratio of >1.5:1. Medium to Large Fruit = Surface Area:Mass ratio of ≤1.5:1.
Page	

14

CROP DEFINITIONS

The current crop definition for tropical and sub-tropical fruit with edible peel is 

proposed to be removed because the commodities will be included in crop subgroups.

General 

commodity 

Specific Commodities Included in 

Definition Comments 

Guava guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax 

jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola 

Primarily edible peel; note/peel rarely 

contaminates Passiflora spp. during 

juicing 

However, one crop definition is proposed for guava that includes many of the 

closely related species and varieties. The following is a proposed crop definition for 

Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel:

A B

Guava 

(Psidium guajava L.)

Guava, Para (Psidium acutangulum DC.); Guava, Brazilian (Psidium 

guineense Sw.); Guava, cattley (Psidium cattleianum Sabine); Guava, 

Costa Rican (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.); Guava, 

purple strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum); 

Guava, strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) 

Fosberg); Guava, yellow strawberry; (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. 

cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg.); Guayabillo (Psidium sartorianum

(O. Berg) Nied.)
Page	

15

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSIONS

Until the new crop group is published in 40 CFR, the author suggests that the Minor Use 

Branch of the Registration Division and the ChemSAC, EPA/OPP approve the proposed crop 

group and establish following interim tolerance expressions to be used in tolerance petitions:

Tolerance expression for Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Crop Group:

Açaí

Acerola

African plum

Agritos

Almondette

Ambarella

Apak palm

Appleberry

Arazá

Arbutus Berry

Babaco

Bacaba palm

Bacaba-de-leque

Bayberry, Red

Bignay

Bilimbi

Breadnut

Cabeluda

Cajou (pseudofruit)

Cambucá

Carandas-plum

Carob

Cashew (pseudofruit)

Ceylon iron wood

Ceylon olive

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande

Chinese olive, black

Chinese olive, white

Chirauli-nut

Ciruela verde

Cocoplum

Date

Davidson's plum

Desert-date

Doum palm coconut

False sandalwood
Page	

16

Feijoa

Fig

Fragrant Manjack

Gooseberry, Abyssinian

Gooseberry, Ceylon

Gooseberry, Indian

Gooseberry, Otaheite

Governor's plum

Grumichama

Guabiroba

Guava

Guava berry

Guava, Brazilian

Guava, Cattley

Guava, Costa Rican

Guava, Para

Guava, purple strawberry

Guava, strawberry

Guava, yellow strawberry

Guayabillo

Illawarra plum

Imbé

Imbu

Indian-plum

Jaboticaba

Jamaica-cherry

Jambolan

Jelly palm

Jujube, Chinese

Jujube, Indian

Kaffir-plum

Kakadu plum

Kapundung

Karanda

Kwai muk

Lemon aspen

Mangaba

Marian plum

Mombin, Malayan

Mombin, purple

Mombin, yellow

Monkeyfruit

Monos plum

Mountain cherry
Page	

17

Nance

Natal plum

Noni 

Olive

Papaya, Mountain

Patauá

Peach Palm

Persimmon, black

Persimmon, Japanese

Pitomba

Plum-of-Martinique

Pomerac

Rambai

Rose apple

Rukam

Rumberry

Sea grape

Sentul

Sete-capotes

Silver aspen

Starfruit

Surinam cherry

Tamarind

Uvalha

Water apple

Water pear

Water berry

Wax jambu

The above proposed interim tolerance expressions would facilitate tolerance 

establishment of crop protection products in or on Tropical and Sub-tropical fruits, Edible Peel

without requiring additional residue data for all the commodities proposed in the crop group.
Page	

18

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity Compound US (ppm) Codex (ppm) EU (ppm)

Acerola Azoxystrobin 2 -- --

Acerola Bifenazate 0.9 -- --

Acerola Buprofezin 0.3 -- --

Acerola Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- --

Acerola Chlorantraniliprole 2 -- --

Acerola Glyphosate 0.2 -- --

Acerola Imidacloprid 1 -- --

Acerola Methoxyfenozide 0.4 -- --

Acerola Paraquat dichloride 0.05 -- --

Acerola Pyriproxyfen 0.1 -- --

Acerola Spinetoram 0.3 -- --

Acerola Spinosad 1.5 -- --

Date Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- 0.01

Date Glyphosate 0.2 -- 0.1

Date Hexythiazox 1 2 0.5

Date Malathion 8 -- 0.02

Date Oxyfluorfen 0.05 -- 0.05

Date Phosphine 0.1 -- 0.05

Date Pyriproxyfen 0.3 -- 0.05

Date Spinetoram 0.1 -- 0.05

Date Spinosad 0.1 -- 0.02

Feijoa Azoxystrobin 2 -- --

Feijoa Bifenazate 0.9 -- --

Feijoa Buprofezin 0.3 -- --

Feijoa Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- --

Feijoa Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- --

Feijoa Glyphosate 0.2 -- --

Feijoa Imidacloprid 1 -- --

Feijoa Methoxyfenozide 0.4 -- --

Feijoa Oxyfluorfen 0.05 -- --

Feijoa Pyriproxyfen 0.1 -- --

Feijoa Spinetoram 0.3 -- --

Feijoa Spinosad 0.05 -- --
Page	

19

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity Compound US (ppm) Codex (ppm) EU (ppm)

Fig Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- 0.01

Fig Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- 0.01

Fig Chlorpyrifos 0.01 -- 0.05

Fig Clothianidin 0.05 -- 0.02

Fig d-Phenothrin 0.01 -- 0.05

Fig Diazinon 0.5 -- 0.01

Fig Glyphosate 0.2 -- 0.1

Fig Malathion 8 -- 0.02

Fig Maneb 7 -- 0.05

Fig Oryzalin 0.05 -- 0.01

Fig Oxyfluorfen 0.05 -- 0.05

Fig Paraquat dichloride 0.05 -- 0.02

Fig Piperonyl Butoxide 8 -- --

Fig Propylene chlorohydrin 3 -- --

Fig Propylene oxide 3 -- --

Fig Pyrethrins 1 -- 1

Fig Pyriproxyfen 0.3 -- 0.05

Fig Spinetoram 0.1 -- 0.05

Fig Spinosad 0.1 -- 0.02

Guava Atrazine 0.05 -- 0.05

Guava Azoxystrobin 2 -- 0.05

Guava Bifenazate 0.9 -- 0.01

Guava Buprofezin 0.3 -- 0.05

Guava Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- 0.01

Guava Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- 0.01

Guava Glyphosate 0.2 -- 0.1

Guava Imidacloprid 1 -- 0.05

Guava Malathion 8 -- 0.02

Guava Methoxyfenozide 0.4 -- 0.02

Guava Paraquat dichloride 0.05 0.01 0.02

Guava Piperonyl butoxide 8 -- --

Guava Pyrethrins 1 -- 1

Guava Pyriproxyfen 0.1 -- 0.05

Guava Spinetoram 0.3 -- 0.05

Guava Spinosad 0.3 -- 0.02
Page	

20

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity Compound US (ppm) Codex (ppm) EU (ppm)

Jaboticaba Azoxystrobin 2 -- --

Jaboticaba Bifenazate 0.9 -- --

Jaboticaba Buprofezin 0.3 -- --

Jaboticaba Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- --

Jaboticaba Chlorantraniliprole 2 -- --

Jaboticaba Glyphosate 0.2 -- --

Jaboticaba Imidacloprid 1 -- --

Jaboticaba Methoxyfenozide 0.4 -- --

Jaboticaba Pyriproxyfen 0.1 -- --

Jaboticaba Spinetoram 0.3 -- --

Jaboticaba Spinosad 0.3 -- --

Olive 1-Naphthaleneacetamide 0.7 -- 0.05

Olive 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 0.7 -- 0.05

Olive Buprofezin 3.5 5 2

Olive Carbaryl 10 30 5

Olive Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- 0.01

Olive Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- 0.01

Olive Diuron 1 -- 0.2

Olive Fenpropathrin 5 -- 0.01

Olive Glyphosate 0.2 -- 1

Olive Methidathion 0.05 1 1

Olive Oryzalin 0.05 -- 0.01

Olive Oxyfluorfen 0.05 -- 1

Olive Paraquat dichloride 0.05 0.1 0.02

Olive Pendimethalin 0.1 -- 0.05

Olive Pyriproxyfen 1 -- 0.05

Olive Simazine 0.2 -- 0.1

Persimmon Azoxystrobin 2 -- 0.05

Persimmon Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- 0.01

Persimmon Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- 0.01

Persimmon Clofentezine 0.05 -- 0.02

Persimmon d-Phenothrin 0.01 -- 0.05

Persimmon Glyphosate 0.2 -- 0.1

Persimmon Imidacloprid 3 -- 0.05

Persimmon Napropamide 0.1 -- 0.05

Persimmon Oxyfluorfen 0.05 -- 0.05

Persimmon Paraquat dichloride 0.05 -- 0.02

Persimmon Phosphine 0.01 -- 0.05
Page	

21

Table 1. Tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

(FASonline: mrldatabase.com; tolerances as of September 8, 2010)

Commodity Compound US (ppm) Codex (ppm) EU (ppm)

Starfruit Azoxystrobin 2 -- --

Starfruit Bifenazate 0.9 -- --

Starfruit Buprofezin 0.3 -- --

Starfruit Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- --

Starfruit Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- --

Starfruit Chlorothalonil 3 -- --

Starfruit Glyphosate 0.2 -- --

Starfruit Imidacloprid 1 -- --

Starfruit Mefenoxam 0.2 -- --

Starfruit Methoxyfenozide 0.4 -- --

Starfruit Pyriproxyfen 0.1 -- --

Starfruit Spinetoram 0.3 -- --

Starfruit Spinosad 0.3 -- --

Surinam Cherry Glyphosate 0.2 -- 0.1

Tamarind Azoxystrobin 2 -- 0.1

Tamarind Glyphosate 0.2 -- 0.1

Wax Jambu Azoxystrobin 2 -- --

Wax Jambu Bifenazate 0.9 -- --

Wax Jambu Buprofezin 0.3 -- --

Wax Jambu Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.1 -- --

Wax Jambu Chlorantraniliprole 4 -- --

Wax Jambu Glyphosate 0.2 -- --

Wax Jambu Imidacloprid 1 -- --

Wax Jambu Methoxyfenozide 0.4 -- --

Wax Jambu Pyriproxyfen 0.1 -- --

Wax Jambu Spinetoram 0.3 -- --

Wax Jambu Spinosad 0.3 -- --
Page	

22

Table 2. Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in 2008

(FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx, results as of September 7, 2010)

