### 1 

# Market	Characterization	of	the	U.S.	Commercial

Refrigeration	Industry

P REPARED FOR 

### :

Stratospheric	Protection	Division

Office	of	Air	and	Radiation

U.S.	Environmental	Protection	Agency

Washington,	D.C.	20460

P REPARED B Y 

### :

ICF	International

1725	Eye	Street,	NW

Washington,	DC	20006

M A Y 

### 2014

### 2 

# Market	Characterization	of	the	U.S.	Commercial

Refrigeration	Industry

Table of Contents

1 Introduction

............................................................................................................................... ........... 3

2 Market Characterization

....................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Overview of Commercial Refrigeration Systems

.......................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Reach

‐ In Refrigerators/Freezers and Beverage Coolers

....................................................... 3

2.1.2 Food Service Equipment

....................................................................................................... 4

2.1.3 Refrigerated Vending Machines............................................................................................ 4

2.1.4 Condensing Unit Systems

...................................................................................................... 5

2.1.5 Rack Systems

......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Equipment Manufacturers

............................................................................................................ 7

2.3 Equipment Owners Performing System Retrofits

......................................................................... 9

3 Sector Background

............................................................................................................................... . 9

3.1 Refrigerant Use in Commercial Refrigeration

............................................................................... 9

3.1.1 Self

‐ Contained Systems

....................................................................................................... 10

3.1.2 Remote Refrigeration Systems

........................................................................................... 11

4 Climate

‐ Friendly Alternatives

............................................................................................................. 13

5 References

............................................................................................................................... ........... 14

### 3 

## 1 Introduction

Commercial refrigeration systems have historically relied on synthetic refrigerants—namely,

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)—that both deplete the stratospheric

ozone layer and contribute to climate change. The U.S. commercial refrigeration market transitioned

away from ozone

‐ depleting substances (ODS) in response to the 1996 phaseout of CFCs and the

continued phaseout of HCFCs, relying on hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are not ODS but typically

have a high global warming potential (GWP). Today, low

‐ GWP alternatives (e.g., ammonia, carbon

dioxide, hydrocarbons, unsaturated HFCs) have entered or are expected to enter the U.S. market,

facilitated by acceptability listings under EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program. The

purpose of this report is to characterize the U.S. commercial refrigeration sector in terms of market size,

historical and current refrigerant use, and the availability of alternative refrigerants.



## 2 Market Characterization

It is estimated that in 2013 over 6 million commercial refrigeration systems were in use in the United

States. In addition, it is estimated that roughly 600,000 new systems were sold into the market. Since

the purpose of this document is to characterize refrigerant use in commercial refrigeration applications,

only manufactures of systems and/or components that directly contain refrigerant are identified. 1

Similarly, only end

‐ users of systems that can be retrofitted with a different refrigerant mid

‐ way through

the lifetime of the equipment are highlighted. 2



## 2.1 Overview of Commercial Refrigeration Systems

Commercial refrigeration systems include reach

‐ in refrigerators and freezers, beverage coolers, food

service equipment, refrigerated vending machines, ice makers, water coolers, soda fountains/beer

dispensers, condensing unit systems, and rack systems. For the purposes of this report, ice makers,

water coolers and soda fountains/beer dispensers are not characterized. Overview of reach

‐ in

refrigerators and freezers, beverage coolers, food service equipment, refrigerated vending machines,

condensing unit systems, and rack systems are provided in the sections that follow.

Commercial refrigeration systems generally can be categorized into two groups: self

‐ contained and

remote refrigeration systems. Self

‐ contained systems integrate all components within their structure,

while remote refrigeration systems consist of various components that are linked through a refrigerant

piping network.



### 2.1.1 Reach

‐ In Refrigerators/Freezers and Beverage Coolers

Reach

‐ in refrigerators and freezers and beverage coolers are self

‐ contained systems with the

refrigeration system commonly located on top of the unit. These systems are commonly used in

convenience stores, small markets, specialty stores, bars, and restaurants as well as in large

1 Manufacturers of display cases and walk

‐ ins that are connected to a rack system are excluded from this discussion since they

are not directly impacted by the refrigerant used in the system.

