FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT SEPT 26 , 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 06- 10609 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 5 - 0 0 0 2 3 - CR- FTM - 3 3 - SPC U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s C A L V I N B E RN A R D C O C H R A N , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( S e p t e m b e r 26, 2006) B efo re B IR C H , C A RN E S an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: C al v i n C o ch ran ap p eal s h i s sen t en ce fo r p o ssessi o n o f a fi rearm b y a2

conv i ct ed fe l on i n v i ol at i on of 18 U . S . C . §§ 92 2(g)(1) and 92 4(e) . C ochran argues on appe a l tha tthe gove rnm e ntbr e a c he d the pl e aa gr e e m e nti n w hi c h i ta gr e e d not t o o pp ose ase nt ence for C ochran atthe l ow end o f the re l evantgu i del i nes r ange, b y ad v o cat i n g a p o si t i o n i n co n si st en tw i th a l o w en d sen t en ce. S p eci fi cal l y, C oc hr a n obj e c t s t o the gove rnm e nt ’ s a ddi ng f a c t s abouthi s of

f e ns e a nd c a l l i ng the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s a tt e nt i on t o the m a thi s s e nt e nc i ng. C oc hr a n a l s o c ont e nds tha tthe d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t u n d e r s ta n d th e m a n d a to ry r e q u ir e m e n ts o f U .S .S .G . § 5 G 1 . 3 ( b ) ( N o v . 2 0 0 5 ) a n d s h o u l d h a v e p h r a s e d th e j u d g me n tt o d e d u c tth e t i me C ochran had al re ady s erved for hi s s t at e s ent ence . F or the re as on s di sc usse d be l ow , w e hol d tha tthe gove rnm e ntdi d notbr e a c h the pl e aa gr e e m e nta nd th e r e f o r e C o c h r a n ’s a r g u m e n t c o n c e rn in g U .S .S .G . § 5 G 1 .3 ( b ) is w a iv e d b y h is p le aa g r e e m e n t s e n te n c e ap p e a l w a iv e r . A c c o r d in g ly , w e A F F I R M . I . B AC KG RO UN D C ochran and the go vernm entent er ed i nt o a pl eaagre em enti n w hi ch C ochran agree d t o p l ea d g ui l ty t o p osse ss i on of a f i re arm by a c on vi ct ed fe l on as a n a rm e d c a r e e rc r i m i na l i n vi ol a t i on of 18 U . S . C . §§ 922( g) ( 1) a nd 924( e ) . T he p r o b a tio n o f

f ic e rr e c o m m e n d e d a n e n h a n c e d b a s e o f f e n s e le v e l o f

3 4 p u r s u a n t to the arm ed ca re ercr i m i nal prov i si on of § 4 B 1. 4(b)(3)(A ). T he go vernm entagre ed t o notoppos e C oc hr a n’ s r e que s tf oratw o- l e ve l r e duc t i on f ora c c e pt a nc e of3

r e s p o n s ib ility . F u r th e r , th e g o v e rn m e n t a g r e e d to m a k e am o tio n p u r s u a n t to U . S . S . G . § 3 E 1 . 1 (b ) fo r a o n e-p o i n td o w n w ard ad j u stm en t , creat i n g a fi n al o ffen se l e ve l of 31 w i th ac r i m i na l hi s t ory c a t e gory of V I . C oc hr a n’ s gui de l i ne i m pri sonm entra ng e w as 18 8-23 5 m on ths. T he go vernm ental so re pres ent ed that “[ a ]t th e tim e o f

s e n te n c in g , a n d in th e e v e n t th a t n o a d v e r s e in f o rm a tio n is re ce i ved sug gest i ng such a r ec om m endat i on t o b e unw arra nt ed, the U ni t ed S t at es w i l l no top po se the defendant ’ s r equestt o the C ou rtthatthe defendantre ce i ve a s e nt e nc e a tthe l ow e nd of the appl i c abl e gui de l i ne r a nge . . . . ” R 1- 24 a t3- 4. T he ag reem en tem p h asi zed th atth e d i stri ctco u rtw as n o tb o u n d b y th ese r e c o m m e n d a tio n s . T h e a g r e e m e n t a ls o p r o v id e d th a t:

T he U ni t e d S t a t e s r e s e rve s i t s r i ghta nd obl i ga t i on t o reportt o the [di stri ctcourt ] and the U ni t ed S t at es P r oba t i on O f

f i c e a l l i nf

orm a t i on c onc e rni ng the b a c k g r o u n d , c h a r a c te r , a n d c o n d u c t o f th e d e f e n d a n t, to pr ovi de r e l e va ntf

a c tua l i nf

orm a t i on, i nc l udi ng the t ot a l i ty of

the de f e nda nt ’ s c r i m i na l a c t i vi t i e s , i f a ny , not lim ite d to th e c o u n t to w h ic h th e d e f e n d a n t p le a d s , to r e s pond t o c om m e nt s m a de by the de f e nda ntor de f e nda nt ’ s c ouns e l , a nd t o c orr e c ta ny m i s s t a t e m e nt s or i na c c ur a c i e s . T he U ni t e d S t a t e s f ur the rr e s e rve s i t s r i ght to m a k e a n y r e c o m m e n d a tio n s it d e e m s ap p r o p r ia te r e ga r di ng the di s pos i t i on of thi s c a s e , s ubj e c tt o a ny lim ita tio n s s e t f

o r th h e r e in , if

a n y . I d . a t 9 . A d d itio n a lly , th e a g r e e m e n t s ta te d th a t:

[C ochran] agre es that[the di stri ctcourt ] has ju r is d ic tio n a n d a u th o r ity to im p o s e a n y s e n te n c e u p to4 th e s ta tu to ry m a x im u m a n d e x p r e s s ly w a iv e s th e r ig h t to appe a l [ hi s ] s e nt e nc e ort o c ha l l e nge i tc ol l a t e r a l l y on a ny g r o u n d , in c lu d in g th e g r o u n d th a t th e [ d is tr ic t c o u r t] e rr e d i n de t e rm i ni ng the appl i c abl e gui de l i ne s r a nge p u rsu an tt o th e U n i t ed S t at es S en t en ci n g G u i d el i n es, e xc e pt( a ) the gr ound tha tthe s e nt e nc e e xc e e ds the de f e nda nt ’ s appl i c abl e gui de l i ne s r a nge a s de t e rm i ne d by the [di stri ctcourt ] pu rs uantt o the U ni t ed S t at es S ent enci ng G ui del i nes; (b) the grou nd thatthe se nt ence e xc e e ds the s t a tut ory m a xi m um pe na l ty ; or( c ) the gr ound tha tthe s e nt e nc e vi ol a t e s the E i ghth A m e ndm e nt to th e C o n s titu tio n ; . . . . Id. at10 -11. B y e nt er i ng i nt o the agree m ent , C ochran acknow l edged thathe had n u m e r o u s f

e lo n y c o n v ic tio n s a n d th a t: O n A ug ust19 , 20 04 , . . . the F ortM ye rs P ol i ce D e p a r tm e n t r e c e iv e d ac o m p la in t o f ap o s s ib le a s s a u lt in prog re ss . . . . T he com pl ai nantprov i ded F l ori da t ag nu m ber X 62 71 9 and i nd i ca t ed i tw as att ac hed t o a si l ver ve hi c l e i nvol ve d i n the a s s a ul t . A r e gi s tr a t i on c he c k on the t ag nu m ber . . . show ed i tre gi st er ed t o a 19 90 B ui ck R e ga l l i s t e d a s s t ol e n. [A F ortM ye rs P ol i ce offi ce r] arri ved i n the ar ea m in u te s la te ra n d o b s e rv e d ag r a y B u ic k . . . [ a n d ] . . . a s i ngl e bl a c k m a l e oc c upa nti n the ve hi c l e . T he dr i ve rof the ve hi c l e , l a t e ri de nt i f i e d a s C a l vi n B e rna r d C oc hr a n, s pott e d [ the of

f i c e r ] . . . a nd m a de aqui c k turn . . . [ the of f i c e r ] w a s abl e t o c a t c h up t o the B ui c k . . . [ a nd] c o n f irm e d th e ta g o n th e v e h ic le w a s X 6 2 7 1 9 . . . . C oc hr a n i gnor e d [ the of f i c e r ’ s ] a tt e m ptt o s t op hi m a nd a c c e le r a te d a w a y f

r o m h im a n d b e g a n as e r ie s o f tu rn s in a n a tt e m ptt o e s c ape . . . C oc hr a n c ont i nue d . . . [ unt i l ] he im p a c te d w ith s to p s tic k s . . . . T h e s to p s tic k s . . . f l a tt e ne d the r i ghtf

r ontt i r e of

the ve hi c l e . . . [ a nd] C o c h r a n c o n tin u e d to a tte m p t to f le e a n d p u t th e v e h ic le i n r e ve r s e a nd s pun i ta w a yf r om [ the of