Countries/

Regions Carob

Cashewapple 

(cashew (fruit)) Date Fig

Mangoes, 

Mangosteens and

Guavas Olive Persimmon

Australia No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

30 ha

85 tonnes

9500 ha

57947 tonnes

10,500 ha

57,123 tonnes

82 ha

715 tonnes

New

Zealand

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

No data

180 ha

3,000 tonnes

United 

States

No data

No data

No data

No data

2,064 ha

17,146 tonnes

3,804 ha

39,281 tonnes

675 ha

2950 tonnes

12,141 ha

60,600 tonnes

No data

No data

Africa 13,371 ha

29,216 tonnes

71,000 ha

191,000 tonnes

414,108 ha

2,634,247 tonnes

186,717 ha

490,477 tonnes

603968 ha

3395045 tonnes

3,940,207 ha

2,862,518 tonnes

No data

No data

North 

America

No data

No data

No data

No data

2,064 ha

17,146 tonnes

3,804 ha

39,281 tonnes

675 ha

2950 tonnes

12,141 ha

60,600 tonnes

No data

No data

Central 

America

56 ha

28 tonnes

No data

No data

596 ha

2,788 tonnes

1,084 ha

6,123 tonnes

214195 ha

2128243 tonnes

9,112 ha

19,436 tonnes

45 ha

442 tonnes

South 

America

No data

No data

610,001 ha

1,660,005 tonnes

82 ha

446 tonnes

4,055 ha

29,865 tonnes

141692 ha

1908411 tonnes

79,371 ha

238,601 tonnes

8,797 ha

173,297 tonnes

Asia 5,879 ha

21,616 tonnes

No data

No data

826,301 ha

4,441,347 tonnes

130,694 ha

405,550 tonnes

3651624 ha

26543548 tonnes

1,598,893 ha

2,670,784 tonnes

752,131 ha

3,441,058 tonnes

Europe 69478 ha

126,224 tonnes

No data

No data

4,037 ha

14,000 tonnes

120622 ha

105,559 tonnes

No data

No data

4,899,749 ha

11,749,599 tonnes

2,732 ha

50,441 tonnes

World 

Total

88,784 ha

177,084 tonnes

681,001 ha

1,851,005 tonnes

1,247,188 ha

7,109,974 tonnes

447,006 ha

1,076,940 tonnes

4723906 ha

34889014 tonnes

10,549,973 ha

17,658,661 tonnes

763,967 ha

3,668,953 tonnes

Note: This table reports only the tropical fruits (edible peel) available on the FAO website.
Page	

23

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

1 Not Listed -- Açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart. Not Listed --

2 Acerola, FT 4095, see 

Barbados cherry (FT 

0287)

-- Acerola Malpighia emarginata DC. Not Listed --

3 Not Listed -- African plum Vitex doniana Sweet Not Listed --

4 Not Listed -- Agritos Berberis trifoliolata Moric. Not Listed --

5 Not Listed -- Almondette Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Not Listed --

6 Ambarella, FT0285 Spondias cytherea Sonn. Ambarella Spondias dulcis Sol. ex 

Parkinson

Not Listed --

7 Not Listed -- Apak palm Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart. Not Listed --

8 Not Listed -- Appleberry Billardiera scandens Sm. Not Listed --

9 Not Listed -- Arazá Eugenia stipitata McVaugh Not Listed --

10 Arbutus berry, 

FT 0286

Arbutus unedo L. Arbutus Berry Arbutus unedo L. Not Listed --

11 Not Listed -- Babaco Vasconcellea x heilbornii

(V. M. Badillo) V. M. 

Badillo

Not Listed --

12 Not Listed -- Bacaba palm Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. Not Listed --

13 Not Listed -- Bacaba-de-leque Oenocarpus distichus Mart. Not Listed --

14 Not Listed -- Bayberry, Red Morella rubra Lour., Not Listed --

15 Not Listed -- Bignay Antidesma bunius (L.) 

Spreng.

Not Listed --
Page	

24

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

16 Bilimbi, FT 0288 Averrhoa bilimbi L. Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi L. Bilimbi included in the 

Carambola (Starfruit) 

definition

--

17 Not Listed -- Breadnut Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Not Listed --

18 Not Listed -- Cabeluda Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) 

Amshoff

Not Listed --

19 Not Listed -- Cajou (pseudofruit) Anacardium giganteum

Hance ex Engl.

Not Listed --

20 Not Listed -- Cambucá Marlierea edulis Nied. Not Listed --

21 Not Listed -- Carandas-plum Carissa edulis Vahl Not Listed --

22 Carob, FT 0291 Ceratonia siliqua L. Carob Ceratonia siliqua L. Not Listed --

23 Cashew apple, FT 

0292

Anacardium occidentale

L.

Cashew

(pseudofruit)

(pseudofruit)

Anacardium occidentale L. Not Listed --

24 Not Listed -- Ceylon iron wood Manilkara hexandra

(Roxb.) Dubard

Not Listed --

25 Not Listed -- Ceylon olive Elaeocarpus serratus L. Not Listed --

26 Not Listed -- Cherry-of-the-RioGrandeEugenia aggregata (Vell.) 

Kiaersk.

Not Listed --

27 Chinese olive, black, 

white, FT 0293

Canarium pimela Koenig Chinese olive, black Canarium tramdenum C. D. 

Dai& Yakovlev

Not Listed --

28 Chinese olive, black, 

white, FT 0293

Canarium pimela Koenig Chinese olive, white Canarium album (Lour.) 

Raeusch.

Not Listed --

29 Not Listed -- Chirauli-nut Buchanania latifolia Roxb. Not Listed --

30 Not Listed -- Ciruela verde Bunchosia armeniaca

(Cav.) DC.

Not Listed --
Page	

25

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

31 Cocoplum, FT 0294 Chrysobalanus icaco L. Cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco L. Not Listed --

32 Date, FT 0295 Phoenix dactylifera L. Date Phoenix dactylifera L. Dates, Code number 

0161010

Phoenix dactylifera

33 Not Listed -- Davidson's plum Davidsonia pruriens F. 

Muell.

Not Listed --

34 Desert-date, FT 0296 Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) 

Delile

Desert-date Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) 

Delile

Not Listed --

35 Not Listed -- Doum palm coconut Hyphaene thebaica (L.) 

Mart.

Not Listed --

36 Not Listed -- False sandalwood Ximenia americana L. Not Listed --

37 Not Listed -- Feijoa Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) 

Burret

Not Listed --

38 Fig, FT 0297 Ficus carica L Fig Ficus carica L Figs, Code number 

0161020

Ficus carica

39 Not Listed -- Fragrant Manjack Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Not Listed --

40 Not Listed -- Gooseberry, 

Abyssinian

Dovyalis abyssinica (A. 

Rich.) Warb.

Not Listed --

41 Not Listed -- Gooseberry, Ceylon Dovyalis hebecarpa

(Gardner) Warb.

Not Listed --

42 Not Listed -- Gooseberry, Indian Phyllanthus emblica L. Not Listed --

43 Otaheite Gooseberry, 

FT 0306

Phyllanthusdistichus (L.) 

Muell. Arg.

Gooseberry, 

Otaheite

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) 

Skeels

Not Listed --

44 Not Listed -- Governor's plum Flacourtia indica (Burm. 

F.) Merr.

Not Listed --

45 Grumichama, FT 0298 Eugenia brasiliensis Lam Grumichama Eugenia brasiliensis Lam Grumichama included in 

the Jambolan definition

--
Page	

26

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

46 Not Listed -- Guabiroba Campomanesia 

xanthocarpa O. Berg

Not Listed --

47 Not Listed -- Guava Psidium guajava L. Not Listed --

48 Not Listed -- Guava berry Myrciaria floribunda (H. 

West ex Willd.) O. Berg

Not Listed --

49 Not Listed -- Guava, Brazilian Psidium guineense Sw. Not Listed --

50 Not Listed -- Guava, cattley Psidium cattleianum Sabine Not Listed --

51 Not Listed -- Guava, Costa Rican Psidium friedrichsthalianum

(O. Berg) Nied.

Not Listed --

52 Not Listed -- Guava, Para Psidium cattleianum Sabine 

var. cattleianum

Not Listed --

53 Not Listed -- Guava, purple 

strawberry

Psidium cattleianum Sabine 

var. cattleianum

Not Listed --

54 Not Listed -- Guava, strawberry Psidium cattleianum Sabine 

var. littorale (Raddi) 

Fosberg

Not Listed --

55 Not Listed -- Guava, yellow 

strawberry

Psidium cattleianum Sabine 

var. cattleianum forma 

lucidum O. Deg.

Not Listed --

56 Not Listed -- Guayabillo Psidium sartorianum (O. 

Berg) Nied.

Not Listed --

57 Not Listed -- Illawarra plum Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex 

Endl.

Not Listed --

58 Not Listed -- Imbé Garcinia livingstonei T. 

Anderson

Not Listed --

59 Not Listed -- Imbu Spondias tuberosa Arruda 

ex Kost.

Not Listed --

60 Not Listed -- Indian-plum Flacourtia jangomas Not Listed --
Page	

27

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

61 Jaboticaba, FT 0300 Myrciaria cauliflora Berg Jaboticaba Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) 

O. Berg

Not Listed --

62 Not Listed -- Jamaica-cherry Muntingia calabura L. Not Listed --

63 Not Listed -- Jambolan Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jambolan, Code number 

0161070

Syzygium cumini

64 Not Listed -- Jelly palm Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. Not Listed --

65 Jujube, Chinese, 

FT 0302

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Jujube, Chinese Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Not Listed --

66 Jujube, Indian, 

FT 0301

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Jujube, Indian Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Not Listed --

67 Not Listed -- Kaffir-plum Harpephyllum caffrum

Bernh. Ex C. Krauss

Not Listed --

68 Not Listed -- Kakadu plum Terminalia latipes Benth. 

Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley

Not Listed --

69 Not Listed -- Kapundung Baccaurea racemosa

(Reinw.) Mull. Arg.

Not Listed --

70 Caranda, FT 0290 Carissa carandas L. Karanda Carissa carandas L. Not Listed --

71 Not Listed -- Kwai muk Artocarpus hypargyreus

Hance ex Benth.

Not Listed --

72 Not Listed -- Lemon aspen Acronychia acidula Not Listed --

73 Not Listed -- Mangaba Hancornia speciosa Gomes Not Listed --

74 Not Listed -- Marian plum Bouea macrophylla Griff. Not Listed --

75 Not Listed -- Mombin, Malayan Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig 

ex L. f.) Kurz

Not Listed --
Page	

28

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

76 Not Listed -- Mombin, purple Spondias purpurea L. Not Listed --

77 Hog plum, FT 0299 Spondias mombin L. Mombin, yellow Spondias mombin L. Not Listed --

78 Not Listed -- Monkeyfruit Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-

Ham.

Not Listed --

79 Not Listed -- Monos plum Pseudanamomis 

umbellulifera (Kunth) 

Kausel

Not Listed --

80 Not Listed -- Mountain cherry Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth Not Listed --

81 Not Listed -- Nance Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) 

Kunth

Not Listed --

82 Natal plum, FT 0304 Carissa grandiflora A.DC Natal plum Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) 

A.DC

Not Listed --

83 Not Listed -- Noni Morinda citrifolia L. Not Listed --

84 Olive, FT 0305 Olea europaea L. subsp. 

europaea

Olive Olea europaea L. subsp. 

europaea

Table olives, Code 

number 0161030

Olea europaea

85 Not Listed -- Papaya, Mountain Vasconcellea pubescens A. 

DC.

Not Listed --

86 Not Listed -- Patauá Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Not Listed --

87 Not Listed -- Peach Palm (fruit) Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. 

gasipaes

Not Listed --

88 Not Listed -- Persimmon, black Diospyros texana Scheele Not Listed --

89 Persimmon, Japanese, 

FT 0307

Diospyros kaki Thunb. Persimmon, 

Japanese

Diospyros kaki Thunb. Persimmon, Code 

number 0161060

Diospyros kaki

90 Not Listed -- Pitomba Eugenia luschnathiana

Klotzsch ex O. Berg

Not Listed --
Page	

29

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

91 Not Listed -- Plum-of-Martinique Flacourtia inermis Not Listed --

92 Pomerac, FT 0308 Syzygium malaccense (L.) 

Merr. & L.M. Perry

Pomerac Syzygium malaccense (L.) 

