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MANE-VU Consultation Appendix 

Summary of MANE-VU Class I States’ Consultations 

 In 2007, New Hampshire provided other states in the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union 

(MANE-VU), Midwest Regional Planning Organization (MRPO) and Visibility Improvement State and 

Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) regions with the results of technical analyses that illustrated 

which states in those regions have emissions that are reasonably anticipated to contribute to 

impairment in one or more of New Hampshire’s Class I areas, including Great Gulf Wilderness and 

Presidential Range - Dry River Wilderness. The New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services 

(NHDES) sent a letter to these contributing states, inviting them to participate in consultations with New 

Hampshire and the other Class I states in MANE-VU to discuss ideas on the types and amounts of 

emissions reductions that are reasonable and, therefore, necessary to achieve reasonable progress in 

improving visibility at New Hampshire’s Class I areas. The consultation calls and meetings that New 

Hampshire engaged in with our counterparts in the MANE-VU. MWRPO, and VISTAS regions served as a 

platform for comparing technical work and findings, discussing any adjustments that might be 

appropriate, and developing mutually beneficial solutions. 

 Representatives from the MANE-VU states have been having discussions with the other regional 

planning organizations (RPOs) periodically since 2000 on technical information and analyses. The 

MANE-VU states established a more formal consultation process in 2007, beginning with an in-person 

meeting of the members in Washington, DC on March 1, 2007. At this meeting the states received 

information on the requirements of the regional haze rule and how to define reasonable progress in 

Class I areas. The states also discussed potential control options which, if determined to be reasonable, 

would be considered as part of the Class I states’ long term strategy for making reasonable progress 

toward achieving natural conditions by 2064. This was followed by a second in-person consultation in 

Providence, RI on June 7, 2007. This second meeting comprised a review of technical analyses 

completed to date, discussion of a resolution outlining the principles the Class I states would be 

following in their consultations with contributing states, and examination of a set of statements 

developed by the Class I states outlining their requests for control measures to be pursued by 

contributing states, both in the MANE-VU region and outside of it, for the purpose of achieving 

reasonable progress in the MANE-VU Class I areas . 

 The MANE-VU Class I states made revisions to the resolution and statements as a result of the 

discussions that occurred at the June 7th meeting. The MANE-VU states then engaged in another 

consultation via conference call on June20, 2007 to review the revised documents and vote on them. All 

member states on the consultation call voted to accept the resolution and statements, with the 

exception of New York and Vermont, who were unable to participate on the call. The MANE-VU 

executive staff followed up with both New York and Vermont by phone and email, and received their 

concurrence on the documents as well. Via the statement, the MANE-VU member states agreed to a 

course of action that includes pursuing the adoption and implementation of the following emission 

management strategies, as appropriate and necessary: 

• timely implementation of BART requirements; and 

• a low sulfur fuel oil strategy in the inner zone States (New Jersey, New York, Delaware and 

Pennsylvania, or portions thereof) to reduce the sulfur content of: distillate oil to 0.05% sulfur by 

weight (500 ppm) by no later than 2012, of #4 residual oil to 0.25% sulfur by weight by no later than 
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2012, of #6 residual oil to 0.3 – 0.5% sulfur by weight by no later than 2012, and to further reduce 

the sulfur content of distillate oil to 15 ppm by 2016; and 

• a low sulfur fuel oil strategy in the outer zone States (the remainder of the MANE-VU region) to 

reduce the sulfur content of distillate oil to 0.05% sulfur by weight (500 ppm) by no later than 2014,

of #4 residual oil to 0.25 – 0.5% sulfur by weight by no later than 2018, and of #6 residual oil to no

greater than 0.5 % sulfur by weight by no later than 2018, and to further reduce the sulfur content 

of distillate oil to 15 ppm by 2018, depending on supply availability; and 

• a 90% or greater reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from each of the electric generating unit 

(EGU) stacks identified by MANE-VU (Attachment 1- comprising a total of 167 stacks – dated June 

20, 2007) as reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute to impairment of visibility in each 

mandatory Class I Federal area in the MANE-VU region. If it is infeasible to achieve that level of 

reduction from a unit, alternative measures will be pursued in such State; and 

• continued evaluation of other control measures including energy efficiency, alternative clean fuels, 

and other measures to reduce SO2 and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from all coal-burning 

facilities by 2018 and new source performance standards for wood combustion. These measures 

and other measures identified will be evaluated during the consultation process to determine if they 

are reasonable and cost-effective. 

In addition, the long-term strategy accepted by the MANE-VU states to reduce and prevent regional 

haze allows each state up to 10 years to pursue adoption and implementation of reasonable and costeffective NOx and SO2 controls. Through the MANE-VU states’ acceptance of the emission management 

strategies outlined in the statements on the June 20

th call, they confirmed the set of actions the MANEVU states will pursue in their state implementation plans (SIPs) to provide reasonable progress toward

improved visibility by 2018, the first milestone in meeting the long-term regional haze goals for each

Class I area. 

 Once the statements were accepted via the internal MANE-VU consultation process, the MANEVU states initiated their consultation process with the MRPO and VISTAS states. The MANE-VU Class I 

states held an Open Technical Call on July 19, 2007 to provide the other regions with a review of the 

technical information and analyses performed by MANE-VU that were used in determining which states 

were contributing to impairment in the Class I areas and to discuss the approach the MANE-VU Class I 

areas planned to take on consultations. The MANE-VU Class I states then held in-person meetings with 

the contributing states from each of the other RPOs. The MANE-VU/MRPO consultation meeting 

occurred on August 6, 2007 in Chicago, IL, and the MANE-VU/VISTAS consultation meeting occurred on 

August 20, 2007 in Atlanta, GA. MANE-VU and the MRPO held an additional conference call on 

September 13, 2007, and the two RPOs continue to work on initiatives that came out of the consultation

discussions through the MANE-VU/MRPO State Collaborative process. MANE-VU anticipates that some 

of the VISTAS states that participated in the consultations will also join in these collaborative initiatives 

in the near future. 

The MANE-VU Air Directors also held additional intra-MANE-VU consultation discussions on 

issues concerning the emission management strategies outlined in the statements on three subsequent 

conference calls. During the September 26, 2007 call, participants discussed how to interpret the 

emission management strategies in the statements for purposes of estimating visibility impacts via air

quality modeling. On February 28, 2008 the MANE-VU states received the results of the final 2018 
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modeling runs. Finally, on the March 21, 2008 call the states discussed the process for establishing 

reasonable progress goals for the MANE-VU Class I areas. 

Summaries of the individual meetings and calls referenced above follow, with the intra-MANEVU consultation documentation first, then the MRPO consultation documents and finally the VISTAS 

consultation summaries. Copies of the final MANE-VU Class I states’ resolution and statements appear 

at the end of this appendix. 

 

Listing of consultation summary documentation: 

1. Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Meeting Summary, March, 1, 2007, Washington, DC 

2. Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Meeting Summary, June 7, 2007, Washington, DC 

3. Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Conference Call Summary, June20, 2007 

4. Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Conference Call Summary, MANE-VU Air Directors, March 31, 2008 

5. MANE-VU Class I States’ Consultation Open Technical Call Summary, July 19, 2007 

6. MANE-VU/MRPO Consultation Meeting Summary, August 6, 2007, Chicago, IL 

7. MANE-VU/MRPO call 

8. MANE-VU/VISTAS Consultation Meeting Summary, August 20, 2007, Atlanta, GA 

9. Resolution of the Commissioners of States with Mandatory Class I Federal Areas Within the MidAtlantic Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Regarding Principles for Implementing the 

Regional Haze Rule, adopted June 20, 2007 

10. Statement 1: Statement of the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Concerning a 

Course of Action Within MANE-VU Toward Assuring Reasonable Progress, adopted June 20, 

2007 

11. Statement 2: Statement of the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Concerning a 

Request for a Course of Action by States Outside of MANE-VU Toward Assuring Reasonable 

Progress, adopted June 20, 2007 

12. Statement 3: Statement of the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Concerning a 

Request for a Course of Action by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toward 

Assuring Reasonable Progress, adopted June 20, 2007

13. Attachment to Statements 1 and 2: List of 167 EGU stacks, dated June 20, 2007 
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Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Meeting Summary 

March 1, 2007 

Washington DC

Introduction

The Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) held an in-person consultation meeting of the 

region’s states on March 1, 2007 in Washington DC. The purpose of the consultation meeting was to 

fulfill the requirements of 40 CFR 51.308(d)(1)(B)(iv) and (3)(i) for Class I states to consult with 

contributing states on developing reasonable progress goals for the region’s seven mandatory federal 

Class I areas, and for all contributing states to consult on the development of coordinated emission 

management strategies. All MANE-VU states were invited to participate along with the region’s Federal

Land Managers (FLMs) from the National Park Service, Fish & Wildlife Service, and Forest Service, and 

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional representatives from Regions I, II, and III. 

Topics discussed included: 

1) An overview of the regional haze program’s goals and requirements; 

2) A review of the uniform progress glidepaths and anticipated status of visibility impairment in 2018 

in the seven MANE-VU mandatory federal Class I areas; and 

3) A review of an analysis based on the Clean Air Act’s statutory factors of what controls may be 

considered reasonable; and 

4) Discussions of reasonable control options by source sector. 

Key Outcomes of the Consultation

 As an overriding principle, MANE-VU looks for equivalent reductions, not equal reductions 

across source categories. 

 A low-sulfur fuel oil strategy is viable as a MANE-VU 2018 control measure, at a 500 ppm sulfur 

limit in the near-term, and a 15 ppm goal for distillate in 2018. 

 Sulfur limits on #4 and #6 fuel oil require more analysis, and oil-fired EGUs with scrubbers will 

need flexibility. 

 The ICI boiler sector needs further analysis as to what controls may be reasonable, especially 

from small and medium-sized boilers. 

 If it is reasonable for MANE-VU to achieve a 40% sulfur reduction in the non-EGU sector, it may 

also be reasonable that contributing states in other RPOs could find equivalent reasonable 

reductions. 

 There was no real consensus on controls on residential wood / open burning as a regional

strategy, as what can be achieved in these sectors varies widely from state to state. 

 MANE-VU Class I states will conduct a series of separate phone calls to develop a proposal for 

moving forward on consultations and developing reasonable control options. 

 The MANE-VU states agreed to keep working towards implementing reasonable regional 

controls, which would be discussed at the next MANE-VU consultation meeting in June 2007. 
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Attendees

States and Tribes: 

Maine (Class I state) – David Littell, Jeff Crawford 

New Hampshire (Class I state) – Jeff Underhill 

New Jersey (Class I state) – Lisa Jackson, Nancy Wittenberg, Chris Salmi 

Vermont (Class I state) – Justin Johnson, Dick Valentinetti, Paul Wishinski 

Connecticut – Anne Gobin 

Delaware – Ali Mirzakhalili 

District of Columbia – Deidre Elvis-Peterson, Abraham Hagos 

Maryland – Tad Aburn 

Massachusetts – Arleen O’Donnell, Barbara Kwetz 

Pennsylvania – Tom Fidler, Joyce Epps, Wick Havens 

New York – Dave Shaw, Rob Sliwinski 

Federal Land Management Agencies and EPA Regional Offices:

National Park Service – Bruce Polkowsky, John Bunyak 

Forest Service – Anne Mebane, Anne Acheson, Andrea Stacey 

Fish and Wildlife Service – Sandra Silva, Tim Allen

EPA Region I – Anne Arnold 

EPA Region III – Makeba Morris, Neil Bigioni 

Welcome and Introductory Remarks

David Littell, MANE-VU Vice-Chair and Commissioner of Maine’s Department of Environmental 

Protection, opened the consultation with a welcome and introductions around the room. Mr. Littell 

followed with a presentation entitled “Bringing Clear Views to Acadia National Park and Other Class I 

Areas.” Acadia National Park is one of three mandatory Class I areas in Maine while New Hampshire has

two, and Vermont and New Jersey each have one. Mr. Littell noted that annual visitation at Acadia is 

over 2 million visits a year leading to visitor spending of more than $127 million in 2005, and surveys 

indicate that a clear vista is a strong factor in a visitor’s positive experience at the park. 

 

Mr. Littell then provided an overview of the goals for today’s consultation, including: 

• Review requirements, resources and critical timing issues to ensure all share a common 

understanding; 

• Discuss options for control measures to identify what is reasonable in MANE-VU; 

• Identify impediments to implementing control measures and discuss how to address them; 

• Identify links between haze, PM, and ozone strategies that help define what's reasonable; 

• Define reasonable progress for MANE-VU Class I Areas in terms of control measure options; and 

• Summarize points of agreement and identify issues for follow-up consultation. 

Overview of MANE-VU Consultation

Anna Garcia, MANE-VU Deputy Director, followed with a presentation entitled “Timing, Contribution, 

and Consultation.” Noting that multiple methods show consistent conclusions about which states are 
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top contributors and that a single MANE-VU consulting group offers the best opportunity to engage 

contributing states in a meaningful consultation process, Ms. Garcia emphasized that the MANE-VU 

states need to make sure we know what we are asking of the states within MANE-VU before consulting 

with contributing states outside of MANE-VU. Today’s consultation is the first formal intra-MANE-VU 

consultation being held to develop MANE-VU’s “clean hands” position and to start the process of 

determining reasonable control measures by MANE-VU states for the December 2007 Regional Haze 

State Implementation Plan (SIP) submissions. 

MANE-VU Regional Haze Goals

Paul Wishinski from Vermont’s Department of Environmental Conservation followed with a presentation 

entitled “Overview of Program Requirements for the Regional Haze Rule.” Under the regional haze 

regulations, both the reasonable progress goals to be set by the Class I states and the long-term 

coordinated emissions strategies to meet the reasonable progress goals require consultations with 

contributing states and the Federal Land Managers (FLMs). Mr. Wishinski concluded, as did Ms. Garcia 

before, that the key next step is for the MANE-VU states to agree on what they believe are reasonable 

control measures for visibility improvement at the MANE-VU Class I areas. 

