313198 where: 

## E, 

# - M. = 

### K. 

# - A**~** 

### P

, 

# - 3600**~** 

### HR a 

### R • T = CHAPTER 8- PAl NT AND INK MANUFACTURING
Emissions of VOC species x from the spill (lblevent): Molecular 1veight of VOC species x (lbilb-mole); Gas-phase mass transfer coefficient for VOC species x (ftlsee); Surface area of spill**(~ ;**  Partial pressure of VOC species x (if a pure chemical is spilled) or the part i al pressure of chemica l x (if a mixture ofVOCs i s spi ll ed) at temperarure T (psia)'; 3600 seclhr; Dura t ion of spill (hr /cvc nt); Universal gas constant at 1 atmosphere of pressure, 10.73 psia · ft'llb-mol e · 

### • R ; and Temperarure of the liquid spilled. ' R. The gas - phase 

### mass tr1l11Sfer coefficient (I<.) may 

### be calculated 

### using E quation 8.4-16:

where:



# - = 

# - K,

# ~ 0.00438 • 

### U 0
· 78 • ( 

### D, ) m 3.1 x lO_.
Gas
- phase mass transfer coefficient for VOC species x (ftlsee) ; Wind speed (milelhr): Diffusion coefficient for VOC species x in air (11'/sec) (8 .4- 1 6)

Diffusion coefficients {DJ 

### can be fo und i.n chemical handboo ks 

### and are usually expressed 

### in units of square centimeters per second (cm '/sec) . 

### If a diffusio n coefficient is not availab l e 

### for a particular chemical, the gas-phase mass transfer coellicient 

### (K.) may be estimated using Equation 8.4-17: 

### ( IS ) 113 

## K. =

### 0.0043~ • U •· 711 • M, (8 . 4-17)

• The partial pressure of VOC species x (P.) may be calculated using Equation 8.4-3 or Equation



### 8.4-4.
EII

P VOlume II 8.4
- 19


### VESOJ6000CHAPTER 8 · PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING where: 

### K, 

## u M, = Gas-phu se mass tT ans fer coefficient fo r VOC species x (11/sec); Wind speed ( m ile/hr); and Molecular weight ofV OC species x (lb.1b-mole). Exam ple 8.4-3 illu stra tes the u se of d1ese equations. Example 8.4-3 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is spilled o nto the gro un d outside of a building. The following data are given: The 

### spill is not detected for I hour; it takes an a ddition al 2 hour.; to recover the remainin g MEK; the duration of the s pill (HR), there fo re , is 3 hours. The average wind speed (U) is 8 

### rnilelhr. The ambienttempe111ture (1) is 77 ' F or 537 ' R ("R = ' F +460). The surface area of the spill (A) is 100 ftl. The mo lec ul ar weight of 

### MEK ( M.) is 72 lb llb-mole. The 

### panial pressure of 

### MEK (P.) at 77'F 

### is ap proximately 1.9 3 

### ps ia. 3/3198

8.4-20 fliP Volume 11


### VES016001CHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING Step 1: Usi n g Equation 

### 8.4 · 1 7, cal c ul a t e th e Ga s- phase Mas s Tran s f e r Coeffi cient (K,) 

## ( 18) 1/) 

### I<_ = 

### 0 . 00438 • U 0

· '" • 

### M,
; 0.004 38 • 

# 8 ' ·

'" • ( 7 128 ) 113


### = 

## o.o 1397 ftfsec
S tep 2: U s ing Equation 8.4- I S, c alcu late E m i ss io n s ( E,) M, • K**~** A • P • 3600 • HR 

### E = 

### ......: :......-' :...... ---='-
- --- ' R • T 72 

### * 0.01397 • )()() • 1.93 • 

### 3600 • 3 

## = .:..=._.:.:..:..:..:..:.. .:.....,.1**"".:=:: n:-:-** **-5::.:: ::::** **7-=- .....:.:..;;.::.** **_~ ~**  

### 3 6 4 lb MEK/spill
4.1 . 4 EMISS IO N S 

### M ODEL FOR SURFACE EVAPORATION E missions 

### from su rface evaporation during paint and ink mixing operation s can be e st imated using Equation 8 . 4·1 8, which is based on tb e Oements vaporization model.

where:



# - = 

# - =

EIIP VOlume II M, • 

### K, • A* P,-.. 3600 • H 

### R * T

E miss i ons of VOC spec i es x (lb/yr) ; Molecu l ar weight ofV OC s pecie s x (lbllb-mo l c); Gas
- p has e mass transfe r coefficient for VOC species:< (ftfsec) ; Surface area of tank (ft"); (8 .4 -18)

8 . 4-21


### VES0l6002CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND IN K MANU FACTURING 313198

3600 

## = H 

## = R 

## = T • B = Vapor pre ss ure o f VOC x (if a pure chemica l i s used) o r the partia l press ur e of c h e mica l 

### x ( if 

### a mi xture ofVOCs is used) 

### at temperature T (psia)' ; 

### 3600 seclhr; Batch time (hrlb atch ); Universal gos constant at I a tmosphere of pre ss ure, 10.73 psia · f\ 1 / lb mole· ' R ; Temp erature of the liquid , 

### ' R; and N umber of batches per year (batches/yr). Equations 8. 4
- 16 or 8 . 4-17 can be used to estimate 

### K,.
. Total VO C emissions would equa l the sum ofall VOC species emissio ns. E xample 8.4 -4 illu st rates the 

### use of Eq uation 8.4-1 R. Example 8.4-4 Thi s example es t i mates emission s from a mix ing operati oo due to surfac e evaporarioo. The fo llowing data 

### are given: T he batch time (H) i s 4 hours. The nu mber of batches 

### per year (B) is 550. The avera ge wind speed (U) is 0 . 1 mi les/hr . The ambi ent tem perature (T) is 77 ' F or 537 ' R ( ' R 

### = • f +460). The surface 

### a rea of the 

### mixing tank lA) 

### is 8 0 

### ff. Tite molecular weight o f toluene (M.) is 

### 92 l bll b-mo l e. The partial vapor pressure of tolu e n e ( P ,) at 

## n • r: is approximately 

### 0 . 58 ps i a.

• The partial pres s ure of VOC species x (P , ) may be calcul a t ed using Eq uation 8.4-3 or Equatio n 8.4-4
. 8.4-22 EIIP Volume II



### VES0160033/31118 CHAP TER 8 - PAIN T AND INK MANU FACTURING S t ep I: Using Equation 8.4
- 17 , calcul ate th e Ga s- p hase Mass Trans fer Coemc . ien t (K. ) 

# K. = 0 . 00438 • 

## u 1 ' 111 • (

# ~) 113

G 0.00438 • 0.1 1

· 7 8 • 

# ( - 18) 113 

### 92
= 0. 00042 2 II/ sec S t e p 2: Usi n g Eq u atio n 8.4- I S, calculat e Emission s 

### (EJ M, • K, 

### E 

## = • A • P • 3600 " H 

### ,**~** 

### B 

## • R * T



## = 92 • 

### 0 .0004 22 • 80 • 0.58 • 

### 3600 • 4 • 550 10 . 73 • . 537

= 2,4 76 lb to l uenelyr 

### 4
- 1
- 5 E M ISSION M ODEL FOR LI QUID M ATERIAL STORAGE The preferred method for ca l culating emissions from storage tanks i s lhe use of equa tions presented inAP-4 2. EPA has developed 

### a software package (TAN KS) for calculating these types of em iss ions. The reader is referred to Chapter I of th is volwne , l11troduction t o Stationary Poinl &mrcc Emission s lnwm1ory Development, for more information on using lhe TA NKS 

### program. Add itionally , t h e reader shou ld consult their s tate ageti CY and / or lhe EPA ' s C l earinghouse for Inve ntori e s and Emission Factors (CHI EF) bulletin board s ystem (BBS) o r webs ite fo r the most recent version of

### TANKS. 

### 4 .1.6 EM ISSION M ODEL FOR WA STEWATE R T REAT M E N T VOC emissio n s 

### from a wastewater treatment system may b e estimated using eq uat ions prescnled in Air Emissions Modelsfor fJiaste lmd Wllstewater (EPA , 1994a ) , and Chapter 5 , Preferretillnd A ltemative Meth ods for E.rtimati11g Air Emi.'<sions from Wastewater Collecrian a11d Treamtenl Fac ili ties, oflhi s vo l ume. These doc u ments , as well as models suc h as WATERS and C H E MDA 1'8 , are avai l a

bl e onlhe EPA 's CtUEF websi t e.

EIIP Volume II 8 . 4-23


### VES016004CH APT ER 8 - PAINT A ND I NK MA NUF A CTURING 

## 4.2 EMI SS ION CALCULAT ION USING EMIS S ION fACTOR S Emissio n foc t ors are commo n ly used to calcula t e emissions from paint and 

### ink manufacturing f ac ilit ies . 

### E PA maintains a c o

mpil atio n ofapp rov ed emissi on f ac t ors in A P- 42 

### for criteria pollutant s and hazardo us air poll uta nts (HAP s). Emiss ion f actors fo r eq u ipme n t lea k

s may be found in 

### Protocol for Equipmem Leak Emissio11 Est1inates 

### (E P A, 1995g ). Chapter 4 

### of rl1 is vo l um e diseusses emission estimates from equipmen t l eaks. T h e m o st co mpr e nen s ive s our ce f or to xi c air poll u

tant emi ss ion f ac t o

rs is t h

e Fac t o r Info rmation and 

### Retrieval (FIRE) data system , which 

### also co n tains cri teri a pollu tant e m ission fac t ors (E P A, 1995h). Currendy, emissio n factors ar e th e preferred m eiliod for es timat ing VOC emi ss ions f rom t he following t ypes of sources found in a pain t and 

### ink 

### rnanufacruring facility: Sol vent r eclam atio n s ystem s; PartS wasbing equipment; and Proc ess p i ping. Emissio n factors are also 

### tbe preferred method for estimating 

### PMIPM 1 0 

### emissions fr om paint and 

### i nk manu fact u ring f acilities. VOC em i ssion facto rs 

### are also availa b le in AP - 42 

### f o r ca lc u l ating t ota l pl a nt em issio ns 

### and mixing 

### operation emissions from a 

### paint mauufacruring facility and for vehicle cooking and pigment m

ixing emi ssions JTo m an ink manu f acturin g fa c ility. 

### These e m ission f a

ctors 

### are discussed fu rther in Section s 5. 1.1 thr o u g h 5 . 1. 3. 4 . 2 . 1 T O TALAND SPE Ct ATE D 

### VOC EM ISSI ONS FRO M S O LVENT RE C LAMA TIO N 

### VOC e m i ss ions from the loading and operation of a di st illat ion d evic e may b e calculated us i n g emissio n fac t ors (EP A , 1995 d) . AP - 42 

### also presen ts fac t ors for spi ll s and t h

e storage of ma t er

i al s associated 

### with 

### the solvent rec l amation process; however, the pref erred emi ss ion estimation tec hn i que 

### for these sou rc e s i s 

### the us e of mo d e l s di scussed p reviously in th i s section. To ca lcu l at e total VOCs from loading or operotion o f t he d isti ll ation device, use Equ ation 8 . 4-1 9: (8 .4- 19)



### 8.4-24 EII P V olu

me JJ


### V E S0l60053/ll98 where: EYUC = Efvoc 

### O

voc: = CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING
VOC emiss ions from loading or ope ration of the distillati on device (lb/yr); VOC emission factor for loading of the distillation device or for the distillation column condenser vent ( lb VOCs emiuedlton VOCs processed); and Amount of VOC in spent solvent processed through the distillation device (tonfyr). Speciated VOC em iss ions are then calculated using Equation 8.4-20:

where: 

### Evoc 

## = C.._ == E, 

## = Evoc • CJIOO (8 .4
- 20 )

Emis sions ofVOC sp ecies x from loading or opemtion of the distiU a tion device (lllfyr); VOC em i ss ion s fro m loading or o peration of the distillation device. cal culated using Equation 8.4-20 (lb/yr); oud Concentration of VOC s pecies x in the solvent processed through the diSt ill ation system (mass % ). Example 8.4
- S il!ustrutes the use of Equations 8.4-19 nod 8.4-20. If the species x concentration is provided on a v o lume basis , the vo lume percent 

### will need to be converted to mass percent. If molecular weight of the total mixture is known, the volume percent of species x in the total mixture can be co nverted to mass percent us ing Equati on 8.4-21:

w h ere: 

# x. Y

, M

, M

EIIP Volume II = 

## = = X = y • 

## • 

# • M, M 

### • 100

Mass percent of s pecies x 

### in total mixture; Volume percent of species x in to ta l mi.xture; Molecular weight of species x; and Mo lecular weight of total mixture . ( 8.4-21)

8 . 4-25


### VES016006CHAPTER 8 -PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING If molecul a r weight of the to ta l mixture is not known ,**th~** volume p.:rcent can!><: convcrttro to mass percent using Equation 8 .4- 22:

where: M n 

### Y

, M

, = = 

## = =
Examole 

## 8.+5 

# M = 

# t**(~** 

# "' M,)

, . , I 00

Molecul ar weight oftotal mixture ; Number of species in total mixture; Volwne percent of spec ies x in tot>d mixture ; and Molecular weight of species x . (8.4- 2 2)

First, t otal VOC emi s sions from opera tio n of a di stillatio n de vice may be calculated using an emi ssion factor 

### from AP-42 , Table 4.7
- 1 and Eq uation 8.4
- 19. Ef v

oc 

# - 3 . 30 lb VOC s/ ton solvent processed 

## Ovoc**~** 5 tons s pent so l vent pro cessed!yr 

### Evoc D EFwl(' • 

### Ovor 

# - 3 . 30 • 

### 5 

# - 16.5 lb VOCs emitteclfyr Next, total VOC emissions are speciated using the conc entration of VO C spec ies x (mass %) and Equation 8.4-20 . Evoc 

## • 1 6.5 lb VOCs/yr (calculated above); 

## c

, 

# - 99% to l u

ene in s pent solvent 

### E. = Ev oc • C / 100 

### • 1 6.5 • 99/ 100 

## = 16.3 lb toluene emittedlyr

8.4-26 EIIPVo/urfl$11


### VESOI6007CHAPTER 8- PNNT AND INK MANUFACTURING 4.2.2 VO C EM ISSIO NS FROM P ARTS C LEA N I NG VOC emission facto rs for parts clean . iog in cold cleaners, open-top vapor degreasers. or conveyorized degreasers 

### are presented in AP-42. Emission fac tors for cold cleaners and vapor degreasers are in units o f ton s VOC/yr / unit or lb YOC/hr /ft '. Emis sion fac tors for vapor and nonboiling conveyoriz.ed degreasers are presented only in units ofton VO C/ yr

/ unit. !fusing emission factors ba sed on the snrface area of the exposed solvent use Equation 8.4 -23
.

where:

A 

# = OH = Ev oc • Efvoc • A • OH (8.4-23)
YOC em ission s from 

### a col d cleaner or open-top vapor d egreaser, (lb/ yr); VOC emiss ion factor for cold cleaners or open-top vapor degreasers (lblhr / ft'); S urf ace area of so l vent e xposed to the a tmosphere (ft 1 ); and Hours per year tl1at the cold cleaner or vapor deg reaser is i n operation (hrlyr). !f us ing emission factors based on the nwnber of cleaning units , use Equation 8.4-24.

where:
EFvoc 

## = NU 

## = 2000 Evoc = EF voc • NU • 2000 (8.4-24)

VOC emissions from 

### a cold cleaner, 

### an open--top vapor dcgreaser, or 

### a conveyorized dt.'greaser (lblyr); VOC emissio n iactor for cold cleaners , open- top vapor degreasers , or conveyorized degreasers (tonlyr / unit); Number of cle aning units in use (units); and 

### 2,000 lb /ton.

Celtain halog enate d so l vents that are widely used for solvent cleaning (e . g., 1,1,1
- trichloroethane ) ha ve been categorized as "VOC-exempt" by various slate and federal regula ti ons . How ever, the em i ssion factors reported in AP-42 are still app l icable for these solvents (EPA. 1995e). EIIP Volume II 8.4-27


### VES016008CHAPTER 8 ·PAINTAND INK MANUFACTURING 313198 Spccia ted VOC emissions from parts cle aning may 

### be calculated us in g Equ ati on 8.4
-25: 

### E, • EF voc • CJ lOO ( 8.4-25 ) wh e re: Em iss i ons of VOC species x from parts c leaning (lblyr); 

### E, - E,'OC 

## = 

# c, - VOC e mi ss i ons calcul ated us ing Equati on 8.4- 22 or 8.4 -23 (lblyr); aod Co nc entration o f VOC species x in cleaning solvent (mass %). Exam pl es 8.4-6 and 8.4
- 7 show the applicatio n o f Equations 8 . 4-2 3, 8 .4-24 . and 8 . 4-25. Example 8.4- 6 This examp le shows how total and speci ared VOC emissions from a cold cleaner may 

### be calculated using E quatio ns 8.4-23 a nd 8.4
- 25 and an emission fac tor (from AP-42, Tabl e 4.6
- 2) th a t is based on the surface area of the e xposed solvent. First, total VOC emissions are calcu lat ed using Equation 8.4 -2 3 . 

### E

Fvoc 0.08 l blhrlft' 

### A 

## = 5 .25 

### It' OH = 

### 3, 000 hr lyr 

### Evoc 

## = EFvoc • A • OH = 

### 0 . 08 • 5. 25 • 3 ,000 = 1,260 l b VOC/yr Next, tota l VOC e.mi£ sions are >-pec iate<.l using the co oce utruti on of VOC species x (mass%) o . nd Equation 8 . 4-25 . 

