(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2017 1 

Syllabus 

NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is

being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.

The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been

prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. 

See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

Syllabus 

LAGOS v. UNITED STATES 

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR 

THE FIFTH CIRCUIT 

No. 16–1519. Argued April 18, 2018—Decided May 29, 2018 

Petitioner Sergio Fernando Lagos was convicted of using a company he 

controlled to defraud a lender of tens of millions of dollars. After the 

fraudulent scheme came to light and Lagos’ company went bankrupt, 

the lender conducted a private investigation of Lagos’ fraud and participated as a party in the company’s bankruptcy proceedings. Between the private investigation and the bankruptcy proceedings, the

lender spent nearly $5 million in legal, accounting, and consulting 

fees related to the fraud. After Lagos pleaded guilty to federal wire

fraud charges, the District Court ordered him to pay restitution to

the lender for those fees. The Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding that

such restitution was required by the Mandatory Victims Restitution

Act of 1996, which requires defendants convicted of certain federal offenses, including wire fraud, to, among other things, “reimburse the

victim for lost income and necessary child care, transportation, and 

other expenses incurred during participation in the investigation or

prosecution of the offense or attendance at proceedings related to the

offense,” 18 U. S. C. §3663A(b)(4). 

Held: 

1. The words “investigation” and “proceedings” in subsection (b)(4)

of the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act are limited to government

investigations and criminal proceedings and do not include private

investigations and civil or bankruptcy proceedings. The word “investigation” appears in the phrase “the investigation or prosecution.” 

Because the word “prosecution” must refer to a government’s criminal prosecution, this suggests that the word “investigation” refers to 

a government’s criminal investigation. Similar reasoning suggests

that the immediately following reference to “proceedings” refers to 

criminal proceedings. Furthermore, the statute refers to the victim’s 
 

2 LAGOS v. UNITED STATES 

Syllabus 

“participation” in the “investigation,” and “attendance” at “proceedings,” which would be odd ways to describe a victim’s role in its own 

private investigation and as a party in noncriminal court proceedings, but which are natural ways to describe a victim’s role in a government’s investigation and in the criminal proceedings that a government conducts. 

Moreover, the statute lists three specific items that must be reimbursed: lost income, child care expenses, and transportation expenses. These are precisely the kind of expenses that a victim is likely to

incur when missing work and traveling to participate in a government investigation or to attend criminal proceedings. In contrast, 

the statute says nothing about the kinds of expenses a victim would 

often incur during private investigations or noncriminal proceedings,

namely, the costs of hiring private investigators, attorneys, or accountants. This supports the Court’s more limited reading of the 

statute. 

A broad reading would also require district courts to resolve difficult, fact-intensive disputes about whether particular expenses “incurred during” participation in a private investigation were in fact

“necessary,” and about whether proceedings such as a licensing proceeding or a Consumer Products Safety Commission hearing were

sufficiently “related to the offense.” The Court’s narrower interpretation avoids such controversies, which are often irrelevant to the victim because over 90% of criminal restitution is never collected. 

The Court’s interpretation means that some victims will not receive restitution for all of their losses from a crime, but that is consistent with the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act’s enumeration of 

limited categories of covered expenses, in contrast with the broader

language that other federal restitution statutes use, see, e.g., 18 

U. S. C. §§2248(b), 2259(b), 2264(b), 2327(b). Pp. 3–7.

2. That the victim shared the results of its private investigation 

with the Government does not make the costs of conducting the private investigation “necessary . . . other expenses incurred during participation in the investigation . . . of the offense.” §3663A(b)(4). That 

language does not cover the costs of a private investigation that the

victim chooses on its own to conduct, which are not “incurred during” 

participation in a government’s investigation. Pp. 7–8. 

864 F. 3d 320, reversed and remanded. 

BREYER, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. 
 

 

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Cite as: 584 U. S. ____ (2018) 1 

Opinion of the Court 

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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

No. 16–1519 

SERGIO FERNANDO LAGOS, PETITIONER v. 