 

Jeff Underhill from New Hampshire’s Department of Environmental Services followed with a 

presentation entitled “Status of Visibility at MANE-VU Class I sites and Modeling for the Regional Haze 

Rule.” Based on modeling results, Mr. Underhill concludes that all of MANE-VU’s seven mandatory Class

I areas will likely be below the uniform progress line in 2018 with “on-the-books” controls plus 500 ppm 

maximum sulfur limit for #2 distillate, except in Delaware and Vermont. However, more progress can be

made through additional reasonable measures, and the Regional Haze Rule requires us to consider these 

measures via the consultation process with contributing states. 

Developing Reasonable Progress for MANE-VU Class I Areas

Art Werner of MACTEC Federal Programs, Inc., MANE-VU’s contractor for the four-factor reasonable 

progress project, followed with a presentation on the preliminary results of that project. Mr. Werner

reviewed the four factors that need to be analyzed to determine which emission control measures are 

needed to make reasonable progress in improving visibility: 1) the costs of compliance, 2) the time 

necessary for compliance, 3) energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance, and 4) 

the remaining useful life of any source subject to such requirements. Mr. Werner also presented a 

preliminary marginal cost figure of $1,390/ton (1999$) of SO2 in 2018 from a recent MANE-VUsponsored IPM run for a “CAIR Plus” policy. The final report due in May will provide a methodology for 

addressing reasonable progress and inform the MANE-VU states on control measure costs for both 

priority source categories and selected individual sources for upcoming consultations on setting the 

reasonable progress goals for the MANE-VU mandatory Class I areas. 

Assessing Control Options

The final presentation by Chris Salmi with New Jersey’s Department of Environmental Protection 

entitled “Reasonable Measure Opportunities” emphasized that the MANE-VU Class I states intend to 

focus their reduction efforts for the 2018 milestone on sulfur dioxide reductions since they cause, on

average, nearly 80% of the visibility impairment on the 20% worst days. Mr. Salmi presented recent 

control measure analyses showing that MANE-VU sources can reasonably achieve over 200,000 tons of 
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SO2 reductions in 2018 from non-EGU control measures, primarily from ICI coal and oil-fired sources, a

low-sulfur distillate strategy, and controls on Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) sources. Mr. 

Salmi concluded his presentation by posing two questions for the members: 

 1) What measures does MANE-VU consider reasonable for 2018?, and 

 2) What measures do we ask others to implement? 

The questions began a roundtable discussion initiated by Ms. Garcia’s intentionally broad question to 

the members asking what is reasonable. 

Summary of Discussion

NESCAUM suggested, and New Hampshire agreed that as an overriding principle what MANE-VU is 

looking for is equivalent reductions, not equal reductions across source categories. The discussion 

segued to what MANE-VU can reasonably accomplish for a low-sulfur fuel oil strategy. The members 

agreed that this is a prime example of a source category where MANE-VU can make reasonable 

reductions due the widespread use of distillate for residential and commercial heating. Other states 

primarily outside of MANE-VU do not have a similar reliance on fuel oil for heating, so they could make 

equivalent reasonable reductions from other source categories to match MANE-VU’s heating oil sulfur 

reductions. 

Further discussion continued with respect to two potentially reasonable fuel-oil strategies for the 

MANE-VU region, dubbed S1 and S2: 

 S1 is less stringent and envisions a 75% reduction in sulfur content to 500 ppm by 2018 for 

home heating / distillate, and 50% reductions in sulfur content for #4 and #6 fuel oils. 

 S2 envisions a 99.25% reduction in sulfur content to 15 ppm by 2018 for home heating / 

distillate, and the same 50% reductions for #4 and #6 as in S1. 

New Hampshire suggested the need to move carefully due to the concerns about price and supply 

issues. Vermont countered that there is a 10-year timeframe to accomplish a low-sulfur fuel oil 

strategy. Pennsylvania suggested that a 500 ppm strategy is reasonable, but timing is important. 

Vermont added that the Northeast states have been discussing low-sulfur fuel oil strategies for ten years 

already, and that two or three states such as New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut need to go first 

and pass regulations to catalyze regional negotiations with industry. New Jersey noted that New 

Jersey has started their rulemaking process on low-sulfur fuel oil; New York added that New York has 

started their rulemaking process for 500 ppm for distillate by 2018. Connecticut said that Connecticut’s 

fuel standards are set by statute, and the statute precludes Connecticut from lowering its fuel-oil 

standards until neighboring states Massachusetts and Rhode Island do so as well, presumably for 

regional supply reasons. 

Continuing the low-sulfur fuel oil discussion, Pennsylvania asked if EPA has been approached on a 

national low-sulfur fuel oil strategy. New Jersey replied that EPA is not focusing on this area, leaving it 

to the states. NESCAUM added that the industry believes that part of the deal with EPA for 

accomplishing the 15 ppm on-road ultra low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) standard is that there will be no more

sulfur reductions expected. MANE-VU noted that in recent discussions, the industry suggested it was 

possible to achieve a 15 ppm sulfur level for distillate within a 2014 timeframe. Massachusetts said that 

it may be difficult for Massachusetts to commit to a 15 ppm sulfur level in distillate by 2018, noting, 
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however, that the positive co-benefits of greater furnace efficiency and therefore lower GHG emissions

might help in instituting a 15 ppm sulfur level in distillate regulation. New Jersey emphasized that we 

have a decade to accomplish a 15 ppm sulfur standard for distillate. 

MANE-VU asked the group about what might work in terms of lower sulfur limits in #4 and #6 fuel oils. 

Pennsylvania said that Pennsylvania has various sulfur limits and they would need more time to analyze

such limits. New Jersey noted that these low-sulfur fuels are already available as some New Jersey 

counties are already below 5000 ppm sulfur. Maine questioned what limits on #6 fuel oil would mean 

for those oil-fired EGUs that have scrubbers. 

MANE-VU wrapped up the low-sulfur fuel-oil discussion asking the group if the S1 strategy was viable as 

a MANE-VU 2018 region haze control measure. The consensus was that a 500 ppm sulfur limit “nearterm” and a 15 ppm “goal” for distillate in 2018 is viable. For #4 / #6 sulfur limits, the consensus was 

that more work needs to be done, and that flexibility should be provided to states that have scrubbers

on their oil-fired EGUs. 

The consultation moved on to sulfur reductions from the coal-fired ICI (Industrial, Institutional, and

Commercial) sector and whether MANE-VU can include such reductions in a non-EGU strategy bundle at 

this time. Pennsylvania suggested that controls for small-to-medium size boilers (<100 MM Btu / hour 

heat input) may not be cost-effective, adding that a 50% reduction in sulfur emissions from coal-fired ICI 

sources may overestimate what can realistically be achieved. New Hampshire suggested that recent 

analysis by New Hampshire staff on installation costs should be considered. Maine added that this 

sector may be a viable source for other RPO states to achieve reasonable sulfur reductions from their 

non-EGU sectors that are equivalent to the 40% sulfur reductions expected from non-EGU sources 

within MANE-VU due to the low-sulfur fuel oil strategy. 

The consensus concerning sulfur reductions from the coal-fired ICI sector was that there is a need for

more analysis to determine what is reasonable to obtain sulfur reductions from small and medium-sized 

coal-fired boilers. There was also consensus that if MANE-VU achieves overall reasonable sulfur 

reductions in the 40% range from the non-EGU sector, then other RPOs could find equivalent reasonable 

reductions. 

Discussions moved on to other potential regional haze control measures within MANE-VU. For lime and 

cement kilns, both Pennsylvania and New York agreed that there is wide variability in these sources. 

Pennsylvania suggested that lime kiln controls are not cost-effective, and that an EPA global settlement 

on cement kilns was coming soon anyway. New York added that they will be regulating its three cement 

kilns as BART sources. 

For the residential wood combustion / open burning source category, there was general consensus on 

including outdoor wood boilers in this category. New Jersey encouraged greater use wood stove 

changeout programs. New Hampshire replied that what can be done on wood combustion varies from 

state to state, and, for example, in New Hampshire new wood stove standards would be acceptable, 

but not changeout programs. New York added that open burning bans are unenforceable, especially in 

rural areas. There was little consensus on control measures in this source category, considering that the 

primary pollutants of concern are organic carbon and direct particulate matter, and not sulfur which is 

the primary regional haze pollutant within MANE-VU for the first planning milestone in 2018. 

The Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Meeting adjourned. 
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Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Meeting Summary 

 June 7, 2007 

Providence, Rhode Island 

Introduction

The Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) held an in-person consultation meeting of the 

region’s states on June 7, 2007 in Washington DC. The purpose of the consultation meeting was to fulfill 

the requirements of 40 CFR 51.308(d)(1)(B)(iv) and (3)(i) for Class I states to consult with contributing 

states on developing reasonable progress goals for the region’s seven mandatory federal Class I areas,

and for all contributing states to consult on the development of coordinated emission management 

strategies. All MANE-VU states were invited to participate along with the region’s Federal Land 

Managers (FLMs) from the National Park Service, Fish & Wildlife Service, and Forest Service, and the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regional representatives from Regions I, II, and III. 

Topics discussed included: 1) the process for setting reasonable progress goals by the MANE-VU Class I

states; 2) an approach for intra-MANE-VU consultation including control strategy development within 

MANE-VU for setting the reasonable progress goals; 3) an approach for consulting with states outside of 

MANE-VU on the reasonable progress goals to be established by the MANE-VU Class I states; and 4) the 

next steps in the consultation process. 

Key Outcomes of the Consultation 

• All of the MANE-VU states agreed that a resolution setting out the principles by which the Class I 

states will implement the regional haze rule should go the MANE-VU Board for approval, 

although the document was to be signed only by the MANE-VU Class I states. 

• Two separate draft statements on courses of action by states within and outside MANE-VU for 

assuring progress towards the MANE-VU Class I States’ reasonable progress goals were tabled 

until a corrected list of 167 EGU stacks impacting visibility in the MANE-VU Class I areas could be 

generated. The MANE-VU states agreed that they would vote by conference call once the 

corrected 167 EGU stack list became available. 

Attendees

States: 

Maine (Class 1 state) – David Littell 

New Hampshire (Class 1 state) – Bob Scott, Jeff Underhill 

Vermont (Class 1 state) – Justin Johnson, Dick Valentinetti 

New Jersey (Class 1 state) – Lisa Jackson, Nancy Wittenberg, Chris Salmi 

Connecticut – Dave Wackter 

Delaware – Ali Mirzakalili 

District of Columbia – Cecily Beall 

Massachusetts – Arleen O’Donnell, Barbara Kwetz 

Maryland – Tad Aburn 

New York – Dave Shaw 

Pennsylvania – Tom Fidler, Joyce Epps, Wick Havens 

Rhode Island – Michael Sullivan, Steve Majkut 
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Federal Land Management Agencies and EPA Regional Offices: 

National Park Service – Bruce Polkowsky (in person), Holly Salazar (on phone) 

Fish & Wildlife Service – Tim Allen (on phone) 

Forest Service – Ann Mebane, Ann Acheson (on phone)

EPA Region III (on phone) 

Welcome and Introductions

David Littell, MANE-VU Vice-Chair and Commissioner of Maine’s Department of Environmental 

Protection, opened the consultation with a welcome and introductions around the room, including 

those on the phone. Anna Garcia, MANE-VU Deputy Director, followed with a brief outline of the goals 

for the consultation, including an update on recent technical work and discussions of the proposed 

MANE-VU Class I states resolution on consultation principles, a proposed statement on control 

measures within the MANE-VU region for achieving reasonable progress goals, and a proposed 

statement on controls outside of the MANE-VU region for achieving reasonable progress goals. 

Status of Technical and Policy Work Issues

Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM, led this session with an update of the recent technical work, including 

preliminary modeling results. All seven of the MANE-VU Class I areas will be below the uniform rate of 

progress in 2018 according to preliminary modeling results. Tad Aburn, Maryland, asked the Federal 

land Managers (FLMs) if the MANE-VU technical approach is satisfactory. Bruce Polkowsky, National 

Park Service, replied that the other eastern RPOs are doing similar work and achieving better than 

uniform progress but have different approaches to reasonable progress. Tim Allen, Fish and Wildlife 

Service, commented that MANE-VU is not taking as much of a chemistry-intensive approach as other 

RPOs, and MANE-VU will likely need to address nitrates and organics in the next regional haze planning

phase after 2018. Mr. Allen added that he is very supportive of obtaining as many reductions as 

possible now as they will only be more difficult to obtain later. 

Chris Salmi, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, followed with a presentation on 

MANE-VU’s approach to fulfilling the regional haze rule’s reasonable progress requirement. The 

statutory four-factor analysis for control strategies for visibility-impairing source sectors provides the 

central focus for the Class I states’ determination of what is reasonable. Finally, Anna Garcia ended the 

session with a brief presentation on the process by which MANE-VU chose the regional source sectors 

that were included in the four-factor analysis. 

Roundtable Discussions

The MANE-VU states began their consultation with a roundtable discussion of the draft resolution by the 

MANE-VU Class I states on principles for implementing the regional haze rule, including the requirement 

for consulting with contributing states on reasonable progress. After minor wording changes, the states 

then agreed to seek Board approval although the resolution would be signed only by the MANE-VU Class 

I states. 

Roundtable discussions ensued on the two proposed statements, one on control strategies within the 

MANE-VU states for assuring reasonable progress, and the other for states outside MANE-VU. When it 

became clear that more work needed to be done so all states were comfortable with the final list of 167 
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EGU stacks having the greatest visibility impact on the MANE-VU Class I areas, the states agreed to 

postpone voting on the statements until a later date by conference call. 

A final discussion on a draft statement on requesting further action by the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) on tightening the CAIR program for assuring reasonable progress also occurred. 

The states also agreed to table a vote on this statement until a conference call. 

