COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Beales 

Argued at Lexington, Virginia 

SEARS ROEBUCK & COMPANY AND 

 INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY 

 OF NORTH AMERICA 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 2168-10-3 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES 

MAY 10, 2011 

BRIAN MARTIN 

 FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION 

 Angela F. Gibbs (Lorraine B. D’Angelo; Midkiff, Muncie & Ross, 

P.C., on brief), for appellants. 

 Charles M. Aaron for appellee. 

 Sears Roebuck & Company (Sears) and its insurer appeal the decision of the Workers’ 

Compensation Commission (the commission) finding that Brian Martin, the claimant, suffered a 

compensable injury by accident and was entitled to temporary total disability benefits from 

August 8, 2009, through November 23, 2009. On appeal, Sears argues that Martin’s injury did 

not arise out of his employment, as required by Code § 65.2-101. For the following reasons, we 

affirm the commission’s decision. 

I. BACKGROUND

 Martin was employed in the Sears packaging pick-up and receiving department. His 

employment at Sears required him to load heavy merchandise (such as lawn mowers, 

refrigerators, stoves, dryers, and televisions) into customers’ vehicles between ten and thirty 

times every day. Describing this process, Martin testified that the customer would present a 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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merchandise receipt to him in a small lobby called the pick-up area. After scanning the receipt 

into a computer in the pick-up lobby, Martin would retrieve the merchandise from the stock 

room, which was located behind the pick-up lobby. After retrieving the merchandise, Martin 

would assist the customer with positioning the vehicle in the loading area outside the pick-up 

lobby, using hand signals to help customers back up to the seven-inch curb that was 

approximately ten feet from the entrance to the lobby. Sometimes he would signal customers 

from inside the pick-up lobby through its glass front, and sometimes he would signal from the 

sidewalk that ran between the curb and the entrance to the lobby. After a customer parked in that 

area, Martin then would load the merchandise in the customer’s vehicle. 

 On August 8, 2009, Martin retrieved a customer’s 46-inch television from the stock 

room, placed the television on a hand truck, took the television to the pick-up lobby, and began 

signaling to the customer through the window – from about five feet inside the lobby. The 

customer backed his Ford Explorer to the curb, but then continued backing his vehicle over the 

curb and onto the sidewalk. The Explorer then proceeded in reverse through the entrance to the 

pick-up lobby – striking Martin and another employee who was standing next to him. Martin 

testified at the hearing before the deputy commissioner that “it all happened so fast I didn’t have 

time to move out of the way.” 

 The force of the impact knocked Martin back into the store’s stock room, rendering him 

unconscious for about twenty minutes. Martin suffered injuries to his left shoulder and arm, left 

knee, back, neck, and middle finger. 

 Martin filed a claim in the commission seeking temporary total disability benefits. Sears 

asserted that Martin’s injuries were not compensable under Code § 65.2-101 because his injuries 

did not arise out of his employment. 
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 Martin testified at the evidentiary hearing that he had seen vehicles back onto the curb 

before. He had also seen “a few” vehicles hit lawn mowers that were displayed on the sidewalk 

outside of the entrance to the pick-up lobby. Victoria Bowling, a Sears human relations 

manager, testified at the hearing that she knew of one prior incident in which a customer’s 

vehicle had struck a lawn mower on the sidewalk. 

 The deputy commissioner found that the risk of being hit by a customer’s vehicle “was 

substantially increased” by Martin’s work environment, which required him to “work in close 

proximity to vehicles being backed up” and to “transport heavy merchandise.” Thus, the deputy 

commissioner found that Martin’s injuries arose out of his employment and, therefore, were 

compensable. 

