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[Congressional Bills 112th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 2106 Introduced in House (IH)]

112th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 2106

  To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, to enhance 
     multilateral commitment to address the Government of Syria's 
threatening policies, to establish a program to support a transition to 
 a democratically elected government in Syria, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              June 3, 2011

 Ms. Ros-Lehtinen (for herself and Mr. Engel) introduced the following 
 bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in 
addition to the Committees on the Judiciary, Ways and Means, Financial 
   Services, and Oversight and Government Reform, for a period to be 
subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration 
  of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee 
                               concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
  To strengthen sanctions against the Government of Syria, to enhance 
     multilateral commitment to address the Government of Syria's 
threatening policies, to establish a program to support a transition to 
 a democratically elected government in Syria, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Syria Freedom 
Support Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
      TITLE I--STRENGTHENING UNITED STATES SANCTIONS AGAINST SYRIA

Sec. 101. Findings.
Sec. 102. Declarations of policy.
Sec. 103. Codification of existing sanctions and continuation of 
                            restrictions against the Government of 
                            Syria.
Sec. 104. Mandatory sanctions with respect to development of weapons of 
                            mass destruction or other military 
                            capabilities.
Sec. 105. Amendment to the Syria Accountability and Lebanese 
                            Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003.
          TITLE II--SANCTIONS TARGETING SYRIA'S ENERGY SECTOR

Sec. 201. Findings.
Sec. 202. Sense of Congress.
Sec. 203. Declaration of policy.
Sec. 204. Multilateral regime.
Sec. 205. Imposition of sanctions.
Sec. 206. Description of sanctions.
Sec. 207. Advisory opinions.
Sec. 208. Termination of sanctions.
Sec. 209. Duration of sanctions.
Sec. 210. Reports required.
Sec. 211. Determinations not reviewable.
Sec. 212. Exclusion of certain activities.
Sec. 213. Effective date.
              TITLE III--SYRIA NUCLEAR WEAPONS PREVENTION

Sec. 301. Findings.
Sec. 302. Actions within the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Sec. 303. Restrictions on nuclear cooperation with countries assisting 
                            the nuclear program of Syria.
Sec. 304. Exclusion from the United States of senior officials of 
                            foreign persons who have aided the nuclear 
                            program of Syria.
    TITLE IV--DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO ISOLATE THE GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA

Sec. 401. Sense of Congress relating to bilateral efforts.
Sec. 402. Opposition to Syria's membership and candidacy for leadership 
                            posts in United Nations institutions.
Sec. 403. Report on assistance to, and commerce with, Syria.
           TITLE V--ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA

Sec. 501. Declarations of policy.
Sec. 502. Assistance to support a transition to democracy in Syria.
Sec. 503. Condemnation of Syrian human rights abuses.
Sec. 504. Imposition of sanctions on certain persons responsible for or 
                            complicit in human rights abuses committed 
                            against citizens of Syria or their family 
                            members.
Sec. 505. Imposition of sanctions with respect to the transfer of goods 
                            or technologies to Syria that may be used 
                            to commit human rights abuses.
Sec. 506. Comprehensive strategy to promote internet freedom and access 
                            to information in Syria.
                      TITLE VI--GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 601. Denial of visas for Government of Syria.
Sec. 602. Sunset.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Act of international terrorism.--The term ``act of 
        international terrorism'' means an act--
                    (A) which is violent or dangerous to human life and 
                that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United 
                States or of any State or that would be a criminal 
                violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the 
                United States or any State; and
                    (B) which appears to be intended--
                            (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian 
                        population;
                            (ii) to influence the policy of a 
                        government by intimidation or coercion; or
                            (iii) to affect the conduct of a government 
                        by assassination or kidnapping.
            (2) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term 
        ``appropriate Congressional committees'' means the Committee on 
        Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
        House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign 
        Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.
            (3) Component part.--The term ``component part'' has the 
        meaning given that term in section 11A(e)(1) of the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2410a(e)(1)).
            (4) Develop and development.--To ``develop'', or the 
        ``development'' of, petroleum resources means the exploration 
        for, or the extraction, refining, or transportation by pipeline 
        of, petroleum resources.
            (5) Financial institution.--The term ``financial 
        institution'' includes--
                    (A) a depository institution (as defined in section 
                3(c)(1) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act), 
                including a branch or agency of a foreign bank (as 
                defined in section 1(b)(7) of the International Banking 
                Act of 1978);
                    (B) a credit union;
                    (C) a securities firm, including a broker or 
                dealer;
                    (D) an insurance company, including an agency or 
                underwriter;
                    (E) any other company that provides financial 
                services including, but not limited to joint ventures, 
                partnerships or investments with Syrian government-
                controlled entities or affiliated entities.
            (6) Finished product.--The term ``finished product'' has 
        the meaning given that term in section 11A(e)(2) of the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2410a(e)(2)) and 
        includes any Syrian-origin petroleum or petroleum product.
            (7) Foreign person.--The term ``foreign person'' means--
                    (A) an individual who is not a United States person 
                or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence 
                into the United States; or
                    (B) a corporation, partnership, joint venture, 
                cooperative ventures or other nongovernmental entity 
                which is not a United States person.
            (8) Goods and technology.--The terms ``goods'' and 
        ``technology'' have the meanings given those terms in section 
        16 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 
        2415).
            (9) Investment.--The term ``investment'' means any of the 
        following activities if such activity is undertaken pursuant to 
        an agreement, or pursuant to the exercise of rights under such 
        an agreement, that is entered into with the Government of Syria 
        or a nongovernmental entity in Syria on or after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act:
                    (A) The entry into a contract that includes 
                responsibility for the development of petroleum 
                resources located in Syria, or the entry into a 
                contract providing for the general supervision and 
                guarantee of another person's performance of such a 
                contract.
                    (B) The purchase of a share of ownership, including 
                an equity interest, in that development.
                    (C) The entry into a contract providing for the 
                participation in royalties, earnings, or profits in 
                that development, without regard to the form of the 
                participation.
        The term ``investment'' does not include the entry into, 
        performance, or financing of a contract to sell or purchase 
        goods, services, or technology. For purposes of this paragraph, 
        an amendment or other modification that is made, on or after 
        the date of enactment of this Act, to an agreement or contract 
        shall be treated as the entry of an agreement or contract.
            (10) Syria.--The term ``Syria'' includes any agency or 
        instrumentality of Syria, including any Syrian-linked or 
        Syrian-controlled entity.
            (11) Syrian diplomats and representatives of other 
        government and military or quasi-governmental institutions of 
        syria.--The term ``Syrian diplomats and representatives of 
        other government and military or quasi-governmental 
        institutions of Syria'' includes employees, representatives, 
        affiliates, agents, instrumentalities, or persons of the 
        Government of Syria.
            (12) Knowingly.--The term ``knowingly'', with respect to 
        conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person has 
        actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the 
        circumstance, or the result.
            (13) Nuclear explosive device.--The term ``nuclear 
        explosive device'' means any device, whether assembled or 
        disassembled, that is designed to produce an instantaneous 
        release of an amount of nuclear energy from special nuclear 
        material (as defined in section 11(aa) of the Atomic Energy Act 
        of 1954) that is greater than the amount of energy that would 
        be released from the detonation of one pound of trinitrotoluene 
        (TNT).
            (14) Person.--The term ``person'' means--
                    (A) a natural person;
                    (B) a corporation, business association, 
                partnership, society, trust, financial institution, 
                insurer, underwriter, guarantor, and any other business 
                organization, any other nongovernmental entity, 
                organization, or group, and any governmental entity 
                operating as a business enterprise, a sole 
                proprietorship, organization, association, corporation, 
                partnership, limited liability company, venture, joint 
                venture, or other entity, its subsidiary, or affiliate;
                    (C) a company owned or controlled, either directly 
                or indirectly, by the government of a foreign country, 
                that is established or organized under the laws of, or 
                has its principal place of business in, such foreign 
                country and includes United States subsidiaries of the 
                same;
                    (D) any individual or entity that directly or 
                indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under 
                common control with, the company, including without 
                limitation direct and indirect subsidiaries of a 
                company; and
                    (E) any successor to any entity described in 
                subparagraph (B).
        The term ``person'' does not include a government or 
        governmental entity that is not operating as a business 
        enterprise.
            (15) Petroleum resources.--The term ``petroleum resources'' 
        includes petroleum and natural gas resources petroleum, refined 
        petroleum products, oil or liquefied natural gas, natural gas 
        resources, oil or liquefied natural gas tankers, and products 
        used to construct or maintain pipelines used to transport oil 
        or liquefied natural gas.
            (16) Refined petroleum products.--The term ``refined 
        petroleum products'' means diesel, gasoline, jet fuel 
        (including naphtha-type and kerosene-type jet fuel), and 
        aviation gasoline.
            (17) United states or state.--The term ``United States'' or 
        ``State'' means the several States, the District of Columbia, 
        the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the 
        Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the United 
        States Virgin Islands, and any other territory or possession of 
        the United States.
            (18) United states person.--The term ``United States 
        person'' means--
                    (A) a natural person who is a citizen of the United 
                States or who owes permanent allegiance to the United 
                States; and
                    (B) a corporation or other legal entity which is 
                organized under the laws of the United States, any 
                State or territory thereof, or the District of 
                Columbia, if natural persons described in subparagraph 
                (A) own, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent 
                of the outstanding capital stock or other beneficial 
                interest in such legal entity.
            (19) United states assistance.--The term ``United States 
        assistance'' means--
                    (A) any assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act 
                of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), other than urgent 
                humanitarian assistance or medicine;
                    (B) sales and assistance under the Arms Export 
                Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);
                    (C) financing by the Commodity Credit Corporation 
                for export sales of agricultural commodities; or
                    (D) financing under the Export-Import Bank Act of 
                1945 (12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.).
            (20) Admitted; alien.--The terms ``admitted'' and ``alien'' 
        have the meanings given those terms in section 101(a) of the 
        Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)).

