Canada - United States Air Quality Agreement

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AGREEMENT BETWEEN

THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ON

AIR QUALITY

The Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America, hereinafter referred to as "the

Parties",

Convinced that transboundary air pollution can cause significant harm to natural resources of vital environmental,

cultural and economic importance, and to human health in both countries;

Desiring that emissions of air pollutants from sources within their countries not result in significant transboundary

air pollution;

Convinced that transboundary air pollution can effectively be reduced through cooperative or coordinated action

providing for controlling emissions of air pollutants in both countries;

Recalling the efforts they have made to control air pollution and the improved air quality that has resulted from

such efforts in both countries;

Intending to address air-related issues of a global nature, such as climate change and stratospheric ozone

depletion, in other fora;

Reaffirming Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration, which provides that "States have, in accordance with the Charter

of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant

to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do

not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction";

Noting their tradition of environmental cooperation as reflected in the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, the Trail Smelter

Arbitration of 1941, the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978, as amended, the Memorandum of Intent

Concerning Transboundary Air Pollution of 1980, the 1986 Joint Report of the Special Envoys on Acid Rain, as well as

the ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution of 1979;

Convinced that a healthy environment is essential to assure the well-being of present and future generations in Canada

and the United States, as well as of the global community;

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

Definitions

For the purposes of this Agreement:

Air pollution" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances into the air resulting in

deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems and

material property and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment, and "air

pollutants" shall be construed accordingly;

1. 

"Transboundary air pollution" means air pollution whose physical origin is situated wholly or in part with the area

under the jurisdiction of one Party and which has adverse effects, other than effects of a global mature, in the

area under the jurisdiction of the other Party;

2. 

"Boundary Waters Treaty" means the Treaty Relating to Boundary Waters and Questions Arising along the

Boundary between Canada and the United States, signed at Washington on January 11, 1909;

3. 

"International Joint Commission" means the International Joint Commission established by the Boundary Waters

Treaty.

4. 

Article II

Purpose

The purpose of the Parties is to establish, by this Agreement, a practical and effective instrument to address shared

concerns regarding transboundary air pollution.

International Joint Commission (IJC)

More than a century of cooperation protecting shared waters

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Article III

General Air Quality Objective

1. The general objective of the Parties is to control transboundary air pollution between the two countries.

2. To this end, the Parties shall:

in accordance with Article IV, establish specific objectives for emissions limitations or reductions of air

pollutants and adopt the necessary programs and other measures to implement such specific objectives;

1. 

in accordance with Article V, undertake environmental impact assessment, prior notification, and, as

appropriate, mitigation measures;

2. 

carry out coordinated or cooperative scientific and technical activities, and economic research, in

accordance with Article VI, and exchange information, in accordance with Article VII;

3. 

4. establish institutional arrangements, in accordance with Articles VIII and IX; and

review and assess progress, consult, address issues of concern, and settle disputes, in accordance with

Articles X, XI, XII and XIII.

5. 

Article IV

Specific Air Quality Objectives

Each Party shall establish specific objectives, which it undertakes to achieve, for emissions limitations or

reductions of such air pollutants as the Parties agree to address. Such specific objectives will be set forth in

annexes to this Agreement.

1. 

Each Party's specific objectives for emissions limitations or reductions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

which will reduce transboundary flows of these acidic deposition precursors, are set forth in Annex 1. Specific

objectives for such other air pollutants as the Parties agree to address should take into account, as appropriate,

the activities undertaken pursuant to Article VI.

2. 

Each Party shall adopt the programs and other measures necessary to implement its specific objectives set forth

in any annexes.

3. 

If either Party has concerns about the programs or other measures of the other Party referred to in paragraph 3,

it may request consultations in accordance with Article XI.

4. 

Article V

Assessment, Notification, and Mitigation

Each Party shall, as appropriate and as required by its laws, regulations and policies, assess those proposed

actions, activities and projects within the area under its jurisdiction that, if carried out, would be likely to cause

significant transboundary air pollution, including consideration of appropriate mitigation measures.

1. 

Each Party shall notify the other Party concerning a proposed action, activity or project subject to assessment

under paragraph 1 as early as practicable in advance of a decision concerning such action, activity or project and

shall consult with the other Party at its request in accordance with Article XI.

2. 

In addition, each Party shall, at the request of the other Party, consult in accordance with Article XI concerning

any continuing actions, activities or projects that may be causing significant transboundary air pollution, as well as

concerning changes to its laws, regulation or policies that, if carried out, would be likely to affect significantly

transboundary air pollution.

3. 

Consultations pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 concerning actions, activities or projects that would be likely to

cause or may be causing significant transboundary air pollution shall include consideration of appropriate

mitigation measures.

4. 

Each Party shall, as appropriate, take measures to avoid or mitigate the potential risk posed by actions, activities

or projects that would be likely to cause or may be causing significant transboundary air pollution.

5. 

If either Party becomes aware of an air pollution problem that is of joint concern and requires an immediate

response, it shall notify and consult the other Party forthwith.

6. 

Article VI

Scientific and Technical Activities and Economic Research

The Parties shall carry out scientific and technical activities, and economic research, as set forth in Annex 2, in

order to improve their understanding of transboundary air pollution concerns and to increase their capability to

control such pollution.

1. 

In implementing this Article, the Parties may seek the advice of the International Joint Commission regarding the

conduct of monitoring activities.

2. 

Article VII

Exchange of Information

The Parties agree to exchange, on a regular basis and through the Air Quality Committee established under

Article VIII, information on:

1. 