Consultation Next Steps

A brief discussion on next consultation steps, especially with the Regional Planning Organizations 

outside of MANE-VU also occurred. Those steps include: 

• Consulting within and outside MANE-VU about which control strategies are reasonable; 

• Deciding how to include the strategies in the final statements in modeling; 

• Determining goals based on final modeling; 

• Pursuing the adoption of enforceable emissions limits & compliance schedules; and 

• Evaluating progress in 5 years. 
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Intra- MANE-VU Consultation Conference Call Summary

June 20, 2007 

Introduction

On June 20, 2007 the MANE-VU Commissioners and Air Directors participated on a conference call to 

continue consultation discussions on emission management strategies for the region to pursue to 

achieve reasonable progress toward natural conditions in the region’s Class I areas. The MANE-VU state 

Members completed their review of a resolution and three statements proposed by the Class I states to 

the larger MANE-VU membership, and voted to accept these documents and confirm the set of actions 

the MANE-VU states will pursue in their state implementation plans (SIPs) to provide reasonable 

progress toward improved visibility b 2018, the first milestone in meeting the Class I areas’ long-term 

regional haze goals. 

Attendees

States, Tribes and MSOs: 

Maine (Class 1 state) – David Littell, Jeff Crawford 

New Hampshire (Class 1 state) – Jeff Underhill, Andy Bodnarik 

New Jersey (Class 1 state) – Chris Salmi 

Connecticut – Anne Gobin 

Delaware – Ali Mirzakalili 

District of Columbia – Cecily Beall 

Massachusetts – Barbara Kwetz 

Maryland – Tad Aburn, Andy Hiltebridle 

New York – Dave Shaw 

Pennsylvania – Tom Fidler, Joyce Epps, Wick Havens 

Penobscot Tribe – John Banks, Bill Thompson 

Rhode Island – Steve Majkut 

NESCAUM – Arthur Marin, Gary Kleiman 

Consultation Discussions

The MANE-VU states voted on and passed three statements, which are attached to this summary, with 

some minor changes. The three statements are entitled as follows: 

1. Statement of the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Concerning a Course of 

Action Within MANE-VU Toward Assuring Reasonable Progress; 

2. Statement of the mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Concerning a Request for a 

Course of Action by States Outside of MANE-VU Toward Assuring Reasonable Progress; and 

3. Statement of the Mid-Atlantic / Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Concerning a Request for 

a Course of Action by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toward Assuring 

Reasonable Progress. 

The final versions of the statements which were accepted via the vote reflect the following changes: 
13 

- agreement on the list of EGU stacks, which is attached to both Statement 1 and 2, and revising 

the table to remove columns listing plant type, SO2 tons per year and rank, and changing the 

bottom notes accordingly (see explanation below); 

- removal of the phrase "top 100" from the 4th action bullet on Statement 1 and the 2nd action 

bullet on Statement 2 (regarding 90% reduction from EGUs); 

- correction of the date for 500 ppm low sulfur fuel oil to "by no later than 2012" (I made the 

error of changing that date to "2014" in translating the Consultation comments - it should be 

2012 as for the other inner zone fuel requirements); 

- revision of the last paragraph in Statement 3 to delete "beyond 2018 CAIR levels" and replace it 

with "by no later than 2018"; and 

- a change in the signature line on all three statements to "Adopted by the MANE-VU States and 

Tribes on (date)." 

 

In addition, the members agreed to keep the columns that were deleted from the abbreviated “167 

stacks” table as part of the larger spreadsheet of the 167 stacks that MARAMA produced and t make 

that document part of a technical support document to Statements 1 and 2. The columns were deleted 

to keep the table simple and to reduce confusion about tons per year information used in the modeling 

vs. tons per year information in the Acid Rain Database, in which there are some differences. 

Attachment 1 to the Statements refers to the 2002 tons per year information from the MANE-VU 

Contribution Assessment at the bottom of the table.

 

The MANE-VU states also confirmed that, if it is infeasible for the oil/gas units that are in New 

Hampshire and Maine to meet the 90% reduction for EGUs, meeting the low sulfur fuel oil requirements 

would be sufficient. In addition, the MANE-VU states will also credit early state actions (within a few 

years prior to 2002) toward the 90% target of reducing emissions from EGUs on the “167 stack” list. 

 

The group also decided that the technical support document for the statements and the consultation 

summaries would be circulated to the MANE-VU states for their review and comment, and to get any 

further corrections to the more comprehensive table of 167 stacks (some states had changes to the 

plant types on the list). 

Voting on the Statements

At the end of the call the states voted on whether they would accept each of the statement. For 

Statement 1, New Jersey moved that the statement be put up for a vote and Pennsylvania seconded the 

motion. All MANE-VU states on the call voted to accept Statement 1. On Statement 2, the Penobscot 

Tribe moved that it be considered for a vote and Massachusetts seconded the motion. Once again, all 

MANE-VU states on the call voted to accept Statement 2. Finally, for Statement 3, the Penobscot Tribe 

moved that it be considered for a vote and New Jersey seconded the motion. All MANE-VU states on 

the call voted to accept Statement 3. 

 New York and Vermont were unable to participate on the consultation conference call, so to ensure 

that all the MANE-VU member states are in agreement on these actions, the MANE-VU executive staff 

proposed to contact each state individual by phone and email to get their response to the vote on the 

statements. Within one day of the consultation conference call, the MANE-VU executive staff briefed 

New York and Vermont by phone and email and received their confirmation that they accepted all three 

statements as revised on the call. 

Intra-MANE-VU Consultation Conference Call Summary 
14 

 March 31, 2008 

 MANE-VU Air Directors 

States: 

Maine (Class I state) – Jeff Crawford 

New Hampshire (Class I state) – Jeff Underhill, Andy Bodnarik 

New Jersey (Class I state) – Chris Salmi, Stella Oluwasuen-Apo, Peg Gardner 

Connecticut – Dave Wackter 

Delaware – Jack Sipple 

District of Columbia – Cecily Beall 

Maryland – Roger Thunell, Brian Hug 

Massachusetts – Glenn Keith 

New York – Gopal Sistla, Rob Sliwinski 

Pennsylvania – Joyce Epps 

Representatives of MANE-VU member states met via conference call on March 31, 2008. 

During the call, NESCAUM modeling assumptions and results were reviewed, and the three Class I states 

present (Maine, New Hampshire, and New Jersey) confirmed that they would be relying on the results of 

that modeling to set their reasonable progress targets. The targets based on the modeling were 

included in the MANE-VU SIP Template draft that is posted on the MARAMA web site and will be sent to 

EPA for review. (Note: sent on 4/2/08) 

Ms. Garcia agreed to share the results of the MANE-VU modeling with Virginia and West Virginia before 

the Stakeholder meeting on Friday, April 4. 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts had met with oil companies and distributors 

concerning the MANE-VU low sulfur oil strategy. Stakeholders had expressed some concern about the 

0.5% limit for residual oil, but states wanted to gather more information before deciding whether to 

make any changes in the MANE-VU strategy. 

Participating states reviewed choices concerning the Long Term Strategy section of the SIP Template, 

and it was agreed that a document describing those choices would be revised and discussed further with

EPA and FLM agency representatives. Individual MANE-VU states might make different choices with 

respect to language in their SIPs, and some gave indications of their preferences. 
15 

MANE-VU Class I States’ Consultation 

Open Technical Call Summary 

July 19, 2007 

Introduction & Purpose of Call (A. Garcia, MANE-VU)

 Anna Garcia opened the call at 10 am (EDT) with a welcome and roll call by all 3 RPOs (see 

attached list of participants). She then reviewed the purpose of today’s call, including: 

 After asking for general questions about the agenda and call purpose, the MANE- VU 

representatives began the substance of the call with an overview of the technical work to be discussed

as organized in the MANE-VU briefing books provided for the call. 

MANE-VU Contribution Assessment (G. Kleiman, NESCAUM)

 Gary Kleiman provided a brief summary of the contribution assessment work that MANE-VU 

conducted to help them determine which states the Class I states would request be involved in 

consultation (see Tabs 4 & 5 of briefing book). 

Discussion: 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): Requested documentation of 2018 projections – MANE-VU work seems 

consistent with MRPO analyses. Also, it looks as if the Northeast states will be below the glide path 

for uniform progress by 2018. 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM): There seems to be pretty good consistency across all the RPOs in terms of 

their modeling work. Also, VISTAS new emission inventory with GA reductions is not in the MANEVU modeling. It also includes MANE-VU’s 500 ppm low sulfur fuel strategy, but not the 15 ppm level. 

• R. Papalski (NJ): So the modeling does take into account 500 ppm sulfur fuel oil? 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM): Yes, and that is significant (not including VT or DE). 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): I notice that in 2018 organic carbon is more significant, and may be as 

significant as sulfate. This issue is very complex, especially in urban areas. Where is MANE-VU’s 

organic carbon coming from? MRPO will be interested in what our control measures analysis says 

for organic carbon. 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM): There is some uncertainty with regard to what the modeling is indicating 

about organic carbon in 2018 – that is why MANE-VU is focusing on sulfate now. 

• P. Wishinski (VT): Sulfate dominates extinction. Organic carbon does not contribute as much to 

extinction as sulfate in the MANE-VU region. 

• P. Brewer (VISTAS): After discussion with Gary at MARAMA Science Meeting, our approach was 

more understandable. 

• B. Lopez (WI): This work was based on IPM 2.1.9 – what is expected if put in context of EPA’s IPM 

3.0 runs? 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): IPM 3.0 results were not available at the time this analysis was done, so we 

used 2.1.9 with updated gas curves. 

• L. Nixon (NH): On state by state basis sulfur levels from EPA 3.0 model runs. Liz, took a quick look at 

3.0 and same SO4 increases that look problematical. 
16 

MANE-VU Reasonable Progress Project Summary (S. Wierman, MARAMA)

 Susan Wierman provided a brief summary of the reasonable progress work that MANE-VU 

conducted to help them develop long-term strategies and control measures for the 2018 state 

implementation plans(see Tab 7 – A, B and C - of briefing book). 

Discussion: 

• J. Hornback (SESARM): Are costs in 1999 dollars? If so, how do they compare in current dollars? 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): Yes, these are reflected in 1999 dollars. If converted to 2006 dollars the 

cost figures would be higher – multiply 1999 by 1.186 to go from 1999 $ to 2006 $. 

• D. MacLeod (VA): Regarding the MANE-VU statement, how would disagreements between a Class I 

State and a non MANE-VU state be handled in the SIP? 

• Garcia (MANE-VU): The statements that MANE-VU issued are the request for the kinds of measures 

that our Class I states believe are needed based on the technical work we have done. In the 

consultations these requests are a starting point for discussion, and provide a basis for looking at 

the work the other RPOs have done in comparison to our work to determine what may be needed 

and is reasonable. According to the rule, the consultations are not expected to result in agreement 

on everything, but the areas of agreement and disagreement that occur via consultation are to be 

documented in the SIP. 

• J. Johnson (GA): Regarding EGUs, is there a relationship between what is on pages 68-78 and CAIR+? 

And does MANE-VU have any idea of what level of reductions would result from CAIR+? 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): We have not done an analysis of CAIR+ and its impact on visibility. Impact 

on visibility is not one of the 4 factors and so is not applicable. 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): Isn’t there a 5th factor in guidance - $/deciview? 

• S.Wierman (MARAMA) – EPA expects that we will look at visibility improvement, but still not a factor 

regarding reasonableness. MANE-VU is planning on looking at visibility improvement of the control 

measures we initially looked at as reasonable. 

• S. Holman (NC): Modeling on visibility – are you doing CMAQ modeling for 2018? Or CALPUFF? 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM): We are doing a CMAQ sensitivity run –not a full annual run, but for select 

periods, with tagging mechanism for different control measures. 

• S. Holman (NC): In NC, 11 of 12 EGUs will have scrubbers - need to reflect units that have scrubbers 

on in VISTAS base G. 

MANE-VU Long-Term Strategy/Statements

 As discussions proceeded after the reasonable progress overview, participants began to ask 

questions about the MANE-VU resolution and statements (see Tab 3 of briefing book). These 

documents outline how MANE-VU is approaching the consultation process and a request that states 

pursue strategies in various sectors that MANE-VU believes are needed for its Class I areas, as a starting 

point for consultation discussions. 

Discussion: 

• F. Durham (WV): Regarding the low sulfur fuel strategy, will regulatory impact analyses for this 

measure be done on state or regional basis? 

• G.Kleiman (NESCAUM), S.Wierman (MARAMA) & Ray Papalski (NJ): That will be done on state basis, 

but with coordination across the MANE-VU states. NJ will be doing an analysis, but there is also a 

federal role in terms of any national rulemakings that may happen on low sulfur fuel. 
17 

• J. Johnston (GA): What is the basis for saying that the low sulfur fuel strategy is reasonable for 

States outside MANE-VU? 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM), S. Wierman (MARAMA), A.Garcia (MANE-VU): Actually the Class I states are 

looking for equivalent reductions to what they are doing in the low sulfur fuel strategy – not 

necessarily expecting that MRPO and VISTAS states will pursue a low sulfur fuel strategy. We are 

asking you to look at what is reasonable in terms of making equivalent reductions, which is the point 

of having the consultations. We know the MRPO and VISTAS states are looking at reasonable 

measures for your own Class I areas. During the consultation we anticipate comparing what you are 

looking at as reasonable with what we are requesting as a starting point for what is “potentially” 

reasonable. 

• J. Johnston (GA): Is there flexibility to get more reductions from EGUs and fewer reductions from 

non-EGUs? What if, for example, we get more sulfate reductions from EGU sources equivalent to 

the amount of non-EGU MANE-VU reductions? 

