# Patent

## Title
Generating cohorts based on attributes of objects identified using video input

## Abstract

A computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer program product for generating video based cohorts. Digital video data is processed to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with the set of objects. The digital video data comprises metadata describing the set of objects. A size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object. The set of size and shape based attributes are analyzed using cohort criteria to form a result. The cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort. A set of cohorts is generated based on the result. Each cohort in the set of cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a method and apparatus for generating cohorts. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for processing video input to generate cohorts based on size and shape attributes of objects.
2. Description of the Related Art
A cohort is a group of objects that share a common attribute or experience. For example, a group of people born in 1980 may form a birth cohort. The information that is needed or wanted to identify attributes of potential members of a cohort may be voluminous, dynamically changing, unavailable, difficult to collect, and/or unknown to the member of the cohort and/or the user selecting members of a cohort. Moreover, it may be difficult, time consuming, or impractical for an individual to access all the information necessary to accurately generate cohorts. Thus, unique cohorts may be sub-optimal because individuals lack the skills, time, knowledge, and/or expertise needed to gather cohort attribute information from available sources.
Moreover, information distinguishing the dimensions and shape of objects is frequently useful in a variety of fields. For example, it may be important to determine the size and/or weight of an object to determine whether the size of a storage space is large enough to accommodate the particular object. The size and/or shape of an object may be determined by a human using the human sense of sight, knowledge, and manual measurement techniques, such as measuring an object with a tape measure, scales, or other measuring devices. However, this method is limited by the human ability to perceive and may be time consuming.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer program product for generating video based cohorts is provided. Digital video data is processed to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with the set of objects. The digital video data comprises metadata describing the set of objects. A size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object. The set of size and shape based attributes are analyzed using cohort criteria to form a result. The cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort. A set of cohorts is generated based on the result. Each cohort in the set of cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a pictorial representation of a network of data processing systems in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a data processing system in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a digital video analysis system in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a set of cameras for capturing camera images in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of size and shape attributes generated based on results of processing digital video data in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process for capturing camera images in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; and
FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a process for generating video based cohorts using size and shape attributes in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in any tangible medium of expression having computer usable program code embodied in the medium.
Any combination of one or more computer usable or computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), an optical storage device, a transmission media such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer-usable medium may include a propagated data signal with the computer-usable program code embodied therewith, either in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. The computer usable program code may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including, but not limited to wireless, wire line, optical fiber cable, RF, etc.
Computer program code for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
The present invention is described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions.
These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to FIGS. 1-2, exemplary diagrams of data processing environments are provided in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 1-2 are only exemplary and are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made.
FIG. 1 depicts a pictorial representation of a network of data processing systems in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. Network data processing system 100 is a network of computers in which the illustrative embodiments may be implemented. Network data processing system 100 contains network 102, which is the medium used to provide communications links between various devices and computers connected together within network data processing system 100. Network 102 may include connections, such as wire, wireless communication links, or fiber optic cables.
In the depicted example, server 104 and server 106 connect to network 102 along with storage unit 108. In addition, clients 110, 112, and 114 connect to network 102. Clients 110, 112, and 114 may be, for example, personal computers or network computers. In the depicted example, server 104 provides data, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to clients 110, 112, and 114. Clients 110, 112, and 114 are clients to server 104 in this example. Network data processing system 100 may include additional servers, clients, and other devices not shown.
Program code located in network data processing system 100 may be stored on a computer recordable storage medium and downloaded to a data processing system or other device for use. For example, program code may be stored on a computer recordable storage medium on server 104 and downloaded to client 110 over network 102 for use on client 110.
In the depicted example, network data processing system 100 is the Internet with network 102 representing a worldwide collection of networks and gateways that use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicate with one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between major nodes or host computers, consisting of thousands of commercial, governmental, educational, and other computer systems that route data and messages. Of course, network data processing system 100 also may be implemented as a number of different types of networks, such as for example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), or a wide area network (WAN). FIG. 1 is intended as an example, and not as an architectural limitation for the different illustrative embodiments.
With reference now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of a data processing system is shown in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. Data processing system 200 is an example of a computer, such as, without limitation, server 104 or client 110 in FIG. 1, in which computer usable program code or instructions implementing the processes may be located for the illustrative embodiments. In this illustrative example, data processing system 200 includes communications fabric 202, which provides communications between processor unit 204, memory 206, persistent storage 208, communications unit 210, input/output (I/O) unit 212, and display 214.