1. monitoring;

2. emissions;

3. technologies, measures and mechanisms for controlling emissions;

4. atmospheric processes; and

5. effects of air pollutants,

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as provided in Annex 2.

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Agreement, the Air Quality Committee and the International Joint

Commission shall not release, without the consent of the owner, any information identified to them as proprietary

information under the laws of the place where such information has been acquired.

2. 

Article VIII

The Air Quality Committee

The Parties agree to establish and maintain a bilateral Air Quality Committee to assist in the implementation of

this Agreement. The Committee shall be composed of an equal number of members representing each Party. It

may be supported by subcommittees, as appropriate.

1. 

2. The Committee's responsibilities shall include:

reviewing progress made in the implementation of this Agreement, including its general and specific

objectives;

1. 

preparing and submitting to the Parties a progress report within a year after entry into force of this

Agreement and at least every two years thereafter;

2. 

referring each progress report to the International joint Commission for action in accordance with Article IX

of this Agreement; and

3. 

4. releasing each progress report to the public after its submission to the Parties.

3. The Committee shall meet at least once a year and additionally at the request of either Party.

Article IX

Responsibilities of the International Joint Commission

The International Joint Commission is hereby given, by a Reference pursuant to Article IX of the Boundary

Waters Treaty, the following responsibilities for the sole purpose of assisting the Parties in the implementation of

this Agreement:

1. 

to invite comments, including through public hearings as appropriate, on each progress report prepared by

the Air Quality Committee pursuant to Article VIII;

1. 

to submit to the Parties a synthesis of the views presented pursuant to sub-paragraph (a), as well as the

record of such views if either Party so requests; and

2. 

3. to release the synthesis of views to the public after its submission to the Parties.

In addition, the Parties shall consider such other joint references to the International Joint Commission as may be

appropriate for the effective implementation of this Agreement.

2. 

Article X

Review and Assessment

Following the receipt of each progress report submitted to them by the Air Quality Committee in accordance with

Article VIII and the views presented to the International Joint Commission on that report in accordance with

Article IX, the Parties shall consult on the contents of the progress report, including any recommendations

therein.

1. 

The Parties shall conduct a comprehensive review and assessment of this Agreement, and its implementation,

during the fifth year after its entry into force and every five years thereafter, unless otherwise agreed.

2. 

Following the consultations referred to in paragraph 1, as well as the review and assessment referred to in

paragraph 2, the Parties shall consider such action as may be appropriate, including:

3. 

1. the modification of this Agreement;

2. the modification of existing policies, programs or measures.

Article XI

Consultations

The Parties shall consult, at the request of either Party, on any matter within the scope of this Agreement. Such

consultations shall commence as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than thirty days from the date of receipt

of the request for consultations, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.

Article XII

Referrals

With respect to cases other than those subject to Article XIII, if, after consultations in accordance with Article XI, an

issue remains concerning a proposed or continuing action, activity, or project that is causing or would be likely to cause

significant transboundary air pollution, the Parties shall refer the matter to an appropriate third party in accordance with

agreed terms of reference.

Article XIII

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Settlement of Disputes

If, after consultations in accordance with Article XI, a dispute remains between the Parties over the interpretation

or the implementation of this Agreement, they shall seek to resolve such dispute by negotiations between them.

Such negotiations shall commence as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than ninety days from the

date of receipt of the request for negotiation, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.

1. 

If a dispute is not resolved through negotiation, the Parties shall consider whether to submit that dispute to the

International Joint Commission in accordance with either Article IX or Article X of the Boundary Waters Treaty. If,

after such consideration, the Parties do not elect either of these options, they shall, at the request of either Party,

submit the dispute to another agreed form of dispute resolution.

2. 

Article XIV

Implementation

The obligations undertaken under this Agreement shall be subject to the availability of appropriated funds in

accordance with the respective constitutional procedures of the Parties.

1. 

2. The Parties shall seek:

1. the appropriation of funds required to implement this Agreement;

2. the enactment of any additional legislation that may be necessary to implement this Agreement;

3. the cooperation of Provincial and State Governments as necessary to implement this Agreement.

In implementing this Agreement, the Parties shall, as appropriate, consult with Provincial or State Governments,

interested organizations, and the public.

3. 

Article XV

Existing Rights and Obligations

Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to diminish the rights and obligations of the Parties in other international

agreements between them, including those contained in the Boundary Waters Treaty and the Great Lakes Water Quality

Agreement of 1978, as amended.

Article XVI

Entry into Force, Amendment, Termination

1. This Agreement, including Annexes 1 and 2, shall enter into force upon signature by the Parties.

2. This Agreement may be amended at any time by agreement of the Parties in writing.

Either Party may terminate this Agreement upon one year's written notice to the other Party, in which case any

annexes will also terminate.

3. 

Annexes constitute an integral part of this Agreement, except that, if an annex so provides, either Party may

terminate such annex in accordance with the terms of that annex.

4. 

ANNEX 1

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONCERNING SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES

1. Sulphur Dioxide

1. For the United States:

Reduction of annual sulphur dioxide emissions by approximately 10 million tons from 1980 levels in

accordance with Title IV of the Clean Air Act i.e., reduction of annual sulphur dioxide emissions to

approximately 10 million tons below 1980 levels by 2000 (with the exception of sources repowering with

qualifying clean coal technology in accordance with section 409 of the Clean Air Act, and sources receiving

bonus allowances in accordance with section 405(a)(2) and (3) of the Clean Air Act.).

1. 

