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## Document

Number: 

# 83 ) I I-A-1 5 Docket Number: 

# A-84-2 2

Printed 4/18/200810:52:08AM

Sheet 83 of 94P. 2 

# fl~rv-*i I-A-/ S

EVALUATIO NO F OPACIT YFREQUENC YMETHO D O NSLOWL YCHANGINGPLUME S

Contrac t No . 68-01-511 0 Tas k Orde r # 3 4

Prepare d by : DE L GREE NASSOCIATES , INC . 115 5 C Ches s Drive , Suit e A Foste r City , CA9440 4 (415 ) 574-473 7

Prepare d for : U.S . ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENC Y Divisio no f Stationar ySourc e Enforcemen t Researc hTriangl e Park , NC 2771 1

TAS K MANAGE R Kir k Foste r

Decembe r 198 1P. 3

ACKNOWLEDGMEN T

De l Gree nAssociates , Inc . (DGA ) woul dlik e t o expres s thei r appreciatio nfo r th e assistanc e provide db y Easter n Technica l Associate s inconductin gth e fiel dwor kfo r thi s study . DG A wishe s t o acknowledg e tha t th e dat a summarie s presente din thi s repor t ar e base donstatistica l evaluation s conducte db y th e Researc hTriangl e Institut e fo r th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agency .



### nP. 4

TABL E OF CONTENT S pag e 1. 0 Summary1 2. 0 Introductio n 2 3. 0 Backgroun

d 3 .4. 0 Stud

yDesign 7 4. 1 Metho d T o B e Tested 7 4. 2 Smok e Sourc e 7 4. 3 Selectio n o f Observer s 9 4. 4 Numbe r o f OpacityObservation s 9 4. 5 Collectio n o f Dat a 9 4. 6 Qualit yAssuranc e Procedure s 9 5. 0 Tes t Procedur e 1 1 5. 1 Selectio n o f Tes t Sit e 1 1 5. 2 Ambien t Condition s H 5. 3 Collectio n o f Dat a 1 1 6. 0 Fiel d Tes t Result s 1 4 6. 1 Tes t Dat a Summar y1 4 Appendi xA- Referenc e Method 9 (wit hPreamble ) Appendi xB - Sampl e Dat a Form ; Stri p Char t Tes t Log an d Predetermined Plum

e Pattern s Appendi xC - Meteorologica l Dat a Appendi xD - Dat a Summar y Appendi xE - Participant s



### mP. 5

LIS T O F TABLE S pag e 6. 1 Numbe r o f Observation s Complete d1 7 6. 2 Metho d9 an

dTransmissomete r Opacit y Average s 1 8

LIS T O F FIGURE S 4. 1 Stri pChar t Recordo f Typica l Tes t Run8 5. 1 Observe r Locatio n1 2 6. 1 Observe dMea nOpacit y v . Actua l Mea nOpacit y 1 5 6. 2 Standar dDeviatio no f Observe dMea nOpacit y v . 1 6 Actua l Mea nOpacit y 6. 3 Frequenc y

o f Differenc e Betwee nActua l an d2 0 Observe dMea nOpacitie s 6. 4 Frequenc y

Distributio no f th e Difference s o f 2 1 Actua l an

dObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (Opacit y

_>20% ) - Whit e Smok e 6. 5 Frequenc y

Distributio no f th e Difference s o f 2 2 Actua l an

dObserve dTime s o f Excessiv e Emission s (0pacity.>20% ) - Blac kSmok e

i vP. 6

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1. 0 SUMMARY . I norde r t o ascertai nth e statistica l accurac y o f usingth e frequenc y (time-aggregate ) methodfo r determinin gsourc e complianc e wit hopacit y regula tions , th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency' s Divisio no f Stationar y Sourc e Enforcemen t conducte da fiel dstudy inJacksonville , Florid a c nJanuar y 15 , 16 , an

d17 , 1981 . Dat a wer e collecte db y te ncertifie dobserver s wh o rea dbot hblac kan d whit e plume s fro

m a smok e generato r equippe dwit ha transmissometer . Inall , 18 0 12-minut e tes t run s wer e made . Duringsi xminute s o f th e 12-minut e period , th e plume opacit y wa s increase do r decrease dvery slowl y ove r a n opacit y rangin gbetwee n20 % an d60% . Reading s wer e take nb y EPA Referenc e Metho d9 bu t th e dat a wer e reduce dusingth e time-aggregat e method . InMetho d 9 , opacit y

reading s ar e take nevery 1 5 seconds . Duringdat a reductio nb y th e time-aggregat e method , i t wa s assume dtha t 1 5 second s o f exces s emission s occu r fo r eac hreadinggreate r thano r equa l t o 20 % opacity . Th e 15-second interval s o f exces s emission s wer e "aggregated " t o determin e th e accumulate d time o f "observed " exces s emission s fo r eac htes t run . Similarly , th e accumu late dtime o f "actual " exces s emission s a s measure db y th e transmissomete r wa s calculated . Th e dat a wer e als o evaluate db y th e time averagin gtechniqu e specifie dinTes t Metho d9 . Th e dat a bas e develope dthroughthi s fiel dstud y wil l underg o s detaile d statistica l analysi s whic hwil l be reporte dina subsequen t study . Thi s repor t discusse s th e stud y designan

dprovide s a brie f summary o f th e tes t data .P. 7

2. 0 INTRODUCTION Technica l suppor t fo r visibl e emission s evaluatio ntechnique s wa s develop edb y th e Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y i n197 4 an

dfollowe db

y th e revisio n o f EPA' s Referenc e Metho d9 . Metho d9 i s base duponth e averagin go f 2 4 consecutiv e visua l observation s o f th e opacit y o f a nai r effluen t stream , take na t 15-secondinterval s t o determin e a naverag e cpacit y

o f th e emissions . Becaus e 2 4 observe r reading s ar e average dove r si xminutes , highaccurac y i s achieved . _

_ However , severa l state s us e dat a reductio nmethod s tha t vary fro m Metho d 9 an dgenerall y

pre-dat e th e EP

A 197 4 revisio no f Metho d9 . On e o f thes e variations , referre dt o a s th e "frequency " or "15-secondaggregat e time " method , involve s countin gth e numbe r o f 15-secondreading s above a certai n opacit y valu e an

dmultiplyin gthi s figur e b y 1 5 (the numbe r o f second s betwee n readings ) t o determin e th e tota l time o f emission s exceedin gth e specifie d opacit y value . EPA recognize dthes e variation s in197 4 whe nth e Metho d9 revisio nwa s publishe dan

dth e Agenc y

committe dt o th e review o f technique s othe r tha n six-minut e averaging . Thi s stud y i s inrespons e t o tha t commitment .P. 8

3. 0 BACKGROUN D T o investigat e th e accurac y an dprecisio no f Referenc e Metho d9 , th e Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y establishe da dat a bas e o f visua l observation s tha t coul db e compare dt o actua l in-stac kopacit y measurement s obtaine dwit ha transmissometer . Thes e measurement s wer e mad e usin ga smok e generator , a naci d plant , an

da fossi l fuel-fire dstea m generato r a s sources . Th e curren t Refer enc e Metho d9 (include da s Appendi xA ) wa s revise dt o includ e dat a averagin g base donthes e tes t data . Currently , Metho d9 require s tha t 2 4 consecutiv e opacit y observation s be average dt o determin e a nopacit y

level . Becaus e observation s ar e take neyery 1 5 seconds , thi s result s ina six-minut e readingperiod . I t wa s found , afte r compariso no f reade r observation s t o actua l opacities , tha t averaginga serie s o f opacit y

reading s greatl y

improve dth e overal l estimat e o f actua l opacity . T o ensur e th e accurac y o f opacit y

observations , Metho d9 stipulate s th e pro cedure s an

dstandard s fo r observe r training . Specifically , candidat e observer s mus t certif y b y demonstratin gth e abilit y t o "read " opacit y

withi n 15 % o f th e tru e valu e fo r 5 0 individua l readings , wit ha naverag e deviatio no f les s tha n±7.5 % opacit y fo r 2 5 whit e an

d2 5 blac ksmok e readings . Th e actua l fiel dstudie s conducte di n197 4 showe dtha t fo r 99 % o f th e tes t set s readb y qualifie dobservers , th e averag e positiv e deviatio no f th e observe dopacit y from th e measure dopacit y wa s at or below