2 Systems that can be retrofitted include condensing unit systems and rack systems.

### 4 supermarkets in spaces that are not easily accessible to the rack system refrigerant lines. These

systems are often characterized by their operating temperature (e.g., medium vs. low), door type (e.g.,

transparent, solid, without), and orientation (e.g., horizontal, semivertical, vertical). Example images of

these systems are provided in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Example Images of Reach

‐ In and Beverage Coolers (U.S. DOE 2009)



### 2.1.2 Food Service Equipment

Refrigerated food service equipment is a type of self

‐ contained system used to maintain the

temperature of food products prior to and while serving them in foodservice settings (U.S. DOE 2009).

Such equipment is predominantly found in restaurants, hotels, convenience stores, supermarkets,

schools, and other facilities where food is served. Common categories of equipment include

preparation tables, worktop tables, and buffet tables. Example images of food service equipment are

provided in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Example Images of Food Service Equipment (U.S. DOE 2009)



### 2.1.3 Refrigerated Vending Machines

Refrigerated vending machines are another type of self

‐ contained system used to sell a variety of

products, including cold drinks in cans or bottles, ice cream, milk, and cold drinks in cups. Vending

machines are predominantly located in offices, public locations, and plants and factories (U.S. DOE

2009). A report developed for the U.S. DOE (2009) estimates that in 2008 there were 3.8 million vending

machines in use in the United States. Example images of refrigerated vending machines are shown in

Figure 3 below.

### 5 Figure 3. Example Images of Refrigerated Vending Machines (U.S. DOE 2009)



### 2.1.4 Condensing Unit Systems

Condensing unit systems are a type of remote commercial refrigeration system that are commonly used

in convenience stores, drug stores, hotels, cafeterias, specialty food stores, restaurants, and bars. They

consist of one or two compressors, one condenser, and one receiver assembled into a modular system,

which is then commonly mounted to or connected to a walk

‐ in or row of reach

‐ ins. In some cases

, the

condensing unit is located on the building rooftop or outside at ground level (U.S. DOE 2009). A report

developed for the U.S. DOE (2009) estimates that in 2008 there were 755,000 walk

‐ in coolers and

freezers in use in the United States that are cooled by a condensing unit system. Shipments (which can

be used as a proxy for sales) are estimated at roughly 562,000 systems from 2003

‐ 2007 (DOE 2013b).

Example images of condensing unit systems are provided below in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Figure 4. Example Images a Mounted Condensing Unit System (U.S. DOE 2009)

Figure 5. Example Image of an Outside Condensing Unit System (U.S. DOE 2009; Master

‐ Bilt 2014)



### 2.1.5 Rack Systems

Rack systems are a type of remote commercial refrigeration systems that are most commonly used in

supermarkets as well as warehouse clubs and superstores. They are custom designed and complex to

install, and consist of racks of multiple compressors and other components that are connected to a

### 6 remote condenser and linked to display cases, reach

‐ ins, and walk

‐ ins through a piping network. They

come in a variety of designs including centralized, distributed, indirect, and cascade. 3 These systems can

also be designed to additionally provide air conditioning, for example, in offices and break rooms

located in a supermarket. About 37,500 supermarkets in the United States in 2013 (FMI 2014) plus an

additional 11,000 supercenters, warehouses, and other retail food stores are assumed to use a rack

system to meet their cooling needs. The key components of a rack system—which include compressor

racks, condensers, display cases, and walk

‐ ins—are discussed in more detail below.