• P.Wishinski (VT), A. Garcia (MANE-VU): VT would support that kind of alternative. MANE-VU does 

envision that flexibility in our consultation discussions. 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): An issue they have been looking at is actually setting a reasonable progress 

goal - what is MANE-VU’s process for that? 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM), A. Garcia (MANE-VU): A deciview number will come out of our CMAQ 

sensitivity runs, and agreed-to reductions after consultations, with full CMAC run. There may still be 

some overlap between what may and may not be agreed to and what the Class I states want to 

include as reasonable in CMAQ final run. 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): There are very different EGU predictions between IPM 2.1.9, IPM 3.0, and 

what his states say will actually happen. Will it be possible to have further discussions after August

6

th and August 20th consultations to refine and sync up EGU reductions and possible modeling run 

inputs? 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM), A. Garcia (MANE-VU): It would be helpful for MRPO and VISTAS to share 

with us their information on their EGU inventory, so we can make sure our modeling for reasonable 

progress reflects their work and so that our states can understand what they will be doing. The inperson meetings are not the end of the consultation process. Our states are interested in having a 

continued dialogue, beyond the August in-person meetings. 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): On page 61, is WI in or out? (in VT letter due to its CALPUFF runs) 

• P. Wishinski (VT): VT CALPUFF modeling indicated that WI contributed >2% of emissions, so VT 

wants to include WI in consultation process, even though there are no WI EGUs on 167 list 

• L. Bruss (WI): Please give him or Kevin Kessler a call (608) 266-0603 

• D. Valentinetti (VT): We agree with Mike that this is an ongoing process for best science 

• D. Andrews (KY): The two EGU modeling runs in the table of 167 stacks do not show much 

correlation – why? 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): Because the modeling for each of the different runs is based on different 

days, there were different meteorological inputs to each model and variability in wind fields (shows 

importance of meteorology). 

MWRPO Overview (M. Koerber, LADCO) 

• The MRPO states have moved ahead with some of their own state rules (consumer products, AIM, 

etc.). They also have PM SIPS to do. 

• We updated our modeling to use 2005 as base year and made changes to IPM 3.0 based on what we 

know will actually happen – will be quite a bit different from 2.1.9 (not ready by Aug. 6th) 

• Would hope modeling would form basis for a collaborative on future control strategies 
18 

• MRPO internal consultation process for the Northern Class I states has been ongoing for over a year 

– completed a great deal of technical work. 

• Their reasonable progress project by EC/R is finished. It looked at the four factors, plus visibility

improvement. Examined similar strategies as those that MACTEC did for MARAMA analysis. Now 

completing report - will send out later. 

• Requirement to address regional haze Class I areas in state and outside state. Have done more work 

on who is contributing. Will provide MRPO states with a list of who they impact. 

Discussion: 

• A. Garcia (MANE-VU): Will MRPO states be looking for any national measures? 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): Our Class I areas are still above the glidepath, so may need some 

regional/national reductions. We are looking at that – may have something as develop, but will not 

have it by Aug. 6th. Note that MANE-VU sites are at uniform progress with control measures but 

MRPO states are above uniform line. 

• D. Littell (ME): How much of the contribution at their Class I sites is coming from Canada? 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): On the 20% worst days, the contributions are mainly from the south. 

• A. Garcia (MANE-VU): Would it be possible to include Canada (primarily Ontario) at the August 6th

consultation? They have expressed an interest, and our northern Class I states would like to invite 

them to hear our discussions. 

• M. Koerber (MRPO): That would be ok. 

VISTAS Overview (Pat Brewer, VISTAS) 

• In VISTAS we the focus is on sulfate as well. 

• Started with IPM 2.1.9 – in Base G, took account of results supplied by utilities – created hybrid 

between 2.1.9 and ground – truthing in summer 2006 (somewhere between versions 2.1.9 and 3.0) 

– pretty close to MV CAIR+ results. Base G2 has some changes in GA & FL 

• See improvements at Southwest and Appalachian sites – mountain sites below the uniform progress 

line; less improvement at coastal sites – very close to uniform progress. Smaller reductions in units 

affecting relative reductions over whole year. GA and FL are working closely together on those sites.

• Distributed reasonable progress approach to stakeholders - looked at areas of influence. 

• Reasonable progress analysis based on area of influence approach shows sulfate from EGUs and 

other sources dominated – most responses from sulfate reductions. When looking at areas of 

influence, we looked at their sulfate sources 

• In modeling we included Brigantine and other sites 

• Look at cost of controls, what are sulfate emissions after implementing the on-the-way controls. 

After 2018, EGUs still contribute 40% of emissions. Coal burning ICI boilers are the next largest at 

20-30% of emissions, also a small percent from glass, pulp and paper, etc. Know by SEC code what 

kind of sources and costs of typical measures (AirControl.net). Will be using MARAMA 4- Factor 

analysis to inform their process. 

• Delivered lists of sources in areas of influence in November. VISTAS states consultation occurred in 

December 2006 - agreed on approach to take on 4- Factor analysis. Got back together in May and 

repeated our process. Some states sent letters asking them to look at certain kinds of sources -- 

“tell us what you decide when you do your analysis of these sources on your Class I areas.” Provided 

schedules on next steps of SIP process. 

• VISTAS has interstate consultations going on in southern states - May 2007 consultation, too, plus 

June FLM/EPA meeting, intrastate consultations . Now consultation has started with MANE-VU 
19 

• FLM/EPA feedback is commitment to good mid-course review in 2012 to see where EGU reductions 

are actually occurring . 

Discussion: 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): Please elaborate on your comment that IPM run with Base G are “close to” 

MANE-VU CAIR+ run? 

• P. Brewer (VISTAS): There are similarities with MACTEC top 30 for VISTAS EGUs 

• A. Garcia (MANE-VU): We/ MANE-VU received similar look-back comments from our FLMs 

• J. Hornback (SESARM): Everyone should look at emissions reductions that are already in place. 

Substantial reductions have occurred already, not just what’s going to occur in 2018. Benefits from 

additional controls for upcoming NAAQS will help regional haze, too – substantial reductions in the 

southeast. 

• T. Allen (FWS): CAIR uncertainly can be addressed by communicating with EGUs and can include in 

SIP instead of waiting for look-back 

• G. Kleiman (NESCAUM): IPM projections a moving target, but info on controls on 167 stacks 

important to bring to consultation – we may not be very far apart. Any information that the RPOs 

and states can provide about controls on 167 Stacks would be very valuable. We also recognize that 

states are looking at their own measures. Any info on control measure decisions that you have 

made for your own sources may show we are closer - by August 6th and August 20th meeting. 

• R. Papalski (NJ) Is the material from the VISTAS June meeting available? 

• P. Brewer (VISTAS): Yes, all presentations from the June meeting are posted on VISTAS’ website. 

• J. Hornback (SESARM): More on 28% reduction – ICI sulfur goes up from 10% to 24% nationwide and 

could be possible national rule John H – 16% of sulfur from ICI boilers in 2002 up to 24% after CAIR. 

As we move into next round of fine particle work – ask whether we have enough info re ICI boilers. 

Impact, concern and what control options/cost are – talk to EPA? Uncontrolled/inadequately 

controlled sources 

• A. Garcia (MANE-VU): Our states have done some work on ICI boilers and have some information 

developed already. We would be glad to work with MRPO and VISTAS on this issue. 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): It may be possible to include something on ICI boilers as a potential 

amendment to the MANE-VU National ask statement. Might be possible for it to come out of 

consultations. 

• J. Hornback (SESARM): We should continue to collect data and be ready to move forward. 

• S. Wierman (MARAMA): We would appreciate feedback at the consultation on joining MANE-VU on 

its request for a Phase 3 CAIR 

Comments from FLMs 

• Pay attention to mid course review – look at where you will be in 2012 compared to where you 

expected to be. 

• Regarding the 2012 look back – discussions of source can be helpful and included in this SIP, with 

recognition of uncertainty. 

EPA 

• John Summerhays (EPA Region 5) and Michelle Notarianni (EPA/OAQPS), expressed their 

appreciation for being invited to participate on the call and on future consultations. 
20 

Outcomes & Next Steps 

• R. Papalski (NJ): Asked that all RPOs bring a list of the 167 EGUs and any planned controls on those 

units to the August meeting. 

• P. Wishinski (VT): To confirm, VT will be asking WI to participate in the August 6th meeting – will be 

calling WI to ask them to attend. 

• A. Garcia (MANE-VU): Gave a brief overview of the upcoming consultation meetings on August 6th

and 20th – asked for any further comments/changes to the agendas to be sent to her next week. 

• T.Aburn (MD): Opportunity to work with EPA on CAIR “Phase 3” for 2018/2020 would be a great 

outcome of consultations – Ann, Strengthen numbers – Tad, can we talk about PM? Mike, very 

relevant and need to look ahead 

Adjournment 

Anna Garcia thanked everyone for their participation and promised to circulate a draft summary of the 

call for comment – asked that each RPO share their attendance lists for the open call all around via 

email. Information on this and other MANE-VU consultations will be posted on the consultation page of

the MANE-VU website, www.manevu.org. 

Attendees 

MANE-VU: 

Maine (Class I state) – Jeff Crawford, Tom Downs 

New Hampshire (Class I state) – Bob Scott, Jeff Underhill 

New Jersey (Class I state) – Chris Salmi, Ray Papalski, Sandy Krietzman 

Vermont (Class I state) – Dick Valentinetti, Paul Wishinski 

Connecticut – Wendy Jacobs 

Delaware – Jack Sipple 

Maryland – Tad Aburn, Andy Hiltebridle 

Massachusetts – Eileen Hiney 

New York – Matt Reis, Diana Rivenburgh 

Penobscot Tribe – Bill Thompson 

EPA Region I – Anne Arnold, Anne McWilliams 

EPA Region II – Bob Kelly 

EPA Region III – Ellen Wentworth, LaKeshia Robertson 

FLM - Forest Service – Ann Mebane 

FLM – Fish & Wildlife Service – Tim Allen 

FLM – National Park Service – Bruce Polkowsky, Holly Salazer 

MARAMA – Susan Wierman, Julie McDill 

NESCAUM – Gary Kleiman 

OTC – Anna Garcia, Doug Austin 

MRPO: 

Illinois – Rob Kaleel 

Indiana – Chris Pederson, Ken Ritter 

Michigan – Vince Helwig, Cynthia Hodges 

Ohio – Bill Spires 

Wisconsin – Larry Bruss, Bob Lopez 

LADCO – Mike Koerber 
21 

VISTAS: 

Georgia – Jimmy Johnston, Heather Abrams 

Kentucky – John Lyons, Diana Andrews, Lona Brewer, Martin Luther 

North Carolina – Keith Overcash, Sheila Holman, Laura Booth, George Bridgers 

South Carolina – Renee Shealy, John Glass, Maeve Mason, Stacey Gardner 

Tennessee – Barry Stephens, Quincy Styke, Julie Aslinger 

Virginia – Tom Ballou, Doris MacLeod, Mike Kiss 

West Virginia – Fred Durham, Bob Betterton, Laura Crowder 

EPA Region IV – Brenda Johnson 

EPA OAQPS – Michelle Notarianni 

Metro 4/SESARM – John Hornback 

VISTAS- Pat Brewer 
22 

MANE-VU/MRPO Consultation Meeting Summary 

August 6, 2007 

Rosemont, IL 

 On Monday, August 6, 2007, the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Class I 

states (Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and New Jersey) held a consultation with several of the 

Midwest Regional Planning Organization (MRPO) states (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Wisconsin). 

The following summary documents the discussions that took place during the consultation. 

Summary of Today’s Consultation Agreements

1. Define next steps for multi-pollutant approach to reduce regional haze, PM 2.5, and ozone 

2. Discuss crafting a revised national ask among interested MANE-VU and MRPO states regarding 

needs for national action on EGUs, including potential multi-pollutant control levels for CAIR Phase 

III with emission rates and output-based options; 

3. Pursue discussions on options for reducing SO2 (and NOx) emissions from ICI boilers, including: 

• Reconvening the MANE-VU/MRPO ICI boiler workgroup to re-examine the workgroup’s 

January 2007 straw proposal; 

• Developing a process for sharing information on SO2 RACT for ICI boilers, and examining 

potential SO2 control measures; 

• Contacting NACAA regarding expansion of the Boiler MACT model rule work to address 

SO2 and NOx; and 

• Discuss crafting a national ask among interested MANE-VU and MRPO states regarding 

national action on ICI boilers. 

4. Discuss crafting a national ask regarding low sulfur fuel for all off-road sources, and share 

information on biodiesel. 

5. Continue to share modeling assumptions and analyses, and continue dialogue between MANE-VU 

and MRPO states regarding SIP submittals. 

6. Define next steps to gather information on controls for locomotives and ocean-going vessels. 

7. Develop list of controls for units that will be scrubbed, not just MANE-VU’s list of 167 stacks. 

Attendees 

MANE-VU States: 

Maine (Class I state) – David Littell, Jeff Crawford 

New Hampshire (Class I state) – Tom Burack, Bob Scott 

New Jersey (Class I state) – Chris Salmi 

Vermont (Class I state) – Justin Johnson, Dick Valentinetti, Paul Wishinski 

MRPO States: 

Illinois – Laurel Kroack, Scott Leopold 

Indiana – Tom Easterly, Ken Ritter 

Michigan – Vince Hellwig, Cynthia Hodges, Bob Irvine 

Ohio – Bob Hodanbosi 

Wisconsin – Larry Bruss 
23 

Multi-State Organizations:

OTC/MANE-VU – Anna Garcia, Doug Austin 

MARAMA/MANE-VU – Susan Wierman, Julie McDill 

NESCAUM/MANE-VU – Gary Kleiman 

LADCO/MRPO – Mike Koerber 

Federal Land Managers: 

National Park Service – Bruce Polkowsky 

Forest Service – Anne Mebane, Chuck Sams, Rich Fisher 

Fish & Wildlife Service – Tim Allen 

Environmental Protection Agency: 

Region I – Anne Arnold 

Region II – Bob Kelly 

Region III – Ellen Wentworth, Neil Bigioni (by phone) 

Region V – John Summerhays 

OAQPS – Todd Hawes, Michelle Notarianni (by phone) 

Consultation Meeting Presentations and Discussions 

Welcome and Introductions – Goals for Today’s Meeting - David Littell, Maine DEP 

• Presented goals for today’s consultation: 

- Review requirements, resources and critical timing issues to ensure all share a common 

understanding; 

- Discuss options for control measures to identify what is reasonable for joint work between 

regions; 

- Identify impediments to implementing control measures and discuss how to address them; 

- Identify links between haze and PM that help define what is reasonable; 

- Examine reasonable progress for MRPO and MANE-VU Class I areas in terms of control 

measure options; and 

- Summarize points of agreement and identify issues for follow-up consultation 

• Compare our request for what we need in terms of reductions to improve visibility at our Class I 

areas with what the MRPO states have done to address their own Class I areas and regional haze/PM 

issues 

• Find out how close we are, what gaps may still remain, and discuss how we may address them 

together. 