Processor unit 204 serves to execute instructions for software that may be loaded into memory 206. Processor unit 204 may be a set of one or more processors or may be a multi-processor core, depending on the particular implementation. Further, processor unit 204 may be implemented using one or more heterogeneous processor systems in which a main processor is present with secondary processors on a single chip. As another illustrative example, processor unit 204 may be a symmetric multi-processor system containing multiple processors of the same type.
Memory 206 and persistent storage 208 are examples of storage devices. A storage device is any piece of hardware that is capable of storing information either on a temporary basis and/or a permanent basis. Memory 206, in these examples, may be, for example, a random access memory or any other suitable volatile or non-volatile storage device. Persistent storage 208 may take various forms depending on the particular implementation. For example, persistent storage 208 may contain one or more components or devices. For example, persistent storage 208 may be a hard drive, a flash memory, a rewritable optical disk, a rewritable magnetic tape, or some combination of the above. The media used by persistent storage 208 also may be removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storage 208.
Communications unit 210, in these examples, provides for communications with other data processing systems or devices. In these examples, communications unit 210 is a network interface card. Communications unit 210 may provide communications through the use of either or both physical and wireless communications links.
Input/output unit 212 allows for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to data processing system 200. For example, input/output unit 212 may provide a connection for user input through a keyboard and mouse. Further, input/output unit 212 may send output to a printer. Display 214 provides a mechanism to display information to a user.
Instructions for the operating system and applications or programs are located on persistent storage 208. These instructions may be loaded into memory 206 for execution by processor unit 204. The processes of the different embodiments may be performed by processor unit 204 using computer implemented instructions, which may be located in a memory, such as memory 206. These instructions are referred to as program code, computer usable program code, or computer readable program code that may be read and executed by a processor in processor unit 204. The program code in the different embodiments may be embodied on different physical or tangible computer readable media, such as memory 206 or persistent storage 208.
Program code 216 is located in a functional form on computer readable media 218 that is selectively removable and may be loaded onto or transferred to data processing system 200 for execution by processor unit 204. Program code 216 and computer readable media 218 form computer program product 220 in these examples. In one example, computer readable media 218 may be in a tangible form, such as, for example, an optical or magnetic disc that is inserted or placed into a drive or other device that is part of persistent storage 208 for transfer onto a storage device, such as a hard drive that is part of persistent storage 208. In a tangible form, computer readable media 218 also may take the form of a persistent storage, such as a hard drive, a thumb drive, or a flash memory that is connected to data processing system 200. The tangible form of computer readable media 218 is also referred to as computer recordable storage media. In some instances, computer recordable media 218 may not be removable.
Alternatively, program code 216 may be transferred to data processing system 200 from computer readable media 218 through a communications link to communications unit 210 and/or through a connection to input/output unit 212. The communications link and/or the connection may be physical or wireless in the illustrative examples. The computer readable media also may take the form of non-tangible media, such as communications links or wireless transmissions containing the program code.
In some illustrative embodiments, program code 216 may be downloaded over a network to persistent storage 208 from another device or data processing system for use within data processing system 200. For instance, program code stored in a computer readable storage medium in a server data processing system may be downloaded over a network from the server to data processing system 200. The data processing system providing program code 216 may be a server computer, a client computer, or some other device capable of storing and transmitting program code 216.
The different components illustrated for data processing system 200 are not meant to provide architectural limitations to the manner in which different embodiments may be implemented. The different illustrative embodiments may be implemented in a data processing system including components in addition to or in place of those illustrated for data processing system 200. Other components shown in FIG. 2 can be varied from the illustrative examples shown.
As one example, a storage device in data processing system 200 is any hardware apparatus that may store data. Memory 206, persistent storage 208, and computer readable media 218 are examples of storage devices in a tangible form.
In another example, a bus system may be used to implement communications fabric 202 and may be comprised of one or more buses, such as a system bus or an input/output bus. Of course, the bus system may be implemented using any suitable type of architecture that provides for a transfer of data between different components or devices attached to the bus system. Additionally, a communications unit may include one or more devices used to transmit and receive data, such as a modem or a network adapter. Further, a memory may be, for example, memory 206 or a cache such as found in an interface and memory controller hub that may be present in communications fabric 202.
A cohort is a group of people, animals, plants, places, or objects that share a common attribute or experience. For example, a group of people born in 1980 may form a birth cohort. A cohort may include one or more sub-cohorts. For example, the birth cohort of people born in 1980 may include a sub-cohort of people born in 1980 in Salt Lake City, Utah. A sub-subcohort may include people born in 1980 in Salt Lake City, Utah to low income, single parent households.
A cohort is generated based on one or more attributes that members of the cohort share in common. The information used to identify the attributes of members of the cohorts, are typically provided by the members of the cohorts. However, this information describing attributes and attributes of members of cohorts may be voluminous, dynamically changing, unavailable, and/or unknown to the member of the cohort or the individual selecting the members of a cohort. Moreover, it may be difficult, time consuming, or impractical for an individual to access all the information necessary to accurately generate cohorts. Moreover, unique cohorts are typically sub-optimal because individuals lack the skills, time, knowledge, and/or expertise needed to gather cohort attribute information from available sources.
The illustrative embodiments recognize that there are many industries and professions, such as, without limitation, chemistry, research, and medicine, in which it may be desirable to be able to distinguish different sizes and shapes of objects in images generated by a camera. As used herein, an object may be a person, place, thing, animal, plant, place, or location. Size and shape identification may be performed manually by an individual using natural human sight and touch senses, as well as manual measurement devices, such as rulers and measuring tapes, to distinguish size and shapes of objects. However, this technique is limited by the time and effort it takes to manually inspect an object to determine the size and shape of objects.
