Sequestering carbon in

 the built environment 

August 2009 

Calera Corporation 
2

Completing the cycle: Calera provides permanent carbon 

sequestration in the built environment 

CO2 

(Ca, Mg)CO3 

Problem: CO2 emissions need to be reduced by 30 billion tons a year by 2050 in order to avoid 

dramatic climate change. There are few economically feasible options available. 

Solution: Calera offers power providers and other large CO2 emitters a cost effective, low risk 

solution to address increasingly stringent regulations. Further, Calera provides carbon negative 

building materials to meet the demand of end users. 

conversion 
3

A climate change solution that fits the size of the problem 

! The building materials market is sufficiently large to handle all the CO2

 from power plants, heavy industry and traditional cement production 

SIZE of SOLUTION: 16 B tons market

32 billion tons of cement + aggregate = ~16 

billion tons of CO2 if all captured by Calera 

products = 4000+ Calera plants, assuming 

1000 MW coal equivalent = ~$960 billion 

market @ $30/ton-product average price 

Calera’s initial target markets: 

SIZE of PROBLEM: 11 B tons CO2

4900 power and 1175 cement plants = 

>40% of world CO2 

Carbon market opportunity: ~$330 

billion market if $30/ton-CO2

Addressable market, 2007-2050 

Aggregate product volume far 

exceeds cement with a 4:1 

volume ratio in concrete plus use 

in asphalt and road beds 

Rule of thumb: 

1 ton of Calera 

product = 

! ton of CO2 

Solution is growing 

as fast or faster 

than the problem... 
4

Novel technologies and integrated design allow for beneficial reuse at 

global industrial scale 

! Benefits of integrated solution: Lower capex and opex 

! Partnering with top equipment suppliers and EPC firms to design for low

 cost and large scale from beginning 

! Modular plant design allows for rapid deployment worldwide and added

 Intellectual Property protection 

Breakthroughs: 

-Maximized

 absorption

 efficiency with low

 energy use 

-Mineral loading 

-Multi-pollutant

 capture 

Breakthroughs: 

-Novel chemistry 

-Novel material science

 producing undefined

 polymorphs with

 cementitious properties 

-Industrial scale and

 economics 

Breakthroughs: 

-Ability to control

 particle size and

 material density 

-Reuse of waste

 heat 

Absorb Precipitate De-water Dry/

Produce 
5

Calera’s Process Steps 

! Ability to locally source Divalent Cations allows for flexible siting: 

– Coastal power plants can use seawater or brines 

– Inland power plants can use brines or dissolved minerals 

– Desalination/Demineralization retentate from desal or water demin treatment 

! Ability to locally source Base adds additional environmental benefit: 

– Various classes of Fly Ash (Class F, Class C, others) 

– Other land filled base sources (Mg(OH)2 waste tailings, red mud, etc.) 

– Minerals (Serpentine, Brucite) 

– Manufactured sources of caustic soda 

Ca+2 + 2OH- + CO2 " CaCO3 + H2O

Mg+2 + 2OH- + CO2 " MgCO3 + H2O Basic Chemistry:

Absorb Precipitate De-water Dry/

Produce 

Calera’s core technology: Formation of unique carbonate mineral polymorphs 
6

Calera carbon impact: Power perspective 

Capture – Emissions + Displacement 

! When considering the CO2 captured by the process, the CO2 released

 by the energy consumed and the CO2 displaced by offsetting aggregate

 and cementitious materials, the total CO2 removed from the

 environment is higher than the total emissions of the power plant by 5% 
7

Coal is the problem to solve, however the cost of CCS for fossil fueled

 power generation remains prohibitive 

 $- 

 $20 

 $40 

 $60 

 $80 

 $100 

 $120 

 - 

 500 

 1,000 

 1,500 

 2,000 

 2,500 

 3,000 

95% - 100% 20% - 40% 10% - 15% 4% - 10% 

Cost to Capture & Store CO2

($/(MT CO2)) 