2.1.5.1 Condensers

Typically located outside, the condenser is a part of the refrigeration system that transfers heat from the

refrigerant to the surrounding air or a water supply. Air

‐ cooled condensers are more commonly used in

supermarket rack system, although water

‐ cooled condensers and evaporative condensers may also be

applied. According to the U.S. DOE (2009), a typical supermarket has one condenser per refrigeration

circuit, or four condensers per supermarket. An example of an air

‐ cooled condenser is below in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Example Image of a Condenser (Heatcraft 2013)

2.1.5.2 Compressor Racks

Compressor racks are configurations of paralleled

‐ connected compressors commonly located in a

machinery room. It is estimated that supermarkets use on average four compressor racks with three to

five compressors per rack (U.S. DOE 2009). Example images of compressor racks are provided below in

Figure 8.

Figure 8. Example Images of a Compressor Rack (U.S. DOE 2009; Hillphoenix 2013)

3 See http://www2.epa.gov /greenchill/advanced

‐ refrigeration for descriptions of commonly used system designs.

### 7 2.1.5.3 Display Cases

Display cases that are part of a rack system are used in supermarkets and other retail food

establishments to attractively display food or beverages to consumers. Similar to reach

‐ in refrigerators

and freezers, display cases vary by temperature and orientation. It is assumed that there are 60 display

cases per supermarket or other large retail food store that uses a rack system (U.S. DOE 2009). Example

images of display cases are provided below in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Example Images of Display Cases (U.S. DOE 2009)

2.1.5.4 Walk

‐ In Coolers and Freezers

Walk

‐ in coolers and freezers are large, insulated refrigerated spaces with access doors large enough for

people to enter. Walk

‐ ins are used for food storage and merchandising in the food service and food

sales applications. While some walk

‐ ins are cooled by a condensing unit system (as discussed in the

previous section), walk

‐ ins that are found in supermarkets are generally connected to and cooled by the

rack system. A report developed for the U.S. DOE (2009) estimates that in 2008 there were 245,000

walk

‐ in coolers and freezers in use in the United States that are cooled by a supermarket rack system.

With annual sales estimated at 10,000, it is projected that in 2013 there were 250,000 systems in use.

An example image of a walk

‐ in with merchandising doors open to the sales floor is provided in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Example Image of a Walk

‐ In with Merchandising Doors (U.S. DOE 2009)



### 2.2 Equipment Manufacturers

Leading manufacturers of self

‐ contained systems and remote refrigeration systems or components are

summarized in Table 2 below. In total, 46 manufacturers were identified, based mainly on information

gathered by the U.S. Department of Energy (2013a; 2013b; 2009). Remote systems are made up of

numerous components that are often manufactured separately; therefore, manufacturers may only sell

some components of such systems. Since a different set of companies manufacture vending machines

### 8 than other self

‐ contained systems, vending machine manufacturers and reach

‐ in, beverage cooler, and

food service equipment manufacturers are shown separately in table 2.

Table 2. Key Manufacturers of Commercial Refrigeration Equipment by System Type

Company Name a Self-Contained Systems

Remote Systems b Reach-Ins, Beverage Coolers,

Food Service Equipment Vending

Machines

Arctic Air X

Arctic Star X

Arneg USA X

Automatic Merchandising Systems, Inc. X

Bally Refrigerated Boxes X

Beverage-Air X

Bitzer X

Carlyle X

Century Refrigeration X

Continental Refrigeration X

Copeland X

Crown Tonka X

Delfield X

Dixie-Narco X

Edina Technical Products X

Federal Industries X

Heatcraft X

Heat Transfer Products Group DBA Russell X

Hillphoenix X X

Howard/McCray X

Hussmann X X

Kelvinator X

Killion Industries X

Kolpak X

Krack X

Kysor/Warren X

Manitowoc X X

McCall Refrigeration X

Master-Bilt Products X X

Multi-Max Vending X

Northland Refrigeration X

Peerless of America, Inc. X

RPI Industries, Inc. X

Royal Vendors X

SandenVendo America X

Seaga Manufacturing X

Silver King X

Structural Concepts Corp. X

Tor Rey Refrigeration X

### 9 Company Name a Self-Contained Systems

Remote Systems b Reach-Ins, Beverage Coolers,

Food Service Equipment Vending

Machines

Traulsen X

Trenton Refrigeration Products X

True Manufacturing X

Turbo Air X

Victory Refrigeration X

Wittern Group X

Zero Zone X X

a Parent companies are not listed due to frequent consolidations and other acquisitions.

b Includes manufacturers of components of remote systems, such as co mpressors, compresso r racks, condensers an d/or condensing un it

systems.