UNITED STATES
 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 

APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
 

[May 29, 2018] 

JUSTICE BREYER delivered the opinion of the Court. 

The Mandatory Victims Restitution Act of 1996 requires

defendants convicted of a listed range of offenses to 

“reimburse the victim for lost income and necessary 

child care, transportation, and other expenses incurred during participation in the investigation or 

prosecution of the offense or attendance at proceedings 

related to the offense.” 18 U. S. C. §3663A(b)(4) (emphasis added). 

We must decide whether the words “investigation” and

“proceedings” are limited to government investigations 

and criminal proceedings, or whether they include private

investigations and civil proceedings. In our view, they 

are limited to government investigations and criminal

proceedings. 

I 

The petitioner, Sergio Fernando Lagos, was convicted of 

using a company that he controlled (Dry Van Logistics) to

defraud a lender (General Electric Capital Corporation, or 

GE) of tens of millions of dollars. The fraud involved 
 

2 LAGOS v. UNITED STATES 

Opinion of the Court 

generating false invoices for services that Dry Van Logistics had not actually performed and then borrowing money 

from GE using the false invoices as collateral. Eventually,

the scheme came to light. Dry Van Logistics went bankrupt. GE investigated. The Government indicted Lagos. 

Lagos pleaded guilty to wire fraud. And the judge, among 

other things, ordered him to pay GE restitution.

The issue here concerns the part of the restitution order 

that requires Lagos to reimburse GE for expenses GE 

incurred during its own investigation of the fraud and 

during its participation in Dry Van Logistics’ bankruptcy 

proceedings. The amounts are substantial (about $5 

million), and primarily consist of professional fees for 

attorneys, accountants, and consultants. The Government 

argued that the District Court must order restitution of

these amounts under the Mandatory Victims Restitution

Act because these sums were “necessary . . . other expenses

incurred during participation in the investigation . . . of 

the offense or attendance at proceedings related to the

offense.” §3663A(b)(4). The District Court agreed, as did 

the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. 864 F. 3d 

320, 323 (2017).

Lagos filed a petition for certiorari. And in light of a

division of opinion on the matter, we granted the petition. 

Compare United States v. Papagno, 639 F. 3d 1093, 1100 

(CADC 2011) (subsection (b)(4) of the Mandatory Victims

Restitution Act does not cover private investigation costs), 

with United States v. Elson, 577 F. 3d 713, 726–729 (CA6 

2009) (statute not so limited); United States v. Hosking, 

567 F. 3d 329, 331–332 (CA7 2009) (same); United States 

v. Stennis-Williams, 557 F. 3d 927, 930 (CA8 2009) (same); 

United States v. Amato, 540 F. 3d 153, 159–163 (CA2 

2008) (same); United States v. Gordon, 393 F. 3d 1044, 

1056–1057 (CA9 2004) (same). 
 

 

Cite as: 584 U. S. ____ (2018) 3 

Opinion of the Court 

II
 

The Mandatory Victims Restitution Act is one of several 

federal statutes that govern federal court orders requiring

defendants convicted of certain crimes to pay their victims

restitution. It concerns “crime[s] of violence,” “offense[s] 

against property . . . , including any offense committed by

fraud or deceit,” and two specific offenses, one concerning tampering with a consumer product and the other 

concerning theft of medical products. 18 U. S. C. 

§3663A(c)(1)(A). It requires, in the case of property offenses, return of the property taken or its value, 

§3663A(b)(1); in the case of bodily injury, the payment of 

medical expenses and lost income, §3663A(b)(2); in the 

case of death, the payment of funeral expenses,

§3663A(b)(3); and, as we have said, supra, at 1, in all 

cases, “reimburse[ment]” to 

“the victim for lost income and necessary child care, 

transportation, and other expenses incurred during 

participation in the investigation or prosecution of the 

offense or attendance at proceedings related to the offense.” §3663A(b)(4) (emphasis added). 

We here consider the meaning of that italicized phrase. 

Specifically, we ask whether the scope of the words “investigation” and “proceedings” is limited to government investigations and criminal proceedings, or whether it includes

private investigations and civil or bankruptcy litigation.