7.5 % opacity . Thus , the overal l erro r inheren t inMethod9 i s wel l defined . Prio r t o th e revisiono f Metho d9 , mos t stat e ai r pollutio nregulator y agencie s hadadopte dregulation s referre dt o a s "time-exemption" , "time exception" , o r "aggregate-time " regulations . A time-exemptio nregulationP. 9

generall y

require s a sourc e t o compl y wit ha maximu

m opacit y

limit , usuall y 20% , bu t als o exempt s th e sourc e fro m th e limi t fo r shor t periods . Th e exempt edperiods , typicall y two o r thre e minute s pe r hour , allow th e sourc e short term malfunction s o r batc hemission s withou t triggerin genforcemen t actions , ye t requir e goodsourc e performanc e 95 % o f th e time . Often , a maximum not-to be-exceede dcpacit y limi t (e.g. , 60 % opacity ) als o i s stipulated . Sinc e th e period s o f exces s emission s ar e aggregate dove r a one-hou r period , complianc e wit hth e time exemptio nregulatio ngenerall y ha s beenfoundmor e difficul t (2 ) tha nwit hth e six-minut e average s o f Metho d9-basedregulations . Typically , enforcemen t o f time-exemptio nregulation s ha s bee nbase dupo n uniforml y

space d(usuall y

15-secondintervals ) visua l opacit y reading s (a s pe r Metho d9) , wit heachnearl y instantaneou s readingassume dt o represen t th e averag e opacit y

durin gth e entir e 15-secondinterval . Thus , eachopacit y readin gabov e th e standar dcause s a nadditiona l 1 5 second s t o be accumulate d towar dth e time-exemptio nperiod . Consequently , unde r a three-minut e exemp tio nstandard , 1 3 accurat e observation s o f excessiv e emission s ina one-hou r perio dwoul dbe considere dt o have exceede dth e standard . Thi s metho dofte n i s calle dth e "frequency " o r "15-secondaggregate-time " method . Wit hth e exceptio no f th e dat a analysis , thi s metho dconform s t o th e procedure s o f Referenc e Metho d9 . Althoug hth e accurac y o f th e 197 4 revisio no f Metho d9 wa s wel l documented , th e accurac y o f th e aggregate-time method s employe db y (2 ) existin gStat e time-exemptio nopacit y regulation s i s no t s o supported . A s previousl y

mentioned , a notabl e shortcomingc f Metho d9 i s it s inabilit y

t o quantif y

brie f (intermittent ) period s o f highopacit y emissions . Fo r example , tw

o or thre e minute s o f 40 % opacit y emission s ofte nwoul dno tP.1 0

resul t ina violatio no f th e 20 % opacit y standar dwhe naverage deve r a six minut e period , du e t o th e mitigatin geffec t o f th e othe r thre e or fou r minute s o f relativel y

clea nemissions . Thi s patter ncoul drepea t continuously , wit h th e sourc e stil l remainin gi ncomplianc e base donMetho d9 . Thi s deficienc y di dno t appea r critica l whe nMetho d9 wa s revise di n1974 , an di t wa s to b e addresse dinfutur e EP A metho ddevelopment . Th e limitation s o f Metho d9 i ndealin gwit hintermitten t source s an dth e lac ko f a supportin gdat a bas e fo r aggregate-time method s wer e highlighte db y (3 ) th e cas e o f Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporatio nv . Costle . EP A propose dt o inspec t th e company' s cok e ove nfacilitie s i nBuffalo , New

Yorkusinga

n aggregate-tim e stopwatc htechniqu e describe da s a modificatio no f Metho d9 . Th e "stopwatch " method , a nalternativ e to th e "frequency " method , require s a n observe r t o measur e wit ha stopwatc hth e accumulate dtime durin gwhic hth e opacit y exceed s th e standard . Th e observe r start s th e stopwatc hwhe nth e opacit y exceed s 20 % (o

r some othe r standard ) an dstop s i t whe nth e opacit y drop s below

th e standard . Th e technique wa s designe dt o determin e complianc e wit hNew

York' s existingtim e exemptio nrul e a s adopte dinth e Stat e Implemen tatio nPlan . Th e compan y claime dth e stopwatc htechnique en dit s metho do f implementatio nt o be inappropriat e an drefuse dentry

t o EPA . Th e Cour t found tha t th e propose dEP A metho dwa s no t promulgate dproperl y an dtha t Metho d9 , EPA' s onl y

othe r alternative, wa s inadequat e fo r a nintermitten t sourc e suc h a s th e cok e eve nbattery . Furthermore , Cour t investigatio nint o th e back groun do f th e propose dstopwatc htechniqu e showe da dat a bas e inadequat e t o suppor t th e accurac y o f th e method .P.1 1

Afte r th e modifie d Metho d 9 faile d t o withstan d Cour t scrutiny , EP A decide d t o develop , i f feasible , a n alternativ e metho d suitabl e fo r determin
in g th e complianc e statu s o f anintermitten t source . A s par t o f thi s effort , EP Aconducte d e serie s o f fiel d studie s t o collec t observe r dat a usin g aggre gate-tim e techniques . Becaus e initia l dat a indicat e tha t th e rat e o f opacit y chang e effect s th e erro r associate d wit haggregate-tim e reading s significant
ly , th e fiel d dat a collectio neffort s wer e designe d t o obtai nobserve r dat a fro mplume s wit ha variet yo f opacit ychang e rates . Thi s study , conducte d i n Januar y1981 , concentrate d c n plume s wit hperiod s o f slowl ychangin g (bot h increasin g and decreasing ) opacity . Othe r dat a collectio nand analysi s effort s concentrate d o nplume s wit hfast , intermediate , and invarian t opacit ychange rates .P.1 2

4. 0 STUD YDESIGN 4. 1 Metho d T o B e Teste d Inaneffor t t o asses s th e validit yo f th e 15-secon d aggregate-tim e metho d fo r readin g slowl ychangin g plum e opacities , a fiel d studywa s designe d b yEPA . Th e resultin g observe d and measure d cpacit ydat a wer e analyze d t o determin e whethe r th e aggregate-tim e metho d coul d adequatel yestimat e th e actua l tim e o f exces s emission s fo r thi s typ e o f emission . Th e dat a produce d byth e fiel d studywer e t o b e availabl e fo r analysi s and technica l suppor t o f a revisio nt o Metho d 9 o r developmen t o f a ne walternativ e Referenc e Tes t Method . Becaus e th e fiel d studywa s designe d specificall yt o addres s th e proble m o f slowl ychangin g plumes , i t wa s necessar yt o simulat e thos e emissio n patterns . Th e smok e generato r wa s use d t o emi t plume s fo r 1 2 minutes . Sub
merge d withi nthi s 12-minut e perio d wa s a singl e six-minut e perio d o f yery slowl yrisin g end fallin g opacity , wit hplum e opacit ygraduatin g betwee n 20 % and 60 % opacity . Figur e 4. 1 present s th e stri p char t recor d fo r Tes t Run 9 , and i s typica l o f th e plum e patter nuse d durin g thi s experiment . Th e transmissomete r tes t log fo r th e 1 8 runs , a s wel l a s th e serie s o f predeter
mine d plum e pattern s t o b e followe d during.testing,ar e presente d i nAppendi xB . 4. 2 Smok e Sourc e Th e Florid a Departmen t o f Environmenta l Regulation' s smok e generato r wa s use d i nth e study . Th e generato r wa s se t u p wit htw o stri p charts . On e stri p char t syste mwa s use d fo r th e generato r operato r t o pla nan d execut e a pre-arrange d progra mo f plumes , an d th e othe r wa s use d a s a recor d o f th e tes t plum e opacity .