### Evoc 

# c, =

= = = 1,260 lb VOCs/y r ( calc ulated ab ove) 990 /o trichloroethylene in cleaning solvent 

### EF voc • C ,/ 100 I , 260 

## * 99/ 1 00 1 , 247 lb trichloroethylene/yr



### 8.4-28 E //PV-11


### VES0!6009313198 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFAC TURING Exampl e 8.4-7 This example shows how total 

### VOC emissions are calculated from several cold clean ers usi n g Equation 

### 8.4 -24 and 

### an emi ssi on fuctor from Tab l e 

### 4
- 6.2 of AP-42. Efvoc "' 

### NU Evoc 

### 0 . 33 ton! yrfu nit



### - 5 u n its Efvoc • NU • 2, 000 0 . 33 • 

### 5 • 2,000 3,300 lb VOC/yr



### 4 . 2 .3 VO C EM IS S I O N S FRO M EQ U I P MENT L EA K S Emissions fro m eqtoipment leaks m ay be calculated using emi ssi on factors esta blished by I! PA 

### for the synthetic organic c hemical manufa . cturing indu stry 

### (SOCMl) . SOCMI average and screening value ran ge emission factors 

### are available for various typeS of components 

### (e.g., valves, pump seals , comtectors, open-ended J ines) . A ddi t ionally, E P A 

### has d eve loped 

### SOCMI correlation equations rhat 

### can be used if lest 

### data are available. Ca l culation of emissions from equipment leaks is explained in more detail in Chapter 4 of this volume. 

### 4 . 2 .4 PM/ PM 10 EM ISSI O NS FROM A P AIN T O R I NK MANUFACT URI N G FACIUTY AP-41 also presents 

### PM emission factors from paint and ink manu facturing . which are based on the amount o f pigment used by a facility . The AP-42 factor for paint manufacturing is 20 l b PM/t o n pigment The 

### AP
-42 factor fo r p i gment m ixing at an ink manufacturing f.1cility is 

### 2 Jb PM !ton pigment. To calculate 

### PM emissions using these emission factors , use Equation 8.4-26.

where: 

### E"'t = EFPM 

## = EQ , 

## = Total P M emissions (Jb'yr); PM emission factor (Ib PM! ton pigment); and Total pigment ( t on!yr). (8.4-26)

EIIP Volume II 8 . 4-29


### VES0\60 1 0CHAPTER 8- PA INT AND INK MANUFACTURI NG**~8** PM 10 can conservatively be estima t ed by assuming that a ll o f the PM t:tuilted 

### is PM 10 • Spcciated PM emissio ns are calculated using Equation 8.4-27:

where: 

### E, 

## = EP , ,., 

## = Q, 

## = 

## c. = E = EF,., • 

### Q • C / 100

.. . .. s**~** (8.4-27)
Total emissions of PM s pecies x (lblyr); PM emiss i on foetor from AP-42 , Table 6 . 4-1 or Tabl e 6.7
- 1 (lb PMf ton pigment); Amount of p igment containing species 

### x used by the fa cility (tonlyr); and Co n centra tio n of PM species x in pigment x (mass %). Usc of Equatio n 8.4-27 is demonstrated in Example 1!.4-8. E

xampl e 8.4
-8 This example demonstrates 

### bow speciated PM emissions from pigment mi.xing at an ink manufacturing facility may be calculated us i ng the consumption-based PM e

mi ssion factor from Table 6.7
- 1 of AP-42 and Equatio n 8.4-27: EFJ'I\< • 

### Q. = 

# c. = 

### E, 

## = 

# - 2 lb PM/ ton p igmen t 

### 5 tons ZnO/yr 80% Zn in ZnO BF • Q 

## * C/100 PM • 2 • 

### 5 • 80 / 1 00 8 lb Znfyr

8.4-30 EIIP Volvme II


### VES016011

# 5 ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ESTIMATING EMISSIONS Alternative me thods for calculating emissions from paint and ink manufacturing facilities are presented in this section . A li s t of variab les u sed 

### in Equat i ons 8. 5- l through 8.5
- l 

### 0 i s given in Table 8.5
- 1. 

## 5 . 1 EMI SS ION CAL C ULATION S U S ING EMIS S ION fA CT O R S Emiss ion factors are co mmo n ly use d to calcul ate emissions from paint and ink manufacturing faci l ities. EPA maintai ns a compilation of approved emission factors in AP - 42 for**cri er** **~** pollutants and hazardous a ir pollutan ts (HAPs) . Availab le emissi on factors fo r paint manufacturir1g can be f ound in Section 

### 6.4 of AP-42 

### and in 

### a technical memorandum 

### from EPA to the National Paint and Coatings Ass oc iation (1:1' A , 1 99 51). Em iss io n tactors tor ink manufacturing can be found in Section 

### 6.7 of 

### AP-42. The National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, Inc. (NAPJM), has also developed ink manufacturing emission factors (NAPIM, 1996). The most comprehensive sou rce for t oxic air pollu tan t emission l11ctors i s th e Fac tor In fonnation and R etrieval (FI RE} data sys tem , which a l so contains criteria pollutant emi ssio n f actors (EPA, 1995h) . 5.1
. 1 T O TAL 

### VOC E M I S SIO NS FR O M P AINT M A N U FACTURI N G F A C ILITIE S A VOC emission factor can 

### be used for calcul at ing tota . l VOC emiss ions from paint manufacturing facilities. The emissi on factor 

### presented in AP-42 is e ssentially 

### a J oss factor that represents an em iss i on rate to 

### be applied to a production rate (NPCA, 

### 1995). The VOC emission factor presented i n 

### AP-42 for paint manufacturing is 

### 30 lb total VOC s/ ton product (EPA, 1995b). To calcula te total VOCs using tbi s emission factor , 

### see Equat io n 8.5-1;

where:

EIIP Volume II Total emissions ofVOCs ffom the facility (lbl yr

); VO C emissi on factor (lb VOCs/ton produ c t); and Amount of product produced (ton/ yr) . (8 . 5 · 1)

8.5- 1


### VES O I 6012CHA P TER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 313!98 T ABLE 8.5 · 1 LIST OF VAR I ABLES AND SYMBOLS Variab le S y mool Units Toml VOC Emissions Evor lblyr V

OC Emiss i on Factor**Er~oc** vario us Amount of Product 

## Q, tonlyr Produced Emissions of VOC or PM 

### E. lblyr S pecies x Amount of VOC Species x 

## Q , l b/yr Used by the Facility Tom! Amount of SolventS 

### Q. l blyr 

### Used Partial P ress u re of VOC J > 

## • ps i a Specie s x Flo w Rate TI>rou g b Exhaust FR W / mi n Vent Molecular We i g ht o fVOC or 

## M, lb llb-mole PM Spec i es x O perati ng Houn; 

### OH hr/yr Universal Gas Constant at I 

### R 10.73 psi a ·**ft'llb- ol~**  · • R Atmospher e of Pressure Temperature of Exhaust Gas 

### T 

### • R Quan t it

y ofVOC o r PM 

### Q. l b/yr S p ecies x th at i s R eceived as a Raw Material

8 . 5
-2 E/IP Volume II


### VES01 6013313198 C HAP TER 8 - P AINTAND INK MANUFA C TURIN G 

### TABLE 8 . 5-1 (CONTINUED) Variab le Symbol Units Q uan t it

y ofVOC or PM Species 

### x Shipped OU1 in Q. lblyr Fi na l P rodu ct Quantity ofVOC or P M 

### Q,.. lb /yr Spec ies x Re covered by A ll Me thods Q uantity ofVOC o r P M Qw lblyr Species x Conta ined i n All Waste Generated Quant ity ofVOC or P M S pecies >.. Remaining in Raw**~** lb /yr Mat eri a l I

n ven tory Co nc en trat i o n ofVOC o r 

## c,. ppmv or ft l !MMA' PM S pecies x

EII

P Volum e II 8.5-3



### V

ES 0!6014CHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING Becuuse the VOC emissions calcula t ed in Equntioo 8 .5
- 1 are plantwide emissions , speciated emi ssions 

### can be estimated based on total solvent used. S peciat cd VOC e missions ore calculated us i ng Equation 8.5-2 :
where: 

### E,. Evor. 

## = Q. 

## = Q, 

## = (8.5
-2)
Emissions of VOC 

### species x from the facility (lblyr ); VOC emissions from the facility, calculated us ing Equation 8.5-1 (l bl yr); Amount of VOC species x used by tbe facility (lb!yr); and Total amount of solvents used by the facility {lb/ yr). Witlt no other information available, one important assumption made i n Equation 8.5- 2 is that all solvents evaporate at the 

### same ra te . The amount ofVOC species 

### x used by a facility (Q.) 

### can be obtained by reviewing purchase and inventory nxords and appropriate technical data sheets. Purchase a nd inventory records can be used t.o est imate the amount of a paniculnr mater i al consumed. The sum of speciatc.cl emiss i o ns for all VOC componen t s calculated using Equat i on 8. 5- 2 crumot exceed the toea! VOC emission s calculated in Equa tio n 8.5- 1. The use of Eq uations 8.5-1 and 8.5
-2 is demonstrated in Example 8.5-1 . Examole 

## 8.5
- l This example shows how total aod speciated VOC emissions may be calculat ed for a paint manufacturing facility using the production-based VOC emission factor 

### from AP - 42 , Table 6.4-1, and Equation s 8.5
- 1 and 8. 5- 2. Given : 

### EFvoc • 

## Q, 

## = Q

,..

.... 

## = Q, 

## = 30 lb VOC/ton product 1,250 ton ofpaint!yr 250 , 000 lb used by the facility / yr I , 500,000 lb solvents used by the facility / yr

8. 5-4 EIIP Volume II


### VESOI60l5l/3198 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING Ex ample 8.5 · 

### J (Continued) T otal VOC emissions would be calculated using Equation 1!.5
- 1:



## = Ef' voc 

## * Q. 30. 1,250 37,500 lb VOCslyr The amoun t ofxylenes used by the facility (Q ,,,..,) was est im ated by conduct ing a revie w of purchase and inventory records and techni cal data sb eets. Xylenes emiss i ons would be calculated using Equation 8.5-2:

= 37,500 lb VO Cs emittedlyr 250,000 lb xylenes used by the fucility / yr I ,5 00 , 000 lb so lveniS use d by the facility /yr 

### E

voc • Q / :EQ 37,500 • 250 ,000/1 ,500 , 000 6,250 lb xylcnesfyr
In addition to the 30 lb VO Cs i to n product emission factor, EP A has recently restated the emission fhctor for total YOC emissions for overnll operations from a pa int manufucturing facility based on the amount of solvent us ed (EPA. 1995t). Development of the new proposed fac tor, 0.034 lb VOC s emitt ed/lb sol ven t used, is lxlsed on the followin g information and assumptions: The emissi on es timates us ed to develo p the 30 lb VOC slton coating em ission factor appear to be based on the formulation of conventional coatings that were prevalent in the la te 1 950 s and early 1 9 60s . Den sities for conventiona l coa t i ngs were typically 10 10 1 5 lbfgal (an averag e density of 12.5 lb ! gal 

### was used) duri ng tbe 

### late 1950s and e arly 1960s. An averuge sol vent content of 

### 5 . 5 lb VOCsfgal coating was 

### assumed for conventional coatings (EPA, 19951). Use of the proposed factor by faci li ties that primarily manufacture water-based. low- solvent, or high-solids coatings should resu lt in more accura te emissions than use of the 30 lb V OCslton 

### co ating fac tor.

EIIP VolUme II 8.5 -5


### VES016016CHAPT ER 8- PAINT ANO INK MANUFACTURING 313198 To calculate total VOCs using this proposed emission factor , use Equation 8.5
- 3 :

where : Evoc = EFv oc**~** 

## Q

,**~** Tota l VOC emissions from 

### a fucility (lblyr); VO C emission factor (lb VOCsllb solvent used); nnd Total amount of so l vents used (Jbfyr). Spcciated emissions are the n calculated usin g Equation 8.5-4:

where: E.l(**~** EFvoc**~** 

## Q.**~** Emissions of VOC species 

### x from a facility (Jblyr); VOC emission factor (lb VOCs!lb so l vent used); and Amount of VOC species x u sed by the facility ( lb / yr). (8.5
- 3)

(8 . 5-4)

The sum of s peeiat ed em i ssion s for all VOC compo n ents calculated in Equation 8.5-4 canno t exceed t h e total VO C emissions calculated in Equatio n 8.5-3. The use of Equation s 8.5-3 and 8.5-4 is demonstrated in Example 8.5
- 2 . 

### 5.1.2 VOC EMIS SIO NS FROM PAINT M IXING OPERATION S VOC emissions from paint mixing equipment may be calculated using emission factors. AP-42 suggests that " about I o r 2 percen t of solvent is lost even under very w ell controlled condit io ns " (EPA, l995b). This percentage range can be translated into an emission facto r range ofO . OI to 0.02 lb solvent lostllb solvent used. Review of background information indicates that thi s em ission factor range applies specifically to paint mixing operations (i.e ., operations where solvents are added as raw materials) 

### (EPA, 19951). AP - 42 s tates that the consumption-based emission factor ofO.OI to 0.02 lb VOCs lost/Jb solvent used applies 

### eveo to facilities that hav e emiss ion sources that are well controlled. If 

### a facility conmins mixers or ot 

### ber process vesse l s tha t are uncovered or otherwise poorly controlled, an emission factor greater than 0.02 lb solvent lostllb solvent used may need to be applied (NPCA , 1995 ).

8 . 5-6 cliP**Volu~** II



### VES016017313198 C HAP TER 8 - P AINT AND INK MANUFACTURING Example 8.5-2 This example shows how toral and s peciated VOC em issio ns may be calcu lated for a paint manufacturing facility using the proposed solvent-based VOC e missio n factor , 

### as shown in Equati on 8.5- 3. EFvoc 

## = Q ,**~**

. Evoc == = 0.034 lb VOC.o;/lb solvent used 350,000 lb solvents used by t he facility / yr EFvoc • Q, 0.0 34 

## * 350,000 

### 11,900 lb VOCs/yT Xylene emissions would be ca lculated using Equ3tion 

### 8.5-4: 0 .03 4 lb VOCs/lb solvent 1 5,000 lb xylenes contained in solventS nsed by the facility/yr 

### EF *Q voc ' 0.034 • 15 , 000 = 5 1 0 lb xylenes/yr

T o tal VOC emissions 

### ca n al so be calcu lated by 

### suuuni.og the speciated VOC emissions. Use Eqlllltion 

### 8.5-5 for calculating speciated VOC emissio ns 

### from mixers usi ng the consumptionbased emission factor.

where: E = EF 

### oc • Q ( v ): (8.5
- 5)

Emi ss ions o fVOC species 

### x from mixing equipment (lb/yr) ; VOC e m ission factor (lb VOCsllb sol vent used); and AIDount of VOC s pecies x added to mixing equipment as a raw material (lbfyr) . The amount of VOC species x used in mixing equip ment (Q.) refe rs to th e total amount of VOC species x that is added to mixing equipment as a raw material. Once the solvent is mixed with otl•er materials, it is no longer considered a raw materiaL

EIIP Volume II 8 .5-7


### VES016018CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANU F

ACTURING 

### The**u~** 

### of Equation 8.5-5 is also demonstra ted in Exam ple 8.5-3. Example 8.5-3 Th is ex ampl e s h ows how speciatcd VOC emiss ions from mixing equipment may be 

### calcu lated us ing Equation 8.5-5 and the em i ss io n factor fro m Secnon 6.4 .1 o f AP -42
. 

### Thi s example a ss u m

es an avernge level ofVOC co n trol on process equipment. Consequen t ly, the average of t he range (I t o 2 percent) repo rted in AP-42 is used. 

### EFvoc = 

### Q, 

# = 0 . 0 1 5 lb xylenes cm itted/l b xy l enes u sed 15 ,000 lb xylencs added t o mixing equipm en tlyr
= EF IIOC 

## * Q 

### O.oJ5 • 1S,ooo = 

### 225 lb xylene s!yr

5.1
. 3 VQC EMIS S IONS FROM INK MANUFACTURING F ACILITIES 

### Emission factoiS are also a vailable for VOC SO\ t rccs from ink manufacturing fac ilities. Section 6.7 ofAP
- 42 presents VOC emission f actors f or vehicle cook ing. NAPIM has also de veloped VOC e m

issio n factors for mixing , milling, and tub wash p rocesses for both paste and liquid inks 

### (NAPIM, 1996). Emi ss ion factors are available for s heetfoo three-ro ll mill and**heat~et** 

### paste inks, 

### and fo r low- VOC and 

### high· VOC liquid ink s. Equ a tion 8.5-6 can be 

### u sed to esti mate emi ss ions using emission factors .

w

h

ere: Ev oc EF IIOC 

## Q

. = = 

## = VOC emi ssio n s ( lbl yr) ; VOC emission fact or (lb VOC/ton product) ; Amount of product produ ced ( to n!yr). Speciated e m issio n s can be 

### calculated usin g Equation 8 . 5-7 :



### 8 .5
- 8 (8 . 5
- 6)

(8 . 5
- 7)

EIIP Vo/lm1e II


### VES0 1 60 1 9313198 CHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK MANUFAC7VRING where: 

## E. E\1)(' 

### Q

, EQ = 

## = Emissions of VOC species x (lb/yr); VOC emissions calculated using Equatioo 8.5-6 Oblyr} ; Amount of VOC species 

### x used (lb/yr); and Total amount of solve nt used {lb/yr). With no other information available, one important assumption made in Equation 8.5
- 7 is tbat all solvents evaporate at th e s ame 

### rate . The amount of VOC species 

### x used by a facility 

### (QJ can be obtained by reviewing purchase and inventory records and appropriate technical data sheets. Pur chase and inventory records can be used to estimate the amount of 

### a panicular materia l consumed. Example 8 .5- 4 illustrates the use of these equations .

Examole 8.5-4 This example shows how VOC and speciated VOC emissions may be calculated for gencrdl vehicle cooking at an 

### ink manufactunog faciliry using the productioo-based VOC emission factor 

### ITom AP-4 2, Table 6.7-1, and Equations 8.5
-6 and 8 .5- 7. Given: Efvoc a 

## Q

, = Q.....,.= 

### EQ = 120 lb VOC/ ton product 500 tons of ink/yr I 00,000 lb usedlyr I ,000,000 lb solvents usedlyr VOC emissions would be c.alculated using Equation 8.5-6: 

### Evoc a 

## = 

## = EFvoc • Q. 120.500 60.000 lb VOCslyr The amount of toluene used (Q.,._) was estimated by conducting a review of purchase and inventory 

### n:oords, batch records, and technical data sheets . Toluene emissio ns would be calc u lated us i ng Equation 8.5· 7: 60,000 lb VOCs emitted/yr I00 ,000 lb toluene uscd/yr 1,000,000 lb solvents used/ yr 