On review, the full commission unanimously affirmed the deputy commissioner’s finding 

of compensability. The commission found that there were “a combination of factors involved in 

this case which, taken as a whole, show the accident arose out of the claimant’s employment.”1

 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review 

 On appeal, Sears argues that Martin failed to satisfy his burden to prove that his injuries 

arose out of his employment, as required by the Workers’ Compensation Act. See Code 

§ 65.2-101 (providing that compensable injuries must be “by accident arising out of and in the 

course of the employment”); see also Marketing Profiles v. Hill, 17 Va. App. 431, 433, 437 

S.E.2d 727, 729 (1993) (en banc) (noting that the claimant must prove compensability by a 

 1

 Unlike the deputy commissioner, the full commission found that it was “unclear” 

whether the hand truck hindered Martin’s ability to avoid the Explorer, given Martin’s equivocal 

testimony that he “may” have been able to move out of the way had he not been holding the hand 

truck. 

 
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preponderance of the evidence). This issue presents a mixed question of law and fact. City of 

Waynesboro v. Griffin, 51 Va. App. 308, 312, 657 S.E.2d 782, 784 (2008). 

 “The mere fact that an employee was injured at work is not enough to show that his 

injury arose out of his employment.” Id. at 313, 657 S.E.2d at 784; see County of Chesterfield v. 

Johnson, 237 Va. 180, 185, 376 S.E.2d 73, 76 (1989). Thus, for an injury to be compensable, a 

claimant must establish “a causal connection between the claimant’s injury and the conditions 

under which the employer requires the work to be performed.” R.T. Investments v. Johns, 228 

Va. 249, 252, 321 S.E.2d 287, 289 (1984). 

 On appeal, this Court reviews the facts in the light most favorable to the party who 

prevailed before the commission. Apple Constr. Corp. v. Sexton, 44 Va. App. 458, 460, 605 

S.E.2d 351, 352 (2004). “[W]e must defer to the commission’s findings of fact if supported by 

credible evidence in the record.” Diaz v. Wilderness Resort Ass’n, 56 Va. App. 104, 114, 691 

S.E.2d 517, 522 (2010); see Code § 65.2-706. “‘In determining whether credible evidence 

exists, the appellate court does not retry the facts, reweigh the preponderance of the evidence, or 

make its own determination of the credibility of the witnesses.’” Pruden v. Plasser Am. Corp., 

45 Va. App. 566, 574-75, 612 S.E.2d 738, 742 (2005) (quoting Wagner Enters. v. Brooks, 12 

Va. App. 890, 894, 407 S.E.2d 32, 35 (1991)). 

B. “Actual Risk” Test 

 The Virginia appellate courts apply “the ‘actual risk’ test” to determine if an injury arises 

out of employment. Simms v. Ruby Tuesday, Inc., 281 Va. 114, 122, 704 S.E.2d 359, 363 

(2011). “Under the actual risk test, an injury comes within the Act ‘only if there is a causal 

connection between the employee’s injury and the conditions under which the employer requires 

the work to be done.’” Id. (quoting Hilton v. Martin, 275 Va. 176, 180, 654 S.E.2d 572, 574 

(2008)). Thus, “[i]n considering the ‘arising out of’ prong” of Code § 65.2-101, Virginia 
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appellate courts “do not apply the ‘positional risk’ test, whereby simply sustaining an injury at 

work is sufficient to establish compensability.” Hilton, 275 Va. at 180, 654 S.E.2d at 574. 

“Under [the ‘actual risk’] test, if the injury can be seen to have 

followed as a natural incident of the work and to have been 

contemplated by a reasonable person familiar with the whole 

situation as a result of the exposure occasioned by the nature of the 

employment, then it arises ‘out of’ the employment. But [the 

applicable test] excludes an injury which cannot fairly be traced to 

the employment as a contributing proximate cause and which 

comes from a hazard to which the workmen would have been 

equally exposed apart from the employment. The causative danger 

must be peculiar to the work and not common to the neighborhood. 

It must be incidental to the character of the business and not 

independent of the relation of master and servant. It need not have 

been foreseen or expected, but after the event it must appear to 

have had its origin in a risk connected with the employment, and to 

have flowed from that source as a rational consequence.” 