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4. 3 Selectio no f Observer s I norde r t o implemen t anopacit yreadin g techniqu e an d th e associate d enforcemen t program , som e baselin e leve l o f competenc ymus t b e me t byal l observer s (i.e. , certification) . However , i nselectin g individual s fo r experi
menta l observations , i t shoul d b e note d tha t th e stringenc yand procedure s o f th e competenc ytes t establis ha lower , bu t no t a nupper , limi t o nth e competenc yo f th e participants . Observer s selecte d fo r thi s fiel d tes t wer e al l graduate s o f th e Florid a Visibl e Emissio nProgra mfo r Metho d 9 Certifica
tio nconducte d th e previou s week . A s mentione d previously , Metho d 9 require s readin g a serie s o f plume s a t 15-secon d intervals , an d i nthi s respec t i s identica l t o th e frequenc ymetho d planne d fo r us e i nth e fiel d test . 4. 4 Numbe r o f Opacit yObservation s Du e t o th e limite d resource s availabl e fo r th e study , th e amoun t o f dat a collecte d wa s mor e a functio no f th e availabl e tim e and manpowe r tha n specifi c studydesig nconsiderations . However , t o ensur e th e validit yo f th e study , a nadequat e numbe r o f observation s wa s take nt o establis hth e accurac yo f th e frequenc ymetho d whe nuse d t o rea d slowl ychangin g plumes . 4. 5 Collectio no f Dat a Procedure s fo r dat a collectio nwer e designe d largel yt o avoi d biasin g th e result s an

d t o ensur e complianc e wit hMetho d 9 observatio nrequirements . T o expedit e dat a collectio nan d late r use , a standardize d formwa s designe d fo r th e observers . Anexampl e o f th e for mi s provide d i nAppendi xB . 4. 6 Qualit yAssuranc e Procedure s Inorde r t o ensur e th e succes s o f th e programan d assur e tha t th e dat a ar e suitabl e fo r plannin g and enforcemen t purposes , th e qualit ycontro l andassuranc e procedure s listedbelow wer e implemented . 1 . Smok e reader s wer e al l recen t graduate s o f th e Florid a Departmen t o f Environmenta l Regulatio nsmok e school , whic hmeet s Metho d9 spec ifications . 2 . Th e smok e generato r utilize di nthi s study me t al l Metho d9 specifi cations . I t wa s calibrate dcarefull y prio r t o conductin gth e tes t run s usingNBS-traceabl e filter s o f know ncpacities . Inaddition , zer o an dspa ncheck s wer e performe dperiodicall y t o ensur e minimum instrumen t drift . Thes e instrumen t inspectio nan dcalibratio npro cedure s wer e performe dinaccordanc e wit hMetho d9 requirements . 3 . Two stri pchar t recorder s wer e utilize dt o maintai na permanen t recor dc f smok e generato r output . Th e stri pchart s wer e full y checked , wit ha

naudi t performe dcnthe transcribe dcpacit y data . 4 . T o assis t i

nth e efficien t collectio no f data , a specialize ddat a form wa s developed . Al l o f th e dat a transcribe dfro m th e form s fo r keypunc hentry

wer e checke dfo r accuracy .



### 1 0P.1 6

5. 0 TES T PROCEDUR E 5. 1 Selectio no f Tes t Sit e Th e tes t wa s conducte d a t th e Florid a Departmen t o f Environmenta l Regulat
io nOffice s o nBill s Roa d i nJacksonville , Florida . Thi s i s anexcellen t sit e wit hgoo d plum e backgroun d al l day . Figur e 5. 1 depict s th e tes t location . 5. 2 Ambien t Condition s A t th e beginnin g o f th e firs t tes t day , ther e wer e scattere d clouds . Th e clou d cove r bega nt o dissipat e befor e noon , an d th e afternoo nperio d wa s clea r and sunny . Wind s wer e fro mth e northwes t a t abou t 3- 7 knot s an d visiblit ywa s constan t a t 7 mile s throughou t th e day . Th e temperatur e rang e fo r th e da ywa s 41-69 * F an

d th e relativ e humidit yvarie d betwee n3 1 and 8 3 percent . Atrac e o f rai na t dawnha d n o effec t o nth e day' s readings . Th e second tes t da ybega nwit hligh t scattere d clouds , whic hbuil t up slightl ythroughou t th e mornin g and afternoon . Predaw nfo g dissipate d b y sunris e an

d visiblit yremaine d 4- 7 mile s throughou t th e day . Wind s wer e fro m th e northwes t a t 3- 5 knot s unti l lat e mornin g an d the npicke d up t o 7-1 3 knot s fro mth e north-northwes t unti l lat e afternoon . Temperatur e range d fro m35
- 66 " F and relativ e humidit yfrom 27-8 8 percent . Th e thir d tes t da ywa s exceptionall yclea r an d sunnythroughout , wit h visibilit yconstan t a t 1 0 miles . Wind s wer e fro mth e north-northwes t a t 7-1 3 knots . Temperatur e range d from 27-40 ° F and th e relativ e humidit yvarie d betwee n2 4 and 5 0 percent . Meteorologica l informatio nfro mth e Jacksonvill e Airpor t reportin g statio ni s presente d a s Appendi xC . 5. 3 Co l lectio no f Dat a Durin g th e runs , th e smok e generato r operato r varie d th e opacit yt o simulat e a slowl ychangin g plume . Thre e plum e pattern s wer e teste d i n bot h


### 1 1Figur e 5. 1 Observe r Locatio n 

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### blac kan dwhit e smoke . Th e plume s ha da stead

y ris e o r fal l o f 20% , 40% , o r 60 % opacit y

ove r a six-minut e period . Thes e rise/fal l pattern s wer e sub merge dwithi na 12-minut e periodo f varyin gopacit y levels . A t 15-secondintervals , a hor nwa s sounde dt o cu e th e observer s t o mak e anobservation . Simultaneously , th e opacit y trac e wa s marke dan

dth e readin g numbe r identifie dfor the run . Th e reader s recorde dth e observe dcpacit y onth e provide dform

eachtime th e hornsounded .



## 1 3P.1 9

6. 0 FIEL D TES T RESULT S 6. 1 Tes t Dat a Summar y Te nreader s participate d i n1 8 test s ove r th e three-da ytestin g period , an d eac htes t comprise d 4 8 readings . Thus , i n al l a tota l o f 864 0 separat e observation s wer e generate d fro mthi s study . Th e numbe r o f opacit yreading s and six-minut e tes t run s ar e showni nTabl e 6.1 . Averag e opacit yvalue s ar e displaye d i nTabl e 6. 2 fo r observe d (al l observers ) and actua l (transmiss
ometer ) data . Acomplet e listin g o f thes e observation s i s include d i n Appendi xD o f thi s report . Th e fiel d test s i nthi s studywer e designe d t o sho wth e observer s ramp lik e increase s (o r decreases ) i n opacit yove r th e six-minut e readin g period . Thes e test s ar e characterize d b ylarg e difference s i nopacit ychange s ove r th e six-minut e perio d (from-34 % t o +40 % opacity) , relativel ylo wtest-to-tes t variatio ni naverag e opacit y(19.7 % - 42.1%) , an d moderat e variatio n i n opacit ywithi ntest s i.e. , th e standar d deviatio no f th e 15-secon d opacit y readings , (4.6 % - 12.4%). ( 6 ) Figur e 6. 1 illustrate s th e regressio n o f th e averag e observe d value s (pe r Metho d 9 ) t o th e actua l (transmissometer ) averag e cpacit yvalue s fo r th e dat a obtaine d fro mthi s fiel d study . Alinea r relationshi p i s clea r fo r bot hblac k and whit e smoke , an d th e slop e o f th e regressio nlin e i s approximatel yunit y fo r both ; however , th e whit e smok e reading s displa ya positiv e bias . Th e standar d deviation s o f th e observe d Metho d 9 average s fo r al l observer s ar e displaye d i nTabl e 6. 2 an d ar e plotte d agains t actua l mea nopacitie s in Figur e 6. 2 Ingeneral , th e standar d deviation s fo r th e blac k smok e plume s ar e large r tha nthos e fo r whit e smoke . Althoug hbot hgroup s sho wa positiv e correlatio n betwee nstandar d deviatio nan d mea nopacity , th e slop e o f th e regressio nlin e i s muc hhighe r fo r blac k smoke . 1 4P.2 0