### E

voc • QftQ 60,000 

### * I00,000/1,000,000 6,000 lb tol uene/yr

EIIP Volume II 8 . 5
-9


### VES016020CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 

## 5 .2 EMI S S I ONS FROM MI SCELLANEOUS P ROCESS EQUIPM ENT WITH EXHAU ST S YST EM S The Ideal Ga s Law may be used 

### in co njunction with vent discharge rates to calcu l ate emissions from proctlss equipment that are equipped with exhaust systems . Use Equation 

### 8.5-8 for calcu l ating these emissions:

where : E 

### = P, • FR • M, • 60 • OH R • T Emissions of VOC s pecies x (lb ! yr); (8 . 5
- 8 )



### · ' 

### P

, = Part i al pressure of VOC species x (psia) , calculated u sing Equations 

### 8.4-3 and 8.4-5 or 

### 8.4-4 and 8.4-5; Flow rate through the exhaust vent (ft' l min); Molecular weight of VOC species x (1Mb-mole); 

### 60 min/br; 

### FR M, 60 

## OH R T = = 

# - a 

# -**~** Hours that the exhaust sys tem is in operation (hr / yr); Universal gas constant at I atmosphere of pressure (10.73 psia · ft'llb-mole · • R); and Temperan t re of the exltaus t gas ('R). Examp l e 

### 8.5
- 5 illu>trates the use of Equation 

### 8.5-8 . Example 8.5-5 Th . is examp l e shows how to l uene emissions are calcu l ated for a proce ss vesse l that is equipped with ao exhaub1 system. The foUowing data are provided: The paint in the process vessel consi s ts of 30% by weig h t to l uene , 20% by weight 1\<IEK, and 70% by weight pigments and nonv o latile resins ; The partial pressure of toluene (P,) is 0.16 psi a at 77"F (see Example 8.4-2, Step 2); The discharge rate of the ven1 (FR) is 5 ft'lmin;

8.5
- 10 EIIP Volume II


### VES016021313198 CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING Examole 8.5-5 CContjnuodl The molecu lar weight of toluene 

### (MJ is 92 lbllb-mole ; • The exhau$t sys tem and process VC$Sel are operated for 1,000 hr /yr (QH); and The tempcrdture of the paint and the exhaust gas is 77 ' F or 537°R 

### (D. Tolue n e emissions are calculated with Equation 8.5 -8 as follows: 

## = E. 

## * FR • M . • 60 • 

### OH R*T 0.16. 

### 5 

## * 92 • 60 

## * 1. 000 10 . 73 • 537
= 766 lb toluenelyr


## 5.3 VOC AND 

## PM EMISSION CALCULATIONS USING MATERIAL BALANCE The material balnnce method requires the totaling of a U mat erials received at the plant and then subtrocting out 

### all of the 

### known losse$ or transfers of tbe material off-site (including finished product and waste material). Tite difference is assumed to have been emitted to the atmo sphere. The quantity rece. ived and the quanrity lost or used should be for tbe same 

### time period, typically Janu ary I to December 31 for the year of t he inventory (N PCA, 1995). Use Equati on 8.5-9 for calculating emissions using the material balance approach.

where :

EIIP Volume II 

## E. = 

### Q , - 

### Q,
- Q.... - Q.
- 

# o . (1!.5-9)



### = Emissions of VOC or PM species x (lblyr); = Quantity of VOC or PM species x that is received as a raw material (lblyr);

- Quantity of VOC or PM specie$ x that is shipped out in the final product (l b/yr ); 

### = Quantity 

### of VOC or PM s pecies 

### x tha t 

### is recovered by all methods (e.g. , solvent recovery) (lblyr) ;
8.5
- 11


### VES016022CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANU FAC TURING 

### 0 . ; Q uamity of VOC or PM species x that is con ta i ned in aU waste generated during the evaluat i on period (e . g .• wastewater, sludge, drum residue ) (lblyr ); and 

### Qd ; Quantity of 

### VOC or 

### PM species x th a t remains i n tbe raw material i nventory (lb/yr). The use of Eq uati on 8 . 5-9 is demonstrated in Example 8.5
- 6. 

## 5.4 EMI SS ION CAL CULATIO N S USIN G TE ST DATA Because vent or stack testing i s re l ati

vely uncommon for paint 

### and ink manu filcturing**fucilitie~** emission s test data for these plants are typicaUy in the fonn of expo s ure monitoring results . Indu stria l h ygiene data may be used in conj unct ion w i th exhaust s ys tem flo w r.ue s to calculate fugitive c•ni ssi ons from a room, floor , o r building (NPCA, 199 5) . Use Equat i on 8.5- 10 for calcu lating these emi ss i ons. Example 8
. 5-6 This ex amp l e shows how total e t hy l ene glyco l emissions for 

### a paint manufacmring facility m ay be c alcul a ted using Equat i on 8. 5
- 9. Da ta are as follow s: In 

### a given 

### year, 

### a paint facility 

### receives I 00 ,000 lb of ethylene glyco l (Q ,). Based on the total a m ount ofproduct shi pped off-site and records o f product compos i tion, 

### the facility estimates that the a mount ofethylene glycol shipped out 

### in final product 

### ( Q ,.) is 

### 69,000 l b ; The amount of ethylene glycol th at wa s recovered by the facility 's distill ation sy stem (Q, .J is I 0,000 lb ; B ased o n waste compo s ition analy s es , the amowlt ofwas te s en t off-site , and wastewater d isc harge rates , the facility estimaies that the amount of ethylene glycol that was found in all wastes generated during the ycnr 

### (Qw) is 

### 5 ,000 lb ; and The amount of ethylene glyco l that was found to 

### be in the facili ty 's inventory at the end ofthe evaluation period (Q.,) i s 

### 1 5 ,000 lb .

8.5
- 12 EIIP Volume II



### VES0 16023313198 CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AN D INK MANUFA CTURING Example 8.5-6 (Co ntinued) Emission of ethylene glycol 

### are calculated 

### as follows : 

### E

, Q , - 

### Q .- Q"'
- 

### Q ., 100,000 -69,000
- 10, 000-5,000- 15 ,000 

## = 1,000 lb e thylene g l ycol/yr

E =



### ' FR • 60 • OH**~** C ,.**~** 0.0026 1 • 

# to• • M 

# • (8.5 -1 0)
wbere : 

## B, e 

### FR = 60 = OH = 

# c.. , - 0 . 0026 

### = 

# M. = I • 

### 1 00 "' Emissions of VOC or PM spec ies 

### x (lblyr) ; Flow rate through exh a ust venti la tion system (W / m i n ); 

### 60 minlhr; Hours per year that tl1e exhaust system is operational ( hr /yr); Concentration ofVOC or PM species 

### x (ppmv 

### or W!MMft>); M

o lar vo lu me of gas at 68 • F (molelft'1 ); Molecu l ar weight ofVOC or PM sp eci es x ( lbllb-mo le ); and 

### 1 • 1 

### 0" 

### fTJMMft'. EXllmpl e 8 .5- 7 illustrates tbe use of Bquat ion 8.5
- 1 0 . VOC losses from certain operations (e. g., filling ofco ntainers) may also be measured by perfom1ing 

### a s tudy using 

### u gravimetric analysis 

### such as American Society 

### For T esting 

### ood Mater i a l s ( ASTM ) Standard 0236 9, 

### Testl•f e lltodfor Volati le Co11 t en t o(Coati11gs. Th e operation under evaluation could be simulated on 

### a small scale, and VOC analysis would be conducted on samp les taken before an d after the simul ated acti vity (EPA , 1 992b).

EIIP VOlume II 8.5-13


### VES 016024CHAPTER 8 ·PAINTAND INK MANUFACTURING Exarno!e 8.5-7 1l 1 i s example shows how Equation 8.5 · I0 is osed to calculate fugitive emissions of xylenes from a 

### building where several mixing vessels are located The fo llowing data are given: The building exhaus t flow rate (FR) 

### is 20 , 000 Jll / min ; T h e eKhaust system operat es fo r 7,920 hr /y r (O H); Industrial hygi ene data ind icate that the concentration of mixed xy!enes in the building (C.) is 0.1 ppm v; and 

### The molecular weight of mixed xylenes (M .) i s 

### I06 lbf lb
- mole . Xy l e nes emi ssio ns arc ca lcul ated as follow s: 

### = FR 

### * 

### 60 • OH • C, • 0.00 26 

## * M . 1 • 

## to• = 20.00Q • 

## 60 • 7.92() • 0.1 • 0.0026 • 1 06 1 • 

## to• 2 62 lb x ylcnes/yr 3/31'98

8 . 5
- 14 EIIP Volut7>6 II


### VES016025

# 6 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL The consist ent use of standardized methods and prooedures is essential in the compilation of reliable emissio n i n ventori es. QA a nd 

### QC of an i n ventory is acc omplished through a set of procedures th a t ens ure the qu a lity a nd reliability of data coUection a nd analy s is . These pro ced u res include the 

### use of appropriate emission estima tion teChniques, app li cable and reason able assumptions, accuracy/logic chec ks of computer models, check s of calculations, and data re li ability checks. Figure 

### 8.6-1 provides 

### an example comp letene ss checklist that cou ld ai d the invent o ry p reparcr at a pa int and inlc manufacturing plant. Volume VI. 

### Q.A**Pro ced~tres,**  of tbe 

### EITP seri es of documents de scribes a dd itional QN QC methods and tools for pcrfon nin g tllese procedures. Volume 

### ll, Chapter l, 

### introduction to Srationary Point Sourc.e E mi ssion ln vemory Dev elopmen t , also presents reco mmend ed s tand ard pr ocedures to follow to en sure tha t the repo rted i nventory data are comp l ete and accurate. This section discusse s the use of QC c hecklists, 

### QA/QC procedures for specific emi ssio n estimation methods (e.g. , emission factors), and the appl ication of th e Data Attr ib ute Rating System (DARS). 

### 6 . 1 GENERAL QA/QC CONSIDERATIONS IN VOLVED IN EMISSI ON ESTIM ATION TECHNIQUES 6 . 1.1 EMISSION FACTORS The use of emission factors is stra i gbtfofWllrd when lhe relationship between process data and emissions i s direct and relatively uncomplicated . When using e miss i on factors, the u ser s h ould be aware of the q uali t y indi . cato t · associ ated with the value. Emissi o n factors published within EPA d ocuments a nd electron i c tools have a quality rati n g app l ied t o them. The lo wer the q uality indicator , the more likely !hot a given emission factor mny not 

### be representative ofthe source type . When an emiss i on factor fo r a specific so UTC e or category may n ot prm ide a reasonably adequate emissi on estimate , it i s alw ay s better to rely on actual stack test dam , where avai l able. The relia bility a nd u n certain ty of usin g e111ission factors as an emission estimati on tec hniqu e are discu s sed in detail in the QNQC section of Chapter I of this vo l wne and Chapter 4 of Vo l ume VI.

E

IIP Volume II 8.6- 1


### VES016026CHAPTER 8- PAIN T AND INK MANUFACTURING J/3198 Co rrt di n Att. lon (Co mpl ete if "N";**6Cri~,** YIN Si: n, and .Da te) Rnvc emissions fro m all sou rce$ been in c100ed ? P o l'e ntiul sources incl u de process ves se ls , solve nt rec lamatio n**systems~** c l c-dn in g activi t i es. wasttm ·at

e r**trcalnl\.~** system, s t o.rnge tanks. p rocess piping, :md spills. HliS on cmisston estimating tcchmque**~** idenlilied for each source·! If toxi c emissions are to be ea1culatcd using testing da t n. are tbe test meth ods approved? If to xic c 1 niss i ons are t o be cafcu l o t t>:d. LL coi

ng c m lsi'iO n facum:;, are t he em iss io n f actors from AP·42 o r FIRE? If Eoxic emissions are io be t11lcuhucd using a materis l balance opproacb, have all fonm of wsstelxm included (e.g., used filler bogs or cmridges, spent solvem or 5till botiOIDS, dust collec1or mau:rial. p igmcnl bag and/or drum residu e. aod wast<Wlltcr)? Have s.tnck parameters been provided for e a ch stack or ven1 that emi t 8 C l 'i teria or to xic air J)OIIu tflnts? If emission mo d els are being used t o calculale emiss i ons from process vessels . has a manageab l e oumber of reprcsema1ive product groups been defined ? Ifrequired by the stale. bas a site diagrom been included with the em•nions inventory? This should**~a** de!lllled plant drowtng showing the location of soun:eslstack$ with ID numbers for ull process.,, control equipment, ond exhaus t point s. H

ave examp!es of a ll calcu l>lion< been included? Have all ass u

m pti ons been documented? Have references for all calculation metbods been included? Have Il l conversions aod units been revic•wed and dtecked for accuracy? .

F I GURE 8.6 · 1 ExAMPLE EMISSION INV E N TORY CHECKLIST FOR PAINT AND IN K MAN UFACTUR I NG FAC ILITIES


### 8 .6-2 EIIP Volume II



### VES0 16 027CHAPTER 8 ·PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 

### 6.1 . 2 EMIS SION MODEL S The level ofeffort for using models otbe . r than emission factors is related to the compl exity of the equation, the types of data that must be collected , and the diversity of products manufactured 

### at a facility. Typically. the 

### use ofemission models involves making one or 

### more conservative assumptions. As a resull, their use may result in an overestimation of emissions. However , the accuracy and reliabi lity of models can be improved by ensuring that data collected for emission cnlculations 

### (e.g. , material speciation data) 

### are of the highest possib l e quality. 

### 6.1. 3 MA TERIAL BALANCE Calculating emissions from a paint and ink manufacturing facility 

### via a material**(ma~s)** balance approac h appears tO represen t 

### a straightforward approach to emissions estimations. However, few facilities track material usage and waste generation with the overall accuracy needed to make the method wori< , and inaccuracies inherent to each mat erial hand ling step often accumu . lal.e into large deviations. As emissions of specific materials are typic a lly below 1.5 percent of gross consumption, an error ofonly**:~o S.O**  percent in any one step of the operutio n 

### can significantly skew emissions. Potential 

### sources of error in the materia l 

### balance calculation method 

### include the following: The delivery ofmw materials at a puint and in k man ufu cturing facility is often tracked by volume, not by weight. Since density will vruy with temp erature, the actual mass per unit vol ume of material delivered in tl1e summer may be l ess than that delivered in d1e winter; 

### Raw materials received by paint 

### and ink facilities may potentially be used in hundreds or tho usands of finished products. In order to comp lete the m aterial balance, it is crucial that the exact quantity and speciation of each material shipped off-site in product be known. For many facilities, it is extremely diffiCult, or currently impossible , to accurately track the distribution of specific raw material s across their entire product line; The amount of ruw materia l contained in waste must also be considered. This may involve prec i se analysis of the concentra tion of the material i n question in 

### each waste 

### stream; and Batch production of paint and ink ofien requires the manual addition of raw materials. Somctiroes tl1ese additions are not accurately measured or recorded 

### (NPCA. 199 5). 

### 6 . 1.4 TES TI NG Stack o r industrial hygiene tests must meet quality objectives. Test data mUSt be reviewed to ensure that the test was conducted w1der normal operating conditions, or under maximum operating conditions in some states, and that it was generated according to an acceptable method for each pollutant of imercst. Calculation and intetpretation of accuracy for stack

fliP Volume II 

### 8.6-3
VE$016028CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING lr.l/98 testing method s are described in detail in Qualiry Assurance Handbookfor Air Pollution Measrmmrmts S ys tems : Volume Ill . Suuionary Sou rce Specifi c Methods ( Interim Edition) (EPA , l994b). The acceptabl e cr i teri a , limits, and values for ea ch contro l parameter associated with manual sampling methods, such as dry gas meter calibration and leak rates, are summar i zed in tabular forrual in th e QAJQC sect ion of Chapter I of this volume. QC procedures for aU instruments used to continuou s ly collect emi ss ions data are similar. T he primary co ntrol check for precision of the continu ous mon i tors i s daily analysis of control standards. 

