SECOND DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

MARKLE and LAND, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

September 16, 2024

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A24A0802, A24A0803. CITY OF MILTON v. CHANG et al.; and

vice versa.

MARKLE, Judge.

In November 2016, Joshua Chang was killed in a single-car accident on

Batesville Road in the City of Milton (“the City”) when his car struck a concrete

planter that was located on the shoulder. His parents sued the City for negligence and

nuisance, and a jury found the City liable, awarding over $30 million in damages.1

In

Case No. A24A0802, the City appeals from the denial of its motions for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) and for newtrial on the grounds that (1) it was

entitled to sovereign immunity, and (2) the trial court erred by admitting testimony

1 Chang’s parents also sued two other entities that owned and operated the

property adjacent to the planter, but they settled their claims with those defendants

early in the litigation.
regarding interpretations of the applicable City ordinances. In Case No. A24A0803,

the Changs cross-appeal from the trial court’s failure to (1) apply pre-judgment

interest to the jury’s award, and (2) enter judgment nunc pro tunc to the date of the

jury’s verdict. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in Case No. A24A0802 and we

vacate and remand with direction in Case No. A24A0803.

[O]n appeal from the denial of a motion for a directed verdict or

a motion for [JNOV], we construe the evidence in the light most

favorable to the party opposing the motion, and the standard of review

is whether there is any evidence to support the jury’s verdict. And

because the jurors are the sole and exclusive judges of the weight and

credit given the evidence, we must construe the evidence with every

inference and presumption in favor of upholding the verdict, and after

judgment, the evidence must be construed to uphold the verdict even

where the evidence is in conflict. Even so, we reviewquestions of law de

novo.

(Citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.) Bristol Consulting Group v. D2

Property Group, 366 Ga. App. 843, 849 (2) (884 SE2d 546) (2023).

So viewed, the record shows that, one evening in November 2016, college

student Joshua Chang was driving back to his parents’ house when his car left the

paved portion of the roadway, slid more than 60 feet, and collided with a large

2
concrete planter on the shoulder ofBatesville Road in the City. The impact caused the

car to flip and land on top of the planter, killing Joshua. There was no evidence that

Joshua was speeding or intoxicated at the time ofthe accident; norwas there evidence

he was using his cell phone while driving. Instead, based on the physical evidence at

the scene, an accident reconstructionist opined that it appearedthat Joshuahad pulled

the steering wheel hard right, as if trying to avoid something in the road, causing the

car to yaw sideways onto the shoulder before striking the planter.2

The planter sat on a part of the shoulder between two driveways that provided

ingress and egress for an adjacent event facility. It is undisputed that the planter was

located about six feet off the roadway, but within the right-of-way, as defined by City

Ordinance § 48-653.

Chang’s parents sued the City, alleging it was negligent and in breach of its

ministerial duty to ensure the roadways were safe, and that the planter created a

nuisance.3

Prior to trial,4

the City filed a motion in limine to exclude testimony from

2 A yaw is a sideways sliding movement, whereas a skid is forward motion in

which the tires do not rotate.

3 The Changs initially pled a claim for negligence per se for violations of the

City’s Ordinances, but they later withdrewthat claim. To state a claim for negligence,

the Changs had to show that the City breached a duty and that breach caused

3
City employees regarding their interpretations of the relevant City ordinances.

Although the trial court initially granted the motion to exclude, it later revisited that

decision and allowed the testimony.

The testimony at trial established that the planter was on the City’s property

and in the right-of-way, which the City was responsible for maintaining. Per its

ordinances, the City was responsible for inspecting its roadways, identifying defects,

and removinghazards,such as the planter.Specifically, several witnesses testified that

the City should have noticed and removed the planter when it completed repair work

to Batesville Road in 2012. Experts opined that the planter was a problem, and “the

appropriate response” and “obvious choice” was to remove it. But the City had not

conducted any safety inspections, and according to the City’s own code enforcement

officer, “oops, . . . how could we never notice” the existence of the planter.

damages. See Glover v. Ga. Power Co., 347 Ga. App. 372, 375 (1) (819 SE2d 660)

(2018). That duty can be established by statute.Id. Relevant here, under OCGA§ 32-

4-93 (a), the City has a duty to keep its streets free from defects ofwhich it had notice.