Achievement of a permanent national emission cap of 8.95 million tons of sulphur dioxide per year for

electric utilities by 2010, to the extent required by Title IV of the Clean Air Act.

2. 

Promulgation of new or revised standards or such other action under the Clean Air Act as the

Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) deems appropriate, to the extent

required by section 406 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-549), aimed at limiting sulphur

dioxide emissions from industrial sources in the event that the Administrator of EPA determines that annual

sulphur dioxide emissions from industrial sources may reasonably be expected to exceed 5.6 million tons.

3. 

2. For Canada:

Reduction of sulphur dioxide emissions in the seven easternmost Provinces to 2.3 million tonnes per year

by 1994 and the achievement of a cap on sulphur dioxide emissions in the seven easternmost Provinces at

2.3 million tonnes per year from 1995 through December 31, 1999.

1. 

2. Achievement of a permanent national emissions cap of 3.2 million tonnes per year by 2000.

2. Nitrogen Oxides

1. For the United States.

With a view to a reduction of total annual emissions of nitrogen oxides by approximately 2 million tons from 1980

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emission levels by 2000:

1. Stationary Sources

Implementation of the following nitrogen oxides control program for electric utility boilers to the extent required by Title

IV of the Clean Air Act:

By January 1, 1995, tangentially fired boilers must meet an allowable emission rate of 0.45 lb/mmBtu and

dry bottom wall-fired boilers must meet an allowable emission rate of 0.50 lb/mmBtu (unless the

Administrator of EPA determines that these rates cannot be achieved using NOx burner technology).

1. 

2. By January 1, 1997, EPA must set allowable emission limitations for:

wet bottom wall-fired boilers;

cyclones;

units applying cell burner technology; and

all other types of utility boilers.

1. Mobile Sources

Implementation of the following mobile source nitrogen oxides control program to the extent required by Title II of the

Clean Air Act:

Light Duty Trucks (LDT) (up to 6000 lbs gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)) and Light Duty

Vehicle (LDV) - standards for model years after 1993:

1. 

5 yrs/50,000 miles

(useful life) 10 yrs/100,000 miles

LDTs

(0 to 3750 lbs

Loaded Vehicle Weight

LVW) and LDVs

0.4 grams per mile

(gpm)

0.6 gpm

Diesel LDTs

(0 to 3750 lbs LVW) and

LDVs (before 2004)

1.0 gpm 1.25 gpm

LDTs

(3751 to 5750 lbs LVW)

0.7 gpm 0.97 gpm

In model year 1994, 40% of each manufacturer's sales volume must meet the above standards. In 1995, the

percentage shall increase to 80% and, after 1995, to 100%.

1. 

3. Light Duty Trucks more than 6000 lbs GVWR (after model year 1995):

Gasoline

5 yrs/50,000 miles

Gasoline and Diesel

11 yrs/120,000 miles

LDTs

(3751 to 5750 lbs

Test Weight (TW))

0.7 gpm 0.98 gpm

LDTs

(over 5750 lbs TW)

1.1 gpm 1.53 gpm

In model year 1996, 50% of each manufacturer's sales volume must meet the above standards. Thereafter,

100% of each manufacturer's sales volume must meet the standard.

1. 

5. Heavy Duty Trucks (HDT) of more than 8500 lbs GVWR (after model year 1990):

 Gasoline & Diesel Engines

HDT (Effective

model year 1991)

5.0 grams per brake

horsepower-hour (gphp-hr)

HDT (model year

1998 and later)

4.0 gbhp-hr

6. 

Useful life

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Useful life

Gasoline Engine 8 yrs/110,000 miles

Diesel Engines

Light heavy-duty:

Medium heavy-duty:

Heavy heavy-duty:

8 yrs/110,000 miles

8 yrs/185,000 miles

8 yrs/290,000 miles

2. For Canada:

1. Stationary Sources

As an interim requirement, reduction, by 2000, of annual national emissions of nitrogen oxides from

stationary sources by 100,000 tonnes below the year 2000 forecast level of 970,000 tonnes.

1. 

By January 1, 1995, development of further annual national emission reduction requirements from

stationary sources to be achieved by 2000 and/or 2005.

2. 

2. Mobile Sources

Implementation of a more stringent mobile source nitrogen oxides control program for gasoline

powered vehicles with standards no less stringent than the following:

1. 

Light Duty Vehicles (up to 6000 lbs GVWR)

(By Model year 1996 for passenger cars)

(By model year 1996 for light duty trucks)

 5 yrs/80,000 kilometres (useful life)

Cars and Light Duty

(0 to 3750 lbs LVW)

0.4 gpm

Light Duty Trucks

(3751 to 5750 lbs LVW)

0.7 gpm

2. 

Medium Duty Vehicles (6001 to 8500 lbs GVWR)

(By model year 1997):

 5 yrs/80,000 kilometers (useful life)

0 to 3750 lbs LVW 0.4 gpm

3751 to 5750 lbs LVW0.7 gpm

Over 5750 lbs LVW 1.1 gpm

3. 

Heavy Duty Vehicles (over 8500 lbs GVWR)

(By model year 1998):

 8 yrs/110,000 miles (useful life)

Over 8500 lbs GVWR4.0 gbhp-hr

Implementation of a more stringent mobile source nitrogen oxides control program for diesel powered

vehicles and engines with standards, to the extent possible, no less stringent that the standards for the

respective duty classes of gasoline powered vehicles and engines.

4. 