Merr. & L.M. Perry

Pomerac included in the 

Jambolan definition

--

93 Not Listed -- Rambai Baccaurea motleyana

(Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg.

Not Listed --

94 Rose apple, FT 0309 Syzygium jambos (L.) 

Alston

Rose apple Syzygium jambos (L.) 

Alston

Rose apple included in 

the Jambolan definition

--

95 Not Listed -- Rukam Flacourtia rukam Not Listed --

96 Not Listed -- Rumberry Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) 

Mc Vaugh

Not Listed --

97 Sea grape, FT 0310 Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Sea grape Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Not Listed --

98 Not Listed -- Sentul Sandoricum koetjape

(Burm. F.) Merr.

Not Listed --

99 Not Listed -- Sete-capotes Campomanesia 

guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. 

Berg

Not Listed --

100 Not Listed -- Silver aspen Acronychia wilcoxiana Not Listed --

101 Carambola Averrhoa carambola L. Starfruit Averrhoa carambola L. Carambola, Code 

number 0161050

Averrhoa carambola

102 Surinam cherry, FT

0311

Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry Eugenia uniflora L. Surinam cherry included 

in the Jambolan 

definition

--

103 Not Listed -- Tamarind Tamarindus indica L. Not Listed --

104 Not Listed -- Uvalha Eugenia pyriformis Not Listed --

105 Not Listed -- Water apple Syzygium aqueum (Burm. 

F.) Alston

Water apple included in 

the Jambolan definition

--
Page	

30

Table 3. Crop Group Comparisons – Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel (continued)

CODEX Crop Group 005, Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits – edible peel; proposed new US Crop Group and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv) 

Row 

#

Codex Proposed US EU Crop List or Regulation

Commodity Name 

and Code Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Name Botanical Name

106 Not Listed -- Water pear Syzygium guineense Not Listed --

107 Not Listed -- Water berry Syzygium cordatum Not Listed --

108 Not Listed -- Wax jambu Syzygium samarangense

(Blume) Merr. & L.M. 

Perry

Not Listed --
Page	

31

ATTACHMENT 1. EXCEL SPREADSHEETS FOR SORTING SUBGROUPS
Page	

32

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Açaí Euterpe

oleracea Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae No data sphere 1 4 13 3.0 smooth with thin 

oily coating Smooth

Acerola Malpighia 

emarginata DC. Malpighiaceae

Puerto Rico, 

Hawaii and 

Florida

sphere 1.75 22 38 1.7 thin glossy skin Smooth

African 

plum

Vitex doniana 

Sweet

Lamiaceae (alt. 

Labiatae) (also placed in 

Verbenaceae)

No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth and 

shiny Smooth

Agritos

Berberis 

trifoliolata 

Moric.

Berberidaceae

New Mexico, 

Texas, 

Arizona

sphere 0.6 1 5 5.0

subglobose to 

globose bright 

red berry, 

smooth skin

Smooth

Almondette Buchanania 

lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae No data sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0 hard, grey to black drupe Smooth

Ambarella

Spondias dulcis 

Sol. ex 

Parkinson

Anacardiaceae

Home 

gardens; 

Hawaii, 

Florida, 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 4 10 502 352 0.7

skin is thick, 

tough and 

russetted

Smooth

Apak palm Brahea dulcis 

(Kunth) Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)

Texas, 

Arizona, 

California

cylinder 0.75 2 4 13 3.7 green to brown, 

hairy

Rough or 

Hairy

Appleberry Billardiera 

scandens Sm.

Pittosporaceae No data cylinder 0.5 2.5 2 9 4.8 hairy peach like 

peel

Rough or 

Hairy

Arazá 

Eugenia 

stipitata 

McVaugh

Myrtaceae No data sphere 6 904 452 0.5 skin is shiny Smooth
Page	

33

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Arbutus 

Berry

Arbutus unedo

L. Ericaceae

North 

American 

Pacific Coast, 

the 

southwestern 

United States; 

grown as an 

ornamental in 

the deep 

south; 

northern 

Florida, 

southern 

California

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

Skin texture is 

rough and 

pebbled

Rough or 

Hairy

Babaco

Vasconcellea x 

heilbornii (V. M. 

Badillo) V. M. 

Badillo

Caricaceae California cylinder 10 40 12560 3140 0.3 Smooth

Bacaba 

palm

Oenocarpus 

bacaba Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 1 4 13 3.0

purple-black 

fruits, smooth 

skinned

Smooth

Bacaba-delequeOenocarpus 

distichus Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 0.5 1 3 6.0 purple-black 

fruits Smooth

Bayberry, 

Red

Morella rubra 

Lour. Myricaceae

No data; 

grown for 

ornamental 

purposes

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

Dark red to 

purple-red fruit 

has a knobby 

surface

Rough or 

Hairy

Bignay

Antidesma 

bunius (L.) 

Spreng.

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae, 

Stilaginaceae)

Florida sphere 0.4 0.3 2 7.5 Skin is thin and 

tough Smooth
Page	

34

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi

L.

Oxalidaceae (also 

placed in 

Averrhoaceae)

Limited 

production in 

southern 

Florida, 

Puerto Rico 

and Hawaii

cylinder 2.5 10 196 196 1.0

skin is glossy, 

smooth, thin, 

soft and tender

Smooth

Breadnut Brosimum 

alicastrum Sw. Moraceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

pericarp is thick, 

scaly and 

greenish-orange

Rough or 

Hairy

Cabeluda

Plinia glomerata 

(O. Berg) 

Amshoff

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 pubescent Rough or 

Hairy

Cajou 

(fruit)

Anacardium 

giganteum 

Hance ex Engl.

Anacardiaceae No data cone 2.5 7 46 78 1.7

small, juicy, 

edible peduncle, 

smooth and 

shiny 

Smooth

Cambucá Marlierea edulis 

Nied. Myrtaceae

Some 

seedlings 

were planted 

in 1993 in 

Florida and 

Hawaii

sphere 2.75 7 87 95 1.1

skin is leathery, 

thin and 

contains many 

slightly raised 

longitudinal 

ridges

Smooth
Page	

35

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

CarandasplumCarissa edulis 

Vahl Apocynaceae No data sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0

purple-black 

fruit is a solitary 

berry that is 

ovoid to 

spherical

Smooth

Carob Ceratonia 

siliqua L.

Fabaceae (alt. 

Leguminosae) (also 

placed in 

Caesalpiniaceae)

Numerous 

scattered 

trees are 

found in 

semitropical 

areas. 

Adapted to 

Southern 

California in 

the foothills 

and in the 

desert. Carob 

trees are 

planted in 

Texas, 

Arizona, 

California, 

and Florida

cylinder 1.75 30 288 349 1.2 glossy, tough 

and fibrous

Rough or 

Hairy

Cashew Anacardium 

occidentale L. Anacardiaceae No data cone 2.5 10 65 100 1.5

skin of the 

cashew apple is 

waxy

Smooth

Ceylon iron 

wood

Manilkara 

hexandra 

(Roxb.) Dubard

Sapotaceae No data cylinder 0.4 1.5 1 5 6.3

reddish-yellow 

to yellow 

berries that are 

obovoid-oblong 

or ellipsoid in 

shape

Smooth

Ceylon 

olive

Elaeocarpus 

serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 smooth Smooth
Page	

36

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Cherry-ofthe-RioGrandeEugenia 

aggregata 

(Vell.) Kiaersk.

Myrtaceae

Grown in 

Southern 

Florida

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth and 

shiny Smooth

Chinese 

olive, black

Canarium 

tramdenum C. 

D. Dai& 

Yakovlev

Burseraceae No data cylinder 1.5 5 35 61 1.7

skin is smooth 

and purpleblackSmooth

Chinese 

olive, white

Canarium album 

(Lour.) Raeusch. Burseraceae No data cylinder 1.25 4.5 22 45 2.0

ovoid to 

spindle-shaped 

drupes 

Smooth

Chirauli-nut

Buchanania 

latifolia Roxb.

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 0.3 0.9 0.3 2 8.9

oblong ovoid 

drupe that turns 

black when ripe

Smooth

Ciruela 

verde

Bunchosia 

armeniaca 

(Cav.) DC.

Malpighiaceae No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth skin Smooth

Cocoplum Chrysobalanus 

icaco L. Chrysobalanaceae

Florida, 

Puerto Rico sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

The thin skin 

changes from 

green to 

pinkish-white to 

brownish purple 

to black when 

ripe and 

resemble plums. 

Smooth

Date Phoenix 

dactylifera L. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)

Coachella 

Valley, 

California, 

with some in 

Arizona

cylinder 1.25 7.5 37 69 1.9

oblong, 

elliptical, 

rounded or 

ovoid fruit 

Smooth

Davidson's 

plum

Davidsonia 

pruriens F. 

Muell.

Cunoniaceae (also 

placed in 

Davidsoniaceae

No data cylinder 2.5 6 118 133 1.1

Bluish-black 

fruit is a 

laterally 

compressed

Smooth
Page	

37

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Desert-date

Balanites 

aegyptiacus

(L.) Delile

Zygophyllaceae (also 

placed in Balanitaceae) Puerto Rico cylinder 1 4 13 31 2.5 sticky date like fruit

Rough or 

Hairy

Doum palm 

coconut

Hyphaene 

thebaica (L.) 

Mart.

Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data cylinder 2.5 8 157 165 1.1 Smooth

False 

sandalwood

Ximenia 

americana L. Olacaceae

Puerto Rico, 

U.S. Virgin 

Islands

cylinder 1.5 3.5 25 47 1.9

The skin of the 

fruit is thin and 

highly 

perishable

Smooth

Feijoa

Acca 

sellowiana (O. 

Berg) Burret

Myrtaceae

Commercial 

production in 

California. 

Scattered 

trees have 

been planted 

in Florida and 

Hawaii

cylinder 2 5 63 88 1.4 waxy bloom Smooth

Fig Ficus carica L. Moraceae

Almost all of 

the 

commercial 

production is 

in California. 

Figs are also 

grown in 

home 

gardens 

throughout 

the southern 

states; 

naturalized in 

the United 

States; Hawaii

cone 3 10 94 126 1.3 Smooth
Page	

38

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Fragrant 

Manjack

Cordia 

dichotoma G. 

Forst.

Boraginaceae No data sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0 Smooth

Gooseberry, 

Abyssinian

Dovyalis 

abyssinica (A. 

Rich.) Warb.

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae) No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 skin is thin and tender 

Rough or 

Hairy

Gooseberry, 

Ceylon

Dovyalis 

hebecarpa 

(Gardner) 

Warb.

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae)

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

thin, bitter, 

coated with 

short velvety 

hairs, mostly 

used for jelly

Rough or 

Hairy

Gooseberry, 

Indian

Phyllanthus 

emblica L.

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae)

Puerto Rico sphere 3 113 113 1.0

thin, hard 

translucent 

smooth skin

Smooth

Gooseberry, 

Otaheite

Phyllanthus 

acidus (L.) 

Skeels

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae)

Grown in 

Florida and 

Hawaii in 

home 

gardens

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 waxy skin Smooth

Governor's 

plum

Flacourtia 

indica (Burm. 

