DAVID KEANU SAI,

 Plaintiff,

 v.

HILLARY DIANE RODHAM CLINTON,

Secretary of State of the United States et al.,

 Defendants.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Civil Action No. 10–899 (CKK)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

(March 9, 2010)

Pro se plaintiff David Keanu Sai (“Plaintiff”) filed this action against various government

officials seeking declaratory and injunctive relief as well as damages stemming from their alleged

violation of the Liliuokalani Assignment, a statement issued by Queen Liliuokalani of the

Kingdom of Hawaii relinquishing control of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States on January

17, 1893. Plaintiff contends, inter alia, that the Liliuokalani Assignment requires the United

States to return control of the islands to the Kingdom of Hawaii, that the annexation of the

Hawaiian islands by the United States in 1898 is unconstitutional, and that Plaintiff’s conviction

for theft in March 2000 by a Hawaii court should be expunged because it is in violation of

federal and international law. In his First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff names as defendants

Secretary of State Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton, Secretary of Defense Robert Michael Gates,

Admiral Robert F. Willard, and Linda Lingle, Governor of the State of Hawaii. On September

23, 2010, Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed all claims against Governor Lingle. The remaining

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defendants (collectively, “Defendants”) have filed a [10] Motion to Dismiss, which Plaintiff

opposes. Also pending before the Court are Plaintiff’s [21] Motion for Leave to File

Supplemental Complaint and motions to intervene filed by Alfred Napahuelua Spinney and

James Kimo Keka. For the reasons explained below, the Court shall grant Defendants’ motion to

dismiss and deny Plaintiff’s motion for leave to supplement his complaint and the motions to

intervene.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Hawaii’s History as a Territory of the United States

The Hawaiian islands were united as one kingdom in 1810 under the leadership of King

Kamemeha I. See Rice v. Cayetano, 528 U.S. 495, 501 (2000). Near the end of the nineteenth

century, American business interests were dominating the islands and creating tensions with pronative, anti-Western interests. See id. at 504. In 1887, Westerners forced the resignation of the

Hawaiian Prime Minister and the adoption of a new constitution. Id. In 1893, “a group of

professionals and businessmen, with the active assistance of John Stevens, the United States

Minister to Hawaii, acting with United States Armed Forces, replaced the monarchy with a

provisional government” that sought annexation by the United States. Id. at 505. The overthrow

of the Hawaiian government was effected on January 17, 1893, when Queen Liliuokalani issued

the following statement:

I, Liliuokalani, by the grace of God and under the constitution of the Hawaiian

Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against

myself and the constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain

persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this

Kingdom. 

That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America, whose minister

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plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to

be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional

Government. 

Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do, under

this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the

Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the

action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the

constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.

See Joint Resolution to Acknowledge the 100th Anniversary of the January 17, 1893 Overthrow

of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Pub. L. No. 103-150, 107 Stat. 1510, 1511 (1993) (hereinafter,

“Apology Resolution”); Compl., Ex. B at 18. Plaintiff refers to this assignment of power as the

“Liliuokalani Assignment.” See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 16-17. In 1993, Congress passed a resolution

formally apologizing to Native Hawaiians for the involvement of the United States in

overthrowing the Hawaiian Kingdom. See Apology Resolution; 20 U.S.C. § 7512(5); Hawaii v.

Off. of Hawaiian Affairs, 129 S. Ct. 1436, 1440-41 (2009).

On February 1, 1893, the United States minister raised the American flag and proclaimed

Hawaii to be a protectorate of the United States. See Apology Resolution, 107 Stat. at 1511. A

federal investigation concluded that the United States diplomatic and military representatives had

abused their authority and were responsible for the change in government. Id. On December 18,

1893, President Grover Cleveland delivered a message to the Congress relating to the Hawaiian

islands. See House Ex. Doc. 47, 53d Cong., 2d Sess. (Ser. No. 3224), pp. 3-16 (1893)

(hereinafter, “Cleveland Message”). President Cleveland acknowledged Queen Liliuokalani’s

surrender of sovereignty, stating that “[s]he surrendered not absolutely and permanently, but

temporarily and conditionally until such time as the facts could be considered by the United

States.” Cleveland Message at 15. President Cleveland denounced the role of American forces

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and called for the restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy with conditions including a general

amnesty for those involved in establishing the Provisional Government. See id.; Rice v.