See also Mayor and Alderman of City of Savannah v. Herrera, 343 Ga. App. 424, 428

(1) (808 SE2d 416) (2017).

4 The City moved for summary judgment, arguing that it was entitled to

sovereign immunity from suit under OCGA § 36-33-1 and the Georgia Constitution

of 1983, Art IX, Sec. II, Para. IX. The trial court denied the motion, and this Court

denied interlocutory review.

4
The jury found the City liable because it had maintained a defect and a

nuisance. It awarded damages in the amount of thirty-five million dollars, which was

reduced by seven percent for the amount of Joshua’s comparative fault.

Before the trial court entered judgment, the Changs moved for pre-judgment

interest under OCGA § 51-12-14 (a), noting that they had made a settlement demand

by certified mail, which the City rejected, and they had obtained a judgment in excess

of the amount of the demand. The trial court entered judgment reflecting the jury’s

verdict, but it did not award pre-judgment interest. The Changs later renewed their

motion for pre-judgment interest, and requested the trial court enter judgment in the

case nunc pro tunc to the date of the jury’s verdict. The trial court did notrule on this

motion.

The City moved for a new trial and for JNOV, raising the same arguments it

now raises on appeal. The trial court denied both motions. Both the City and the

Changs now appeal.

Case No. A24A0802

1. The City argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion for JNOV

because (a) the negligence claim was barred by sovereign immunity; (b) if it was not

5
barred by immunity, the recovery was limited to the $2 million insurance policy limit;

(c) the nuisance claim was barred by sovereign immunity; and (d) the plaintiffs failed

to establish the planter was a nuisance. It further argues that the trial court erred by

permitting witnesses to testify to their interpretation of the relevant City ordinances.

We conclude the City waived its immunity and that any error in admitting the

testimony was harmless.

(A) Sovereign immunity

“Municipalities are protected by sovereign immunity pursuant to Article IX,

Section II, Paragraph IX of the Georgia Constitution unless that immunity is waived

by the General Assembly or by the terms of the Constitution itself.” (Citations and

footnote omitted.) Mayor & Alderman of City of Savannah v. Herrera, 343 Ga. App.

424, 427 (1) (808 SE2d 416) (2017); see also OCGA § 36-33-1 (a) (“it is the public

policy of the State of Georgia that there is no waiver of the sovereign immunity of

municipal corporations of the state and such municipal corporations shall be immune

from liability for damages.”). “The burden of demonstrating a waiver of sovereign

immunity rests upon the party asserting it.” Ga. Dept.of Labor v. RTT Assoc., 299 Ga.

78, 81 (1) (786 SE2d 840) (2016). “Whether sovereign immunity has been waived

6
under the undisputed facts is a question of law, and we conduct a de novo review.”

Smith v. City of Roswell, 361 Ga. App. 853, 856 (2) (864 SE2d 175) (2021).

The General Assembly has carved out two separate waivers of the

municipality’s sovereign immunity: First, a municipality can waive its immunity

through the purchase of insurance under certain circumstances. OCGA§ 36-33-1 (a);

see also City of Atlanta v. Mitcham, 296 Ga. 576, 577 (1), n. 2 (769 SE2d 320) (2015);

Smith, 361 Ga. App. at 855 (2).

Second, municipal corporations can be liable for negligence in the performance

oftheir ministerial duties.5 OCGA§ 36-33-1 (b); Herrera, 343 Ga.App. at 427-428 (1).

And we have explained that “[o]ne such ministerial duty . . . is the duty of a

municipality to maintain city streets in a reasonably safe condition for travel.”