TABL E 6. 1 Numbe ro fObservation s Complate d
Tota l No
. o f 15-secon d Opacit y Observation s No
. o f6-Minut e

Observatio n Period s Al l observers , al l tes trun s 8,64 0 36 0



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### 10 B II B 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 B TABL E 6. 2 « > Observe d Metho d 9 an d Transmissomete r OpacityAverage s Mean Opacity , Percen t Method 9 27. 3 31. 4 33. 0 42. 7 36. 3 36. 6 40. 2 33. 4 45. 2 31. 9 24. 8 27. 0 42. 8 25. 7 26. 6 25. 8 31. 3 36. 6 Transmissomete r

19. 8 25. 7 25. 3 36. 0 30. 5 30. 5 30. 0 27. 3 37. 9 26. 6 25. 1 26. 0 42. 1 27. 8 31. 4 24. 5 27. 5 36. 3 Standard Deviation , Percen t
5.5 4 4.1 6 5.4 9 5.6 5 8.9 2 6.4 9 8.8 6 5.1 0 7.5 3 12.9 7 8.6 3 10.3 7 12.6 9 8.3 7 8.5 6 6.7 3 7.3 0 5.7 6 

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## 18P.2 4

Th e positiv e bia s o f th e whit e smok e reading s i s illustrate dfurthe r b y th e frequenc y

distibutio no f error s o f mea nopacit y estimate s a s show

nin Figur e 6.3 . Approximatel y 71 % o f th e whit e smok e readin gerror s wer e positive , whil e th e blac ksmok e dat a ar e nearl y equall y

distribute dabou t zero . Figure s 6. 4 an

d6. 5 illustrat e th e distributio no f th e error s inestimat ingth e time o f excessiv e emission s b y th e aggregate-time method . Th e whit e smok e readings , a s migh t b e surmised , show onl y positiv e estimatio nerrors , whil e error s are.distribute daroundzer o fo r blac ksmok e wit honl y a sligh t positiv e bias .



### 1 9

### FIGUR E 6. 3 - FREQUENC YO F DIFFERENCE S BETWEE N ACTUAL AND OBSERVE D MEA NOPACITIE S

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## 22P.2 8

REFERENCE S

1 . Evaluatio nan

dCollaborativ e Study o f Metho dfo r Visua l Determinatio n o f Opacit y

o f Emission s fro

m Stationar y

Sources , EPA

650/4-75-009 , Januar y 1975 . 2 . Telephon e Surve y o f Stat e an

dLoca l Ai r Contro l Agencie s o nOpacit y Regulatio nan

dEnforcemen t Procedures ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Octobe r 198 0 (Draft) . 3 . Donner-Hann a Cok e Corporationv . Costle , Ci v No . 77-232 , D.C. W.D. , N.Y. , N.Y. . 4 . Fiel dEvaluatio no f anOpacit y Readin gMetho dfo r Intermitten t Plumes ; De l Gree nAssociates , Inc. , Septembe r 198 1 (Draft) . 5 . Evaluatio no f Opacit y Frequenc y

Metho do

nContinuou s Plumes ; De l Gree n Associates , Inc. , Decembe r 198 1 (Draft) . 6 . Statistica l Analysi s o f Thre e Smok e Generato r Fiel dTests ; Researc h Triangl e Institute , Augus t 198 1 (Draft) .



### 2 3

### APPENDI XA
Referenc e Metho d9 (wit hPreamble ) 4 0 CF R60 , Appendi xA P.2 9P.3 0

Titl e40--Protectio no f th eEnvironmen t CHAPTER1—-ENVIRONMENTA LPROTECTIO NAGENCY Subchapte r

C—Ai r

Program s (FR L391-6 ) 

### PAR T 60—STANDARD S O F PERFORMANC E FO R NE WSTATIONAR Y

SOURCE S Opacit yProvision s "O n Jun e 29 , 1973 , th e Unite d State s Cour t o f Appeal s fo r th e Distric t o f Columbi a i n 'Portland Cemen t Associatio n v . Ruckelshaus, ' 48 6 F.2 d 37 5 (1973 ) remande d t o EP Ath e standar d o f performanc e fo r Portlan d cemen t plant s (4 0 CF R 60.6 0 e t seq. ) promulgate d b yEP Aunde r sectio n 11 1 o f th e Clea n Ai r Act . I n th e remand , th e Cour t directe d EP A t o reconside r amon g othe r thing s th e us e o f th e opacit y standards . EP Aha s prepare d a respons e t o th e remand . Copie s o f thi s respons e ar e availabl e fromth e Emissio n Standard s and Engineerin g Division , Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc hTriangl e Park , N . C . 27711 , Attn: - Mr . Do n R . Goodwin . I n developin g the response , EP Acollecte d an d evaluate d a substantia l amoun t o f informatio n whic hi s summarize d and reference d i n th e response . Copie s o f thi s informatio n ar e availabl e fo r inspectio n durin g norma l offic e hour s a t EPA' s Offic e o f Publi c Affairs , 40 1 MStree t SW . , Washington , D . C . EP Adetermine d tha t th e Portlan d cemen t plan t standard s generall ydi d no t requir e revisio n bu t di d no t find tha t certai n revision s ar e appropriat e t o th e opacit yprovision s o f th e standards . Th e provision s promulgate d herei n includ e a revisio n o f §60.11 , Complianc e wit hStandard s an d Maintenanc e Requirements , a revisio n t o th e opacit ystandar d fo r Portlan d cemen t plants , an d revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 . Th e base s fo r th e revision s ar e discusse d i n detai l i n th e Agency' s respons e t o th e remand . The yar e summarize d below . Th e revision s t o §60.1 1 includ e th e modificatio n o f paragrap h(b ) an

d th e additio n o f paragrap h(e) . Paragrap h (b ) ha s bee n revise d t o indicat e tha t whil e Referenc e Metho d 9 remain s th e primar yand accepte d mean s fo r determinin g complianc e wit hopacit ystandard s i n thi s part , EP Awil l accep t a s probativ e evidenc e i n certai n situation s and unde r certai n condition s th e result s o f continuou s monitorin g bytransmissomete r t o determin e whethe r a violatio n ha s i n fac t occurred . Th e revisio n make s clea r tha t eve n i n suc h situation s th e result s o f opacit yreading s b yMetho d 9 remai n presumptivel yvali d an d correct .P.3 1



