Propene- Wikiped i a, the free encyclo pedia 

# Propene From Wi k ipedia, th e free encyc lopedia Propene, a l so know n as propylene or methyletbylene , is an unsaturated organ ic compound having the c hemica l formula C3H6. It has o ne double bond , and is the second s imple st member of th e alkene class of hydrocarbon s. Propene

CAS 115-07- 1 I number PubChem 8252 ChemSpider 7954 I UN number I 077 

### Propene

IUPAC name

Id e ntifiers

In Liquefiedpetroleum gas: 107 5 KEGG Ctt505 1 ChEBI CHEB1:16052 1 ChEMBL C H EMBL117213 1 RTECS UC6740000 number http: // en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propene



### H 

### H , I 

## H C

\ I 

## ' H 

## C= C I \ 

## H H

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Molecular C 3 H6 formula Molar mass 42.08 g mol

- l Appearance Colorless gas SMILES InCh I Properties

D e n sity 1.81 kg/m 3 , gas (1.013 bar, 15 

### oq 613.9 kg/m3 , liquid Melting

- 185.2 ° C (-301.4 ° F; 88.0 K) point Boiling

- 47 .6 

## oc (-53.7 ° F; 225.6 K) pointPropene

- Wikipe d ia, the free encyclopedia http: / /en
. wikipedia.org/wiki/Propene



# Contents

• l Properties Solubility in 0.61 g/ m 3 water Viscosity 8.34 f.iPa·s at 16.7 

## o c Dipole moment 0.366 D (gas) Structure

Hazards MSDS External MSDS (http: //www.praxair.com/-/ media!North%20America / US / Documents / SDS / Propylene%20C3H6%20Safety%20Data%20Sheet%20SDS%20P4648.ashx) R -phrases 12 S-phrases 9-16-33 Main Highl y flammable , hazards Asphyxiant NFPA 704

F lash point -I 08 

## o c ( -162 °F ; 165 K)
Related alkenes; related groups Related Related compounds Ethylene, Isomers of Butyl e ne; Allyl, Propenyl

Propane , Propyne compounds Propadiene , !-Propanol 2-Propanol Except where noted otherwise, data are g iv en for materials in their standard state (at 25 

## oc (77 ° F) , I00 kPa) ./ (verify) (what is: .tiX ?) Infobox referenc es

• 2 Occurrence in nature • 3 Production • 4 Uses • 5 Reactions • 6 E nvironm e ntal safety • 7 Storage and handling • 8 Pharmacology • 9 See alsoPropene- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http: / / en.wikipediaorg/wi ki !Propene

• I 0 R efere nces 

# Properties
At roo m te mperature and at mosp heric pressure , prop e ne is a gas, and as with man y othe r a lkenes, i t i s also co l o rl ess w ith a we ak but unpl easant s mell.(l ] Propene has a hi g he r density a nd bo iling point than eth y lene due to its greater m ass. I t has a s l ightly l ower b o ilin g point than propan e and is thu s more vo latil e. It la cks str o ngl y polar b onds, yet th e molecule has a s m a ll d ipo le moment du e to i ts reduced sy mmet ry (its po int gro up i s C 5 ). Propene has the same empirical form ul a as cyclopro pane but their atoms are connected in different ways, making these molecul es s tructural i so mers. 

# Occurrence in nature
Prope ne is fou nd in nature and is a byp r oduct of veget ati o n and fermentat i o n processes. Propene ha s bee n detected in trace amounts in th e l owe r atmosphere ofTita n .l21 On September 30, 2013 NASA announced that th e Cass ini o rbi ter sp a ce craft , part o f the Cassini-Huygens mi ss i on, had di scovere d s mall amounts of naturall y occurr ing propen e in t h e atmosphere ofTita n (moon) using spectroscopy.Pl 

# Production Propene is pr o du ced from foss il fuels-petroleum , natural gas , and , to a mu c h lesser exte nt , co al. Propene i s a byp r oduct o f oil refining and n atural g a s pro cessi n g. During oil refining , ethylene , propene , and o th er co mp ounds are produced as a resu lt of crackin g larger hyd r ocarb o n mol ec ul es to pro du ce h y dro carbo n s m o re in demand. A major so urce o f pro p e n e is naphtha crac kin g int e nded to produce ethyle ne, b ut it also res ults fr o m r e fin e ry cracking pro du c ing o ther products .l 4 