5 Ministerial functions . . . are recognized as those involving

the exercise of some private franchise, or some franchise

conferred upon the municipal corporation by law which it

may exercise for the private profit or convenience of the

corporation or for the convenience of its citizens alone, in

which the general public has no interest.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Mitchum, 296 Ga. at 578 (2); see alsoGatto v.City

of Statesboro, 312Ga. 164, 167 (1)(860 SE2d 713) (2021) (describing governmental and

ministerial functions).

7
Herrera, 343 Ga. App. at 428 (1). The General Assembly, however, has limited any

such liability by statute:

A municipality is relieved of any and all liability resulting from or

occasioned by defects in the public roads of its municipal street system

when it has not been negligent in constructing or maintaining the same

or when it has no actual notice thereof or when such defect has not

existed for a sufficient length of time for notice thereof to be inferred.

OCGA § 32-4-93 (a). “Thus, stated positively, municipalities generally have a

ministerial duty to keep their streets in repair, and they are liable for injuries resulting

from defects after actual notice, or after the defect has existed for a sufficient length

of time for notice to be inferred.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Herrera, 343

Ga. App. 428 (1); see also Gatto v. City of Statesboro, 312 Ga. 164, 167 (1), n. 4 (860

SE2d 713) (2021) (“Georgia courts have long held that the duty to maintain streets

and sidewalks free from obstructions and other dangers is a ministerial duty.”)

(emphasis omitted).

(i) Ministerial duty

We begin with whether the City waived its sovereign immunity under the

ministerial duty exception, and our analysis considers (a) whether the planter was a

8
defect in the road; and (b) whether the City had notice of it. See OCGA §§ 32-4-93

(a); 36-33-1 (b); Herrera, 343 Ga. App. at 428 (1).

(a) Did the planter constitute a defect in the road

For more than 100 years, the rule in Georgia has been: “[t]he municipality

should not allow obstructions . . . to adjoin the traveled way which will render its use

unsafe and dangerous. . . . Cities are liable for . . . negligently allowing obstructions

likely to cause injury to be placed upon or near the line[.]” (Citations and punctuation

omitted.) City Council of Augusta v. Tharpe, 113 Ga. 152, 155-56 (38 SE 389) (1901).

Here, there is no dispute that the planter was located on the shoulder and

within the right-of-way on the City’s property. Importantly, the term “road” is

defined by statute as

a highway, road, street, avenue, toll road, tollway, drive, detour, or other

way that either is open to the public or has been acquired as right of way,

and is intended to be used for enjoyment by the public and for the

passage of vehicles in any county or municipality of Georgia, including

but not limited to the following public rights, structures, sidewalks,

facilities, andappurtenancesincidentalto theconstruction,maintenance,

and enjoyment ofsuch rights ofway:(A) Surface, shoulders, and sides[.]

9
OCGA § 32-1-3 (24).6

In addition, the City’s own municipal code defines right-of-way to include the

shoulder. City of Milton Municipal Code § 48-653.7 The City acknowledges that the

planter was on the shoulder, in the right-of-way on a City-owned road. There was

additional evidence that the shoulder was used for drivers in cases of emergency or in

evasive maneuvers. Thus, the record demonstrates that the planter was in the road as

that term is defined by statute. OCGA § 32-1-3 (24).

Turning to whether the planter was a defect, we have held that a defect in the

street “include[s] objects adjacent to, and suspended over, the municipality’s streets

and sidewalks, the presence of which renders the use of these thoroughfares more

6 We cannot accept the City’s argument during oral argument that the planter

was not in the road because it was not in an area intended to be used for vehicle travel.

It is well-settled that “when interpreting a statute, all its words must be given due

weight; we are forbidden to ‘read out’ any words in the statute unless a clear reason

appears for doing so.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) AgSouth Farm Credit v.