Cayetano, 528 U.S. at 505. Plaintiff refers to this as the “agreement of restoration.” See Am.

Compl. ¶ 27. The Provisional Government protested President Cleveland’s call for restoration of

the monarchy and persuaded the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations to conduct a new

investigation that justified and condoned the actions of the United States. See Apology

Resolution, 107 Stat. at 1511-12. On July 24, 1894, the Provisional Government declared itself

to be the Republic of Hawaii, and the Provisional Government forced Queen Liliuokalani to

abdicate her throne on January 24, 1895. Id. at 1512. 

On July 7, 1898, President William McKinley signed a Joint Resolution to annex the

Hawaiian Islands as territory of the United States, sometimes referred to as the Newlands

Resolution. See Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United

States, No. 55, 30 Stat. 750 (1898); Rice v. Cayetano, 528 U.S. at 505. Through the Newlands

Resolution, the Republic of Hawaii ceded sovereignty over the Hawaiian Islands to the United

States. See Apology Resolution, 107 Stat. at 1512. In 1900, Congress established a government

for the territory of Hawaii, and in 1959, Hawaii became the 50th State of the United States. Id. 

B. Plaintiff’s Factual Allegations and Legal Claims

Plaintiff David Keanu Sai professes to be a subject of the Kingdom of Hawaii. See Am.

Compl. ¶ 6. On or about December 10, 1995, Plaintiff and his partner, Donald A. Lewis, formed

a partnership named the Perfect Title Company. Id. ¶ 34. On December 15, 1995, they formed a

second partnership called the Hawaiian Kingdom Trust Company. Id. ¶ 37. One of the purposes

of the Hawaiian Kingdom Trust Company was to provisionally serve as an acting government of

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the Hawaiian Kingdom. Id. ¶¶ 38-39. Plaintiff was appointed to serve as acting Regent for the

Hawaiian Kingdom. Id. ¶ 41. On or about February 3, 1996, the Hawaiian Kingdom Trust

Company passed a resolution announcing the quieting of all land titles in the Hawaiian Islands. 

Id. ¶ 47. On or about September 5, 1997, the Honolulu police arrested Plaintiff, Lewis, and the

secretary for the Hawaiian Kingdom Trust Company on charges of theft, racketeering, and tax

evasion relating to their property dealings. Am. Compl. ¶ 52. Plaintiff and Lewis were

ultimately indicted for attempted theft in the first degree. Id. Plaintiff was convicted on March

7, 2000. Id. ¶¶ 60, 61.

Plaintiff filed his initial complaint in this action on June 1, 2010 and amended his

complaint on July 9, 2010. In his First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff asserts three causes of

action. In Count One, Plaintiff asserts that pursuant to the Liliuokalani Assignment and various

international treaties, Defendants have a legal obligation to administer Hawaiian Kingdom law

until the Hawaiian Kingdom government is restored pursuant to the “agreement of restoration”

made by President Cleveland in 1893. See Am. Compl. ¶ 64. Plaintiff contends that the Joint

Resolution annexing the Hawaiian Islands violates the Liliuokalani Assignment and the

sovereignty of the Hawaiian Kingdom. See id. ¶¶ 65-71. Plaintiff claims that he has suffered

injuries and damages as a result of the United States’s occupation of the Hawaiian Islands and

seeks a declaration that the Newlands Resolution is unconstitutional and void. Id. ¶ 72. In Count

Two of the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff claims that his indictment, prosecution, and

conviction violated his civil rights under Hawaiian Kingdom law and violated the Liliuokalani

Assignment and various international treaties. See id. ¶¶ 74-78. Plaintiff therefore asks the

Court to set aside and expunge Plaintiff’s felony conviction by the State of Hawaii. Id. ¶ 78. In

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Count Three of the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff claims that his arrest, prosecution, and

conviction for theft violated international law and asks the Court to find that his prosecution and

conviction constituted a war crime. Id. ¶¶ 80-85. In addition, Plaintiff asks the Court to enjoin

Defendants from violating the Liliuokalani Assignment and enter a judgment in favor of Plaintiff

for compensatory and punitive damages. See Am. Compl., Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 3-5. Plaintiff

asserts that jurisdiction exists under the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, which provides

that “[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort

only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.” See Am.

