IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

May 22, 2018 Session

VICKIE GROVES, ET AL. v. ERNST-WESTERN CORPORATION

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sumner County

No. 83CC1-2014-CV-1243 Joe Thompson, Judge

___________________________________

No. M2017-01779-COA-R3-CV

___________________________________

This is a jury case. Appellants sued Appellee, hotel, for violation of the Tennessee 

Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”) and the Tennessee Identity Theft Deterrence Act 

(“TITDA”). The trial court granted a pre-trial motion for summary judgment as to 

Appellants’ TITDA claims. The remaining TCPA claims proceeded to trial, and the trial 

court delivered a modified jury instruction as a sanction against Appellee for alleged 

discovery abuse. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Appellee. Appellants appeal. 

Appellee appeals the trial court’s denial of its request for attorney’s fees and costs 

pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 68. We reverse the trial court’s denial of 

Appellee’s costs pursuant to Rule 68; the trial court’s order is otherwise affirmed.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed in 

Part; Affirmed in Part, and Remanded

KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN 

STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., joined.

Jackie Eugene Sharp, Jr. and Natalie Rowan Sharp, Nashville, Tennessee, for the 

appellants, Vickie Groves and Charles Groves.

Abigail Marie Strader and R. Patrick Parker, Gallatin, Tennessee, for the appellee, ErnstWestern Corporation.

OPINION

I. Background

On April 2, 2014, Tieasha Adams asked Vickie Groves (together with Charles 

Groves, “Appellants”),1for help reserving a room at the Holiday Inn Express in 

 

1 Ms. Adams has a daughter with Christopher Groves, Mr. Charles Groves’ estranged son. 

07/26/2018
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Hendersonville, Tennessee. Ernst-Western Corporation (“Appellee”) owns the hotel. 

Mrs. Groves alleges that Ms. Adams told Mrs. Groves she was staying one night at the 

hotel because her apartment was not yet ready for move-in. Mrs. Groves also alleges that 

Ms. Adams said she was going to pay for her stay with cash, but hotel staff informed Ms. 

Adams that she needed a credit card on file for the stay. Ms. Adams asked to use Mrs. 

Groves’ credit card as the card on file. Mrs. Groves agreed to meet Ms. Adams at the 

hotel with her card. Mrs. Groves alleges that she was told by hotel staff that: (1) her 

credit card would not be charged because Ms. Adams was paying for the room with cash; 

(2) if Ms. Adams did not pay for her stay, the hotel would call Mrs. Groves before 

charging her card; and (3) an authorization from Mrs. Groves was required before any 

charges could be posted to her credit card. Based on these alleged representations, Mrs. 

Groves presented hotel staff with her credit card in order to reserve Ms. Adams’ room for 

the night of April 2, 2014 at a fixed rate of ninety-nine dollars ($99). Mrs. Groves also 

signed a reservation card, which stated: “I agree my liability for this bill is not waived 

and agree to be held personally liable in the event that the indicated person, company or 

association fails to pay for nay [sic] part of the full amount of the charges.” Ms. Adams 

did not check-out of the hotel on April 3, 2014. Instead, she stayed at the hotel for a total 

of thirty (30) nights and charged each night to Mrs. Groves’ credit card. In three separate 

transactions, on April 4, 2014, April 27, 2014, and May 2, 2014, Mrs. Groves’ credit card 

was charged a total of $3,402.40.

In August of 2014, Appellants brought an action against Appellee in the General 

Sessions Court for Sumner County, Tennessee. After the general sessions court found in 

favor of Appellee, Appellants timely filed an appeal to the Circuit Court for Sumner 

County, Tennessee at Gallatin (“trial court”). On December 30, 2014, Appellants filed an

Amended Complaint against Appellee in the trial court.

2

 Appellants’ Amended 

Complaint alleges: (1) fraud; (2) violation of the TCPA; (3) violation of the TITDA; (4) 

unjust enrichment; and (5) negligence. Appellee filed its Answer on February 5, 2015. 

On March 25, 2015, Appellee submitted an Offer of Judgment in the amount of $500.00 

pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 68, and a settlement offer of $3,500.00,

both of which Appellants rejected. 