      TITLE I--STRENGTHENING UNITED STATES SANCTIONS AGAINST SYRIA

SEC. 101. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) On April 29, 2011, the President transmitted to 
        Congress a message continuing the national emergency with 
        respect to Syria, stating that ``[the Government of Syria's] 
        actions and policies, including continuing support for 
        terrorist organizations, damaging the Lebanese government's 
        ability to function, and pursuit of weapons of mass destruction 
        and missile programs, continue to pose an unusual and 
        extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, 
        and economy of the United States.''.
            (2) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) 
        mandates that all states ``refrain from providing any form of 
        support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in 
        terrorist acts'', take ``the necessary steps to prevent the 
        commission of terrorist acts'', and ``deny safe haven to those 
        who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts''.
            (3) The Government of Syria is currently prohibited by 
        United States law from receiving United States assistance 
        because it has repeatedly provided support for acts of 
        international terrorism, as determined by the Secretary of 
        State for purposes of section 6(j)(1) of the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)) and 
        other relevant provisions of law.
            (4) The Department of State's ``Country Reports on 
        Terrorism'' for 2009 state that ``Syria continue[s] to provide 
        safe-haven as well as political and other support to a number 
        of designated Palestinian terrorist groups, including HAMAS, 
        Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the Popular Front for the 
        Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) . . . The 
        operational leadership of many of these groups is headquartered 
        or sheltered in Damascus . . . Syria allows terrorist groups 
        resident in its territory to receive and ship goods, including 
        weapons, in and out of the country. Additionally, the Syrian 
        government provided diplomatic, political and material support 
        to Hizballah in Lebanon and allowed Iran to supply this 
        organization with weapons. Weapons flow from Iran through 
        Syria, and directly from Syria, to Hizballah despite UN 
        Security Council resolution 1701 of 2006, which imposes an arms 
        embargo on Lebanon except with the consent of the Lebanese 
        government . . . Syria has maintained its ties with its 
        strategic ally, and fellow state sponsor of terrorism, Iran.''.
            (5) The Department of State's ``Country Reports on 
        Terrorism'' for 2009 state that ``The existence of foreign 
        fighter facilitation networks in Syria [for entry into Iraq] . 
        . . remains troubling . . . Syria has long provided sanctuary 
        and political support for certain former Iraqi regime elements 
        (FRE) . . . In 2008, the United States designated several 
        Iraqis and Iraqi-owned entities residing in Syria under 
        Executive Order 13438 for providing financial, material, and 
        technical support for acts of violence that threatened the 
        peace and stability of Iraq . . . Additionally, the United 
        States designated one Syria-based individual in 2007 under E.O. 
        13224 for providing financial and material support to AQI and 
        six others under E.O. 13315 as FRE or family members of FRE, 
        some of whom had provided financial assistance to the Iraqi 
        insurgency.''.
            (6) According to the ``Message and Notice from the 
        President on the Continuation of the National Emergency with 
        Respect to Syria'' dated April 29, 2011, the Government of 
        Syria is ``damaging the Lebanese government's ability to 
        function''.
            (7) According to the Office of the Director of National 
        Intelligence's ``Unclassified Report to Congress on the 
        Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass 
        Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions'' for the year 
        2010, ``Syria . . . was engaged for more than a decade in a 
        covert nuclear program with North Korean assistance. The 
        program involved construction of a nuclear reactor at Al Kibar 
        without informing the IAEA and while taking measures to 
        preserve the site's secrecy. We assess the reactor would have 
        been capable of producing plutonium for nuclear weapons. The 
        reactor was destroyed in September 2007, before it became 
        operational, and Syria went to great lengths to try to 
        eradicate evidence of its existence and remains generally 
        uncooperative with the IAEA investigation. The covert nature of 
        the program, the characteristics of the reactor, and Syria's 
        extreme efforts to deny and destroy evidence of the reactor 
        after its destruction are inconsistent with peaceful nuclear 
        applications.''.
            (8) According to the Office of the Director of National 
        Intelligence's ``Unclassified Report to Congress on the 
        Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass 
        Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions'' for the year 
        2010, ``Syria possesses one of the largest ballistic missile 
        forces in the Middle East, including liquid-propellant Scud 
        SRBMs and Scud-class variants such as Scud C and D. Syria also 
        fields the SS-21 solid-propellant SRBM. Syria remains dependent 
        on foreign suppliers such as North Korea and Iran for some 
        ballistic missile technology; however, Syria has growing 
        domestic capabilities and poses the risk of missile 
        proliferation.''.
            (9) According to the Office of the Director of National 
        Intelligence's ``Unclassified Report to Congress on the 
        Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass 
        Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions'' for the year 
        2010, ``Syria continue[s] to seek dual-use technology from 
        foreign sources . . . Syria has had a [chemical weapons] 
        program for many years and has a stockpile of [chemical 
        weapons] agents, which can be delivered by aerial bombs, 
        ballistic missiles, and artillery rockets . . . Syria's 
        biotechnical infrastructure is capable of supporting 
        [biological weapons] agent development.''.
            (10) Under the Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear 
        Weapons (21 U.S.T. 483), which entered force on March 5, 1970, 
        and to which Syria is a party, Syria has undertaken not to 
        acquire or produce nuclear weapons and has accepted full scope 
        safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency to detect 
        diversions of nuclear materials from peaceful activities to the 
        production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive 
        devices.
            (11) Syria is not a party to the Chemical Weapons 
        Convention or the Biological Weapons Convention, which entered 
        into force on April 29, 1997, and on March 26, 1975, 
        respectively.
            (12) According to the Department of State's 2010 Country 
        Reports on Human Rights Practices, ``[Syria is] under the 
        authoritarian regime of President Bashar al-Asad . . . [In 
        2010, t]he government systematically repressed citizens' 
        ability to change their government. The security forces 
        committed arbitrary or unlawful killings, caused politically 
        motivated disappearances, and tortured and physically abused 
        prisoners and detainees with impunity. Security forces arrested 
        and detained individuals under poor conditions without due 
        process. Lengthy pretrial and incommunicado detention remained 
        a serious problem. The judiciary was not independent. There 
        were political prisoners and detainees, and during the year the 
        government sentenced to prison several high-profile members of 
        the human rights and civil society communities. The government 
        violated citizens' privacy rights. The government imposed 
        severe restrictions on civil liberties: freedoms of speech and 
        press, including Internet and academic freedom; freedoms of 
        assembly and of association, including severe restrictions on 
        nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and freedoms of religion 
        and movement. An atmosphere of corruption pervaded the 
        government. Violence and societal discrimination against women 
        continued, as did sexual exploitation, increasingly of Iraqi 
        refugees, including minors. The government discriminated 
        against minorities, particularly Kurds, and severely restricted 
        workers rights.''.
            (13) Since March of 2011, the Government of Syria has 
        expanded its repression and human rights violations, killing 
        hundreds of Syrians and reportedly detaining or imprisoning 
        many others.
            (14) In May of 2011, the European Union imposed sanctions 
        on a number of Syrian officials, including the President of 
        Syria, and other Syrian persons for their role in human rights 
        abuses.
            (15) The Government of Syria remains dependent on Syria's 
        energy sector for revenue, even as Syria's petroleum production 
        has largely declined in recent years due to diminishing 
        reserves and limited refining capacity.
            (16) The Government of Syria's ability to generate 
        additional revenue for its threatening activities, via 
        expanding Syria's refining capacity and significantly 
        increasing petroleum production and exports, is heavily 
        dependent on obtaining increased foreign investment in Syria's 
        energy sector.

SEC. 102. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY.

    Congress makes the following declarations of policy:
            (1) The actions of the Government of the Syria, including 
        its support for, and facilitation of, terrorist activities, 
        including inside of Iraq, its development of long-range 
        missiles and weapons of mass destruction programs and 
        capabilities, its continued interference with the internal 
        affairs of the Lebanese Republic in violation of multiple 
        United Nations Security Council resolutions and of its 
        international obligations, and its massive, systematic, and 
        extraordinary violations of human rights of the Syrian people, 
        are a threat to the national security of the United States and 
        international peace.
            (2) The policy of the United States shall be to deny the 
        Government of Syria the ability to carry out the following:
                    (A) To finance, provide safe-haven, or otherwise 
                support terrorist organizations.
                    (B) To develop chemical, biological, radiological, 
                or nuclear weapons and long-range ballistic missiles.
                    (C) To continue to interfere in the affairs of the 
                Government of Lebanon in contravention of multiple 
                United Nations Security Council resolutions and other 
                pertinent obligations.
                    (D) To continue to oppress the people of Syria.
            (3) The President should advocate for, and should instruct 
        the United States Permanent Representative to the United 
        Nations to propose and seek within the United Nations Security 
        Council, a mandatory international embargo against the 
        Government of Syria, pursuant to Article 41 of the Charter of 
        the United Nations.
            (4) Any effort by a country that is a recipient of United 
        States assistance to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the 
        development of Syria's chemical, biological, radiological, or 
        nuclear weapons capabilities, long-range ballistic missile 
        development programs, or to help make operational any nuclear 
        facility in Syria will have a detrimental impact on United 
        States assistance to, or commercial and financial relations 
        with, such country.

SEC. 103. CODIFICATION OF EXISTING SANCTIONS AND CONTINUATION OF 
              RESTRICTIONS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA.

    (a) Restrictions Relating to Certain Provisions of Law.--
Restrictions against the Government of Syria, and on persons by reason 
of their direction of, or contribution to, activities of the Government 
of Syria, that were imposed pursuant to the Code of Federal 
Regulations, sections 4 and 5 of Executive Order 12938, sections 1, 2, 
and 3 of Executive Order 13338, section 1 of Executive Order 13399, 
sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order 13460, Executive Order 13572, 
Executive Order 13573, section 311 of the USA PATRIOT Act (Public Law 
107-56, 115 Stat. 272), the Export Administration Act of 1979 (Public 
Law 96-72, 50 U.S.C. App. 2401 et seq.), the Syria Accountability and 
Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-175, 22 
U.S.C. 2151 note), the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation 
Act (Public Law 106-178, 50 U.S.C. 1701 note), or any similar provision 
of law, as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, shall 
remain in effect and may not be lifted pursuant to such provisions of 
law until the President certifies to the appropriate congressional 
committees that the Government of Syria--
            (1) has ceased all support for terrorism, including by 
        meeting the requirements of paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of 
        subsection (b), and has not provided such support during the 
        preceding 5-year period and has not been determined by the 
        Secretary of State, for the purposes of section 6(j) of the 
        Export Administration Act of 1979, section 620A of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms Export Control 
        Act, or any other provision of law, to be a government that has 
        repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism 
        at any time during such 5-year period;
            (2)(A) has permanently dismantled Syria's chemical, 
        biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons programs;
            (B) has ceased all efforts to design, develop, manufacture, 
        or acquire--
                    (i) a nuclear explosive device or related materials 
                and technology;
                    (ii) chemical, biological, and radiological 
                weapons; and
                    (iii) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 
                launch technology; and
            (C) has taken demonstrable steps to combat the 
        proliferation of such weapons;
            (3) does not pose a threat to United States national 
        security, United States interests, and United States allies in 
        the region;
            (4) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and right to 
        exist of all neighboring countries;
            (5) upholds and defends the human rights and civil 
        liberties of its people;
            (6) has legalized all political activity;
            (7) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair 
        elections for a new government--
                    (A) to be held within a period not to exceed 180 
                days after the date on which the President makes the 
                determination and certification to the appropriate 
                congressional committees under this subsection;
                    (B) with the participation of multiple independent 
                political parties that have full access to the media on 
                an equal basis, including (in the case of radio, 
                television, or other telecommunications media) in terms 
                of allotments of time for such access and the times of 
                day such allotments are given; and
                    (C) to be conducted under the supervision of 
                internationally recognized observers; and
            (8) made public commitments to and is making demonstrable 
        progress in--
                    (A) establishing an independent judiciary; and
                    (B) respecting internationally recognized human 
                rights and basic freedoms as recognized in the 
                Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    (b) Restrictions Relating to State Sponsor of Terrorism 
Determination.--Restrictions against the Government of Syria that were 
imposed by reason of a determination by the Secretary of State that the 
Government of Syria, for purposes of section 6(j) of the Export 
Administration Act of 1979 (as continued in effect pursuant to the 
International Emergency Economic Powers Act), section 40 of the Arms 
Export Control Act, section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 
or other provision of law, is a government that has repeatedly provided 
support for acts of international terrorism, shall remain in effect, 
and shall not be lifted pursuant to such provisions of law, unless the 
President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that 
the Government of Syria--
            (1) is not engaged in the illegal transfer of missile or 
        nuclear technology to the Government of North Korea or to any 
        country the government of which the Secretary of State has 
        determined, for purposes of any of the provisions of law 
        specified in the matter preceding this paragraph, is a 
        government that has repeatedly provided support for acts of 
        international terrorism;
            (2) is no longer engaged in training, harboring, supplying, 
        financing, or supporting in any way--
                    (A) Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 
                the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the 
                Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General 
                Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of 
                Palestine, Fatah al-Intifada, or Fatah al-Islam;
                    (B) any other organization designated by the 
                Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist organization 
                in accordance with section 219(a) of the Immigration 
                and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
                    (C) any person included on the Annex to Executive 
                Order 13224 (September 23, 2001) and any other person 
                identified under section 1 of that Executive Order 
                whose property and interests in property are blocked by 
                such section (commonly known as a ``specially 
                designated global terrorist'');
                    (D) any person designated under section 3 of 
                Executive Order 13338 (May 13, 2004) or under section 1 
                of Executive Order 13438 (July 17, 2007);
                    (E) the Syrian Social Nationalist Party;
                    (F) any other person or organization contributing 
                to instability in Lebanon or Iraq; and
                    (G) any agency, instrumentality, affiliate, or 
                successor organization of the organizations listed in 
                subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), or (F);
            (3) has immediately and unconditionally stopped 
        facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of individuals, 
        military equipment, and all lethal items, except as authorized 
        by the representative, internationally recognized Government of 
        Iraq; and
            (4) has ceased its support for ``volunteers'' and 
        terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria into Iraq 
        to launch attacks.

