Taconite BART Analysis

NOx Control

Available and Applicable Review

Step 1 Step 2

This table is part of the Taconidistributed without the full text not taken out of context.

Reference No.

1

NOx Pollution Control 

Technology

Is this a generally available 

control technology?

Is the control technology 

available to indurating 

furnaces?

Is the control technology 

applicable to this specific 

source?

Is it technically feasible for 

this source? Comments Bas

Combustion Controls

1 Overfire Air (OFA) Y N --- --- NOx formation front is not stationary in an indurating furnace Combustion air is separated into 

achieve complete burnout and to 

than NOx

2 External Flue Gas Recirculation (EFGR) Y Y N --- Mixes flue gas with combustion a

therefore reduces flame tempera

3 Low-NOx Burners Y Y

Y 

(preheat 

burners)

Y 

(preheat 

burners)

Higher control efficiency at the burner, but the listed control efficiency is for the entire furnace.

Burners are designed to reduce Noxygen, flame temperature, and/o

4 Induced Flue Gas Recirculation Burners Y Y N --- Need to be upfired. Need convective loop to get gas recirculated Draws flue gas to dilute the fuel i

5 Low Excess Air Y N --- --- Need high O2 for process requirements and product quality Reduces oxygen content in flue g

6 Burners out of Service (BOOS) Y N --- --- Need capacity of all burners for worst case scenario Shut off the fuel flow from one bu

lean zones

7 Fuel Biasing Y N --- --- Power plant technology

Combustion is staged by diverting 

lower ones or from the center to tfuel-lean zones 

8 Reburning Y N --- --- Kiln configuration not correct for this technology.

Part of the total fuel heat input is 

above the primary (main burners) (re-burn zone), where hydrocarboelemental nitrogen

9 Load Reduction N --- --- --- Power plant technology -product demand side solution This is a strategy to reduce load o

electrical demand throught efficie

10 Energy Efficiency Projects Y Y

Y 

(for large 

projects like 

heat-recoup)

Y 

(for large 

projects like 

heat-recoup)

decrease amount of fuel required 

11 Coal Drying Y N --- --- Applies only to facilities that burn coal Dry coal will increase the as-burn

required to be burned. Specific e

12

Coal Addition to Pellets with 

Low Excess Air in the 

Induration Furnace

N --- --- --- Check on status of research Reduce flame temperature and e
Taconite BART Analysis

NOx Control

Available and Applicable Review

Step 1 Step 2

This table is part of the Taconidistributed without the full text not taken out of context.

Reference No.

1

NOx Pollution Control 

Technology

Is this a generally available 

control technology?

Is the control technology 

available to indurating 

furnaces?

Is the control technology 

applicable to this specific 

source?

Is it technically feasible for 

this source? Comments Bas

13 Ported Kilns Y Y

Y

(grate-kilns 

only)

N

(Metso says 

no NOx 

improvement)

Applicable to grate kilns. Provides additional oxygen for pe

energy use of the kiln 

14 Combustion Zone Cooling Y N --- --- Boiler technology Cooling of the primary flame zone 

surfaces

15 Alternate Fuels Y Y

Y

(for furnaces 

capable of 

multiple fuels)

Y

(not required 

by BART)

Requires case by case analysis. Typically, facilities experience lower NOx when burning solid fuels.

Lower combustion temps with so

NOx by using a fuel with less nitro

16 Oxygen Enhanced Combustion N --- --- --- Research level A small fraction of the combustio

17 Preheat Combustion N --- --- --- Research level

Pulverized coal preheated and vo

compounds are released in a connitrogen compounds are reduced 

18 ROFA-ROTAMIX Y N --- ---

Can't achieve correct temperature window (1400-1800F). Too hot in kiln too cold in reheat

Combination of OFA and SCR. Wutilizes high velocity overfire air. Awith ammonia injection (Rotamix)

19 NOx CEMS Y N --- --- Optimization of combustion20 Parametric Monitoring Y N --- --- Optimization of combustion38 Catalyst Injection (EPS Technologies) N --- --- --- Research Level A combustion catalyst is directly i

delivered to the combustion site, the dynamics of the flame.

Post Combustion Controls

21 Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) Y N --- --- For clean services. Too much stuff in flue gas would poison catalyst Under near stoichiometric conditi

reduced by CO, resulting in nitrog

22 Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) - Tri-NOx® Y N --- --- Used for higher flue gas concentrations Utilizes an oxidizing agent such a

including NOx
Taconite BART Analysis

NOx Control

Available and Applicable Review

Step 1 Step 2

This table is part of the Taconidistributed without the full text not taken out of context.