On January 15, 2016, Appellants filed a Motion for Sanctions related to alleged 

discovery abuses by Appellee. By order of February 29, 2016, the trial court ordered that 

it would issue a modified jury instruction at the final trial as a remedy. 

On December 8, 2016, Appellee filed a Motion for Summary Judgment as to all of 

Appellants’ claims. Appellants filed their response on December 30, 2016. By order of 

January 27, 2017, the trial court denied Appellee’s Motion for Summary Judgment in its 

entirety. However, by order of March 28, 2017, the trial court partially reversed its 

January 27, 2017 order and granted Appellee’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to 

 

2 Appellants did not sue Ms. Adams.
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Appellants’ TITDA claim. 

On April 17, 2017, the parties tried the remaining claims, and the jury returned a 

verdict in favor of Appellee. On May 1, 2017, the trial court entered the final judgment,

and the case was dismissed on its merits. On May 30, 2017, Appellee filed its motion for 

discretionary costs and its motion for costs and attorney’s fees. By order of August 8, 

2017, the trial court granted, in part, Appellee’s motion for discretionary costs but denied 

Appellee’s motion for costs and attorney’s fees.

II. Issues

Appellants raise three issues on appeal:

1. Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Appellee with 

regard to Appellants’ claim arising under the Tennessee Identity Theft Deterrence 

Act.

2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in failing to impose a sufficient 

sanction on Appellee for its spoliation of critical evidence.

3. Whether Appellants are entitled to attorney’s fees incurred on appeal.

Appellee raises one issue on appeal:

1. Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law by failing to award costs, including 

reasonable attorney’s fees, to Ernst-Western after the trial court entered a takenothing judgment that was less favorable than the Offer of Judgment ErnstWestern propounded in a TCPA/TITDA lawsuit pursuant to Tennessee Rule of 

Civil Procedure 68.

III. Analysis

A. Grant of Summary Judgment on TITDA Claim

Appellants appeal the grant of summary judgment on their TITDA claim. A trial 

court’s decision to grant a motion for summary judgment presents a question of law. 

Therefore, our review is de novo with no presumption of correctness afforded to the trial 

court’s determination. Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn. 1997). This Court 

must make a fresh determination that all requirements of Tennessee Rule of Civil 

Procedure 56 have been satisfied. Abshure v. Methodist Healthcare-Memphis Hosps., 

325 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tenn. 2010). When a motion for summary judgment is made, the 

moving party has the burden of showing that “there is no genuine issue of material fact 

and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. 
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The Tennessee Supreme Court has explained that when the party moving for summary 

judgment does not bear the burden of proof at trial, “the moving party may satisfy its 

burden of production either (1) by affirmatively negating an essential element of the 

nonmoving party’s claim or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party’s evidence at 

the summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s claim or 

defense.” Rye v. Women’s Care Center of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 264 

(Tenn. 2015) (italics omitted). Furthermore, 

“When a motion for summary judgment is made [and] . . . supported as 

provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive summary judgment, the 

nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [its] 

pleading,” but must respond, and by affidavits or one of the other means 

provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific facts” at the summary 

judgment stage “showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. 

Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that 

there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita 

Elec. Indus. Co., [Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp.], 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S. 

Ct. 1348 [(1986)]. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the existence of 

specific facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of fact to find in 

favor of the nonmoving party.

Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265.

In relevant part, the TITDA provides that

[i]t is unlawful for any person to directly or indirectly:

(1) Engage in identity theft; or

(2) Engage in any unfair, deceptive, misleading act or practice for the 

purpose of directly or indirectly engaging in identity theft.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-2103. Identity theft is defined as 

(A) Obtaining, possessing, transferring, using or attempting to obtain,

possess, transfer or use, for unlawful economic benefit, one (1) or more 

identification documents or personal identification numbers of another 

person; or

(B) Otherwise obtaining, possessing, transferring, using or attempting to 

obtain, possess, transfer or use, for unlawful economic benefit, one (1) or 

more financial documents of another person;
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Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-2102(8). For the purpose of the TITDA, “financial 

documents” include credit cards. Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-2102(6).