Gowen Timber Co., 336 Ga. App. 581, 589 (2) (b) (i) (784 SE2d 913) (2016). And, we

must avoid “a statutory construction that will render some of the statutory language

mere surplusage[.]” Kennedy v. Carlton, 294 Ga. 576, 578 (2) (757 SE2d 46) (2014).

Reading the statute in this manner, we conclude that the planter was in the road as

that term is defined by statute. OCGA § 32-1-3 (24).

7

Interestingly, this definition appears in the portion of the municipal code,

entitled“Trail Development Standards.”But no one argues that the definition would

be different elsewhere in the Code.

10
hazardous.” (Citations omitted.) Kicklighter v. Savannah Transit Auth., 167 Ga.App.

528, 530 (2) (307 SE2d 47) (1983) (whether power pole on curb area was a defect was

question of fact for the jury where bus passenger got arm caught between bus window

and pole and the bus remained on the road). And in such cases, we have repeatedly

found that the City waived its immunity. See Herrera, 343 Ga. App. at 429-432 (1)

(City waived its immunity where trees adjacent to street may have obstructed view

and it was for the jury to decide if they were a defect); DeWaters v. City of Atlanta, 169

Ga. App. 41, 43-44 (1) (311 SE2d 232) (1983) (City not immune from suit involving

sewer grate in road that injured bicyclist); Barnum v. Martin, 135 Ga. App. 712, 716-

717 (3) (219 SE2d 341) (1975) (road with improper elevation and sharp curve was

defective and City had obligation to repair it or provide warning), disapproved of on

other grounds by Dept. of Public Safety v. Ragsdale, 308 Ga. 210, 214, n.7 (839 SE2d

541) (2020); City of Milledgeville v. Holloway, 32 Ga. App. 734 (124 SE 802) (1924)

(City breached ministerial duty to keep streets in safe condition where driver was

forced to turn onto sidestreet to avoid obstruction in road, which resulted in driver

skidding into ditch not protected by guard rail).

11
Here, the testimony established that the planter was located on the City’s

property in the right-of-way and on the shoulder. Additional testimony established

that the shoulder was used to give drivers a place to maneuver if they needed to pull

off the road or to perform an evasive maneuver, and that the presence of the planter

on the shoulder was ahazard for vehicles leaving the travel lanes.There was additional

testimony that the City should have discovered the existence of the planter and

removed it.Given these facts, it was for the jury to determine ifthe planter constituted

a defect. Herrera, 343 Ga. App. at 430 (1).

8 And, as noted, there was evidence from

which the jury could find that the planter was an “object[] adjacent to” the roadway,

8 The Changs contend that Herrera was limited to consideration of defects

outside the road, similar toSmith. See Chatham AreaTransit Auth. v.Brantley, 353 Ga.

App. 197, 201 (1) (834 SE2d 593) (2019)(“at no point in Herrera did we discuss the

phrase ‘municipal street system’ or its meaning. Our conclusion in that case, as it

clearly states, merely addresses what may be considered a defect based on its location

in relation to the public road, not whether the public road is part of the municipal

street system.”). This description in Brantley is too narrow a reading of Herrera,

which was concernedwith what constituted a “defect” on the road. See Herrera, 343

Ga.App. at 428-430 (1)(“The question then turns on what constitutes a defect in the

public roads . . . and whether objects adjacent to the road that obstruct the view of

travellers on the road are considered ‘defects in the public roads.’”) (citation

omitted).

12
which “renders the use of these thoroughfares more hazardous.” (Citation omitted.)

Kicklighter, 167 Ga. App. at 530 (2); see also OCGA § 32-4-93 (a).

We are unpersuaded by the City’s reliance on Smith v. City of Roswell, 361 Ga.

App. 853 (864 SE2d 175) (2021), and find that case distinguishable. In Smith, while

driving under the influence, a father drove his car off the road and struck two

mailboxes, killing himself and his daughter. Id. at 853. The child’s mother sued the

City of Roswell, arguing that the failure to remove the mailboxes was a ministerial

duty. Id. The trial court granted Roswell’s motion to dismiss on sovereign immunity

grounds. Id. On appeal, this Court considered whether the mailboxes constituted

defects in the road, noting that it was undisputed that the mailboxes were not in or on

the road, as the plaintiff had pled that the car “left the roadway” before striking them.