 CO2 Emissions (MT/Yr) 

Mole Fraction of CO2 in Emission Stream 

Quanity Cost 

95%-100% 20% - 40% 10 %– 15% 4% - 10% 

1) CO2 from Ethanol 

Fermenters 

2) CO2 from steam reforming 

at Refineries, Ammonia 

Plants, SNG Plants, 

3) CO2 Separated from sour 

natural gas 

1) CO2 from Cement Calcination 

2) Other chemical plants 

1) Coal Fired power plants 

2) Oil & diesel generators 

1) Natural gas fired power 

plants 

2) Furnaces, small boilers, 

etc. 

Quantity

Source: Natcarb - EIA - IPCC Special Report on Carbon Capture and Sequestration - Kurt House Analysis (MIT)
8

-1200 

-1000 

-800 

-600 

-400 

-200 

0 

200 

400 

600 

Water Fly Ash 

Cement 

Calera 

Fine 

Agg. 

Calera 

SCM 

 Net CO2 Emissions (lb)

Reference 

Ordinary 

Concrete 

537 lb CO2/yd3 of concrete 

Source: Calera analysis

Calera carbon impact: Concrete perspective 

1- An offset displacing ordinary concrete carbon footprint 

2- An emission reduction by the conversion of CO2 into carbonates 

Cement 

displacement

 - Offsets -

Carbon conversion 

from power plant

 - CO2 off take 

agreement or 

allowances -

+ 

Total:

Calera 

Coarse 

Agg. 

- 1,146 lb CO2/yd3

of concrete
9

Calera technology moving to demo scale project 

! Laboratory, Small Batch and Large Batch Scale – 2007+ 

! Has established the ability to efficiently capture and convert to mineral carbonate

 with seawater and waste base sources 

! 1 kg/day Low Voltage Base production unit 

! Generating 5 tons of product capturing 2.5 tons of CO2 per single batch 

! Pilot – Started up April 2009 

! Establishes continuous process at 1 ton per day of product (0.5 tons of CO2 from

 coal fired boilers 

! Will test efficiency and integration of individual process technologies 

! Testing on pulverized coal flue gas and site specific conditions and materials 

! 1 ton/day Low Voltage Base production unit 

! Multiple Demos – Currently in design (as of July 2009), site selection in progress 

! Takes flue gas from 10MW to 80MW of host plant 

! Scales up in segments / modules 

Pilot 

(Moss Landing) 

Demonstrations 

(20-80MW) 

Commercial 

Scale 

Chemistry, 

Laboratory and 

Batch Processes 

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 
Pilot Unit 

Moss Landing, CA 

Start-up: April 2009 

Photos: July 2009 
11

CA pilots validate process, product and environmental feasibility 

! Pilot plants running large scale batch and continuous processes 

! Flue gas simulator – Ability to test any type of coal and flue gas composition 

! Producing material for product development and testing 

! Demonstration of waste mineral utilization 

! Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary requires highest level of environmental

 performance 

Moss Landing

 Power Station

>1000 MW base load

>1500 MW peaking

Fuel: Natural Gas

Operator: Dynegy 

Calera Pilot and 

Global R&D 

150,000 sqft covered 

200 acres total 

60m gpd discharge permit 

5m tons of mineral waste 
12

Pilot Plant

Moss Landing Pilot Plant Layout 
13

Moss Landing Pilot Plant - Process Flow 

Coal 

Air 

Seawater

Moss Mag

/Dolime

Pulverized

Coal

Hopper

Coal Fired

Boiler Simulator Gas to Liquid

Absorber

Precipitator

With

Pax Agitator

Moss Mag

Forced

Draft

Fan

Seawater

Pump

Base Feed

Pump

Dewatering

Feed Pump

Dewatering Wet Mill

Spray Dryer

Feed Pump

Absorber

Pump

Recirculation

Pump

Induced

Draft

Fan

CO2 Depleted

Flue Gas 

Cement

Aggregate 

Water to Treatment

Screw Feeder

Baghouse

Spray Dryer
14

Moss Landing Pilot Plant – Coal Boiler Simulator 

Coal Fired Boiler Simulator (CFBS) 