f i c e r ] . C oc hr a n .5 . . the n f l e d f r om the ve hi c l e on f

oot [ , ] . . . r a n thr ough the f r onte ntr a nc e of

[ ahous e , ] a nd s hutthe doorbe hi nd h im . [ T h e o f

f ic e r ] b e lie v e d th a t C o c h r a n h a d e n te r e d th is hom e i l l e ga l l y a nd a tt e m pt e d t o ope n the f r ontdoor , but C ochran bl ocked h i s e ff ort s t em po ra ri l y. [T he offi ce r] w as abl e t o m ake e ntrythrou gh the fr on tentra nce c a us i ng C oc hr a n t o f

l e e i nt o aba c k be dr oom w he r e he l oc ke d the door . [ T he of f i c e r ] br e [ a ] c he d thi s doora nd o r d e r e d C o c h r a n to th e g r o u n d . C o c h r a n c o n tin u e d to r e s is t . . . a n d w a s f

o r c ib ly ta k e n to th e g r o u n d . . . . [ B ] a c kup of

f i c e r s s e c ur e d the ve hi c l e . . . [ a nd] obs e rve [ d] as i l ve rr e vol ve rs t i c ki ng outf r om unde rthe f r o n t c e n te ra rm r e s t o f

th e v e h ic le . . . . T h e . . . r e v o lv e rw a s m a n u f a c tu r e d in C o n n e c tic u t. T he pres ence of thi s i t em i n F l ori da prov es C ochran po ss es se d i ti n o r a ff

ec t i ng com m er ce . C ochran kn ow i ng l y posse ss ed the fi re arm atthe t i m e he w as c onf r ont e d a nd e ve ntua l l y appr e he nde d . . . . A c c or di ng t o the F l or i daD e pa r tm e ntof C l e m e nc y , the r e i s no re cord of res t orat i on of the ci vi l ri gh tt o p osse ss a f i re arm f orC oc hr a n. I d. a t12- 16. A thi s c ha nge - of

- pl e ahe a r i ng, C oc hr a n s t a t e d tha the r e a d a nd unde r s t ood the pl e aa gr e e m e ntbe f

or e s i gni ng i t . C oc hr a n unde r s t ood tha tthe c our tw a s not b o u n d b y th e r e c o m m e n d a tio n s o rf a c ts c o n ta in e d in th e a g r e e m e n t a n d th a t it c o u ld s e n te n c e h im b a s e d o n w h a t th e it b e lie v e d to b e c o rr e c t. T h e m a g is tr a te j udge r e vi e w e d the t e rm s a nd c ons e que nc e s of the s e nt e nc e appe a l w a i ve ri n the p le aa g r e e m e n t, a n d C o c h r a n s ta te d th a t h e u n d e r s to o d th e m . C o c h r a n a g r e e d w ith the fa ct s c on t ai ned i n the pl eaagre em entand p l ed gu i l ty t o the charge.6

In th e p resen t en ce i n v est i g at i o n rep o rt(P S I) th e p ro b at i o n o ffi cer al so r e p o r te d th a t C o c h r a n w a s th e n s e rv in g ath r e e - y e a r , tw o - m o n th F lo r id as ta te se nt ence for f

l ee i ng , po ss es si on of cocai ne and m ar i j uana, and g ra nd theftof an a ut om obi l e , c ha r ge s s t e m m i ng f r om the s a m e c onduc ta s the i ns t a ntof f e ns e . T he P S I a l so st at ed thatU . S . S . G . § 5 G 1. 3 app l i ed t o the offens e. T he go vernm entobj ec t ed t o the P S I, prop osi ng t o add addi t i on al fa ct s that had n o i m pacton the advi sorygu i del i nes. T he go vernm entcont ended that pa r a gr aph s i x s houl d i nc l ude the s t a t e m e ntof aw i tne s s , G e of

f G r i ggs , w ho ob se rved the si l ver vehi cl e C ochran w as dri vi ng chas i ng a s m al l w hi t e c om pact c a r . T he dr i ve rof