Compl. ¶ 2; 28 U.S.C. § 1350. 

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Defendants move to dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction. A court must dismiss a case pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) when it lacks subject

matter jurisdiction. In determining whether there is jurisdiction, the Court may “consider the

complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint

supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Coalition for

Underground Expansion, 333 F.3d at 198 (citations omitted); see also Jerome Stevens Pharm.,

Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“[T]he district court may

consider materials outside the pleadings in deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack

of jurisdiction.”). “At the motion to dismiss stage, counseled complaints, as well as pro se

complaints, are to be construed with sufficient liberality to afford all possible inferences

favorable to the pleader on allegations of fact.” Settles v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 429 F.3d 1098,

1106 (D.C. Cir. 2005). In spite of the favorable inferences that a plaintiff receives on a motion to

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dismiss, it remains the plaintiff’s burden to prove subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance

of the evidence. Am. Farm Bureau v. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 121 F. Supp. 2d 84, 90 (D.D.C. 2000).

 “Although a court must accept as true all factual allegations contained in the complaint when

reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), [a] plaintiff[’s] factual allegations in the

complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion than in resolving a 12(b)(6)

motion for failure to state a claim.” Wright v. Foreign Serv. Grievance Bd., 503 F. Supp. 2d 163,

170 (D.D.C. 2007) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

Although Plaintiff purports to assert three separate causes of action in his First Amended

Complaint, each of Plaintiff’s claims is based on his assertion that the exercise of sovereignty by

the United States over the Hawaiian Islands violates federal and international law. As explained

below, the Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction over such claims because they present a

nonjusticiable political question.

A. The Status of Hawaii As Part of the United States Is a Political Question over

Which the Court Lacks Jurisdiction

“The principle that the courts lack jurisdiction over political questions that are by their

nature ‘committed to the political branches to the exclusion of the judiciary’ is as old as the

fundamental principle of judicial review.” Schneider v. Kissinger, 412 F.3d 190, 193 (D.C. Cir.

2005) (quoting Antolok v. United States, 873 F.2d 369, 379 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (opinion of Sentelle,

J.)). In determining whether a case presents a nonjusticiable political question, the courts look

for six factors: (1) a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a

coordinate political department; (2) a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards

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for resolving it; (3) the impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind

clearly for nonjudicial discretion; (4) the impossibility of a court’s undertaking independent

resolution without expressing a lack of respect due coordinate branches of government; (5) an

unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made; or (6) the

potentiality of embarrassment of multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one

question. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 217 (1962). If any one of these factors is present, the

Court may find that the question is political. Schneider, 412 F.3d at 194.

The federal courts have long recognized that the determination of sovereignty over a

territory is fundamentally a political question beyond the jurisdiction of the courts. As the

Supreme Court recognized in 1890:

Who is the sovereign, de jure or de facto, of a territory, is not a judicial, but a

political, question, the determination of which by the legislative and executive

departments of any government conclusively binds the judges, as well as all other

officers, citizens, and subjects of that government. This principle has always been

upheld by this court, and has been affirmed under a great variety of circumstances.

Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202, 212 (1890). This principle was recently reaffirmed by the

D.C. Circuit, which ruled that claims requiring the determination of sovereignty over Taiwan

under federal and international law presented a political question requiring dismissal for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction. See Lin v. United States, 561 F.3d 502, 505-08 (D.C. Cir.), cert.

denied, 130 S. Ct. 202 (2009). 