SEC. 104. MANDATORY SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONS OF 
              MASS DESTRUCTION OR OTHER MILITARY CAPABILITIES.

    (a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the 
President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) if the 
President determines that a person has, on or after the date of the 
enactment of this Act exported, transferred, or otherwise provided to 
Syria any goods, services, technology, or other items knowing that the 
provision of such goods, services, technology, or other items would 
contribute materially to the ability of Syria to--
            (1) acquire or develop chemical, biological, or nuclear 
        weapons or related technologies; or
            (2) acquire or develop destabilizing numbers and types of 
        advanced conventional weapons.
    (b) Sanctions.--The sanctions to be imposed on a person described 
in subsection (a) are the following:
            (1) Export-import bank assistance for exports to sanctioned 
        persons.--The President may direct the Export-Import Bank of 
        the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any 
        guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in 
        the extension of credit in connection with the export of any 
        goods or services to any sanctioned person.
            (2) Export sanction.--
                    (A) In general.--The President may order the United 
                States Government not to issue any specific license and 
                not to grant any other specific permission or authority 
                to export any goods or technology to a sanctioned 
                person under--
                            (i) the Export Administration Act of 1979;
                            (ii) the Arms Export Control Act;
                            (iii) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; or
                            (iv) any other statute that requires the 
                        prior review and approval of the United States 
                        Government as a condition for the export or re-
                        export of goods or services.
                    (B) Exceptions.--The prohibition in subparagraph 
                (A) does not apply to exports to Syria of--
                            (i) agricultural commodities, food, 
                        medicine, or medical devices;
                            (ii) articles exported to Syria to provide 
                        humanitarian assistance to the people of Syria;
                            (iii) information or informational 
                        materials; or
                            (iv) goods, services, or technologies 
                        necessary to ensure the safe operation of 
                        commercial passenger aircraft produced in the 
                        United States if the exportation of such goods, 
                        services, or technologies is approved by the 
                        Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with 
                        the Secretary of Commerce, pursuant to 
                        regulations for licensing the exportation of 
                        such goods, services, or technologies, if 
                        appropriate.
            (3) Loans from united states financial institutions.--The 
        United States Government may prohibit any United States 
        financial institution from making loans or providing credits to 
        any sanctioned person totaling more than $2,000,000 in any 12-
        month period unless such person is engaged in activities to 
        relieve human suffering and the loans or credits are provided 
        for such activities.
            (4) Prohibitions on financial institutions.--The following 
        prohibitions may be imposed against a sanctioned person that is 
        a financial institution:
                    (A) Prohibition on designation as primary dealer.--
                Neither the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
                System nor the Federal Reserve Bank of New York may 
                designate, or permit the continuation of any prior 
                designation of, such financial institution as a primary 
                dealer in United States Government debt instruments.
                    (B) Prohibition on service as a repository of 
                government funds.--Such financial institution may not 
                serve as agent of the United States Government or serve 
                as repository for United States Government funds.
            (5) Procurement sanction.--The United States Government may 
        not procure, or enter into any contract for the procurement of, 
        any goods or services from a sanctioned person.
            (6) Foreign exchange.--The President shall prohibit any 
        transactions in foreign exchange that are subject to the 
        jurisdiction of the United States and in which the sanctioned 
        person has any interest.
            (7) Banking transactions.--The President shall prohibit any 
        transfers of credit or payments between financial institutions 
        or by, through, or to any financial institution, to the extent 
        that such transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction 
        of the United States and involve any interest of the sanctioned 
        person.
            (8) Property transactions.--The President shall prohibit 
        any person from--
                    (A) acquiring, holding, withholding, using, 
                transferring, withdrawing, transporting, importing, or 
                exporting any property that is subject to the 
                jurisdiction of the United States and with respect to 
                which the sanctioned person has any interest;
                    (B) dealing in or exercising any right, power, or 
                privilege with respect to such property; or
                    (C) conducting any transaction involving such 
                property.
            (9) Additional sanctions.--The President may impose 
        sanctions, as appropriate, to restrict imports with respect to 
        a sanctioned person, in accordance with the International 
        Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 and following).
    (c) Additional Mandatory Sanctions Relating to Transfer of Nuclear 
Technology.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and 
        (3), in any case in which a person is subject to sanctions 
        under subsection (a) because of an activity described in that 
        subsection that relates to the acquisition or development of 
        nuclear weapons or related technology or of missiles or 
        advanced conventional weapons that are designed or modified to 
        deliver a nuclear weapon, with respect to the country the 
        government of which has primary jurisdiction over the person, 
        the following shall apply:
                    (A) No license may be issued for the export, and no 
                approval may be given for the transfer or retransfer, 
                directly or indirectly, to such country of any nuclear 
                material, facilities, components, or other goods, 
                services, or technology that are or would be subject to 
                an agreement for cooperation between the United States 
                and that government.
                    (B) The United States Government shall suspend 
                compliance with its obligations under any memorandum of 
                understanding with such country for the codevelopment 
                or coproduction of any item on the United States 
                Munitions List (established under section 38 of the 
                Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778)), including 
                any obligation for implementation of such memorandum of 
                understanding through the sale to such country of 
                technical data or assistance or the licensing for 
                export to such country of any component part.
                    (C) No item on the United States Munitions List 
                (established pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export 
                Control Act) may be exported to such country.
                    (D) The United States Government shall not issue 
                any license for any export by or to such country.
                    (E) The President shall ban the importation of any 
                article that is a product of such country.
                    (F) The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct 
                the United States Executive Director at each 
                international financial institution (as defined in 
                section 1701(c)(2) of the International Financial 
                Institutions Act) to oppose and vote against the 
                extension by such institution of any financial or 
                technical assistance to such country.
                    (G) The United States Government shall suspend 
                compliance with its obligations under any technical 
                exchange agreement involving military and dual-use 
                technology between the United States and such country 
                that does not directly contribute to the national 
                security of the United States, and no military or dual-
                use technology may be exported from the United States 
                to such country pursuant to such agreement during such 
                period.
            (2) Exception.--The sanctions described in paragraph (1) 
        shall not apply with respect to a country the government of 
        which has primary jurisdiction over a person that engages in an 
        activity described in that subparagraph if the President 
        determines and notifies the appropriate congressional 
        committees that the government of the country--
                    (A) does not know or have reason to know about the 
                activity; and
                    (B) has taken, or is taking, all reasonable steps 
                necessary to prevent a recurrence of the activity and 
                to penalize the person for the activity.
            (3) Individual approval.--Notwithstanding paragraph (1), 
        the President may, on a case-by-case basis, approve the 
        issuance of a license for the export, or approve the transfer 
        or retransfer, of any nuclear material, facilities, components, 
        or other goods, services, or technology that are or would be 
        subject to an agreement for cooperation, to a person in a 
        country to which paragraph (1) applies (other than a person 
        that is subject to the sanctions under paragraph (1)) if the 
        President--
                    (A) determines that failure to approve the issuance 
                of such license, or to approve such transfer or 
                retransfer, would cause extraordinary harm to the vital 
                national security interests of the United States; and
                    (B) not later than 15 days before issuing such 
                license or approving such transfer or retransfer, 
                submits to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the 
                House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign 
                Relations of the Senate the justification for approving 
                such license, transfer, or retransfer.
            (4) Construction.--The restrictions in paragraph (1) shall 
        apply in addition to all other applicable procedures, 
        requirements, and restrictions contained in the Atomic Energy 
        Act of 1954 and other related laws.
            (5) Definition.--In this subsection, the term ``agreement 
        for cooperation'' has the meaning given that term in section 11 
        b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014 b.).
            (6) Applicability.--The sanctions under paragraph (1) shall 
        apply only in a case in which a person is subject to sanctions 
        under subsection (a) because of an activity described in that 
        subsection in which the person engages on or after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act.
    (d) Persons Against Which the Sanctions Are To Be Imposed.--The 
sanctions described in subsection (a) shall be imposed on--
            (1) any person the President determines has carried out the 
        activities described in subsection (a); and
            (2) any person that--
                    (A) is a successor entity to the person referred to 
                in paragraph (1);
                    (B) owns or controls the person referred to in 
                paragraph (1), if the person that owns or controls the 
                person referred to in paragraph (1) had actual 
                knowledge or should have known that the person referred 
                to in paragraph (1) engaged in the activities referred 
                to in that paragraph; or
                    (C) is owned or controlled by, or under common 
                ownership or control with, the person referred to in 
                paragraph (1), if the person owned or controlled by, or 
                under common ownership or control with (as the case may 
                be), the person referred to in paragraph (1) knowingly 
                engaged in the activities referred to in that 
                paragraph.
        For purposes of this Act, any person or entity described in 
        this subsection shall be referred to as a ``sanctioned 
        person''.

SEC. 105. AMENDMENT TO THE SYRIA ACCOUNTABILITY AND LEBANESE 
              SOVEREIGNTY RESTORATION ACT OF 2003.

    Section 5 of the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty 
Restoration Act is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a), in paragraph (2), by striking 
        ``two'' and inserting ``four''; and
            (2) by striking subsection (b) and redesignating 
        subsections (c) and (d) as subsections (b) and (c), 
        respectively.