Id. at 858-859 (2) (b). Given that fact, we explained, 

[w]here a plaintiff alleges that the defective condition which caused

injury was located on a part ofthe city’sstreet and sidewalk system, there

must be some evidence that the defect was located in an area accepted by the

city, either expressly or by implication, for use as a street or sidewalk, before

the city can be charged with liability for negligently failing to maintain the

area in a reasonably safe condition.

(Citation omitted; emphasis supplied.) Id. at 858 (2) (b).

13
The analysis in Smith did not address whether an object in the road constituted

a defect such that the City had a ministerial duty to remove it. “[Q]uestions which

merely lurk in the record, neither brought to the attention ofthe court nor ruled upon,

are not to be considered as having been so decided as to constitute precedents.”

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Wolfe v. Bd.of Regentsof the Univ. System of Ga.,

300 Ga. 223, 231 (2) (d) (794 SE2d 85) (2016). Moreover, various City employees

testified that the planter was on the shoulder, in the right-of-way, on a City-owned

street. Thus, we do not find Smith on point.9

(b) Whether the City had notice of the defect in the road

As we have explained, notice can be actual or constructive. Herrera, 343 Ga.

App. at 428 (1).

Constructive notice of a defect may be imputed through the

knowledge of the city’s employees or agents, or may be shown by

testimony as to how long the defect existed prior to the injury, objective

evidence that the defect existed over time, or evidence that others were

9 Likewise, City of Vidalia v. Brown, 237 Ga. App. 831, 832-834 (1) (516 SE2d

851) (1999) (physical precedent only), on which the City relies, is also distinguishable

because that case did not involve a hazard or defect in the roadway where vehicles

could travel. See alsoCity of Alpharetta v.Hamby, 352 Ga.App. 511, 515-516 (1) (b) (ii)

(835 SE2d 366) (2019).

14
injured as a result of the same condition over a period of years. The

question of constructive notice ordinarily is for the jury, except in the

absence of any evidence of constructive notice that could create a fact

question, and in such an instance, the issue of negligence is a matter of

law. Further, the length of time a defect must exist in order for an

inference of notice to arise is ordinarily a jury question.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Herrera, 343 Ga. App. at 431 (1); see also Tucker

v. City of Thomasville, 367 Ga. App. 700, 702 (888 SE2d 265) (2023); City of Suwanee

v. Padgett, 364 Ga. App. 34, 37-38 (3) (b) (873 SE2d 712) (2022) (Google street view

photos taken years before injury was sufficient to raise jury question of constructive

notice); butsee City of Brunswick v. Smith, 350 Ga.App. 501, 504-505 (829 SE2d 781)

(2019) (Google street view photograph of defect prior to plaintiff’s accident did not

create jury question in absence of other evidence to show defect had existed over

time).

Here, there was testimony that the planter pre-dated the City’s incorporation

in 2006, that the City performed repair work on the road in 2012, and the City could

have noticed and removed the planter then. The City’s representative also

acknowledged that, in surveys completed prior to the accident, the planter is visible.

As such, there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could conclude the City

15
had notice. See Herrera, 343 Ga. App. at 431-432 (1) (evidence of prior accidents and

City worker’s observation of obstruction created jury question as to notice of

nuisance).

(ii) Insurance policy

The City also mentions briefly that any waiver of immunity is limited to the

extent of the insurance policy.But ministerial duty and insurance are two separate and

distinct waivers of immunity. Having concluded that the City waived its immunity

based on its ministerial duty, we need not consider whether it waived immunity by

purchasing insurance. OCGA § 36-33-1 (a), (b).