The embodiments also recognize that it would beneficial to automatically identify size and shapes of objects using images of the objects for utilization in generating cohorts. Cohorts may be used in research, marketing, safety studies, and many other various uses.
Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention, a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer program product for generating video based cohorts using size and shape attributes is provided. In one embodiment, cohorts are generated and/or members of cohorts are selected based on information describing the size and shape of one or more objects in camera image(s).
A video based cohort is a group of objects that share one or more attributes, such as, without limitation, size and/or shape attributes, identified using images of one or more objects. In one embodiment, images are received from a set of cameras. As used herein, the term “set” refers to one or more items, unless specifically defined otherwise. Thus, the set of cameras is a set of one or more cameras. A camera may be implemented using a still image camera, a video camera, a stationary camera, a mobile camera, such as a camera mounted on a mobile robot, a camera phone, a panoramic (wide-angle) camera, a Polaroid, a digital camera, a web camera, or any other device capable of capturing an image of an object.
A digital video analysis engine receives the video data from the set of cameras. The video data comprises a set of images of one or more objects. The images are generated by the set of cameras. The images may be static images or a stream of moving images. The digital video analysis engine utilizes video analysis software tools to convert the images into digital video data that is compatible with the cohort generation engine. The digital video data comprises metadata, which describes objects in the camera images captured by the set of cameras.
The digital video analysis engine analyzes the digital video data with the metadata to identify a set of size and shape attributes of objects. The set of size and shape attributes may include only a single attribute, as well as two or more attributes. A size and shape attribute is a characteristic, feature, or other property of an object associated with size measurements and/or shapes of one or more portions of an object. A portion of an object may be one part, section, or component of an object. A portion of an object may also include the entire object. A size measurement is any measure of size, such as, without limitation, height, length, and width. A size measurement may also include weight and volume of an object. The set of size and shape attributes may include only size related attributes without any shape related attributes. In another embodiment, the set of size and shape attributes may include only shape related attributes without any size related attributes. In still another embodiment, the set of size and shape attributes comprises both size related attribute(s) and shape related attribute(s).
A set of video based cohorts are generated using the attributes described in the metadata in the digital video data. The set of video based cohorts may comprise a single cohort, as well as two or more cohorts. A video based cohort may have any number of members from a null set to an infinite number of members. In other words, a video based cohort may have no members, a single member, or two or more members that share a common attribute. A member of a video based cohort may include a human, animal, plant, place, location, or object. In one embodiment, the video based cohort may be used in a system wide monitoring process to quickly and efficiently pass vital information to a real-time computational process. Thus, the embodiments permit a user to create cohorts from video based attributes, such as height, length, width, area, volume, weight, radius, and shape of one or more objects in a particular area or environment.
For example, and without limitation, a user may wish to identify every person walking in a dog park with a dog that is greater than ten pounds in weight. In such a case, the digital video analysis engine may analyze digital video data to identify dogs associated with a size that is greater than ten pounds. A cohort generation engine may then use the size and shape attribute data for the dogs to select people with medium to large dog(s) that are bigger than ten pounds and a second cohort of people with small dog(s) that are ten pounds or less. Identifying the size of dog owned by pet owners may be useful for, but not limited to, marketing studies, advertising, planning future production, targeted advertising, and various other purposes. Thus, these cohorts provide an effective tool for automatically creating cohorts based on attributes of objects identified by software digital video analysis of camera images without the intervention of a human user.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a digital video analysis system in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Computer 300 may be implemented using any type of computing device, such as, but not limited to, a main frame, server, a personal computer, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA), or any other computing device depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Set of cameras 302 generate camera images 304. Set of cameras 302 is a set of one or more cameras. In other words, cameras 302 may include only a single camera, as well as two or more cameras. Set of cameras 302 may be implemented as any type of known or available camera(s), including, but not limited to, a video camera for generating moving images, a digital camera capable of generating static (still) pictures and/or a moving images, a stereo camera, a web camera, and/or any other imaging device capable of generating images of objects.
Images 304 comprise one or more images of at least one object. Images 304 may be still camera images or a stream of moving images. Each image in images 304 is composed of picture elements (pixels). A pixel is the smallest discrete component of a camera image. Each pixel in each image includes pixel data. Video analysis engine 306 uses the pixel data in each camera image to identify size and shape attributes of objects in images 304.
Set of cameras 302 sends images 304 to video analysis engine 306 in computer 300. Video analysis engine 306 is software architecture for analyzing images 304 to form digital video data 312. Video analysis engine 306 comprises a set of video image analysis software tools for analyzing and parsing images 304 and generating digital video data 312 with metadata describing attributes of the objects in images 304.
Video analysis engine 306 may be implemented using any type of known or available image analysis software, optical character recognition software, and/or license plate recognition software. In one embodiment, the digital video analysis engine may be implemented, using video analysis software tools such as, without limitation, IBM® smart surveillance system (S3) software. The license plate recognition technology catalogs a license plate of any vehicle within a camera image.
Video analysis engine 306 also comprises volume and weight estimator 308 and metadata generator 310. Volume and weight estimator 308 is a software component that analyzes images 304 and generates an estimated volume of an object based on measurements such as, without limitation, height, length, radius, and/or width of the object. Volume and weight estimator 306 comprises a volume calculator that calculates the volume of objects. Volume and weight estimator 306 also calculates the weight of an object if the objects estimated volume and density is available to determine the mass of the object as follows:

mass(m)=volume(v)*density.

The weight of the object is then determined as follows:

weight(w)=mass(m)*gravity(g).

Thus, video analysis engine 306 uses image analysis and volume and weight estimator 308 to identify the size and shape of objects and/or the size or shape of portions of an object. Video analysis engine 306 utilizes license plate recognition technology and optical character recognition to identify numbers, letters, and other markings on the surface of an object, such as, without limitation, words and numbers on clothing, a hat, a label, identification badge, street sign, address sign, bumper sticker, shipping label, product label, trademark label, or license plate.
Video analysis engine 306 uses the license plate recognition, optical character recognition, and other text recognition software tools to identify an object, weight of an object, volume of an object, and/or density of an object. In other words, a shipping label on a crate may identify the contents of the crate as cardboard boxes and identify the volume of the crate. Video analysis engine 306 may then check a lookup table to determine the density of the cardboard boxes. Volume and weight estimator 308 uses the volume and density information to determine the weight of the crate.
Digital video data 312 comprises metadata describing the size and shape attributes of the objects in images 304. Metadata generator 310 is a software component for generating the metadata describing the attributes of an object. The size and shape attributes identified in the metadata may be stored in a data storage device, such as data storage device 315.
In one non-limiting example, digital video data 312 may be transmitted to cohort generation engine 314 as a digital wave file with the metadata. However, the embodiments are not limited to transmitting digital video data 312 as a digital wave file. Digital video data 312 may be transmitted using any known or available method for transferring or sending data to cohort generation engine 314.
Cohort generation engine 314 receives digital video data 312 from video analysis engine 306 or cohort generation engine 314 may request digital video data 312 from a data storage device where digital video data 312 is stored until it is needed, such as data storage device 315. Data storage device 315 may be implemented using any type of data storage device, such as, without limitation, storage 108 in FIG. 1.
In one embodiment, video analysis engine 306 automatically sends digital video data 312 to cohort generation engine 314 in real time as digital video data 312 is generated. In yet another embodiment, video analysis engine 306 sends digital video data 312 to cohort generation engine 314 upon the occurrence of a predetermined event. A predetermined event may be, without limitation, an event such as a given time, completion of processing images 304, occurrence of a timeout event, a user request for generation of set of video cohorts 324 based on size and shape attributes identified using digital video data 312, or any other predetermined event. Thus, the illustrative embodiments may utilize digital video data 312 in real time as digital video data 312 is generated or utilize digital video data 312 that is pre-generated or stored in data storage device 315 until digital video data 312 is retrieved at some later time.
Cohort generation engine 314 analyzes digital video data 312 using size and shape patterns 316, data models 318, cohort constraints 320, and/or cohort criteria 322 to generate set of video cohorts 324. Cohort generation engine 314 generates set of video cohorts 324 from video based attributes in digital video data 312, such as size and shape attributes. Set of video cohorts 324 may include one or more video based cohorts. Each cohort in set of video cohorts 324 may have a null set of members, a single member, as well as two or more members.
Size and shape patterns 316 are an index or lookup table of known size and shape patterns for one or more objects. A size and shape pattern is a pattern of data that describes a shape or size measurements for known objects. For example, a size and shape pattern may include size and shape measurements for vehicles, such as, without limitation, a compact car, sports car, a pickup truck, a van, and a motorcycle. Attributes include size and shape patterns. However, attributes are not limited to patterns. Attributes may also include other attributes that are not associated with patterns, such as, without limitation, height, length, width, volume, and other features, characteristics, or properties of an object.
In the example above, cohort generation engine 314 compares metadata describing size and shape attributes of a vehicle appearing in images 304 with size and shape patterns 316 for known vehicles to identify a particular type of vehicle, year, and/or model of the vehicle based on the shape of the body of the car, size of the tires, size of the doors, number of doors, surface markings, license plate number, and other size and shape attributes of the vehicle. If a match is found, the matching size and shape pattern may be used to identify the object, a source or manufacturer of the vehicle, or other attributes of the vehicle.
Cohort generation engine 314 may optionally process digital video data 312 in data models 318. Data models 318 comprise a set of one or more data models for processing digital video data 312 and identifying attributes of objects. A data model is a model for structuring, defining, organizing, imposing limitations or constraints, and/or otherwise manipulating data and metadata to produce a result. A data model may be generated using any type of modeling method or simulation including, but not limited to, a statistical method, a data mining method, a causal model, a mathematical model, a marketing model, a behavioral model, a psychological model, a sociological model, or a simulation model.