We conclude that those words are limited to government

investigations and criminal proceedings.

Our conclusion rests in large part upon the statute’s

wording, both its individual words and the text taken as a

whole. The individual words suggest (though they do not

demand) our limited interpretation. The word “investigation” is directly linked by the word “or” to the word “prosecution,” with which it shares the article “the.” This suggests that the “investigation[s]” and “prosecution[s]” that 
 

 

 

4 LAGOS v. UNITED STATES 

Opinion of the Court 

the statute refers to are of the same general type. And the 

word “prosecution” must refer to a government’s criminal

prosecution, which suggests that the word “investigation”

may refer to a government’s criminal investigation. A 

similar line of reasoning suggests that the immediately 

following reference to “proceedings” also refers to criminal 

proceedings in particular, rather than to “proceedings” of 

any sort.

Furthermore, there would be an awkwardness about the 

statute’s use of the word “participation” to refer to a victim’s role in its own private investigation, and the word 

“attendance” to refer to a victim’s role as a party in noncriminal court proceedings. A victim opting to pursue a 

private investigation of an offense would be more naturally

said to “provide for” or “conduct” the private investigation 

(in which he may, or may not, actively “participate”). And 

a victim who pursues civil or bankruptcy litigation does 

not merely “atten[d]” such other “proceedings related to

the offense” but instead “participates” in them as a party.

In contrast, there is no awkwardness, indeed it seems 

perfectly natural, to say that a victim “participat[es] in the 

investigation” or “attend[s] . . . proceedings related to the

offense” if the investigation at issue is a government’s 

criminal investigation, and if the proceedings at issue are

criminal proceedings conducted by a government.

Moreover, to consider the statutory phrase as a whole

strengthens these linguistic points considerably. The 

phrase lists three specific items that must be reimbursed,

namely, lost income, child care, and transportation; and it

then adds the words, “and other expenses.” §3663A(b)(4).

Lost income, child care expenses, and transportation

expenses are precisely the kind of expenses that a victim 

would be likely to incur when he or she (or, for a corporate 

victim like GE, its employees) misses work and travels to 

talk to government investigators, to participate in a government criminal investigation, or to testify before a 
Cite as: 584 U. S. ____ (2018) 5 

Opinion of the Court 

grand jury or attend a criminal trial. At the same time, 

the statute says nothing about the kinds of expenses a 

victim would often incur when private investigations, or, 

say, bankruptcy proceedings are at issue, namely, the

costs of hiring private investigators, attorneys, or accountants. Thus, if we look to noscitur a sociis, the well-worn 

Latin phrase that tells us that statutory words are often 

known by the company they keep, we find here both the 

presence of company that suggests limitation and the 

absence of company that suggests breadth. See, e.g., Yates 

v. United States, 574 U. S. ___, ___ (2015) (slip op., at 14). 

We add a practical fact: A broad reading would create

significant administrative burdens. The statute provides

for mandatory restitution, and the portion we construe is 

limited to “necessary . . . other expenses.” §3663A(b)(4)

(emphasis added). The word “necessary” would, if the 

statute is broadly interpreted, invite disputes as to whether

particular expenses “incurred during” participation in a

private investigation or attendance at, say, a bankruptcy 

proceeding, were in fact “necessary.” Such disputes may 

become burdensome in cases involving multimillion dollar 

investigation expenses for teams of lawyers and accountants. A district court might, for example, need to decide 

whether each witness interview and each set of documents 

reviewed was really “necessary” to the investigation. 

Similarly, the statute also limits restitution to expenses 

incurred only during “attendance at proceedings related to 

the offense,” ibid. (emphasis added), inviting disputes as 

to whether, say, a licensing proceeding, a human resources 

review, an in-house disciplinary proceeding, a job interview, a Consumer Product Safety Commission hearing, or 

a neighborhood watch meeting qualified as “proceedings” 

sufficiently “related to the offense” so as to be eligible for 

restitution. 