3. Compliance Monitoring

1. Utility Units

1. For the United States:

Requirement that, by January 1, 1995, each new electric utility unit and each electric utility unit greater than 25 MWe

existing on the date of enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (November 15, 1990) emitting sulphur

dioxide or nitrogen oxides install and operate continuous emission monitoring systems or alternative systems approved

by the Administrator of EPA, to the extent required by section 412 of the Clean Air Act.

1. For Canada:

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Requirement that, by January 1, 1995, Canada estimate sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions from each new

electric utility unit and each existing electric utility unit great that 25 MWe using a method of comparable effectiveness to

continuous emission monitoring, as well as investigate the feasibility of using and implement, where appropriate,

continuous emission monitoring systems.

1. For Both Parties:

The Parties shall consult, as appropriate, concerning the implementation of the above.

1. Other Major Stationary Sources

Requirement that the Parties work towards utilizing comparably effective methods of emission estimation for sulphur

dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions from all major industrial boilers and process sources, including smelters.

4. Prevention of Air Quality Deterioration and Visibility Protection

Recognizing the importance of preventing significant air quality deterioration and protecting visibility, particularly for

international parks, national, state, and provincial parks, and designated wilderness areas:

A. For the United States:

Requirement that the United States maintain means for preventing significant air quality deterioration and protecting

visibility, to the extent required by Part C of Title I of the Clean Air Act, with respect to sources that could cause

significant transboundary air pollution.

B. For Canada:

Requirement that Canada, by January 1, 1995, develop and implement means affording levels of prevention of

significant air quality deterioration and protection of visibility comparable to those in paragraph A above, with respect to

sources that could cause significant transboundary air pollution.

C. For Both Parties:

The Parties shall consult, as appropriate, concerning the implementation of the above.

ANNEX 2

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH

For the purpose of determining and reporting on air pollutant concentrations and deposition, the Parties agree to

coordinate their air pollutant monitoring activities through:

1. 

1. coordination of existing networks;

additions to monitoring tasks of existing networks of those air pollutants that the Parties agree should be

monitored for the purposes of this Agreement;

2. 

addition of stations or networks where no existing monitoring facility can perform a necessary function for

purposes of this Agreement;

3. 

4. the use of compatible data management procedures, formats, and methods; and

5. the exchange of monitoring data.

For the purpose of determining and reporting air emissions levels, historical trends, and projections with respect

to the achievement of the general and specific objectives set forth in this Agreement, the Parties agree to

coordinate their activities through:

2. 

identification of such air emissions information that the Parties agree should be exchanged for the

purposes of this Agreement;

1. 

2. the use of measurement and estimation procedures of comparable effectiveness;

3. the use of compatible data management procedures, formats, and methods; and

4. the exchange of air emission information.

3. The Parties agree to cooperate and exchange information with respect to:

their monitoring of the effects of changes in air pollutant concentrations and deposition with respect to

changes in various effects categories, e.g. aquatic ecosystems, visibility, and forests;

1. 

their determination of any effects of atmospheric pollution on human health and ecosystems, e.g. research

on health effects of acid aerosols, research on the long-term effects of low concentrations of air pollutants

on ecosystems, possibly in a critical loads framework;

2. 

their development and refinement of atmospheric models for purposes of determining source receptor

relationships and transboundary transport and deposition of air pollutants;

3. 

their development and demonstration of technologies and measures for controlling emissions of air

pollutants, in particular acidic deposition precursors, subject to their respective laws, regulations and

policies;

4. 

5. their analysis of market-based mechanisms, including emissions trading; and

any other scientific and technical activities or economic research that the Parties may agree upon for

purposes of supporting the general and specific objectives of this Agreement.

6. 

4. The Parties further agree to consult on approaches to, and share information and results of research on,

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methods to mitigate the impacts of acidic deposition, including the environmental effects and economic aspects of

such methods.

ANNEX 3 - Ozone Annex (2000)

Amending The "Agreement between the government of Canada and the government of the

United Sates of America on Air Quality"

THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, hereinafter

referred to as "the Parties",

RECALLING the Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of America

on Air Quality done at Ottawa March 13, 1991, hereinafter referred to as "the Agreement";

RECOGNIZING that cooperative and coordinated action through the Agreement provides an effective means of

addressing transboundary air pollution;

INTENDING to reduce the transboundary flow of tropospheric ozone and precursor emissions (NOx and VOC), thereby

helping both countries attain their respective air quality goals;

RECOGNIZING that tropospheric ozone and its precursors (NOx and VOC) originating in Canada and the United States

are transported across their international border, thereby affecting the ability of downwind areas in each country to

attain their air quality goals;

CONCERNED about the serious adverse effects to human health and the environment from these pollutants;

RECOGNIZING the need to take new scientific evidence into account; and

ACKNOWLEDGING the importance of public awareness, information, education and involvement;

HAVE AGREED as follows:

ARTICLE I

A new Annex 3, titled "Specific Objectives Concerning Ground-Level Ozone Precursors" and attached as an appendix to

this Protocol, shall be added to the Agreement.

ARTICLE II

Paragraph 2 of Article IV of the Agreement shall be deleted and replaced with the following:

"2. Each Party's specific objectives for emissions limitations or reductions are set forth in annexes to this Agreement as

follows:

Specific objectives for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which will reduce transboundary flows of these acidic

deposition precursors, are set forth in Annex 1.

1. 

Specific objectives for volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, which will reduce transboundary flows of

tropospheric ozone and these precursors, thereby helping both countries attain their respective air quality goals

over time, are set forth in Annex 3.

2. 

Specific objectives for such other air pollutants as the Parties agree to address should take into account, as

appropriate, the activities undertaken pursuant to Article VI."