## 6 . 2 DATA ATIRIBUTE RATING SYSTEM (OARS) SCORES One measure of emission inventory data quali ty is the OARS score . Four examp les are given here to i llu strate OARS scoring using the preferred and alternat i ve methods. DARS provides a numerical rank i ng o n a scale of 0 to 1.0 for individual attrib utes of the emission factor and the activity data . Each score is based on what is known about the factor and a c tivity data , such as the specificity to the so u rce categoty and the measurement technique employed. The composite nttribute score for the emiss i ons estimate can be v iewed as a statement of tbe confidence that can be placed in the data. For a complete discussion of DARS and other rati ng syStems, see the QA Procedure .t (Volume VI, C hapter 4) , and the QAJQC section of Volume II , Chap t er I , Introduction to Stational)' Point Source 

### Emissr'on l11vento ry 

### Development . llacb of the examples below is hypothe tical. A range is given where appropriate to covet· di ·

ffercnt situations. Table 8 . 6-1 gives a set of scores fo r an estimate made**''~th** an AP-42 emission factor. The activity da ta are assumed to be measured directly. Table 

### 8 . 6-2 sh ows sco re s developed for tbe us e of e missi o n models. Tab l es 8.6-3 an d 8.6-4 demonstrate scores detennined for material balance and testing data, respectively. The reader should n ote that although the compos ite score for the material balance method is good, this technique will not practically be applied or used by many paint and ink manufactwi11g facilities. Because few facilitie s**tr~ck** material usage and waste**gen~ration** with the overall accuracy needed to make the material balance approach w o rk, use of emission facto rs and other emission models may provide tbe bes t choic e when selecting an appropriate method for estimating emi ss ion s . These examples are given as an il l ustration of the relative quality of each method . If the same analys is were done for an actual s ite , the scores could be different but the relat i ve ranking of methods should s tay the same . No te, however , that if the source is not truly a member of the populati on used to develop the EPA con · e l

ation eqnations o r the emiss ion factors, these approaches ar·e l ess appropriate and the D ARS scores will drop. If suffici ent data are available, the uncertainty in the estim ate should be evaluated. Qualitative and quantitative methods for conducting unc ertainty analyses are described in tl1e 

### QA Procedw · es (Volume VI, Chapter 4).

8 . 6-4 EIIP Volume II


### VES0160 29

### lll "0

## ~**~** 

## "'

oe 

## '? 

## "'' A ttrlb•U Mea surement/ Met h od**Sou~** S pecificity SJX11 i .a l Cun gruily

Temporal ConJVUity

Composile 

### s-... Fanor Score OJ -06

0 . 8 0 . 1 -0 .9

0 . 1 . 0 .9

0 .3.1
- 0.80 TAB LE 8.6·1 OARS SCORES: 

### AP-42 EMI SSIO N FACTORS Adh'ity Rmls s iu•t



# -· Store**F~ r**  A u u_m:ptioas

1. 0 0.3 . 0 . 6 L.o wtr**~o re**  rellcc t s a fnc lor of r.:or**qll&li~~** :, . score rellecls • 1CfiOt of hi ttv . 1.0 0.8 Factor developed from a 11u pcrse 1 of intended source c.a.t<-"g.of) wi th <Jq>«l<d low vanob1htj, 10 0. 1 · 0 . 9 lo Y. -er s.core**~nccts** a f actor of low**quali~** dcwlopcd for oo tmkno-... · n !l{.latilll scale; uflpec sc ore**~llec s**  a high q ua ity factor**~·eJopcd** from a sot uce o f simifllr 

# ..... 0 . 7. 0.9 0 . 7 . 0.81 Lower**~e** rellcc1s a low quality factor. temporal basis unlr:nO\v-.; upper JCOre refl«ts • high quolil)' f.'le t (lt' d etived**r~n** a n 1averog_e oi numerou5 teS L i . 093
- 0.98 0.48
- 0.18**Acthi~** Asmn pllKs Da 1o ar c ba :Wd o n d ir t<:t and cont inuous**mcasurt.~nctu** of ll<livil)-. Ac l ivily da ta rcp r csen1lh c emitHiod proceiS exaedy . Activity cbl ta a re . developed 

### for lnd sp«ifte to the 1 oven 10£)' an:a .
Lo wer score re n et · ts llC1ivi ty dala represtntative of • shM period oftime with low t o mode rate te l\lporal**va ri** **ab Hi** **~:y.** up pecscore n-fl«:tS activtC) • cbta measured numerous time!): 0 \' C:f the yel\r. '



# I

# ~**~** "tl

# ~ 

# ...**~**

## ~

# ~**~ ~** 

# ~ )> 0

# ~**~**

VESOl6030oc

## ~**~**

# ~ il 

## "' A ttribute McasurernciHIM ethod
Soun;Q Specifteic y
Spatial Coogroily
T

empa ral Congruity
Co m posfle . S coros _____ T ABLE 

### 8.6·2 OARS ScORES: EMISSION M ODELS Actl•
-i ty E Olbsi.o ns f' u

c tor Sc ore &."Ore ScM e Factor**As s,u~~tl** **ns** 0.3 1.0 0.3 F octotS (inp•tt io model) at< besed on m;.,s ba J•nces. kno wn p rinc • ple s , etc . 0 . 9 · 1 . 0 1.0 0.9· 1 .0 Lower scon:**~Deets** modct inp ms dc:veloped f or sub set o r supetsec of 1he int tnded**ca t~~**  S(:(W'C. rdl eat i npuu oped &ptci fic aJI)' f or the Intended sourc e . 1.0 1.0 I 0 Model ;,p.,. are cb'Cio_ped far ar.d m**~fic** to the given sp 1 H

i ll**e.** L.O 1.0 l.O Mod-el inpucs are**~·eloped** fo r and app li ca bl e to Lhe sam e t em poral sca le. 0.80 . 0.83 1. 0 0,80 . 0.83 A cth +t ty**JJ JWm~tiP** **ll** 0011.,.. based on dirc<t and co ntinuo us meaM.aremc n t Of$Un'O got h J ac t i v hy . Attiv1ty dalol**n:prcstr~ t**  cbe em i ssio o pmcciS exactly.
AaiVIty d1n:a**~** developed for and are spcc;lfi e to the area inc lu d ed in the i n \'tn Hxy . Acdvicyda.t1 arc: specific for the tcmporlll peciod reprc scntni I n lbe inveft
- t<M)..

# ~**~** 

# "' ' 

### )2

## ~

# ~**~** 

# "'

# ~**~** C)

### ~

# ~

# ~

V E SOJ 6 031E!! 'ii

## ~ i 

# "'

00 

# "' .:.., Att ribllte Me:lSl!rcmem/Method Sautee SP<Cificily S pat i al Cougroity

T empotll Coopoly Composloe Sc:ores fa c tor Score 

### o.s 1. 0 1.0
1.0
0.88 TAB LE8. 6 -3 OARS SCORES: MA TERIAL BA LANCE**At'll y**  Em bsiol\j Sf.uro Store F udor Au u . •ptloas 1. 0 0.5 fac : tor is based oo nus.s balance; all/or most cndf'C)ints tUC" accounted fo r . 1.0 1.0 Facwr is devtklpcd specUic aUy for lhe i. nt eoded toui'U . 1 .0 1. 0 Fac.lor IS de ve l oped 1 0. ftod**s:pec.ir~e** to \he tpvm spadal scale. 1 .0 1.0 F aciO<;. developed for ard applic-.1ble to the same tem pOral seale . 1.0 0 . 88 At1h'IIV**~s,UMptiO -'**  Oirttt continuous measurement of •c:tivity s u

rrogate . Ac:.ti" ity dau**~ th~** **cmissio~w** aacd_.__1__**Ac ~**  data arc dev el opod for .. "Ciflc t o the $00grllplu< reclou of !be mv c:ntory. AccM-cy ds:ta are spccif.e for lhc 1empo ral period**~resen ted**  in th e in\'cntory . 

# i

0

### ~ 1l 

## ii1**~** Q)

### ~ 

### :i: 

## _,

# ~ :i: 

# "'**~** c:**~** 0 

## C!

# ~

VES016032oc 

## 9- oc

!!! 'ij 

# f "' Attribtlte M eaurcme&i t.IMcthod

Soun:e**S~focity** Spatial Corwui1y Temp<>r.>IQmsruity

Compos ite Scores FactDr S eore 06 · 1.0

1.0 1.0
0 .7. 1.0

0. 83 ·1.0 

### TABLE 8.6-4 OARS SCORES: TESTING DATA A tllv lr y Score biuiou Store Fartor Assumplio u 0 . 6 . 1.0 0.36. 1.0 Lower score reflects • factor cbdoped llom • small samp le of data rep resentati ve ot"typ ical loods ; upper sc ore l >eHectS Af3clo r baiitd 00 coorinuous or near COtU:iouous mea..wrcment of i:ntendtd p ollutant fr om all n:Levnnt :lites. w ith data c.apcurt s;real er dmn 90'!-'. . 1.0 1.0 Factor is dcveJopc:d specifica ll y ror the in tended so u rce CIUilRorv
. 1.0 I U Faao r u de><:loped for- ond specific 1.0 the given spt l iaJ s ca le. 0 .7. 1 .0 0 . 49. 1.0 Lower**sco~** reDeccs • facwr derived fOI' lo nger / thoner lime (!Cf· iOt: l.. or f rom a different J )(lnod ; U Pf)er 500ft reflects a (ador de\ -etopro forand appl icable t o fhe same: t e ruporol scaJe . 0.83. 1 .0 

### o.n. 1.0 Ac tivity A.ss•m pti o n ll Lower score:: reflec:ts lctivity**ra~e** derived f.rom • diffttent meas u red s urrogate l\S sociated with ori.ginaJ**activ~um>~l'te;** upper sc.ore re · dtnxt co®nuous measurt"tnCtt1 of acrivity ilwro garr .**~vtty** data represent the cmi sston process ex ac:IJy . A<:li>ity dota**~** devdoped f O< and sp«:ific to the rt&ioo of tbe l O

\'Cll torY . Lower ttorc renecu ac t ivity rqnesemanve o f a long e r

/s h

o rter peri od . o r a different pc._ -ri od; up per $0Cif"('
. reflecu ac:riviry data specific 

### ror rhe**·~ p~riod**  reptesente d tn \he i u

venl o,Y. 0

### ~ 

# , ill :0 

# "'**~**

## ~

# ~**~ ~** **~** 

## Iii )> 0

### ~

# ~



# i

VES016033

# 7 DATA CODING PROCEDURES This 

### section de scribes the methods and codes available for c hara c te r i zi ng emi ssi on sourc es at paint and ink manufacturing fitcili ti es. Consist e n t categorizmion and coding wiU resuh in gr

eate r unifo nnity a mon g inventor i es . ln additi on, tl1 e procedures describe d here w ill ass is t the render who is preparing data for input to the Aerometric Information Retrieval**Sy~1e m**  (AI RS ) or n similnr database m anagement system. For example, the us c of the Source Qassification Codes (SCCs) provided in Table 8.7
- 1 are r eco mmended fo r describing paint and i nk**nuf.~ctwin g**  operations . Ref er to the CHTEF b u lleti n board fo r a comple te listing of sees for paint and 

### ink fac ilities . 

## 7 . 1 S OURCE C LASSIF I C A TIO N C ODES SeCs fo r p aint and ink m anufucturi ng operation s are presented i n Table 8.7
- 1. A b ri e f description of each source description listed in the table is given bel ow . 7. 1
. 1 PAINT AND I NK MAN U FACTU RIN G EM ISS IONS Traditional paint and 

### ink manufacturing consists of p reassemb ly and premix , pigment grinding/dispersing, product fi nis hi ng/bl e nding. and product filling/packaging. The sees that correspo nd to th ese activities ap pear in Ta b l e 

### 8 .7 -1 under the " Paint M rumf.1crure" a nd "In k Manu facture" source descriptions. This source category also includes Sees for cleaning of equipment. 7 . 1
. 2 COLD SO LVENT CLEANING AN D DEGREAS I NG Sm all items used in the paint and ink m anufacnrring process may 

### be cleaned by washing with so lve n ts in a cold cleaner or vap or dc g.r easer . SCCs that correspond to these types of c l eaning operations appear under the "Cold Solvent Cleaning" and 

### "Deg:reasing" source descriptions in T ab l e 8 .7- 1. 7.1
. 3 SOLVENT RECLAMAT I ON Em issions from the sol vent reclamation p rocess occ ur from loading solvent into distillation eq uip ment. operation of tile di sti llati on e quip m e nt, and s pillage. The codes in T abl e 8.7
- 1 under the "Wa;1e Sol ven t R ecovery Operations " proce:os description are recotrunended to describe these emissions. 7. 1.4 MA TERIAl. S T ORAGE I n paint and ink m anufact uring fa cilit i es, so lvent s are typically stored in fLxed roof storage tanks. The SCCs that correspond t o e-missions of various types of organjc solvents are presented in Table 8.7
- 1 under th e " Fixed Roo f Tank " process description. cliP Volume II 

### 8 . 7
- 1


### VES016034CHAPTER 8 • PA I NT AND INK MANUFACTURING :V.WB 

## 7 . 2 AIRS C ONTROL DEVI CE COD ES Contro l de vice codes applicable to the paint and 

### ink manufacturing industry are presented i n Table 8.7
- 2. Thes e sho uld be us ed to enter the type of applicable emission control device into the AIRS Facitity Subsystem (AFS). The "099" control code may be used 

### tor miscellaneou s control devi ces tha t do not hav e a unique ide n t ifica tio n code.

8.7-2 EIIPVo/IJme/1


### VES0160353/3/98 C HAP TER 8 • P Al

NT AND INK MANUFA CTURING TABLE 8.7 ·1 SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODES FOR P AINT AND I NK MAN UFACTURING OP ERAT I O NS (S I C CODE 2851) 

### S ource Des c ription Process D escription 

## sec U olt s 

### Paint Geaeral Mixing and Handling 3010 1401 Tons paint produced Man u facture P igment Handling 30101 4 02 Tons pigment processed Solvent Loss: General 30101403 Tons of solvent los t Raw Material Storage 30101404 I ,000 gallo ns s tored Premi.v'Preassembly 30101415 Tons paint produced Premix/Preasse mbly: Mix Tanks a nd 30 1 01416 Ton s paint produced Agitators 

### P

remix/Preassemb l y: Drums 30 1 01417 To ns paint pr od uc ed Premix!Preassembly: Material Loading 30101418 Tons paint produced P

igm<:n t Grind i n

g/Milling 30 1 01430 To ns pigment processed Pigment Grinding/Milling: Roller Mill s 30 1 0 14 31 Ton s pigment processed Pigment Grinding/Milling: Ball and 

### 30 1 01432 Tons pigment Pebble Mills processed Pigment Grinding/Milling : Attritors 30101433 Tons pigment processed Pigment Grinding/Milling: Sand Mills 30101434 Tons pigment processed Pigment Grinding/Milling: Bead Mills 30101435 Tons pigment processed Pigment Grinding / Milling: Shot Mills 30101436 Tons pigment processed

EIIP Volume II 

### 8.7-3


### VE SOI6036CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 

### T ABLE 8.7 ·1 (CONTINUED) 

### Source Des criptio n Pro cess Des c r ip tion 

# sec U nits 

### Paint P igment Grind i ng/ M

illing: Stone Mill s 

### 30101437 To ns pigment Manufacture processed (C ont .) Pigment Grinding/ M

illing: Collo id 

### 30 10143 8 Tons pigment Mills 

### p rocessed Pigment Grindi ng/Milli n g: Kady Mill s 

### 30 1 01439 Tons p i g

ment p rocesse d Pigment Gtinding/Milling: 

### 30 1 0 1 440 Tons pigment Impin gement Mills p rocesse d Pigment Grinding/Milling: Horizontal 

### 30101441 Tons pigment Media Mills processed Product Finishing 

### 30101450 Tons paint produced Produc t Finishing, Tinting : Mix Tank 

### 30101451 Ton s paint produced ond D isperser Product F inish in g, Tinting: Fixed 

### 30 1 0 145 2 Tons paint produced B l

end Tank Product Finishing, Thinning : M bt 

### 30 1 01453 To n s paint produced Tank and Disperser Produ c t F i nish i ng , Thinning: Fixed 

### 30101 454 Ton s paint produced B

lend Ta nk Product Filling 

### 30101460 Tons paint produced Produ ct Fi lling : Scale S ys tent 

### 301 0146 1 Ton s paint produced Product Filling: Produc1 Filtering 

### 30101462 To ns pa int prod u ced P

roduct F illing : Fi lling Qperali ons 

### 30101463 Tons pa int prod u ced Equipment Cleaning 

### 30 10 1 470 To n s pa int produced



### 8.7 -4 EIIP Vo/IJme II



### VE $0160373/3198 CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND IN K MANUFACTURING TAB LE 8
. 7-1 (CONT I NUED) Source 

### D

escrip llo n P roces s Description 

# sec Units 

### Paint Equipment Cleaning : Hand Wipe 30101471 Tons pain t produced Manufacture Equipment Clean ing: Tank s, 

### Ves sel s, 30101472 Tons paint prod uced (Cont.) etc. Other Not Classified 30101498 Tons processed Other No t Classified 30 1014 99 Tons product 

### Lnk Vehi cle Cooking: General' 30102 001 Tons produced Manufacture Vehicle Cooking : 

### Oils" 30102002 Tons produced Veh i cle Cook ing : O l eoresin ' 30102003 Tons produced Vehic l c Cooking: All-yds' 

### 301 0 2004 To ns produced Pigment Mixing 30102005 Tons Pigment Other Not Cl ass ified 30102099 Tons produced Cold Solvent Methanol 4010030 1 To n s solvent Cleaning/Stri consumed ppi ng Metl1ylene Chloride 40100 3 02 Tons solvem cons umed Stoddard (Petro leum) So lvent 40 1 00303 To n s so lven t consumed Perchloroeth ylenc 401 00304 To n s solvent consumed I , I, I- 

### Tric h l oroethane (M e thyl 40 1 00 305 To ns s olvent Chloroform) cons umed Trichloroethylene 40100 3 06 Tons solvent consumed Isopropyl Alcohol 40100 307 Tons s olvent consumed

' These p rocesses typ ically occur in a chemical p l ant rather than 

### an ink manufacturing plant (E P A, 

### l992a) . EIIP Volume// 

### 8.7
- 5


### VE SOI6038CHA PT ER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/31118 TA BLE 8
. 7-1 (CONTINUED) Source Des cri pti on P roces s D escription 

# sec U nit s Cold Solvent Med 1 y l E thyl Keto ne 401 00308 Tons solven t C

leaningfStri conswned pping Fr eon ® 40100309 Tons solven t (C ont. ) con sumed Acetone 40 1 00310 Tons solven t con s umed G l

yco l Ethers 40100 3 1 I Ton s solvent com;umed Entire Unit 40100335 Cold cleaners in opemtion Degreaser: Entire Unit 40100336 1 ,000 sq . ft. produ c t surface area Other Not Classified 40100398 Gall ons solvent con sumed O

ther Not Clas si fie d 4 0 1 00 399 Tons so lvent consumed Degreasing Stod dar d (Pe tr o le u m) Solvent: O p en - 401 00201 Ton s make-up so lvent top Vapor Degrcasing use d I , I , 1 -Tric h l orocthnne (Methy l 401 00202 Tons make
- up s o lven t Chloroform): Open
- top Vapor use d D

egreas ing Perchl oroe th y l

eue: Open- top Vapor 4 0 1 00203 Tons make - up sol vent Degre as ing used Methy lene Chl oride: Open top Vapor 4 0100204 Ton s make
- up solvent Degreas ing use d Trich loroethy l ene: Open -top Vapor 401 00205 To ns make
- up solve nt Degreasing used To luene: Open
- lop Vapor D egreas i ng 4 0 1 00206 Ton s make
- up s o lve nt used



### 8.7-6 E IIP Volume II


### VES0160 39C H

A PT ER 8 - P Al

N T AN D I NK M A N UFACTUR ING TABLE 8
. 7 - 1 ( C O N TINUED) 

### S ourc e D es cription P roc ess Des c ription 

## s e c U nits Degreasing Trichlorotrifluoroelhane (Freon ® ): 40100207 Tons make-up solvent (Cont.) Open-top Vapor D egrcasing u sed Chlorosolve : Open
- top Vapor 40100208 Tons make-up so l ven t Degreasin g used Bu t yl Acetate 4 0 1 00209 Tons make- up so l v

e n t used En ti re Unit: Op en-top Va p o r 4 0100215 DegreasiJ'lg un its i n Oegreasing operation Degreaser: Entire Unit 40100216 1,000 

### sq. ft. 

### product surf a

ce area Entire Unit 40100217 Sq. ft. 