          TITLE II--SANCTIONS TARGETING SYRIA'S ENERGY SECTOR

SEC. 201. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) The efforts of the Government of Syria to acquire 
        nuclear weapons capabilities, develop and expand existing 
        unconventional weapons capabilities and the means to deliver 
        them, both through ballistic missile and asymmetric means, and 
        its support for foreign terrorist organizations and other 
        extremists endanger the national security and foreign policy 
        interests of the United States and those countries with which 
        the United States shares common strategic and foreign policy 
        objectives.
            (2) The objective of preventing the proliferation of 
        nuclear weapons capabilities, other unconventional weapons and 
        activities of foreign terrorist organizations and other 
        extremists through existing multilateral and bilateral 
        initiatives requires additional efforts to deny Syria the 
        financial means to sustain its nuclear, chemical, biological, 
        and missile weapons programs.
            (3) The Government of Syria uses its diplomatic facilities 
        and quasi-governmental institutions outside of Syria to support 
        foreign terrorist organizations and other extremists, and 
        assist its nuclear, unconventional weapons and missile 
        programs.

SEC. 202. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

    It is the sense of Congress that the United States shall fully 
implement the sanctions against Syria contained in this title.

SEC. 203. DECLARATION OF POLICY.

    The Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States to 
deny Syria the ability to support acts of foreign terrorist 
organizations and extremists, develop unconventional weapons and 
ballistic missiles, and to fund the development and acquisition of 
nuclear capabilities and the means to deliver them by limiting the 
development of Syria's ability to explore for, extract, refine, or 
transport by pipeline petroleum resources of Syria.

SEC. 204. MULTILATERAL REGIME.

    (a) Multilateral Negotiations.--In order to further the objectives 
of section 102, the Congress urges the President to commence 
immediately diplomatic efforts, both in appropriate international fora 
such as the United Nations, and bilaterally with allies of the United 
States, to establish a multilateral sanctions regime against Syria, 
including provisions limiting the development of petroleum resources, 
that will inhibit Syria's efforts to carry out activities described in 
section 203.
    (b) Reports to Congress.--The President shall report to the 
appropriate congressional committees, not later than 1 year after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, on the 
extent that diplomatic efforts described in subsection (a) have been 
successful. Each report shall include--
            (1) the countries that have agreed to undertake measures to 
        further the objectives of section 102 with respect to Syria, 
        and a description of those measures; and
            (2) the countries that have not agreed to measures 
        described in paragraph (1), and, with respect to those 
        countries, other measures the President recommends that the 
        United States take to further the objectives of section 203 
        with respect to Syria.
    (c) Interim Report on Multilateral Sanctions; Monitoring.--The 
President, not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, shall report to the appropriate congressional committees on--
            (1) which countries have legislative or administrative 
        standards providing for the imposition of trade sanctions on 
        persons or their affiliates doing business or having 
        investments in Syria;
            (2) the extent and duration of each instance of the 
        application of such sanctions; and
            (3) the disposition of any decision with respect to such 
        sanctions by the World Trade Organization or its predecessor 
        organization.
    (d) Investigations.--
            (1) In general.--The President shall initiate an 
        investigation into the possible imposition of sanctions under 
        section 205 against a person upon receipt by the United States 
        of credible information indicating that such person is engaged 
        in an activity described in such section.
            (2) Credible information.--The term ``credible 
        information'' means, with respect to a person, such person's 
        public announcement of an activity described in section 205, 
        Syrian governmental announcements of such an activity, reports 
        to stockholders, annual reports, industry reports, Government 
        Accountability Office products, and trade publications.
            (3) Determination and notification.--Not later than 180 
        days after an investigation is initiated in accordance with 
        paragraph (1), the President shall (unless paragraph (3) 
        applies) determine, pursuant to section 205, if a person has 
        engaged in an activity described in such section and shall 
        notify the appropriate congressional committees of the basis 
        for any such determination.
            (4) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date of the 
        enactment of this Act, and quarterly thereafter, the Secretary 
        of State shall--
                    (A) brief the appropriate congressional committees 
                regarding investigations initiated under this section; 
                and
                    (B) furnish to the appropriate congressional 
                committees, pursuant to section 15(b) of the State 
                Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 
                2680(b)), all requested information relating to 
                investigations or reviews initiated under this Act.

SEC. 205. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.

    (a) Sanctions With Respect to the Development of Petroleum 
Resources of Syria, Production of Refined Petroleum Products in Syria, 
and Exportation of Refined Petroleum Products to Syria.--
            (1) Development of petroleum resources of syria.--
                    (A) In general.--Except as provided in subsection 
                (g) or (h), the President shall impose the sanctions 
                described in section 206(a) with respect to a person if 
                the President determines that the person knowingly, on 
                or after the date of the enactment of this Act--
                            (i) makes an investment described in 
                        subparagraph (B) of $5,000,000 or more; or
                            (ii) makes a combination of investments 
                        described in subparagraph (B) in a 12-month 
                        period if each such investment is of at least 
                        $2,000,000 and such investments equal or exceed 
                        $5,000,000 in the aggregate.
                    (B) Investment described.--An investment described 
                in this subparagraph is an investment that directly and 
                significantly contributes to the enhancement of Syria's 
                ability to develop petroleum resources.
            (2) Production of refined petroleum products.--
                    (A) In general.--Except as provided in subsection 
                (g) or (h), the President shall impose the sanctions 
                described in section 206(a) with respect to a person if 
                the President determines that the person knowingly, on 
                or after the date of the enactment of this Act sells, 
                leases, or provides to Syria goods, services, 
                technology, information, or support described in 
                subparagraph (B)--
                            (i) any of which has a fair market value of 
                        $1,000,000 or more; or
                            (ii) that, during a 12-month period, have 
                        an aggregate fair market value of $2,000,000 or 
                        more.
                    (B) Goods, services, technology, information, or 
                support described.--Goods, services, technology, 
                information, or support described in this subparagraph 
                are goods, services, technology, information, or 
                support that could directly and significantly 
                facilitate the maintenance or expansion of Syria's 
                domestic production of refined petroleum products, 
                including any direct and significant assistance with 
                respect to the construction, modernization, or repair 
                of petroleum refineries.
            (3) Exportation of refined petroleum products to syria.--
                    (A) In general.--Except as provided in subsection 
                (g) or (h), the President shall impose 3 or more of the 
                sanctions described in section 206(a) with respect to a 
                person if the President determines that the person 
                knowingly, on or after the date of the enactment of 
                this Act--
                            (i) sells or provides to Syria refined 
                        petroleum products--
                                    (I) that have a fair market value 
                                of $1,000,000 or more; or
                                    (II) that, during a 12-month 
                                period, have an aggregate fair market 
                                value of $5,000,000 or more; or
                            (ii) sells, leases, or provides to Syria 
                        goods, services, technology, information, or 
                        support described in subparagraph (B)--
                                    (I) any of which has a fair market 
                                value of $1,000,000 or more; or
                                    (II) that, during a 12-month 
                                period, have an aggregate fair market 
                                value of $5,000,000 or more.
                    (B) Goods, services, technology, information, or 
                support described.--Goods, services, technology, 
                information, or support described in this subparagraph 
                are goods, services, technology, information, or 
                support that could directly and significantly 
                contribute to the enhancement of Syria's ability to 
                import refined petroleum products, including--
                            (i) except as provided in subparagraph (C), 
                        underwriting or entering into a contract to 
                        provide insurance or reinsurance for the sale, 
                        lease, or provision of such goods, services, 
                        service contracts, technology, information, or 
                        support;
                            (ii) financing or brokering such sale, 
                        lease, or provision;
                            (iii) entering into an agreement with Syria 
                        to purchase or provide future delivery of 
                        Syrian petroleum resources;
                            (iv) purchasing, subscribing to, or 
                        facilitating the issuance of Syrian sovereign 
                        debt; or
                            (v) providing ships or shipping services 
                        (to include infrastructure development) to 
                        deliver refined petroleum products to Syria.
                    (C) Exception for underwriters and insurance 
                providers exercising due diligence.--The President may 
                not impose sanctions under this paragraph with respect 
                to a person that provides underwriting services or 
                insurance or reinsurance if the President determines 
                that the person has exercised due diligence in 
                establishing and enforcing official policies, 
                procedures, and controls to ensure that the person does 
                not underwrite or enter into a contract to provide 
                insurance or reinsurance for the sale, lease, or 
                provision of goods, services, technology, information, 
                or support described in subparagraph (B).
    (b) Persons Against Which the Sanctions Are To Be Imposed.--The 
sanctions described in subsection shall be imposed on--
            (1) any person the President determines has carried out the 
        activities described in subsection (a); and
            (2) any person that--
                    (A) is a successor entity to the person referred to 
                in paragraph (1);
                    (B) owns or controls the person referred to in 
                paragraph (1), if the person that owns or controls the 
                person referred to in paragraph (1) had actual 
                knowledge or should have known that the person referred 
                to in paragraph (1) engaged in the activities referred 
                to in that paragraph; or
                    (C) is owned or controlled by, or under common 
                ownership or control with, the person referred to in 
                paragraph (1), if the person owned or controlled by, or 
                under common ownership or control with (as the case may 
                be), the person referred to in paragraph (1) knowingly 
                engaged in the activities referred to in that 
                paragraph.
        For purposes of this Act, any person or entity described in 
        this subsection shall be referred to as a ``sanctioned 
        person''.
    (c) Publication in Federal Register.--The President shall cause to 
be published in the Federal Register a current list of persons and 
entities on which sanctions have been imposed under this Act. The 
removal of persons or entities from, and the addition of persons and 
entities to, the list, shall also be so published.
    (d) Publication of Projects.--The President shall cause to be 
published in the Federal Register a list of all significant projects 
which have been publicly tendered in the oil and gas sector in Syria.
    (e) Exceptions.--The President shall not be required to apply or 
maintain the sanctions under subsection (a)--
            (1) in the case of procurement of defense articles or 
        defense services--
                    (A) under existing contracts or subcontracts, 
                including the exercise of options for production 
                quantities to satisfy requirements essential to the 
                national security of the United States;
                    (B) if the President determines in writing that the 
                person to which the sanctions would otherwise be 
                applied is a sole source supplier of the defense 
                articles or services, that the defense articles or 
                services are essential, and that alternative sources 
                are not readily or reasonably available; or
                    (C) if the President determines in writing that 
                such articles or services are essential to the national 
                security under defense coproduction agreements;
            (2) in the case of procurement, to eligible products, as 
        defined in section 308(4) of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 
        (19 U.S.C. 2518(4)), of any foreign country or instrumentality 
        designated under section 301(b) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 
        2511(b));
            (3) to products, technology, or services provided under 
        contracts entered into before the date on which the President 
        publishes in the Federal Register the name of the person on 
        which the sanctions are to be imposed;
            (4) to--
                    (A) spare parts which are essential to United 
                States products or production;
                    (B) component parts, but not finished products, 
                essential to United States products or production; or
                    (C) routine servicing and maintenance of products, 
                to the extent that alternative sources are not readily 
                or reasonably available;
            (5) to information and technology essential to United 
        States products or production; or
            (6) to medicines, medical supplies, or other humanitarian 
        items.
    (f) Waiver.--The President may waive the application of the 
sanctions listed in subsection (a) on a case-by-case basis if, 15 days 
before the waiver is issued, the President certifies to the appropriate 
congressional committees that failure to issue the waiver would cause 
extraordinary harm to the vital national security interests of the 
United States.
    (g) Grounds for Exclusion.--The Secretary of State shall deny a 
visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude from the 
United States, any alien whom the Secretary of State determines is an 
alien who, on or after the date of the enactment of this Act is a--
            (1) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a 
        controlling interest of a person against whom sanctions have 
        been imposed pursuant to this section;
            (2) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a 
        controlling interest of a successor entity to or a parent or 
        subsidiary of such a person;
            (3) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a 
        controlling interest of an affiliate of such a sanctioned 
        person, if such affiliate engaged in a sanctionable activity 
        described in subsection (a) or (b) of this section, and if such 
        affiliate is controlled in fact by such a person;
            (4) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable 
        under paragraph (1), (2), or (3);
            (5) senior official of a foreign government that is 
        identified as a person against whom sanctions have been imposed 
        pursuant to this section;
            (6) senior official of a foreign government with primary 
        jurisdiction over such a person; or
            (7) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable 
        under paragraph (5) or (6).
    (h) Exception.--The President may waive the sanctions described in 
subsection (a) with respect to a person specified in paragraph (5), 
(6), or (7) of subsection (g) if the President determines and certifies 
in writing to the appropriate congressional committees, on a case by 
case basis, that the foreign government with primary jurisdiction over 
such a person against whom sanctions have been imposed pursuant to this 
section has made and continues to make clear, specific efforts to stop 
and deter a sanctionable activity described in subsection (a) or (b).