In one embodiment, digital video data 312 is processed using one or more data models to create one or more video cohorts. For example, a data model may be used to identify sports utility vehicles (SUVs) parked in a parking lot. This information is used to create a cohort of SUVs and/or a cohort of customers driving SUVs. Another data model may be used to process the same digital video data 312 to create a cohort of customers that are driving small, fuel-efficient vehicles.
A cohort may include one or more sub-cohorts. In this example, digital video data 312 may be processed in a data model to identify customers driving SUVs and a sub-cohort of customers driving luxury SUVs. This information may be useful, for example and without limitation, marketing research, targeted advertising, future product orders, and various other uses.
In one embodiment, cohort generation engine 314 generates the cohorts and sub-cohorts in set of video cohorts 324 using at least one of size and shape patterns 316, data models 318, cohort constraints 320, and/or cohort criteria 322. The term “at least one” refers to one or more or any combination. Thus, cohorts may be generated using only size and shape patterns 316, using only cohort criteria 322, using cohort constraints 320 and cohort criteria 322, using size and shape patterns 316, data models 318, and cohort criteria 322, using size and shape patterns 316, data models 318, constraints 320, and cohort criteria 322, or any other combination of size and shape patterns 316, data models 318, constraints 320, and/or cohort criteria 322.
Cohort criteria 322 are a set of criteria and/or guidelines for generating set of video cohorts 324. Cohort criteria 322 specify attributes that are present or associated with members of a particular cohort. Cohort constraints 320 specify attributes that are absent or not associated with members of the particular cohort. For example, and without limitation, cohort criteria may specify that a particular cohort should include all vehicles that are hybrids and cohort constraints may specify that members of the cohort of cars must not contain cars that are SUV hybrids or pick-up truck hybrids.
These video based cohorts may be used for a variety of uses, such as, without limitation, industrial, medical, health, safety, marketing, and research-related endeavors. The video cohorts may also be used as a set of methodologies to solve a variety of problems. In one embodiment, cohort generation engine 314 provides set of video cohorts 324 to inference engine 326. Inference engine 326 is a software component, such as a computer program, that derives inferences from a knowledge base. The knowledge base is a body of facts, criteria, factors, and other information used to generate one or more inferences 328. The knowledge base may be stored in one or more local data storage devices on computer 300, such as data storage device 315, and/or stored in one or more remote data storage devices that may be accessed over a network connection. Data storage device 315 is any type of device for storing data, such as, without limitation, storage 108 in FIG. 1.
In this example, inference engine 326 derives inferences 328 from set of video cohorts 324 and/or any other data available in the knowledge base. The data in the knowledge base may include data located in a database located locally on computer 300 as well as data located on one or more remote data storage devices that may be accessed using a network connection.
Inferences 328 are conclusions regarding possible future events or future changes in the attributes of cohorts that are drawn or inferred based on the knowledge base and set of video cohorts 324. For example, and without limitation, set of video cohorts 324 may be analyzed by inference engine 326 to determine whether a particular size of vehicle or type of vehicle will continue to be popular in a given particular region or area. In another example, inference engine 326 may use set of video cohorts 324 to determine whether the particular vehicle or type of vehicle will become popular or remain popular in a different region or area based on data describing the types and sizes of vehicles being driven in the given region or area. In another example, inference engine 326 may generate inferences regarding which customers are likely to purchase particular products based on cohorts of customers using those products.
In this embodiment, set of cameras 302 is implemented as a separate device than computer 300. However, in another embodiment, set of cameras 302 and video analysis engine 306 in computer 300 may be embodied within a single device.
Turning now to FIG. 4, a block diagram of a set of cameras for capturing camera images is shown in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Cameras 402-406 is a set of cameras, such as set of cameras 302 in FIG. 3. Cameras 402-406 generate images of one or more objects, such as, without limitation, object 408, object 410, and object 412. Cameras 402-406 may be implemented as any type of known or available camera(s), including, but not limited to, a video camera for taking moving camera images, a digital camera capable of taking still pictures and/or a continuous video stream, a stereo camera, a web camera, and/or any other imaging device capable of capturing a view of whatever appears within the camera's range for remote monitoring, viewing, or recording of an object or area.
Various lenses, filters, and other optical devices such as zoom lenses, wide angle lenses, mirrors, prisms, and the like, may also be used with set of cameras 302 to assist in capturing the desired view. A camera in set of cameras 302 may be fixed in a particular orientation and configuration, or it may, along with any optical devices, be programmable in orientation, light sensitivity level, focus or other parameters. Programming data may be provided via a computing device, such as server 104 in FIG. 1.