Source: U.S. DOE (2013a); U.S. DOE (2013b); U.S. DOE (2009)



### 2.3 Equipment Owners Performing System Retrofits

As previously mentioned, some commercial refrigeration systems—including condensing unit systems

and rack systems—can be retrofitted with a different refrigerant mid

‐ way through their lifetime. The

decision to retrofit a system is made by the owner of the equipment. Refrigerant retrofits do not

typically take place unless at least one component of the system (e.g., a remote display case or

condenser) needs to be replaced or upgraded. Due to the high cost of retrofitting relative to purchasing

a new self

‐ contained system, it is assumed that retrofits are not performed on those systems. While

condensing unit systems are more likely to be retrofitted, they are only commonly retrofitted if there is

an economic incentive to do so. Similarly, supermarkets are most likely to retrofit their HCFC

‐ 22 rack

systems if there is a financial benefit for doing so. Recovered HCFC

‐ 22 from retrofitted or retired

systems is commonly used by supermarkets to service their other HCFC

‐ 22 equipment. As the

availability of HCFC

‐ 22 decreases, the incentive to retrofit or replace HCFC

‐ 22 systems will increase for

some companies. However, the actual impact of future HCFC

‐ 22 supplies on retrofit activity is uncertain

due to variation in the refrigerant use profiles and specific circumstances of individual companies.



## 3 Sector Background

3.1 Refrigerant Use in Commercial Refrigeration

Commercial refrigeration systems have historically relied on synthetic refrigerants—namely,

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)—that both deplete the stratospheric

ozone layer and contribute to climate change. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are not ozone

depleting substances (ODS) but typically have a high global warming potential (GWP), are the most

commonly used alternative to CFCs and HCFCs. While less common, non

‐ fluorinated alternatives are

also in use in the commercial refrigeration sector (e.g., ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons).

Unsaturated HFCs and HCFCs (i.e., hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as well as HFOs blended with other

refrigerants) are also being tested and are expected to enter the market in the coming few years.

A summary of the refrigerants listed as acceptable under SNAP that are commonly used in commercial

refrigeration systems today is provided below in Table 3, presented in order from largest to smallest

### 10 GWP. Some refrigerants are used only in new equipment (denoted by “N” in the table), while other

refrigerants are used only as a retrofit refrigerant (i.e., a refrigerant used to replace another refrigerant

in existing equipment) (denoted by “R” in the table). As shown, some refrigerants are used in both new

equipment and as a retrofit in existing equipment.

Table 3. ODS Substitute Refrigerants Commonly Used in Commercial Refrigeration by Equipment Type

Refrigerant GWP Equipment Category *

Self-Contained Condensing Units Rack Systems

R-507A 3,985 N N N, R

R-404A 3,922 N N N, R

R-422A 3,143 R R

R-422D 2,729 R R

R-422B 2,526 R R

R-438A 2,264 R R

R-427A 2,138 R R

R-407A 2,107 N, R N, R

R-407F 1,825 N, R N, R

R-407C 1,774 N, R N, R

HFC-134a 1,430 N N N

R-290 3.3 N

R-744 1 N N

* R = used as a retrofit; N = used in new equipment.

Source: Based on RTOC (2011) and GreenChill Partnership Data (2013).

Although there are significantly fewer remote refrigeration systems (i.e., condensing unit systems and

rack systems) in the market relative to self

‐ contained systems, the majority of refrigerant consumed in

the United States in commercial refrigeration is used to charge or refill remote refrigeration systems.