Overview of Open Technical Call & Consultation Briefing Book – Anna Garcia, MANE-VU 

• Open Technical Call discussions provided a good technical basis for today’s meeting. 

• MANE-VU staff is developing draft documentation of the Open Call and of today’s discussions, and 

will circulate the drafts for comment and make the final documentation available to all states for use

in their state implementation plans (SIPs). 
24 

Summary of Reasonable Progress Work and Development of “Asks” for MANE-VU Class I Areas – Chris 

Salmi, New Jersey DEP 

Presentation: 

• Provided a review of MANE-VU Class I states’ Resolution on Principles; 

• Showed focus for MANE-VU is on sulfate reductions for the 2018 milestone; 

• Gave an overview of MANE-VU’s four factor analysis; 

• Outlined how MANE-VU Class I states developed the “asks” for the MANE-VU and MPRO regions; 

• Provided a comparative analysis of the MANE-VU region “ask” with that of the MRPO “ask”; 

• Outlined the specifics of each of the asks, including for MRPO: 

- Timely implementation of BART requirements; 

- A focused strategy for the electricity generating units (EGUs) comprising a 90% reduction of 

sulfate emissions from 2002 levels from 167 stacks that modeling indicates affect visibility 

impairment in MANE-VU Class I areas; 

- A 28% reduction from non-EGU sector emissions based on 2002 levels; and 

- Continued evaluation of other measures, including measures to reduce SO2 and nitrogen 

oxide (NOx) emissions from coal-burning facilities by 2018. 

• Within MANE-VU, the Class I states have the following commitment: 

- Timely implementation of BART requirements; 

- A focused strategy for the electricity generating units (EGUs) comprising a 90% reduction of 

sulfate emissions from 2002 levels from 167 stacks that modeling indicates affect visibility 

impairment in MANE-VU Class I areas; 

- A low sulfur fuel oil strategy with different implementation timeframes for inner zone states 

versus outer zone states, that results in a 38% reduction from non-EGU sector emissions in 

the MANE-VU region; and 

- Continued evaluation of other measures, including measures including energy efficiency, 

alternative clean fuels and other measures to reduce SO2 and nitrogen oxide (NOx) 

emissions by 2018. 

• Also outlined the national “ask” MANE-VU plans to make of the US EPA, for a Phase 3 of CAIR that 

reduces SO2 by at least an additional 18%. 

• From presentation, next steps are: 

- Consult within and outside MANE-VU about which control strategies are reasonable; 

- Open a dialogue with the USEPA concerning a possible Phase 3 of CAIR; 

- Define strategies to include in the final modeling;

- Determine goals based on the final modeling; 

- SIPs are due 12/17/07; 

- Adopt enforceable emissions limits & compliance schedules; and 

- Progress evaluation due in 5 years. 

Discussion: 

• Question (Tom Easterly, Indiana): Are there emission rate targets instead of a flat 90% reduction? 

- Answer (Chris Salmi, New Jersey): No, and no net reductions. 

• Question (Tom Easterly, Indiana): Where do the emissions go? 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): MANE-VU EGU reduction on the order of 68,000 TPY 

would be “rearranged.” They are spread out between all EGUs proportionately, except for 

those in the 167 stacks, to maintain the cap. 
25 

• Question (Tom Easterly, Indiana): Did MANE-VU use the 0.5dV exemption threshold for BART 

sources? 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): MANE-VU did not exempt any BART sources from the

BART determination process. 

• Question (Mike Koerber, MRPO): What is the source of the MANE-VU numbers? 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): They are from MARAMA’s inventory work. National ask 

for EGU sector based on IPM results and increasing the SO2 ratios. 

• Comment (Mike Koerber, MRPO): The MANE-VU numbers are close to his, but we need to sync them 

up. 

• Comment (Tom Easterly, Indiana): Companies make economic analyses for installation of controls 

and we keep changing the rules on them. 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): They are spread out between all EGUs proportionately, 

except for those in the 167 stacks, to maintain the cap. 

Summary of Reasonable Progress Work for MRPO Class I Areas – Mike Koerber, MRPO 

Presentation:

• MRPO results consistent with MANE-VU analyses. 

• MRPO states still looking at strategies for their 4 northern Class I areas, nitrates a bigger share of

visibility impairment, visibility impacts mostly from southerly transport. 

• With OTB measures, we are above glide path in 2018 for all 4 Class I areas. 

• Review of MRPO 5-Factor Analysis (including degree of visibility improvement) for reasonable 

progress. 

• Review of new visibility metric of $/dV improvement, additional control measures comparable in 

costs to existing OTB controls, most visibility improvement obtained from MRPO’s EGU1 (0.3dV) and 

EGU2 (0.4dV) strategies. 

• MRPO analysis regional in nature, not a focused EGU strategy like MANE-VU due to different source / 

receptor relationships. 

• Review of projected visibility levels, Seney above glide path in 2018, a lot more SO2 will need to be 

“squeezed” out of the system to achieve 2064 natural conditions. 

• Review of MRPO source apportionment analysis, MRPO contributes 10-15% of visibility impairment 

at Lye Brook in Vermont. 

• Conclusions and key findings from MRPO analyses: 

- Many Class I areas in the eastern half of U.S. expected to be below the glide path in 2018 

(with existing controls), including those in the Northeast; 

- Contribution analyses show closer states have larger impacts; and 

- Regional emission reductions (in 2013-2018 timeframe), such as those identified in MANEVU’s June 2007 resolutions, may be necessary to meet reasonable progress goals in the 

MRPO Class I areas and provide for attainment of new tighter PM2.5 and possibly tighter 

ozone standards in the MRPO states. 

Discussion:

• Question (Tom Easterly, Indiana): How do we deal with ammonia? 

- Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): EPA won’t touch it and ammonia is included in the analyses 

for completeness. 

• Question (Jeff Crawford, Maine): Are mobile measures included? 
26 

• - Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): Only bundled measures including chip reflash and 

diesel retrofits where the states are not preempted from doing such measures. 

• Question (Tom Easterly, Indiana): Would a monthly electric bill of $150 be doubled?

- Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): Yes, at least doubled. 

• Question (Dave Littell, Maine): Are ammonia controls from the agricultural sector assumed? 

- Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): Yes, assumes 10% ammonia reductions from best practices. 

• Question (Jeff Crawford, Maine): How much of the ammonia comes from CAFOs versus fertilizer 

application? 

 - Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): Two-thirds to three-quarters comes from CAFOs, but urban 

ammonia sources are also important. 

• Question (Tim Allen, F&W Service): How much benefit is there from ammonia controls? 

- Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): The analysis shows that a 10% ammonia decrease that may 

be cost-effective will result in greater than a 0.10dV improvement. 

• Comment (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): 10% is a lot. 

• Comment (Larry Bruss, Wisconsin): There is a lot of uncertainty when it comes to the effects of 

ammonia reductions. 

• Question (Doug Austin, MANE-VU): Is the $/dV analysis based on three states or nine? 

- Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): It is based on three states, and a nine-state analysis would be 

higher 

• Comment (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): MANE-VU saw almost identical MRPO contributions in the 10-

15% range. 

• Comment (Chris Salmi, New Jersey): New Jersey is looking at performance standards for the 24-hour 

PM2.5 standard and a potentially tighter ozone standard. 

• Comment (Laurel Kroack, Illinois): Illinois would be interested if New Jersey could share that 

information. 

EPA and FLM Perspectives on RPGs and Reasonable Measures Work – Bruce Polkowsky, NPS; Chuck 

Sams, Forest Service; John Summerhays, EPA Region V; Todd Hawes, EPA - OAQPS 

Bruce Polkowsky, National Park Service

Tomorrow is the 30th anniversary of the passage of the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments that enacted 

section 169A and established the regional haze program. 

• The uniform progress line is “useful,” but the 4-Factor analyses are most important from FLM 

perspective. 

• Don’t forget the 20% clean days reasonable progress goal (VISTAS getting 1 dv improvement). 

• Are states being overly optimistic in their CAIR controls scenarios? Information coming in from states 

seems to be pointing to predicting a higher level of controls than what CAIR predicts. 

• The location of controls is important for visibility as seen in the MANE-VU 167 stack analysis. 

• The 2013 progress report is key, and it is important to know about new sources, too. 

• PM 2.5, ozone and regional haze issues are all coming together in the 2013-2018 timeframe. The 

PM2.5 SIPs should take into account what the regional haze measures will achieve. Strategies should 

be coordinated to maximize their effectiveness for both regional haze, PM2.5, and ozone SIPs. 

• The FLMs encourage states to be as detailed as possible in their regional haze SIPs, including dates, 

for control measure development. It is up to EPA through the approval and disapproval process as to 

how they will react to state promises to pursue control measures in the regional haze SIPs. 
27 

Chuck Sams, Forest Service

• There should be one hard copy of the regional haze SIP per FLM reviewer. 

• The FLM goal is for comments back to the states 30 days before their public hearings. 

• The FLMs need the SIPs as soon as possible for their 60-day review. 

• The FLMs would appreciate a summary sheet that provides a cross-reference as to when the specific 

items on their checklist can be found in the SIP. 

• There is an FLM expectation for ongoing consultation. 

John Summerhays, EPA Region V

• There are three main requirements of the Regional Haze Rule: 

- (1) Reasonable Progress – lots of questions about what conclusions and questions about 

what EPA will have as a requirement to the different scenarios; 

- (2) BART – haven’t seen much control taken on BART. EPA is thinking about how to ensure 

consistency in BART determinations by different states. EPA asks the RPOs to try to insure 

consistency across their states; and 

- (3) Consultations - RPOs have done valuable work in technical analyses and facilitating 

consultations. 

• EPA appreciates being part of the current process and continuing that participation into the future. 

Todd Hawes, EPA – OAQPS

• While EPA is not in a position to initiate consultations as required by the Regional Haze Rule, today’s 

meeting is a good representation of what they envisioned the consultation process would be. 

• EPA is getting lots of questions from states about the regional haze SIPs. Some states are saying they

are not going to set reasonable progress goals, while some say they are only going to do BART, use it 

for their reasonable progress goal with no analysis. 

• EPA is legally bound and expecting full SIPs on 12/17/2007 that include all of the required elements. 

It is not acceptable for states to say they do not have the time or resources, or that the SIP cannot be 

done by December 17. 

• The EPA lawyers are working on “what if” scenarios. 

Discussion:

• Question to FLMs and EPA (Dick Valentinetti): Will the Federal agencies comment on the extent of 

agreement and disagreement on strategies? 

- Answer (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): Yes, they will. 

• Comment (Tim Allen, F&W Service): They will also be looking for regional consistency and that the 

various emission reductions for meeting the Class I reasonable progress goals are proportional 

between the states. They may comment more on any disagreements between RPOs. 

• Comment (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): The continuing consultation requirement is in 308(i)(4). The 

MANE-VU states have provided input on format and frequency. The monitoring aspects are crucial 

and especially important to consult about. 

• Question to EPA (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): The long-term strategy is a 10-year strategy from rule 

adoption, but are promises to look at reductions approvable? 

- Answer (Todd Hawes, EPA): Realistically, we have to see what comes in December. They 

realize that they will not get 100% approvable SIPS in December 2007 and will have to see 

then what they will do about it. 
28 

• Comment (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): FLMs would rather have a SIP later that has all elements rather 

than one that is on time that does not. 

• Question to EPA (Susan Wierman, MARAMA): Can EPA process the BART SIPs first to start BART 

clock? 

- Answer (Todd Hawes, EPA): Yes, they are discussing BART severability, and it would be easier 

to consider BART first if they get a complete SIP. 

• Comment (Susan Wierman, MARAMA): Holding up BART approvals due to incompleteness of the rest 

of SIP would be unfortunate. Glad to hear EPA discussing this issue. 

• Comment (Todd Hawes, EPA): They have 6 months to deem complete. 

• Question to MANE-VU (John Summerhays, EPA): How are BART compliance dates set in M-V? 

- Answer (Susan Wierman, MARAMA): Some states are setting the date to be “as 

expeditiously as practicable.” The states need to be doing their best to get BART controls in 

place as we do not want a repeat of the NOx SIP call delays. The BART requirement is one of 

the best ways in the Clean Air Act for getting old facilities controlled. 

• Question to MRPO (Todd Hawes, EPA): Can I get clarification on the $/dV metric developed by 

MRPO? Is there any cost-effectiveness breakpoint? 

- Answer (Mike Koerber, MRPO): It is a reference point. 

• Question to EPA (Chris Salmi, New Jersey): How will EPA react to inconsistencies between state SIPs? 

- Answer (Todd Hawes, EPA): The rule says EPA is the arbiter of any disagreement and there is 

little guidance beyond that. EPA would lean heavily on consultation documentation, but EPA 

will ultimately have to decide. 

• Comment to EPA and FLMs (Chris Salmi, New Jersey): It is one of the MANE-VU Class I States 

principles that the FLMs will help identify and EPA will act upon any inconsistencies. 

Roundtable Discussion on Reasonable Progress Goals and Reasonable Measures

 States continued the consultation with a roundtable discussion open on all issues raised during 

the Open Technical Call and this consultation meeting. Most of the discussion focused on the substance

of the MANE-VU statements, or “asks” from the MRPO states and from the U.S. EPA. 

ICI Boilers, MACT and NOx/SO2 RACT

 During the Open Technical Call it was suggested that there may be an opportunity to examine 

the scope of the ICI boiler sector and potential emission reductions from that source category. Several 

states brought up the recent vacatur of the Boiler MACT in terms of the possibility for states to work

together on this sector. NACAA is discussing with its members and the Ozone Transport Commission 

and Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management an effort to develop a Boiler MACT model 

rule. While for Boiler MACT this effort would focus on hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including volatile 

organic compounds (VOCs), it may be possible to include in that project a parallel process to gather 

information on NOx and SO2 emissions from the boiler sector and develop options for control strategies, 

separate from the MACT levels. 