### Th e provision s i n paragrap h(e ) provid e a mechanis m fo r a n pwne r o r operato r t o petitio n th e Administrato r t o establis ha n opacit ystandar d fo r a n affecte d facilit y wher e suc hfacilit ymeet s al l applicabl e standard s fo r whic ha performanc e tes t i s conducte d unde r §60. 8 bu t fail s t o mee t a n applicabl e opacit ystandard . Thi s provisio n i s intende d primaril yt o appl yt o case s wher e a sourc e install s a ver ylarg e diamete r stac k whic hcause s th e opacit yo f th e emission s t o b e greate r tha n i f a stac k o f th e diamete r ordinaril yuse d i n th e industr ywer e installed . Althoug hthi s situatio n i s considere d t o b e ver yunlikel y t o occur , thi s provision s wil l accommodat e suc ha situation . Th e provisio n coul d als o appl yt o othe r situation s wher e fo r anyreaso n a n affecte d facilit ycoul d fai l t o mee t opacit ystandard s whil e meetin g mas s emissio n standards , althoug hn o suc hsituation s ar e expecte d t o occur . Arevisio n t o th e opacit ystandar d fo r Portlan d cemen t plant s i s promulgate d herein . Th e revisio n change s th e opacit ylimi t fo r kiln s from1 0 percen t t o 2 0 percent . Thi s revisio n i s base d o n EPA' s polic yo n opacit ystandard s an d th e ne wemissio n dat a fromPortlan d cemen t plant s evaluate d byEP Adurin g it s reconsideration . Th e preambl e t o th e standard s o f performanc e whic hwer e promulgate d o n Marc h8 , 197 4 (3 9 F R 9308 ) set s fort hEPA' s polic yo n opacit y standards : (1 ) Opacit ylimit s ar e independen t enforceabl e standards ; (2 ) wher e opacit yand mass/concentratio n standard s ar e applicabl e t o th e sam e source , th e mass/concentratio n standard s ar e establishe d a t a leve l whic hwil l resul t i n th e design , installation , and operatio n o f th e bes t adequatel y demonstrate d syste m o f emissio n reductio n (taking cost s int o account) ; an d (3 ) th e opacit ystandard s ar e establishe d a t a leve l whic hwil l requir e prope r operatio n and maintenanc e o f suc hcontro l systems . Th e ne wdat a indicat e tha t increasin g th e opacit ylimit s fo r kiln s from1 0 percen t t o 2 0 percen t i s justified , becaus e suc ha standar d wil l stil l requir e th e design , installation , and operatio n o f th e bes t adequatel y demonstrate d syste mo f emissio n reductio n (taking cost s int o account ) whil e eliminatin g o r minimizin g th e situation s wher e i t wil l b e necessar yt o promulgat e a ne wopacit ystandar d unde r §60.11(e) . I n evaluatin g th e accurac yo f result s fromqualifie d observer s followin g th e procedure s o f Referenc e Metho d 9 , EP A determine d tha t (som e revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 ar e consistentl yabl e t o evaluatio n showe d that , sic ) observer s traine d and certifie d i n accordanc e wit hth e procedure s prescribe d unde r Referenc e Metho d 9 ar e consistentl yabl e t o rea d opacit ywit herror s no t exceedin g +7. 5 percen t base d upo n singl e set s o f th e averag e o f 2 4 readings . Th e revision s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 includ e th e following :P.3 2



### 1 . A n introductor ysectio n i s added . Thi s include s a discussio no f th e concep t o f visibl e emissio n readin g an ddescribe s the effec t o f variabl e viewin g conditions . Informatio n i s als o presente d concernin g th e accurac yo f th e metho dnoting tha t th e accurac yo f th e metho d mus t b e take nint o accoun t whe n determinin g possibl e violation s o f applicabl e opacit ystandards . 2 . Provision s ar e adde d whic hspecif ytha t th e determinatio no f opacit yrequire s averagin g 2 4 reading s take na t 15-secondintervals . Th e purpos e fo r takin g 2 4 reading s i s bot ht o exten d the'averagin g tim e ove r whic h th e observation s ar e made , an d t o tak e sufficien t reading s t o insur e acceptabl e accuracy . 3 . Mor e specifi c criteri a concernin g observe r positio n wit hrespec t t o th e su n ar e added . Specifically , the.su n mus t b e withi n a 140 ° secto r t o th e observer' s back . 4 . Criteri a concernin g an observer' s positio n wit h respec t t o th e plum e ar e added . Specifi c guidanc e i s als o provide d fo r readin g emission s fromrectangula r emissio n point s wit hlarg e lengt ht o widt hratios , and fo r readin g emission s fro mmultipl e stacks . I n eac ho f thes e cases , emission s ar e t o b e rea d acros s th e shortes t pat hlength . 5 . Provision s ar e adde d t o mak e clea r tha t opacit y o f contaminate d wate r o r steamplume s i s t o b e rea d a t a poin t wher e wate r doe s no t exis t i n condense d form . Tw o specifi c instruction s ar e provided : On e fo r th e cas e wher e opacit yca n b e observe d prio r t o the formatio n o f th e condense d wate r plume , an d on e fo r the cas e wher e opacit y i s t o b e observe d afte r the condense d wate r plum e ha s dissipated . 6 . Specification s ar e adde d fo r th e smok e generato r use d fo r qualificatio n o f observer s s o tha t Stat e o r loca l ai r pollutio n contro l agencie s ma yprovid e observe r qualifi
catio n trainin g consisten t wit hEP Atraining . I n developin g thi s regulatio n w e hav e take n int o accoun t th e comment s receive d i n respons e t o th e Septembe r 11 , 197 4 (3 9 F R 35852 ) notic e o f propose d rulemakin g whic h propose d amon g othe r thing s certai n mino r change s t o Referenc e Metho d 9 . Thi s regulatio n represent s th e rule
makin g wit hrespec t t o th e revision s t o Metho d 9 . Th e determinatio n o f complianc e wit happlicabl e opacit y standard s wil l b e base d o n a n averag e o f 2 4 consecutiv e opacit yreading s take n a t 1 5 secon d intervals . Thi s approac hi s a satisfactor ymean s o f enforcin g opacit ystandard s i n case s wher e th e violatio n i s a continuin g on e and tim e exception s ar e no t par t o f th e applicabl e opacit ystandard .

### However , th e opacit ystandard s fo r steamelectri c generator s

i n 4 0 CF R 60.4 2 and flui d catalyti c crackin g uni t catalys t regenerator s i n 4 0 CF R 60.10 2 and numerou s opacit ystandard s i n Stat e implementatio n plan s specif yvariou s tim e exceptions . Man yStat e an d loca l ai r pollutio n contro l agencie s us e a differen t approac hi n enforcin g opacit ystandard s tha n th e six-minut e averag e perio d specifie d i n thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 . EP Arecognize s tha t certai n type s o f opacit y violation s tha t ar e intermitten t i n natur e requir e a differen t approac hi n applyin g th e opacit ystandard s tha n thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 . r t i s EPA' s inten t t o propos e a n additiona l revisio n t o Metho d 9 specifyin g a n alternativ e metho d t o enforc e opacit ystandards . I t i s ou r inten t tha t thi s metho d specif ya minimum

numbe r o f reading s tha t mus t b e taken , suc h a s a minimu mo f te n reading s abov e th e standar d i n an yon e hou r perio d prio r to . citin g a violation . EP Ai s i n th e proces s o f analyzin g availabl e dat a and determinin g th e erro r involve d i n readin g opacit yi n thi s manne r and wil l propos e thi s revisio n t o Metho d 9 a s soo n a s thi s analysi s i s completed . Th e Agenc ysolicit s comment s and recommendation s o n th e nee d fo r thi s additiona l revisio n t o Metho d 9 and woul d welcom e anysuggestion s particularl yfro mai r pollutio n contro l agencie s o n ho ww e migh t mak e Metho d 9 mor e responsiv e t o th e need s o f thes e agencies . Thes e action s ar e effectiv e o n Novembe r 12 , 1974 . Th e Agenc yfind s goo d caus e exist s fo r no t publishin g thes e action s a s a notic e o f propose d rulemakin g and fo r makin g the m effectiv e immediatel yupo n publicatio n fo r th e followin g reasons : (1 ) Onl ymino r amendment s ar e bein g mad e t o th e opacit y standard s whic hwer e remanded . (2 ) Th e U . S . Cour t o f Appeal s fo r th e Distric t o f Columbi a instructe d EP At o complet e th e reman d proceedin g wit hrespec t t o th e Portlan d cemen t plan t standard s b y Novembe r 5 , 1974 . (3 ) Becaus e opacit ystandard s ar e th e subjec t o f othe r litigation , i t i s necessar yt o reac ha fina l determinatio n wit hrespec t t o th e basi c issue s involvin g opacit ya t thi s tim e i n orde r t o properl yrespon d t o thi s issu e wit hrespec t t o suc hothe r litigation . Thes e regulation s ar e issue d unde r th e authorit yo f section s 11 1 an d 11 4 o f th e Clea n Ai r Act , a s amende d (4 2 U.S.C . 1857c- 6 an d 9) . Dated : Novembe r 1 , 19 7 4 Joh n Quarle s Actin g Administrator .P.3 4