Appellants allege that Appellee engaged in identity theft when it charged Mrs. 

Groves’ credit card for Ms. Adams’ entire hotel stay. The trial court incorporated the 

transcript of its oral statements from the summary judgment hearing into its order 

granting summary judgment on the TITDA claim. In pertinent part, the transcript 

provides: 

[T]he transaction that was contemplated by Mrs. Groves was a charge on 

her card at Holiday Inn. She contemplated that. Now, what’s in dispute 

here, is the amount. If the clerk had taken the card and run down to the 

convenient store and bought groceries with it, that’s identity theft. That’s 

taking it and using it, possessing it, for the purpose of some transaction 

Mrs. Groves didn’t contemplate. But Mrs. Groves contemplated that her 

card would be charged by the Holiday Inn, we just have a disagreement 

over how much and whether or not that was correctly represented to you, 

right?

***

. . . the issue here is was there a transaction that Mrs. Groves didn’t 

contemplate with some third party, other than Holiday Inn. The answer to 

that is no. She gave them her card, they accepted it for payment. Right? 

And then she says I only let them charge one night or two nights, they say 

no. It was open ended. So really the dispute isn’t over someone else using 

that card to buy groceries or NetFlix or something like that, it’s a dispute

with Holiday Inn. Both parties contemplated there was going to be a 

transaction between M[r]s. Groves and Holiday Inn.

***

They didn’t take [the credit card] from her wallet, and the clerk didn’t keep 

it and go and use it somewhere else or keep it, go in the back room and go 

on Amazon and buy things. I would concede, if that had occurred, you got 

an identity theft. But here, there’s not an identity theft case, there’s just a 

dispute over how much they charged the card that she presented to them for 

payment.

Turning to the record, Appellee attached Ms. Adams’ sworn affidavit as an exhibit 

to its motion for summary judgment. In the affidavit, Ms. Adams states, in relevant part:

***
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7. When I attempted to rent the room, I was informed by the hotel that I 

needed to present a valid credit card. I did not have a valid credit card.

8. Because I could not afford the room, I called Mrs. Vickie Groves and 

asked her to help me, and explained to her that my daughter and I did not 

have anywhere to spend the night until our apartment was ready.

9. Mrs. Groves agreed to help me, and she came to the Hotel.

10. I did not know how long I would needed [sic] to stay at the Hotel, and I 

indicated that fact to Mrs. Groves and the hotel clerk. I hoped it would be

brief, but there was never any agreement that the stay would be limited to 

only one or two nights.

11. Mrs. Groves gave permission to the Hotel to use her credit card for my 

stay. Mrs. Groves stated that I could use the card “for as long as” I needed 

to stay.

12. Mrs. Groves personally presented her credit card to the Hotel clerk.

13. Mrs. Groves gave permission [to] the Hotel to swipe her credit card.

14. Both Mrs. Groves and I signed the Guest Information and Reservation 

term sheet, which stated the payment method “Visa” ending in 7981.

15. The Reservation term sheet, signed by Mrs. Groves and me contained 

the following language “I agree my liability for this bill is not waived and 

agree to be held personally liable in the event that the indicated person, 

company or association fails to pay for any part of the full amount of the 

charges.”

16. I also never told Mrs. Groves or the hotel that I was planning to pay the 

charges for the room in cash. In fact, Mrs. Groves was aware that I had no 

money and could not afford the room.

17. Mrs. Groves’ last words to me were, “let me know if you need 

anything,” and “whenever you finally check out, just let me know.”

***

Also attached as an exhibit to Appellee’s motion are Appellants’ responses to Appellee’s 

first set of requests for admissions, wherein Mrs. Groves admits that “on April 2, 2014, 

[she] personally presented [her] credit card, a Visa, ending in 7981 to the clerk at the 
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front desk of Holiday Inn Express in Hendersonville,” and that she “allowed Holiday Inn 

Express to swipe [her] credit card ending in 7981.” Additionally, Appellee attached, as 

an exhibit to its motion for summary judgment, the reservation sheet for April 2, 2014 

which: (1) states that the payment method for the room was a Visa ending in 7981; (2) 

contains the “guest initials” of “TA;” and (3) is signed by both Mrs. Groves and Ms. 