 MANE-VU states also inquired about what MRPO states are doing for PM 2.5 attainment. Many 

of the MRPO states are focusing on local sources for urban excess, and it appears that EPA is 

discouraging a focus on regional strategies. Illinois informed the group that it has a multi-pollutant

agreement including scrubbers. Illinois also has a statewide NOx RACT proposal with stringent levels and 

is working on SO2 RACT, such as low sulfur diesel for non-road and refinery SO2 reductions. These RACT
29 

proposals are working their way through Illinois’ regulatory processes, so they are not yet included in 

SIPs and are not reflected in MRPO’s modeling. Michigan may also look at statewide RACT under the 

new PM2.5 standard. 

 In addition to the work done by the ICI boiler workgroup, OTC has completed some regional 

inventory work on its ICI boilers and NESCAUM is completing a study on ICI boilers that was sponsored 

by EPA. All of this work can be included in the review of this sector. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Reconvene MANE-VU/MRPO ICI Workgroup that was initiated under the State Collaborative to reexamine ICI boiler work and define next steps; 

• Contact NACAA about possible addition to Boiler MACT model rule work to examine potential for 

NOx and SO2 reductions and identify strategies; and

• Look at pursuing SO2 RACT regionally, as well as asking EPA again for an ICI national rule. 

Low Sulfur Fuels 

In addition to the low sulfur fuel measures that MANE-VU is pursuing, the states discussed other 

areas of opportunity for low-sulfur fuels, including nonroad low-sulfur diesel. Illinois indicated that they 

will be talking to their four refineries about non-road low-sulfur diesel Michigan indicated that they are 

looking at a possible executive order mandating low-sulfur non-road diesel for state contracts. MRPO 

states also expressed interest in low-sulfur fuel for locomotives. 

 New Hampshire inquired as to whether the cost for biodiesel is similar to low-sulfur diesel, and 

suggested that we share information on biodiesel as an option. New Jersey expressed interest in oceangoing vessels as a source sector for low-sulfur fuel opportunities. The National Park Service folks 

indicated that there is a recent World Trade Organization agreement that could be of use in this regard, 

and that this is a sector that the VISTAS and WRAP states are also looking into. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Look at federal rules that are in the works for non-road, locomotive and marine engines to see if 

there are gaps or opportunities that MANE-VU and MRPO could explore together; and 

• Share information on biodiesel as a low-sulfur fuel option. 

State/Regional EGU Strategy 

 States discussed the EGU strategy proposed by the MANE-VU Class I areas, regarding a focus to 

pursue reductions of 90% or greater from the 167 stacks identified on the MANE-VU list. The MANE-VU 

states have agreed to pursue 90% EGU reductions and a low-sulfur fuel oil strategy. MRPO states will 

continue to examine what the potential for reductions are at these units, and provide information about 

which sources in their states are putting controls on, to better inform the process and our modeling. 

According to the information MRPO has at this time, over 70% of the emissions from the 167 stacks on 

the list will be scrubbed. The question remains whether that will be enough, or whether MRPO will still 

need to address the remaining 30% even if it has a very low impact. Another issue was raised regarding 

whether it would be acceptable for MRPO states to substitute reductions from the non-EGU sector that 

go beyond the 28% level for reductions that may not be obtainable in the EGU sector. MANE-VU states 

indicated that this would likely be acceptable, depending on the location and type of non-EGU source. 
30 

 MANE-VU states raised the question as to whether the 70/30 split is the same for the rest of the 

EGUs, i.e. those in the MRPO region that are not part of the 167 stacks on the list. MRPO responded 

that they can get that information and provide it to MANE-VU. For example, IPM indicates that 

Rockport will be getting controls, while MRPO’s information from the source is that they will not. There 

is also a concern that cumulatively, the controls that the EGU sources say are going on will be larger than 

what is required by CAIR, i.e., it will not reflect reductions that will be “sold” on the trading market, or 

what units they will be sold to, to keep emissions at the CAIR budget level. 

 Another concern was raised regarding the addition of controls to older EGUs and how they can 

be permitted given NSR issues for increases in other emissions. Some states responded that it has been 

possible to add scrubbers to older units and address increases in other emissions by fine-tuning the 

control systems. 

 Generally, while the concept is feasible, MRPO states anticipate needing more assistance and 

information from the MANE-VU Class I areas to understand the justification for controls on these units. 

In addition, it will be helpful to look at ways to incentivize the retirement/closing of old units and their 

replacement with cleaner technology, such as through output-based standards. We will also need to 

work together to craft language that will work in our SIPs to reflect the approach that MANE-VU is 

requesting that will be acceptable to EPA. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Continue to share specific information about what MANE-VU and MRPO sources are anticipating as 

controls on EGUs as compared to what is indicated in IPM modeling; 

• Update our inventories and databases accordingly so that our information is “synched”; and 

• Continue dialogue on approaches for addressing this sector to meet the 90% reduction target for the 

167 stacks and on equivalent alternatives. 

National “Ask” for CAIR Phase III 

 There is interest from some MRPO states in joining MANE-VU in its “ask” for a Phase III of CAIR. 

All of the MRPO states will review and consider the option as we continue our consultation process. For 

many MRPO states the real concern is obtaining PM 2.5 reductions; regional haze is not their primary 

concern. As we continue to discuss the national “ask” we need to develop control levels that will help 

all of our states with attainment for ozone, PM and regional haze. MANE-VU based its request on the 

recent IPM modeling work done on the levels that came out of the state collaborative work. Those levels 

are not as stringent as those that are in the original OTC multi-pollutant position, and we are in the

process of reviewing them. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• MANE-VU to revisit its multi-pollutant strategy; 

• MRPO and MANE-VU to have discussions on potential multi-pollutant control levels for a CAIR Phase 

III; and 

• Craft a revised national “ask” to reflect revised levels, as appropriate. 
31 

NEXT STEPS 

In addition to the agreements reached during the discussions (listed at the beginning and in the 

roundtable discussion sections of this document) the MANE-VU Class I states and the MRPO states 

agreed to continue the consultation dialogue on the upcoming State Collaborative call, scheduled for 

10:00 am CDT, 11:00 am EDT on Thursday, August 16th. The states will continue discussions from 

today’s meeting, bring forth additional issues as necessary, and have a first opportunity to review and 

discuss the draft documentation of the consultation. 
32 

MANE-VU/MRPO Consultation Conference Call Summary 

September 13, 2007

On Thursday, September 13, 2007, the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Class I states 

(Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and New Jersey) held a consultation conference call with the 

Midwest Regional Planning Organization (MRPO) states (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Wisconsin). 

The conference call came about as a result of the August 6, 2007 in-person consultation between the 

MANE-VU Class I states and the MRPO states who agreed to continue the consultation dialogue with 

respect to issues identified in the August 6th consultation. The following summary documents the

discussions that took place during the consultation conference call. 

Summary of Today’s Consultation Conference Call Agreements 

 Continue sharing necessary EGU emissions inventory and control equipment data. 

 The individual MRPO states will respond by letter to the MANE-VU Ask. 

 Reconvene the ICI Boiler Workgroup effort from earlier this year to provide technical direction. 

Invite interested VISTAS states. Start out by looking at the Workgroup’s early 2007 straw proposal. 

 Continue beyond-CAIR discussions on the state collaborative calls. Form a small EGU policy group to 

provide policy direction towards developing a federal EGU Ask. 

Conference Call Attendees 

MANE-VU States:

Maine (Class I state) – Jim Brooks, Jeff Crawford, Tom Downs 

New Hampshire (Class I state) – Jeff Underhill, Andy Bodnarik, Liz Nixon 

New Jersey (Class I state) – Chris Salmi, Ray Papalski 

Vermont (Class I state) – Justin Johnson, Paul Wishinski 

Connecticut – Wendy Jacobs 

Delaware – Jack Sipple 

Maryland – Tad Aburn 

Massachusetts – Glenn Keith 

New York – Rob Sliwinski, Matt Reis, Diana Rivenburgh, Scott Griffin 

MRPO States:

Illinois – Rob Kaleel 

Indiana – Dan Murray, Ken Ritter, Scott Deloney, Chris Pederson 

Michigan – Bob Irvine, Cynthia Hodges 

Ohio – Bob Hodanbosi, Bill Spires 

Multi-State Organizations: 

OTC/MANE-VU – Anna Garcia, Doug Austin 

MARAMA/MANE-VU – Susan Wierman, Julie McDill 

NESCAUM/MANE-VU – Arthur Marin, Gary Kleiman 

LADCO/MRPO – Mike Koerber 
33 

Federal Land Managers: 

National Park Service – Bruce Polkowsky 

Forest Service – Anne Mebane 

Consultation Conference Call Discussions 

Clarification of the MANE-VU “Ask”

After the August 6, 2007 in-person consultation, the MRPO states had remaining questions relative to 

the MANE-VU Ask statements. One of the primary purposes of the consultation conference call was to 

address those questions. 

One of the uncertainties expressed by MRPO was how to quantify the SO2 reductions from the EGU 

sector that MANE-VU requested. MRPO stated that they were working with MARAMA and NESCAUM to 

clarify the EGU SO2 inventories of the 50 MRPO stacks on the larger list of 167 stacks in the eastern U.S 

that were previously identified as locationally significant in terms of their visibility impacts on MANE-VU 

Class I areas. 

MRPO also asked if MANE-VU meant that 90% SO2 reductions, on average, on all of the 50 stacks within 

the MRPO states was expected. MANE-VU replied affirmatively, while emphasizing the flexibility within

the Ask statement wherein if the 90% average SO2 reductions from the 50 MRPO EGU stacks could not 

be realized then the shortfall could be made up by SO2 reductions from other in-state EGUs. Additional 

flexibility in the Ask statement is that the shortfall could be made up from SO2 reductions from the nonEGU sector that are in excess of the 28% reductions requested by MANE-VU from this sector. Vermont 

added that this flexibility is the least preferred since SO2 reductions from taller EGU stacks are more 

important to reducing visibility impairment than SO2 reductions from shorter non-EGU stacks. Finally,

flipping the last flexibility scenario around, Wisconsin asked if they could substitute less expensive EGU 

SO2 reductions for more expensive non-EGU SO2 reductions, and Vermont replied that that would be 

most welcome for the same reason that tall stack reductions have a greater visibility benefit than short 

stack reductions. 

Within this flexibility framework, a brief discussion followed on equivalent reductions versus equivalent 

impact. Vermont said it was of two minds on the topic in that although ideally they would like to see

reductions from the flexibilities that have an equivalent impact on visibility as the 90% SO2 reductions 

from the 50 MRPO EGU stacks, they were willing to accept EGU reductions from EGUs outside the 50 as 

automatically equivalent, and they were also willing to accept EGU SO2 reductions in place of non-EGU 

SO2 reductions so long as the EGU emission reductions did not go somewhere else under CAIR. Maine 

agreed and emphasized that they were looking for additive reductions, not re-arranged emissions. 

Wisconsin stated that it would be difficult to make the case for equivalent visibility impact to 

management. 

The discussion moved on to the MANE-VU Ask for a 28% reduction in SO2 emissions from the non-EGU 

sector. MRPO inquired whether BART reductions could be applied to the 28% non-EGU MANE-VU Ask. 

MANE-VU replied that they separated BART reductions out as additive to the other Asks. MRPO 

reiterated that that was not the understanding going in to this call. New Jersey replied that slide #16 of 

its presentation at the August 6th in-person consultation clearly shows BART reductions as separate. 

MANE-VU added that the 28% target came from the MANE-VU non-EGU low-sulfur fuel oil strategy. 

New Jersey clarified that if, after going through the BART determination process, the state determined
34 

that no controls were needed for regional haze purposes, but reductions were made for PM2.5 

purposes, then those reductions could be applied to the 28% non-EGU Ask. 

MRPO Response to the MANE-VU Ask

MRPO and MANE-VU jointly posed the question of how to respond to the Ask. MANE-VU added that 

they needed to perform its last modeling run based on either RPO feedback or the default Ask levels. 

MRPO said that the July 30, 2007 letter from MANE-VU formalized the Ask, so it was up to the MRPO 

states to respond, probably individually and with the hope for regional consistency. MRPO added that 

some further technical discussions may be needed as well as drafting a federal EGU Ask and reconvening

the ICI Boiler Workgroup. Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin all agreed that they were not ready to 

make any formal commitments on reductions. Wisconsin added that a personnel change at the 

Commissioner level could result in a delayed response. 

Maryland inquired whether the federal EGU Ask should somehow be included in the regional haze SIPs 

or should it arise out of a separate process. MRPO added that the air quality needs of all of the states 

on the call are much larger than regional haze, and that all states will need more EGU reductions for 

ozone and PM2.5 as long as they remain more cost-effective than reductions from other sectors. Most 

states agreed that they were unlikely to put such a federal EGU ask in their regional haze SIPs. 

Next Steps

MANE-VU posed the question of how to keep moving the consultation process forward adding that the 

VISTAS states had showed some interest in joining a reconvened ICI Boiler Workgroup at the August 20th

in-person consultation. MRPO replied that they were interested in reconvening the ICI Boiler 

Workgroup noting that West Virginia has interest as well. MRPO suggested having the Workgroup start 

out by looking at the OTC / MRPO straw proposal from earlier in 2007. Other potential sources of 

information include the National Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA) boiler Maximum Achievable 

Control technology (MACT) effort and a NESCAUM ICI boiler study sponsored by EPA. 

As for the federal EGU ask, MANE-VU stated that there is a need to keep the policy discussions alive on 

the state collaborative calls. MANE-VU added that they are in the process of reviewing the 2004 multipollutant position, and will look at forming a small EGU policy group. 

MANE-VU asked whether there should be another consultation conference call. MRPO replied that 

MANE-VU should wait for MRPO follow-up to the MANE-VU Asks via individual state letters to the 

MANE-VU Class I states. 
35 

MANE-VU/VISTAS Consultation Meeting 

August 20, 2007 

Atlanta, GA 

 On Monday, August 20, 2007, the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union (MANE-VU) Class I 

states (Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and New Jersey) held a consultation with several of the 

Visibility Improvement State and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) states (Alabama, Florida, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, the 

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, and Knox County, Tennessee). The following summary documents 

the discussions that took place during the consultation. 