the s i l ve rve hi c l e s hota tthe w hi t e c a rthr e e t i m e s . G r i ggs obs e rve d tha tthe dr i ve rof the s i l ve rc a rha d ani c ke l orc hr om e r e vol ve r . G r i ggs r e c o r d e d th e lic e n s e ta g n u m b e rX 6 2 7 1 9 a n d p r o v id e d it to p o lic e a f te rc a llin g 9 1 1 . T he gove rnm e nti ndi c a t e d tha ti f C oc hr a n obj e c t e d t o the s e f a c t s , the gove rnm e nt w ou l d o bj ec tt o an sent ence adj ustm entfor a cc ept ance of re spon si bi l i ty. C ochran obj ec t ed t o the i ncl usi on of the addi t i on al fa ct s, st at i ng thatal l pert i nentfa ct s w er e in th e p le aa g r e e m e n t. A tse nt enci ng , the go vernm entno t ed thatthe ori gi nal P S I f i xed the adj ust ed o ffen se l ev el o f 3 3 an d th ati tw an t ed t o ad d fact s t o th e P S I th atw o u l d rai se C o c h r a n ’s o f

f e n s e le v e l to 3 4 . T h e g o v e rn m e n t r e ite r a te d th e f a c ts c o n ta in e d in its7

o b je c tio n to th e P S I a n d a r g u e d th a t th e s e a c ts c o n s titu te d e ith e ra g g r a v a te d a s s a u lt ora tt e m pt e d s e c ond de gr e e m ur de runde rF l or i dal a w . I tur ge d the c our tt o f i nd thatC ochran po ss es se d a fi re arm i n con nect i on w i th a vi ol entcr i m e. C oc hr a n obj e c t e d t o the i nc l us i on of thos e f a c t s a nd pr ot e s t e d tha tthe go vernm entbrea ched the pl eaagre em ent . C ochran agree d thathe shou l d h ave a n a dj us t e d c r i m i na l of

f e ns e l e ve l of

34 w i th athr e e - l e ve l r e duc t i on f ora c c e pt a nc e of r e s pons i bi l i ty . C oc hr a n e xpl a i ne d tha the pl e d gui l ty i n F l or i das t a t e c our tt o f our char ges s t em m i ng fr om the cond uctof the i nst antoffe nse a nd thattho se char ges di d n oti ncl ud e a gg ra vat ed as saul tor att em pt ed se cond -degree m urder. T he fa ctual ba s i s c ont a i ne d i n the pl e aa gr e e m e ntdi d nots uppor tc ha r ge s of a tt e m pt e d s e c ondd eg re e m u rd eran d ag g ra v ated as sa u lt . C o ch ra n p o sited th at th e g o v er n m en t’ s a tt e m ptt o i ns e r ta ddi t i ona l f a c t s tha tdi d notc ha nge the gui de l i ne s s c or i ng i n the P S I w a s in c o n s is te n t w ith its p r o m is e n o t to o p p o s e alo w - e n d g u id e lin e s s e n te n c e . C o c h r a n a s s e r te d th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t f u r th e r e d its b r e a c h b y in s is tin g th a t it w o u ld oppos e ar e duc t i on i n C oc hr a n’ s s e nt e nc e f ora c c e pt a nc e of

r e s pons i bi l i ty i f

he o b j ect ed t o th ese n ew fact s. T he gove rnm e ntr e s ponde d tha tthe pl e aa gr e e m e nta l l ow e d the gove rnm e nt to in tr o d u c e th e s e a d d itio n a l f a c ts b e c a u s e it w a s o n ly in c lu d in g a ll p e r tin e n t f a c ts re l at i ng t o the as saul tal re ady m ent i on ed i n the P S I. T he go vernm entexpl ai ned8

th a t it c o u ld n o t p r e v io u s ly lo c a te G r ig g s a n d th a t it w a s r e c e n tly ab le to lo c a te h im a nd obt a i n as t a t e m e nt . T he gove rnm e ntdi d notr e a l i z e tha tf l e e i ng a nd e l udi ng co n st i tu t ed a v i o l en tcri m e, so i ti n cl u d ed th e assau l tw i tn essed b y G ri g g s b ecau se i ta l s o c o n s t i tu t e d av i o l e n tc r i me . Th e g o v e rn me n tc o n c e d e d th a tth e o r i g i n a l PSI o n ly g a v e C o c h r a n a n o f f e n s e le v e l o f

3 3 , b u t C o c h r a n a g r e e d to u s e h is s ta te f l e e i ng a nd e l udi ng c ha r ge a s avi ol e ntc r i m e t o r e a c h a n of f e ns e l e ve l of

34. T he go vernm entar gu ed thatthe addi t i on al fa ct s c on st i tut ed re l evantcond uctand that C o c h r a n c o u ld lo s e a c c e p ta n c e o f r e s p o n s ib ility f

o ro b je c tin g to th e m . C ochran res po nd ed thatthe fa ct s i n the pl eaagre em ental re ady produ ce d an of f e ns e l e ve l of