F.) Merr.

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae)

Home 

gardens, 

Florida; 

occasionally 

planted in 

Puerto Rico 

and the Virgin 

Islands

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

round to ovoid 

berries, fruit is 

tipped by 5 to 6 

short radiating 

styles

Smooth

Grumichama

Eugenia 

brasiliensis 

Lam 

Myrtaceae Hawaii sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 fragile like grape 

skin Smooth

Guabiroba

Campomanesia 

xanthocarpa O. 

Berg

Myrtaceae No data cylinder 1.25 6 29 57 1.9 resembles a 

small guava Smooth
Page	

39

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Guava Psidium guajava 

L. Myrtaceae

Florida, 

Guam, 

Hawaii, 

California and 

Puerto Rico

sphere 5 523 314 0.6 smooth to 

rough, thin Smooth

Guava 

berry

Myrciaria 

floribunda (H. 

West ex Willd.) 

O. Berg

Myrtaceae

Puerto Rico, 

the Virgin 

Islands; 

experimental 

plants are 

grown in 

Hawaii and 

Florida

sphere 0.8 2 8 3.8

rough glandular 

spots but overall 

smooth skin

Smooth

Guava, 

Brazilian

Psidium 

guineense Sw. Myrtaceae Southern California sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth peel Smooth

Guava, 

cattley

Psidium 

cattleianum 

Sabine

Myrtaceae

Hawaii, 

southern and 

central 

Florida, 

southern 

California; 

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin 

peel Smooth

Guava, 

Costa Rican

Psidium 

friedrichsthalian

um (O. Berg) 

Nied.

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth peel Smooth

Guava, Para

Psidium 

acutangulum

DC. 

Myrtaceae No data sphere 4 268 201 0.8 leathery peel Smooth
Page	

40

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Guava, 

purple 

strawberry

Psidium 

cattleianum

Sabine var. 

cattleianum 

Myrtaceae No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin 

peel Smooth

Guava, 

strawberry

Psidium 

cattleianum

Sabine var. 

littorale (Raddi) 

Fosberg 

Myrtaceae No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin 

peel Smooth

Guava, 

yellow 

strawberry

Psidium 

cattleianum

Sabine var. 

cattleianum 

forma lucidum 

O. Deg. 

Myrtaceae

yellow 

strawberry 

guava is 

cultivated in 

Hawaii

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin 

peel Smooth

Guayabillo

Psidium 

sartorianum (O. 

Berg) Nied. 

Myrtaceae Southern 

California sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0 smooth peel Smooth

Illawarra 

plum

Podocarpus 

elatus R. Br. Ex 

Endl.

Podocarpaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 waxy, berry-like Smooth

Imbé

Garcinia 

livingstonei T. 

Anderson

Clusiaceae (alt. 

Guttiferae) Florida sphere 2 33 50 1.5 skin is smooth & thin Smooth

Imbu

Spondias 

tuberosa Arruda 

ex Kost.

Anacardiaceae

Minor 

production in 

South Florida

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth, thick, 

tough skin Smooth

IndianplumFlacourtia 

jangomas

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae)

Florida, 

Puerto Rico sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth
Page	

41

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Jaboticaba

Myrciaria 

cauliflora

(Mart.) O. Berg

Myrtaceae

Some 

production in 

South Florida; 

California; 

used to make 

wine in 

Hawaii

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth glossy 

tough skin Smooth

JamaicacherryMuntingia 

calabura L.

Muntingiaceae (also 

placed in 

Elaeocarpaceae, 

Tiliaceae)

Florida, 

Hawaii sphere 0.625 1 5 4.8 smooth, thin 

and tender Smooth

Jambolan Syzygium cumini

(L.) Skeels Myrtaceae

Cultivated 

and 

naturalized in 

the 

Southeastern 

United States, 

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii and 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 1.25 5 25 49 2.0 thin smooth 

glossy Smooth

Jelly palm Butia capitata 

(Mart.) Becc. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)

Landscape 

plant of the 

Southeastern 

United States 

and California

sphere 1.75 22 38 1.7 round or ovoid Smooth
Page	

42

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Jujube, 

Chinese

Ziziphus jujuba

Mill. Rhamnaceae

Minor 

production. 

Trees are 

planted in 

home gardens 

in the 

Southern 

states; trees 

have become 

weedy in 

some states

cylinder 0.65 3 4 15 3.7

skin is smooth 

or rough, glossy, 

thin but tough; 

most photos 

show smooth 

skin until 

harvest and 

then wrinkled 

when dried

Smooth

Jujube, 

Indian

Ziziphus 

mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae

Ornamental in 

Hawaii; 

Southern 

Florida, 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 2.25 6.25 99 120 1.2

skin smooth or 

rough, glossy, 

thin but tough, 

most photos 

show smooth 

fruit

Smooth

Kaffir-plum

Harpephyllum 

caffrum Bernh. 

Ex C. Krauss

Anacardiaceae

Grown in the 

US; no yield 

data is 

available 

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

plum-like ovalshaped fruit, 

skin is thin

Smooth

Kakadu 

plum

Terminalia 

latipes Benth. 

Subsp.

psilocarpa 

Pedley

Combretaceae No data cylinder 0.5 3 2 11 4.7 smooth skin Smooth

Kapundung

Baccaurea 

racemosa 

(Reinw.) Mull. 

Arg.

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae)

No data sphere 1.2 7 18 2.5 fine silvery hairs Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

43

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Karanda Carissa 

carandas L. Apocynaceae

Cultivated in 

a limited way 

in Florida and 

California and 

in some 

experimental 

gardens in 

Trinidad and 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 1 2.5 8 22 2.8

smooth, glossy 

skin is thin but 

tough and turns 

from a purplishred to darkpurple or black 

when ripe

Smooth

Kwai muk

Artocarpus 

hypargyreus

Hance ex 

Benth.

Moraceae Florida sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2

skin is thin, 

tender and 

contains velvety 

brown hairs

Rough or 

Hairy

Lemon 

aspen

Acronychia 

acidula Rutaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

skin is waxy and 

contains small 

ridges

Smooth

Mangaba

Hancornia 

speciosa

Gomes

Apocynaceae No data sphere 3 113 113 1.0 thin smooth skin Smooth

Marian plum

Bouea 

macrophylla 

Griff.

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 2.5 7 137 149 1.1

skin is thin, 

smooth, brittle 

and edible

Smooth

Mombin, 

Malayan

Spondias 

pinnata (J. 

Koenig ex L. f.) 

Kurz

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 2.25 5 79 102 1.3

oblong to 

ellipsoid drupe, 

smooth and 

thick skinned

Smooth

Mombin, 

purple

Spondias 

purpurea L. Anacardiaceae Florida cylinder 1.75 5 48 74 1.5 skin glossy and firm Smooth

Mombin, 

yellow

Spondias 

mombin L. Anacardiaceae Florida cylinder 1.25 4 20 41 2.1 thick leathery smooth skin Smooth

Monkeyfruit

Artocarpus 

lacucha Buch.-

Ham.

Moraceae No data sphere 6 904 452 0.5 The skin is 

velvety

Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

44

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Monos 

plum

Pseudanamomis 

umbellulifera 

(Kunth) Kausel

Myrtaceae

Cultivated 

and 

naturalized in 

Puerto Rico, 

Florida

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 thin smooth skin Smooth

Mountain 

cherry

Bunchosia 

cornifolia Kunth Malpighiaceae No data cylinder 0.75 3 5 18 3.3 thin smooth skin Smooth

Nance

Byrsonima 

crassifolia (L.) 

Kunth

Malpighiaceae Puerto Rico sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2 thin smooth skin Smooth

Natal plum

Carissa 

macrocarpa

(Eckl.) A.DC

Apocynaceae

home 

plantings in 

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii and 

the Gulf 

States

cylinder 2 6.25 79 104 1.3

smooth and 

tender and is 

coated with a 

thin, whitish 

wax bloom 

when ripe

Smooth

Noni Morinda 

citrifolia L. Rubiaceae

Hawaii, 

Samoa, 

Puerto Rico, 

U.S. Virgin 

Islands, the 

Florida Keys

cylinder 3.75 14 618 418 0.7

bumpy skin 

texture, mainly 

used for juice or 

fermented, not 

peeled

Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

45

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Olive

Olea europaea

L. 

subsp.europaea

Oleaceae

Commercially 

grown in 

California; 

most 

production 

occurs

California’s 

Central 

Valley; some 

production 

occurs outside 

Phoenix, 

Arizona

cylinder 1 4 13 31 2.5 smooth skin Smooth

Papaya, 

Mountain

Vasconcellea 

pubescens A. 

DC.

Caricaceae

Limited. 

Grown in 

California

cylinder 4 20 1005 603 0.6 skin is smooth, 

tough

Smooth

Patauá Oenocarpus 

bataua Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 pear shaped Smooth

Peach Palm

Bactris gasipaes 

Kunth var.

gasipaes

Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2 pear shaped Smooth

Persimmon 

Black

Diospyros 

texana Scheele Ebenaceae Texas sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth

Persimmon 

Japanese

Diospyros kaki 

Thunb. Ebenaceae

Florida, 

California; 

southern 

states

sphere 5 523 314 0.6

skin is smooth, 

glossy, thin and 

tough

Smooth

Pitomba

Eugenia 

luschnathiana 

Klotzsch ex O. 

Berg

Myrtaceae

A few 

specimens 

have been 

grown in 

southern 

Florida

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 skin is thin and 

tender Smooth

Plum-ofMartiniqueFlacourtia 

inermis

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae) No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth
Page	

46

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Pomerac

Syzygium 

malaccense (L.) 

Merr. & L.M. 

Perry

Myrtaceae Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico cone 3.75 10 147 170 1.2

skin is thin, 

smooth and 

waxy

Smooth

Rambai

Baccaurea 

motleyana 

(Mull. Arg.) 

Mull. Arg.

Phyllanthaceae No data cylinder 2 4.5 57 82 1.4 skin is thin and 

leathery

Rough or 

Hairy

Rose apple

Syzygium 

jambos (L.) 

Alston

Myrtaceae

Florida, 

Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico, 

Virgin 

Islands; 

naturalized in 

the 

Southeastern 

United States; 

grown as an 

ornamental in 

California

cylinder 2 5 63 88 1.4 smooth and thin Smooth

Rukam Flacourtia 

rukam

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae) No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth

Rumberry

Myrciaria dubia

(Kunth) Mc 

Vaugh

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 leathery skin Smooth

Sea grape Coccoloba 

uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae

Home 

gardens along 

the Gulf 

Coast; 

Florida; 

ornamental in 

Hawaii

sphere 1 4 13 3.0 skin is 

pubescent

Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

47

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Sentul

Sandoricum 

koetjape (Burm. 

F.) Merr.

Meliaceae Grows well in 

South Florida sphere 5 523 314 0.6

fruit is globose 

or oblate with 

wrinkles 

extending a 

short distance 

from the base. 

The rind is 

downy

Rough or 

Hairy

Setecapotes

Campomanesia 

guazumifolia 

(Cambess.) O. 

Berg

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 velvety skin Rough or 

Hairy

Silver aspen Acronychia 

wilcoxiana Rutaceae No data sphere 1 4 13 3.0 ribbed shiny fruit Smooth
Page	

48

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Starfruit Averrhoa 

carambola L.

