# Patent

## Title
Memory with weighted multi-page read

## Abstract

A memory device is described that provides increased output data to help evaluate data errors from bit line coupling and floating gate coupling during a read operation. Multiple rows, or pages, of data are read to allow an internal or external decoder to evaluate memory cell data.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to non-volatile memory devices and, more particularly, to flash memory devices.
BACKGROUND
Flash memory is non-volatile, which means that it stores information on a semiconductor in a way that does not need power to maintain the information in the chip. Flash memory stores information in an array of transistors called “cells,” each of which traditionally stores one or more bits of information. Current flash memory devices are made in two forms: NOR flash and NAND flash. The names refer to the type of logic used in the storage cell array.
A flash cell is similar to a standard MOSFET transistor, except that it has two gates instead of just one. One gate is the control gate (CG) like in other MOS transistors, but the second is a floating gate (FG) that is insulated all around by an oxide layer. The FG is between the CG and the substrate. Because the FG is isolated by its insulating oxide layer, any electrons placed on it get trapped there and thus store the information.
When electrons are trapped on the FG, they modify (partially cancel out) an electric field coming from the CG, which modifies the threshold voltage (Vt) of the cell. Thus, when the cell is “read” by placing a specific voltage on the CG, electrical current will either flow or not flow between the cell's source and drain connections, depending on the Vt of the cell. This presence or absence of current can be sensed and translated into 1's and 0's, reproducing the stored data.
Memory cells of memory devices are typically arranged in an array with rows and columns. Generally, the rows are coupled via a word line conductor and the columns are coupled via a bit line conductor. During data read and write functions, voltage coupling between bit lines can influence proper memory operation. Further, close physical proximity of memory cells can result in floating gate to floating gate coupling. Again, coupling can influence proper memory operation and data accuracy.
For reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need for methods and devices to read non-volatile memory devices.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a memory device according to embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified portion of a NAND flash memory array of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of an array of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart according to an embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart according to an embodiment.



DESCRIPTION
In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, different embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
As recognized by those skilled in the art, memory devices of the type described herein are generally fabricated as an integrated circuit containing a variety of semiconductor devices. The integrated circuit is supported by a substrate. Integrated circuits are typically repeated multiple times on each substrate. The substrate is further processed to separate the integrated circuits into dice, as is well known in the art. The figures are provided to help facilitate an understanding of the detailed description, are not intended to be accurate in scale, and have been simplified. The term conductor as used herein is intended to include conductors and semi-conductors, including but not limited to metals, metal alloy, doped silicon and polysilicon.
The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an integrated circuit memory device 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The memory device 100 includes an array of non-volatile floating gate memory cells 102, address circuitry 104, control circuitry 110, and Input/Output (I/O) circuitry 114. The memory cells are also referred to as Flash memory cells because blocks of memory cells are typically erased concurrently, in a flash operation.
The memory device 100 can be coupled to a processor 120 or other memory controller for accessing the memory array 102. The memory device 100 coupled to a processor 120 forms part of an electronic system. Some examples of electronic systems include personal computers, peripheral devices, wireless devices, digital cameras, personal digital assistants (PDA's) and audio recorders.
The memory device 100 receives control signals across control lines 122 from the processor 120 to control access to the memory array 102 via control circuitry 110. Access to the memory array 102 is directed to one or more target memory cells in response to address signals received across address lines 124. Once the array is accessed in response to the control signals and the address signals, data can be written to or read from the memory cells across data, DQ, lines 126.
In addition to general memory functions, control circuit 110 performs a read operation on the memory cells. As explained below, the read operation can include accessing multiple rows or pages of data to allow for a more informed reading of data.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additional circuitry and control signals can be provided, and that the memory device of FIG. 1 has been simplified to help focus on the invention. It will be understood that the above description of a memory device is intended to provide a general understanding of the memory and is not a complete description of all the elements and features of a typical memory device.
FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified portion of a NAND flash memory array of one embodiment of FIG. 1. NAND Flash uses tunnel injection for writing and tunnel release for erasing. The NAND memory includes floating gate memory cells 220 coupled to source line 224, word lines 226 and a bit line 230. The cells are coupled in series between the bit line and source line. One or more bit line select transistors 240 are used to selectively isolate the cells from the bit and source lines.
In a read operation, a word line of a target (selected) memory cell can be maintained at a low voltage level. All unselected cell word lines are coupled to a voltage sufficiently high to activate the unselected cells regardless of their floating gate charge. If the selected cell has an uncharged floating gate, it is activated. The bit line and source line are then coupled through the series of memory cells. If the selected cell has a charged floating gate, it will not activate. The bit line and source lines, therefore, are not coupled through the series of memory cells.
Because of the close proximity of the memory cells, bit line coupling can be a problem during reading/sensing operations. That is, the length and close spacing of adjacent bit lines results in voltage noise on bit lines. In addition to bit line coupling, floating gate to floating gate coupling of adjacent rows, or pages, of memory cells can influence data storage and reading. Prior art light imager sensors often use data levels from neighboring pixels to interpolate a pixel level for a specific pixel. That is, one pixel is typically not independent of a neighboring pixel in that light does not abruptly change from pixel to pixel, but has a change gradient. Embodiments of the present invention recognize that although memory cell data can abruptly change from cell to cell, the close physical proximity of cells can be used advantageously to evaluate data which may have been altered by neighboring cells.
During a read operation, the memory device accesses an identified target cell, row, or page, of the memory array. In addition to the identified cell or row, the memory accesses one or more physically adjacent cells or rows of the array. The multiple rows of data are used to evaluate the data of the identified cells and possible data influences from the cells of adjacent row(s). It will be appreciated that the adjacent row(s) are based on physical location and not necessarily address proximity. For example, adjacent rows of a NAND memory array are typically assigned to different addressable pages.
The multiple pages of data are weighted and used to evaluate a page of data. The weighting function can be performed using a fixed weight value or custom weight functions. In one embodiment, the memory device is tested and custom (device specific) weighting data, or matrix, is calculated based upon actual memory cell influences. The weighting data can be stored in the memory device, such as in weighting register 130 of FIG. 1, or in an external location such as register 140 with processor 120.
In one embodiment, when reading a row of data, the weighting data can be applied to the accessed data by the memory device prior to outputting the data. In another embodiment, the weighting data is read from the memory to be applied by the external processor.
An example read operation is described with reference to the array 102 of FIG. 3. The array illustrated is one embodiment of the memory of FIG. 1 and is simplified to illustrate array data pages of embodiments of the invention and not actual physical construction of the array. In response to a read request for page PN, the memory accesses pages PN, PN+1 and PN−4 where PN+1 and PN−1 are physically adjacent to page PN. If PN is located at an array edge with only one adjacent page, that page PN−1 is accessed.
Using the data from two or more pages the data value for a specified cell can be evaluated. The following examples illustrate some of the possible way to evaluate the data.
EXAMPLE I
This example applies weight values to the adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling. The weighted value is calculated as:

Weighted PN(i)=PN(i)+W−1PN−1(i)+W+1PN+1(i),

where PN(i) is the ith cell in the PN page, W−1 is the weight value applied to cells of page PN−1 and W+1 is the weight value applied to cells of page PN+1.

EXAMPLE II
This example applies weight values to the adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling and coupling within the page. The weighted value is calculated as:

Weighted PN(i)=PN(i)+W−1PN−1(i)+W+1PN+1(i)+WAPN(i−1)+WBPN(i+1),

where WA is the weight value applied an adjacent cell PN(i−1) on page PN and WB is the weight value applied another adjacent cell PN(i+1).

EXAMPLE III
This example applies weight values to four adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling and coupling within the page. The weighted value is calculated as:

Weighted PN(i)=PN(i)+W−2PN−2(i)+W−1PN−1(i)+W+2PN+2(i)+W+1PN+1(i)+WAPN(i−1)+WBPN(i+1).

EXAMPLE IV
This example applies weight values to two adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling from multiple cells. The weighted value is calculated as:

Weighted PN(i)=PN(i)+[W−1PN−1(i)+WA−1PN−1(i−1)+WB+1PN−1(i+1)]+[W+1PN+1(i)+WA−1PN+1(i−1)+WB+1PN+1(i+1)],

where WA−1 is a weight value applied to cells PN−1(i−1) and PN+1(i−1) of adjacent pages and WB+1 is a weight value applied to cells PN−1(i+1) and PN+1(i+1).

The above examples illustrate different weighting equations that can be applied to evaluate data in a non-volatile memory device. The evaluation can include determining an influence factor of a second array page upon a first array page. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art with the benefit of the present description that additional equations can be formulated. The invention is therefore not limited to these specific examples.
A non-volatile memory device has been described that provides increased output data to help evaluate data errors from bit line coupling and floating gate coupling. Multiple rows, or pages, of data are read to allow an internal or external decoder to evaluate memory cell data.
Although embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

## Claims

1. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
accessing a first page of data stored in the memory device;
accessing a second page of data stored in the memory device, wherein the first page is physically located adjacent to the second page; and
correcting the first page of data by forming at least one product including a weight value and the second page of data and adding the product to the first page of data.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the weight value is stored in the memory device.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the weight value is applied to the second page of data by circuitry of the memory device.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprises applying a second weight value to a portion of the first page of data to evaluate a data point of the first page of data.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein evaluating the first page of data comprises determining an influence factor of the second page upon the first page.

6. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
accessing a first data point of a first page of data stored in the memory device;
accessing a second data point of a second page of data stored in the memory device, wherein the first page is physically located adjacent to the second page;
outputting the first and second data points from the memory device; and
correcting the first data point by forming at least one product including a weight value applied to the second data point and adding the first data point to the product.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the weight value applied to the second data point is stored in the memory device.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the memory device is a non-volatile NAND flash memory device.

9. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
reading data stored in a target memory cell;
reading data stored in a plurality of memory cells located in physical proximity to the target memory cell;
applying weight values to the data read from the plurality of memory cells to obtain weighted data; and
summing the data stored in the target memory and the weighted data to calculate an adjusted data value for the target memory cell.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the plurality of memory cells are located in an array page adjacent to an array page containing the target memory cell.

11. The method of claim 9 wherein the plurality of memory cells are located in a common array page containing the target memory cell.

12. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
testing the memory device;
calculating the weight values based upon the testing; and
storing the calculated weight values in the memory device.

13. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
testing the memory device;
calculating the weight values based upon the testing;
storing the calculated weight values in the memory device;
reading data stored in a target memory cell;
reading data stored in a plurality of memory cells located in physical proximity to the target memory cell;
applying weight values to the data read from the plurality of memory cells to obtain weighted data; and
summing the data stored in the target memory and the weighted data to calculate an adjusted data value for the target memory cell.

14. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
accessing data from a selected page;
accessing data from at least one other page that is adjacent the selected page; and
processing the data accessed from the selected page by generating at least one product that includes the data accessed from the at least one other page and a weighting factor, and generating a sum that includes the data accessed from the selected page and the at least one product.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein processing the data comprises generating at least one product that includes the data accessed from the at least one other page and a weighting factor, wherein the weighting factor includes a weight value having a fixed value.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein processing the data comprises generating at least one product that includes the data accessed from the at least one other page and a weighting factor, wherein the weighting factor includes a custom weighting factor determinable by a memory device test.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein processing the data comprises storing the weighting factor in the memory device.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein processing the data comprises storing the weighting factor in a storage location external to the memory device.

19. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
accessing data from a first page;
accessing data from a second page adjacent the first page;
accessing data from a third page adjacent the first page and not adjacent the second page;
selecting a first weight factor associated with the data accessed from the second page and forming a first product based upon the first weight factor and the data accessed from the second page;
selecting a second weight factor associated with the data accessed from the third page and forming a second product based upon the second weight factor and the data accessed from the third page;
forming a sum that includes data accessed from the first page, the first product and the second product; and
providing weight-corrected data based upon the sum.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
selecting a third weight factor associated with the data accessed from the first page;
forming a third product that includes the weight factor and the data accessed from the first page; and
adding the third product to the sum.

21. A method of evaluating data stored in a memory device comprising:
accessing data in a first memory cell of a first memory page;
accessing data in a second memory cell of a second memory page;
accessing data in a third memory cell of a third memory page, wherein the first memory cell is positioned between the second memory cell and the third memory cell;
accessing data in a fourth memory cell of the first memory page;
accessing data in a fifth memory cell of the first memory page, wherein the first memory cell is positioned between the fourth memory cell and the fifth memory cell;
applying a first weight factor associated with the second page to the data accessed in the second memory cell to form a first product based upon the first weight factor and the data accessed in the second memory cell;
applying a second weight factor associated with the third page to the data accessed in the third memory cell to form a second product based upon the second weight factor and the data accessed in the third memory cell;
applying a third weight factor to the data accessed in the fourth memory cell of the first page to form a third product;
applying a fourth weight factor to the data accessed in the fifth memory cell of the first page to form a fourth product;
forming a sum of the first product, the second product, the third product, the fourth product and the data accessed in the first memory cell; and
providing a weight-corrected value for the data in the first memory cell based upon the sum.

22. The method of claim 21, comprising obtaining at least one of the first weight factor, the second weight factor, the third weight factor and the fourth weight factor from a memory device test.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein obtaining at least one of the first weight factor, the second weight factor, the third weight factor and the fourth weight factor from a memory device test comprises storing at least one of the first weight factor, the second weight factor, the third weight factor and the fourth weight factor in the memory device.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein obtaining at least one of the first weight factor, the second weight factor, the third weight factor and the fourth weight factor from a memory device test comprises storing at least one of the first weight factor, the second weight factor, the third weight factor and the fourth weight factor in a storage location external to the memory device.