### METHO D 9 —VISUA L DETERMINATIO NO F TH E OPACIT Y O F

EMISSION S FRO MSTATIONAR Y SOURCE S Th e curren t Metho d 9 , publishe d i n th e Federa l Register , Volum e 39 , No . 21 9 o n Novembe r 12 , 197 4 i s reproduce d below : "Man ystationar ysource s discharg e visibl e emission s int o th e atmosphere ; thes e emission s ar e usuall yi n th e shap e o f a plume . Thi s metho d involve s th e determinatio n o f plum e opacit y byqualifie d observers . Th e metho d include s procedure s fo r th e trainin g and certificatio n o f observers , and procedure s t o b e use d i n th e fiel d fo r determinatio n o f plum e opacity . Th e appearanc e o f a plum e a s viewe d b ya n observe r depend s upo n a numbe r o f variables , som e o f whic hmay , b e controllabl e and som e o f whic hma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e field . Variable s whic hca n b e controlle d t o a n exten t t o whic hthe yn o longe r exer t a significan t influenc e upo n plum e appearanc e include : Angl e o f th e observe r wit hrespec t t o th e plume ; angl e o f th e observe r wit hrespec t t o th e sun ; poin t o f observatio n o f attache d and detache d steamplume ; an d angl e o f th e observe r wit hrespec t t o a plum e emitte d froma rectangula r stac k wit h a larg e lengt ht o widt hratio . Th e metho d include s specifi c criteri a applicabl e t o thes e variables . Othe r variable s whic hma yno t b e controllabl e i n th e fiel d ar e luminescenc e and colo r contras t betwee n th e plum e and th e backgroun d agains t whic hth e plum e i s viewed . Thes e variable s exer t a n influenc e upo n th e appearanc e o f a plum e a s viewe d b y a n observer , and ca n affec t th e abilit yo f th e observe r t o accuratel yassig n opacit yvalue s t o th e observe d plume . Studie s o f th e theor yo f plum e opacit yand fiel d studie s hav e demonstrate d tha t a plum e i s mos t visibl e an d present s th e greates t apparen t opacit ywhe n viewe d agains t a contrastin g background . I t follow s fro mthis , and i s confirme d b yfiel d trials , tha t th e opacit yo f a plume , viewe d unde r condition s wher e a contrastin g backgroun d i s presen t ca n b e assigne d wit hth e greates t degre e o f accuracy . However , th e potentia l fo r a positiv e erro r i s als o th e greates t whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde r suc hcontrastin g conditions . Unde r condition s presentin g a les s contrastin g background , th e apparen t opacit yo f a plum e i s les s an d approache s zer o a s th e colo r and luminescenc e contras t decreas e towar d zero . A s a result , significan t negativ e bia s an d negativ e error s ca n b e mad e whe n a plum e i s viewe d unde r les s contrastin g conditions . Anegativ e bia s decrease s rathe r tha n increase s th e possibilit y tha t a plan t operato r wil l b e cite d fo r a violatio n o f opacit y standard s du e t o observe r error . Studie s hav e bee n undertake n t o determin e th e magnitud e o f positiv e error s whic hca n b e mad e b yqualifie d observer s whil e readin g plume s unde r contrastin g condition s an d usin g th e procedure s se t fort hi n thi s method . Th e result s o f thes e studie s (fiel d trails ) whic hinvolv e a tota l o f 76 9 set s o f 2 5 reading s eac har e a s follows :P.3 5



### 1 ) Fo r blac k plume s (13 3 set s a t a smok e generator) ,

. 10 0 percen t o f th e set s wer e rea d wit ha positiv e error 1 

### o f les s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 9 percen t wer e rea d wit ha positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity . 2 ) Fo r whit e plume s (17 0 set s a t a smok e generator , 16 8 set s a t a coal-fire d powe r plant , 29 8 set s a t a sulfuri c aci d plant) , 9 9 percen t o f th e set s wer e rea d wit ha positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 7. 5 percen t opacity ; 9 5 percen t wer e rea d wit ha positiv e erro r o f les s tha n 5 percen t opacity . Th e positiv e observationa l erro r associate d wit ha n averag e o f twenty-fiv e reading s i s therefor e established . Th e accurac yo f th e metho d mus t b e take n int o accoun t whe n deter
minin g possibl e violation s o f applicabl e opacit ystandards . 1 . PRINCIPL E AND APPLICABILIT Y 1. 1 PRINCIPL E Th e opacit yo f emission s fromstationar ysource s i s determine d visuall ybya qualifie d observer . 1. 2 APPLICABILIT Y Thi s metho d i s applicabl e for.th e determinatio n o f th e opacit yo f emission s fromstationar ysource s pursuan t t o § 60.1 1 (b ) and fo r qualifyin g observer s fo r visuall ydeter
minin g opacit yo f emissions . 2 . PROCEDURE S Th e observe r qualifie d i n accordanc e wit hparagrap h3 o f thi s metho d shal l us e th e followin g procedure s fo r visuall y determinin g th e opacit yo f emissions . 2. 1 POSITIO N Th e qualifie d observe r shal l stand a t a distanc e sufficien t t o provid e a clea r vie wo f th e emission s wit hth e sun oriente d i n th e 140 ° secto r t o hi s back . Consisten t wit hmaintainin g th e abov e requirement , th e observe r shall , a s muc ha s possible , mak e -'-Fo r a set , positiv e erro r = averag e opacit ydetermine d b y observers ' 2 5 observation s - averag e opacit ydetermine d fro m .transmissometer ' s 2 5 recordings .P.3 6



### hi s observation s froma positio n suc htha t hi s lin e o f visio n i s approximatel yperpendicula r t o th e plum e direction , and whe n observin g opacit yof,emission s fro mrectangula r outlet s (e.g . roo f monitors , ope n baghouses , noncircula r stacks) , approx imatel yperpendicula r t o th e longe r axi s o f th e outlet . Th e observer' s lin e o f sigh t shoul d no t includ e mor e tha n on e plum e a t a tim e whe n multipl e stack s ar e involved , and i n anycas e th e observe r shoul d mak e hi s observation s wit h hi s lin e o f sigh t perpendicula r t o th e longe r axi s o f suc ha se t o f multipl e stack s (e.g . stu bstack s o n bag
houses ) . 2. 2 FIEL D RECORD S Th e observe r shal l recor d th e nam e o f th e plant , emissio n location, ' typ e facility , observer' s nam e and affiliation , and th e dat e o n a fiel d dat a shee t (Figur e 9-1) . Th e time , estimate d distanc e t o th e emissio n location , approximat e win d direction , estimate d win d speed , descriptio n o f th e sk yconditio n (presenc e an d colo r o f clouds) , and plum e backgroun d ar e recorde d o n a fiel d dat a shee t a t th e tim e opacit yreading s ar e initiate d an

d completed . 2. 3 OBSERVATION S Opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e a t th e poin t o f greates t opacit yi n tha t portio n o f th e plum e wher e condense d wate r vapo r i s no t present . Th e observe r shal l no t loo k continuousl ya t th e plume , bu t instea d shal l observ e th e plum e momentaril ya t 15-secon d intervals . 2.3. 1 ATTACHE D STEAMPLUME S Whe n condense d wate r vapo r i s presen t withi n the plum e a s i t emerge s fromth e emissio n outlet , opacit yobservation s shal l b e mad e beyon d th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic h condense d wate r vapo r i s n o longe r visible . Th e observe r shal l recor d th e approximat e distanc e fromth e emissio n outle t t o th e poin t i n th e plum e a t whic hth e observation s ar e made . 2.3. 2 DETACHE D STEA MPLUM E Whe n wate r vapo r i n th e plum e condense s and become s visibl e a t a distinc t distanc e fromth e emissio n outlet ,