Summary of Today’s Consultation Agreements 

1. Continue to share information and sync up our technical analyses. 

2. Share information on biodiesel and biofuels, as well as what states are doing with respect to 

biomass boilers and outdoor wood boilers. 

3. Continue dialogue on a potential CAIR Phase III policy position and the MANE-VU National “Ask.” 

4. Share information already developed on the ICI Boiler Sector, refine information on controls and 

costs, and engage in the upcoming National Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA) Boiler MACT 

work. Enlarge the non-EGU definition beyond boilers to include kilns. 

5. Share information on locomotives and ocean-going vessels to see if there are more emission 

reduction opportunities. 

6. Look at expanding the National "Ask” to include low-sulfur fuel oil. 

7. John Hornback and Anna Garcia will discuss how to continue the dialogue, including conference calls 

and workgroup participation. 

Attendees 

MANE-VU States: 

Maine (Class I state) – David Littell, Jeff Crawford 

New Hampshire (Class I state) – Jeff Underhill 

New Jersey (Class I state) – Ray Papalski 

Vermont (Class I state) – Justin Johnson, Dick Valentinetti, Paul Wishinski 

Pennsylvania - Tim Leon-Guerrero 

Penobscot Nation – Bill Thompson 

VISTAS States:

Georgia - Carol Couch, Heather Abrams, Jim Boylan, Chuck Mueller 

Kentucky – Diana Andrews, Lona Brewer, John Lyons, Cheryl Taylor 

North Carolina – Laura Boothe, Sheila Holman, Keith Overcash 

South Carolina – Myra Reece, Renee Shealy 

Tennessee – Julie Aslinger, Tracy Carter, Quincy Styke 

Virginia – Jim Sydnor, Tom Ballou 

West Virginia – John Benedict, Laura Crowder, Fred Durham 
36 

Multi-State Organizations: 

OTC/MANE-VU – Anna Garcia, Doug Austin 

MARAMA/MANE-VU – Susan Wierman 

NESCAUM/MANE-VU – Gary Kleiman 

VISTAS – John Hornback, Pat Brewer 

Federal Land Managers:

National Park Service – Bruce Polkowsky 

Forest Service – Cindy Huber, Chuck Sams, Andrea Stacy 

Fish & Wildlife Service – Tim Allen 

Environmental Protection Agency:

Region I – Anne McWilliams 

Region II – Bob Kelly 

Region III – LaKeshia Robertson, Ellen Wentworth 

Region IV – Beverly Banister, Rick Gillam, Brenda Johnson, Kay Prince 

OAQPS – Michelle Notarianni 

Consultation Meeting Presentations and Discussions 

Welcome and Introductions – Goals for Today’s Meeting - David Littell, Maine DEP 

• Presented goals for today’s consultation: 

- Review requirements, resources and critical timing issues to ensure all share a common 

understanding; 

- Discuss options for control measures to identify what is reasonable for joint work between 

regions; 

- Identify impediments to implementing control measures and discuss how to address them; 

- Identify links between haze and PM that help define what is reasonable; 

- Examine reasonable progress for VISTAS and MANE-VU Class I areas in terms of control 

measure options; and 

- Summarize points of agreement and identify issues for follow-up consultation. 

• Carol Crouch, Georgia, welcomed the attendees stating that today’s dialogue seeking clarification 

and understanding on regional air quality issues by so many states is notable. The Georgia Resource 

Board just adopted a rule for multi-pollutant controls for their EGU sector that will see 22 of 32 units 

controlled including SO2 emissions reductions of 89% from 2002 base emissions. Ms. Crouch added 

that she hopes that today’s discussions will highlight additional emission reduction opportunities.

Overview of Open Technical Call & Consultation Briefing Book – Anna Garcia, MANE-VU 

• Open Technical Call discussions provided a good technical basis for today’s meeting. 

• Ms. Garcia noted that recent MANE-VU sensitivity modeling results form the basis for the various 

“ask” levels (within MANE-VU, outside of MANE-VU, and a national “ask”) as reflected in the MANEVU statements. The MANE-VU Class I states developed these statements to outline the reasonable 

measures that comprise a long term strategy for achieving reasonable progress at the MANE-VU 

Class I areas. These statements, also informally referred to as the “asks” that MANE-VU Class I states 

are making of the MANE-VU states, and states outside of MANE-VU that have been determined to 
37 

reasonably contribute to visibility impairment at MANE-VU Class I areas, and the US EPA for 

additional reductions from EGU sources on a national basis. 

• MANE-VU staff will developing draft documentation of the Open Call and of today’s discussions, and 

will circulate the drafts for comment and make the final documentation available to all states for use

in their state implementation plans (SIPs). 

Summary of Reasonable Progress Work and Development of “Asks” for MANE-VU Class I Areas – Paul 

Wishinski, Vermont DEC 

Presentation: 

• Provided a review of MANE-VU Class I states’ Resolution on Principles; 

• Showed focus for MANE-VU is on sulfate reductions for the 2018 milestone; 

• Gave an overview of MANE-VU’s four factor analysis; 

• Outlined how MANE-VU Class I states developed the “asks” for the MANE-VU and VISTAS regions; 

• Provided a comparative analysis of the MANE-VU region “ask” with that of the VISTAS “ask”; 

• Outlined the specifics of each of the “asks,” including for VISTAS: 

- Timely implementation of BART requirements; 

- A focused strategy for the electricity generating units (EGUs) comprising a 90% reduction of 

sulfate emissions from 2002 levels from 167 stacks that modeling indicates affect visibility 

impairment in MANE-VU Class I areas; 

- A 28% reduction from non-EGU sector emissions based on 2002 levels; and 

- Continued evaluation of other measures, including measures to reduce SO2 and nitrogen 

oxide (NOx) emissions from coal-burning facilities by 2018. 

• Within MANE-VU, the Class I states have the following commitment: 

- Timely implementation of BART requirements; 

- A focused strategy for the electricity generating units (EGUs) comprising a 90% reduction of 

sulfate emissions from 2002 levels from 167 stacks that modeling indicates affect visibility 

impairment in MANE-VU Class I areas; 

- A low sulfur fuel oil strategy with different implementation timeframes for inner zone states 

versus outer zone states, that results in a 38% reduction from non-EGU sector emissions in 

the MANE-VU region; and 

- Continued evaluation of other measures, including measures including energy efficiency, 

alternative clean fuels and other measures to reduce SO2 and nitrogen oxide (NOx) 

emissions by 2018. 

• Also outlined the national “ask” MANE-VU plans to make of the US EPA, for a Phase 3 of CAIR that 

reduces SO2 by at least an additional 18%. 

• From presentation, next steps are: 

- Consult within and outside MANE-VU about which control strategies are reasonable; 

- Open a dialogue with the USEPA concerning a possible Phase 3 of CAIR; 

- Define strategies to include in the final modeling;

- Determine goals based on the final modeling; 

- SIPs are due 12/17/07; 

- Adopt enforceable emissions limits & compliance schedules; and 

- Progress evaluation due in 5 years. 

Discussion: 

• Question (John Benedict, West Virginia): Is there geographical variability in MANE-VU’s low-sulfur 

fuel oil strategy? 
38 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): There are baseline levels for fuel oil usage within each 

state, but the fuel oil markets are regional in nature. 

- Comment (David Littell, Maine): The issue in Maine is peak oil usage by EGUs in the winter 

since they can get fuel oil from Venezuela and the USSR. 

• Question (John Benedict, West Virginia): What is the current distillate sulfur level? 

- Answer (Paul Wishinski, Vermont): Between 220-2500 ppm. 

• Question (Tom Ballou, Virginia): Could you explain the rearrangement of the EGU emissions? 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): They are spread out between all EGUs proportionately, 

except for those in the 167 stacks, to maintain the cap. 

• Question (Pat Brewer, VISTAS): Were adjustments made in the recent CMAQ sensitivity runs? 

- Answer (Gary Kleiman, NESCAUM): Yes, for the tags. [Note: tagging is a modeling technique 

that identifies the benefits of individual control strategies]. 

Summary of VISTAS Reasonable Progress Work – Pat Brewer, VISTAS 

Presentation:

• Provided both an overview and response to the MANE-VU “asks” including updates the VISTAS states 

received from their utilities last summer. The VISTAS Base G inventory may already satisfy the 

MANE-VU EGU “ask,” and the 2018 Base G2 inventory includes the recent EGU controls enacted by 

Georgia. VISTAS’ Base G2 and MANE-VU’s CAIR+ runs look similar. 

• VISTAS visibility problems and areas tend to overlay their PM2.5 nonattainment areas. 

• VISTAS currently doing a 4-factor analysis for non-EGU sources. 

• The SO2 focus for the 2018 SIPs are for both the 20% best and worst days. The coastal Class I sites 

have non-summer days in the 20% worst. Even on the 20% best days, VISTAS has a sulfur story. 

• Organic carbon is 2nd in importance regarding regional haze. 

• VISTAS realizing 70% EGU reductions from EGU sector between 2002 and 2018. Eight scrubbers are 

now in operation in North Carolina. Even with scrubbers, the large EGUs still have SO2 emissions on 

the order of 5,000 tons per year. 

• All of the VISTAS Class I mountain sites will have better than uniform progress. Mammoth cave and 

Sipsey see more wintertime nitrate than the others.

• The SO2 reductions will result in no degradation for the 20% best days. 

• VISTAS’ reasonable progress analysis was developed in fall 2006, and started with source sector 

sensitivity analyses confirming the need for SO2 reductions for the greatest visibility benefits. 

• Large ammonia contributions seen at the coastal sites (Cape Romaine and Brigantine). Recirculation 

of these ammonia emissions out to the ocean and recirculation back characterized as boundary 

conditions. 

• VISTAS consultations to date include a 12/2006 and 5/2007 Air Directors’ meetings including letters 

to contributing states, a 6/2007 meeting with EPA and the FLMs, and North Carolina and South 

Carolina have submitted draft SIPs to the FLMs for their preliminary review. 

• As for VISTAS states’ contribution to MANE-VU Class I areas, VISTAS and MANE-VU have arrived at 

different conclusions of impacts on Brigantine, Lye Brook, and Acadia using different methodologies. 

[Note: MANE-VU used percent sulfate contribution methodology, whereas VISTAS used the Area of 

Influence (AOI) and residence time methodology.] 

• As for responses to MANE-VU “asks,” (1) BART satisfied within VISTAS, e.g, most BART sources meet 

exemption modeling criteria, some sources taking emission limits, most EGUs reducing SO2 and NOx 

under CAIR; (2) for 167 EGU list, VISTAS states will review EGU progress in 2012 to see where 
39 

emissions are versus the 90% target; and (3) for non-EGU, this is a ripe area for further discussion – 

VISTAS has lots of chemical plants and pulp and paper facilities. 

• Wondering how the MANE-VU stakeholders have reacted to the low-sulfur fuel oil strategy since 

VISTAS analysis shows little visibility benefit from non-EGU sector and low-sulfur fuel oil strategies

within VISTAS. 

• There are large costs for SO2 emissions reductions from the coal-fired non-EGU sector. 

• Conclusions and key findings from VISTAS analyses: 

- The greatest visibility benefits come from EGU and non-EGU SO2 reductions. 

- The VISTAS stakeholders asked “which sources?” To answer them, the AOI analyses looked 

at 100 km and 200 km radii with emissions weighted by residence time. AirControlNet used 

for all sources meeting both Q/d >5 and >10% residence time criteria to allow each state to 

prioritize for their 4-factor analysis. 

- Reasonable progress will be at least as stringent as the Base G2 controls. 

Discussion:

• Comment (Susan Wierman, MARAMA): If Base G2 inventory is correct and these SO2 reductions 

were not predicted by IPM, then it is essentially a beyond-CAIR strategy. 

• Question (Jeff Underhill, New Hampshire): Could upcoming modeling be clarified? 

- Answer (Pat Brewer, VISTAS): There will be a full run this fall with Base G2 (it will also include 

any available controls for BART sources and other reductions identified by States through 4-

factor reasonable progress analyses), and they have done sensitivity runs for BOTW reductions 

(30% beyond 2009). 

• Comment (Jeff Underhill, New Hampshire): Glad to see VISTAS is using Q/d, but not sure about 

depending on residence time. Also, after MRPO consultation, may be working together on non-EGU 

sector analysis, and VISTAS states join in if interested. 

• Question (Tad Aburn, Maryland): How have the new NAAQS standards impacted VISTAS?

- Answer (Pat Brewer, VISTAS): The PM2.5 problem areas are Birmingham, Atlanta, Kentucky, 

and West Virginia in 2009 

• Question (Ray Palpaski, New Jersey): Will the reductions for those PM2.5 areas also be in the regional 

haze SIPs? 

- Answer (Pat Brewer, VISTAS): Yes, for North Carolina and Georgia, but not sure about the 

CAIR states. 

• Comment (Ray Palpaski, New Jersey): We need to get enforceable reductions for the CAIR states. 

EPA and FLM Perspectives on RPGs and Reasonable Measures Work – Tim Allen, Fish and Wildlife 

Service; Bruce Polkowsky, National Park Service; Chuck Sams, Forest Service; Michelle Notarianni, EPA - 

OAQPS 

Tim Allen, Fish and Wildlife Service

• The Fish and Wildlife and National Park Services are reviewing the regional haze SIPs as a team, and 

the Forest Service is conducting a separate review.

• In general, the FLMs are mainly concerned with content, and would like to see a SIP or long term 

strategy with a satisfactory conclusion. They are also concerned with the uncertainty of emissions 

growth, so they would also like the states to review the certainty level of identified emissions 

reductions. 

• States should talk with EPA about the timing of regional haze SIP submissions. From the FLMs 

perspective, it would be better to have a more complete SIP, even if that means it would result in a 
40 

submittal that is slightly delayed beyond the deadline. The FLMs have seen three SIP submissions 

thus far – from NC, SC and CO. 

• If a state would like expedited review, highlight key sections. Also, highlight any new technical 

information that they have not yet seen from consultations and that will require extra review time. 