34 a nd w e r e unne c e s s a ry . T he di s tr i c tc our ts us t a i ne d the go vernm ent ’ s obj ec t i on t o the fa ct s c on t ai ned i n the P S I a nd al l ow ed i tt o i ntrodu ce th e a d d itio n a l f

a c ts in th e a d d e n d u m . C o c h r a n o b je c te d to th e c o u r t’s ru lin g . W he n the c our ta s ke d the pr os e c ut orabouta n appr opr i a t e s e nt e nc e f or C ochran, the prosecut or st at ed he “ st [oo] d b y [ hi s] conces si on i n the pl ea a gr e e m e nt . ” R 3 a t42- 43. W he n a s ke d t o r e a f f i rm the gove rnm e nt ’ s c onc e s s i on, the pr os e c ut ors pe c i f

i e d tha the ha d “ [ n] o obj e c t i on t o the l ow e nd of the g u id e lin e s ,” a d d in g , “[ a ]n d I w o u ld ju s t a s k th e C o u r t to ta k e in to c o n s id e r a tio n a ll the fa ct s a s pre se nt l y c on t ai ned i n the pres ent ence re po rt . ” I d. at43 . T he court g a v e C o c h r a n a2 1 1 - m o n th s e n te n c e th a t w a s to b e s e rv e d c o n c u rr e n tly w ith h is9

s t a t e pr i s on s e nt e nc e . T he c our topi ne d tha ti tdi d notf i nd a ny m i t i ga t i ng or a ggr a va t i ng c i r c um s t a nc e s a nd tha tC oc hr a n ha d a n e xt e ns i ve c r i m i na l r e c or d, s o a m i ddl e - of

- the - gui de l i ne s r a nge s e nt e nc e w a s appr opr i a t e . F ur the r , the s e nt e nc i ng j udge r e i t e r a t e d tha tthe gove rnm e nt ’ s l ow - e nd r e c om m e nda t i on w a s non- bi ndi ng and she di d n otthi nk i tw as an approp ri at e s ent ence . C oc hr a n r e que s t e d tha tthe di s tr i c tc our t ’ s j udgm e nts ubtr a c tthe 16 m onths a n d 9 d a y s th a t h e h a d a lr e a d y s e rv e d f o rh is s ta te c o n v ic tio n s f r o m th e 2 1 1 - m o n th se n ten ce p u rs u an t t o U .S .S .G . § 5 G 1 .3 (b ). T h e g o v er n m en t o b jected to C o ch ra n ’s r e que s tbe c a us e the di s tr i c tc our tha d notde t e rm i ne d tha tthe F e de r a l B ur e a u of P ri sons (“ B O P ”) w as un abl e t o cre di tthe concurrentse nt ence prop er l y, as re qu i re d by § 5 G 1. 3(b). T he go vernm entfurther a dv i se d thatC ochran’ s t i m e s erved w as no tfor agu n charge, bu tfor f l ee i ng and d rug charges. C ochran res po nd ed that d r a f tin g th e ju d g m e n t in th is w a y d id n o t d im in is h C o c h r a n ’s s e n te n c e a n d th a t h is s t a t e s e nt e nc e s t e m m e d f r om the s a m e c r i m i na l e pi s ode a s the f e de r a l of f e ns e . T he c o u r t f o u n d th a t th e B O P c o u ld g iv e C o c h r a n th e p r o p e rc r e d it f o rh is s ta te s e nt e nc e a nd r e f

us e d t o a l t e rthe j udgm e nt . C oc hr a n obj e c t e d t o the c our t ’ s rul i ng a n d s ta te d th a t th e B O P w o u ld n o t ta k e h is s ta te s e n te n c e in to a c c o u n t. I I . DI S CUS S I ON G e n e r a lly , th e is s u e o f

w h e th e rth e g o v e rn m e n t b r e a c h e d ap le aa g r e e m e n t is10

aque s t i on of

l a w r e vi e w e d de novo. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. M a hi que , 150 F . 3d 1330, 13 32 (11th C i r. 19 98 ) ( per c uri am ). A m at er i al prom i se by the go vernm ent , w hi ch in d u c e s th e d e f