Error! Reference source not found.



### 3.1.1 Self

‐ Contained Systems

As previously discussed, the types of self

‐ contained systems characterized by this report include reach

‐ in

refrigerators and freezers, beverage coolers, food service equipment, and refrigerated vending

machines. These systems historically used refrigerants CFC

‐ 12 and HCFC

‐ 22. Today, HFC

‐ 134a is the

most commonly used refrigerant in self

‐ contained systems, with R

‐ 404A also commonly used in low

temperature applications (e.g., freezers, ice machines). Propane (R

‐ 290) has recently started to be used

in retail food self

‐ contained refrigerators and freezers (e.g., reach

‐ in refrigerators and freezers, and

beverage coolers), following listing by SNAP as being acceptable subject to use conditions in December

2011. Carbon dioxide (R

‐ 744), which was listed as acceptable under SNAP for use in retail food

refrigeration in September 2009, is currently used in beverage coolers. More recently, R

‐ 744 has started

to be used in vending machines, following SNAP listing in 2012. A summary of the ODS substitute

refrigerants currently used in self

‐ contained systems, along with their corresponding charge size, is

provided below in Table 4.

### 11 Table 4. ODS Substitute Refrigerants Used in Self

‐ Contained Systems by System Type

System Type Refrigerants Charge Size Range (kg) a

Reach-In Refrigerators HFC-134a, R-404A, R-290 0.2 – 3.0

Reach-In Freezers HFC-134a, R-404A, R-290 0.2 – 3.0

Beverage Coolers HFC-134a, R-290, R-744 0.2 – 3.0

Food Service Equipment HFC-134a, R-404A, R-290 0.2 – 3.0

Vending Machines HFC-134a, R-404A, R-744 0.2 – 3.0

a Charge size is influenced by both the system capacity and the refrigerant type.

Source: RTOC (2011); U.S. EPA (2010).

Due to their small charge size, the amount of refrigerant used to fill new self

‐ contained equipment

represents a small portion of total refrigerant consumed by the commercial refrigeration sector.

Although HFCs continue to dominate the market, this trend is starting to change for equipment types

that may now use R

‐ 290 (e.g., reach

‐ in refrigerators and freezers, beverage coolers, and food service

equipment) and R

‐ 744 (e.g., beverage coolers and vending machines). For example, Unilever and Ben &

Jerry’s installed R

‐ 290 ice cream freezers (i.e., reach

‐ in freezers) in 21 stores in the United States in 2009

and announced plans to install 700 more units in 2012. As of 2012, PepsiCo had also installed 35 R

‐ 290

beverage coolers across North America. Additionally, many supermarket chains, including Fresh & Easy

and H

‐ E

‐ B, have deployed self

‐ contained R

‐ 290 units. As of 2012, Coca

‐ Cola had already introduced

more than 1,300 R

‐ 744 beverage coolers into the U.S. market. And, since the SNAP listing of R

‐ 744 in

vending machines, Coca Cola has committed to only purchasing vending machines using this low

‐ GWP

alternative. In addition, PepsiCo had already installed at least 30 vending machines that use R

‐ 744 in the

United States.



### 3.1.2 Remote Refrigeration Systems

As previously discussed, remote commercial refrigeration systems can be categorized into condensing

unit systems and rack systems. Similar to self

‐ contained systems, remote refrigeration systems

historically used CFC

‐ 12, HCFC

‐ 22, and some ODS blends (e.g., R

‐ 502, R

‐ 401A, R

‐ 402A, and R

‐ 408A).

Today [new] remote systems largely rely on HFCs, although many ODS refrigerants still remain in use in

existing equipment. Ammonia (R

‐ 717) and carbon dioxide (R

‐ 744), both of which are acceptable under

SNAP for use in large retail food equipment, are also used and gaining market share. A summary

refrigerants currently used in condensing unit and rack systems, is provided below in Table 5. A more

detailed description of refrigerant use by system type is provided in the sections that follow.