Adams.

There can be no dispute that Mrs. Groves presented her credit card to Appellee. 

Mrs. Groves admits this. Therefore, Appellee did not fraudulently obtain Mrs. Groves’ 

credit card. The dispute, as the trial court explained, is over the amount charged to Mrs. 

Groves’ credit card. Additionally, Appellee did not use Mrs. Groves’ credit card for an 

“unlawful economic benefit.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-2102(8). Appellee provided its 

hotel services in exchange for payment via Mrs. Groves’ credit card.

In support of its TITDA claim, Appellants cite two unreported memorandum 

opinions from Judge William Haynes, Jr. from the Middle District of Tennessee 

regarding Permobil, Inc. v. GMRI, Inc., No. 3:09-01145, 2010 WL 4704424 (M.D. 

Tenn. Nov. 12, 2010) (“Permobil I”) and Permobil, Inc. v. GMRI, Inc., No. 3:09-01145, 

2011 WL 441397 (M.D. Tenn. Feb. 8, 2011) (“Permobil II”) (together “Permobil”).

3

 

While Appellants rely on Permobil to demonstrate that Appellee violated the TITDA, the 

facts of Permobil are easily distinguishable from this case. In Permobil, Jennifer Haney, 

an employee of Permobil, improperly obtained Charles Combs’s company issued credit 

card after Mr. Combs was terminated. Permobil, Inc., 2010 WL 4704424, at *1. After 

obtaining the credit card, Mrs. Haney and her husband, Johnny Haney, gained an 

unlawful economic benefit by using it at several of the Defendants’ restaurants. Id. 

Permobil sued Defendants, in part, under the TITDA alleging that “Johnny Haney left 

very large tips, regularly exceeding 50% of the bill and often exceeding 100% of the bill, 

in exchange for receiving cash from the Defendants for use of Permobil’s AMEX card . . 

.” and “Defendants were aware or should have been aware that in such circumstances, 

Johnny Haney was unlawfully using Permobil’s credit card and Defendants failed to 

notify Permobil of Haney’s fraudulent activity.” Id. Permobil did not present its 

company credit card to Mrs. Haney for her use, nor did it authorize the use of the card at 

Defendants’ restaurants. Permobil was unaware that the Haneys were using the credit 

card. In the case at bar, Mrs. Groves presented her credit card to the Appellee hotel and 

authorized the swiping of her credit card making this case factually distinguishable from 

 

3 We are cognizant that Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee does not 

permit this Court to cite memorandum opinions for any reason in an unrelated case. Tenn. Ct. App. R. 

10. However, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 states that “a court may not prohibit . . . the 

citation of federal judicial opinions, orders, judgments, or other written dispositions that have been . . . 

designated as ‘unpublished,’ ‘not for publication,’ ‘non-precedential,’ ‘not precedent’ or the like . . . .” 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1. Therefore, we cite and discuss Permobil because Appellants argue that it is 

persuasive. 
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Permobil.

4

 

B. Spoliation of Evidence

Regarding our standard of review concerning discovery sanctions, we have stated: 

This Court reviews a trial court’s choice and imposition of discovery

sanctions under an abuse of discretion standard. Pegues v. Ill. Cent. R.R. 

Co., 288 S.W.3d 350, 353 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Alexander v. 

Jackson Radiology Assocs., 156 S.W.3d 11, 14 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)). 

“An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court has applied an incorrect 

legal standard or where its decision is illogical or unreasoned and causes an 

injustice to the complaining party.” Id. (citing Mercer v. Vanderbilt Univ., 

Inc., 134 S.W.3d 121, 131 (Tenn. 2004)). The abuse of discretion standard 

does not allow this Court to substitute the panel’s judgment for the 

judgment of the trial court. Henry v. Goins, 104 S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tenn.

2003) (citation omitted). We will reverse a trial court’s decision to impose 

sanctions only if the court “has acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, or 

unconscionably.” Hodges v. Attorney General, 43 S.W.3d 918, 921 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 2000).