e n d a n t to p le a d g u ilty , b in d s th e g o v e rn m e n t to th a t p r o m is e . S ant ob el l o v . N ew Y ork, 40 4 U . S . 25 7, 26 2, 92 S . C t . 49 5, 49 9 (19 71 ). W hether the c our tc ons i de r e d orw a s i nf l ue nc e d by the gove rnm e nt ’ s pos i t i on on the s e nt e nc i ng i s s ue i s notr e l e va nt . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. J ohns on, 132 F . 3d 628, 630 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 8 ) ( p e rc u r ia m ) . F or the go vernm entt o “ un equi vo ca l l y prom i se [] ” thati tw ou l d m ake a p a r tic u la rs e n te n c in g r e c o m m e n d a tio n , a n d th e n a d v o c a te ap o s itio n in c o m p a tib le w i th the ful fi l l m entof thatprom i se i s acl ea r bre ac h o f apl eaagre em ent . U ni t ed S t a t e s v. T a y l or , 77 F . 3d 368, 370- 371 ( 11th C i r . 1996) . A r e c om m e nda t i on by the gove rnm e nttha tm e r e l y pr ovi de s “ l i p s e rvi c e ” t o the pl e aa gr e e m e ntdoe s not re ct i fythe breac h. Id. at37 1 (ci t at i on s om i tt ed). T he sol em ni za t i on of a pl ea a gr e e m e nt , how e ve r , doe s notpr e c l ude the gove rnm e ntf r om di s c l os i ng pe r t i ne nt i nf orm a t i on t o the s e nt e nc i ng c our t . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B oa tne r , 966 F . 2d 1575, 1578 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 2 ) ( c ita tio n s o m itte d ) . W he the rthe gove rnm e ntvi ol a t e d the a gr e e m e nti s j udge d a c c or di ng t o the de f e nda nt ’ s r e a s onabl e unde r s t a ndi ng of the a gr e e m e nta tthe t i m e he e nt e r e d the pl e a . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. R e w i s , 969 F . 2d 985, 988 ( 11th C i r . 1992) . I f the11

gove rnm e ntdi s put e s the de f e nda nt ’ s unde r s t a ndi ng, how e ve r , w e de t e rm i ne the t erm s of the agree m entac cordi ng t o o bj ec t i ve st andards. Id. W hen a breac h o f a n a g r e e m e n t b y th e g o v e rn m e n t h a s b e e n e s tab lis h e d , w e m a y e ith e ro r d e rs p e c if ic perf orm ance of the agree m ent , by m ea ns of re se nt enci ng before a di ff er entj ud ge, o ra llo w w ith d r a w a l o f

th e p le a . S a n to b e llo , 4 0 4 U .S . a t 2 6 2 - 6 3 , 9 2 S .C t. a t 4 9 9 . In thi s c as e, the go vernm entdi d n otbrea ch the pl eaagre em ent . C ochran re as on abl y und er st oo d the agree m entt o requi re the go vernm entno tt o o pp ose a se nt ence atthe l ow end o f the gu i del i nes r ange, and n ott o t ake apo si t i on contra ry t o th atreq u i rem en t . S i m i l ar t o th e p l ea ag reem en ti n U n i t ed S t at es v . L ev y, C oc hr a n’ s pl e aa gr e e m e ntdi d notbi nd the gove rnm e ntt o r e f r a i n f r om pr ovi di ng on l y c ert ai n fac tual i nform at i on . S ee 37 4 F . 3d 10 23 , 10 30 (11th C i r. 20 04 ) ( per c u r ia m ) , v a c a te d o n o th e rg r o u n d s , L e v y v . U n ite d S ta te s , 5 4 3 U .S . ___ , 1 2 5 S .C t. 25 42 (200 5). N othi ng prevent ed the part i es fr om ent er i ng i nt o a bi nd i ng agre em entthat re stri ct ed the fa ct s upo n w hi ch the subst ant i ve offens e w as base d. S ee B oatner, 9 6 6 F .2 d a t 1 5 7 8 ( c itin g U n ite d S ta te s v . N e ls o n , 8 3 7 F .2 d 1 5 1 9 , 1 5 2 2 - 1 5 2 5 ( 1 1 th C i r . 1988) ) . T he pl e aa gr e e m e nthe r e , how e ve r , s t a t e d tha tthe gove rnm e nt