Cameras 402-406 may be implemented as a stationary camera and/or non-stationary camera. A stationary camera is a camera is a fixed location. A non-stationary camera may be capable of moving from one location to another location. However, a both a stationary and non-stationary camera may be capable of tilting in one or more directions, such as up, down, left, right, and/or rotating about an axis of rotation. Thus, either a stationary or non-stationary camera may be capable of panning or rotating about an axis and/or tilting to follow or track a person, animal, or object in motion or keep a mobile object, such as, without limitation, a person, animal, or vehicle, within a viewing range of the camera lens. Cameras 402-406 may be, either directly or indirectly, coupled to and/or in communication with the video analysis engine. In addition, one or more of cameras 402-406 may be operated simultaneously to generate camera images and/or one or more of cameras 402-406 may be operated sporadically or in sequence to generate camera images.
In this example, the set of cameras includes three (3) cameras. However, the embodiments are not limited to three cameras in the configuration shown in FIG. 4. The embodiments may be implemented using any number of cameras in any possible configuration for generation images of objects. Likewise, cameras 402-406 are capturing images of objects, such as, without limitation, a person, a dog, and a crate. However, a set of cameras may be used to capture images of any type of objects, including, without limitation, humans, animals, plants, machines, vehicles, locations, places, buildings, sidewalks, roadways, or any other objects.
Cameras 402-406 are calibrated to determine the location of each camera, the height 414 of each camera above the ground or above any other known surface, and the distance 416 of each camera from one or more known positions. In one embodiment, during calibration, an object of known dimensions in placed in a stationary position a known distance from each camera and one or more images of the object are generated. The term known dimensions refers to known shapes of portions of the object and known measurements of the object, such as but without limitation, height, length, width, radius, area, volume, and/or weight. The object is then moved to a different location a known distance from each camera and one or more images of the object are generated. This process is continued until images of the object at various known distances from each camera are generated. In another embodiment, the object may be capable of motion, such as a vehicle or a person. In such a case, the object is moved slowly along a predetermined track or course in a given area within recording range of the set of cameras while the cameras generate images of the object. In another embodiment, two or more objects of varying known sizes may be used during calibration. This calibration data, generated by using known objects of known dimensions at known distances from each camera, is used to extrapolate the size and shape of unknown objects in the images.
The video analysis engine uses this calibration information to determine the location of objects, height, length, width, and other size and shape attributes of objects recorded in the images generated by cameras 402-406. In one embodiment, for example and without limitation, the video analysis engine determines a location for pixels associated with an object in an image relative to the ground or floor. The video analysis engine then uses the calibration data identifying height 414 of each camera and the distance 416 from the position on the ground or floor to determine the position of the object that is shown in the images in the real world relative to each camera's location. Video analysis then extrapolates the size and shape of the object based on the distance of the object from each camera, the number of pixels representing the object in the images, and the pattern of the pixels in the image.
If a camera fails, is knocked out of place, or otherwise moved to a different location or different position, the camera may need to be re-calibrated by placing or moving a known object within the range of the camera and allowing the camera to generate images of the object at varying known distances from the camera.
A video analysis engine analyzes the images generated by cameras 402-406 and identifies size and shape attributes of objects 408-412. For example, and without limitation, the video analysis engine may determine the size of the dog, the size of the crate, the shape of the crate, the weight of the dog, the height of the person, and/or any other size and shape attributes of objects in the images generated by cameras 402-406.
In this embodiment, objects 408-412 are within the range of cameras 402-406 and appear in the images generated by all of cameras 402-406. In such a case, the video analysis engine may use the images from one or more of cameras 402-406 to generate the size and shape attributes for each object. However, in another example, an object may only appear in images generated by a single camera. In such a case, the video analysis engine determines the location, size, and shape of the object based on images from the single camera and the calibration data for that single camera.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of size and shape attributes generated based on results of processing digital video data in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Size and shape attributes 500 are video based attributes associated with a set of one or more objects. Size and shape attributes 500 may include, without limitation, height 502, length 504, width 506, volume 508, weight 510, and shape 512, and/or identification markings 514. Volume 508 may be a known volume obtained from a lookup table or provided by a user. Volume 508 may also be a calculated or estimated volume based on the height, length, width, and/or radius of one or more portions of an object. Weight 510 may be a known weight obtained from a lookup table, manually provided by a user, and/or determined based on a label or other identification markings on an object. Weight 510 may also be calculated or estimated based on mass and density of an object or the volume of an identified object.