### s urface area x. 

### hours opera te d Stoddard (Petroleum) Solvent: 4 010022 1 Ton s mak e-up so lven t Conveyomed Vapor Oegreasing used 1 , 1 ,1
- T ri chloroe th ane (Met hyl 4 0100222 Tons muk e-

u

p so l vent Chloroform) : Conveyorized Vapor used Degrea s ing P

erch l oroelhylene: Conveyorized 40100223 T ons make -up solvent Vapor D egreasing used M

e th ylen e Ch l o rid e: Co n veyor ized 40 10022 4 Ton s mak e- u p so lv ent Vapor Degreasing used Trichloro ethy le ne : Couvey orized 4 010022 5 T ons make- u p so lvent Vapor Oegreasing used

E IIP Vo/umo/1 8 . 7
- 7


### VESOI6040CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING TABLE 8
. 7-1 (CONTINUED} 

### Source D e5crlption P rocess Description 

# sec Units Degreasing Ent ire Unit: witb Vaporized Solvent: 40100235 D egreasing units in (Cont.) Conveyorized VaJlOr Degreasing . operation Entire Uni t: with Non- boiling So lvent: 40100236 D egreasing units in Conveyorized Vapor Degreas ing operation Stoddard (PetrOleum) So lvent : 40100251 Gallons soh • eot General Oegreasing Units consumed 1 , 1,1
- Tricbloroetbane (Methyl 40100252 Gallons solvent Chl orofonn): General Oegreasiug con su med Units l 'erchloroethylcoe: General 401002 5 3 Gallons solvent Degreasiog Units consumed Methylene Chloride: General 40100254 Gallons solvent ' Del(reasingUnits con sumed Trichloroethylene: General Dcgreasing 40100255 Gallons solvent Units con su med Toluene : General Degreasing Units 40100256 Gallons solvent con su med Trichlororrifluoroethane (Freon®): 40100257 Gallons solvent Gene ral Degreasing Units consumed Trichlorofluorometbane : General 40100258 Gallons solvent Degreasing Units consumed 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methy l 4 0 1 00259 Gallons solvent Chloroform): Genernl Degreasing consumed Units Other Not Classified: General 40100295 Gallons solvent Oegreasi n g Units con s umed

8.7
- 8 EIIP Volum<t II


### VES0160413/3198 CHA PTER 8 ·P AINT AN D I NK MA N UF A CTURI N G T ABLE 8 7 -1 (CONn NU ED) 

### S ource D es cripti o n Pro cess D es cription 

# sec Units D e greasing Oth er Not Cl assifi ed : Gene ral 

### 40 100296 Gall o n s solve n t (Com.) Degreasing Uni1S consumed Other N ot Class ifi e d: Op en- top Va p or 

### 4 0100297 Gallons so lvem Degreasin g COnSW11Cd Other No t Classified: Co n veyorized 

### 40100298 Tons make-up solvent Vapor Degreusing 

### used Other Not Classified: Open
- top Vapor 

### 40100299 Tons make-up solvent D

e grcasing us ed Waste Stomge Tank Vent 

### 49000201 Tons rec l aimed So lvent solvent Recovery Condenser Vent 

### 49000202 To ns reclaimed Operations solvem Incin erator Stack 

### 49000203 Ton s reclaimed sol vent Solven t Spillage 

### 49000204 Tons reclaimed solvent Solvent Loading 

### 49000205 Tons reclaimed solven t Fugitive Leaks 

### 49000206 Process u n

it
-

year Disti U ation Vent 

### 49000207 Tons recl aimed solve nt Decanting 

### 49000208 Tons reclaimed selvent Salting 

### 49000209 Tons recl aim ed solvent Othe r Not C l assified 

### 49000299 Ton s recl ai med solvent Fi xed R oof n - B

u t

y l Alc o h ol: B reathi n g Loss 

### 4070080 1 1,000 gallo n s storage Tanks
- ca paci t y Alcoh o l

s n-B uty l A lco h ol: Worki ng Loss 

### 40 700 802 1 ,000 gu llo ns**tbroughp~ t**  

### s e

c -

B utyl Alcoh o l: Brca thio g Loss 

### 4 070080 3 1,000 gallons storage capac ity EIIP V olume II 

### 8.7
- 9


### VES0\6042CHAPTER 8 -PAINTAND INK MANUFACTURING 313198 TABLE 8.7 - 1 (CONT I NUED) 

### Source D escr iption Pro cess Des c rip ti on 

# sec U ni ts 

### Fixed Roo f sec- B u tyl Al co hol: Working L oss 40700804 I ,000 gallons Tanks- thro ug hpu t Alcohols (Cont.) te n-Buty l Alcohol: B rea t hing Lo ss 40700805 1,000 gallons s t orage capac i tv ten-Butyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700806 1.000 gallo ns t hro ughp u t Cyc l o

h exano l : Brea thing Loss 407 0 0807 1,000 gal lon s s t ordge ca

pac ity Cyclohexan ol: Work in g Loss 40700808 I ,000 gallons throughp u t E

t hyl A l co h o l : Breathi n g Loss 40700809 1 , 000 ga llon s s torage capacity Elhyl Alco h o l : Working Loss 4 0700810 1 ,000 gallons thro u ghput I sobutyl Alcoho l : Breath ing Loss 40700 81 I 1 ,000 gallons storage capacity Isobutyl Alc ohol: Working Loss 407008 1 2 1 ,000 gallons throughpu t I sopropyl Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700813 1 ,000 gallons s t o rage capacity Isopropyl Alco h ol: W orking Loss 40700814 1 ,000 ga llo ns t h

r oughpu t M

ethy l Al cohol: Breath ing Loss 40700815 1 ,000 gallons s torage capacity Met hyl Alco h ol: W o r

ki n g Lo ss 407008 1 6 1.000 gallo ns tluo ugbp u t n

-Propyl Alc o h o

l : 40700 8 1 7 1 ,000 gallons s t orage B r ea lhing Lo ss ca p acity

8.7-10 EJIP Volume II



### VES016043313198 CHAP TER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFA CTU RING TA BLE 8. 7-1 (CONTINUED) 

### So u rce**~c riplion**  

### Process**lptio n**  

# sec UnitS 

### Fixed Roo f n - Propyl Alcohol: Working Loss 40700818 1. 000 gallons Ta n ks
- throughput Alcohols Xylol: Breathing Loss 

### 40700819 I , 000 gallons s t orage (Cont.) capacity Xylol: W o

rk

ing Loss 40700820 1,000 gallons throughput SpecifY Alcohol: Breathing Loss 40700897 I ,000 gallons s torage capacity S[X-'Cify Alcohol : Working Los s 40700898 I ,000 g allons throughput Fixed Roof n-Decan e: Breathing Lo ss 40701601 1.000 gallons storage Tank s. 

### capacity Alkanes n -Dec ane: Working Loss 4070 1 602 I ,000 gallons (Paraffins) throughput n-D odec ane: Brea thin g Loss 40701603 I ,000 gallo n s s t orage ca

p acity n-Dodecane: Working Loss 4 070 1 604 I ,000 gallons throughput n-Heptan e: B reathin g Loss 407 01605 I ,000 ga llon s s torage ca:pac itv n-Heptane: Working Loss 40701606 I ,000 gallons thro u ghput l sopentaoe : Breathing Loss 40 70 16 07 1 ,000 gallons s torage capacity lsopentane: Working Loss 40701608 1,000 gallons throughput Pcntadecane : Breathing Loss 40701 609 1. 000 gallon s s torag e capacity

EIIP Volume// 

### 8.7 - 11


### VES016044CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 313198 T ABLE 8.7- 1 ( C ONTINU ED ) S ource D escri ption Pro cess D escription 

## sec Units Fixed Roof Pentadecane : Working Loss 40701 6 10 1,000 gallons Tanks- throug hput Alkanes Naphtha: B reathing Loss 407016 1 1 1 ,000 ga llo ns s t orage (Paraffins) capacity (Cont.) Naphtha: Working Loss 40701612 1 ,000 gallo ns throughp u t P

etrol eum Distillate: Breathing Loss 40701613 1 ,000 gallons storage capa city P

e troleum Distillate: Working Los s 407 016 14 1,000 gallo ns throughpu t H

e xane: Breathing Loss 40 701615 1,000 gallons storage capacity Hexan e : Working Loss 40701616 I ,000 gallons throughput Specify Alkane: Breathing Loss 4 0701697 I ,000 ga llon s s t orage capacity Specify Alkane: Working Loss 40701 698 I , 000 gal lons throughput Fixed Roof Dodecen e: Breathi ng LO $S 40702001 1,000 ga ll ons s t orage Tanks- capaci t y Alkenes Dodecene: Working Loss 40702002 1 ,000 gallons (Oicfins) throughput Heptenes
- General: Breat h ing Los s 4070 2003 1,000 ga llon s storage capacit y Heptenes
- General: Working Loss 40702004 1,000 gallons thr oughput Specify Olefin: Breathing Loss 40702097 I , 000 gallons s t orage capacity

8 . 7 -1 2 EIIP Volume//


### VES01604SCHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK M ANUFACTURING TABL E 8.7 - 1 (CONTINUED) Source Description P rocess D cscrlprlo n 

# sec Units 

### Fixed Roof Specify Olefin: W o rking Loss 40 702098 I ,000 gallons Ta nks· throughput Alkeoes (O lefins ) ( C ont.) Fi xed Roof Benzene: Breathing Loss 40703601 I , 000 gallons s torage Tanks
- capac i ty Aromatics Ben zene: Working Loss 40703602 I , 000 gallons tlrrougb p ut Creso l : Breathing Loss 40703603 I ,000 gallons s torage cap aci ty Creso l : Working Loss 40703604 1 ,000 gallons thro ughjlllt Cumen e: Breathing Los s 40703 605 I ,000 gallons storage cap aci ty Cumene: W o

rking Loss 40703 60 6 1, 000 gallons th rou g hput Diisopropyl Benzene: Breathing Loss 40703607 I , 000 gallo n s storage capacity Oiisopropyl Benzene: W or

king Loss 40703608 I ,000 gallons throug hput E

thylbcnzen e: Br eat hing Loss 40703609 I ,000 ga llon s s torag e capacity Etbylbcuzene: W o rk ing Lo s s 40 70 361 0 1 ,000 gall on s throughput Meth y l Styrene: Br eat hin g Loss 40 70 361 1 I , 000 ga llon s s torage c-apacity Meth y l Styrene: W o

rking Loss 40703612 I ,000 gallons throughput

EIIP Volume II 

### 8.7-1 3


### VE SO I6046CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND IN K MANUFACTURING .l/3.198 TABLE 8.7-1 ( C ONTINUED} 

### Source Description Process Des cri . ption 

# sec Units F

i xed Roof Styrene: Brea th ing Loss 40703613 I ,000 g allo ns storage Tanks- capacity Aro matics Styrene: Working Los s 40703 614 I ,000 gallons (Co nt. ) throughput Toluene : Breathing Loss 407036 1 5 1,000 gallons s torage capacity To l u

ene: Working Los s 40703616 1 ,000 gallons throughput m-Xylene: Breathing Loss 40703617 1,000 gallons storage cap acity m

-Xylene: Working 

### Loss 407036 18 1,000 ga llons s torage cap aci ty o-Xylene: B reathing Loss 40 7036 1 9 1,000 gallo ns s t orage capacity o-Xylen e: Working L<> ss 40703620 I ,000 gallon s throughput p-Xyl ene: Breathing Loss 4070 3621 1 ,000 gallons storage

1 

### capacity p-Xy lene: Working Loss 407 03622 1,000 gallon s throughput Xylenes, Mixed: Breathing Loss 40 703623 1 ,000 gallons storage capa c ity Xy lenes, Mixed : Working Loss 4 0703624 I ,000 gallons throughput Creosote: Breathing Loss 40703625 1,000 gallons**storo~ge** 

### cap acity Creosote: Working Loss 40703626 I ,000 gallons throu g hput

8.7 -14 EIIP Volume II


### VESOI6047313198 CHAPT ER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFAC TURING T ABLE 8
. 7 - 1 (CONTINU E D) So urce D escription P roccs5 Descript ion 

# sec Uniu Fixed Roof Speci fy Aromatic: Breathing Loss 

### 40703 697 1,000 gallons s torage Ta nks - capac i ty Aromatics Specify Aromatic: Working Loss 

### 4070369R 1 , 000 ga ll ons (Cont.) throughput Fixed Roof Butyl Carbi to l: Breathing Loss 

### 40705201 1 ,000 ga llon s s torage Tanks- ca pacity Glycol Ethers Butyl Carbi tol : Working Loss 

### 40705202 1 , 000 gallons throughput Butyl Cell osolv e: Breathing 

### 40705203 1 ,000 ga llon s s torage capacity B utyl Celloso l ve: Working Loss 

### 40705204 1 , 000 gallons thr oughput Carbi tol : B reathing Loss 

### 40 705205 1,000 gall on s s torage capacity Carb itol : W o rking L oss 

### 40 705206 I 

### .000 gallons thro u g hpu t Cellosol ve: Brea thing Loss 

### 40 705207 1,000 gallons s torage capac i ty Ce llosolve: Wo rki ng Loss 

### 4070520 R 1,000 gallons throughput Diethylene Glycol: Breathing Loss 

### 40705209 I ,000 gall ons storage capaci ty Diethy lene G l yco l : Working Loss 

### 407 05210 I ,000 gallo ns throu g hput M ethyl Carbitol: Brea thing Loss 

### 4070521 I 1,000 gallons storuge 

## I capacity Methy l Carbitol: Working Loss 

### 40705 212 1 , 000 gallons throughp ut

CliP Volume II 

### 8.7
- 15


### VESOL6048CHAP TE R 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING T

ABLE 8. 7 - 1 (C ONTI NU E D

) Sour ce DescriptJon Proc ess DescriptJon 

## sec Units Fixed Roof Methyl Cellosolve: Breathing Loss 40705213 1 , 000 gallons storage Tanks-**cnp:~city** Glyco l 

### Etl1ers M e

th y l Cell oso l ve: Worki ng Los s 407052 1 4 1 ,000 ga llo ns (Cont) throughpu t P

olyethy l e n e Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705215 I ,000 gallons storage capacity Polyethy l ene Glycol: Working Loss 40705216 I , 000 ga llo ns throughput Triethy le n

e Glyco l : Breat h i

n

g Loss 407052 1 7 I ,000 gallons storage capacity Triethylene Glycol : Working Loss 40705218 1.000 gallons thro ughp ut S pec ify Glyco l Ether: Breatlling Loss 40705297 1.000 g a llons storage capacity Specify Glyco l Ether : Working Loss 40705298 1 , 000 ga llons thro u ghp u t Fixed Roof 1,4-Butanediol : Breathing Loss 40705601 1 , 000 gallon s storage Tanks· capacirv Glyc o ls 1 ,4
- Butanediol: Wor king Loss 40705602 1,000 gallo ns dll'Oughput Ethylene Glycol : B r eat hing Loss 40705603 I , 000 gallons storage capacity Ethylene Glycol : Working Loss 40705604 1 , 000 gallon s t hroughput Dip r opyle oe Glycol: Brentl 1ing Loss 40705605 1 ,000 gallo ns s torag e capacity Dipropylene Glycol: Working L oss 40705606 1,000 gallons t hro ughpu t

8.7-16 EJIP Volume II


### VES O I6049CHAPTER 8- PAIN T AND INK MANUFACTURING TAB LE 8
. 7 - 1 ( CONTINUED) 

### Source Description Proce ss Des cription 

# sec Units Fixed Roof Gly cerol: Breatbing Loss 40705607 I ,000 gallons storage Tanks- capacity Glyc ols Gly cerol: Working Lo ss 4070560& I ,000 gallo ns (Cont.} throughput P

ropy le n e Glycol: Breathing Loss 40705609 I ,000 gallons storage capacity Propylene Glycol: Working Loss 407056 1 0 I ,000 gaUons throughput Speecy Glycol: Brealhing Loss 40705697 1,000 gallons storage cap aci ty Spee . cy Glycol : Working Loss 40705698 1,000 gall ons throug hput Fixed Roof Benzyl Chlor ide: Breathing Lo ss 40706001 I ,000 gaUons storage Tan ks
- capacity Halogenated Benzyl Ch lori de: Wor k

ing Loss 407 060 02 I , 000 gallon s Organics throughput Caprol actam (So lo): Breat hi ng Loss 40706003 1 ,000 gallons storage capacity Ca prol actam (So ln): Working Loss 40706004 I ,000 gallons tbrou&bput C arbon Tetrach l orid e : Orea thi n g Los s 40 706005 I ,000 gallons storage capacity C

arbon Tetrach l orid e: Working Loss 40706006 I ,000 gallons throughpu t Chlorobenzene: Brealhing Lo ss 40706007 I ,000 gallons storage cap aci ty Chlorobenzene: Working L oss 40706008 1 ,000 gallons throughput

E IIP Volume II 

### 8 . 7-17


### VESOI6050CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 313198 TA BLE 8.7 -1 (CONTINUED) 

### So urc e D esc ription Process D escriptio n 

# sec Units Fixed Roof o-Dichlorobenzene: Breathing 

### Loss 40706009 I , 000 gallons storage Tanks
- capacity Halogenated o- Di chlorobenzen e: Working Loss 4070601 0 I , 000 ga llons Organics thro ug hput (Cont.) p-Dichlorobcnzene: Breath ing Loss 40 70601 1 I ,000 gallons s t orage capacity p-D ichlorob cozene: Worlciug Loss 40706012 1 ,000 gallo ns throughput Epic hl orohydrin : B reathing Lo ss 40706013 I ,000 gallo n s s t orage capacity Epichlorohydrin : Working Loss 40706014 I ,000 gallons thro ughpu t Ethy lene Dibromide: Breathing Loss 407060 1 5 I ,000 gallons s torage capacity Ethylene Dibro mide: Working Loss 40706016 I ,000 gull ons throug/l_QUI 

### Ethylene Di chloride: Breathing Loss 407060!7 1 ,000 ga llo ns storage capacity Et

hy lene Dichlori de : Work ing Loss 40706018 1,000 gallons throuj.\bpu t Methylene Chloride : Breathing 