Analysis of the Baker v. Carr factors confirms that Plaintiff’s claims present this Court

with a nonjusticiable political question. Plaintiff’s lawsuit challenges the United States’s

recognition of the Republic of Hawaii as a sovereign entity and the United States’s exercise of

authority over Hawaii following annexation. However, “[t]he conduct of the foreign relations of

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our Government is committed by the Constitution to the Executive and Legislative–‘the

political’–Departments of the Government, and the propriety of what may be done in the exercise

of this political power is not subject to judicial inquiry or decision.” Oetjen v. Cent. Leather Co.,

246 U.S. 297, 302 (1918). In addition, the Constitution vests Congress with the “Power to

dispose of an make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property

belonging to the United States.” U.S. Const., Art. IV, § 3, cl. 2. Therefore, there is a textually

demonstrable constitutional commitment of these issues to the political branches. Furthermore,

it would be impossible for this Court to grant the relief requested by Plaintiff without disturbing a

judgment of the legislative and executive branches that has remained untouched by the federal

courts for over a century. Since its annexation in 1898 and admission to the Union as a State in

1959, Hawaii has been firmly established as part of the United States. The passage of time and

the significance of the issue of sovereignty present an unusual need for unquestioning adherence

to a political decision already made.

Plaintiff argues that he is not challenging the legality of the State of Hawaii and his

conviction but is merely asserting a claim for a violation of the Liliuokalani Assignment under

the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350. However, in order to find that Defendants have

violated the Liliuokalani Assignment as alleged by Plaintiff—or even to conclude that Plaintiff is

an alien capable of bringing claims under the Alien Tort Statute rather than a U.S. citizen—the

Court would have to determine that the annexation of Hawaii by the United States was unlawful

and void. As described above, that is a political question that this Court cannot decide. The fact

that the answer might be gleaned through a straightforward analysis of federal and international

law does not matter; “[t]he political question doctrine deprives federal courts of jurisdiction,

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based on prudential concerns, over cases which would normally fall within their purview.” Lin,

561 F.3d at 506; see id. (“We do not disagree with Appellants’ assertion that we could resolve

this case through treaty analysis and statutory construction; we merely decline to do so as this

case presents a political question which strips us of jurisdiction to undertake that otherwise

familiar task.”) (internal citations omitted). Therefore, the Court must dismiss Plaintiff’s First

Amended Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

B. Plaintiff’s Proposed Supplemental Complaint Does Not Assert a Justiciable

Claim

Plaintiff has filed a Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Complaint, which is opposed

by Defendants. Pursuant to Rule 15(d), “the court may, on just terms, permit a party to serve a

supplemental pleading setting out any transaction, occurrence, or event that happened after the

date of the pleading to be supplemented. The court may permit supplementation even though the

original pleading is defective in stating a claim or defense.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). “The decision

whether to grant leave to amend or supplement a complaint is within the discretion of the district

court, but leave ‘should be freely given unless there is a good reason, such as futility, to the

contrary.’” Wildearth Guardians v. Kempthorne, 592 F. Supp. 2d 18, 23 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting

Willoughby v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 100 F.3d 999, 1003 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). Here, Plaintiff

seeks to supplement his complaint by adding President Barack Obama as a defendant along with

thirty-five ambassadors to the United States from various countries with consular offices in

Hawaii. Plaintiff also seeks to add specific allegations relating to each of these proposed

defendants’ allegedly unlawful actions in the Hawaiian Kingdom. 

The Court finds that Plaintiff’s proposed supplemental complaint presents the same

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nonjusticiable political question presented in the First Amended Complaint. Therefore, the Court

shall deny Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a supplemental complaint as futile. Because

Plaintiff has not presented the Court with any justiciable claims, the Court must also dismiss the

pending motions for intervention under Rule 24. See Black v. Cent. Motor Lines, Inc., 500 F.2d

407, 408 (4th Cir. 1974) (“Intervention is ancillary and subordinate to a main cause and

whenever an action is terminated, for whatever reason, there no longer remains an action in

which there can be an intervention. By its very nature intervention presupposes pendency of an

action in a court of competent jurisdiction.”) (internal citation omitted). Accordingly, the Court

shall dismiss this action in its entirety.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the claims asserted by Plaintiff in this

action present a political question over which this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. 

Accordingly, the Court shall GRANT Defendants’ [10] Motion to Dismiss; DENY Plaintiff’s

[21] Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Complaint; DENY Alfred Napahuelua Spinney’s

[17] Application to Intervene; and DENY James Kimo Keka’s [30] Motion to Intervene. An

appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. 

 

 /s/ 

COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY

United States District Judge

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