Oxalidaceae (also 

placed in 

Averrhoaceae)

The majority 

of domestic 

production is 

from Florida. 

Fruit from 

Hawaii must 

be treated 

prior to 

shipment to 

the mainland. 

Guam in 

1992; some 

production 

occurs in 

California

cylinder 4.5 16 1017 579 0.6 skin is thin, 

waxy

Smooth

Surinam 

cherry

Eugenia uniflora

L. Myrtaceae

Hawaii, 

California and 

Florida as a 

small bushlike tree or 

hedge; 

naturalized in 

the 

Southeastern 

United States, 

Puerto Rico, 

Samoa, and 

the U.S. 

Virgin 

Islands; 

sphere 2 33 50 1.5

ribbed, thin 

smooth shiny 

skin

Smooth
Page	

49

Table 1. All Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max 

Radius 

(cm)

Max 

Height 

(cm)

Est Vol 

(cm3)

Est 

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Tamarind Tamarindus 

indica L.

Fabaceae (alt. 

Leguminosae); (also 

placed in 

Caesalpiniaceae)

New Mexico, 

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico. 

For the most 

part, tamarind 

production is 

of minor 

importance in 

the US 

cylinder 1.6 18 145 1470 10.2

mature pod is 

minutely scaly, 

rusty, velvety, 

indehiscent, 

constricted 

between seeds 

and brittle

Rough or 

Hairy

Uvalha Eugenia 

pyriformis Myrtaceae Florida sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2 thin smooth skin Smooth

Water 

apple

Syzygium 

aqueum (Burm. 

F.) Alston

Myrtaceae Hawaii cone 2.25 2 11 37 3.5 pear-shaped, 

waxy

Smooth

Water pear Syzygium 

guineense Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 black shiny Smooth

Water

berry

Syzygium 

cordatum Myrtaceae No data cone 1.25 3.5 6 19 3.4 pear shaped waxy

Smooth

Wax jambu

Syzygium 

samarangense 

(Blume) Merr. & 

L.M. Perry

Myrtaceae Florida cone 2.5 5 33 64 1.9 pear-shaped, 

waxy

Smooth
Page	

50

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Bayberry, 

Red

Morella rubra 

Lour. Myricaceae

No data; 

grown for 

ornamental 

purposes

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

Dark red to 

purple-red fruit 

has a knobby 

surface

Rough or 

Hairy

Breadnut Brosimum 

alicastrum Sw. Moraceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

pericarp is thick, 

scaly and 

greenish-orange

Rough or 

Hairy

Arbutus 

Berry

Arbutus unedo

L. Ericaceae

North 

American 

Pacific Coast, 

the 

southwestern 

United States; 

grown as an 

ornamental in 

the deep 

south; 

northern 

Florida, 

southern 

California

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

Skin texture is 

rough and 

pebbled

Rough or 

Hairy

Cabeluda

Plinia glomerata 

(O. Berg) 

Amshoff

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 pubescent Rough or 

Hairy

Gooseberry 

Abyssinian

Dovyalis 

abyssinica (A. 

Rich.) Warb.

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae) No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 skin is thin and tender 

Rough or 

Hairy

Gooseberry 

Ceylon

Dovyalis 

hebecarpa 

(Gardner) Warb.

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae)

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

thin, bitter, 

coated with 

short velvety 

hairs, mostly 

used for jelly

Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

51

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Setecapotes

Campomanesia 

guazumifolia 

(Cambess.) O. 

Berg

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 velvety skin Rough or 

Hairy

Desert-date

Balanites 

aegyptiacus (L.) 

Delile

Zygophyllaceae (also 

placed in Balanitaceae) Puerto Rico cylinder 1 4 13 31 2.5 sticky date like fruit

Rough or 

Hairy

Kapundung

Baccaurea 

racemosa 

(Reinw.) Mull. 

Arg.

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae)

No data sphere 1.2 7 18 2.5 fine silvery hairs Rough or 

Hairy

Sea grape Coccoloba 

uvifera (L.) L. Polygonaceae

Home 

gardens along 

the Gulf 

Coast; 

Florida; 

ornamental in 

Hawaii

sphere 1 4 13 3.0 skin is 

pubescent

Rough or 

Hairy

Apak palm Brahea dulcis 

(Kunth) Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)

Texas, 

Arizona, 

California

cylinder 0.75 2 4 13 3.7 green to brown, 

hairy

Rough or 

Hairy

Appleberry Billardiera 

scandens Sm. Pittosporaceae No data cylinder 0.5 2.5 2 9 4.8 hairy peach like peel

Rough or 

Hairy

Acerola Malpighia 

emarginata DC. Malpighiaceae

Puerto Rico, 

Hawaii and 

Florida

sphere 1.75 22 38 1.7 thin glossy skin Smooth

Jelly palm Butia capitata 

(Mart.) Becc. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)

Landscape 

plant of the 

Southeastern 

United States 

and California

sphere 1.75 22 38 1.7 round or ovoid Smooth
Page	

52

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Chinese 

olive, black

Canarium 

tramdenum C. 

D. Dai& 

Yakovlev

Burseraceae No data cylinder 1.5 5 35 61 1.7

skin is smooth 

and purpleblackSmooth

Date Phoenix 

dactylifera L. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)

Coachella 

Valley, 

California, 

with some in 

Arizona

cylinder 1.25 7.5 37 69 1.9

oblong, 

elliptical, 

rounded or 

ovoid fruit 

Smooth

False 

sandalwood

Ximenia 

americana L. Olacaceae

Puerto Rico, 

U.S. Virgin 

Islands

cylinder 1.5 3.5 25 47 1.9

The skin of the 

fruit is thin and 

highly 

perishable

Smooth

Guabiroba

Campomanesia 

xanthocarpa O. 

Berg

Myrtaceae No data cylinder 1.25 6 29 57 1.9 resembles a 

small guava Smooth

Wax jambu

Syzygium 

samarangense 

(Blume) Merr. 

& L.M. Perry

Myrtaceae Florida cone 2.5 5 33 64 1.9 pear-shaped, 

waxy

Smooth

Jambolan

Syzygium 

cumini (L.) 

Skeels

Myrtaceae

Cultivated 

and 

naturalized in 

the 

Southeastern 

United States, 

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii and 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 1.25 5 25 49 2.0 thin smooth 

glossy Smooth

African plum Vitex doniana 

Sweet

Lamiaceae (alt. 

Labiatae) (also placed in 

Verbenaceae)

No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth and 

shiny Smooth
Page	

53

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Cherry-ofthe-RioGrandeEugenia 

aggregata 

(Vell.) Kiaersk.

Myrtaceae

Grown in 

Southern 

Florida

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth and 

shiny Smooth

Cocoplum Chrysobalanus 

icaco L. Chrysobalanaceae Florida, Puerto Rico sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

The thin skin 

changes from 

green to 

pinkish-white to 

brownish purple 

to black when 

ripe and 

resemble plums. 

Smooth

Governor's 

plum

Flacourtia indica

(Burm. F.) Merr.

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae)

Home 

gardens, 

Florida; 

occasionally 

planted in 

Puerto Rico 

and the Virgin 

Islands

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0

round to ovoid 

berries, fruit is 

tipped by 5 to 6 

short radiating 

styles

Smooth

Grumichama Eugenia 

brasiliensis Lam Myrtaceae Hawaii sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 fragile like grape skin Smooth

Guava, 

Brazilian

Psidium 

guineense Sw. Myrtaceae Southern California sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth peel Smooth

Guava, Costa 

Rican

Psidium 

friedrichsthalian

um (O. Berg) 

Nied.

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 smooth peel Smooth

Monos plum

Pseudanamomis 

umbellulifera 

(Kunth) Kausel

Myrtaceae

Cultivated 

and 

naturalized in 

Puerto Rico, 

Florida

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 thin smooth skin Smooth
Page	

54

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Pitomba

Eugenia 

luschnathiana 

Klotzsch ex O. 

Berg

Myrtaceae

A few 

specimens 

have been 

grown in 

southern 

Florida

sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 skin is thin and 

tender Smooth

Rumberry

Myrciaria dubia

(Kunth) Mc 

Vaugh

Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 leathery skin Smooth

Water pear Syzygium 

guineense Myrtaceae No data sphere 1.5 14 28 2.0 black shiny Smooth

Chinese 

olive, white

Canarium album 

(Lour.) Raeusch. Burseraceae No data cylinder 1.25 4.5 22 45 2.0

ovoid to 

spindle-shaped 

drupes 

Smooth

Mombin, 

yellow

Spondias 

mombin L. Anacardiaceae Florida cylinder 1.25 4 20 41 2.1 thick leathery smooth skin Smooth

Ceylon 

olive

Elaeocarpus 

serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 smooth Smooth

Gooseberry 

Otaheite

Phyllanthus 

acidus (L.) 

Skeels

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae)

Grown in 

Florida and 

Hawaii in 

home 

gardens

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 waxy skin Smooth

Illawarra 

plum

Podocarpus 

elatus R. Br. Ex 

Endl.

Podocarpaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 waxy, berry-like Smooth

IndianplumFlacourtia 

jangomas

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae)

Florida, 

Puerto Rico sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth

Kaffir-plum

Harpephyllum 

caffrum Bernh. 

Ex C. Krauss

Anacardiaceae

Grown in the 

US; no yield 

data is 

available 

sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

plum-like ovalshaped fruit, 

skin is thin

Smooth
Page	

55

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Lemon 

aspen

Acronychia

acidula Rutaceae No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4

skin is waxy and 

contains small 

ridges

Smooth

Persimmon 

Black

Diospyros 

texana Scheele Ebenaceae Texas sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth

Plum-ofMartiniqueFlacourtia 

inermis

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae) No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth

Rukam Flacourtia 

rukam

Salicaceae (also placed 

in Flacourtiaceae) No data sphere 1.25 8 20 2.4 Smooth

Olive

Olea europaea

L. 

subsp.europaea

Oleaceae

Commercially 

grown in 

California; 

most 

production 

occurs 

California’s 

Central 

Valley; some 

production 

occurs outside 

Phoenix, 

Arizona

cylinder 1 4 13 31 2.5 smooth skin Smooth

Karanda Carissa 

carandas L. Apocynaceae

Cultivated in 

a limted way 

in Florida and 

California and 

in some 

experimental 

gardens in 

Trinidad and 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 1 2.5 8 22 2.8

smooth, glossy 

skin is thin but 

tough and turns 

from a purplishred to darkpurple or black 

when ripe

Smooth

Açaí Euterpe

oleracea Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae No data sphere 1 4 13 3.0 smooth with thin 

oily coating Smooth
Page	

56

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Bacaba 

palm

Oenocarpus 

bacaba Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 1 4 13 3.0

purple-black 

fruits, smooth 

skinned

Smooth

Silver aspen Acronychia 

wilcoxiana Rutaceae No data sphere 1 4 13 3.0 ribbed shiny fruit Smooth

Mountain 

cherry

Bunchosia 

cornifolia Kunth Malpighiaceae No data cylinder 0.75 3 5 18 3.3 thin smooth skin Smooth

Water

berry

Syzygium 

cordatum Myrtaceae No data cone 1.25 3.5 6 19 3.4 pear shaped waxy

Smooth

Water 

apple

Syzygium 

aqueum (Burm. 