### Loss 40706019 1 , 000 ga llo ns storage capa ci t y Me thy lene Chl oride : Working Loss 40706020 1 ,000 gallons throughput P

erchloroethylene: Breathing Loss 4070602 1 I ,000 gullons s t orJge capacity Perchloroethylene: Worlcing Loss 40706022 I , 000 gallons tbro ug_ hput

8.7
- 1 8 EIIP Volume II


### VESOI6051J131!18 CHAPTER 8- PNNT AND INK MANUFACTURING TABL E 8.7-1 (CONTINUED) Source Description Process Descriptio n 

# sec Units Fixed Roof Trich loroethylene: Breathing Loss 40706023 1,000 gallons storage Tanks- capacity Halogenated Tri chloroet hyl ene: Working Loss 407 06024 

### I,000 gallo ns Organics tlu·oughput (Cont.) 1 ,1,1-Trichloroethane: Breathing Loss 40706027 1 ,000 gallons s torage capacity 1,1,1-Trichloroet:hane: Working Loss 40706028 1,000 gallons throughput Ch l orosolve: Brea thing Loss 40706029 

### I ,000 gallons storage capacity Chlorosolve: Working Loss 40706030 1 ,000 gallons throughput Methyl Chlori de: Breathing Loss 40 706031 1,000 gallons storage capacity Methyl Chl orid e: Working Loss 40706032 1,000 gallons throu !ilipu t Chloroform: Breathing Loss 4070603 3 1 ,000 gallons s torage capacity Chlorofonn: Worki ng Loss 40706034 1,000 ga ll ons throughput Hexa ch l orobenzcue: Breathing Loss 40706035 

### I ,000 gallon s storage capacity Hexachlorobenzene : Working Loss 407060 36 I ,000 gallon s throughput Specify Halogen a ted Organic: 40 706097 1,000 gallons stomge Breath ing Loss capacity Specify Halogenated 

### Organic: 40706098 1, 000 gallons Worki ng Loss t h

ro ughp ut

EIIP Volume II 8.7
- 19



### VESOI6052CHAP TER 8 ·PA I NT AND INK MANUF ACTURIN G .lf.li!I B TAB LE 8
. 7 - 1 ( C ONTI NUED ) 

### So u rce D

esc r i ption P rocess Description 

# sec Units F

ix e d Roof C y

c loh ex a n o n e : B re athing Loss 407 068 0 1 1,000 ga ll ons storage Tanks- 

### capac ity K

ero n es Cycl o hexano ne : Wori<ing Loss 40706802 I ,000 gallons throughput Acetone: Breathing Loss 40706803 I ,000 ga ll ons s t orage capa city A

cetone : W or

ki ng Los s 4 0 7068 04 1 ,000 gall o ns storage capacity M

ethyl Et hyl Keton e: B re athi ng Loss 40706805 1 ,000 gallons storage ca

pac i ty Methyl Ethyl K etone: Working Loss 40706806 1,000 gallons t hro u gh

p u t Met hyl I sobutyl K etone: B reathin g 40 706807 1.000 gall ons s torage Loss capacity Methyl I sobutyl K e t

one : Working 4 07 06 808 I , 000 ga ll o ns Loss throughput Me t hylamy l Ketone: Breathing L oss 407068 1 3 1,000 gallons storage ca

p ac ity M

ethylamyl K etone : Worl dng Loss 407068 14 1,000 ga ll o ns t hro u g h put Specify Keto n e: Brea thin g Loss 407 0689 7 I , 000 gallon s storage capacity S p eci fy Ke t one : W o

rki n g Loss 4070689 8 1,000 gallons t hro ughp u t Fixed Roof Specify in Comments : B reathing Loss 

### 40714697 1,000 gdllons stordge Tank s- 

### capac i ty Miscellan eou Specify in Comments: Wor king Loss 407 14 69 8 

### J ,000 ga ll on s throughput

8 .7-2 0 E IIP Volume II



### VE S01605 3CHAPTER 8 -PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING TABLE8
. 7·2 

### AIRS CONTROL TECHNIQUE CODES C o n tn 1 l D evice Co d e Fabric Filter
- High Temperature 

### 016 Fabric Filter · Medium Temperature 

### 017 Fabric Filter
- 

### Low Te mperature 

### 018 Venturi Scrubber 053 Miscellaneous Co ntrol Devic e 

### 099

E IIP Volume II 

### 8.7
- 21



### VES016054CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 313198



### This page is intentionally left blank.



### 8.7-22 E IIP Volume II


### VES 01 6055

# 8 REFERENCES EriP. 1996. Preferred and Alter11atil'l! Methodsfar Estimati11g Air Emissions from Hot-Mix Asphalt Plams, Final Report. l'repa red for the Point Sources Committee, Emission Inven t ory Improvement Program under EP A Contract No . 68
- 0 2
- 0160, Wor k Assignme n t No. 82. U.S. Enviromnental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards . Research Triangle Park, North Ca rolin a. EPA. 1987. Estimaring Releases and Waste Th?atment Efficiencies for the Toxi c Chemical Release ln ve nt 01y Fonn . 

### U .S. Environmental Protection Agency, Offic e of Pes ticides 

### and Toxic Sub stances , EPA-5()0/ 4-88.002. Wash ington , D.C. EPA. 1991 . Comrol Technologiesfor Hazardous Air Pollutants Handbook. U.S . Envirorunental Protection Agency , Air and Energy Engineering Resew-ch Lllbotatory , EPA-625 / 6-91/0 14 . Research Triangle Park. North Carolina. EPA. 1992a . Control ofVO C Emissions from Ink and Paim Manufacturing Processes. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-450/3-92.()13. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EPA. 

### 1992b . Protocol for Determining Emissions from Paint and Coating Mixing Processes. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office ofAir Quality PlaMing and Standards, R eseanch Triangle Park, North Carolina. EPA. 

### 1994a . Air Emissions Modelsfor Waste and W astewater. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office 

### of Air Quality Planning 

### and Standards, E PA-4 53/R-94-0SOu. Research Triangle Pari<, North Caro lin a. EPA. 1994b . Qualit y Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements Systems: Vo lume 

# m. Stationary Source Specifi c Methods (Interim Edition). U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, EPA-600/R
- 94-038c. Washington,-D . C. EPA. ! 994c. Co111rol of Volatile Or gan ic Compou11d E mission sfrom Batch Pro cesses Alternate C£Jfltrol T ec

hnique s. U .S . Environmental Protection Agency , Omce ofAir Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-453/R-93-017. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EPA. 1995a. Compilation of Air Pollutalll Emission Fa c tors . Volume 1: Stationary Point and Ar ea Sources, Fifth Edition, AP
- 42. Section 7.1. Organi c Liquid Storage Tanks. U. S. Environmental Prot e<.1 ion**A~ency ,**  

### Office of Air Quali ty Planning and Stamdards. Research Triangle Park , Nonh Carolina .

EttP Volume It 

### 8.8-1


### VES016056CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING EPA. 1995 b . Compilation of Air Polluta111 Emission Factors. Volwne I: Station ary Point am/ Area Sour ce

.v

, Fifth Edition, AP-42 . Seciion 6.4, Paint and VanrLvh. U.S . E nvironmental Proccction Agency, Office ofAir Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. 

### EPA. 1995c . CompilaTion of Air Pollutant Emissio11 Factors. Volume 

### I: Stationary Point and Area Sour ces. Fifth Edition . AP-41. Section 5. 1 , Tratrsportarion and Mark eti ng of Petroleum Uq uidv. U.S. Environmental Protect ion Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning a nd Standards. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EPA. 1995d. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. V olume 1 : Station aJ y Point and Ar ea Sources . Fifth Editum . AP-42. Section 4. 7, Wast e Solvent**~X Iamarion.**  U. S. Enviromn en tal Protection Agency , Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards . Research Triangle Park , North Ca rol i na . EPA. 1995e . Compilation of Air Pollutallt Emission Factors . V o lume 

### I: Stationmy Point and Area Sourc es. Fifth Edition, AP-42 . Section 4.6, Solv ent DegretLving. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards . 

### Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EPA. 1995f. Memorandum on AP-42 Emission Factors for the Paint and Vamis h Jndu stry from Dennis Beauregard, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Offi ce of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park. North Ca rolina, to Robert J . Nelson, National Paint and Co atings Association. Was bing10o, D.C. EPA. 1995g. Pro tocelfor Equipment Leak Emission Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-453/R-95-017. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EPA. 1995b. Factor lnfon11afion aJld Retri eval { FIRE ) Data Sy ste m. Ver s ion 5.I. Updated ann ually. U.S . Environmental Protection Agency, Offi ce of Air Quality Plann ing and Standards, Rese arch Triangle Park, Nonh Carolina. Fis her, Perty W., Steven A. Frey , and Kaushik Deb. 199 3. Em issio n E.ftimati on Methodologies
- Paint Mamlfacturing Industry , Paper 93
- TP
- 57 .07 , Air and Waslc Manageme nt Association, presented at the 86th Annual Meeting and Exb.ibition , Denver, Colorado, June 13-18, 1 993. NAPIM. 1996 . National Associalion of Printitlg Ink Manufacturers Guid e to Estimating VOC Emissions from Prinritlg Ink Manrlfacturing. National Associat io n of Printi ng Ink Manufacturers, Inc. Hasbrou k Heights, New Jersey . NPCA . 1995 . Emissi on Estimation Guidan ce Manual fo r the Paint and Coatings indu s try (Second Edition) . National Paint and Coatings Associa tion , Inc ., Washington, D.C.

8.8-2 EIIP Volume II


### YES016057CHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING Noy es, Roben, Ed itor. 1993. Pollution Preventio n TL't:h nol ogy Ham/book. Noyes Publ ications, 

### Park Ridge, New Jersey.

EIIP Volume II 8.8 -3


### VES016058CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 3/3198

This page is intentionally left blank .



### 8 .8-4 EJIP Volume If


### VES016059CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANU FAC TURJNG



# APPENDIX 

# A EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING

EIIP Volume II



### VESOI6 060CHAPT ER 8 · PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING 313198

This pag e i s intentio nally left blank .

EJFP Volume II


### VES016061:V.WB CHAPTE R 8 ·PAI N T AND IN K MANUFACTURING EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORMS INSTR UCTIONS · PAINT AND INK MANUFACTUR ING FACIL I TIES I . These forms may be used as a work sheet to aid tbe plant engineer in collecting the infonnation n ecessary to cal cul a te emissions from pa int and ink manufacruring facili ti es . Tite information requested on the forms rel ate to the method s ( d escr ibed in Sections 3, 4, and 5) for q uanrizying**enlis. ions.**  These forms m ay also be us ed by lhe reg u l atory age ncy to assist i n area-wide inventory preparation . 2. The completed foons should be maintained in a reference file by the plant engineer 

### wilb. other supporting documentation. 3. I f the informat i on req uested is un known , wri le "u nknown " in tb e b l ank. If the information re q ues ted does no t app ly t o a partic ular unit or proc es s, write "N A" in the blank. 4. If you want to modify the form to better serve your needs, an electronic copy ofthe form may be obtained lb.rough the EUP on lhe Clearinghouse for Inventories and Enlission Factors (CHIEF) website (www.ep a . gov / ttn/cbief7). 5. Collect all Manufucturer' s Tec l uti ca l 

### Data Sheets (T OSs ) for a ll materials containing potential air co ntaminant s th at are used at th e facility . 6 . The plant engineer should maintain all material usage information and TO Ss in a refere n ce file.

EIIP VolimrB II S.A
- 1


### VES016062CHAPTER 8- PAINT AND INK MA N UFACTURING ExAM PL E DAT A C OLLECTIO N f OR M fORM 

### A : GEN E RAL I N FOR MA TI ON Facility/Plant Name: SIC Co d e: SCC : 

## sec Description : Location: County: Ci : Sta t e : Plant Geographical Coordinates:

Latitude: Lo n gitude : 

### UTMZone: liTM Easting: UTM Northing : Contact Name: Title : Te lephone 

### N umbetc

8.A - 2 E IIP Vol"'"" II


### VES0160633/lf98 CHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING EXAMPLE D ATA CO LLEC TION F ORM F OR M B : S OURCE IN FORMATION Un it lD: Pennit No .: Location : Unit Description: Manu f ac rurer: D

a t

e Jnsllllled: Date Modified: Opemting Schedule : H

o un;/Da : Da s/ Week: Weeks/Year: R

aw Ma t e ri a l Used: Material Name Co n s ti t uents Mass %

EIIP VoiiMno II 

### S.A
- 3


### VES016064CHAPTER 8 - P AINTA ND INK MANUFACTURING 313198 El<AMPL . E D A T A COLLECTION f ORM F ORM C : CON TROL D EVICE IN FORMATIO N 

### U

ni t!D: PennitNo.: Location : Pollutant Contro lled: Control Efficiency (Ind icate 

### sou rce of inf o rmatio n ): Type of Conn · ol Devi ce: 

### o Baghouse 0 Thermal Incinerator 0 Other (i n dicate type) 

### M

anu l actur er. Da t e In stalled: Date Modified: Operating Schedule: Hours/D ay : Da s/Week : 

### W eeksfY ear. Source(s) Linked to this Control Device:

8.A-4 EJ/P Volume II


### VE S016065313198 C HA PTE R 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTU RI

NG EXAMP L E DATA C O L LE C T ION F O RM F O RM 0 : STACK IN FORMATIO N Stack ID: Unit!D: S tack (R elease) Height (ft): S tack Diameter (inch): S tack Gas Temperalllre ( • F): S tack Gas Velocity (ftlsec): Stack Gas Flow R ate (ascGmin): Source{s) Linked to th is Stack:

EJIP Volume II S.A-5


### VES0 1 6066CHAPT ER 8 - P AJIVT A ND INK MANUFACTURING EXAM PLE DA TA COLLECTlON F OR M FO RME: P RODUCTlO N INFOR MATI O N Produ ct Na m e 

### Year Amount Produ ced ( lb/ y r )



### 8.A·6 EIIP Volume II


### VES 01 6067CHAPTER 8 - PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING ExAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FORM FORM F- SOLVENT USAGE 

## - Amo unt Used Sol vent Name Co n s lltu c nt s 

### Ma ss% (l b /y r )

EIIP Volume II 8.A - 7


### VES016068CHAPTER 8 - PA INT AND INK MANUFACTURING 313198 ExAMPLE DA T A COLLECTION FORM F O RM 

### G· P I GMEN T USAGE 

### A mount Ust 'il Pigment Name Co n s titu ents 

### M ass% (l b / y r )



### S . A-8 EIIP Volume II


### VES016069CHAPTER 8 • PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURJNG EXAMPLE DATA COU.ECTION FORM F ORM H · DATA FOR M IX ER E M ISSIO N S Amount of Sol vent Ad ded to

1\t

bcr Equi pment ID Sol vent C onstituent 

### Mass •;. (lbly r )

EIIP Volume II 8.A·9


### VES016070CHAPTER 8- PAIIVT A N D IN K MANUFACTURING 3'31!18

EXAMPLE DATA COLLECTION F ORM FORM 1 : DATA FOR SO LVE NT R EC LAMAT IO N EM ISS IONS Amount Pro cessed Solvent Co n sti t u e nt Mass**'~'•** Through Dt s t1Uat i o n**evlc~** (l b/ br)

S.A- 10 EIIP Volume II


### VES01607131l'98 CHAP TER 8 • PAIHT AND INK MANUFACTURING EXAM PLE D ATA COLLECT ION FORM F OR M 

### J: DATA FOR PART S CLEANING EMISSIONS 

### H

ours of Operation 

### S urfaccA Soh · ent So l vent 

### Mass Unit 1D ( br /yr ) rca(ft 1 ) Use d Consd t ue n t 'Yo

EJIP Volume II 8.A·l l


### VES016072CHAPT ER 8 · PAINT AND INK MANU F

AC TUR ING 313198 ExAMPLE D A T A CO LL ECTIO N f ORM F O R M 

### K· D ATA FOR E M I SS I ONS F ROM C L EANING OF P ROCESS V E SS EL S 

# . Volum e 

### Us ed T e mp . U

n it I D Sol vent C o n s titu e nt Mass •;. (g a l / hr) (• F)



### S.A
- 12 E IIP Volume II


### VES016 07 33/3198 CHAP TEER 8 • PAl NT AN D IN K M ANUF A CTUR I N

G EXA MPLE D ATA COLLECTION fORM FORM l : D A TA NEEDED FOR EM ISS I ONS FROM SPILLS Durat io n of Dat e of Ar ea S pill Temp Spill Material C on s titu e nt Mass o/ o (ft '} {hr) ( •F)

E IIP Volume II 8 . A ·I 3



### VE S 0 160 7

4oc:

### ~ 

# - .,.**~ ~** 

## ~**~** ExAMPLE DA TA CO LLECTIO N F O RM F ORM 

### M : EM ISSION ESTIMATION R ESULTS Emissio n Ertlmalion Emis sio n s E mi ssion Pollutant' M ethod• Emissions Units Facto r'

• Polltllants i n

cl ude VOC s, I'Mii'M,. . and HAP s (li S! ind iv i du all y). Equipment ID .. · _ ----- - Emission

Fac tor Units Comments

b Use t he rollow i n,g codes to ill<licate ' " h ich em iss ion estima t ioo method is use d fo r each po llutant : IZnti ss i on Foetor • BfMnter i n

l Balance • MB Oth er Meth od (indico t c) • 0 Stack Te s t • S T Emission Model • EM "' Where opplicab l e. enter t he em issio n fucto r on d p rovi de fi l ii citation ofthe reference or source ofmfonnation f rom w h

ere t h

e emission facto r c-.amc. Include cdhion , vers ion. table and pag:e numbers i f AP-42 is used.. Please oopy t bc b lank fonn ond attuch additio n al s heets , os necessary. 0

### ~ 

### ...,

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### ~

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## VES016076
. pdf

## -------- 

## ·- -- - -- -- UNI TED S T AT E S E N VIRO NM ENTAL PROTECTIO N A G E N CY R E GION 5 77 WEST JACKSON BOULEVARD CHICAGO, IL 60604·3590 

## SEP 2 j 

## 2006
CERTI FIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED Doug Harris General Manager Veolia Environmenta l Services *7 Mobile Avenue Sauget, Il l inois 62201 Dear Mr . Harris : REPt.V TO 1ME ATTENTION OF : 

### AE-17J

This 

### is to advise you that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA} has determined that Veolia Environmental Services' facility at 

### n7 Mobile Avenue, Sauget, Illinois is in v i olation of the Cl ean Air Act (CAAl and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRAl and associated state or local pollution control requirements . A l i st of the**re~irem~nts** 

### violated is provided below. A Finding of Violation and Notice of V i olation (FOV/NOV} for these violat i ons is being issued and is enclosed. The CAA requ ires the development of Primary and Secondary Nat i onal Ambient Ai r Quality Standards to protect pub l ic health and welfare. To attain and mainta i n these standards, each State is requ ired to develop an implementa t ion plan . The I l linois State Implementation Plan (Illinois SIP) includes the fo l lowing requ i rement: l l A source that has maximum theoretical emissions of 1 00 tons or more per ca l endar year of VOM and is not limited t o less than 100 to ns o f volati l e organic material (VOM} em i ss i ons per calendar year in the absence of air pol l ution control equipment, through production or capaci t y l imitations contained in a fe derally enforceab l e permit or a S I P revision, must contro l their emissions by 8 1 % overall: T h e purpose of VOM standards is to reduce the amount of ground level ozone formed, which may cause shortn ess of breath, coughing, wheezing, and eye and nose irritation.