“ re se rves i t s r i gh tand o bl i gat i on t o reportt o the C ou rtand the U ni t ed S t at es P r oba t i on O f

f i c e a l l i nf

orm a t i on c onc e rni ng the ba c kgr ound, c ha r a c t e r , a nd12

c onduc tof

the de f e nda nt , t o pr ovi de r e l e va ntf a c tua l i nf

orm a t i on, i nc l udi ng the to ta lity o f

th e d e f e n d a n t’s c r im in a l a c tiv itie s , if a n y , n o t lim ite d to th e c o u n t to w hi c h the de f

e nda ntpl e a ds . . . . ” R 1- 24 a t9. A s ar e s ul t , C oc hr a n s houl d ha ve unde r s t ood the gove rnm e nt ’ s r i ghtt o r e por tf a c t s abouthi s of

f e ns e . T he r e f

or e , the go vernm entdi d n otbrea ch the pl eaagre em entby i ntrodu ci ng the fa ct s di sc l osed b y its w itn e s s , G r ig g s , b e c a u s e th e p le aa g r e e m e n t g a v e th e g o v e rn m e n t th e r ig h t to re po rtre l evantfa ctual i nform at i on , i ncl ud i ng the t ot al i ty of C ochran’ s c ri m i nal a c tiv itie s . S e e U n ite d S ta te s v . C a rr a z a n a , 9 2 1 F .2 d 1 5 5 7 , 1 5 6 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 1 ) . T he go vernm ental so di d n otbrea ch the pl eaagre em entw hen the court a s ke d i tt o r e c om m e nd as e nt e nc e . T he gove rnm e ntr e s ponde d tha ti tdi d not oppos e as e nt e nc e a tthe l ow - e nd of the a dvi s ory gui de l i ne s r a nge , buta s ke d the c our tt o c ons i de ra l l of

the f a c t s c ont a i ne d i n the P S I . T he gove rnm e ntdi d not e xpl i c i t l y a dvoc a t e tha tthe c our ts e nt e nc e C oc hr a n above the l ow e nd of the g u id e lin e r a n g e , a n d th e g o v e rn m e n t d id n o t o p e n ly o p p o s e th e p r o m is e s m a d e in th e p le aa g r e e m e n t. T a y lo r , R e w is , a n d J o h n s o n a r e d is tin g u is h ab le f r o m th is c a s e . I n b o th T ay l or and R ew i s, the go vernm entaf fi rm at i vel y a dv ocat ed po si t i on s that c ontr a di c t e d i t s e xpr e s s obl i ga t i ons unde rthe pl e aa gr e e m e nt s . I n R e w i s , the a gr e e m e ntl i m i t e d the gove rnm e nt ’ s r i ghtof a l l oc ut i on of

f a c t s r e l e va ntt o the13

c u rr e n t o f

f e n s e s a n d f

o r e c lo s e d th e g o v e rn m e n t f r o m s u g g e s tin g a n y s e n te n c e . 969 F . 2d a t988. T he gove rnm e ntthe r e , how e ve r , s t e ppe d out s i de thos e bounds by e m pha s i z i ng e vi de nc e notr e l a t e d t o the of f e ns e s a nd m a de s t a t e m e nt s , a l though nots pe c i f

i c , tha ts ugge s t e d aha r s h s e nt e nc e . I d. I n J ohns on, the pr os e c ut or

“ be c a m e a n e nthus i a s t i c a dvoc a t e f ora‘ f a c t ’ a todds w i th the ‘ f

a c t ’ t o w hi c h he h a d s tip u la te d .” 1 3 2 F .3 d a t 6 3 1 . H e r e , the gove rnm e ntne ve re xpl i c i t l y a dvoc a t e d “ apos i t i on r e qui r i ng a gr e a t e rs e nt e nc e ” tha n the “ l ow e nd” of the a dvi s ory gui de l i ne s . S e e T a y l or , 77 F . 3d at37 0. F urtherm ore, the fa ctual i nform at i on the go vernm entpres ent ed w as no tspec i fi ca l l y pre cl ud ed by the pl eaagre em ent , di d n otcontra di ctst i pu l at ed fa ct s, and w as re l evantt o the t ot al i ty of C ochran’ s c ri m i nal ac t i vi t i es . S ee B oatner, 966 F . 2d a t1579 ( gove rnm e ntvi ol a t e d pl e aa gr e e m e ntby e ndor s i ng i nf orm a t i on thatw as spec i fi ca l l y pre cl ud ed by the pl eaagre em ent ). C ochran fai l s t o ci t e a p ro m i se i n h i s p l ea ag reem en tth atw as b reach ed w h en th e g o v ern m en tad d ed th ese p a r tic u la rf

a c ts ab o u t h is o f

f e n s e a n d c a lle d th e c o u r t’s a tte n tio n to th e m a t h is s e n te n c in g . C ochran al so ar gu es thatthe courtdi d n otun ders t and the m andat ory r e q u ir e m e n ts o f