Langlois v. Energy Automation Sys., Inc., 332 S.W.3d 353, 356 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009). 

Appellants allege that the trial court failed to impose a sufficiently harsh sanction 

for Appellee’s failure to disclose 25 pages of its “User Activity Log” during discovery. 

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 34A.02 provides:

Rule 37 sanctions may be imposed upon a party or an agent of a party who 

discards, destroys, mutilates, alters, or conceals evidence.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 34A.02. Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 37 sanctions include, but 

are not limited to: (1) the trial court designating facts as established; (2) the trial court 

 

4

It should be noted that Permobil I concerned a motion for judgment on the pleadings. Permobil 

argued that Defendants “concealed their involvement in the fraud and identity theft perpetrated by the 

Haneys” and that “Defendants’ failure to inform [Permobil] of Johnny Haney’s fraudulent activity is 

equivalent to ‘concealing the liability’ under [T]ITDA.” Permobil, Inc., 2010 WL 4704424, at *3. The 

district court found that the alleged facts “could give rise to a finding of the Defendants’ concealment of 

those transactions” and that the issue could not be decided on a motion for judgment on the pleadings. Id. 

at *4. The district court did not make a determination that the alleged facts violated the TITDA. 

Similarly, Permobil II concerned Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, in part, as to Permobil’s 

TITDA claims which the district court denied. Again, the district court did not make a determination that 

the alleged facts violated the TITDA. Permobil, Inc., 2011 WL 441397, at *11. 
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refusing to allow the party being sanctioned to support or oppose designated claims or 

defenses; and (3) striking pleadings or rendering a default judgment against the offending 

party. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 37.02.

In Tatham v. Bridgestone Ams. Holding, Inc., 473 S.W.3d 734 (Tenn. 2015), the 

Tennessee Supreme Court discussed sanctions for spoliation of evidence, stating:

In light of both [Tennessee] Rule [of Civil Procedure] 34A.02 and the 

long-standing recognition discussed herein of a trial court’s inherent 

authority and wide discretion in imposing sanctions to ensure 

fundamental fairness and the proper administration of justice, we hold 

that intentional misconduct is not a prerequisite for a trial court to 

impose sanctions for the spoliation of evidence, including that of a 

negative inference. Indeed, while in the past under the common law 

doctrine of spoliation, there clearly was a prerequisite of intentional 

misconduct for a trial court to impose the specific sanction of a 

negative inference against the spoliating party, we see no reason to 

continue the requirement of intentional misconduct for the imposition 

of sanctions for the spoliation of evidence whether the sanction be 

imposed under the common law doctrine, under the inherent authority 

of the court, or under Rule 34A.02. We hold today that the analysis 

for the possible imposition of any sanction for the spoliation of 

evidence should be based upon a consideration of the totality of the 

circumstances. To adopt an inflexible, bright-line rule restricting a 

trial court’s power to fashion the appropriate remedy for spoliation of 

evidence would be contrary to the trial court’s inherent authority to 

sanction abuses of the discovery process and to remedy the potential 

prejudice caused thereby. Therefore, intentional misconduct should 

not be a prerequisite to the imposition of some sanction under any 

approach. Rather, such determinations should be made on a case-bycase basis considering all relevant circumstances. Whether the 

conduct involved intentional misconduct simply should be one of the 

factors considered by the trial court.

The decision to impose sanctions for the spoliation of evidence is 

within the wide discretion of the trial court. The determination of 

whether a sanction should be imposed for the spoliation of evidence 

necessarily depends upon the unique circumstances of each case. 

Factors which are relevant to a trial court’s consideration of what, if 

any, sanction should be imposed for the spoliation of evidence 

include:

(1) the culpability of the spoliating party in causing the 
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destruction of the evidence, including evidence of intentional 

misconduct or fraudulent intent;

(2) the degree of prejudice suffered by the non-spoliating party 

as a result of the absence of the evidence;

(3) whether, at the time the evidence was destroyed, the 

spoliating party knew or should have known that the evidence 

was relevant to pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation; and

(4) the least severe sanction available to remedy any prejudice 

caused to the non-spoliating party.

Tatham, 473 S.W.3d at 746-47.