Shape 512 identifies a shape of a portion of an object. A shape may be circular, semicircular, round, square, rectangular, triangular, ovoid, arch, right angle, sloping, ribbed, serrated, or any other shape. An object may have different shapes for different portions of the object. For example, a car may have tires that are round, wheel wells that are semicircles, and bumpers that are rectangular.
Identification markings 514 identify markings on the surface of an object, such as letters, numbers, punctuation marks, symbols, and other markings. Identification markings 514 may be found on name tags, identification badges, license plates, bumper stickers, logos, trademarks, labels, serial numbers, and/or signs.
Size and shape attributes 500 are not limited to the attributes shown in FIG. 5. Size and shape attributes 500 may include additional attributes describing the size and shape of an object in an image, such as, without limitation, area, and radius. Moreover, an object may have a height, length, width, volume, and/or weight for one or more portions of the object. In other words, one portion of an object may have a given height and length while another part of an object has a different height and length.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a flowchart of a process for capturing camera images in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The process in FIG. 6 may be implemented by a set of one or more cameras, such as set of cameras 302 in FIG. 3.
The process begins by making a determination as to whether any objects are in range of a set of cameras (step 602). An object is in range of a camera if the camera is able to record images of the object or a portion of the object. If any objects are in range of the set of cameras, a set of images of the object(s) by the set of cameras are generated (step 604). The set of images are sent to a video analysis engine (step 606), such as, without limitation, video analysis engine 306 in FIG. 3.
Returning to step 602, if no objects are in range or after the images are sent to a video analysis engine in step 606, a determination is made as to whether to generate more images of one or more objects by the set of cameras (step 608). If more images are not generated, the process terminates.
Returning to step 608, if a determination is made to generate more images, the set of cameras generates a new set of images (step 610). The set of cameras implements steps 602-610 iteratively until no new images are generated at step 608 and the process terminates.
Turning now to FIG. 7, a flowchart of a process for generating video based cohorts using size and shape attributes is shown in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. The process in FIG. 7 may be implemented by software for processing video sensory input, such as video analysis engine 306 in FIG. 3. Step 708 and 710 may be implemented by software for generating video cohorts based on digital video data, such as cohort generation engine 314 in FIG. 3.
The process begins by receiving video images from a set of cameras (step 702). The video analysis engine processes the images to form digital video data with metadata describing objects captured in the video images (step 704). The metadata is generated using any known or available method and/or software tools, such as, without limitation, IBM® smart surveillance system (S3) software, volume calculator software, weight calculator software, optical character recognition software, and/or license plate recognition software.
The video analysis engine processes the digital video data to identify a set of size and shape attributes associated with a set of objects shown in the video images (step 706). A cohort generation engine analyzes the set of size and shape attributes using at least one cohort criteria, cohort constraints, data model(s), and/or known size and shape patterns (step 708). The cohort generation engine generates a set of cohorts based on the results of analyzing the size and shape attributes (step 710) with the process terminating thereafter. In another embodiment, the cohort generation engine optionally utilizes data models and/or identified video patterns in addition to cohort criteria or instead of cohort criteria to create the set of video cohorts.
Thus, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer program product for generating video based cohorts is provided. Digital video data is processed to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with the set of objects. The digital video data comprises metadata describing the set of objects. A size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object. The set of size and shape based attributes are analyzed using cohort criteria to form a result. The cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort. A set of cohorts is generated based on the result. Each cohort in the set of cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common.
The video cohorts may be used, for example and without limitation, in sales, marketing, marketing research, medical and diagnostic research, public health, demographic research, marketing trends, safety and/or security. The video cohorts may also be used for quality control in the food industry, in pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, diagnostics, and other areas.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.
Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any tangible apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.
A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers.
Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.
The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