SEC. 206. DESCRIPTION OF SANCTIONS.

    (a) In General.--The sanctions to be imposed on a sanctioned person 
under section 205 are as follows:
            (1) Export-import bank assistance for exports to sanctioned 
        persons.--The President may direct the Export-Import Bank of 
        the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any 
        guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in 
        the extension of credit in connection with the export of any 
        goods or services to any sanctioned person.
            (2) Export sanction.--The President may order the United 
        States Government not to issue any specific license and not to 
        grant any other specific permission or authority to export any 
        goods or technology to a sanctioned person under--
                    (A) the Export Administration Act of 1979;
                    (B) the Arms Export Control Act;
                    (C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954; or
                    (D) any other statute that requires the prior 
                review and approval of the United States Government as 
                a condition for the export or re-export of goods or 
                services.
            (3) Exceptions.--The prohibition in subsection (a) does not 
        apply to exports to Syria of--
                    (A) agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or 
                medical devices;
                    (B) articles exported to Syria to provide 
                humanitarian assistance to the people of Syria;
                    (C) information or informational materials; or
                    (D) goods, services, or technologies necessary to 
                ensure the safe operation of commercial passenger 
                aircraft produced in the United States if the 
                exportation of such goods, services, or technologies is 
                approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, in 
                consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, pursuant 
                to regulations for licensing the exportation of such 
                goods, services, or technologies, if appropriate.
            (4) Loans from united states financial institutions.--The 
        United States Government may prohibit any United States 
        financial institution from making loans or providing credits to 
        any sanctioned person totaling more than $2,000,000 in any 12-
        month period unless such person is engaged in activities to 
        relieve human suffering and the loans or credits are provided 
        for such activities.
            (5) Prohibitions on financial institutions.--The following 
        prohibitions may be imposed against a sanctioned person that is 
        a financial institution:
                    (A) Prohibition on designation as primary dealer.--
                Neither the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
                System nor the Federal Reserve Bank of New York may 
                designate, or permit the continuation of any prior 
                designation of, such financial institution as a primary 
                dealer in United States Government debt instruments.
                    (B) Prohibition on service as a repository of 
                government funds.--Such financial institution may not 
                serve as agent of the United States Government or serve 
                as repository for United States Government funds.
            (6) Procurement sanction.--The United States Government may 
        not procure, or enter into any contract for the procurement of, 
        any goods or services from a sanctioned person.
            (7) Foreign exchange.--The President shall prohibit any 
        transactions in foreign exchange that are subject to the 
        jurisdiction of the United States and in which the sanctioned 
        person has any interest.
            (8) Banking transactions.--The President shall prohibit any 
        transfers of credit or payments between financial institutions 
        or by, through, or to any financial institution, to the extent 
        that such transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction 
        of the United States and involve any interest of the sanctioned 
        person.
            (9) Property transactions.--The President shall prohibit 
        any person from--
                    (A) acquiring, holding, withholding, using, 
                transferring, withdrawing, transporting, importing, or 
                exporting any property that is subject to the 
                jurisdiction of the United States and with respect to 
                which the sanctioned person has any interest;
                    (B) dealing in or exercising any right, power, or 
                privilege with respect to such property; or
                    (C) conducting any transaction involving such 
                property.
            (10) Additional sanctions.--The President may impose 
        sanctions, as appropriate, to restrict imports with respect to 
        a sanctioned person, in accordance with the International 
        Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 and following).
    (b) Additional Measure Relating to Government Contracts.--
            (1) Modification of federal acquisition regulation.--Not 
        later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, 
        the Federal Acquisition Regulation issued pursuant to section 
        25 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 
        421) shall be revised to require a certification from each 
        person that is a prospective contractor that the person does 
        not engage in any activity for which sanctions may be imposed 
        under section 205.
            (2) Remedies.--
                    (A) In general.--If the head of an executive agency 
                determines that a person has submitted a false 
                certification under paragraph (1) after the date on 
                which the Federal Acquisition Regulation is revised to 
                implement the requirements of this subsection, the head 
                of that executive agency shall terminate a contract 
                with such person or debar or suspend such person from 
                eligibility for Federal contracts for a period of not 
                more than 3 years. Any such debarment or suspension 
                shall be subject to the procedures that apply to 
                debarment and suspension under the Federal Acquisition 
                Regulation under subpart 9.4 of part 9 of title 48, 
                Code of Federal Regulations.
                    (B) Inclusion on list of parties excluded from 
                federal procurement and nonprocurement programs.--The 
                Administrator of General Services shall include on the 
                List of Parties Excluded from Federal Procurement and 
                Nonprocurement Programs maintained by the Administrator 
                under part 9 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation 
                issued pursuant to section 25 of the Office of Federal 
                Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 421) each person that 
                is debarred, suspended, or proposed for debarment or 
                suspension by the head of an executive agency on the 
                basis of a determination of a false certification under 
                subparagraph (A).
            (3) Clarification regarding certain products.--The remedies 
        set forth in paragraph (2) shall not apply with respect to the 
        procurement of eligible products, as defined in section 308(4) 
        of the Trade Agreements Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2518(4)), of any 
        foreign country or instrumentality designated under section 
        301(b) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 2511(b)).
            (4) Rule of construction.--This subsection shall not be 
        construed to limit the use of other remedies available to the 
        head of an executive agency or any other official of the 
        Federal Government on the basis of a determination of a false 
        certification under paragraph (1).
            (5) Executive agency defined.--In this subsection, the term 
        ``executive agency'' has the meaning given that term in section 
        204 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 
        403).

SEC. 207. ADVISORY OPINIONS.

    The Secretary of State may, upon the request of any person, issue 
an advisory opinion to that person as to whether a proposed activity by 
that person would subject that person to sanctions under this Act. Any 
person who relies in good faith on such an advisory opinion which 
states that the proposed activity would not subject a person to such 
sanctions, and any person who thereafter engages in such activity, will 
not be made subject to such sanctions on account of such activity.

SEC. 208. TERMINATION OF SANCTIONS.

    The requirement under section 205 to impose sanctions shall no 
longer have force or effect with respect to Syria if the President 
determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees 
that the Government of Syria--
            (1) has ceased all support for terrorism, including that 
        the Government of Syria--
                    (A) is not engaged in the illegal transfer of 
                missile or nuclear technology to the Government of 
                North Korea or to any country the government of which 
                the Secretary of State has determined, for purposes of 
                any of the provisions of law specified in the matter 
                preceding this paragraph, is a government that has 
                repeatedly provided support for acts of international 
                terrorism;
                    (B) is no longer engaged in training, harboring, 
                supplying, financing, or supporting in any way--
                            (i) Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic 
                        Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of 
                        Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation 
                        of Palestine-General Command, the Democratic 
                        Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah 
                        al-Intifada, or Fatah al-Islam;
                            (ii) any other organization designated by 
                        the Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist 
                        organization in accordance with section 219(a) 
                        of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 
                        U.S.C. 1189(a));
                            (iii) any person included on the Annex to 
                        Executive Order 13224 (September 23, 2001) and 
                        any other person identified under section 1 of 
                        that Executive Order whose property and 
                        interests in property are blocked by such 
                        section (commonly known as a ``specially 
                        designated global terrorist'');
                            (iv) any person designated under section 3 
                        of Executive Order 13338 (May 13, 2004) or 
                        under section 1 of Executive Order 13438 (July 
                        17, 2007);
                            (v) the Syrian Social Nationalist Party;
                            (vi) any other person or organization 
                        contributing to instability in Lebanon or Iraq; 
                        and
                            (vii) any agency, instrumentality, 
                        affiliate, or successor organization of the 
                        organizations listed in subparagraph (A), (B), 
                        (C), (D), (E), or (F);
                    (C) has immediately and unconditionally stopped 
                facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of individuals, 
                military equipment, and all lethal items, except as 
                authorized by the representative, internationally 
                recognized Government of Iraq; and
                    (D) has ceased its support for ``volunteers'' and 
                terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria 
                into Iraq to launch attacks;
            (2) has not provided such support during the preceding 5-
        year period and has not been determined by the Secretary of 
        State, for the purposes of section 6(j) of the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979, section 620A of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms Export Control 
        Act, or any other provision of law, to be a government that has 
        repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism 
        at any time during such 5-year period;
            (3)(A) has permanently dismantled Syria's chemical, 
        biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons programs;
            (B) has ceased all efforts to design, develop, manufacture, 
        or acquire--
                    (i) a nuclear explosive device or related materials 
                and technology;
                    (ii) chemical, biological, and radiological 
                weapons; and
                    (iii) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 
                launch technology; and
            (C) has taken demonstrable steps to combat the 
        proliferation of such weapons;
            (4) does not pose a threat to United States national 
        security, United States interests, and United States allies in 
        the region;
            (5) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and right to 
        exist of all neighboring countries;
            (6) upholds and defends the human rights and civil 
        liberties of its people;
            (7) has legalized all political activity;
            (8) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair 
        elections for a new government, to be held in a timely manner, 
        and with the participation of multiple independent political 
        parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, 
        including (in the case of radio, television, or other 
        telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for 
        such access and the times of day such allotments are given, and 
        to be conducted under the supervision of internationally 
        recognized observers; and
            (9) has made public commitments to and is making 
        demonstrable progress in--
                    (A) establishing an independent judiciary; and
                    (B) respecting internationally recognized human 
                rights and basic freedoms as recognized in the 
                Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

SEC. 209. DURATION OF SANCTIONS.