(B) Nuisance10

If a municipality is to be held liable under a theory of maintaining

a nuisance, there must be the maintenance of a dangerous condition on

a continuous or regular basis over a period of time in which no action or

inadequate action is taken to correct the condition after knowledge

10 The City asks us to overrule two Supreme Court ofGeorgia cases holding that

there is a nuisance “exception” to sovereign immunity. It goes without saying that

this Court cannot “overrule” decisions of our Supreme Court. See Etkind v. Suarez,

234 Ga. App. 108 (505 SE2d 831) (1998) (“[T]his court has no authority to overrule

or modify a decision ofthe Supreme Court of Georgia as the decisions of the Supreme

Court of Georgia shall bind all other courts as precedents.”) (citations and

punctuation omitted); see also McCulloch v. State, 357 Ga. App. 67, 69 (1), n. 4 (849

SE2d 795) (2020).

16
thereof.Ifthe municipality did not perform an act creating the dangerous

condition, . . . the failure of the municipality to rectify the dangerous

condition must be in violation of a duty to act. The municipality must

either have knowledge or be chargeable with notice of the dangerous

condition[.]

(Citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.) Kicklighter, 167 Ga. App. at 531 (3);

see also City of Alpharetta v. Vlass, 360 Ga. App. 432, 435-436 (1) (861 SE2d 249)

(2021); Heller v. City of Atlanta, 290 Ga. App. 345, 350 (2) (659 SE2d 617) (2008);

OCGA § 41-1-1 (“A nuisance is anything that causes hurt, inconvenience, or damage

to another and the fact that the act done may otherwise be lawful shall not keep it from

being a nuisance.”).11

In light of our conclusion in Division 1 (A) (i) that the City was not entitled to

immunity on the negligence claim, we need not address the City’s argument that the

Changs failed to establish a nuisance. Notably, the jury found the City liable for both

11 The Changs contend that the City has waived any argument that the planter

constituted a private nuisance (as opposed to a public one) because it did notraise the

argument in its motion for directed verdict. See generally, Avion Systems v. Bellomo,

338 Ga. App. 141, 144 (2) (789 SE2d 374) (2016) (party cannot raise issue in JNOV

that it did not raise in motion for directed verdict). However, the City’s main

argument is that there was no waiver of sovereign immunity for nuisance claims, and

the Changs failed to establish the elements of nuisance.And, the arguments on appeal

are the same as those raised in the motions for directed verdict and JNOV.

17
negligence and nuisance, and the verdict form did not allocate the damages award to

either theory specifically. See City of Lawrenceville v. Alford, 366 Ga. App. 226, 229

(881 SE2d 474) (2022) (“In the absence of a verdict form requiring more specificity,

the method by which a jury reaches a particular verdict is not a matter of which this

Court can take judicial cognizance.If the City hadwanted the jury to explain the basis

for the damages award, it should have objected to the verdict form. It did not do so

and thus has waived any objection in this regard.”) (citations and punctuation

omitted); Ga. Clinic v. Stout, 323 Ga. App. 487, 492 (2) (747 SE2d 83) (2013) (where

the verdict form did not indicate which of the two grounds of liability the jury found,

this Court would not question the verdict).

2. The City next argues that the trial court erred by permitting the witnesses to

testify to their interpretations of the City’s ordinances because their opinions were

irrelevant, and witnesses are not permitted to testify to statutory interpretation. The

Changs respond that the City waived this issue by eliciting the testimony during its

own examination of the witnesses.12 We conclude that any error was harmless.

12 The City requested a continuing objection to such testimony, and the trial

court agreed.

18
We review a trial court’s admission of evidence for abuse of discretion.

MyFamilyDoc v. Johnston, 366 Ga. App. 459, 464 (2) (883 SE2d 404) (2023).