### 12 Table 5. ODS Substitute Refrigerants Used in Remote Refrigeration Systems by System Type

System Type Refrigerants in Use Charge Size Range (kg) a

Condensing Unit Systems HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407A, R-407C, R407F, R-422A, R-422B, R-422D, R-427A, R438A, R-507A 0.5 – 20

Rack Systems HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407A, R-407C, R407F, R-422A, R-422B, R-422D, R-427A, R438A, R-507A, R-717, R-744 300 – 1,800

a Charge size is influenced by the system capaci ty, system design, and the refrigerant type.

Sources: RTOC (2011); U.S. EPA (2010); Gr eenChill Partnership Data (2013).

3.1.2.1 Condensing Unit Systems

Condensing unit systems historically used HCFC

‐ 22. While many HCFC

‐ 22 systems still remain in the

market today, newly manufactured systems primarily use R

‐ 404A or HFC

‐ 134a. Other HFC blends—

including R

‐ 407A, R

‐ 407C, R

‐ 407F, and R

‐ 507A—are also available. Condensing unit systems may be

retrofitted but are generally only done so if the system is experiencing high leakage and the cost of

replacing the leaked refrigerant is high. In such cases, an R

‐ 407 or R

‐ 422 series refrigerant is most

commonly used, although other retrofit refrigerants (e.g., R

‐ 427A, R

‐ 438A) are also available.

3.1.2.2 Rack Systems

Rack systems historically used CFC

‐ 12, R

‐ 502, HCFC

‐ 22, and other HCFC blends in a centralized design.

While many of these systems remain in use today, some have been retrofitted to replace the ODS

refrigerant with an HFC blend (e.g., R

‐ 404A, R

‐ 422A, R

‐ 422B, R

‐ 422D, R

‐ 427A, R

‐ 438A, R

‐ 507A). For

newly manufactured systems, HFC refrigerants (e.g., R

‐ 404A, R

‐ 507A, R

‐ 407A, R

‐ 407C, and R

‐ 407F)

dominate the market.

Many of the newly manufactured systems additionally employ alternative designs such as secondary

loop systems, which use secondary fluids (e.g., R

‐ 744, glycol) to indirectly cool the refrigerated space,

allowing for a relatively low HFC charge size. Another alternative design is cascade systems, which

consist of two independent rack systems that share a common cascade heat exchanger which allows for

the use of CO 2 on the low temperature side.

Additionally, in 2012, the first ammonia (R

‐ 717)

‐ based rack system was installed in the United States in

an Albertsons supermarket in Carpinteria, California. This milestone was followed in 2013 by the

installation of the first 100% CO 2 (R

‐ 744)

‐ based rack system in a Hannaford supermarket in Turner,

Maine. This system is a transcritical CO 2 system, in which CO 2 is used as the primary refrigerant and

operates at a high pressure to accommodate the low critical temperature of CO 2

. Additional transcritical

CO 2 systems have been installed in a Walgreens store in South Evanston, Illinois; a Whole Foods Market

in Brooklyn, New York; and a Pick ‘n Save supermarket in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. Installation of

new rack systems that use R

‐ 744 and possibly R

‐ 717 as the primary refrigerant are expected to continue

to grow in the United States.

### 13 

## 4 Climate

‐ Friendly Alternatives

Although not a significant portion of the market today, climate

‐ friendly refrigerant alternatives (e.g.,

hydrocarbons, CO 2 , ammonia, and unsaturated HFCs) are available for use or expected to be available

for use in the near

‐ term in all types of commercial refrigeration systems. 6 below summarizes the status

of low

‐ GWP alternatives in the United States by system type.