F.) Alston

Myrtaceae Hawaii cone 2.25 2 11 37 3.5 pear-shaped, 

waxy

Smooth

Jujube, 

Chinese

Ziziphus jujuba

Mill. Rhamnaceae

Minor 

production. 

Trees are 

planted in 

home gardens 

in the 

Southern 

states; trees 

have become 

weedy in 

some states

cylinder 0.65 3 4 15 3.7

skin is smooth 

or rough, glossy, 

thin but tough; 

most photos 

show smooth 

skin until 

harvest and 

then wrinkled 

when dried

Smooth

Guava 

berry

Myrciaria 

floribunda (H. 

West ex Willd.) 

O. Berg

Myrtaceae

Puerto Rico, 

the Virgin 

Islands; 

experimental 

plants are 

grown in 

Hawaii and 

Florida

sphere 0.8 2 8 3.8

rough glandular 

spots but overall 

smooth skin

Smooth

Almondette Buchanania 

lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae No data sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0 hard, grey to black drupe Smooth
Page	

57

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

CarandasplumCarissa edulis 

Vahl Apocynaceae No data sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0

purple-black 

fruit is a solitary 

berry that is 

ovoid to 

spherical

Smooth

Fragrant 

Manjack

Cordia 

dichotoma G. 

Forst.

Boraginaceae No data sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0 Smooth

Guayabillo

Psidium 

sartorianum (O.

Berg) Nied. 

Myrtaceae Southern 

California sphere 0.75 2 7 4.0 smooth peel Smooth

Kakadu 

plum

Terminalia 

latipes Benth. 

Subsp.

psilocarpa 

Pedley

Combretaceae No data cylinder 0.5 3 2 11 4.7 smooth skin Smooth

JamaicacherryMuntingia 

calabura L.

Muntingiaceae (also 

placed in 

Elaeocarpaceae, 

Tiliaceae)

Florida, 

Hawaii sphere 0.625 1 5 4.8 smooth, thin 

and tender Smooth

Agritos

Berberis 

trifoliolata 

Moric.

Berberidaceae

New Mexico, 

Texas, 

Arizona

sphere 0.6 1 5 5.0

subglobose to 

globose bright 

red berry, 

smooth skin

Smooth

Bacaba-delequeOenocarpus 

distichus Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 0.5 1 3 6.0 purple-black 

fruits Smooth

Ceylon iron 

wood

Manilkara 

hexandra 

(Roxb.) Dubard

Sapotaceae No data cylinder 0.4 1.5 1 5 6.3

reddish-yellow 

to yellow 

berries that are 

obovoid-oblong 

or ellipsoid in 

shape

Smooth
Page	

58

Table 2. Small Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name Scientific Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Bignay

Antidesma 

bunius (L.) 

Spreng.

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae, 

Stilaginaceae)

Florida sphere 0.4 0.3 2 7.5 Skin is thin and 

tough Smooth

Chirauli-nut

Buchanania 

latifolia Roxb.

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 0.3 0.9 0.3 2 8.9

oblong ovoid 

drupe that turns 

black when ripe

Smooth
Page	

59

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Monkeyfruit

Artocarpus 

lacucha Buch.-

Ham.

Moraceae No data sphere 6 904 452 0.5 The skin is 

velvety

Rough or 

Hairy

Sentul

Sandoricum 

koetjape

(Burm. F.) 

Merr.

Meliaceae Grows well in 

South Florida sphere 5 523 314 0.6

fruit is globose 

or oblate with 

wrinkles 

extending a 

short distance 

from the base. 

The rind is 

downy

Rough or 

Hairy

Noni Morinda 

citrifolia L. Rubiaceae

Hawaii, 

Samoa, 

Puerto Rico, 

U.S. Virgin 

Islands, the 

Florida Keys

cylinder 3.75 14 618 418 0.7

bumpy skin 

texture, mainly 

used for juice or 

fermented, not 

peeled

Rough or 

Hairy

Kwai muk

Artocarpus 

hypargyreus

Hance ex 

Benth.

Moraceae Florida sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2

skin is thin, 

tender and 

contains velvety 

brown hairs

Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

60

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Carob Ceratonia 

siliqua L.

Fabaceae (alt. 

Leguminosae) (also 

placed in 

Caesalpiniaceae)

Numerous 

scattered 

trees are 

found in 

semitropical 

areas. 

Adapted to 

Southern 

California in 

the foothills 

and in the 

desert. Carob 

trees are 

planted in 

Texas, 

Arizona, 

California, 

and Florida

cylinder 1.75 30 288 349 1.2 glossy, tough 

and fibrous

Rough or 

Hairy

Rambai

Baccaurea 

motleyana 

(Mull. Arg.) 

Mull. Arg.

Phyllanthaceae No data cylinder 2 4.5 57 82 1.4 skin is thin and 

leathery

Rough or 

Hairy

Tamarind Tamarindus 

indica L.

Fabaceae (alt. 

Leguminosae); (also 

placed in 

Caesalpiniaceae)

New Mexico, 

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico. 

For the most 

part, tamarind 

production is 

of minor 

importance in 

the US 

cylinder 1.6 18 145 197 1.4

mature pod is 

minutely scaly, 

rusty, velvety, 

indehiscent, 

constricted 

between seeds 

and brittle

Rough or 

Hairy
Page	

61

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Babaco

Vasconcellea x 

heilbornii (V. 

M. Badillo) V. 

M. Badillo

Caricaceae California cylinder 10 40 12560 3140 0.3 Smooth

Arazá 

Eugenia 

stipitata 

McVaugh

Myrtaceae No data sphere 6 904 452 0.5 skin is shiny Smooth

Starfruit Averrhoa 

carambola L.

Oxalidaceae (also 

placed in 

Averrhoaceae)

The majority 

of domestic 

production is 

from Florida. 

Fruit from 

Hawaii must 

be treated 

prior to 

shipment to 

the mainland. 

Guam in 

1992; some 

production 

occurs in 

California

cylinder 4.5 16 1017 579 0.6 skin is thin, waxy Smooth

Guava Psidium 

guajava L. Myrtaceae

Florida, 

Guam, 

Hawaii, 

California and 

Puerto Rico

sphere 5 523 314 0.6 smooth to 

rough, thin Smooth

Papaya, 

Mountain

Vasconcellea 

pubescens A. 

DC.

Caricaceae

Limited. 

Grown in 

California

cylinder 4 20 1005 603 0.6 skin is smooth, 

tough Smooth

Persimmon, 

Japanese

Diospyros kaki 

Thunb. Ebenaceae

Florida, 

California; 

southern 

states

sphere 5 523 314 0.6

skin is smooth, 

glossy, thin and 

tough

Smooth
Page	

62

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Ambarella

Spondias dulcis 

Sol. ex 

Parkinson

Anacardiaceae

Home 

gardens; 

Hawaii, 

Florida, 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 4 10 502 352 0.7

skin is thick, 

tough and 

russetted

Smooth

Guava, Para

Psidium 

acutangulum

DC. 

Myrtaceae No data sphere 4 268 201 0.8 leathery peel Smooth

Bilimbi Averrhoa 

bilimbi L.

Oxalidaceae (also 

placed in 

Averrhoaceae)

Limited 

production in 

southern 

Florida, 

Puerto Rico 

and Hawaii

cylinder 2.5 10 196 196 1.0

skin is glossy, 

smooth, thin, 

soft and tender

Smooth

Gooseberry, 

Indian

Phyllanthus 

emblica L.

Phyllanthaceae (also 

placed in 

Euphorbiaceae)

Puerto Rico sphere 3 113 113 1.0

thin, hard 

translucent 

smooth skin

Smooth

Mangaba

Hancornia 

speciosa

Gomes

Apocynaceae No data sphere 3 113 113 1.0 thin smooth skin Smooth

Doum palm 

coconut

Hyphaene 

thebaica (L.) 

Mart.

Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data cylinder 2.5 8 157 165 1.1 Smooth

Marian plum

Bouea 

macrophylla 

Griff.

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 2.5 7 137 149 1.1

skin is thin, 

smooth, brittle 

and edible

Smooth

Cambucá Marlierea 

edulis Nied. Myrtaceae

Some 

seedlings 

were planted 

in 1993 in 

Florida and 

Hawaii

sphere 2.75 7 87 95 1.1

skin is leathery, 

thin and 

contains many 

slightly raised 

longitudinal 

ridges

Smooth
Page	

63

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Davidson's 

plum

Davidsonia 

pruriens F. 

Muell.

Cunoniaceae (also 

placed in 

Davidsoniaceae

No data cylinder 2.5 6 118 133 1.1

Bluish-black fruit 

is a laterally 

compressed

Smooth

Pomerac

Syzygium 

malaccense (L.) 

Merr. & L.M. 

Perry

Myrtaceae Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico cone 3.75 10 147 170 1.2

skin is thin, 

smooth and 

waxy

Smooth

Nance

Byrsonima 

crassifolia (L.) 

Kunth

Malpighiaceae Puerto Rico sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2 thin smooth skin Smooth

Peach Palm

Bactris 

gasipaes Kunth 

var. gasipaes

Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2 pear shaped Smooth

Uvalha Eugenia 

pyriformis Myrtaceae Florida sphere 2.5 65 79 1.2 thin smooth skin Smooth

Jujube, 

Indian

Ziziphus 

mauritiana

Lam.

Rhamnaceae

Ornamental in 

Hawaii; 

Southern 

Florida, 

Puerto Rico

cylinder 2.25 6.25 99 120 1.2

skin smooth or 

rough, glossy, 

thin but tough, 

most photos 

show smooth 

fruit

Smooth

Mombin, 

Malayan

Spondias 

pinnata (J. 

Koenig ex L. f.) 

Kurz

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 2.25 5 79 102 1.3

oblong to 

ellipsoid drupe, 

smooth and 

thick skinned

Smooth
Page	

64

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Natal plum

Carissa 

macrocarpa

(Eckl.) A.DC

Apocynaceae

home 

plantings in 

Florida, 

California, 

Hawaii and 

the Gulf 

States

cylinder 2 6.25 79 104 1.3

smooth and 

tender and is 

coated with a 

thin, whitish wax 

bloom when ripe

Smooth

Fig Ficus carica L. Moraceae

Almost all of 

the 

commercial 

production is 

in California. 

Figs are also 

grown in 

home 

gardens 

throughout 

the southern 

states; 

naturalized in 

the United 

States; Hawaii

cone 3 10 94 126 1.3 Smooth

Feijoa

Acca 

sellowiana (O. 

Berg) Burret

Myrtaceae

Commercial 

production in 

California. 

Scattered 

trees have 

been planted 

in Florida and 

Hawaii

cylinder 2 5 63 88 1.4 waxy bloom Smooth
Page	

65

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Rose apple

Syzygium 

jambos (L.) 

Alston

Myrtaceae

Florida, 

Hawaii, 

Puerto Rico, 

Virgin 

Islands; 

naturalized in 

the 

Southeastern 

United States; 

grown as an 

ornamental in 

California

cylinder 2 5 63 88 1.4 smooth and thin Smooth

Ciruela 

verde

Bunchosia 

armeniaca 

(Cav.) DC.