### th e opacit yo f emission s shoul d b e evaluate d a t th e

emissio n outle t prio r t o th e condensatio n o f wate r vapo r an d th e formatio n o f th e steamplume . 2. 4 RECORDIN GOBSERVATION S Opacit yobservation s shal l b e recorde d t o the neares t 5 percen t a t 15-secon d interval s o n a n observationa l recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 2 fo r a n example) . Aminimumo f 2 4 observation s shal l b e recorded . Eac hmomentar yobservatio n recorde d shal l b e deeme d t o represen t th e averag e opacit yo f emission s fo r a 15-secon d period . 2. 5 DAT AREDUCTIO N Opacit yshal l b e determine d a s a n averag e o f 2 4 consecu- . tive " observation s recorde d a t 15-secon d intervals . Divid e th e observation s recorde d o n th e recor d shee t int o set s o f 2 4 consecutiv e observations . Ase t i s compose d o f an y2 4 consecu tiv e observations . Set s nee d no t b e consecutiv e i n tim e and i n n o cas e shal l tw o set s overlap . Fo r eac hse t o f 2 4 observ
ations , calculat e th e averag e b ysummin g th e opacit yo f th e 2 4 observation s and dividin g thi s su mby24 . I f a n applicabl e standar d specifie s a n averagin g tim e requirin g mor e tha n 2 4 observations , calculat e th e averag e fo r al l observation s mad e durin g th e specifie d tim e period . Recor d th e averag e opacit y o n a recor d sheet . (Se e Figur e 9- 1 fo r a n example) . 3 . QUALIFICATION S AND TESTIN G 3.1 ' CERTIFICATIO NREQUIREMENT S T o receiv e certificatio n a s a qualifie d observer , a candi
dat e mus t b e teste d and demonstrat e th e abilit yt o assig n opacit yreading s i n 5 percen t increment s t o 2 5 differen t blac k plume s and 2 5 differen t whit e plumes , wit ha n erro r no t t o excee d 1 5 percen t opacit yo n an yon e readin g and an averag e erro r no t t o excee d 7. 5 percen t opacit yi n eac hcategory . Candidate s shal l b e teste d accordin g t o th e procedure s describe d i n paragrap h3.2 . Smok e generator s use d pursuan t t o paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit ha smok e mete r whic hmeet s th e requirement s o f paragrap h3.3 . Th e certificatio n shal l b e vali d fo r a perio d o f 6 months , a t whic htime the qualificatio n procedur e mus t b e repeate d b y anyobserve r i n order't o retai n certification .P.3 8



### 3. 2 CERTIFICATIO NPROCEDUR E Th e certificatio n tes t consist s o f showin g the candidat e a complet e ru n o f 5 0 plume s - 2 5 blac k plume s an d 2 5 whit e plume s - generate d b ya smok e generator . Plume s withi n eac h se t o f 2 5 blac k and 2 5 whit e run s shal l b e presente d i n rando m order . Th e candidat e assign s a n opacit yvalu e t o eac hplum e an d record s hi s observatio n o n a suitabl e form . A t th e completio n o f eac hru n o f 5 0 readings , th e scor e o f th e candidat e i s determined . I f a candidat e fail s t o qualify , th e complet e run o f 5 0 reading s mus t b e repeate d i n an y retest . Th e smok e tes t ma yb e administere d a s par t o f a smok e schoo l o r trainin g program , and ma yb e precede d b y trainin g o r familiarizatio n run s o f th e smok e generato r durin g whic hcandidate s ar e shown blac k and whit e plume s o f know n opacity . 3. 3 SMOK E GENERATO R SPECIFICATION S Anysmok e generato r use d fo r th e purpos e o f paragrap h 3. 2 shal l b e equippe d wit ha smok e mete r installe d t o measur e opacit yacros s th e diamete r o f th e smok e generato r stack . Th e smok e mete r outpu t shal l displa yin-stac k opacit ybase d upo n a pathlengt hequa l t o th e stac k exi t diameter , o n a ful l 0 t o 10 0 percen t char t recorde r scale . Th e smok e mete r optica l desig n and performanc e shal l mee t th e specification s shown i n Tabl e 9-1 . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e calibrate d a s prescribe d i n paragrap h3.3. 1 prio r t o th e conduc t o f eac hsmok e readin g test . A t th e completio n o f eac htest , th e zer o and spa n drif t shal l b e checke d an

d i f the drif t exceed s ± 1 percent , opacity , th e conditio n shal l b e correcte d prio r t o conductin g an ysub
sequen t tes t runs . Th e smok e mete r shal l b e demonstrate d a t th e tim e o f installation , t o mee t th e specification s liste d i n Tabl e 9-1 . Thi s demonstratio n shal l b e repeate d followin g an

ysubsequen t repai r o r replacemen t o f th e photocel l o r associate d electroni c circuitr yincludin g th e char t recorde r o r outpu t meter , o r ever y6 months , whicheve r occur s first .

TABL E 9- 1 —SMOK E METE R DESIGNAND PERFORMANC E SPECIFICATION S Paramete r Specificatio n a . Ligh t sourc e Incandescen t lam p operate d a t nomina l rate d voltage . b . Spectra l respons e o f Photopi c (dayligh t spectra l photocel l respons e o f the huma n ey e - referenc e 4.3) .

### c . Angl e o f view * 15 ° maximu mtota l angle .

d . Angl e o f projectio n 15 ° maximumtota l angle . e . Calibratio n error - + 3 % opacity , maximum f . Zer o and spa n drif t ± 1 % opacity , 3 0 minutes . g . Respons e tim e 5 . 5 seconds . 3.3. 1 CALIBRATIO N Th e smok e mete r i s calibrate d afte r a Plowin g a minimumo f 3 0 minute s warmu p b yalternatel yproducin g simulate d opacit y o f 0 percen t and 10 0 percent . Whe n stabl e respons e a t 0 percen t o r 10 0 percen t i s noted , th e smok e mete r i s adjuste d t o produc e a n outpu t o f 0 percen t o r 10 0 percen t a s appropriate . Thi s calibratio n shal l b e repeate d unti l stabl e 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t reading s ar e produce d withou t adjustment . Simulate d 0 percen t and 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s ma yb e produce d b y alternatel yswitchin g th e powe r t o th e ligh t sourc e o n and of f whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t producin g smoke . 3.3. 2 SMOK E METE R EVALUATIO N Th e smok e mete r desig n an d performanc e ar e t o b e evaluate d as•follows : 3.3.2. 1 LIGH T SOURC E Verif yfrommanufacturer' s dat a and fromvoltag e measurement s mad e a t th e lamp , a s installed , tha t th e lam p i s operate d withi n ± 5 percen t o f th e nomina l rate d voltage . 3.3.2. 2 SPECTRA LRESPONS EO FPHOTOCELL 

### Verif yfrom

manufacturer' s dat a tha t th e photocel l ha s a photopi c response ; i.e. , th e spectra l sensitivit yo f th e cel l shal l closel yapproximat e th e standar d spectral-luminosit ycurv e fo r photopi c visio n whic hi s reference d i n (b ) o f Tabl e 9-1 . 3.3.2. 3 ANGL E O F VIE W Chec k constructio n geometr yt o ensur e tha t th e tota l angl e o f vie wo f th e smok e plume , a s see n b yth e photocell , doe s no tP.4 0