    (a) Delay of Sanctions.--
            (1) Consultations.--If the President makes a determination 
        described in section 205 with respect to a foreign person, the 
        Congress urges the President to initiate consultations 
        immediately with the government with primary jurisdiction over 
        that foreign person with respect to the imposition of sanctions 
        under this Act.
            (2) Actions by government of jurisdiction.--In order to 
        pursue consultations under paragraph (1) with the government 
        concerned, the President may delay imposition of sanctions 
        under this Act for up to 90 days. Following such consultations, 
        the President shall immediately impose sanctions unless the 
        President determines and certifies to Congress that the 
        government has taken specific and effective actions, including, 
        as appropriate, the imposition of appropriate penalties, to 
        terminate the involvement of the foreign person in the 
        activities that resulted in the determination by the President 
        under section 205 concerning such person.
            (3) Additional delay in imposition of sanctions.--The 
        President may delay the imposition of sanctions for up to an 
        additional 90 days if the President determines and certifies to 
        Congress that the government with primary jurisdiction over the 
        person concerned is in the process of taking the actions 
        described in paragraph (2).
            (4) Report to congress.--Not later than 90 days after 
        making a determination under section 205, the President shall 
        submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on 
        the status of consultations with the appropriate foreign 
        government under this subsection, and the basis for any 
        determination under paragraph (3).
    (b) Duration of Sanctions.--A sanction imposed under section 205 
shall remain in effect--
            (1) for a period of not less than 2 years from the date on 
        which it is imposed; or
            (2) until such time as the President determines and 
        certifies to Congress that the person whose activities were the 
        basis for imposing the sanction is no longer engaging in such 
        activities and that the President has received reliable 
        assurances that such person will not knowingly engage in such 
        activities in the future, except that such sanction shall 
        remain in effect for a period of at least 1 year.

SEC. 210. REPORTS REQUIRED.

    (a) Report on Certain International Initiatives.--Not later than 6 
months after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 6 months 
thereafter, the President shall transmit a report to the appropriate 
congressional committees describing--
            (1) the efforts of the President to mount a multilateral 
        campaign to persuade all countries to pressure Syria to cease 
        its nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile weapons programs 
        and its support of acts of international terrorism;
            (2) the efforts of the President to persuade other 
        governments to ask Syria to reduce the presence of Syrian 
        diplomats and representatives of other government and military 
        or quasi-governmental institutions of Syria;
            (3) the extent to which the International Atomic Energy 
        Agency has established regular inspections of all nuclear 
        facilities in Syria, including those presently under 
        construction; and
            (4) Syria's use of Syrian diplomats and representatives of 
        other government and military or quasi-governmental 
        institutions of Syria to promote acts of international 
        terrorism or to develop or sustain Syria's nuclear, chemical, 
        biological, and missile weapons programs.
    (b) Report on Effectiveness of Actions Under This Act.--Not earlier 
than 24 months, and not later than 30 months, after the date of the 
enactment this Act, and annually thereafter, the President shall 
transmit to Congress a report that describes--
            (1) the extent to which actions relating to trade taken 
        pursuant to this Act--
                    (A) have been effective in achieving the objectives 
                of section 203 and any other foreign policy or national 
                security objectives of the United States with respect 
                to Syria; and
                    (B) have affected humanitarian interests in Syria, 
                the country in which the sanctioned person is located, 
                or in other countries; and
            (2) the impact of actions relating to trade taken pursuant 
        to this Act on other national security, economic, and foreign 
        policy interests of the United States, including relations with 
        countries friendly to the United States, and on the United 
        States economy.
The President may include in the report the President's recommendation 
on whether or not this Act should be terminated or modified.
    (c) Other Reports.--The President shall ensure the continued 
transmittal to Congress of reports describing--
            (1) the nuclear and other military capabilities of Syria, 
        as required by section 601(a) of the Nuclear NonProliferation 
        Act of 1978 and section 1607 of the National Defense 
        Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993; and
            (2) the support provided by Syria for acts of international 
        terrorism, as part of the Department of State's annual report 
        on international terrorism.
    (d) Reports on Global Trade Relating to Syria.--Not later than 90 
days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually 
thereafter, the President shall transmit to the appropriate 
congressional committees a report, with respect to the most recent 12-
month period for which data are available, on the dollar value amount 
of trade, including in the energy sector, between Syria and each 
country maintaining membership in the Group of 20 Finance Ministers and 
Central Bank Governors.

SEC. 211. DETERMINATIONS NOT REVIEWABLE.

    A determination to impose sanctions under this Act shall not be 
reviewable in any court.

SEC. 212. EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN ACTIVITIES.

    Nothing in this Act shall apply to any activities subject to the 
reporting requirements of title V of the National Security Act of 1947.

SEC. 213. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    This title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this 
Act.

              TITLE III--SYRIA NUCLEAR WEAPONS PREVENTION

SEC. 301. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds the following:
            (1) On September 6, 2007, Israeli warplanes bombed a site 
        at al-Kibar in northeastern Syria, which the Syrians 
        subsequently worked to conceal. On April 24, 2008, senior 
        United States intelligence officials briefed Congress and the 
        press about the al-Kibar site, citing detailed information 
        showing that the al-Kibar facility was a nuclear reactor, built 
        with North Korean assistance.
            (2) Following the briefing, Syria granted International 
        Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors access to the al-Kibar 
        site (but denied them access to three other sites), where they 
        took environmental samples on June 23, 2008. After the visit, 
        Syria suspended cooperation with the IAEA, which later revealed 
        that soil samples taken from the al-Kibar site revealed ``a 
        significant number of natural uranium particles'' that were 
        produced by human action rather than being already present in 
        the environment.
            (3) The natural uranium found by the IAEA is the type of 
        fuel that would be fed into a reactor to produce plutonium, 
        which after extraction in a reprocessing facility, could fuel a 
        nuclear bomb.
            (4) The Director-General of the IAEA reported to the IAEA 
        Board of Governors on May 24, 2011, that ``[the IAEA] assesses 
        that it is very likely that the building destroyed at the [al-
        Kibar] site was a nuclear reactor''.
            (5) Syria's safeguards agreement with the IAEA requires 
        notification to the agency in advance of construction of any 
        nuclear facility, regardless of the presence of nuclear 
        material, and, as a result, Syria's construction of a reactor 
        violated its IAEA obligations.

SEC. 302. ACTIONS WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY.

    (a) Statement of Policy.--It shall be the policy of the United 
States to oppose the development or acquisition by Syria of a nuclear 
capability.
    (b) United States Actions.--The President shall instruct the United 
States Permanent Representative to the International Atomic Energy 
Agency to--
            (1) seek the adoption of a resolution declaring Syria to be 
        in violation of its IAEA obligations unless Syria immediately--
                    (A) declares all nuclear-related facilities;
                    (B) immediately and unconditionally suspends any 
                activity which could be used to develop nuclear-weapons 
                capability; and
                    (C) provides IAEA inspectors with full access to 
                its nuclear-related facilities;
            (2) use all available political, economic, and diplomatic 
        tools, and shall use the voice, vote, and influence of the 
        United States in all international organizations and 
        associations of which it is a member, including the IAEA and 
        the Nuclear Suppliers Group, to--
                    (A) block the development or acquisition by Syria 
                of a capacity to fabricate nuclear fuel;
                    (B) block the allocation of funds for any IAEA 
                development, environmental, or nuclear science 
                assistance or activity to Syria;
                    (C) block the allocation of funds for IAEA 
                development, environmental, or nuclear-related 
                assistance or activity to the Government of Syria, 
                including any agency or instrumentality thereof; and
                    (D) block membership of the Government of Syria on 
                the Board of Governors of the IAEA; and
            (3) shall withhold from United States contributions to the 
        IAEA an amount equal to that which the IAEA expends on 
        assistance to Syria.

SEC. 303. RESTRICTIONS ON NUCLEAR COOPERATION WITH COUNTRIES ASSISTING 
              THE NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF SYRIA.

    (a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law or any 
international agreement, no agreement for cooperation between the 
United States and the government of any country that is assisting the 
nuclear program of Syria or transferring advanced conventional weapons 
or missiles to Syria may be submitted to Congress pursuant to section 
123 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2153), no such 
agreement may enter into force with such country, no license may be 
issued for export directly or indirectly to such country of any nuclear 
material, facilities, components, or other goods, services, or 
technology that would be subject to such agreement, and no approval may 
be given for the transfer or retransfer directly or indirectly to such 
country of any nuclear material, facilities, components, or other 
goods, services, or technology that would be subject to such agreement, 
until the President determines and reports to the Committee on Foreign 
Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign 
Relations of the Senate that the government of such country that is 
assisting the nuclear program of Syria or transferring advanced 
conventional weapons or missiles to Syria--
            (1) has suspended all nuclear assistance to Syria or 
        suspended transferring advanced conventional weapons or 
        missiles to Syria (as the case may be); and
            (2) is committed to maintaining such suspension.
    (b) Rules of Construction.--The restrictions described in 
subsection (a)--
            (1) shall apply in addition to all other applicable 
        procedures, requirements, and restrictions required by the 
        Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and any other law; and
            (2) shall not be construed as affecting the validity of 
        agreements for cooperation that are in effect on the date of 
        the enactment of this Act.
    (c) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Agreement for cooperation.--The term ``agreement for 
        cooperation'' has the meaning given such term in section 11 b. 
        of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014 b.).
            (2) Assisting the nuclear program of syria.--The term 
        ``assisting the nuclear program of Syria'' means the 
        intentional transfer to Syria by a government, or by a person 
        subject to the jurisdiction of a government with the knowledge 
        and acquiescence of such government, of goods, services, or 
        technology listed on the Nuclear Suppliers Group Guidelines for 
        the Export of Nuclear Material, Equipment and Technology 
        (published by the International Atomic Energy Agency as 
        Information Circular INFCIRC/254/Rev. 3/Part 1, and subsequent 
        revisions) or Guidelines for Transfers of Nuclear-Related Dual-
        Use Equipment, Material, and Related Technology (published by 
        the International Atomic Energy Agency as Information Circular 
        INFCIR/254/Rev. 3/Part 2, and subsequent revisions).
            (3) Country that is assisting the nuclear program of syria 
        or transferring advanced conventional weapons or missiles to 
        syria.--The term ``country that is assisting the nuclear 
        program of Syria or transferring advanced conventional weapons 
        or missiles to Syria'' means any country determined by the 
        President to be assisting the nuclear program of Syria or 
        transferring advanced conventional weapons or missiles to 
        Syria.
    (d) Waiver.--The President may waive the application of the 
sanctions described in subsection (a) if the President--
            (1) determines that such a waiver is vital to the national 
        security of the United States; and
            (2) submits to the appropriate congressional committees a 
        report describing the reasons for such determination.

SEC. 304. EXCLUSION FROM THE UNITED STATES OF SENIOR OFFICIALS OF 
              FOREIGN PERSONS WHO HAVE AIDED THE NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF 
              SYRIA.