As noted in Tatham, the imposition of discovery sanctions is largely left to the 

trial court’s discretion. In its order granting the discovery sanction in this case, the trial

court states

. . . that regarding Defendant’s Motion for Protective Order and Plaintiffs’ 

Motion for Sanctions, the [c]ourt will issue pursuant to T.R.C.P. 34 and 

T.R.C.P. 37, a modified version of Tennessee Proposed Pattern Jury 

Instruction 2.04 as a jury instruction concerning the “User Activity Log” 

that is the subject of these Motions, unless the document is electronically 

recovered, and if this case is submitted to a jury.

We glean from the order that the trial court found that the “User Activity Log” should 

have been submitted. However, as to the specific basis for this finding, the record is too 

sparse to allow meaningful review. Although the record contains a transcript of the 

hearing on the motion for sanctions, it is comprised entirely of oral arguments from 

counsel, which are not evidence. Trotter v. State, 508 S.W.2d 808, 809 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1974) (holding that statements made by counsel during the course of a hearing, trial, 

or argument are not evidence). Accordingly, we cannot review whether Appellee’s 

failure to proffer the “User Activity Log” was intentional or whether its absence caused 

Appellant prejudice. Regardless, from the record, the trial court determined that a 

modified jury instruction was warranted. To that end, the trial court modified Tennessee 

Pattern Jury Instruction 2.04, which, in original form, allowed the jury to conclude that 

the missing evidence may be adverse to the party who failed to offer it only if the jury 

found certain enumerated criteria. In this case, the trial court modified the instruction to 

eliminate the jury’s consideration of the enumerated criteria and strictly mandated an 

adverse inference against Appellee due to its failure to provide the “User Activity Log.” 

Again, the type of discovery abuse sanction is largely left to the trial judge, and 
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this Court will not reverse the trial court absent an abuse of discretion. Furthermore, 

under Tatham, the trial court is charged to impose the “least severe sanction available.” 

Tatham, 473 S.W.3d at 747. In the absence of sufficient evidence of intentional 

spoliation on Appellee’s part or prejudice against Appellants, we cannot conclude that the 

trial court’s modification of TPI 2.04 was too lenient or that the court otherwise abused 

its discretion in levying this particular sanction.

C. Attorneys’ Fees

Appellee appeals the trial court’s denial of attorney’s fees pursuant to Tennessee 

Rule of Civil Procedure 68. This issue requires us to interpret a rule of civil procedure. 

We must apply the “same principles of statutory construction and the same standard of 

review,” as required when interpreting a statute. In re Baby, 447 S.W.3d 807, 818 (Tenn.

2014) (citing Lind v. Beaman Dodge, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tenn. 2011)). Thus, 

we review the trial court’s conclusions de novo, with no presumption of correctness.

State v. Edmondson, 231 S.W.3d 925, 927 (Tenn. 2007). According to the Tennessee 

Supreme Court:

When interpreting statutes [and rules], our primary function is to carry out 

legislative intent without broadening the statute beyond its intended scope. 

Houghton v. Aramark Educ. Res., Inc., 90 S.W.3d 676, 678 (Tenn. 2002). 

When a statute is clear, courts simply apply the plain meaning without 

complicating the task. Eastman Chem. Co. v. Johnson, 151 S.W.3d 503, 

507 (Tenn. 2004). “When a statute [or rule] is ambiguous, however, we 

may reference the broader statutory scheme, the history of the legislation, 

or other sources.” Colonial Pipeline Co. v. Morgan, 263 S.W.3d 827, 836 

(Tenn. 2008). We must presume that every word in a statute has meaning 

and purpose and should be given full effect so long as the obvious intention 

of the General Assembly is not violated by doing so. In re C.K.G., 173 

S.W.3d 714, 722 (Tenn. 2005) (quoting Marsh v. Henderson, 221 Tenn. 

42, 424 S.W.2d 193, 196 (1968)). “[A] construction which places one 

statute in conflict with another is to be avoided, and we must endeavor to 

resolve any possible conflict between statutes in favor of each other in 

order to provide a harmonious operation of laws.” Lovlace v. Copley, 418 

S.W.3d 1, 20 (Tenn. 2013) (Graham v. Caples, 325 S.W.3d 578, 582 

(Tenn. 2010)).