U .S .S .G . § 5 G 1 .3 ( b ) a n d s h o u ld h a v e f a s h io n e d th e ju d g m e n t to d e d u c tth e t i me Co c h r a n h a d a l r e a d y s e rv e d f o rh i s s t a t e s e n t e n c e . Co c h r a n c l a i ms14

th a t th is a r g u m e n t is n o t ag u id e lin e s is s u e ; r a th e r , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr e d in draf t i ng the j ud gm ent . In re spon se , the go vernm entar gu es thatC ochran w ai ved th is c h a lle n g e in h is p le aa g r e e m e n t. W e r e vi e w the va l i di ty of a n appe a l w a i ve rpr ovi s i on of apl e aa gr e e m e ntde n o v o . Un i t e d S t a t e s v . We a v e r , 2 7 5 F . 3 d 1 3 2 0 , 1 3 3 3 n . 2 1 ( 1 1 th C i r . 2 0 0 1 ) . An appeal w ai ver i s val i d i f i tw as ent er ed i nt o k no w i ng l y a nd vo l un t ar i l y. U ni t ed S ta te s v . B u s h e r t, 9 9 7 F .2 d 1 3 4 3 , 1 3 5 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 3 ) . F o ra n ap p e a l w a v ie rto b e e n f o r c e d , th e g o v e rn m e n t m u s t s h o w th a t e ith e r : ( 1 ) th e c o u r t s p e c if ic a lly qu es t i on ed the defendantconcerni ng the se nt ence appeal w ai ver duri ng the pl ea h eari n g , o r (2 ) i ti s m an i fest l y cl ear fro m th e reco rd th atth e d efen d an to th erw i se unde r s t ood the f

ul l s i gni f i c a nc e of the w a i ve r . I d. a t1351. “ A w a i ve rof the r i ght t o app ea l i ncl ud es a w ai ver of the ri gh tt o app ea l di ff i cul tor debat abl e l egal i ss ues- i nd ee d, i ti ncl ud es a w ai ver of the ri gh tt o app ea l bl at anterror. ” U ni t ed S ta te s v . H o w le , 1 6 6 F .3 d 1 1 6 6 , 1 1 6 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ) . T he s e nt e nc e appe a l w a i ve ri n C oc hr a n’ s pl e aa gr e e m e ntpr e c l ude s us f r om c ons i de r i ng thi s i s s ue . C oc hr a n c ha l l e nge s hi s s e nt e nc e on the gr ound tha tthe courtdi d n otprop er l y a dj usti tfor t i m e he had served o n h i s s t at e c on vi ct i on as re qu i re d b y U . S . S . G . § 5 G 1. 3(b). C ochran w ai ved al l chal l enges t o h i s s ent ence exce ptfor c hal l enges thatthe se nt ence (1) e xcee ded the appl i cabl e gui del i nes15

r a n g e ; ( 2 ) e x c e e d e d th e m a x im u m s ta tu to ry p e n a lty ; ( 3 ) o rv io la te d th e E ig h th A m endm entof the C on st i tut i on . T he courtqu es t i on ed C ochran abou tthe w ai ver i n h i s pl eaagre em entand C ochran st at ed thathe un ders t oo d i t . C ochran’ s s ent ence w as w i thi n the gu i del i nes r ange and there fore di d n otexce ed the st atut ory m a xi m um . A l s o, C oc hr a n doe s notc ha l l e nge hi s s e nt e nc e on E i ghth A m e ndm e nt g r o u n d s . C o c h r a n ’s a r g u m e n t th a t h e is o n ly c h a lle n g in g th e c o u r t’s ju d g m e n t is m e r i t l e s s . H i s appe a l di r e c t l y c ha l l e nge s the c our t ’ s appl i c a t i on of s e nt e nc i ng gu i del i nes provi si on s a s t o the l ength o f hi s f eder al se nt ence , and i s there fore a c ha l l e nge t o hi s s e nt e nc e . A c c or di ngl y , C oc hr a n w a i ve d hi s a r gum e ntc onc e rni ng th e c o u r t’s ap p lic a tio n o f U .S .S .G . § 5 G 1 .3 ( b ) . W e c onc l ude the gove rnm e ntdi d notbr e a c h the pl e aa gr e e m e nt , a nd the s e nt e nc e appe a l w a i ve ri n pl e aa gr e e m e ntpr e c l ude s us f r om c ons i de r i ng the appl i ca t i on of U . S . S . G . § 5 G 1. 3(b). A cc ordi ng l y, w e A F F I R M.