    (a) Grounds for Exclusion.--Except as provided in subsection (b), 
the Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Secretary of 
Homeland Security shall exclude from the United States, any alien whom 
the Secretary of State determines is an alien who, on or after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, is a--
            (1) person, agent, instrumentality, or official of, is 
        affiliated with, or is serving as a representative of, the 
        Government of Syria identified in a report submitted pursuant 
        to section 2(a) of the Iran, North Korea, and Syria 
        Nonproliferation Act (Public Law 106-178);
            (2) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a 
        controlling interest of a foreign person identified in such a 
        report;
            (3) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a 
        controlling interest of a successor entity to, or a parent or 
        subsidiary of, a foreign person identified in such a report;
            (4) corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a 
        controlling interest of an affiliate of a foreign person 
        identified in such a report, if such affiliate engaged in the 
        activities referred to in such report, and if such affiliate is 
        controlled in fact by the foreign person identified in such 
        report;
            (5) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable 
        under paragraph (1), (2), (3), or (4);
            (6) senior official of a foreign government identified in 
        such a report;
            (7) senior official of a foreign government with primary 
        jurisdiction over a foreign person identified in such a report; 
        or
            (8) spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable 
        under paragraph (6) or (7).
    (b) Exception.--The President may waive the sanctions described in 
subsection (a) with respect to a person specified in paragraph (5), 
(6), or (7) of such subsection if the President determines and 
certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees, on a 
case by case basis, that the foreign government with primary 
jurisdiction over such person has made and continues to make clear, 
specific efforts to stop and deter the transfer or retransfer of, or 
the permitting, hosting, or other facilitating of transshipments that 
may enable the transfer or retransfer of, goods or technology that 
contribute to the efforts by Syria, as the case may be, to acquire or 
develop advanced conventional weapons, or to acquire, develop, produce, 
or stockpile radiological or nuclear weapons.
    (c) Definitions.--In subsection (b):
            (1) Transfer.--The term ``transfer'' means the conveyance 
        of technological or intellectual property, or the conversion of 
        intellectual or technological advances into marketable goods, 
        services, or articles of value, developed and generated in one 
        place, to another through illegal or illicit means to a 
        country, the government of which the Secretary of State has 
        determined, for purposes of section 6(j)(1)(A) of the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979 (as in effect pursuant to the 
        International Emergency Economic Powers Act), section 40(d) of 
        the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2780(d)), and section 
        620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371), is 
        a government that has repeatedly provided support for acts of 
        international terrorism.
            (2) Transshipment.--The term ``transshipment'' means the 
        export from one country to another that passes through a third 
        country, in which cargo is off-loaded and there is some change 
        to conveyance.

    TITLE IV--DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS TO ISOLATE THE GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA

SEC. 401. SENSE OF CONGRESS RELATING TO BILATERAL EFFORTS.

    It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State shall 
ensure that United States diplomatic personnel abroad understand and, 
in their contacts with foreign officials, are communicating the reasons 
for United States policy and sanctions against the Government of Syria, 
and are urging foreign governments to cooperate more effectively with 
the Government of the United States in compelling the Government of 
Syria to cease policies and activities that threaten global peace and 
security.

SEC. 402. OPPOSITION TO SYRIA'S MEMBERSHIP AND CANDIDACY FOR LEADERSHIP 
              POSTS IN UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTIONS.

    The President shall direct the United States Permanent 
Representative to the United Nations, United Nations organizations and 
entities, and United Nations-affiliated agencies and bodies, to 
continue to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to 
oppose Syria's membership and candidacy for leadership posts in such 
institutions, and engage in diplomatic efforts to secure multilateral 
support for such efforts.

SEC. 403. REPORT ON ASSISTANCE TO, AND COMMERCE WITH, SYRIA.

    (a) Report.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment 
of this Act and annually thereafter, the President shall transmit to 
the appropriate congressional committees a report on assistance to, and 
commerce with, Syria by other foreign countries during the preceding 
12-month period.
    (b) Contents.--Each report required under subsection (a) shall, for 
the period covered by the report, contain the following information, to 
the extent such information is available:
            (1) A description of all bilateral assistance provided to 
        Syria by other foreign countries, including humanitarian 
        assistance.
            (2) A description of Syria's commerce with other foreign 
        countries, including an identification of Syria's trading 
        partners and the extent of such trade.
            (3) A description of the joint ventures completed, or under 
        consideration, by foreign nationals, business firms, and 
        persons involving facilities in Syria, including an 
        identification of the location of the facilities involved and a 
        description of the terms of agreement of the joint ventures and 
        the names of the parties that are involved.
            (4) A determination of the amount of debt of the Government 
        of Syria that is owed to each foreign country, including--
                    (A) the amount of debt exchanged, forgiven, or 
                reduced under the terms of each investment or operation 
                in Syria involving foreign nationals; and
                    (B) the amount of debt owed to the foreign country 
                that has been exchanged, forgiven, or reduced in return 
                for a grant by the Government of Syria of an equity 
                interest in a property, investment, or operation of the 
                Government of Syria or of a Syrian national.
            (5) A description of the steps taken to assure that raw 
        materials and semifinished or finished goods produced by 
        facilities in Syria involving foreign nationals do not enter 
        the United States market, either directly or through third 
        countries or parties.
            (6) An identification of countries and entities that 
        provide, or have provided, arms or military supplies from Syria 
        or that otherwise have entered into agreements with Syria that 
        could have a military application, including--
                    (A) a description of the military supplies, 
                equipment, or other material sold, bartered, or 
                exchanged between Syria and such countries;
                    (B) a listing of the goods, services, credits, or 
                other consideration received by Syria in exchange for 
                military supplies, equipment, or material; and
                    (C) the terms or conditions of any such agreement.
    (c) Form.--The report submitted under subsection (a) shall be in 
unclassified form but may include a classified annex.

           TITLE V--ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA

SEC. 501. DECLARATIONS OF POLICY.

    It shall be the policy of the United States to--
            (1) support independent human rights and pro-democracy 
        forces in Syria to promote the emergence of a democratic 
        government in Syria that will--
                    (A) denounce and combat extremism;
                    (B) verifiably dismantle its chemical, biological, 
                radiological, and nuclear weapons programs and commit 
                to combating the proliferation of such weapons;
                    (C) respect the boundaries, sovereignty, and right 
                to exist of its neighbors and live in peace and 
                security with all the countries in the region; and
                    (D) uphold and defend the human rights and civil 
                liberties of its citizens;
            (2) seek the adoption of a resolution by the Community of 
        Democracies to promote the emergence of a democratic government 
        in Syria; and
            (3) seek the establishment of a consultative group between 
        the United States and the European Union to promote the 
        emergence of a democratic government in Syria.

SEC. 502. ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT A TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN SYRIA.

    (a) Authorization.--The President is authorized to provide 
financial and political assistance (including the award of grants) to 
foreign and domestic individuals, organizations, and entities that 
support democracy and the promotion of democracy in Syria. Such 
assistance may include the award of grants to eligible independent pro-
democracy radio and television broadcasting organizations that 
broadcast into Syria.
    (b) Eligibility for Assistance.--Financial and political assistance 
under this section may be provided only to an individual, organization, 
or entity that--
            (1) officially opposes the use of violence and terrorism 
        and has not been designated as a foreign terrorist organization 
        under section 219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 
        U.S.C. 1189(a)) at any time during the preceding 4 years;
            (2) advocates the adherence by Syria to nonproliferation 
        regimes for nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and 
        materiel;
            (3) is dedicated to democratic values and supports the 
        adoption of a democratic form of Government in Syria;
            (4) is dedicated to respect for human rights, including the 
        fundamental equality of women;
            (5) works to establish equality of opportunity for people; 
        and
            (6) supports freedom of the press, freedom of speech, 
        freedom of association, and freedom of religion.
    (c) Funding.--The President shall only provide assistance to 
democracy promotion in Syria section using--
            (1) funds available to the Middle East Partnership 
        Initiative (MEPI), the Broader Middle East and North Africa 
        Initiative, and the Human Rights and Democracy Fund; and
            (2) amounts made available pursuant to the authorization of 
        appropriations under subsection (f).
    (d) Notification.--Not later than 15 days before each obligation of 
assistance under this section, and in accordance with the procedures 
under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 
2394-l), the President shall notify the Committee on Foreign Affairs 
and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and 
the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations 
of the Senate. Such notification shall include, as practicable, the 
types of programs supported by such assistance and the recipients of 
such assistance.
    (e) Sense of Congress Regarding Diplomatic Assistance.--It is the 
sense of Congress that--
            (1) contacts should be expanded with opposition groups in 
        Syria that meet the criteria under subsection (b);
            (2) support for a transition to democracy in Syria should 
        be expressed by United States representatives and officials in 
        all appropriate international fora;
            (3) efforts to bring a halt to the nuclear weapons program 
        of Syria, including steps to end the supply of nuclear, 
        chemical or biological components, including short and 
        intermediate-range missiles, and ballistic missile components 
        or fuel to Syria, should be intensified; and
            (4) officials and representatives of the United States 
        should--
                    (A) strongly and unequivocally support indigenous 
                efforts in Syria calling for free, transparent, and 
                democratic elections; and
                    (B) draw international attention to violations by 
                the Government of Syria of human rights, freedom of 
                religion, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the 
                press.
    (f) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized to be 
appropriated to the Department of State such sums as may be necessary 
to carry out this section.

SEC. 503. CONDEMNATION OF SYRIAN HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES.

    (a) Statement of Policy.--It shall be the policy of the United 
States--
            (1) to condemn the consistent pattern of gross violations 
        of internationally recognized human rights by the Government of 
        Syria in all appropriate international fora;
            (2) to introduce and work toward the adoption of 
        resolutions at appropriate United Nations fora which detail and 
        condemn the dismal human rights record of Syria;
            (3) to support the people of Syria in their daily struggle 
        for freedom, respect for human rights and civil liberties, 
        democratic self-governance, and the establishment of the rule 
        of law; and
            (4) to reach out to dissidents, human rights activists, and 
        the nonviolent democratic opposition in Syria, and to assist 
        them in their efforts.
    (b) Actions at Appropriate United Nations Fora.--The President 
shall direct the United States Permanent Representative to the United 
Nations to take the necessary steps to secure support for the adoption 
of resolutions at appropriate United Nations fora holding the 
Government of Syria accountable for its systematic violations of human 
rights of Syrian and Lebanese citizens and calling for the appointment 
of a United Nations Special Rapporteur to investigate such human rights 
violations.

SEC. 504. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS ON CERTAIN PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR OR 
              COMPLICIT IN HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES COMMITTED AGAINST 
              CITIZENS OF SYRIA OR THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS.