Malpighiaceae No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth skin Smooth

Guava, 

cattley

Psidium 

cattleianum 

Sabine

Myrtaceae

Hawaii, 

southern and 

central 

Florida, 

southern 

California; 

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin peel Smooth

Guava, 

purple 

strawberry

Psidium 

cattleianum

Sabine var. 

cattleianum 

Myrtaceae No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin peel Smooth

Guava, 

strawberry

Psidium 

cattleianum

Sabine var. 

littorale

(Raddi) 

Fosberg 

Myrtaceae No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin peel Smooth
Page	

66

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm3)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Guava, 

yellow 

strawberry

Psidium 

cattleianum

Sabine var. 

cattleianum 

forma lucidum 

O. Deg. 

Myrtaceae

yellow 

strawberry 

guava is 

cultivated in 

Hawaii

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth thin peel Smooth

Imbé

Garcinia 

livingstonei T. 

Anderson

Clusiaceae (alt. 

Guttiferae) Florida sphere 2 33 50 1.5 skin is smooth & thin Smooth

Imbu

Spondias 

tuberosa

Arruda ex Kost.

Anacardiaceae

Minor 

production in 

South Florida

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth, thick, 

tough skin Smooth

Jaboticaba

Myrciaria 

cauliflora

(Mart.) O. Berg

Myrtaceae

Some 

production in 

South Florida; 

California; 

used to make 

wine in 

Hawaii

sphere 2 33 50 1.5 smooth glossy 

tough skin Smooth

Patauá Oenocarpus 

bataua Mart. Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) No data sphere 2 33 50 1.5 pear shaped Smooth
Page	

67

Table 3. Medium to Large Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel - Sorted by Texture (continued)

Common 

Name

Scientific 

Name Family

Production 

US Shape

Max

Radius 

(cm)

Max

Height 

(cm)

Est

Volume 

(cm

3

)

Est

Surface 

Area 

(cm2) SA : M

Texture 

Description Peel Texture

Surinam 

cherry

Eugenia 

uniflora L. Myrtaceae

Hawaii, 

California and 

Florida as a 

small bushlike tree or 

hedge; 

naturalized in 

the 

Southeastern 

United States, 

Puerto Rico, 

Samoa, and 

the U.S. 

Virgin 

Islands; 

sphere 2 33 50 1.5

ribbed, thin 

smooth shiny 

skin

Smooth

Cashew Anacardium 

occidentale L. Anacardiaceae No data cone 2.5 10 65 100 1.5

skin of the 

cashew apple is 

waxy

Smooth

Mombin, 

purple

Spondias 

purpurea L. Anacardiaceae Florida cylinder 1.75 5 48 74 1.5 skin glossy and firm Smooth

Cajou (fruit)

Anacardium 

giganteum 

Hance ex Engl.

Anacardiaceae No data cylinder 2.5 7 137 149 1.1

small, juicy, 

edible peduncle, 

smooth and 

shiny 

Smooth
Page	

68

ATTACHMENT 2. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL 
Page	

69

Tropical/Subtropical Tree and Small Fruits

(Edible and Inedible Peels) 

Workgroup # 4

IR-4/USDA Crop Grouping Symposium

7-8 October 2002

Arlington, Virginia

Chair: Michael Braverman

Co-Chairs: Jonathan Crane, Nancy Dodd, Will Donovan, Edith Lurvey, Maria Rodriguez

Workgroup #4’s mission was to review, evaluate and validate the established Crop Group #10, and the proposed Crop 

Groups D, E and M to include additional Crops.

Note: The established Crop Groups reflected the US EPA’s 40 CFR 180.41, Health Canada’s Pest Management 

Regulatory Agency’s Directive 98-02, and Mexico’s crop Grouping System which are identical.
Page	70

Proposed Crop Group D: Tropical and Subtropical Fruits – Edible Peel

Current Crop Group

US = Miscellaneous Canada = None Codex = FT Mexico = None

Author’s Commodity List (Greenbook)

Greenbook monograph number follows the crop name

Validation:

Yes or No

Acerola (003) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY* Y

Ambarella (017) INEDIBLE PEEL. AVOCADO, BANANA, PAPAYA NO.

MOVE TO CG E

Blimbe (075) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Carob bean (127) FIG Y

Cashew apple (130) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) (305, 306) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

Date (220) FIG Y

Fig (243) FIG Y

Guava (273) GUAVA Y

Imbu (294) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Jaboticaba (298) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

Jujube (305, 306) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

Jujube/Indian (306) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

Natal plum (402) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Olive (418) (MOVE TO OILSEED) NO

Otaheite gooseberry (431) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

Papaya/Mountain (438) PAPAYA Y

Pejibaye-Peach palm (Guilielma gasipaes=Bactris gasipaes) (432) FIG Y

Persimmon (468) GUAVA Y

Pomerac (487) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Purple mombin (Spondias purpurea L.) (017) JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

Rose apple (514) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Sentul (541) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Starfruit (578) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Surinam cherry (589) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

Yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) (017) GUAVA/PERSIMMON Y

See Work sheets for additions to proposed Crop Group D

*Caps (crops) signify the representative crop(s) associated with the entry.
Page	71

Proposed Subgroups for Group D

WENT CROP BY CROP (ABOVE) AND ADDED TO GROUP

Proposed Subgroup: Da

Rep. 

Commodities

Commodities Validate:Y/N

Guava and 

Raisin

Acerola; Ambarella; Blimbe; Carob bean; Cashew apple; Date; Fig; Guava; Imbu; Jaboticaba; Jujube; 

Jujube/Indian; Natal plum; Olive; Otaheite gooseberry; Papaya/Mountain; Persimmon; Pomerac; Rose apple; 

Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Noni; Purple mombin; Yellow mombin; Chinese jujube; Bignay 

NO*

Proposed Subgroup: Db

Rep. 

Commodities

Commodities Validate:Y/N

Raisin Olive; Fig; Date; Carob bean

NO*

Proposed Subgroup: Dc

Rep. 

Commodities

Commodities Validate:Y/N

Guava Acerola; Ambarella; Blimbe; Carob bean; Cashew apple; Guava; Imbu; Jaboticaba; Jujube; Jujube/Indian; Natal 

plum; Otaheite gooseberry; Papaya/Mountain; Persimmon; Pomerac; Rose apple; Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam 

cherry; Noni; Purple mombin; Yellow mombin; Chinese jujube, Feijoa; Wax Jambu; Passionfruit NO*

*SEE ATTACHED TABLES
Page	72

Workgroup Worksheet 

Workgroup #: ___4______________ Crop Group: D (Tropical/Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel)

Additions to Proposed Crop Groups and Subgroups

Common 

Name

Scientific Name Group/SG 

Placement Rep Crop

Edible 

Part

Person(s) 

Requesting

Comments Validate: 

Y/N

D.1 Craboo Byrsonima crassifolia

(Malpighiaceae)

D guava

JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit 

(edible 

peel)

Mexico NANCE

Cherry-sized fruit eaten 

raw, etc.

Y

D.2 Jamaica 

Cherry

Muntingia calabura

(Elaeocarpaceae)

D guava

JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit 

(edible 

peel)

IR-4 Panama berry

Strawberry Tree

Capulin

Y

D.3 Riberry Suzygium SYZYGIUM 

luehmannii

(Myrtaceae)

D Guava Fruit G. Burlow

(Australia)

Clove flavor (spice) AI

D.4 Native 

Pepper

Kunzea pomifera

(Leptospermaceae)

D Guava Fruit G. Burlow

(Australia)

Native apple (spice) MOVE TO 

SPICE

D.5 

Davidson’s 

Plum

Davidsonia pruriens

(Davidsoniaceae)

D Guava Fruit G. Burlow

(Australia)

AI

D.6 Illawarra 

Plum

Podocarpus elatus

(Podocarpaceae)

D guava

JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit G. Burlow

(Australia)

Resembles a grape AI

D.7 Kakadu 

Plum

Terminalia ferdinandiana

(Combretaceae)

D Guava Fruit G. Burlow

(Australia)

Resembles a 

gooseberry

AI

D.8 Noni Morinda citrifolia

(Rubiaceae)

D Guava Fruit M. Kawate (HI) Indian Mulberry Y

D.9 Bignay Antidesma bunius

(Euphorbiaceae)

Da JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman Y

D.10 Cajou Anacardium giganteum 

(Anacardiaceae)

D guava

JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman Y
Page	73

D.11 Guava 

Berry Myrciaria floribunda

(Myrtaceae)

D guava

JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman Y

D.12 Uvalha

Eugenia uvalha

(Myrtaceae)

D Guava Fruit M. Braverman

(Brazil)

Y

D.13 Monos 

Plum

Pseudanamomis 

umbellifera 

(Myrtaceae)

D guava

JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman

(Puerto Rico)

Y

D.14 Jelly 

Palm

Butia capitata

(Arecaceae)

D Guava FIG Fruit 

(eaten 

fresh)

M. Braverman

(Brazil)

Y

D.15 Cherry 

of the Rio 

Grande

Eugenia aggregata

(Myricaceae)

D JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Brazil Y

D.16 Brazil 

Cherry

Eugenia dombeyi

(Myricaceae)

D JUJUBE OR

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Size of cherry Y

D.17

Pitomba

Eugenia luschnatheanus

(Myrtaceae)

D JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Y

D.18 Black 

Plum

Vitex doniana

(Verbenaceae)

D JUJUBE OR 

SURINAM CHERRY

Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

African plum Y

D.19 Apple 

Rose

Rosa villosa

(Rosaceae)

D Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Leaves for tea

MOVE TO GROUP H

AI

D. 20 

Akebia

Akebua quinata 

(Lardiz abalaceae)

D Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

AI

D.21 Amra Spondias mangifera 

(Anacardiaceae)

D Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

AI

D.22 

Appleberry

Billardiera scandens

(Pistiaceae)

D Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Australia AI

D.23 

Arkurbal

Willughbeia angustifloia

(Apocynaceae)

D Fruit M. Braverman

(IR-4)

Kubal Madu AI
Page	74

ADDITIONS TO PROPOSED CROP GROUP D BY WORKGROUP # 4

Common Name Scientific Name Group/SG 

Placemen

t

Rep Crop Edible 

Part

Person(s) 

Requestin

g

Comment

s

Validate

: Y/N

SEA GRAPE COCOLOBA UVIFERA D JUJUBE J. CRANE Y

CATALEYA 

GUAVA

PSIDIUM CATTLEIANUM D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

COSTA RICAN

GUAVA

PSIDIUM 

FRIEDRICHSTHALUANUM

D GUAVA/PERSIMMON J. CRANE Y

PUERTO 

RICAN GUAVA

PSIDIUM

MICROPHYLLUM

D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

WATERROSE 

APPLE

SYZYGIUM AQUEUM D GUAVA J. CRANE Y

WATERBERRY

SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

LOQUAT ERIOBRYTA JAPONICA D JUJUBE 0R SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

AFRICAN PLUM VITEX DONIANA D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

HOGPLUM

AMBRA

SPONDIUS PINATA D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

PARA GUAVA BRITOA ACIDA D GUAVA/PERSIMMON J. CRANE Y

HERBERT 

RIVER 

CHERRY

ANTIDESMA 

DALLACHYAMUM

D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY J. CRANE Y

GAOLNUT ANACOLOSA 

FRUTESCENS

D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA SEE 

WIERSEM

A ARS 

LIST FOR 

SN, ETC.