ARTICLE III

Article VII of the Agreement shall be amended by adding a new paragraph 2 as follows: "2. The Parties agree to

provide, subject to their respective laws and regulations, public access to the databases containing the emissions

and monitoring data reported or shared under this Agreement."

1. 

2. Paragraph 2 of Article VII of the Agreement shall be renumbered paragraph 3.

ARTICLE IV

Paragraph 3 of Annex 2 of the Agreement shall be amended as follows:

Subparagraph (e) shall be deleted and replaced with the following:

"(e) their analysis of and experience with market-based mechanisms, including emissions trading. Specifically,

through the Air Quality Committee established under Article VII of the Agreement, the Parties shall exchange

information, within 12 months of entry into force of the Protocol amending this Agreement and as may be agreed

upon thereafter, about the structure, components, public information and disclosure requirements (including

1. 

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verification), environmental impacts, and administration of their respective NOx and SO2 emissions trading

programs including emissions monitoring, reporting and tracking of transfers of authority to emit;"

2. Subparagraph (f) shall be amended by deleting the period and replacing it with "; and".

A new subparagraph (g) shall be added as follows:

"(g) public engagement and outreach activities."

3. 

ARTICLE V

Annex 2 of the Agreement shall be amended by adding a new paragraph 5 as follows:

"5. The Parties further agree, subject to their respective laws and regulations, to consult and share respective

information on data, tools and methodologies and develop joint analyses on ground-level ozone and its precursors,

including:

1. research and applications that contribute to tracking of human health and environmental responses to controls;

facility-specific emissions data, quantification methods, and related information required for modeling and

regulatory policy development, assumptions and models used to estimate emissions from other sources, and air

quality data for all relevant monitors;

2. 

evaluation of transboundary transport, using methods such as, inter alia, monitoring and meteorological data

analyses, and modeling;

3. 

4. evaluation of adequacy of monitoring networks;

5. review of new technologies; and

analysis of options for reductions from significant emitting source categories such as transportation,

manufacturing and electricity where there may be opportunities to achieve further cost-effective emission

reductions through various means, for example, energy efficiency, renewable energy, cleaner fuels, and

alternative technologies and approaches."

6. 

ARTICLE VI

Pursuant to Article XVI of the Agreement, this Protocol shall enter into force upon signature by the Parties.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this

Protocol.

DONE in duplicate at , this day of 2000, in the English and French languages, each version being equally authentic.

[signature] FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

[signature] FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

APPENDIX TO THE PROTOCOL

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONCERNING GROUND-LEVEL OZONE PRECURSORS

PART I -- PURPOSE

The objective of the annex is to control and reduce, in accordance with the provisions herein, the anthropogenic

emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are precursors to the formation of

ground-level ozone and that contribute to transboundary air pollution, thereby helping both countries attain their

respective air quality goals over time to protect human health and the environment. The Parties' goal is that in the long

term and in a stepwise approach, taking into account advances in scientific knowledge, atmospheric concentrations not

exceed:

1. For Canada, the Canada Wide Standard (CWS) for Ozone; and

2. For the United States, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone.

PART II -- POLLUTANT EMISSION MANAGEMENT AREA

Each Party hereby designates a Pollution Emission Management Area (PEMA), to which obligations in this Annex shall

apply in accordance with the provisions herein.

For Canada, the area of 301,330km2 that covers all of the Canadian territory south of about the 48th parallel

beginning east of Lake Superior to the Ottawa River, and south of the corridor that extends from the Outaouais

Region east to Quebec City, as definitively designated on the map at Appendix 1 to this Annex.

1. 

For the United States, the area comprising the states of Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,

Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode

Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia, as indicated on the illustrative map

at Appendix 2 to this Annex.

2. 

PART III -- SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS

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A. For Canada:

With respect to mobile sources of NOx and VOC emissions, Canada shall control and reduce its emissions of

NOx and VOC in accordance with the following obligations:

1. 

1. Continue the application of the following emission control measures:

Emission standards for new light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavyduty vehicles, heavy-duty

engines and motorcycles: Motor Vehicle Safety Act (and successor legislation), Schedule V of the

Motor Vehicle Safety Regulations: Vehicle Emissions (Standard 1100), SOR/97-376, (28 July,

1997).

1. 

The Recreational Marine Engine Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada and

manufacturers of spark-ignited marine engines to supply the Canadian market with engines

designed to comply with U.S. federal spark-ignited marine engine emissions standards starting with

the 2001 model year. This is an interim measure that will be overtaken and replaced by the

regulation referred to in subparagraph (b)(iv) below.

2. 

The Handheld Spark-Ignition Engine Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada

and manufacturers of handheld sparkignited utility engines to supply engines to the Canadian

market that are designed to comply with U.S. federal emissions standards for sparkignited

handheld utility engines starting January 1, 2000. This is an interim measure that will be overtaken

and replaced by the regulation referred to in subparagraph (b)(iv) below.

3. 

The Nonhandheld Nonroad Engine Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada

and manufacturers of Class I and II nonhandheld spark-ignited utility engines to supply engines to

the Canadian market that are designed to comply with U.S. federal emissions standards for new

class I and class II nonhandheld nonroad sparkignition engines starting January 1, 2001. This is an

interim measure that will be overtaken and replaced by the regulation referred to in subparagraph

(b)(iv) below.

4. 

The Non-Road Diesel Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada and

manufacturers of compression ignition (C.I.) non-road engines to supply engines designed to

comply with U.S. federal emissions standards to the Canadian market starting with the 2000 model

year. This is an interim measure that will be overtaken and replaced by the regulation referred to in

subparagraph (b)(iv) below.