## Claims

1. A computer implemented method for generating cohorts using size and shape attributes of objects, the computer implemented method comprising:
processing digital video data, by a video analysis engine, to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with a set of objects, wherein the digital video data comprises metadata describing the set of objects, and wherein a size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object;
analyzing the set of size and shape based attributes using cohort criteria to form a result, wherein the cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort;
generating a set of video based cohorts based on the result, wherein each cohort in the set of video based cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common;
receiving the set of video based cohorts by an inference engine; and
processing the set of video based cohorts by the inference engine, wherein the inference engine processes the set of video based cohorts to generate a set of inferences, and wherein the set of inferences identifies a predicted future activity by members of the set of video based cohorts.

2. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the size and shape attributes comprises an identification of a length of the portion of the object in the set of objects.

3. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the size and shape attributes comprises a height of the portion of the object in the set of objects.

4. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the size and shape attributes comprises a length of the portion of the object in the set of objects.

5. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attributes are vehicles, and wherein the computer implemented method further comprises:
processing the set of video based cohorts by the inference engine to determine how many vehicles of a particular size will be driven in a particular region at a future time.

6. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:
calculating, based on the size and shape attributes of an object in the set of objects, an estimated volume of the object in the set of objects, wherein the estimated volume is calculated based on a height, length, width, and radius of the object in the set of objects; and
calculating an estimated weight o the object in the set of objects based on the estimated volume and a known density of the object in the set of objects.

7. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the size and shape attributes comprises size and shape based identification markings associated with the portion of the object in the set of objects, and wherein the computer implemented method further comprising:
parsing the size and shape based identification markings to identify the object; and
checking a lookup table to determine a weight or volume of the object based on the identification of the object.

8. The computer implemented method of claim 7, wherein the identification markings comprises at least one of a license plate number, a label on the object, a serial number, a bar code, a lot number, a model number, and a product name.

9. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the digital video data is received from a set of video cameras.

10. The computer implemented method of claim 1 wherein analyzing the set of size and shape based attributes using the cohort criteria to form the result further comprises:
analyzing the size and shape based attributes using a set of size and shape patterns, by a cohort generation engine, to form the result.

11. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein analyzing the set of size and shape based attributes using the cohort criteria to form the result further comprises:
analyzing the size and shape based attributes using cohort constraints to form the result, wherein cohort constraints specify attributes that are absent from members of a given cohort in the set of video based cohorts.

12. A computer program product for generating video cohort data, the computer program product comprising:
a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer usable program code embodied therewith, the computer usable program code comprising:
computer usable program code configured to process digital video data, by a video analysis engine, to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with the set of objects, wherein the digital video data comprises metadata describing the set of objects, and wherein a size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object;
computer usable program code configured to analyze the set of size and shape based attributes using cohort criteria to form a result, wherein the cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort;
computer usable program code configured to generate a set of video cohorts based on the result, wherein each cohort in the set of video based cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common;
a computer usable program code configured to calculate, based on the size and shape attribute of the object in the set of objects, and estimated volume of the object in the set of objects wherein the estimated volume is calculated based on a height, length, width, and radius of the object in the set of objects; and p1 a computer usable program code configured to calculate an estimated weight of the object in the set of objects based on the estimated volume and a known density of the object in the set of objects.

13. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the size and shape attributes comprise an identification of a height of the portion of the object in the set of objects.

14. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the size and shape attributes comprise an identification of a length of the portion of the object in the set of objects.

15. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the size and shape attributes comprise an identification of a width of the portion of the object in the set of objects.

16. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute are vehicles, and wherein the computer program product further comprises:
computer usable program code configured to process the set of video based cohorts by the inference engine to determine how many vehicles of a particular size will be in a particular region at a predefined future time.

17. The computer program product of claim 12, further comprising:
computer usable program code configured to receive the set of video based cohorts by an inference engine; and
computer usable program code configured to process the set of video based cohorts by the inference engine, wherein the inference engine uses the set of video based cohorts to generate a set of inferences.

18. An apparatus comprising:
a bus system;
a communications system coupled to the bus system;
a memory connected to the bus system, wherein the memory includes computer usable program code; and
a processing unit coupled to the bus system, wherein the processing unit executes the computer usable program code to process digital video data, by a video analysis engine, to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with the set of objects, wherein the digital video data is received from a set of video cameras, wherein the digital video data comprises metadata describing the set of objects, and wherein a size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object; analyze the set of size and shape based attributes using cohort criteria to form a result, wherein the cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort; and generate a set of video based cohorts based on the result, wherein each cohort in the set of video based cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the set of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common; receive the set of video based cohorts by an inference engine; and process the set of video based cohorts by the inference engine, wherein the inference engine processes the set of video based cohorts to generate a set of inferences, and wherein the set of inferences predicts a future activity by members described by the set of video based cohorts.

19. The apparatus of 18, wherein the processing unit executes the computer usable program code to receive the set of video based cohorts by an inference engine and process the set of video based cohorts by the inference engine, wherein the inference engine uses the set of video based cohorts to generate a set of inferences.

20. A video cohort generation system comprising:
a set of cameras, wherein the set of cameras captures a set of images of a plurality of objects;
a digital video analysis engine, wherein the digital video analysis engine processes digital video data, by a video analysis engine, to identify a set of size and shape based attributes associated with the plurality of objects, wherein the digital video data comprises metadata describing the plurality of objects, and wherein a size and shape attribute comprises an attribute describing a shape associated with a portion of an object or a size measurement of the portion of the object;
a cohort generation engine, wherein the cohort generation engine analyzes the set of size and shape based attributes using cohort criteria to form a result, wherein the cohort criteria specify attributes that are associated with members of a given cohort; and generates a set of cohorts based on the result, wherein each cohort in the set of cohorts comprises a subset of objects from the plurality of objects that share at least one size and shape based attribute in common; and
an inference engine, wherein the inference engine processes the set of cohorts to generate a set of inferences, and wherein the set of inferences identifies a predicted future activity by members of the set of cohorts.