However, to be reversible error, it is not enough that the trial court

erred; the plaintiffs also must show that the error had an effect on the

outcome of the proceedings. Erroneous evidentiary rulings are subject

to the harmless error doctrine, meaning we may not reverse a judgment

because of such an error unless refusal to take such action appears to the

court inconsistent with substantial justice. When we consider whether

an error was harmless, we review the record de novo and weigh the

evidence as we would expect reasonable jurors to have done so.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.)Ross-Stubblefield v. Weakland, 359Ga.App. 523,

527 (859 SE2d 502) (2021); see also OCGA 24-1-103 (a) (“Error shall not be

predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right

of the party is affected[.]”).

Pretermitting whether the City waived the error, we conclude that any error in

the admission of this testimony was harmless.13 Ross-Stubblefield, 359 Ga. App. at

13

In arguing that this testimony was permissible, the Changs incorrectly focus

on whether the witnesses testified to the ultimate issue; but the City argues that the

witnesses improperly gave opinions on statutory interpretation. Although witnesses

may give testimony as to the former, any testimony to the latter is clearly improper.

See Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Holder Constr. Group, LLC, 362 Ga. App. 367, 374 (1)

(b) (868 SE2d 485) (2022); see also United States v. F. E. B. Corp., 52 F 4th 916, 932

19
526-527; see also Beaubrun v. State, 363 Ga.App. 798, 799 (2) (872 SE2d 776) (2022).

Importantly, there was no dispute that the planter was in the roadway as that term is

defined by the state statute. The trial court instructed the jury that “a City has a duty

to maintain the public roads of its municipal street system in a reasonably safe

condition for traffic. A City does not have a duty to keep an area outside the public

roads safe from defects when the defects do not . . . impede travel on the public road.”

Reviewing the evidence de novo, and viewing it as a reasonable jurorwould, we

conclude that the fact that the witnesses may have opined whether the planter was a

hazard that had to be removed under the ordinances had no impact on the jury’s

verdict. Given the statutory definition of roadway, the City employees’

acknowledgment that they should have noticed and removed the planter, and the

other evidence regarding the vehicle use ofthe shoulder, such testimony did not affect

the outcome of the trial. Accordingly, the admission of this testimony was harmless.

Ross-Stubblefield, 359 Ga. App. at 526-527.

Case No. A24A0803

(IV) (B) (11th Cir. 2022) (“statutory interpretation is a legal question for a judge, not

a factual question for the trier of fact. . . While expert witnesses may offer opinions on

an ‘ultimate issue’ in a case, they may not offer ‘legal conclusions.’”) (citations and

punctuation omitted).

20
3.The Changs cross-appeal from the trial court’s failure to award pre-judgment

interest and to enter its final judgment nunc pro tunc to the date of the jury’s verdict.

We agree with both arguments.

(a) Pre-judgment interest.

UnderOCGA§ 51-12-14, known as the “UnliquidatedDamages Interest Act,”

[w]here a claimant has given written notice by registered or certifiedmail

or statutory overnight delivery to a person against whom claim is made

of a demand for an amount of unliquidated damages in a tort action and

the person against whom such claim is made fails to pay such amount

within 30 days from the mailing or delivering of the notice, the claimant

shall be entitled to receive interest on the amount demanded if, upon trial

of the case in which the claim is made, the judgment is for an amount not

less than the amount demanded[.]

(Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 51-12-14 (a), (e). When a party is entitled to prejudgment interest under this provision, the amount “shall begin to run from the

thirtieth day following the date of the mailing or delivering of the written notice until

21
the date ofjudgment.”

14 OCGA§ 51-12-14 (c). The question of pre-judgment interest

is for the court rather than the jury:

Evidence or discussion of interest on liquidated damages, as well as

evidence of the offer, shall not be submitted to the jury. Interest shall be

made a part of the judgment upon presentation of evidence to the

satisfaction of the court that this Code section has been complied with

and that the verdict of the jury or the award by the judge trying the case

without a jury is equal to or exceeds the amount claimed in the notice.

(Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 51-12-14 (d).