Simms, 281 Va. at 122-23, 704 S.E.2d at 363 (quoting Bradshaw v. Aronovitch, 170 Va. 329, 

335, 196 S.E. 684, 686 (1938)). 

C. Green Hand Nursery, Inc. v. Loveless

 On appeal, Sears relies primarily on this Court’s opinion in Green Hand Nursery, Inc. v. 

Loveless, 55 Va. App. 134, 684 S.E.2d 818 (2009). In both Loveless and in this case, a vehicle 

struck a claimant while the claimant was at work. Although this Court affirmed the 

commission’s finding that Loveless’s injury arose out of her employment under the “actual risk” 

test, Sears argues that this finding in Loveless was supported by circumstances that are not 

present here. 

 In Loveless, this Court held that “being struck by a vehicle on the work premises alone 

does not establish the required causation” to prevail under the “actual risk” test. Id. at 142, 684 

S.E.2d at 822. To prove that her injury arose out of her employment, Loveless was required to 

demonstrate that the origin of her injury “resulted from a peculiar condition related to her 

employment.” Id. The commission found that Loveless satisfied this burden by proving that she 
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was distracted by her employment at the time of the accident and that her attempt to evade the 

vehicle that ultimately struck her was impeded by some workplace materials.2 Thus, this Court 

held in Loveless that the commission “could properly infer from these facts that, but for her job 

duties and the physical obstacles confronting her, she could have avoided injury.” Id. 

 Unlike in Loveless, the commission here found that there was “no element of distraction” 

in this case and that it was “unclear” whether Martin would have been able to avoid the Explorer 

if he had not been holding the hand truck at the time of the accident. However, this Court 

certainly did not hold in Loveless that, to prove a compensable injury when hit by a vehicle in 

the course of employment, a claimant must prove that his workplace duties distracted him and 

that workplace materials impeded his path to safety. Those specific facts were simply the 

particular circumstances that established the required causal connection between the employment 

and the claimant’s injury in Loveless – and are not the elements of a legal test to apply in all 

cases. Instead, the proper legal test requires that Martin prove that his injuries can “fairly be 

traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause,” Bradshaw, 170 Va. at 335, 196 

S.E. at 686, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Martin, as the prevailing party in 

the commission, Sexton, 44 Va. App. at 460, 605 S.E.2d at 352. 

D. Causal Connection Between Employment and Injury 

Here, the commission found that Martin proved “the necessary causation” between the 

conditions of his employment injury and his workplace injuries. Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 142, 

 2

 In Loveless, the claimant was an assistant manager for a plant nursery that abutted a 

highway. As part of her duties, Loveless was required to shut off the sprinklers that were located 

about twenty-seven feet from the highway. Loveless’s attention was fully “occupied” by this 

task until she heard the screeching of tires. She saw a vehicle “flying” off the highway and 

heading in her direction. Loveless began running toward a tree line, but was hindered by some 

potted plants and slippery “weed mats.” The vehicle struck Loveless about 150 feet away from 

the roadway – about a foot away from the tree line. Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 138-40, 684 S.E.2d 

at 820-21. 
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684 S.E.2d at 822. Among the “combination of factors involved in this case which, taken as a 

whole, show the accident arose out of the claimant’s employment,” the commission found: 

[T]he claimant’s employment duties in this case required him to 

continually work in an area designated for the loading of vehicles. 

On some days the claimant loaded over 30 customer vehicles. 

Although the lobby area was not intended to be a path for traffic, 

this area was used for merchandise pick-up and was in close 

proximity to where vehicles were routinely operating in reverse 

and had, on prior occasions, run over the curb or struck lawn 

mowers located in front of this area. The vehicle which struck the 

claimant was in the process of getting into a position for the 

claimant to load the television set into it. 