### VES0160762 

### The CAA also requi res the development of regulations to protect and enhance the quality of the• nation's air so as to promote public health and we lfa re and the productive capacity of its populat io n. To attain and maintain these s tandards the u. s. EPA has developed
- emission standards as the Nat ional Emission Standards of Hazardous Air Pol lu tants (NESHAP) and emission standards to reflect the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) . Hazardous a i r pollutants (HAPS) may cause serious health e ff ects including birth defects and cancer. They may also cause harmful environmental and eco logi cal effects. The RCRA and Illino is Administrative Code (IAC) have simila r requirements. The NESHAPs and MACTs and, in par t , the RCRA and

· rAe include the fol lo wing requirements: 1) Each open-ended valve or line at the fac ility shall be 

### equipped with a cap, blind flange, plug or a second valve and each open-ended valve or li ne equ ipped with a second valve shal l be operated in a manner such tha t the valve on the process fluid end is closed befo re the second valve is closed. 2) A list of identification numbers for a ll equipment subject to the requirements of the subpart shall be 

### recorded in a log tha t is kept in a readily accessible location. 3) An 

### owner or operator must test equipment for compliance with no detectab le emissions following**Me~od** 

### 21 and an owner or operator of each stationary source must maintain and operate the source, including associated equipment for.air pollution con trol, in a manner cons is tent with good air pollution control pract ic e for minimizing emissions. 4) A source must commence th e initial comprehensive performance testing on an incinerator not later than six mon ths after t he co.mpliance da te. 5) A source must limit its combined emissions of arsenic, beryllium. and chromium to 97 dry 

### standar d cubic meters . EPA finds th at Veolia has vio lated the above listed Illinois SIP, IAC, RCRA,**~HAP** 

### and MACT requirements. Section 113 of the CAA and Section 3008 of the RCRA give us severa l enforcement options to resolve the se v iol ations, including: issuing an administrat ive compliance order, issuing

,· 

### VESOI60773 

### an administrative pena l ty order, bringing a judicial civil action, and bringi n g a j udicial crimina l action. The opt i on w e select, in part, d epend s on the efforts taken by Veolia to correct the alleged violat io ns and t he time f r am e in which you can demonstra t e and mainta i n continuous comp liance w ith the requirements cited i n the FOV/NOV. Before we decide w hich enforcement option is a p propriate, Sec t io n 1 1 3 of the CAA provides you with the opportunity to request a conferenc e with us abou t the vio l ations al l eged in the FOV/NOV. This conference will provide you a chance to present in fo rmation on the identi f ied violations. any efforts you have tak en to comply, and the steps you will take to prevent future violations . Please plan for your f acility ' s techni cal and management personnel to take part in these discussions. Y ou may have an attorney repr es ent and accompany yo u at this conference . The EPA contacts in t his matter are Sarah Marshall, Air and Radiation Division, and Spires Bourgikos, Waste Pesticides and Toxics D i v i sion . You may call Ms. Marsha l l at (312) 886
- 6797 or Mr. Bourgikos at (312) 886
- 6862 if yo u w i sh to reques t a conference . EPA hop e s that this FOV/NOV will encourage Veoli a' s comp liance with the re qu i rements of the Clean Air A ct and the Reso urce Conserva tion and Recovery Act. Since . r ely you r s,

t on, Acting D irector Radia t ion D i vision

Lorna M. Jereza, Comp l iance S ect ion Enforcement and Complian ce Assurance Branch Waste, Pesticides and Toxics Divisio n &\closure



### VE$0160784 

### cc : Julie Armitage, Acting Chief Compliance and Systems Management Section Illinois**Environmen ~al**  

### Protection Agency Todd Marvel Illinois Environmental Protection Agency



### VES016079

### United States Environmental Prot ec tion Agency IN THE MATT E

R OF : ) 

# . ) ' 

### Veolia Environmenta l Services ) 

### NOTICE OF VIOLAT I ON and ) 

### FINDING OF VIOLAT I ON P

roceedings Pur suant to ) 

### the Clean Air Act, )**~PA-5-06 28** **IL** 

### 42 

### u.s.c . §§ 

### 7401 et seq. and ) 

### the Resource Conservation and ) 

### Recovery Act, 42 

### u . s . c . §§ ) 

### p901 e t seq .

NOTICE AND FINDING O F VIOLATI O N 

### Veolia Environmental Services ( you or Veo lia) (formerly known as Onyx Env iro nmental Services) owns and operat es three hazardous waste inc inerators , two t ank f arms and two material processing units a t 17 Mobi l e Avenue, Sa uge t, I llinois (Facility) . The · incinerators are identified as Incinerators 2,3 and 4 , the tank farms as 1 and 3 and the materia l pro c e ssing areas as MP
- 1 a nd MP
- 2 . 

### u . s. E PA is sending this Not i c e of V i olat ion and Finding of Violation (NOV/FOV or Not ice/Find i ng) to you for : Ill 

### uncontrolled emissions of vola t ile o r ganic material (V O M) from MP- 1 and MP
- 2; (2 ) open- ended li nes conveying VOM and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the tank farms; (3) n ot including connec t ors for l ines conve ying VOM and HAPs in the tank f arms on l ist o f monitored equipment; 14) 

### exceeding break t h rough li mits on the carbon canisters, which contro l s b enzene, HAP, and VOM emissions from the tank farms; (S)late performance of th e initial te sti ng on Inci nerato r 3 as required by t he National Emissi o n Standards for Hazardo us Air Pollutants regulations ; an d (6) exceedi n g t h e NESHAP limit f or a rse n ic, beryllium, and c hromium at Incinerato r 3 . The underlying s t atu to r y a nd regulatory requirements inclu de provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA ) and t h e Resour ce Reco v e ry and Conservation Ac t (RCRA) and their res p ec tiv e imp le ment ing regulat i ons and the Illinois State

·- ---·-· ... 

### ·- ·--- 

## ------- - 

## - - -···· 

### VES0!6080

### 2 

### Implementation Plan (Illinois SIP) and Administrative Code (IAC). Section 113 of the CAA provides you with the opportunity to request a con feren ce with us to discuss the violations alleged in the FOV/NOV . This conference will prov id e you a c hance t o present information on the identified violations, any efforts you have taken to compl y, and the steps you wi l l take to prevent future violations . Please p lan for the Facility ' s technical and management personnel to take part in these discussions. You may have an attorney represent and accompany you at thi s conference. Explanation of violations 

### The follow in g provides a descr i ption of the regulat io ns Veolia vio lated and how Veolia violated them: 1. The Illinois SIP at Part 219 regulates organic material emissions, which includes volatile organic compounds, for the Me tro East Area. Subpart TT of the Part 219 includes the rules for emission . units not regulated under the o t her subparts of Part 219. a . Subpart TT of the Illinoi s SIP, Section 219 . 980, states that a source is subject to the ru les of Subpart TT if the source contains process emission units 1 

### that as a group both have maximum theoretical emissions of 100 tons or more pe r calendar year of VOM and are not l imited t o less t h an 100 tons of vo lat ile organ i c materia l (VOM or VOC) emiss ions per calendar year in the absence of air pollution control equipment through production o r capacity l imitations conta ined i n a federal ly enforceab l e permit or a SIP**rev~s~on .**  

### Subpart TT requires a source to install and operate controls to reduce VOM emissions by 

### at least 81%. b. Based on an evaluation of th e maximum throughput informati on and maximum possible VOC materia l p rocessed in the material . process ing units, MP-1 and MP
- 2 , U . S. EPA has determined that the maximum theoret i cal emissions from MP-1 and MP
- 2 exceed 100 to ns per year of VOC . Therefore, MP-1 and MP-2 are required to be controlled by 81% o v erall control. 1 S

ources r egulat ed underSubparts B, E, F, H , Q, R, s, T, v, x, Y, z, AA, BB, PP, QQ, or RR of Part 2 1 9 are no t subject to Subpart TT requirements .



### VES016081

# --------··---- ------- --- - ----

3 

### 2 . 40 C.F.R. Part 61 Subpar t V regulates hazardous air pol l utant emissions , •1hich include benzene and vinyl chloride, from equipment leaks. a. 40 C.F.R. §§ 61.242
- 6 ! a ) and {b), 35 Il li nois Administrative Code { lA C) § 

### 725.956{a) (1) [40 C.F.R. § 

### 265.1056(a) (1) ] require that each open - ended valve or line shall be equipped with a cap, b lind flange, plug or a second valve and each open - ended valve or line equipped wi th a second valve shall be operated in a manner such that the valve on t he process fluid end is closed before the second valve is closed. b. 40 C.P.R.§ 61.246(e){l), 35 IAC § 

### 725.964{b)( l )(A) [40 C.F . R. § 

### 2 65. 1 06 4 (b) ( 1 ) 

### {i)) require a source to record on a l og that is kept in a readily accessible location the identification numbers for a l l equipment s ubject to the requirements of Subpart V (CAA) and Subpart BB (RCRA) . c . During an inspec tion the v1eek of May 15, 2006, at the Veo l ia facility, comparat i ve Le ak Detection and Repa ir ( L

DAR) monitoring was conducted by u . s. EPA. As 

### a result of the comparative monitoring, U . S. EPA found 1 1 opened
ended valves. Veolia also kept an incomp lete list of componen ts to be monitored. The connectors were not included on the list. 3 . 40 C.F.R Part 61 Subpart FF provides emission standards f or benzene waste opera ti ons . a. 40 C.F . R. § 

### 61.35 4 {h), requires that 

### an owner or operator must test equipment for compliance with no det ec tab le emissions fo l lowing Method 21 . 40 C.P.R. § 

### 61.12{c) requires that an owner or operator of each stationary source must maintain and operate the source, i nc luding associated equipment for air pollution contro l, in a manner consistent w i th good air pollution control practice for minimizing emissions. b. Durin g the May inspect ion at the Veolia facility, U.S. EPA conducted co mparative L DAR monitoring . As a result of the comparative monitoring, U.S . EPA foUnd that 2 of th e 18 carbon canist e rs (11.1 % ) that were mon i tore d exceeded the breakthrough limit of 1 275 ppm VOM. veolia monitors its 19 carbon canisters b iw eekly. Upon review of Veol ia' s



### VES0160824 

### monitoring records , from January 2001 until the time of U . S . EPA's i n spection, 20 carbon canisters h ave exceeded the a f orementioned b r eakthrough limit . Thus, V e o l ia's historical breakthrough rate is 0 . 19% , which is significantly lower than the 11.1 % of breakthr oughs that U.S . EPA found during the inspection. This leads U . S . EPA to find that Veolia is not conducting the LDAR monitoring in accordance with the appropriate methodology. 4. 40 C.F.R. Part 63, Subpart EEE provides the emission standards for HAPs from hazardous was t e combustors. a. 4 0 C.F.R. § 

### 63.1207(c), requires that a source must commence the initial comprehensive performance testing on an incinerator to determine if its operations are in compliance with the applicable HAPS standard not later than six months after the compl i ance date. b. Veo l ia tested Incinerator 3 on May 10 and 11 , 2006, which i s later than six months after Veolia's compliance date of December 30, 2004. c . 40 C.F . R . § 

### 63.1203(a) (4) prohibits the emission of arsenic, beryll i um, and chromium, combined, over 97 micrograms per dry stan dard cubic meter (ug/dscm) . d. Veolia tested Incinerator 3 emissions on May 10 .and 1, 2006 . The test re su l ts showed total low volatil e emissions including arsenic , beryllium a n d chromium at 249 ug/dscm in excess of the regulatory standard of 9 7 ug/dscm. En v ironmen t a l Xmpact of Violationa



### 5. V i olation of**VO~I** 

### standards increases the amount of ground level ozone. Ozone may cause shortness of breath, coughi n g, wheezing, and eye a n d nose irritation. Ozone is especially dangerous to older adults, children, asthmatic s and persons with other chronic respiratory ailments. 6. Violation of HAP standards may cause serious hea l th effects inc l uding birth de f ects and cancer. HAPs may also cause harmfu l e n vi r onmen t al and ecological e f f e cts .



### VES01 60835 

### 7 . V i olation of Benzene s t andards may cause seriou s health effects including cancer of the lymph system, lung cancer and b ladder cancer.

Date I 

### I



### Date**.** 

### t on, Acting D i rector**~~d** 

### Radiation Di vi sion

# ~~,~~ Enforcement and Coropliance Assu . rance Branch Wa ste, Pestici d es . and Toxics Division



### VES0160846 CERTIFICATE OF MAILDfG 

### I, Betty Williams, certify that I sent a Notice and Finding of Violation, No. EPA-5-06
- 28-IL, by Certified Mail, Retu . rn Receipt Requested, t o: Doug Harris General Manager veolia Environmental Services #7 Mobi l e Avenue Sauget, Illinois 62201 I also certify that I sent copies of the Finding of Violation and Notice of Violation by first class mail to: J u l ie Armitage, Acting Chief Compliance and Systems Management Section Illino i s Environmental Protection Agency 10 2 1 North Grand Avenue Spr i ng f ield, I llinois 62702

on the J.Jr£day of

# ~ ' 2006 .

# ~;,___**~liams,** Secretary AECAS(IL/INJ



### VES016085

## VES016086
. pdfOgule i, David From: Se nt: To: Cc: Subject: He ll o Da vid, Na n cy L Padd ock < n a ncy . paddoc k @veol i aes .com> Thursday , August 15 , 201312:45 PM Og ul el, Da vid Den ni s J Warcho l Veo l i a Subm itta l

Two copies of Veo ll a ' s Addend um to Appl i cation for Renewa l of a Major So urce Op e rating Perm it h ave b een Fed - Ex'd to yo u . I req u ested over nig h t d el ivery 

### so yo u should receive them tomorrow. Have 

### a n ice day
. Nancy Paddock Environmental Eng i neerin g Speda ll s t Veo ll a ES Technica l So l u ti o n s, L
. L.C. 7 Mob il e Ave n ue Sauget, IL 62201 618.271.2 804 (X
- 115 } 618.271.2 1 28 (fax} Nancy,Paddod<@Yeo li a E S.com**www.~eol aES.com**  Th i s e-ma il message from Veolia E S T echnica l So l utions, L
. L.C
. is for the so l e u se of the in tended rec i pie nt (s ) and may contain co n fid en tia l and p ri vileg ed i nformatio n. Any una uth or iz ed r ev i ew, use, disclosu r e or d i stri butio n i s proh i b ited. If you a re not the intended recipie nt , p leas e commun i cat e w i t h the sende r by reply e-mail and destroy a ll capies of th e orig in a l messag e and d e le

te it from a ll computers.

1 

### VES016086

# VES01608 7 . pdfO gu l ei , D avid Fr

o m : S e n t: To: S u b j ect :

From : B i vins, Dan Gamel!. Kim Wednes d ay, October 08 , 20 1 4 1:32P M Ogule i , David F W : Xact q u est i on s

S

en t: T ue sday, May 21, 2013 2 :15 PM To : John Cooper Cc : Ga mett, K i m Subject: Xact questions Joh n , We are answer i n g so m e comments from a faci li ty on a perm i t s u b m ittal
. Cou l d you comment on t h e following? Tha n ks ! Dan p.s . - there may be more qu est i ons I f that's o k ? C o m m e n t EPA's statement that "M ulti-met als CEMS are commerc i ally ava il ab l e and have been
- de m onstrated to be reliab l e for measuring mercury and other met al emissions from hazard ous waste combus to rs " (Statement of Basis at22) is incorrect or misleading. When the Statement of Basis was wrinen, the Xact was offered by Pall Col]loration. This is no longer correct Pall no longer manufactures and sells the Xact unit . T h e market i ng rights to the Xact have reverted to Cooper Eov iroruneu tal Servi ces . It should also be noted tbat thi s i nstrument is not au instrument th at is carried in inventory . 

### If 

### a facili ty wanted to purchase 

### a n Xact u.ni t, Cooper Eovirorunental Servi ces has i n dicated t hat it wo u ld take t h em at l east six months to b uild it. This is the time to buil d the instrument i t self and does not incl u de time to develop the site-specific samplin g train or the time to develop the software interface between the instrument and the fac i l ity's control systems. The software development process (c ustom software f or that s ite) would take several mo nths after the in s tru m e nt was installed . Only one Xact unit h as been i nstalled and operated for a n extended period of time at only one hazardous waste combustor, the co m bustor at Evoniks T ippecanoe Laboratories. Due to frequent maintenance iss ue s and equip m ent failure , that X act unit is no longer operating. (CR WI 6
- 7) Thm Bivi ns U .S . Enviro mucnt'al**Pro l~** **l' n**  Ag t 'n<·y Oflice 

## or A i t

· Qu ati ty**Plann in** **~** and Standar ds A

· f e astJ r emenl Tedmol ogy C roup !H9-54
- l -5244



### VE$016087

# VES016088.pdfOgulei , David From: Sent: To: Cc: Subject: Yo ur we l come! Kathy Strubberg Principal Engineer Ka th y St rub berg <kath ys@syae n g .com> Th u rs d ay, Apr i l 03 , 20 1 4 9:42AM Og ul e i , Dav id ' Padclod< , Nency' ; ' Den ni s W archer RE : Veo l ia Response

Schreiber , Yonley & Associates 16252 Westwoods Business Park Drive Ellisville , MO 63021 Ce ll: (314) 607-9753 Work : (636) 256-5641 ka t hys@syaeng
. com
From: Og u l e i , David [ ma llto:Og ule i.David@ep a. gov] Sent: Th ursday, April 03, 2 014 9:40 AM To : Kathy Sb'ubberg Cc: 'Paddock, Nancy'; 'Denni s Wardlo l' Subject: RE: Veolf a R espo nse No p rob l em. This ex p l anati o n should d o i L Th an k yo u . From: Kathy Sb' ubb erg [ mailto;kathys@syaeog
.com ] Sent: T h u rsday, Apri l 03, 2014 9:28AM To: Og ulei , David Cc: ' Paddock, Nancy'; ' Den ni s Wa rch o l ' Subj ect Veolia Response Importa nce: H i g h David, I apologize for not gettin g th i s to you sooner. There was a mixup as I thought Veolia was sending th i s response direct l y to you and t h ey t h ought I was sen d i ng it
. Anyway , h ere is Veo l ia's r esponse to your questio n. 