• For the 20% best days non-degradation goal, states should consider Prevention of Significant 

Deterioration (PSD) as part of their regional haze SIPs. The BART elimination test may be used for 

PSD. 

• An observation from the MANE-VU/MRPO consultation is that the equivalent reductions process 

embodied in the MANE-VU “ask” works for reaching the visibility goals. 

Bruce Polkowsky, National Park Service

• A reminder that thirteen days ago was the 30th anniversary of the passage of the 1977 Clean Air Act 

Amendments that enacted section 169A and established the regional haze program. 

• The regional haze SIPs are the beginning of folding in protection of Class I areas to the nation’s air

quality effort. 

• We may be getting to the point where a beyond-CAIR program is achievable. Given the additional 

800,000 tons of emissions that are in the “ask”, if states are getting them already, is this really that 

far from an additional phase of CAIR? If we can get SO2 reductions from EGUs, they should be 

permanent. 

Chuck Sams, Forest Service

• He concurs with the perspectives presented by FWS and NPS. 

• The Forest Service will be sending a document on SIP submissions to MANE-VU. 

• Note that the 20% best days level will be a new baseline for the following 10-year period. 

• Residual oil SO2 controls, especially marine, is an area ripe for more analysis and inter-RPO 

agreement. 

• States should avoid the concept of the “committal SIP,” but focus on “commitments.” The FLMs 

would like to see as many emission reduction commitments as possible. 

Michelle Notarianni, EPA – OAQPS

• Ms. Notarianni opened the floor for questions. 

• Question (Jeff Underhill, New Hampshire): Is EPA pushing to have regional convergence on regional 

haze SIP issues, i.e., how will EPA regional offices coordinate their review of these SIPs? 

- Answer (Michelle Notarianni, EPA): There are ongoing discussions amongst the EPA Regions at 

a national level through the national workgroup, and it is anticipated that inter-regional 

discussions will occur on specific SIPs, similar to how the Regions handle multi-state ozone 

attainment SIPs. 

• Question (Dick Valentinetti, Vermont): Is there an EPA SIP approval process for SIPs that are 

inter-related but come in at different times? 

- Answer (Michelle Notarianni, EPA): EPA is looking at that issue right now, but they also must 

act within 18 months of receipt of each SIP submittal under the Clean Air Act. 

• Question (Tad Aburn, Maryland): Have there been any internal EPA discussions on the MANE-VU 

national “ask” or a next phase of CAIR? 

- Answer (Michelle Notarianni, EPA): She is not aware of any but will follow-up. (Anna Garcia 

later provided the names of OAQPS representatives that MANE-VU has been in contact with on 

this topic.) 
41 

- Comment (John Hornback, VISTAS): We need to show EPA enough information on costs and 

benefits, and the burden is on the states to make the case. 

- Comment (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): The MANE-VU / MRPO agreement from the consultation 

two weeks ago is to accomplish exactly that, and he hopes the VISTAS states will join the effort. 

• Question (Bill Thompson, Penobscot Nation): How far along are other tribes with their regional haze 

SIPs? Is there any information available? 

 - Answer (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): No activity from the Western tribes that he knows of. 

• Question (Bruce Polkowsky, NPS): Since state regulations will not be in place by SIP submittal and 

since these are 10-year SIPs, can EPA find a way to allow commitments? 

- Answer (Michelle Notarianni, EPA): There are legal problems with that approach. In general, 

commitments in SIPs are allowed in a very narrow set of circumstances according to EPA’s 

General Counsel. Exclusion of control measures due to lack of time, authority, or funding are 

not acceptable justifications for use of this approach. 

- Comment (Anna Garcia, MANE-VU): MANE-VU will be trying to develop draft SIP language 

that will pass EPA muster on this issue, and would like EPA feedback. 

- Comment (Rob Sliwinski, New York): The reality is that these are non-enforceable SIPs, and 

despite the requirements EPA will be getting committal SIPs from all states. 

- Comment (Michelle Notarianni, EPA): EPA has no flexibility to change the regional haze SIP 

deadline due to statutory constraints, and they will have to see what is submitted and react 

accordingly. States should contact their Regional Office if they expect their SIP to be late. 

- Comment (Beverly Banister, EPA): There is a meeting of the EPA Region III Air Directors in midSeptember. These issues are foremost on the agenda, and she will share the discussion results 

afterwards if there is anything new to add to what was discussed today.. 

• Question (Rob Sliwinski, New York): Will EPA do regional haze FIPs? 

- Answer (Michelle Notarianni, EPA): I have no answer on that at this time. The Agency has 

made no decision at this point as to how it will handle late regional haze SIPs. Again, States 

should contact their Regional Office if they expect their SIP to be late. 

• Comment (Susan Wierman, MARAMA): EPA should consider providing incentives outside of the SIP 

process like Early Action Compacts for ozone attainment. Also, EPA does not have the time to do 

regional haze FIPs. 

• Comment (Michelle Notariani, EPA): Thank you for your comment. We can share this with the 

national EPA workgroup. Note that Region 8 is presently working on a FIP for Montana. 

Presentation by Susan Wierman, MARAMA

• Review of IPM emissions bar charts and future EGU strategies showing that it is feasible to do more 

than CAIR. 

Roundtable Discussion on Reasonable Progress Goals and Reasonable Measures

 States continued the consultation with a roundtable discussion on all issues raised during the 

Open Technical Call and this consultation meeting. Most of the discussion focused on the substance of 

the MANE-VU statements, or “asks” from the VISTAS states and from the U.S. EPA. Anna Garcia, MANEVU, noted that MANE-VU will have health benefits information related to regional haze strategies in the 

fall. 
42 

Boiler MACT, ICI Boilers, and Pulp and Paper Sector

 During the Open Technical Call it was suggested that there may be an opportunity to examine 

the scope of the ICI boiler sector and potential emission reductions from that source category. Several 

states brought up the recent vacatur of the Boiler MACT in providing the possibility for states to work 

together on this sector. The National Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA) is discussing with its 

members and the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) and Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use 

Management (NESCAUM) an effort to develop a Boiler MACT model rule. While for Boiler MACT this 

effort would focus on hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it

may be possible to include in that project a parallel process to gather information on NOx and SO2 

emissions from the boiler sector and develop options for control strategies, separate from the MACT 

levels. 

 MANE-VU opened up the discussion on ICI boilers noting the recent agreement with the MRPO 

states to reconvene the ICI Boiler Workgroup for a collaborative effort in that sector and how VISTAS 

had indicated on the Open Technical Call was an area of interest to them. MANE-VU inquired whether 

VISTAS states would be interested in joining in such a collaborative effort. VISTAS expressed interest, 

inquiring as to whether policy or technical work would be needed and noting that it is very difficult to 

justify higher costs to the ICI sector when more cost-effective EGU reductions are still available. MANEVU indicated that there will be a need for more cost and inventory work and possibly some health 

benefits analysis in order to build a case for ICI boiler reductions, and that there is an opportunity for 

coordination with NACAA on the upcoming Boiler MACT work. NESCAUM indicated that they will have a 

draft study on this sector out by the end of the year, and MANE-VU offered to share information and 

continue discussions to see what approaches states in both regions may be interested in taking. 

VISTAS inquired whether MANE-VU had had any stakeholder feedback on the 4-factor analysis. 

MANE-VU replied that there had been no specific comments on the analysis; however, the Northeast 

states have been engaged in discussions with the oil industry on low-sulfur fuel oil. Maine added that it 

has had discussions with its sources that use residual oil. New Hampshire also noted that at a recent

Council of Industrial Boilers meeting, most of the attendees accepted that it is only a matter of time

before more reductions will be expected from this sector. 

 The ICI sector discussion moved to the pulp and paper industry. Georgia stated that they are 

getting comments from that industry questioning the level of control costs that is considered to be costeffective, and noted that the state has not made any decisions on a bright line. New York commented 

that it does not make sense for states to pursue trying to define bright line costs individually, so we 

should keep the lines of communication open between our regions. VISTAS informed the group that 

EPA currently has a pulp and paper sectors strategy process with a multi-pollutant aspect, so it is a good 

time to get involved in that process. According to EPA, a draft preamble and model rule language for 

that process is due out towards the end of September. New York cautioned that states should 

understand what is contained in that pulp and paper model rule to see if any facilities are given a pass. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Identify VISTAS states interested in participating with MANE-VU and MRPO states on a boiler 

workgroup to examine potential sector controls, costs and health benefits; 

• Review draft preamble and model rule language of EPA’s pulp and paper sector strategy for 

discussion and comment; and 

• Coordinate with NACAA’s Boiler MACT effort. 
43 

Locomotive and Marine Sectors 

MANE-VU then moved the discussion to focus on potential opportunities for emissions 

reductions from locomotives and ocean-going vessels. According to VISTAS, those emissions represent 

<1% of total SO2 emissions, so they are not important in the big picture, and that ,in fact, in the Gulf 

states those emissions may be blowing out of the domain. They noted, however, that it is also 

important to look at ozone and PM2.5 nonattainment issues in port cities, including inland Mississippi

River ports, where reductions of those emissions may be more important but have ancillary benefits for

regional haze. Maine added that an outcome from the MRPO consultation was that benefits from 

reductions from these sources are important to the MRPO states. MANE-VU suggested that a unified 

inter-RPO position for a national “ask” for this sector may be possible 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Examine potential for ancillary benefits for regional haze from potential controls on port emission 

sources to reduce ozone and PM 2.5. 

The National “Ask,” and EGU and non-EGU Sectors 

The group then turned to the EGU sector and a discussion of the potential for an inter-RPO 

dialogue on beyond-CAIR issues. The National Park Service noted that, given that the total EGU SO2 

reductions identified by VISTAS states in correcting IPM output was less than the CAIR budget, that 

VISTAS states may want to consider supporting a national “ask” concept outlined by MANE-VU. EPA 

Region IV asked whether MANE-VU had discussed the national “ask” with anyone in EPA, and MANE-VU 

explained that the “ask” is based on a CAIR Plus analysis presented at an OTC meeting attended by Sam 

Napolitano, Bill Harnett, and Peter Tsirigotis, and that the OTC modeling analysis showed that a program 

that includes the entire CAIR domain is needed for an effective beyond-CAIR program. The OTC is 

currently re-examining its multi-pollutant position. Some VISTAS states did express interest in exploring 

the idea of a next phase of CAIR, and continuing discussions with MANE-VU on the national “ask,” noting 

that additional reductions will be needed later for attainment of the new ozone and 24-hour PM 

standards. 

Discussion followed on what information would be needed to help the VISTAS states in 

reviewing a national “ask” calling for a third phase of CAIR. One critical piece of information identified 

by VISTAS is a better understanding of the ozone benefits that a CAIR Plus strategy would yield since 

regional haze may provide insufficient leverage as a driver for a beyond-CAIR strategy. For those states 

ozone and/or the new 24-hour PM2.5 standard is a more significant driver. It was noted, however, by 

MANE-VU that regional haze can be the driver if supplemented by information on reductions in 

premature mortality that yield benefits of at least a factor of ten as compared to costs, and that the

MRPO states interested in supporting the national “ask” are mainly looking at it for PM 2.5 benefits. 

During the discussion about the MANE-VU “ask” for a 90% reduction from EGUs on the list of 

167 stacks, MANE-VU states indicated that it would be helpful to also see an updated list of controls for 

the list of 167 units as well as any large non-EGUs not on the list. 

As the focus of discussions turned to non-EGUs, VISTAS commented that at this time only two 

states have completed their BART determinations. MANE-VU added that their states are also still in the 

process of completing their BART determinations. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• MANE-VU to revisit its multi-pollutant strategy; 
44 

• MANE-VU to provide benefits and other information on beyond-CAIR strategy to VISTAS; 

• MANE-VU and interested VISTAS states to explore possibility of CAIR Phase III; 

• Craft a revised national “ask” to reflect revised levels, as appropriate; and 

Exchange lists on updated controls anticipated on all EGUs. 

Other Sectors

 MANE-VU brought up the topic of alternative fuels, explaining that there was discussion with 

MRPO about biofuels and asking if there was interest in VISTAS in this area. Kentucky and Georgia 

expressed interest, and Tennessee informed the group that they are looking to become a leader in 

cellulosic ethanol production. 

 New Jersey raised a question about the possibility of developing a model rule for residential 

wood combustion that would be more stringent than EPA’s rule for new fireplace units. VISTAS 

responded that residential wood combustion is not a big issue for them. The Forest Service noted that 

outdoor wood boilers are poorly controlled, with which Maine and New York agreed, commenting that 

larger commercial wood boilers are primarily a PM issue. However, it was pointed out by Vermont that 

particulate control is not cost-effective for smaller outdoor wood boilers. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Look at federal rules that are in the works for non-road, locomotive and marine engines to see if 

there are gaps or opportunities that MANE-VU and MRPO could explore together; and 

Share information on biodiesel as a low-sulfur fuel option. 

Wrap-Up

 As the consultation drew to a close MANE-VU asked whether the VISTAS states had any requests 

to make of MANE-VU states, as the intent of the meeting is for an exchange between the two RPOs. 

VISTAS requested that MANE-VU share any 2018 data that differs from the MANE-VU version 3 emission 

inventory. MANE-VU confirmed that they would provide information on the low-sulfur fuel oil strategy,

the EGU strategy, and BART controls to VISTAS. 

Follow up items from this discussion include:

• Continue to share specific information about what MANE-VU and VISTAS sources are anticipating as 

controls on EGUs as compared to what is indicated in IPM modeling; 

• Update our inventories and databases accordingly so that our information is “synched”; and 

• Continue dialogue on approaches for addressing this sector to meet the 90% reduction target for 

the 167 stacks and on equivalent alternatives. 

Next Steps 

 In addition to the agreements reached during the discussions (listed at the beginning and in the 

roundtable discussion sections of this document) the MANE-VU Class I states and the VISTAS states 

agreed to continue the consultation dialogue over the next weeks and months. The states will continue

discussions from today’s meeting, bring forth additional issues as necessary, and have a first opportunity 

to review and discuss the draft documentation of the consultation.