•Simulates time-temperature

 combustion history of full

-scale utility boilers 

•Capable of burning

 pulverized coal from

 anywhere in the world 

•Capacity 1 MMBtu/hr 

•Generates flue gas

 composition and temperature

 identical to full scale 
15

Absorber/Reactor: Calera Pilot Scale Unit 
16

Moss Landing Pilot Plant – Systems 

Solid-Liquids Separator

Precipitates absorbed CO2 into solids and separates supernatant.
17

Moss Landing Pilot Plant – Systems 

Wet Mill and Spray Dryer

Modifies particle size and shape of precipitant and then dries final product.
Multi-pollutant Control 

CONFIDENTIAL 
19

Multi-pollutant Robustness and Control Potential 

In Calera Process SO2 is

 absorbed in alkaline liquid

and converted to sulfate 

Actual retrofit costs can vary significantly due to complexity of

 engineering for existing systems configurations 

Calera Process not

 sensitive to presence

 of other pollutants 

Retrofit CapEx Costs * 

SO2 ~ $ 325/kW - $ 450/kW 

NOx ~ $ 225/kW - $330/kW 

Hg ~ $36/kW - $ 42/kW 

TOTAL ~$ 586kW - $822/kW 

(*)Sources: Sargent & Laundy (2007), DOE, Hoskins 2008 & PNM SJGS BART Analysis 
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Multipollutant Control Potential of Calera Process 

! Sulfur Dioxide SO2

– Seawater is alkaline by nature and SO2 is absorbed as sulfite

– Traditional seawater FGD systems use air aeration to oxidize the sulfite to sulfate

 prior to water discharge to the sea 

! Nitrogen Oxide NOx 

– NOx is NO (~95%) and NO2 (5%) 

– NO can be converted by various techniques (e.g. use of oxidizers such as methanol

 and hydrogen peroxide) to form NO2 which is soluble with neutral or base liquids 

– Nitrate stabilized in Calera product 

! Mercury Hg 

– Mercury emissions are Hg and HgCl2 depending on coal and combustion 

– Mercury can be oxidized by various techniques (e.g., using electro-chem byproduct

 Cl) to form water soluble HgCl2 that can be removed by water absorption 

– Trace mercury stabilized in product 

! Non-Volatile trace metals (As, Se, Pb) 

– Captured as particulate matter in absorption system 

– Trace metals stabilized in product
About Calera 
22

World class team with international expertise in Energy, Geology,

 Water, and Building Materials 

! Calera was founded in June 2007, by Brent R. Constantz, Ph.D. 

! Calera has been funded by its unique investor Khosla Ventures 

Top talent with credentials 

• 70 people 

• 18 PhD 

• 14 MS 

• 5 MBA 

• 2 JD, 3 patent agents, 1 paralegal 

Collective experience 

• Collectively built large scale projects in 

15 countries around the world 

• Upwards of 100 SPE’s

• 100 patents 

Management Team 

• Successful entrepreneurs 

• Public company execs 

• Power, geology, water and building 

materials 

Investors and Advisors 

• Khosla Ventures 

• Scientific Advisory Board 

• Carbon Advisory Board 

• Specialty Technical Advisory Board 
23

World class team and staffing program: Management and Business 

Brent Constantz, Chief Executive Officer 

Founded and led three successful Silicon Valley Companies: Norian Corporation, Corazon Inc., and Skeletal 

Kinetics LLC - all in the medical device area. He is the inventor of over 70 issued US patents, principally in 

the area of advanced cements for repairing fractured bones in orthopedic surgery. He is a Consulting 

Professor in Geological & Environmental Sciences at Stanford University and has academic interests in 

global carbon cycles in biomineralization and the formation of limestone. 