### As we discussed in our phone conversation, Veolia r equests the abil i ty to change the methodo l ogy used to calculate volatile emissions from the fo ll owing em is s i on units : Emission Unit Descript i on MP - 1 Materia l Processing Area MP-2 Materia l Processing Area L ab Pack Repack Batch Materia l Processing Area Bulk Feed Bui l ding Bu l k Solid Waste Storage



### VESOI6088The current Part 71 permit requires t h e use o f the most rece nt version o f the TAN K S program to calcu l ate VOM/HAP emissions from t h e MP-1, MP -2 and Lab Pac k Repack emission units [ Permi t Condition 2.2(E)(3). A l though the permit doesn't contain a sim i l ar condition for the Bulk Feed Bui l ding, the proposed new methodology differs from th at used in the permit applica t ion. Veolia bel i eves that a more appropr i ate calculation methodology is the Surface Evaporation Model as found In the EPA's EII P Volume II : Chapter 8 Section 4
. 1
. 4, " Pref e rred and Alternative Methods of Estimating Air Emiss i ons from Pa i nt and Ink Manufacturing Facilit i es·. February 2005. This model calculation is mo re app ropriat e than the T A N KS model for th e following reasons. 1. MP -1, MP - 2 and the Lab Pack Repack uni t s are was t e storage and processing buildings ut i li z ed for containers. Containers are rece i ved into the buildings and held there prior to processing either within the building o r d i rectly to the incin erato r f eeds
. Th e stored containers are closed with a li d or cover which al l ows no volati le s to escape th e contai ne r during storage . Containers are only opened t o sample and process the conte nts . The p rocessing consists of placing t h e wa ste from a con ta i n er either into open troughs through w h ich the waste moves through siz i ng activities a n d is repacked into f eed containers; or di r ectly into feed containe rs . The waste in the trough is open to the atmosphere of the building. As such constituents in the waste volatilize I nto the build i ng atmosphere and are emitted through the build i ng exhaust. 2. The surface evaporation mo d el estimates the amount of const i tuents volati z ed based on the volatility of the diffe r ent waste constituents and the air flo w across the exposed surface of the waste . It 

### is a conservative estimate as the calculations assumes that the ai r flow will be saturated with organic compounds where in reality, this is not the case. This summarizes the re asons why the Surface Evaporation Model prod uces more r e presentative emiss i on estimations than the TANKS program for the MP-1, MP-2 , Lab Pack Repack and Bul k Feed Building emission units at the plant. P l ease call me i f you need anything further rega rd ing th is matter. Regards
. Kathy Kathy Strubberg Principal Engineer Schreiber , Yonley & A ssoc iates 16252 Westwoods Business Park Drive Elli sville, MO 63021 Cell : (3 14) 607 -9753 Work: (636) 256-5641 kathys@syaeng
. com

2 

### VES016089

# VES016090.pdf

### Ogulei, David Fro m: 

### Sent To: Cc: Subject: Paddock , Na ncy <nancy . paddock@v e o l ia
. com> T h u rsda y, April 03 , 2014 9:24AM Og u l ei, David Dennis Warchol Re: Titl e V Request regardi ng materia l proces sin g a reas and em is s io ns cal cu lalions 

### You s h o uld be 

### b earing f r om Kathy sho rtly. Sorry for the delay . Nancy Nancy Paddock Environmenta l Engineering Specialist Veo ll a ES Technica l Solutions, L.L.C. 

### 7 Mobile Avenue Sauget, IL 62201 618.271.2804 (x -11 5) 618.271.2128 (fax) 

### Please note that m y e-mail address has ch a n ged : Nancy.Paddock@Veol i a.com This e-ma i l message from Veolia ES Technical So l ut i ons , L.L.C. 

### is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and p r i vileged information
. As1y una u thorized review, use, dis cl osure or distribution is prohib i ted
. If you are not ltle intended recipient, please communicate wiltl the sender by reply e-mail and destroy all copies of the origina l message and delete it from all computers. On Thu, Apr 3 , 2014 at 8:59AM, O gu lei , D a vid < Ogule i . Dav id ( il ) epa . gov > wro te : N 9.11C )',
Y

es , 1 rec eived the CT J\C package . 1 11a n

ks ! Kathy Stn1bberg call ed me on Tues day to discus s r he re:osons wby the s u rf

a

ce mo d e l might be n better m odel t han 

### TAN K S f or es tim ating emi s s ion s fro m t he bulk feed b ui l d ing . 1 as ked Ka t h y ro send me ru1 email on Tuesday doc umenting some of the thing s s h e m entioned regardin g the uni que cha r ac t eristics of t h e BF J3l dg 's o peration s . Sh e sa i d she w ould send m e an email Iacer th at a ft cmoo n af ter running i t by Vcolia b u r 1 haven' t s een t h e email .



### VES016090As I explained t o K athy on Tuesday, alth ough the estimated VOM/HAP emissions fro m the BF B l dg at e very l ow, we still nee d a cl ear and compl ete ex pl anation ofwhy we axe deviating f r om an estab li shed per i odic monitoring m e thodo l og y so as t o avo id establi shing impr<.,per precedence. T h e k ey h er e i s to expan d o n ) ' OUr ex p l

anatio n belo w.
David

From : Paddock, N ancy [ m ailto: nancy . oaddock@yeolia . coml Sent : Thu rsday, April 03, 2014 8:43AM To: Ogulel, Davi d Cc : Den nis Wardlol S ub ject: Fwd: Title 

## v Reques t regarding material proce ss i ng a r eas and emissions calcu l atio ns
Good morning David,


### Just checking 

### in to see 

### ifKathy Strubberg was a ble 

### to fully r esolve 

### thi s iss u e for 

### yo u . Let 

### me know 

### if there are any loose ends t o be t ied u p here . Hopefully you've also received the CTAC package and we can cro ss that off t he list

Thanks and have a g ood day!


### Nancy Nancy Paddock Environmenta l Engineeri ng Specialist Veolia ES Techni cal So l utions, L.L.C
. 7 Mobi l e Avenue Sauget, IL 62201 618.271.2804 (x-115 ) 618
. 271.2128 (fax)

2 

### VESOI6091

### Please note that my e - mail address has changed : Nancy. P addock@Veol ia.com
This e-mail message from Veolia ES Technical So l utions, L.L.C. 

### is for the sole use of the intended redplent(s) and may contain confidential and privi l eged information. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended redpient, please communicate with the sender by rep l y e-mai l and destroy all copies of the original message and delete it 

### from all computers.

--- Forwarded message ------- From: P addock, Nanc y < nancy . paddocklcvveolia.com > Date: Mon, Mar 31 , 2014 at 3:12PM S u bject: Re: Title V Request regarding material processing areas and emissions calcula tion s To: "Ogulei, David" <Ogu l e i . Dav i d @ena.go> > Cc: De nnis Warchol < den n is . warcho l (tl.veol i a . com>, Kathy Strubberg < kmhvsrwsvaenQ.com> Hi David , Kathy Strubberg 

### will be c ontacting you tomorrow morning to discuss the differences in 

### detail. lo 

### the meantime , fll 

### give you my very simplistic understanding of the matter. TANKS is, of course, a m odel for emissions from tanks, whereas.the eva porative method is 

### a model for spills. Tanks are closed sy stems whic h produce emis s i ons fro m vapors d is pl aced during loading operations and temperature changes. Spills have surface area d irectly exposed to the environment Our processing areas are not closed systems, they have surface area d irectly exposed to the environment. We believe our processing areas are more ana logous to spill s than tanks . Does th i s help?
Also , Dennis told me yo u were looking for the CTAC for revisions. 1 copied aU t he revi s io ns and Doug s igned the CTAC once for aU of them. T hey went out Fed Ex today . Thank you for your patience , David . Have a great day!


### Nancy

3 

### VES016092

### Nancy Paddock Environmental Engineering Specia l ist Veo lia ES Technical Solutions, l.l.C. 7 Mobi l e Avenue Saug et, IL 62201 618.271.2804 (x-115) 618
. 271.2 1 28 (fax)



### P

l ease note that my e-ma il address has changed : Nancy.Paddock@Veol i a.com
This e-mail message from Veo lia ES Technical Solutio n s, l.l. C. is for the sole use of the intended redpient(s) and may contai n conf i dential and privi l eged in formation. Any unauthoriz ed review , use, d i sc l osure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended recipien t , please commun i cate with the sender by rep l y e-mail and destroy all copies of t h e origina l message an d d elete it from all computers .
On Moo, Ma r 31, 201 4 at 8:14AM, O gulei , David <O!wlei.David<a:·epa.gov > wro te : Hi Nancy,

Good morning! I' m j us t tr ying t o L tnde rsi1Uld why exactly the sur rnce model is super ior to TANKS. T:\NK.S also relies on the compound 's vap or prcssw:c to es ti mate the bead sp a ce concc n rra rion . .Is it pos sib le cl 1 at TAN KS could estimate higher emis sions than the surf ace . mo d eJ i n some years? W h at is t he fundamenta l difference b etl<•een the two methods that guarant ees that the s u rface model will a l ways y ield high er emissio ns ?

From : Paddock, Nancy [ ma ilto: nancy . paddock@yeo li a ,com l Sent: Monday, March 31 , 2014 7:33AM To : Ogulei , Dav i d Cc : Dennis Warcho l S u bject: Re: Titl e V Request rega rd i ng mat eria l process i ng areas and em i ssions ca lcul ati ons
Good morning, David I
4 

### VES016093We used five years worth ofTRl data to det ermine co mposite YOM and HAP concentratio n values for use i n t he evaporat ive equation .. I did no t compare five years worth of data. I am working on the 20 I3 annual e miss ions inventory. Since t hruput data for 2013 

### was handy , I u sed i t 

### t o com pare TANKS a n d evapora tive methods i n t he small table I sent on March 3 , 2014.
I h op e thi s clears thing s up !
Have a great day ! 

### Nancy Paddock Environmenta l Enginee r ing Specialist Veolia ES Technical SO l utio n s, L.L.C. 

### 7 Mobile Avenue Sauget, IL 62201 618.271.2804 (x -11 5) 618 . 271.2128 

### (fax)



### Please note that my e-mail address has changed : Nancy.Paddock@Veolia.com
This e- mail message from Veo l ia ES Technical Solutio n s, L.L.C. 

### is for tfle sole u se of the intended reci pient(s ) and may contain confidential and privileged information
. Any unauthorized review, use, disclosure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended recipient, please communicate witfl the sender by rep l y e- mail and destroy all copies of the origina l message and de l ete It 

### from all computers.

-------- Forwarded message -·--·· From : Ogu lei , Dav id <Ouu l eJ . Dav•dlli coa . uov > Date: Fri , Mar 28, 20 14 at 4 :43PM S ub j ect : RE: Title V Reques t regard ing material processing are as and emis s ions calcula ti

ons T o: " Paddock, Nanc y" < nancv.pad do ck:((• veolia .c o m > Cc: Dennis War chol <dcnnis . warcholra vc olia . co m > 5 

### VES016094Hi N a nc y,

As srated in your email below, rhe emissions com p arison sh own in d 1e c able below i s for one calendar year. Whkh ye ar is this? Do you h ave e t nissions dam for more t h an one c a l endar ye a r that show what the . diff erence in ernissions b<: t we<: n the two m e thods is? The email says you look e d at 5 years of TRI darn . Thanks,
Dav id
From : Paddock, Nancy [ma ilto: oa o cy . padd«k(o)veolia.com l Sent: Monday, March 03, 2014 1:43 PM To: Ogulel, Davfd Cc: Dennis Warchol Subject: ntte V Request rega rd ing mater i al processi n g areas and emiss i ons ca l cu l ati ons
H e llo David,
Section 2.2(EX3) ofTWI's 2008 Title V perm i t states that the TANKS program must be use d to calculate emissio n s from MPI, MP2 and LPR.
Last year, a consultant reviewed our emissions inventory process. The Su rface Evaporat io n Model f r om EPA G

u

idance EIIP Vo l u

m

e II : Chapter 8 Sect ion 4 . 1 .4 . Preferred and Altemative Melhods fo r Estimat i ng Air Emiss ion s from Paint a nd Ink Man ufacturing Faci l i ties , MSJCh 1998 . Equatio n 8.4 · 1 8 was used to cal cul ate emi ss io ns from MP I, MP2 and LPR. The consul tant compi l ed an a'' erage of 

### 5 years of the roost recent TRI concentration data to determine the concentration ofVOC and HAP 

### in the waste , which was th en used 

### in the EPA Surface Evaporatioo Mode l referenced above.
TANKS is b ased on routine d is placement of liquids. The surface evapora t ion m ode l is based on the volatility a nd ability of a compound to evaporate fro m the s urface of solids a nd then be p i cked up by the air in the building and carried to the atmosphere. The evaporation method seems to be more appropriate for MPI , MP2 and LPR ; TWI would like to change section 2.2(E)(3) of the upcoming permit (or the eq ui val ent section thereof) to indicate the Surface Evaporat io n Model will be us ed to calculate emi ss i on s 11-om these sources.



### VE S01609S

### Thi s table compares e mi ss ions cal cul ate d by both methods for the same calenda r year:
TANKS 

### Model ar

e a TPY 

### lb MP - 1 

### 0.06 1 17 

### MP
- 2 0 . 02 44 

### LABPACKIREPACK 0 . 03 68 Evaporative model TPY 

### lb 0.2 1 42 4 0 . 1 1 

### 212 0 . 04 85

I ho pe this makes sense. Please let me know 

### i f yo u have q uesti ons.
Thank you , 

### Nancy Nancy Paddock Env i ronmental Engineering Spec ialist Veo lia ES Technical Solutions, LL.C. 7 

### Mobile Avenue Sauget, IL 62201 618.271.2804 (x
- 115) 618 . 271.2128 

### (fax)



### Please note that my e-mail address has changed : Nancy.Paddock@Veolia
. com
This e-mai l message from Veolia ES Technical So l utions, L.L.C. is for the so l e use of the intended redpient(s) and may contain conf id e n tial and privileged info rma tion. Any unauthorized review, use, disc l osure or distribution is prohibited. 

### If you are not the Intended recipient, please communicate
7 

### VES016096

### with the sender by rep l y e-mai l and destroy all copies 

### of the origina l message and de l ete it 

### from all computers.

8 

### VES016097

# VES016098.pdfOgulei, D a vid From : Sen t: To : Cc : S u bject: Hello David, Paddock, Nancy <nancy.paddock @veol ia. com> M

onday , Ma rch 03 , 2014 1 : 43PM Ogul e i

, David Denni s Warch ol T

ide V Re quest regardin g material processing areas and emiSsions cal cula ti ons
Section 2.2(E)(3) ofTWI's 2008 Tit le V permit states that the TANKS program must be used to cal culate emissions from MPI , MP2 and 

### LPR. Last year , a consultant reviewed our emissions inventory process. The Surface Evapor atio n Model f rom E PA Guida n ce E IIP Vol u me II : C

ha

p

ter 8 Sectio n 4 . 1 . 4 . P r eferred a nd Alternative M e tho ds lor Es timating A i r E missio ns from Paint and Ink Manuf actu ri n

g Fa cil ities , March 1 998. E quati on 8 .4- t 8 was use d to ca lcul ate em issio ns I r om 

### MP 1, MP2 a nd 

### LPR. The co n sultant compiled 

### an average of

### 5 years of t he most recent 

### TR1 concentration data t o determ i ne the concentration ofVOC and 

### HAP in the waste, 

### which was then used in t he EPA Surface Evaporat i on Model refere nced above. TANKS i s based on ro u tine dis pl acement o f li q uid s. The s urface evaporatio n mode l i s based on the volatility and ab il it y of a compound to evaporate from th e surface of so lids a n

d then be picked up by the air 

### in the building and ca rried to the a tmo sphere. T he e vaporat i o n method 

### seems to be more appropriate for 

### MPI , MP2 and 

### LPR; TWI would lik e to change section 2 . 2 ( E)(3) of tbe upcoming perm it ( or the equivalent section the reof) to ind i cate the Surface Evaporatio n Model w ill be used to calcu l ate emissions from the se sources . This tab le compares emis sions calcul a ted by both methods for the same calendar year: TANKS Mo del area TPY lb MP-1 0 . 06 

### MP -2 0. 02 

### LABPACKIREPA CK O.QJ 117 

### 44 68 Eva porative m

odel TPY lb 0 . 21 

### 0 .11 

### 0 . 04 

### 42 4 2 1 2 

### 8 5 I hope t his m a k es sense. Pleas e let me know if you hav e questi ons. Titank you, 

### Nancy Nancy Paddoc k Environmental Enginee ring Spedalist Veolla ES Technica l So l utions, LL.C. 7 

### Mobi l e Avenue Sauget, 

### IL 62201 618.271.2804 (x-115) 618.271.2128 (fax)



### V E $016098

### Please note that my e-mail address has changed : Nancy
. Paddock@Veolia.com This e-mail message from Veo l ia ES Techni ca l So l utions, L.L.C
. is for the so l e use of the i ntended redpient(s) and may co ntain confiden t ial and privi l eged information. Any unauthorized review, use, disc l osure or distribution is prohibited. If you are not the intended redpient, please communicate with the sender by reply e-mai l and destroy all copies of the original message and de l ete it from all computers.

2 

### VES016099