    (a) In General.--The President shall impose sanctions described in 
subsection (c) with respect to each person on the list required by 
subsection (b).
    (b) List of Persons Who Are Responsible for or Complicit in Certain 
Human Rights Abuses.--
            (1) List.--
                    (A) In general.--Not later than 90 days after the 
                date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall 
                transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a 
                list of persons who are officials of the Government of 
                Syria, including the President, Members of the Cabinet, 
                Members of the Ministry of Defense, Members of the 
                Ministry of the Interior, Members of the General 
                Intelligence Directorate, Members of the Political 
                Security Directorate, or any Member of the Syrian 
                military or associated entities with the rank of 
                brigadier general or above or the equivalent rank 
                thereof, including members of paramilitary 
                organizations, or persons acting on behalf of the 
                Government of Syria.
                    (B) Certification.--The President shall impose on 
                the persons specified in the list under subparagraph 
                (A) the sanctions described in subsection (c). The 
                President shall exempt any such person from such 
                imposition if the President determines and certifies to 
                the appropriate congressional committees that such 
                person, based on credible evidence, is not responsible 
                for or complicit in, or responsible for ordering, 
                controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of 
                serious human rights abuses against citizens of Syria 
                or their family members, regardless of whether such 
                abuses occurred in Syria.
            (2) Form; public availability.--
                    (A) Form.--The list required by paragraph (1) shall 
                be submitted in unclassified form but may contain a 
                classified annex.
                    (B) Public availability.--The unclassified portion 
                of the list required by paragraph (1) shall be made 
                available to the public and posted on the Web site of 
                the Department of the Treasury and the Department of 
                State.
            (3) Consideration of data from other countries and 
        nongovernmental organizations.--In preparing the list required 
        by paragraph (1), the President shall consider credible data 
        already obtained by other countries and nongovernmental 
        organizations, including organizations in Syria, that monitor 
        the human rights abuses of the Government of Syria.
    (c) Sanctions Described.--The sanctions described in this 
subsection are ineligibility for a visa to enter the United States and 
sanctions pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act 
(50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), including blocking of property and 
restrictions or prohibitions on financial transactions and the 
exportation and importation of property, subject to such regulations as 
the President may prescribe, including regulatory exceptions to permit 
the United States to comply with the Agreement between the United 
Nations and the United States of America regarding the Headquarters of 
the United Nations, signed June 26, 1947, and entered into force 
November 21, 1947, and other applicable international obligations.
    (d) Termination of Sanctions.--The provisions of this section shall 
terminate on the date on which the President determines and certifies 
to the appropriate congressional committees that the Government of 
Syria has--
            (1) unconditionally released all political prisoners;
            (2) ceased its practices of violence, unlawful detention, 
        torture, and abuse of citizens of Syria while engaging in 
        peaceful political activity;
            (3) conducted a transparent investigation into the 
        practices described in paragraph (2) and prosecuted the 
        individuals responsible for such violence, unlawful detention, 
        torture, and abuse; and
            (4) made public commitments to, and is making demonstrable 
        progress toward--
                    (A) establishing an independent judiciary; and
                    (B) respecting the human rights and basic freedoms 
                recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human 
                Rights.

SEC. 505. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE TRANSFER OF GOODS 
              OR TECHNOLOGIES TO SYRIA THAT MAY BE USED TO COMMIT HUMAN 
              RIGHTS ABUSES.

    (a) Investigations; Determinations.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (3), upon 
        receiving credible information that a person may have engaged 
        in an activity described in paragraph (2), the President shall 
        initiate an investigation and, not later than 180 days after 
        initiating the investigation, make a determination with respect 
        to whether that person engaged in that activity.
            (2) Activity described.--
                    (A) In general.--A person engages in an activity 
                described in this subparagraph if the person, on or 
                after the date of the enactment of this Act--
                            (i) transfers, or facilitates the transfer 
                        of, goods or technologies described in 
                        subparagraph (C) to Syria; or
                            (ii) provides services with respect to 
                        goods or technologies described in subparagraph 
                        (C) after such goods or technologies are 
                        transferred to Syria.
                    (B) Applicability to contracts and other 
                agreements.--A person engages in an activity described 
                in subparagraph (A) without regard to whether or not 
                the activity is carried out pursuant to a contract or 
                other agreement entered into before, on, or after the 
                date of the enactment of this Act.
                    (C) Goods or technologies described.--Goods or 
                technologies described in this subparagraph are--
                            (i) firearms or ammunition (as those terms 
                        are defined in section 921 of title 18, United 
                        States Code), accessories for firearms, rubber 
                        bullets, clubs, batons, police sticks, mace, 
                        stun grenades, tasers or other electroshock 
                        weapons, tear gas, water cannons, motorcycles, 
                        cranes, or surveillance technology;
                            (ii) sensitive technology; and
                            (iii) other goods or technologies that the 
                        President determines may be used by the 
                        Government of Syria to commit human rights 
                        abuses against the people of Syria.
            (3) Special rule to allow for termination of sanctionable 
        activity.--The President shall not be required to initiate an 
        investigation, and may terminate an investigation, under this 
        subsection if the President certifies in writing to the 
        appropriate congressional committees that--
                    (A) the person whose activity was the basis for the 
                investigation is no longer engaging in the activity or 
                has taken significant verifiable steps toward stopping 
                the activity; and
                    (B) the President has received reliable assurances 
                that the person will not knowingly engage in an 
                activity described in paragraph (2) in the future.
    (b) List.--
            (1) In general.--The President shall transmit to the 
        appropriate congressional committees a list of each person the 
        President determines has engaged in an activity described in 
        subsection (a)(2)--
                    (A) not later than 210 days after the date of the 
                enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter; 
                and
                    (B) as new information becomes available.
            (2) Form of list.--The list required by paragraph (1) shall 
        be submitted in unclassified form but may contain a classified 
        annex.
    (c) Asset Freeze.--The President shall freeze and prohibit all 
transactions in all property and interests in property of a person on 
the list required by subsection (b) if such property and interests in 
property are in the United States, come within the United States, or 
are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.

SEC. 506. COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY TO PROMOTE INTERNET FREEDOM AND ACCESS 
              TO INFORMATION IN SYRIA.

    Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, 
and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to the 
Committees on Foreign Affairs and Appropriations of the House of 
Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and 
Appropriations of the Senate a comprehensive strategy to--
            (1) help the people of Syria produce, access, and share 
        information freely and safely via the Internet;
            (2) support the development of counter-censorship 
        technologies that enable the citizens of Syria to undertake 
        Internet activities without interference from their government;
            (3) increase the capabilities and availability of secure 
        mobile communications among human rights and democracy 
        activists in Syria;
            (4) provide resources for digital safety training for 
        media, unions, and academic and civil society organizations in 
        Syria;
            (5) increase the amount of accurate Internet content in 
        local languages in Syria;
            (6) increase emergency resources for the most vulnerable 
        human rights advocates seeking to organize, share information, 
        and support human rights in Syria;
            (7) expand surrogate radio, television, live stream, and 
        social network communications inside Syria;
            (8) expand activities to safely assist and train human 
        rights, civil society, and union activists in Syria to operate 
        effectively and securely;
            (9) defeat all attempts by the Government of Syria to jam 
        or otherwise deny international satellite broadcasting signals; 
        and
            (10) expand worldwide United States embassy and consulate 
        programming for and outreach to Syrian dissident communities.

                      TITLE VI--GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 601. DENIAL OF VISAS FOR GOVERNMENT OF SYRIA.

    (a) In General.--The Secretary of State may not issue a visa to a 
person of a country designated as supporting acts of international 
terrorism pursuant to section 6(j)(1)(A) of the Export Administration 
Act of 1979 (as in effect pursuant to the International Emergency 
Economic Powers Act; 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), section 40(d) of the Arms 
Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2780(d)), section 620A of the Foreign 
Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371), if the Secretary determines 
that such national--
            (1) is an agent, instrumentality, or official of, is 
        affiliated with, or is serving as a representative of the 
        government of Syria;
            (2) provides material support to the policies of the 
        Governments of Syria; or
            (3) presents a threat to the United States or who has 
        committed, ordered, assisted, or otherwise participated in the 
        terrorist acts, or directly or indirectly affiliated with 
        terrorist organizations.
    (b) Waiver.--The Secretary of State may, on a case-by-case basis, 
waive the prohibition in subsection (a) if the Secretary certifies to 
the appropriate congressional committees that it is vital to the 
national security interests of the United States to do so, and provides 
the appropriate congressional committees with a detailed justification 
for that certification.
    (c) Restrictions.--The Secretary of State shall restrict diplomats 
in Washington, DC, and at the United Nations in New York City, to 
travel only within a 25-mile radius of Washington, DC, or the United 
Nations headquarters building, respectively, of any person who is an 
agent, instrumentality, or official of, is affiliated with, or is 
serving as a representative of the Government of Syria.

SEC. 602. SUNSET.

    (a) Sunset.--The provisions of this Act shall terminate, and shall 
cease to be effective, on the date that is 30 days after the date on 
which the President certifies to Congress that the Government of 
Syria--
            (1) has ceased all support for terrorism, including that 
        the Government of Syria--
                    (A) is not engaged in the illegal transfer of 
                missile or nuclear technology to the Government of 
                North Korea or to any country the government of which 
                the Secretary of State has determined, for purposes of 
                any of the provisions of law specified in the matter 
                preceding this paragraph, is a government that has 
                repeatedly provided support for acts of international 
                terrorism;
                    (B) is no longer engaged in training, harboring, 
                supplying, financing, or supporting in any way--
                            (i) Hamas, Hezbollah, Palestinian Islamic 
                        Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of 
                        Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation 
                        of Palestine-General Command, the Democratic 
                        Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah 
                        al-Intifada, or Fatah al-Islam;
                            (ii) any other organization designated by 
                        the Secretary of State as a foreign terrorist 
                        organization in accordance with section 219(a) 
                        of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 
                        U.S.C. 1189(a));
                            (iii) any person included on the Annex to 
                        Executive Order 13224 (September 23, 2001) and 
                        any other person identified under section 1 of 
                        that Executive Order whose property and 
                        interests in property are blocked by such 
                        section (commonly known as a ``specially 
                        designated global terrorist'');
                            (iv) any person designated under section 3 
                        of Executive Order 13338 (May 13, 2004) or 
                        under section 1 of Executive Order 13438 (July 
                        17, 2007);
                            (v) the Syrian Social Nationalist Party;
                            (vi) any other person or organization 
                        contributing to instability in Lebanon or Iraq; 
                        or
                            (vii) any agency, instrumentality, 
                        affiliate, or successor organization of the 
                        organizations listed in subparagraph (A), (B), 
                        (C), (D), (E), or (F).
                    (C) has immediately and unconditionally stopped 
                facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of individuals, 
                military equipment, and all lethal items, except as 
                authorized by the representative, internationally 
                recognized Government of Iraq; and
                    (D) has ceased its support for ``volunteers'' and 
                terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria 
                into Iraq to launch attacks;
            (2) has not provided such support during the preceding 5-
        year period and has not been determined by the Secretary of 
        State, for the purposes of section 6(j) of the Export 
        Administration Act of 1979, section 620A of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961, section 40 of the Arms Export Control 
        Act, or any other provision of law, to be a government that has 
        repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism 
        at any time during such 5-year period;
            (3)(A) has permanently dismantled Syria's chemical, 
        biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons programs;
            (B) has ceased all efforts to design, develop, manufacture, 
        or acquire--
                    (i) a nuclear explosive device or related materials 
                and technology;
                    (ii) chemical, biological, and radiological 
                weapons; and
                    (iii) ballistic missiles and ballistic missile 
                launch technology; and
            (C) has taken demonstrable steps to combat the 
        proliferation of such weapons;
            (4) does not pose a threat to United States national 
        security, United States interests, and United States allies in 
        the region;
            (5) respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and right to 
        exist of all neighboring countries;
            (6) upholds and defends the human rights and civil 
        liberties of its people;
            (7) has legalized all political activity;
            (8) has made public commitments to organizing free and fair 
        elections for a new government, to be held in a timely manner, 
        and with the participation of multiple independent political 
        parties that have full access to the media on an equal basis, 
        including (in the case of radio, television, or other 
        telecommunications media) in terms of allotments of time for 
        such access and the times of day such allotments are given, and 
        to be conducted under the supervision of internationally 
        recognized observers; and
            (9) has made public commitments to and is making 
        demonstrable progress in--
                    (A) establishing an independent judiciary; and
                    (B) respecting internationally recognized human 
                rights and basic freedoms as recognized in the 
                Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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