Charlie Webster, Chief Financial Officer 

Formerly EVP & CFO of Tessera Technologies, a semiconductor technology licensing firm. Charlie held 

various senior management roles at KLA-Tencor, a global leader in semiconductor capital equipment. Prior 

to KLA, he worked at Bechtel Group, in project & equity finance, and as CFO of Nexant, a Bechtel owned 

technology and consulting firm serving the international energy industry.

Eric Witt, Vice President of Intellectual Property 

Thirty years of experience in academia, business, and law. Eric comes to Calera from the law firm Wilson 

Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, where he was a senior attorney managing the intellectual property portfolios of 

companies with technologies ranging from analytical instrumentation to gene therapy. 

Brian Curtis, Senior Director of Corporate Development 

Formerly founding General Manager for Heritage Technologies Asia which recycles bulk chemicals from 

electronics manufacturers & recovers copper minerals for beneficial reuse in China. Previously, Brian has 

worked with multiple start-ups and venture capital firms in the US and Asia. He began his career as an 

alternative fuels and hydrogen plant engineer for Chevron. He holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from 

UCLA and an MBA from MIT Sloan School of Management. 
24

World class team and staffing program: Energy and Operations 

John Brewster, Executive VP & COO

30 years experience in all aspects of power industry, from power marketing, operations, M&A & regulatory 

compliance. Former EVP Plant Operations, Development Engineering, Procurement and Construction at 

NRG Energy. There he was responsible for implementation of the new build and repower program along 

with plant operation of assets worldwide, Financial Risk Management committee, and represented NRG 

on partnership boards both domestically and internationally. 

Randy Seeker, Vice President of Engineering 

Former New Product Development manager at GE Energy. 30 years of experience in combustion 

technologies, air pollution control and monitoring, waste treatment technologies and conventional and 

advanced power systems. Randy served on the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science Advisory 

Board for over 10 years and has served on several U.S. National Academy of Science panels. Dr. Seeker 

is the inventor of 25 US and International patents and has over 200 technical publications. 

Will Day, Vice President, Development Engineering & Construction 

Previously worked at NRG Energy as a Director in both the Construction and Operations Divisions. Will 

was responsible for construction and operations for the Central Region of NRG which included coal and 

gas fueled electric generating stations. He represented NRG on industry and partnership boards both 

domestically and internationally. 

Kyle Self, Director of Process Technology 

Dr. Self worked at Exxon Chemical Company in both process development and plant operations groups. 

He then joined Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation where he designed processes for world scale 

chemical plants and assisted with shakedown and plant operations support. He has held numerous 

research and development positions with Symyx Technologies, Fluidigm Corporation, and Accelergy 

Corporation primarily in the development and scale-up of new process technologies.
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World class team and staffing program: Building Materials 

Terry Holland, Vice President, Materials Technology 

Well-known concrete industry consultant, expert witness & past-president of the American Concrete 

Institute. Has 40 years of experience in all facets of concrete business & technology. He is well-known 

for his pioneering leadership role in introducing the use of silica fume to the concrete industry. 

Andy Youngs, Director of Applications Development & Testing 

Holds 15 patents on environmental products for the construction industry. He is recognized as a leading 

expert on pervious pavements and teaches at the University of California at Davis on the subject. A 

successful entrepreneur, he has developed and introduced high value added products throughout his 

career. 

Kristin Cooper-Carter, Director of Sustainability 

Formerly a faculty member of California State University, Chico she was responsible for staffing, 

budgeting & fundraising, as well as teaching in the College of Engineering. As a professor at CSU, Chico, 

she taught courses in Concrete, Civil Engineering and Sustainability. She also served as Director of the 

Concrete Industry Management Program. She had been the most awarded project director on campus 

for over 12 years having managed dozens of grant programs totaling tens of millions of dollars.