#### Ex parte WINFREE.

No. A-4391.

Supreme Court of Texas.

Dec. 16, 1953.

*155Bowlen Bond, Teague, for relator.

Ralph W. Yarlborough and E. Wayne Thode, Austin, for respondents.

GARWOOD, Justice.

This original habeas corpus proceeding was brought by D. P. Winfree on behalf of Harvey Winfree (hereinafter called relator) who has been committed to the custody of the sheriff of Freestone county by the District Court for the 82th Judicial District for contempt in failing to pay some $50 temporary alimony due by him under a previous and valid order of the same court. The contempt judgment followed a written but unsworn complaint of the other party to the divorce proceeding, a show cause order of the court, due service of the latter upon the relator and a proper hearing. The judgment assessed a fine of $5 and court costs of $5.50 and provided that relator be confined until he should pay these sums together with the delinquent alimony. After releasing the relator on bail and con-' sidering the arguments presented in support of and against his position, we have concluded that on the record before us his commitment was not invalid.

Our sole ground for issuing the writ was the above-mentioned fact that the *156complaint, which initiated the contempt proceedings, is unverified. Ex parte White, 149 Tex. 155, 229 S.W.2d 1002; Ex parte Freeman, 144 Tex. 392, 191 S.W.2d 6; Ex parte Cox, 133 Tex. 152, 127 S.W.2d 443; Ex parte Scott, 133 Tex. 1, 10, 123 S.W.2d 306, 311, 126 S.W.2d 626; Ex parte Sturrock, 80 Tex.Cr.R. 307, 189 S.W.487; Ex parte Duncan, 78 Tex.Cr.R. 447, 182 S.W. 313, 2 A.L.R. 222; Ex parte Landry, 65 Tex.Cr.R. 440, 144. S.W. 962; Ex parte Foster, 44 Tex.Cr.R. 423, 71 S.W. 593, 60 L.R.A. 631. The thesis that verification is essential includes, of course, the proposition that there must be a complaint to verify. Ex parte White, supra. The latter decision, as well as those in the Duncan and Landry cases, stand for the further point of present interest, that a show cause order or rule *nisi*followed by due service and proper hearing, while obviously sufficient to apprise the contempt defendant of the charge against him and afford him an opportunity to present his defense, is yet no substitute for an affidavit of accusation. The philosophy of the White, Freeman and Cox cases is the somewhat general one of Ex parte Scott — that contempt proceedings are essentially criminal in-nature, so that “jurisdiction” must arise from a sworn complaint as for the .perpetration of a crime, although no written law specifies that it must, except in. the case of. Rule 692, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure (disobedience of an injunction) hereinafter mentioned .and in Art. 666-7, Vernon’s P.C.Tex.Ann. (recalcitrance of witness before the Texas Liquor Control Board). The same idea — some-' what blended with that of due process. — is found in Ex parte Landry, in which the Court of Criminal Appeals leaned expressly on pur Texas- “Bill of Rights” provision that in all criminal prosecutions the accused, “shall have the right to demand the nature and cause- of the accusation against him, and, to have a copy thereof.” Art. 1, Sec. 10, Const.Vernon’s Ann.St. (the .preceding sentence of which, guarantees “the accused” trial by jury).

There are, indeed, obvious similarities between' contempt proceedings and criminal proceedings, in that some of .the former involve, in a sense, punishment, and all of them involve actually or potentially the restraint of the body of the contempt defendant as distinguished from the more usual civil procedure of appropriating his property by execution. In this sense even classical civil processes such as mandamus bear ultimate resemblance to the criminal law. On the other hand there are equally obvious differences. The prime, object of bodily restraint in- many, no doubt most, contempt proceedings is simply the enforcement of a limited class of civil or procedural judicial orders or judgments, although a consequence of disobedience may be in terms of punishment, accompanied or not accompanied with duration of confinement until the violated order should be complied with. Even in cases such as disorderly conduct in the courtroom, the object of the corresponding punishment is largely one of enabling the court to perform its regular functions as distinguished from the protection of society as a whole; and thus in our elaborate codes of criminal law and procedure we find no provision defining contempt in terms of'crime or (with exception of Art. 666-7, supra) prescribing machinery-for its prosecution, even as to cases wherein the idea of punishment is more conspicuous than that of mere enforcement of some prior court order. On the contrary, the instances wherein contempt is mentioned, for example, Art. 40, Vernon’s Tex. Code Crim.Proc., rather clearly refrain from confusing it with crime. Sec. 10 of the Bill of Rights mentioned above *in*connection with Ex parte Landry, specifies no-method of procedure for contempt cases, and, with its various requirements such as trial by jury, rather clearly refers only criminal prosecutions in the ordinary sense. Doubtless one of several important reasons-for requiring a complaint or indictment and verification thereof as the initial and a jurisdictional step in criminal prosecutions is that the complaint is generally followed automatically by the bodily apprehension of the accused, who thus suffers at least a-temporary 'loss of liberty, with all the attendant. inconvenience and embarrassment, without a previous opportunity to defend himself. While one cannot say that attach*157ments of the person are foreign to the initial stages of contempt proceedings, they are-unlikely to occur except when the defendant fails to appear in response to service of a rule *nisi*or show cause order apprising him of the charges. In this connection it is perhaps noteworthy that Rule 692, supra, which requires an affidavit of accusation. in all cases of contempt for disobedience of an injunction, authorizes attachment of the.person of the defendant in lieu of a show cause order.