To interpret the statute broadly is to invite controversy

on those and other matters; our narrower construction 
 

6 LAGOS v. UNITED STATES 

Opinion of the Court 

avoids it. And one begins to doubt whether Congress 

intended, in making this restitution mandatory, to require

courts to resolve these potentially time-consuming controversies as part of criminal sentencing—particularly once

one realizes that few victims are likely to benefit because 

more than 90% of criminal restitution is never collected. 

See GAO, Federal Criminal Restitution: Most Debt Is 

Outstanding and Oversight of Collections Could Be Improved 25 (GAO–18–203, 2018) (explaining that the Justice Department considers 91% of outstanding criminal 

restitution to be “uncollectible”).

There are, of course, contrary arguments—arguments

favoring a broad interpretation. The Government points

out, in particular, that our narrow interpretation will

sometimes leave a victim without a restitution remedy 

sufficient to cover some expenses (say, those related to his 

private investigation) which he undoubtedly incurred as a 

result of the offense. Leaving the victim without that

restitution remedy, the Government adds, runs contrary

to the broad purpose of the Mandatory Victims Restitution

Act, namely, “to ensure that victims of a crime receive full 

restitution.” Dolan v. United States, 560 U. S. 605, 612 

(2010).

But a broad general purpose of this kind does not always require us to interpret a restitution statute in a way 

that favors an award. After all, Congress has enacted

many different restitution statutes with differing language, governing different circumstances. Some of those 

statutes specifically require restitution for the “full 

amount of the victim’s losses,” defined to include “any . . . 

losses suffered by the victim as a proximate result of the 

offense.” See 18 U. S. C. §§2248(b), 2259(b), 2264(b), 

2327(b). The Mandatory Victims Restitution Act, however,

contains no such language; it specifically lists the kinds of 

losses and expenses that it covers. Moreover, in at least 

one other statute Congress has expressly provided for 
 

 

Cite as: 584 U. S. ____ (2018) 7 

Opinion of the Court 

restitution of “the value of the time reasonably spent by 

the victim in an attempt to remediate the intended or 

actual harm incurred by the victim from the offense.”

§3663(b)(6). Again the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act 

has no similar provision. And given those differences 

between the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act and other 

restitution statutes, we conclude that the considerations 

we have mentioned, particularly those based on a reading 

of the statute as a whole, tip the balance in favor of our 

more limited interpretation. 

We add that this interpretation does not leave a victim

such as GE totally without a remedy for additional losses

not covered by the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act.

GE also brought a civil lawsuit against Lagos for the full 

extent of its losses, and obtained an over-$30 million 

judgment against him. The Government says that GE

has largely been unable to collect on that judgment, but 

there is no reason to think that collection efforts related 

to a criminal restitution award would prove any more

successful. 

The Government makes one additional argument. It 

points out that GE shared with the Government the information that its private investigation uncovered. And 

that fact, the Government says, should bring the expenses

of that investigation within the terms of the statute even if 

the “investigation” referred to by the statute is a government’s criminal investigation. The short, conclusive 

answer to that claim, however, lies in the fact that the 

statute refers to “necessary child care, transportation, and 

other expenses incurred during participation in the investigation or prosecution of the offense.” §3663A(b)(4) (emphasis added). It does not refer to expenses incurred 

before the victim’s participation in a government’s investigation began. And the Government does not deny that it 

is those preparticipation expenses—the expenses of conducting GE’s investigation, not those of sharing the results 
 

 

8 LAGOS v. UNITED STATES 

Opinion of the Court 

from it—that are at issue here. We therefore need not 

address in this case whether this part of the Mandatory

Victims Restitution Act would cover similar expenses

incurred during a private investigation that was pursued 

at a government’s invitation or request. It is enough to

hold that it does not cover the costs of a private investigation that the victim chooses on its own to conduct. 

* * * 

For the reasons stated, we conclude that the words 

“investigation” and “proceedings” in the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act refer to government investigations 

and criminal proceedings. Consequently Lagos is not

obliged to pay the portion of the restitution award that he

here challenges. We reverse the Court of Appeals’ judgment to the contrary, and we remand the case for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

It is so ordered.