Reference No.

1

NOx Pollution Control 

Technology

Is this a generally available 

control technology?

Is the control technology 

available to indurating 

furnaces?

Is the control technology 

applicable to this specific 

source?

Is it technically feasible for 

this source? Comments Bas

23 Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) - LoTOx Y N --- --- Has been included as an "applicable and available" technology in recent BACT analyses from multiple facilities. Utilizes an oxidizing agent such a

including NOx

24 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Y Y Y Y

Need to inject at appropriate temperature (reheat will be required). Applicable on clean side only.Although this hasn't been demonstrated on an indurating furnace, the stream characteristics appear to make this technology feasible.

Ammonia (NH3) is injected into th

catalyst to convert NOx into N2 an

25 Regenerative SCR Y N --- --- Clean side only26 Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) Y N --- --- Can't achieve correct temperature window (1400-1800F). Too hot in kiln too cold in reheat Urea or ammonia-based chemica

convert NO to molecular nitrogen

27 Adsorption N --- --- --- Still in research stages. Use of char (activated carbon) to 

28 Absorption Y N --- --- Similar to TriNOx

Use of water, hydroxide and carbsolutions, molten alkali carbonatenitrogen.

29 Oxidizer Y N --- --- Redundant to regenerative SCR

Gas stream is sent through the re

direct fired oxidizer where pollutadestroyed.

30 SNOX N --- --- --- Early commercial development stage

Catalytic reduction of NOx in the 

catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3. 

passes through a novel glass-tub

hydrated to H2SO4 vapor and the

sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

31 SOx-NOx-Rox-Box N --- --- --- Technology has not been demonstrated Dry sorbent injection upstream of 

ammonia injection upstream of a (SCR) catalyst incorporated in the 
Taconite BART Analysis

NOx Control

Available and Applicable Review

Step 1 Step 2

This table is part of the Taconidistributed without the full text not taken out of context.

Reference No.

1

NOx Pollution Control 

Technology

Is this a generally available 

control technology?

Is the control technology 

available to indurating 

furnaces?

Is the control technology 

applicable to this specific 

source?

Is it technically feasible for 

this source? Comments Bas

32 Electron (E-Beam) Process N --- --- --- No operating commercial applications on coal Electron beam irradiation in the p

conversion of sulfur and nitrogen easily collected by conventional m

33 Electrocatalytic Oxidation N --- --- --- Similar to cold plasma. Will keep watch for availability of this technology

Utilizes a reactor in which SO2, N

dioxide (NO2), sulfuric acid, and m

thermal plasma.On recent project, the vender waapplications.

34 NOXSO N --- --- ---

Commercial version of adsorption. Limited experience (proof-of-concept tests).

Uses a regenerable sorbent to sim

flue gas from coal-fired utility and SO2 is converted to a saleable su

sulfur, or sulfuric acid) and the NO

35 Copper-Oxide N --- --- --- Absorption and SCR. Experience limited to pilot scale.

SO2 in the flue gas reacts with co

of alumina, to form copper sulfatebefore the absorption reactor and reaction occurs that reduces the regeneration step, the copper sulreducing agent, such as natural gSO2.

36 Cold Plasma N --- --- --- Research Level37 Biofilters Y N --- --- Not applicable to furnaces.

Gas stream is passed through a fPollutants are adsorbed and degthe products carbon dioxide and w

38 Pahlman Process N --- --- --- Research Level

Gas stream is passed through a fdeveloped, small-particle, high-subeen deployed. Pollutants are rem

1) This number is for reference only. It does not in any way rank the control technologies.2) a) Air Pollution: Its Origin And Control. Wark, Kenneth; Warner, Cecil F.; and Davis, Wayne T. 1998. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

2) b) US EPA Basic Concepts in Environmental Science, Module 6, http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/module6/index.htm
Taconite BART Analysis

NOx Control

Available and Applicable Review

Step 1 Step 2

This table is part of the Taconidistributed without the full text not taken out of context.

Reference No.

1

NOx Pollution Control 

Technology

Is this a generally available 

control technology?

Is the control technology 

available to indurating 

furnaces?

Is the control technology 

applicable to this specific 

source?

Is it technically feasible for 

this source? Comments Bas

2) c) New and Emerging Environmental Technologies, http://neet.rti.org/2) d) ND BART Reports