AI

BURMESE 

GRAPE

KAPUNDUNG

BACCAUREA SP. D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y
Page	75

PALMYRA 

PALM

BORASSUS FLABELLIFER D FIG WIERSEMA Y

PASSIFLORA + HYBRIDS D GUAVA OR PERSIMMON WIERSEMA Y

PHYLLANATUS EMBLICA D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

PITHECELLOBIUM DULCE D FIG WIERSEMA Y

PSIDIUM SP. + HYBRIDS D GUAVA OR PERSIMMON WIERSEMA Y

MIRACLE 

FRUIT

SUNSEPALUM 

DULCIFICUM

D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

VELVET 

TAMARIND

DIALIUM GUINEENSE D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

DIALIUM INDUM D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

DILLENIA 

PHILIPPENENSIS

D AI

DISPYROS SP. D GUAVA OR PERSIMMON WIERSEMA Y

EUGENIA SPPS D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

AISEN BOSCIA SENEGALENSIS D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

ALMONDETTE BUCHANANIA LANZAN D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

CHIRAULI-NUT BUCHANANIA LATIFOLIA D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

CIRUELA 

VERDE

BUNCHOSIA ARMENIACA D GUAVA WIERSEMA Y

CHINESE 

WHITE OLIVE

CANARIUM SP. D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

KARANDA CARISSA CARANDAS D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY Y

EGYPTIAN 

CARISSA

CARISSA EDULIS D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

COCO PALM CRYSOBALANUS ICACO D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

WAMPI CLAUSENA LANSIUM D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

JAVA PLUM SYZYGIUM CUMINI D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

TAMARIND OF 

THE ANDES

VANGUERIA 

MADAGASCARIENSIS

D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y

TALLOWOOD XIMENIA AMERICANA D JUJUBE OR SURINAM CHERRY WIERSEMA Y
Page	76

Rep. Crop Commodities Comments

Tropical fruit Lychee, 

Banana, 

Pineapple, 

Guava or 

Persimmon 

(Japanese) 

Jujube or 

Surinam 

Cherry

Sugar apple, cherimoya, atemoya, custard apple, ilama, soursop, biriba, paw paw, 

Spanish lime, Langsat, Poshte, All species of the genus Annona and their hybrids, 

lychee, longan, Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, Akee, papaya, star apple, black 

sapote, mango, horse mango (all species of Mangifera and their hybrids) sapodilla, 

canistel, mamey sapote, abiu, Ambarella, Mamey apple, Mangosteen, 

Pomegranate, green sapote, Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir plum, 

Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun sapote, white sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids 

of these. Banana (All Musa species and their hybrids), Avocado, Pineapple, 

jackfruit, durian, breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang, Monkeyfruit, 

Screwpine, Pandanus, Jujube, Chinese jujube, Indian jujube, Surinam cherry (All 

Eugenia spp. and their hybrids), Acerola, Jaboticaba, Purple mombin, Yellow 

mombin, Governor’s Plum, Imbe, Craboo, Jamaica cherry, Bignay, Cajou, Guava 

berry, Monos plum, Cherry of the Rio Grande, Brazil cherry, Pitomba, Black 

plum(Vitex doniana), Abyssinian Gooseberry, Ceylon Gooseberry, Vitex doniana, 

Florida gooseberry, Kei apple, Maya breadfruit, Chinese white olive, Karanda, 

Egyptian carissa, Coco plum, Wampi, Aisen, Almondette, Chirauli nut, Galonut, 

Burmese grape, Kapundung, Phyllanthus emblica, Miracle fruit, Velvet tamarind, 

Dialium indum, Java plum, Tamarind of the Andes, Tallowood, Waterberry, Loquat, 

African plum, Hog plum or Ambra, Herbert river cherry, Seagrape, Cattley guava, 

Puerto Rican Guava, Figs, dates, carob bean, Pejibaye-Peach palm, Jelly palm, 

Sataw, Tamarind and other Palmae fruit, Salak, Palmyra palm fruit, Toddy palm 

fruit, Pithecellobium dulce
Page	77

A.Tropical 

fruit inedible 

peel 

subgroup

Lychee, 

Avocado, 

Banana, 

Pineapple

Sugar apple, cherimoya, atemoya, custard apple, ilama, soursop, biriba, paw paw, 

Spanish lime, Langsat, Poshte, All species of the genus Annona and their hybrids, 

lychee, longan, Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, Akee, papaya, star apple, black 

sapote, mango, horse mango (all species of Mangifera and their hybrids) sapodilla, 

canistel, mamey sapote, abiu, Ambarella, Mamey apple, Mangosteen, 

Pomegranate, green sapote, Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir plum, 

Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun sapote, white sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids 

of these. Banana (All Musa species and their hybrids), Avocado, Pineapple, 

jackfruit, durian, breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang, Monkeyfruit, 

Screwpine, Pandanus

Utilizes the smallest 

rough skin fruit to cover 

worst case residues plus 

the two largest 

consumption fruit to cover 

all tropical inedible peel 

fruit. Avocado is still 

included to cover 

California and to cover 

intermediate sized fruit.

B. Inedible 

peel Sugar 

apple 

Subgroup

Sugar apple Sugar apple, cherimoya, atemoya, custard apple, ilama, soursop, biriba, paw paw, 

Spanish lime, Langsat, Poshte, All species of the genus Annona and their hybrids

Most crops in the 

Annonaceae; similar 

gross morphology. 

Inedible peel medium 

size fruit with rough skin

C. Inedible 

peel Lychee 

subgroup

Lychee Lychee, longan, Spanish lime, rambutan, pulasan, Akee, langsat All crops in the 

Sapindaceae; inedible 

peel small size fruit with 

rough skin (except 

Spanish lime)

D. Inedible 

peel except 

Avocado 

and Banana 

subgroup

Papaya Papaya, star apple, black sapote, mango, horse mango (all species of Mangifera 

and their hybrids) sapodilla, canistel, mamey sapote, abiu, Ambarella, Mamey

apple, Mangosteen, Pomegranate, green sapote, 

Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir plum, Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun 

sapote, white sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids of these. 

All crop have inedible 

peel; smooth skin most 

corresponds to Codex 

classification

E. Inedible 

peel smooth 

skin except 

Papaya and 

Banana 

subgroup

Avocado Avocado, black sapote, star apple, canistel, mamey sapote, mango, , horse mango 

(all species of Mangifera and their hybrids) papaya, sapodilla, Ambarella, Mamey 

apple, Mangosteen

Pomegranate, green sapote , Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, Kaffir plum, 

Manilkara hexandra, Bael fruit, Sun sapote white sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids 

of these. NOTE: mamaey sapote and sapodilla do not have a smooth peel, it is 

scurfy.

All crop have inedible 

peel; smooth skin most 

corresponds to Codex 

classification
Page	78

F. Inedible 

peel smooth 

skin except 

Avocado 

and Papaya 

subgroup

Banana Banana (All Musa species and their hybrids), black sapote, star apple, canistel, 

mamey sapote, mango, , horse mango (all species of Mangifera and their hybrids) 

papaya, sapodilla, green sapote, Ambarella , ,Mamey apple, Mangosteen 

Pomegranate, Binjai, White star apple, Satinleaf, , Bael fruit, Sun sapote, white 

sapote (Casmiroa) and hybrids of these. NOTE: mamaey sapote and sapodilla 

do not have a smooth peel; it is scurfy.

All crop have inedible 

peel; smooth skin most 

corresponds to Codex 

classification

G. Inedible 

peel

Large 

aggregate 

fruit 

subgroup

Pineapple Pineapple, jackfruit, durian, breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang, 

Monkeyfruit, Screwpine, Pandanus

All crop have rough, 

bumpy, inedible peel

H. Inedible 

peel

Large 

aggregate 

fruit 

subgroup 

(except 

pineapple)

Jackfruit Jackfruit, durian, breadfruit, Monstera, Champadek, Marang, Monkeyfruit, 

Screwpine, Pandanus

All crop have inedible 

peel. Does not include 

pineapple and is for 

situations where the use 

pattern for pineapple 

does not fit the other 

crops in the group.

I. Edible 

peel Guava/

Persimmon 

subgroup 

Guava or 

Persimmon 

(Japanese)

Guava, Para Guava, Costa Rican Guava(All Psidium spp. and their hybrids), 

feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, star fruit, passion fruit, ( All Passiflora spp. and their 

hybrids), Japanese persimmon, common persimmon (All Diospyros spp. and their 

hybrids), Blimbe, Cashew apple, Imbu, Natal plum, Otaheite gooseberry, Mountain 

papaya, Pomerac, Rose apple, Sentul, Marmaladebox, Naranjilla, Noni, Uvalha, 

Lucmo, Gandaria, Maprang, Mabolo, Ciruela verde, Water Rose apple

Primarily edible peel; 

note/peel rarely 

contaminates Passiflora 

spp. during juicing 

smooth skin medium size 

fruit

J. Edible 

peel 

Jujube 

/Surinam 

cherry 

subgroup

Jujube or 

Surinam 

Cherry 

Jujube, Chinese jujube, Indian jujube, Surinam cherry (All Eugenia spp. and their 

hybrids), Acerola, Jaboticaba, Purple mombin, Yellow mombin, Governor’s Plum, 

Imbe, Craboo, Jamaica cherry, Bignay, Cajou, Guava berry, Monos plum, Cherry 

of the Rio Grande, Brazil cherry, Pitomba, Black plum (Vitex doniana), Abyssinian 

Gooseberry, Ceylon Gooseberry, Florida gooseberry, Kei apple, Maya breadfruit, 

Chinese white olive, Karanda, Egyptian carissa, Coco plum, Wampi, Aisen, 

Almondette, Chirauli nut, Galonut, Burmese grape, Kapundung, Phyllanthus 

emblica, Miracle fruit, Velvet tamarind, Dialium indum, Java plum, Tamarind of the 

Andes, Tallowood, Waterberry, Loquat, African plum, Hog plum or Ambra, Herbert 

river cherry, Seagrape, Cattley guava, Puerto Rican Guava, star fruit, wax jambu

All crops have edible peel 

or peel used in 

processing. Small, 

smooth skin 
Page	79

K. Palm and 

low moisture 

fruits 

subgroup

Fig Figs, dates, carob bean, Pejibaye-Peach palm, Jelly palm, Sataw, Tamarind , 

Salak, Palmyra palm fruit, Toddy palm fruit, Pithecellobium dulce and all other fruit 

of the family Palmae

Fruit of low moisture 
Page	80

ATTACHMENT 3. REFERENCES

Kenaga, E.E. Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides, Academic Press, NY, 1972.

Machlachlan, D.J. and D. Hamilton. A New Tool for the Evaluation of Crop Residue Trail Data 

(day-zero-plus decline). Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 27 (3), p 347-364, 2010.

Ripley, B.D., G.M. Ritcey, C.R. Harris, M.A. Denomme and L.I. Lissemore, Comoparative 

Persistence of Pesticides on Selected Cultivars of Specialty Vegetables, Journal of Agricultural 

and Food Chemistry, Vol. 51, p 1328-1335, 2003.

Schneider, B.A., How to Best Use and Develop Crop Groups, IR-4/USDA International Crop 

Grouping Symposium Proceeding, October 7-8, 2002.

Sundaram, K.M.S., Influence of Foliar Morphology and Crown Geometry on Insecticide 

Deposition and Dissipation Following an Aerial Spray over a Mixed Forest, Journal of 

Environmental Science and Health. Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural 

Wastes, Vol.26 (5-6), p 601-630, 1991.