5. 

6. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Diesel Fuel Regulations, SOR/97-110 (4 February, 1997).

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Benzene in Gasoline Regulations, SOR/97-493 (6

November, 1997).

7. 

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Sulphur in Gasoline Regulations, SOR/99-236 (4 June,

1999).

8. 

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Gasoline and Gasoline Blend Dispensing Flow Rate

Regulations, SOR/2000-43 (1 February, 2000).

9. 

2. Develop and implement the following new emission control measures:

Proceed with consultations with the objective of developing and implementing a Memorandum of

Understanding between Environment Canada and manufacturers and importers of on-road vehicles

to ensure that low-emission vehicles will be marketed and sold in Canada in the 2001-2003 model

years, in alignment with the voluntary U.S. National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) program.

1. 

Emission regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 for new on-road

vehicles and engines to align with future U.S. national standards beginning with the 2004 model

year, including the U.S. Tier 2 program for new light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks and

medium-duty passenger vehicles and Phase 1 and Phase 2 programs for new heavy-duty vehicles

and engines. The final standards and effective dates are subject to the procedures and outcome of

the regulatory development process.

2. 

A regulation under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 to reduce the allowable level of

sulphur in on-road diesel fuel to align with future U.S. standards. The final standards and effective

dates are subject to the procedures and outcome of the regulatory development process.

3. 

Emission regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 for new non-road

engines aligned with the U.S. federal emissions program. The final scope of the standards and

effective dates are subject to the procedures and outcome of the regulatory development process.

4. 

With respect to stationary sources of NOx emissions, Canada shall control and reduce its emissions in

accordance with the following obligations:

2. 

By 2007, cap the annual total emissions of NOx (as NO2) from fossil fuel-fired power plants with a

capacity greater than 25 megawatts within the PEMA at 39 kilotonnes for the Ontario portion of the PEMA

and 5 kilotonnes for the Quebec portion of the PEMA.

1. 

Proposed national Guideline under s.54 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, respecting

Renewable Low-Impact Electricity.

2. 

With respect to sources of emissions of VOC, Canada shall control and reduce its emissions in accordance with

the following obligations:

3. 

1. 

Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999, Proposed national Regulation on Tetrachloroethylene

and other toxic substances used in dry cleaning.

1. 

Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999, Proposed national Regulation on degreasing from

commercial and industrial degreasing facilities.

2. 

Limit values for controlling emissions of VOC from new stationary sources in the following stationary

source categories will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and

levels, including limit values applied in other countries, and the following documents:

2. 

Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME). Environmental Guideline for the Control of

Volatile Organic Compounds Process Emissions from New Organic Chemical Operations.

September 1993. PN1108;

1. 

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CCME. Environmental Code of Practice for the Measurement and Control of Fugitive VOC

Emissions from Equipment Leaks. October 1993. PN1106;

2. 

CCME. A Program to Reduce Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by 40 Percent from Adhesives

and Sealants. March 1994. PN1116;

3. 

CCME. A Plan to Reduce Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by 20 Percent from Consumer

Surface Coatings. March 1994. PN1114;

4. 

CCME. Environmental Guidelines for Controlling Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from

Aboveground Storage Tanks. June 1995. PN1180;

5. 

CCME. New Source Performance Standards and Guidelines for the Reduction of Volatile Organic

Compound Emissions from Canadian Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Coating

Facilities. August 1995. PN1234;

6. 

CCME. Environmental Guideline for the Reduction of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from

the Plastics Processing Industry. July 1997. PN1276; and

7. 

CCME. National Standards for the Volatile Organic Compound Content of Canadian

Commercial/Industrial Surface Coating Products - Automotive Refinishing. August 1997. PN1288.

8. 

In order to attain the CWS for Ozone in the PEMA by 2010, Canada shall undertake by 2005, and implement

between 2005 and 2010, measures based on a comprehensive, national multi-pollutant emission reduction

approach as agreed by Canadian Ministers of Environment, consistent with the overall program for achieving the

CWS for Ozone, for the following sectors: pulp and paper, lumber and allied wood products, electric power, iron

and steel, base metal smelting and concrete batch mix and asphalt mix plants. These measures shall address,

inter alia, NOx emissions from new, modified and existing industrial and commercial boilers. In addition, measures

shall be developed to reduce VOC emissions from solvents, paints and consumer products using a mix of

instruments such as eco-labelling criteria and public education programs pertaining to VOC in consumer products,

environmental performance standards for key products (e.g. surface coating of wood products, automotive parts,

metal products) and for other significant solvent sources.

4. 

5. In addition, in the Quebec portion of the PEMA, the following shall be implemented:

Proposed amendments to Le Réglement sur la qualité de l'atmosphère du Québec ("Québec's Regulation

respecting the Quality of the Atmosphere") to reduce NOx emissions from new and modified industrial and

commercial boilers.

1. 

Proposed amendments to Le Réglement sur la qualité de l'atmosphère du Québec ("Québec's Regulation

respecting the Quality of the Atmosphere") to reduce VOC emissions from surface coatings, commercial

printing, dry cleaning and aboveground storage tanks.

2. 

Implementation of the Agreement on Environmental Management between the Government of Québec and

petroleum refineries and major petrochemical plants to control and reduce VOC emission from their

operations.

3. 

Implementation of the existing Réglement sur les produits pétroliers du Québec ("Québec's Regulation on

Petroleum Products") concerning gasoline volatility.