The Changs argue that they are entitled to pre-judgment interest from March

17, 2023, which was 30 days after the date of the last settlement offer, until the date

of the jury’s verdict on June 15, 2023. We must look to the statute to determine

whether the trial court was required to award pre-judgment interest.

Wheninterpreting provisions of a statute, such as [OCGA§51-12-

14], we must presume that the General Assembly meant what it said and

said what it meant. To that end, we must afford the statutory text its

plain and ordinary meaning, we must view the statutory text in the

14 The Changs made seven offers to settle the case, all of which the City

rejected. The amount of these offers ranged from $1.75 million early in the case, to

$10 million just before trial.As noted, the jury returned a verdict in the amount of $35

million.

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context in which it appears, and we must read the statutory text in its

most natural and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the English

language would. If the statutory text is clear and unambiguous, we

attribute to the statute its plain meaning, and our search for statutory

meaning is at an end.

(Citation omitted.) Carr v. Yim, 369 Ga. App. 389, 392 (893 SE2d 801) (2023).

The plain language of the statute uses the mandatory word “shall.” See In re

Blake, 370 Ga. App. 610, 614 (1) (898 SE2d 638) (2024); Baylis v. Daryani, 294 Ga.

App. 729, 730 (1) (669 SE2d 674) (2008) (“The general rule is that ‘shall’ is

recognized as a command, and is mandatory.”). Here, the Changs satisfied all of the

pre-requisites for seeking pre-judgment interest. Thus, the trial court erred by

implicitly denying an award of pre-judgment interest, and we vacate the entry of

judgment, and remand the case with direction to award pre-judgment interest.

(b) Nunc pro tunc

The Changs then urge this Court to instruct the trial court on remand to enter

judgment nunc pro tunc to the date of the jury’s verdict under Taylor v. Devereux

Foundation, 316 Ga. 44, 95-96 (IX) (885 SE2d 671) (2023). Here, the record reflects

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that the trial court did not enter its judgment on the verdict until 12 days after the

jury’s verdict.

“A trial court may enter a judgment nunc pro tunc to perfect the record and

properly reflect when an order or judgment should have been entered.”(Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Taylor, 316 Ga. at 95 (IX).

The general rule is that nunc pro tunc entries are proper to correct

clerical errors but not judicial errors.Aclerical error involves an error or

mistake made by a clerk or other judicial or ministerial officer in writing

or keeping records; it does not include an error made by the court itself.

To be clerical in nature it must be one which is not the result of judicial

reasoning or determination.

(Citation omitted.) K/C Ice, LLC v. Connell, 352 Ga. App. 376, 379 (2) (835 SE2d 11)

(2019).

In other words, 

[a] court’s power to amend nunc pro tunc is the power to correct

inadvertent errors or omissions in the record to reflect the truth of what

happened; it does not include the power to supply judicial omissions so

as to include what a court might or should have decided, but did not

actually so decide. Accordingly, the purpose of entering an order nunc

pro tunc is to record some previously unrecorded action actually taken

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or judgment actually rendered. It may not be used to supply an order not

yet made by the court.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Citizensfor Ethicsin Govt. v.Atlanta Dev.Auth.,

303 Ga. App. 724, 734 (2) (694 SE2d 680) (2010).

As our Supreme Court’s decision in Taylor dictates, the trial court should have

entered judgment nunc pro tunc to the date of the jury’s verdict. 316 Ga. at 95-96

(IX); see also Wingate Land & Dev. v. Robert C. Walker, Inc., 252 Ga. App. 818, 822

(5) (558 SE2d 13) (2001) (trial court had authority to enter judgment nunc pro tunc

even though final judgment was entered almost a year after the jury’s verdict).

Accordingly, on remand, the trial court is directed to enter judgment nunc pro tunc

to the date of the jury’s verdict.

Judgment affirmed in Case No. A24A0802. Judgment vacated and case remanded

with direction in Case No. A24A0803. Miller, P. J., and Land, J., concur.

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