 

 The commission’s “determination regarding causation is a finding of fact,” Farmington 

Country Club v. Marshall, 47 Va. App. 15, 26, 622 S.E.2d 233, 239 (2005), which is binding on 

this Court if supported by credible evidence in the record below, see Wagner Enters., 12 

Va. App. at 894, 407 S.E.2d at 35. Moreover, on appeal, this Court will not disturb any 

“reasonable inferences” drawn by the commission (as the factfinder) “from the facts proven by 

the evidence presented.” Turf Care, Inc. v. Henson, 51 Va. App. 318, 324, 657 S.E.2d 787, 

789-90 (2008). 

 Here, the commission relied on several circumstances to conclude that Martin’s injuries 

arose out of his employment. First, the commission noted that Martin was required to load heavy 

merchandise in vehicles for as many as 30 customers each work day. Second, the commission 

noted the specific manner in which the customers’ vehicles were positioned for loading, which 

required Martin to give directions to customers while they backed their cars up to the curbside 

loading area. On prior occasions, the commission noted, customers’ vehicles had driven over the 

curb and even struck lawn mowers on display near the entrance to the pick-up lobby. Third, the 

commission noted the close proximity of the curbside loading area and the inside pick-up lobby, 

where the vehicle struck Martin. Although he was inside the pick-up lobby, Martin was standing 

no more than fifteen feet from the curb while the customer was backing up his vehicle – giving 
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Martin very little time to react as the Explorer backed into him and another Sears employee 

standing next to him (and hitting Martin with such force that it knocked him back into the stock 

room). Fourth, the commission noted that Martin was struck by the vehicle of the very same 

customer who purchased the 46-inch television that Martin was preparing to load.3

 The 

combination of all of these circumstances, the commission found, exposed Martin “to a greater 

risk of being injured in a vehicular accident such as the one that occurred on August 8, 2009.” 

 Given these many circumstances connecting Martin’s workplace conditions with the 

accident that resulted in his injuries, the evidence here certainly established more than simply 

“an injury which comes from a hazard to which the employee would have been equally exposed 

apart from the employment.” United Parcel Service v. Fetterman, 230 Va. 257, 258-59, 336 

S.E.2d 892, 893 (1985). This case, therefore, is unlike Johnson, 237 Va. 185, 376 S.E.2d at 76, 

where the claimant injured himself simply walking down some stairs, or Fetterman, 230 Va. at 

259, 336 S.E.2d at 893, where the claimant injured his back simply bending over to tie his shoe. 

See also Central State Hospital v. Wiggers, 230 Va. 157, 335 S.E.2d 257 (1985) (claimant 

simply twisted an ankle while getting up to answer phone); Richmond Mem. Hosp. v. Crane, 222 

Va. 283, 278 S.E.2d 877 (1981) (claimant simply injured a foot while walking on clean, level 

floor). 

 Thus, as in Loveless, credible evidence supports the commission’s finding of several 

circumstances connecting the claimant’s employment to the claimant’s workplace injuries – in 

addition to the fact that a vehicle struck Martin while he was at work. Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 

 3

 The fact that Martin was struck by the customer’s vehicle is a significant difference 

from the facts in Loveless. There, the driver of the vehicle that veered from the highway and 

ultimately struck Loveless was not a customer of the nursery and had no connection with 

Loveless’s workplace at the time of the accident. See Loveless, 55 Va. App. at 138-39, 684 

S.E.2d at 820-21. 
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142, 684 S.E.2d at 822. Accordingly, the commission did not err in finding that Martin’s injuries 

arose out of his employment under Code § 65.2-101. 

III. CONCLUSION

 The record here supports the commission’s finding that Martin’s workplace injuries arose 

out of his employment with Sears. See Code § 65.2-101. Accordingly, for the foregoing 

reasons, we affirm the commission’s award of temporary total disability benefits from August 8, 

2009 through November 23, 2009. 

Affirmed.