4. 

Proposed amendments to Le Réglement sur les produits pétroliers du Québec ("Québec's Regulation on

Petroleum Products") to reduce VOC emissions from gasoline distribution networks.

5. 

6. In addition, in the Ontario portion of the PEMA, the following shall be implemented:

The Ontario Drive Clean program (Ontario Environmental Protection Act Regulation 361/98) as amended

by Ontario Regulation 401/98, as amended by Ontario Regulation 86/99 and as amended by Ontario

Regulation 438/99.

1. 

2. Regulation (Ontario Environmental Protection Act Regulation 455/94) of Stage I vapour recovery.

Regulation (Ontario Environmental Protection Act Regulation 271/91 as amended by Ontario

Environmental Protection Act Regulation 45/97) of volatility of gasoline at 9 psi during the summer months

in southern Ontario and 10.5 psi in northern Ontario.

3. 

Regulation (Ontario Environmental Protection Act Regulation 323/94) requiring environmental training for

dry cleaners.

4. 

5. Implementation of the CCME guideline for new and modified combustion turbines.

6. Implementation of the CCME guideline for new commercial/industrial boilers and heaters.

Regulation (Ontario Environmental Protection Act Regulation 227/00) to be applied to the electricity sector

requiring annual monitoring and reporting of 28 pollutants of concern with a commitment to extend the

monitoring and reporting requirement to other industry sectors.

7. 

B. For the United States:

1. Specific NOx Reduction Commitments

The United States shall require States that are located in the PEMA and that are subject to EPA's NOx

regulation (referred to as the "NOx SIP Call") to implement that regulation in accordance with 40 Code of

Federal Regulations (CFR) sections 51.121 and 51.122 including any modifications as a result of any court

decision. The NOx SIP Call requires States to ensure that seasonal NOx emissions do not exceed

specified levels ("budgets").

1. 

The United States shall implement a motor vehicle control program in the PEMA that meets the

requirements of 40 CFR Part 80, Subpart D (reformulated gasoline), 40 CFR Part 86 (control of emissions

from new and in-use highway vehicles and engines); and 40 CFR Part 80, section 80.29 (controls and

prohibitions on diesel fuel quality).

2. 

The United States shall implement standards for non-road engines in the PEMA as provided for in 40 CFR

Part 87 (aircraft), Part 89 (compression-ignition engines), Part 90 (spark-ignition engines), Part 92

(locomotives), and Part 94 (marine engines).

3. 

2. Specific VOC Reduction Commitments

The United States shall implement controls in the PEMA that reduce VOC emissions as required by 40

CFR Part 59, Subpart B (automobile repair coatings), Subpart C (consumer and commercial products),

and Subpart D (architectural coatings).

1. 

2. The United States shall implement controls on hazardous air pollutants in the PEMA that also reduce VOC

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emissions as required by 40 CFR Part 63. This includes the following Subparts:

Subpart M (dry cleaning);

Subparts F, G, H, and I (Hazardous Organic NESHAP);

Subpart GG (aerospace industry);

Subpart N (chromium electroplating);

Subpart L (coke ovens: charging, top side & door leads);

Subpart O (commercial sterilizers);

Subpart T (degreasing organic cleaners);

Subpart R (gasoline distribution (Stage 1));

Subpart Q (industrial cooling towers);

Subpart EE (magnetic tape);

Subpart Y (marine vessel loading operations);

Subpart DD (off-site waste and recovery operations);

Subpart CC (petroleum refineries);

Subpart U (polymers and resins I);

Subpart W (polymers and resins II);

Subpart JJJ (polymers and resins III);

Subpart KK (printing/publishing);

Subpart X (secondary lead smelters);

Subpart II (shipbuilding and ship repair);

Subpart JJ (wood furniture);

Subpart XXX (ferralloys production);

Subpart III (flexible polyurethane foam production);

Subpart YY (generic MACT);

Subpart DDD (mineral wool production);

Subpart HH (oil and natural gas transmission and production);

Subpart MMM (pesticide active ingredient production);

Subpart GGG (pharmaceuticals production);

Subpart AA/BB (phosphoric acid/phosphate fertilizers);

Subpart PPP (polyether polyols productions);

Subpart OOO (polymers and resins III: amino/phenol resins);

Subpart LLL (portland cement manufacturing);

Subpart LL (primary aluminum production);

Subpart TTT (primary lead smelting);

Subpart VVV (publicly owned treatment works);

Subpart S (pulp and paper (Non-combust) MACT I);

Subpart S (pulp and paper cluster rule MACT III);

Subpart RRR (secondary aluminum);

Subpart CCC (steel pickling);

Subpart F (tetrahydrobenzaldehyde manufacture); and

Subpart NNN (wool fiberglass manufacturing).

The United States shall implement controls in the PEMA on motor vehicles and nonroad engines as

described above in Part III.B (1) above.

3. 