### 1Propene ca n be s epara te d by fractional distillation from hydro c arbon mixtures obta in e d from crackin g and other r e fining processes ; refin e ry- g rade propene is about 50 to 70 %.[ 4 1 A s hift to li ghter steam cracke r f eedstocks with relatively l owe r propene yie ld s and reduce d motor gasoline demand in certa in area s ha s reduced propen e sup pl y. On-purpose producti on m e th o d s are becoming in creasing l y s i gn ifi cant.l 5 l On-purpose produc t io n technologies include : O lefin metathesis , also kn ow n as di s proportionation , i s a reve r s ible reaction betwee n e thylene and butenes in whic h d o uble bond s are bro ke n and then reformed to form propeneV l Propene yie ld s of abo ut 90 wt% are achieved. This option m ay a l so be u sed when there is no bute n e feedstock. In thi s case, part of the eth y lene feed s an ethy len e-dimerizati on unit that converts ethylene into butene. Pro p a ne dehydrogenation co n ve rt s propane into prope ne and by -produ c t h y dr oge n . The pr ope ne from pr opa ne yi eld is ab o ut 85 m %. Reacti o n by -prod uc t s (mai nl y hyd r oge n) are usually u se d as fuel fo r the pr o p ane dehydrogenation reac ti o n . As a re su lt, propene tends to be the on l y product , unl ess local dem and ex i s t s f o r hydrogen. This rou te is po pular in r eg ion s , suc h as th e Middle Eas t , where th e r e i s an abund an ce of pro pane from oil/gas operat i on s.f 6 1 In this region , th e propane output is expected t o b e capable of supplying n o t o nly domestic need s, but a lso the demand from C hin a, where man y PDH proj ec t s are sc heduled to go on s trea m . However , as na tura l gas offe rings in the USA are s i g nificantl y increas in g du e t o th e rising ex pl o itat i on of s hale gas, propane price s are d ec re as in g. C hem ical companies are a lread y planning toPropene

- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http: / / en. wikipedia.orglwiki / Propene
establish PDH plants in the USA to take advantage of the low price raw material, obta in ed from s hal e gas. Nume r ous plants dedicated to propane dehydrogenation are current l y under construction arou nd the world. The re are already five li censed technologies.Pl The propane d e h ydrogenat i o n process may be accomplished through different commercial technologies. The main differences between each of them conce rn s the catalyst emp loy ed, design of the reac tor and strategies to achieve higher conversion rates.[8] Methanol-to-Oiefins/Methanol- to-Propene converts synth esis gas (syngas) to methanol , and then converts the methanol to ethylene and/or propene. The process a lso produces water as by-product. Synt he sis gas is produced from the ref ormation of natural gas or by the steam-ind uced reformation of petroleum products such as naphtha, o r by gasification ofcoal. A large amount of methanol is required to make a wor ld- scale ethylene and/ or propene plant.[9) High severity fluid cata lyt ic cracki ng (FCC) uses traditi ona l FCC techno l ogy under seve re condi tion s (higher catalyst-to-o il ratios, hi g h er steam injection rates, hi g her temperatures, etc.) in order to maximize the amount of propene and other light products. A high seve rity FCC unit i s usually fed with gas o il s (paraffins) and residues, and produce s about 20-25 m % propene on feedstock together with greater volumes of motor gaso lin e a nd distillate byproducts. Olefins C ra cki ng includes a broad ran ge of technologies that catalytically convert large o l efins molec ul es (C4-C8) into mostly propene and small a m ou nt s of ethyle ne. Propene production has remained static at around 35 million tonnes (Euro p e and No rth America only) from 2000 to 2008, but it has been in creas ing in East Asia, most n otab l y Singapore and C hina .[JO][ II ] Tota l world production of propene i s c urre ntly about half that of ethyl ene. 

# Uses Propene i s the second most importa nt starting pr oduct in t he petrochemical industry after ethy l e ne. It is the r aw material for a wide variety of products. Manufacturers of th e plas t ic polypropylene account for near l y two t h irds of all demand. Polypropylene is, for example , needed for the production of films , packaging, caps and closures as well as for other applications. ln the yea r 2008 the worldwide sales of propene reached a value of over 90 billion US dollars.[J 2 1 Propene and benzene are co nv erted to acetone and phenol via the cumene pr ocess. Propene is also used to produce isopropanol (propan-2-o l ) , acrylonitrile , propylene oxide (epoxypro p ane) and epich l orohydri n .[l 3 1 

# Reactions Propene re semb l es ot h er alkenes in t hat it undergoes a dditi o n reactions relatively easily at room temperature. The relative weakness of its double bond explains its tendency to react with su b sta n ces that can achieve this tran sformation. Alkene reactio n s inc lude: 1) polymeri zatio n , 2) oxidation, 3) halo ge nation and hydro hal oge nati on, 4) alkylation , 5) hydrat ion, 6) o li gomerizatio n , and 7) hydrofo rmyl ation. 