Table 6: Overview of Climate

‐ Friendly Alternatives and SNAP Listing Status by System Type

System Type Hydrocarbons CO 2 Ammonia Unsaturated HFCs

Self-Contained Units:

Reach-In

Refrigerators and

Freezers, Beverage

Coolers, and Food

Service Equipment  Acceptable under

SNAP subject to

use conditions

(propane only;

others pending)

(12/20/11)

 Gaining market

share in the U.S.

 Commonly used

outside the U.S.  Acceptable under

SNAP (9/30/09)

 Used in glass-door

beverage coolers  Acceptable under

SNAP (9/5/96) with

a secondary loop;

no known use  Not acceptable

under SNAP

 Refrigerants under

development

Self-Contained Units:

Vending Machines  Under SNAP

Review

 Used outside the

U.S.  Acceptable under

SNAP (5/17/12)

 Gaining market share

in the U.S.  Not acceptable

under SNAP; no

known use  Not acceptable

under SNAP

 Refrigerants under

development

Condensing Units  Not acceptable

under SNAP; no

known use  Acceptable under

SNAP (9/30/09)

 Used outside the U.S.

but generally

considered cost

prohibitive  Acceptable under

SNAP (9/5/96)

 Used historically in

industrial

applications but not

currently used

commercially  Not acceptable

under SNAP

 Refrigerants under

development

Rack Systems  Not acceptable

under SNAP: no

known use  Acceptable under

SNAP (9/30/09)

 First 100% CO 2

system installed in

the U.S. in 2013

 Commonly used

outside the U.S.

 Also used in

secondary loop

systems or cascade

designs with HFCs in

the U.S.  Acceptable under

SNAP (9/5/96) with

a secondary loop

 First system

installed in the U.S.

in 2012  Not acceptable

under SNAP

 Refrigerants under

development and

testing

### 14 

## 5 References

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September 6, 2010. Available at: http://www.achrnews.com/articles/co2

‐ in

‐ supermarket

‐ refrigeration

.

Armines (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indirect GHG Emissions from Stationary Air Conditioning and

Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphasis on Retail Food Refrigeration and Unitary Air

Conditioning. Prepared for State of California Air Resources Board. March 2009.

Ben & Jerry’s (2012). Experience with Natural Refrigerants. Presented at the ATMOshpere America 2012

conference, Washington D.C. Available at: http://www.atmo.org/media.presentation.php?id=124

.

DuPont. 2013. Opteon Refrigerants. Available at:

http://www2.dupont.com/Refrigerants/en_US/a ssets/downloads/k26492_Opteon_refrigerants.pdf

.

Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA). 2012. US Market Study of HFC

‐ Free Technologies for the

Supermarket

‐ Retail Refrigeration Sector. Available at: http://eia

‐ global.org/news

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‐ free

‐ technologies

‐ are

‐ available

‐ in

‐ the

‐ us

‐ market

‐ for

‐ the

‐ supermarket

‐ re.

FindTheBest.com, Inc. 2013. Corporate data on Royal Vendors, Inc in Saint Louis, Missouri. Available at

http://companies.findthecompany.com/l/13338544/Royal

‐ Vendors

‐ Inc

‐ in

‐ Saint

‐ Louis

‐ MO.

Food Marketing Industry (FMI). 2014. Supermarket Facts: Industry Overview 2013. Available at:

http://www.fmi.org/facts_fi gs/?fuseaction=superfact

. Accessed June 2, 2014.

GIZ Proklima. 2013. NAMAs in the refrigeration. Air conditioning and foam sectors. A technical

handbook. Module 4: Ecomonic Assessment. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Eschborn, Germany. December 2013. Available at:

http://www.giz.de/expertise/d ownloads/Fachexpertise/giz2013

‐ en

‐ NAMAs

‐ Modul4

‐ web.pdf

.

Good Green Tech. (2008). Coca

‐ Cola to Use CO2 for Beverage Cooling. Available at:

http://goodcleantech.pcmag.com/news

‐ and

‐ events/280645

‐ coca

‐ cola

‐ to

‐ use

‐ co2

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