New Source Standards The United States shall require major new VOC and NOx sources in the PEMA to meet

New Source Performance Standards as required by 40 CFR Part 60. This includes the following Subparts:

Subpart D (fossil fuel fired steam generators);

Subpart Da (electric utility steam generating units);

Subpart Db (industrial/commercial/institutional steam generating units);

Subpart Dc (small industrial-commercial-institutional steam generating units);

Subpart E (incinerators);

Subpart Ea (municipal waste combustors);

Subpart Eb (large municipal waste combustors);

Subpart Ec (hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators);

Subpart G (nitric acid);

Subpart K (storage vessels for petroleum liquids);

Subpart Ka (storage vessels for petroleum liquids);

Subpart Kb (volatile organic liquid storage vessels);

Subpart EE (surface coating of metal furniture);

Subpart GG (stationary gas turbines);

Subpart MM (automobile or light-duty truck assembly plants);

Subpart QQ (graphic arts industry: publication rotogravure printing);

Subpart RR (pressure sensitive tape and label surface coating operations);

Subpart SS (industrial surface coating of large appliances);

Subpart TT (metal coil surface coatings);

Subpart VV (synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI));

Subpart WW (municipal solid waste landfill);

Subpart XX (bulk gasoline terminals);

Subpart BBB (passenger and light duty truck tire manufacturing);

Subpart DDD (polymer manufacturing industry);

3. 

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Subpart FFF (rotogravure printing of flexible vinyl or urethane products);

Subpart GGG (petroleum refinery leaking equipment);

Subpart HHH (synthetic fiber production facilities);

Subpart JJJ (petroleum dry cleaners);

Subpart KKK (onshore natural gas processing plant leaking equipment);

Subpart NNN (SOCMI distillation operations);

Subpart QQQ (individual drain systems;

Subpart RRR (SOCMI reactor processes);

Subpart SSS (magnetic tape manufacturing);

Subpart TTT (surface coating of plastic parts for business machines);

Subpart VVV (polymeric coating of supporting substrates); and

Subpart WWW (municipal solid waste landfills).

C. For both Parties:

Taking into account the purpose of this Annex, the Parties agree that the regulations, guidelines and caps referenced in

all of the commitments in Part III above are subject to modification from time to time as a result of domestic legal

processes that may take place.

PART IV -- ANTICIPATED ADDITIONAL CONTROL MEASURES AND INDICATIVE REDUCTIONS

In addition to the obligations set forth in Part III above, each Party currently implements or anticipates implementing

additional measures that are expected to contribute to overall reductions of NOx and VOC emissions. For illustrative

purposes only, additional control measures currently in place and anticipated additional control measures are set forth

below, as are predicted overall emission reduction rates.

A. For Canada:

National Reductions

In order to achieve, by 2010, the CWS for Ozone (65 ppb 8-hour average 4th highest averaged over 3 years),

Canada intends to develop and implement further reductions of emissions of NOx and VOC.

1. 

Area-Specific Reductions

In Ontario, a 45% reduction of NOx and VOC emissions from 1990 levels is expected to be required to meet the

CWS for Ozone, assuming comparable reductions in the U.S. PEMA. In the Ontario portion of the PEMA,

measures to reduce VOC emissions from small to medium sized solvent users will be developed. In the Québec

portion of the PEMA, measures to reduce NOx and VOC emissions from existing light and heavyduty vehicles will

be considered.

2. 

Quantitative Estimates

The emission reduction obligations identified in Part III.A above are estimated to reduce annual NOx emissions in

the PEMA from 1990 levels by 39% by 2007 and 44% by 2010 and annual VOC emissions in the PEMA from

1990 levels by 18% in 2007 and 20% in 2010. Once all the measures identified in Part III.A are implemented, in

conjunction with the anticipated national and area-specific reductions identified above, it is expected that

emissions reductions will be greater than currently estimated.

3. 

B. For the United States:

National Reductions

The United States has developed or intends to develop and implement standards to further reduce emissions of

NOx and VOC, including:

1. 

1. Tier 2 vehicle and fuel sulphur standards

2. Tier 3 standards for nonroad compression ignition engines

3. Heavy-duty engine standards

4. Recreational vehicle standards

Area-Specific Reductions

The United States has implemented and intends to continue to implement NOx and VOC control measures in

specific areas as required by applicable provisions of the Clean Air Act. The area specific measures include: NOx

and VOC reasonably available control technology, marine vessel loading, treatment storage and disposal

facilities, municipal solid waste landfills, onboard refuelling, residential wood combustion, vehicle

inspection/maintenance, and reformulated gasoline. In addition to these measures, under Clean Air Act

mandates, U.S. states have already adopted or will be required to adopt additional measures for particular areas

in the PEMA in order to meet the applicable National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone.

2. 

Quantitative Estimates

The emission reduction obligations identified in Part III.B above, in conjunction with the anticipated national and

area-specific reductions identified above, are estimated to reduce annual NOx emissions in the PEMA from 1990

levels by 27% by 2007 and 36% by 2010 and annual VOC emissions in the PEMA from 1990 levels by 35% in

2007 and 38% in 2010.1

 Further, the emission reduction obligations identified in Part III.B above in conjunction

with the anticipated national and area-specific reductions identified above, are estimated to reduce ozone season

NOx emissions in the PEMA from 1990 levels by 35% by 2007 and 43% by 2010 and ozone season VOC

emissions in the PEMA from 1990 levels by 39% in 2007 and 36% in 2010.

3. 

1The assumptions used in calculating the indicative reductions are detailed in "Procedures for Developing Base Year

and Future Year Mass Modeling Inventories for the Tier 2 Final Rulemaking" (EPA420-R-99-034, September 1999).

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© International Joint Commission 2015

C. For Both Parties:

Each Party shall update its quantitative estimates referred to above, by 2004 and from time to time thereafter, and shall

make such estimates available to the other Party and to the public.

PART V --REPORTING

A. Beginning in 2004, as part of the biennial progress reports under Article VIII.2 of the Agreement, the Parties agree to

provide information on all anthropogenic NOx and all anthropogenic and biogenic VOC emissions within the PEMA

specified in Part II above. This information shall be fr

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