### excee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f vie wma yb e calculate d from : d = 2 .tan - 1 

### d/2L , wher e 0 = tota l angl e o f view ; d = th e su mo f th e photocel l diamete r + th e diamete r o f th e limitin g aperture ; and L = th e distanc e fro mth e photocel l t o th e limitin g aperture . Th e limitin g apertur e i s th e poin t i n th e pat hbetwee n th e photocel l and th e smok e plum e wher e th e angl e o f vie wi s mos t restricted . I n smok e generato r smok e meter s thi s i s normall ya n orific e plate . 3.3.2. 4 ANGL E O F PROJECTIO N Chec k constructio n geometr yt o ensur e tha t the tota l angl e o f projectio n o f th e lam p o n th e smok e plum e doe s no t excee d 15° . Th e tota l angl e o f projectio n ma yb e calculate d from : Q=2 tan - 1 

### d/2L , wher e Q= tota l angl e o f projection ; d = th e su

m o f th e lengt ho f th e lam p filamen t + th e diamete r o f th e limitin g aperture ; and L = th e distanc e fromth e lam p t o th e limitin g aperture . 3.3.2. 5 CALIBRATIO NERROR ' Usin g neutral-densit yfilter s o f known opacity , chec k th e erro r betwee n th e actua l respons e an d th e theoretica l linea r respons e o f th e smok e meter . Thi s chec k i s accomplishe d b

yfirs t calibratin g th e smok e mete r accord
in g t o 3.3. 1 an

d the n insertin g a serie s o f .thre e neutral
dehsit yfilter s o f nomina l opacit yo f 20 , 50 , and 7 5 percen t i n th e smok e mete r pathlength . Filter s calibrate d withi n ± 2 percen t shal l b e used . Car e shoul d b e take n whe n insertin g th e filter s t o preven t strayligh t from affectin g th e meter . Mak e a tota l o f fiv e nonconsecutiv e reading s fo r eac hfilter . Th e maximumerro r o n an yon e readin g shal l b e 3 percen t opacity . 3 . 3.'2 . 6 ZER O AND SPA NDRIF T Determin e th e zer o and spa n drif t b ycalibratin g and operatin g th e smok e generato r i n a norma l manne r ove r a 1-hou r period . Th e drif t i s measure d b ycheckin g th e zer o and spa n a t th e en d o f thi s period . 3.3.2.7 ' RESPONS E TIM E Determin e the respons e time b yproducin g th e serie s o f fiv e simulate d 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t opacit yvalue s and observin g th e tim e require d t o reac hstabl e response .P.4 1



### Opacit yvalue s o f 0 percen t an d 10 0 percen t ma yb e simulate d byalternatel yswitchin g th e powe r t o th e ligh t sourc e of f an d o n whil e th e smok e generato r i s no t operating . 4 . REFERENCE S 4. 1 Ai r Pollutio n Contro l Distric t Rule s and Regulations , Lo s Angele s Count yAi r Pollutio n Contro l District , Regulatio n IV , Prohibitions , Rul e 50 . 4. 2 Weisburd , Melvi n I. , Fiel d Operation s and Enforcemen t Manua l fo r Air , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc hTriangl e Park , N . C. , APTD-1100 , Augus t 1972 . pp . 4.1-4.36 . 4. 3 Condon , E.U. , an d Odishaw , H. , Handboo k o f Physics , McGraw-Hil l Co. , N.Y. , N.Y . 1958 , Tabl e 3.1 , p . 6-52. "P.4 2



### APPENDI XB

• Sampl e Dat a For m

- Smok e Generato r Lo g Predetermine dPlum e Pattern sP.4 3 

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### APPENDI XD
Dat a Summar yP.7 1

•

* TA3L E D- 1 Tes t Dat a Whit e Smok e Observe r



### T *


### 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 Tim e >.20 % Opacity , Sec .



### Ru n 1 2 3 4 5 

### 16 5
27 0 36 0 25 5 36 0 36 0 28 5 34 5 34 5 36 0 30 0 22 5
36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 25 5 36 0 25 5 36 0 36 0 25 5
36 0 36 0 33 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 34 5 36 0 36 0 36 0
36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0
36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0

transmissomete r Averaq e 1 2 

### 2 0
2 2 3 1 2 1 3 6 2 8 2 2 2 7 2 5 3 6 2 5 2 6
3 2 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 Opacity , 

### Ru n 

### 3 2 5
2 8 3 1 2 8 3 4 4 0 3 2 3 4 2 6 3 4 4 4 % .

Percen t 4 5 

### 3 6
3 8 4 0 3 8 5 3 4 8 4 2 4 1 3 6 4 1 4 9 3 0
3 8 3 2 3 3 5 7 3 4 2 7 3 6 2 6 3 7 4 4TABL E D- 1 (Cont. ) P.7 2

Observe r

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 Tim

e 220 % Opacity , Sec . 

### Ru n 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 31 5 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 34 5 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 25 5 31 5 30 0 27 0 31 5 34 5 33 0 36 0 30 0 31 5 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 Averag e Opacity , Percen t Ru n 8 30 3 9 3 2 3 8 3 9 3 6 3 1 3 6 2 6 4 0 5 0 3 0 4 6 3 8 3 8 5 5 3 9 2 8 3 6 3 0 3 7 5 3 2 7 3 2 2 8 2 7 4 1 3 1 3 2 3 5 2 9

' 3 9 4 0 3 8 4 6 4 6 3 9 6 3 4 0 3 9 4 2 3 9 4 7 5 0

* Transmissomete rP.7 3

TABL E D- 2 Tes t Dat a

' Black Smok e

Observe r



### T * 

### 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 Tim

e 220 % Opacity , Sec . 

### Ru n 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 

### 36 0 3 0 36 0 ' 

### 7 5 

### 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 27 0

9 0 

### 24 0 18 0 36 0 33 0 34 5 27 0 16 5 22 5 24 0 28 5

9 0 

### 22 5 3 0 

### 36 0 33 0 34 5 34 5 30 0 25 5 31 5 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 19 5 28 5 21 0 36 0 36 0 27 0 34 5 18 0 25 5 25 5

* Transm i ssomete r Averag e 1 0 1 1 

### 2 7 1 5 2 8 1 3 5 7 3 9 3 7 3 2 2 8 2 7 4 1 2 5 1 4 2 2 2 2 4 5 2 7 3 1 2 3 1 6 2 2 2 6 Opacity , 

### Ru n 1 2 2 6 1 4 2 2 1 2 5 0 2 8 3 2 2 9 2 4 2 6 3 2 % • #

Percen t 1 3 1 4 

### 4 2 2 9 3 9 2 9 7 1 3 9 4 9 4 2 3 3 5 2 4 6 2 8 1 7 2 7 1 6 4 4 2 9 2 2 2 6 1 7 2 7 3 1TABLE D-2 (Cont. )

Observe r

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 'l O Tim e 2.20 % Opacity , Sec , 1 5 36 0
25 5 30 0 1 5 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 33 0 34 5 36 0 

### 16

25 5
31 5 31 5 10 5 30 0 28 5 27 0 30 0 25 5 34 5 31 5 Ru

n 1 7 21 0
28 5 36 0 16 5 36 0 34 5 36 0 36 0 28 5 36 0 36 0 

### 18 34 5
36 0 36 0 22 5 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 36 0 Averag e Opacity , Percen t



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3 5 2 7 1 4 2 7 2 1 2 4 2 6 1 9 2 9 3 5 2 8

2 7 3 4 2 0 4 2 2 7 3 1 3 1 2 6 3 1 4 4 

### 18

3 6
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* Transmissomete rP.7 5

APPENDIXE Participant sP.7 6

Observe r Marth a An nAlle n EdBalducc i Thoma s Barzy k Rober t Dennis , Jr . Kathlee nS . Gasto n Georg e H . Hawkin s Danie l Jackso n Judit hMa i comb Joh nJ . Mell o Dona l C . Summerfiel d Affiliatio n Cit y o f Jacksonvill e Cit y o f Jacksonvill e Cit y o f Jacksonvill e Jacksonvill e Electri c Authorit y Cit y o f Jacksonvill e Cit y o f Jacksonvill e Jacksonvill e Electri c Authorit y Cit y o f Jacksonvill e Jacksonvill e Electri c Authorit y Cit y o f Jacksonvill e