In re Baby, 447 S.W.3d at 817-18.

Appellee argues it is entitled to attorney’s fees pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil 

Procedure 68, the TITDA, and the TCPA. Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 68 states:

At any time more than 10 days before the trial begins, a party defending 
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against a claim may serve upon the adverse party an offer to allow 

judgment to be taken against the defending party for the money or property, 

or to the effect specified in the offer, with costs then accrued. Likewise a 

party prosecuting a claim may serve upon the adverse party an offer to 

allow judgment to be taken against that adverse party for the money or 

property or to the effect specified in the offer with costs then accrued. If 

within 10 days after service of the offer the adverse party serves written 

notice that the offer is accepted, either party may file the offer and notice of 

acceptance, together with proof of service thereof, with the court and 

thereupon judgment shall be rendered accordingly. An offer not accepted 

shall be deemed withdrawn and evidence thereof is not admissible except in 

a proceeding to determine costs. If the judgment finally obtained by the 

offeree is not more favorable than the offer, the offeree shall pay all costs 

accruing after the making of the offer. The fact that an offer is made but not 

accepted does not preclude a subsequent offer.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 68. The trial court denied Appellee’s post-trial motion for costs and 

attorney’s fees pursuant to Rule 68 but granted, in part, Appellee’s post-trial motion for 

discretionary costs, ordering Appellants to pay Appellee’s $275.00 per diem costs for the 

court reporter pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.04(2).5 Appellee 

extended an offer of judgment for $500.00 on March 25, 2015. Appellants rejected the 

offer. Subsequently, the jury rendered a take nothing-verdict for Appellants, a judgment 

that was not more favorable than Appellee’s offer of judgment. All of the requirements 

of Rule 68 were met, yet the trial court did not award Appellee its costs. This was error. 

The language of Rule 68 is mandatory, not permissive, in that an “offeree shall pay costs 

accruing after the making of the offer.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 68 (emphasis added). However, 

the “costs” in Rule 68 are only “costs taxed by the Clerk of the Court” and do not include 

attorney’s fees as Appellee argues. Person v. Fletcher, 582 S.W.2d 765, 766-67 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. 1979). In Person, this Court specifically stated that “no statute authorizes 

attorneys’ fees to be included as costs . . . .” Id. at 767.6 Therefore, we reverse the trial 

 

5 Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.04(2) states, in part: 

Costs not included in the bill of costs prepared by the clerk are allowable only in the 

court’s discretion. Discretionary costs allowable are: reasonable and necessary court 

reporter expenses for depositions or trials, reasonable and necessary expert witness fees 

for depositions (or stipulated reports) and for trials, reasonable and necessary interpreter 

fees not paid pursuant to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 42, and guardian ad litem fees; 

travel expenses are not allowable discretionary costs. . . .

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.04

6 Appellee essentially argues that this Court should follow the federal rule and federal case law,

which allow the award of attorneys’ fees pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68 when the 

underlying statute on which the plaintiff brings its case allows for the recovery of attorney’s fees. See
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court’s denial of costs taxed by the Clerk of Court but affirm the trial court’s denial of 

attorney’s fees. 

Appellants argue they should be awarded attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to the 

TCPA and/or the TITDA. A party is only entitled to attorney’s fees with regard to these 

Acts when the party prevails at trial or on appeal. Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109(e)(1); 

Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-2104(g). Here, Appellants have not prevailed on either claim. 

Therefore, we decline to grant Appellants’ request for attorney’s fees.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s denial of Appellee’s costs 

under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 68 but otherwise affirm the order. The case is 

remanded for determination of costs and for such further proceedings as may be 

necessary and are consistent with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed against 

the Appellants, Vickie Groves, Charles Groves, and their surety, for all of which 

execution may issue if necessary.

_________________________________

KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE

 

Jordan v. CSX Transp., Inc., No. M1999-01415-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 378555, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Apr. 17, 2001) for a discussion on the same. However, Tennessee case law has not taken this approach,

and we decline to adopt it now.