# Environmental safety Propene is produced naturally by vegetatio n , particularly certain tree species. 

### It is also a product of combustio n , from forest fires and cigarette smoke to motor vehicle and aircraft exhaust. It is an impuri ty in some heating gases. Observed co ncentration s hav e been in the range of 0.1-4.8 parts per billion (ppb) in rural a ir , 4-10.5 ppb in urban air, and 7-260 ppb in indu stri a l a ir samp lesJ4 1 In the United States and some Euro pean countries a Threshold Limit Value of 500 p arts per million (ppm) was established f or occupati onal (8-hour time-weighted ave rage) exposure. It is considered a volati l e o r ga ni cPropene

- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http: //en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Pro pene 

### compound (VOC) and emissions are re g ul ated by many governments, but it is not listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Age ncy (EPA) as a hazardous a ir pollutant under the Clean Air Act. With a r elat i vely short hal f -li fe, 

### it is not expected to bioaccumulate.l4 

### 1 Prope ne has l ow acute toxicity from inhalat i o n. Inhalation ofthe gas can cause anesthetic effects and at very high concentrations, unconsciousness. However, the asphyxiation lim it for hum ans is about 

### 10 times higher (23%) than the lower flammability J eve t.l4 

### 1 

# Storage and handling Since propene is volatile and fl am mable, precautions must be taken to avoid fire hazards in the handling of the gas. If propene is lo aded to any equipment capab le of causing ignition, such equ ipm ent should be shut down while loading, unloading, co nn ecti ng or disconnecting. Propene is usually stored as liqui d under pressure , although it is a l so possible to store i t safely as gas at ambient temperature in approved containers.l 14 

### 1 

# Pharmacology
Pr

opene acts as a central nervous system depressant v ia a llo steric agonism of the GABAA r ece ptor. Excessive exposure may result in sedation and amnesia, progressing to coma and death in a mechanism equivalent to ben zo diazepine overdose. Inte ntiona l inhalation may also result in death via asphyx iati on (sudden inh alant death). 

# See also

• Los A lf aques Disaster • Inhalant abuse 

### • 2014 Kaohsiung gas exp l osions 

# References
I. " Co lli ns D iscovery Encyclope dia, 1 st ed ition © HarperCollins Publish ers, 2005 2." "Cassini finds ingredient of househo ld plastic on Saturn moon" (http:/ / www.spacedai ly.com /reports / Cassini

_ finds

_ ingredient

_ of _h ousehold_plastic

_ on

_ Saturn

_ moon_999.html)
. Spacedaily
. com. Retrieved 2013-11-12. 3. ""Spacecraft finds propyle ne on Saturn moon, Titan" (http ://www. upi .com/Science

_ News/2 013 / 09/ 30 /Cassinifinds-ingredien t-of -h<>useho ld-plastic-on-Saturn-moon/UPl-4288138057 1911 /). UP I. com. 20 13-09-30. Retrieved 20 13 -11 -12. 4. 1\ abc de "Product Safety Assessment(PSA): Propylene" (http: //www.dow.com/ productsafety/fi nder/pro .htm). Dow Chemica l Co. 5. "a b "Propylene Production via Metathes is, Tec hnology Economics Program" (http: //www.slideshare
. net/intratec



### / propyl ene-production

- via

- metathesis). by lntratec, ISBN 

### 978 -0-61 5

- 6 114 5

- 7 , Q2 2012. 6. " Ashford's Diction ary of In dustrial Chemicals, T hird ed ition , 201 1 , ISBN 978-0-9522674 -3-0, pag es 7766-9 7. "by Giovanni Magg ini (2012-06-28). "Technology Econo mic s : Propylene via Propan e Dehydrogenation" (http : //www.s lides ha re .n et/intratec/propylene-production-v ia-p ropane-dehydrogenation). Slideshare
. net. Retrieved 2013- 1 1-12.Propene- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http: //en.wikipedia.or g/wik i / Propene
8. /\ by Giovanni Maggini (20 13-04-17). " Technol ogy Economics: Prop ylene via Propane Dehydrogenation , Part 3" (http: // www.slideshare.net/intrate c/ technology-economics-propylene-via-propane-dehydrogenation-part-3). Sl ide share. n et. Retrieved 2013-Il -12. 9. /\by Giovanni Maggini (20 12-05-31 ). "Technology Economics: Propylene from Methanol" (http://www.s lideshare.net/intratec/ propy lene-production-from-methanol). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 2013-11-12. I0. /\ http: // www.petrochemistry.net Accessed August 2008 II. /\Organic Chemistry 6th edition, McMuny,J., Brooks/Co l e Publishing , Pacific Grove USA (2005) 12
. /\ "Market Study: Propyle ne , Ceresana Research , February 20 I I" (http: //www.ce r esana.com/enlmarket- studies / chemicals/propylene/). ceresana.com . Retrieved 2011-02-13. 13. /\ Budavari, Susan, ed. (1996). "8034. Propylene". The M erc k Ind ex, Twelfth Edition. New Jersey: Merck & Co. pp. 1348-1349 14. /\ Ency clopedia of Chern ical Technology, Fourth edition, 1996, ISBN 0471-52689-4 (v.20), page 261



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GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators

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