It is our view that the -question before us is to be resolved not on a concept of jurisdiction judicially borrowed from the detailed requirements of our written law .for criminal prosecutions, but on the broader ground of due process. In Ex parte Ratliff, 117 Tex. 325, 3 S.W.2d 406, 57 A.L.R. 541 (in which notice of a hearing of a motion to, dissolve a restraining order directed against Ratliff was held not to .be notice adequate to sustain a contempt judgment against him for violation of the order) Justice Greenwood, though citing, some of the above-mentioned decisions of the Court of Criminal Appeals, spoke altogether in terms of due process based on proper notice and hearing of the contempt charge. That no complaint had been filed was evidently considered important only for its bearing on the broader matter of notice.

Prior to Ex parte White we had evidently decided that due process did not require a complaint- in - cases where the court itself should in effect make the charge by issuing a show cause order, give notice by timely service of-the latter and in due course afford a proper hearing. Rule 308A, Tex.R.Civ.Proc., reaffirmed in Ex parte Nix, 149 Tex. 267, 231 S.W.2d 411, certiorari denied, 340 U.S. 840, 71 S.Ct. 28, 95 L. Ed. 616, expressly provides for such a procedure-in. cases of contempt for failure to comply with child support orders, and our action in adopting this provision of the rule is clearly inconsistent with a contrary view of due process. The effect of this action on our part -is not. offset by our above-mentioned requirement in Rule 692. Wé might well have considered the complaint desirable in that instance although due process didr-not require it or, what is perhaps more likely* we' felt that the provision for irm mediate attachment of the -person of the contempt defendant by way of citing him to appear, whi-le itself desirable from some standpoints, should yet be accompanied by additional • safeguards. Rule 308A has no such provision, although we do not mean to suggest that it forbids attachment of the defendant in cases such as one in which he should fail to appear in response to the show cause order.

And, as indicated in Ex parte White, the pronouncements of our courts have not invariably followed the view of that decision and of the Duncan and Landry cases, that a formal complaint is required in instances of constructive contempt like the present. The language in Ex parte Hill, 122 Tex. 80, 82, 52 S.W.2d 367, 368, indicates that in that case (contempt by an attorney in appearing late, for a trial) although the. contempt was considered as constructive, and no complaint had been filed, the punishment might .have been- sustained, had a show cause 'order bpen issued and duly served. Similar expressions are found in Ex parte Pyle, 134 Tex. 14.8, 133 S.W.2d 565. While evidently a substantial number of courts of other jurisdictions consider the rule *nisi*or show cause procedure no substitute for a formal complaint, several take the view we now take that it is. Baumgartner v. Joughin, 107 Fla. 858, 143 So. 436; Hunter v. State, 251 Ala. 11, 37 So.2d 276; In re Fletcher, 71 App.D.C. 108, 107 F.2d 666. In the Baumgartner case [107 Fla. 858, 141⁄8 So. 437], it was said:

> “The gist of the offense was stated in the rule nisi, which operates as the- . charge. How the circuit judge arrived at the basis of this -charge, whether by testimony taken in .chambers, personal view, or hearsay report, is utterly immaterial to the validity of a subsequent-commitment for Contempt which the record -shows was .duly heard and deter- . mined against contemnor after a ‘full’' . hearing, with opportunity to him to defend.”

*158As first above indicated, we hold that, upon the record, including particularly the show cause order, its timely service and an adequate hearing, the contempt judgment is valid, notwithstanding nonverification of the complaint. As this holding departs to greater or less degree from the decisions listed in the second paragraph of this opinion, the latter must be deemed to that extent no longer controlling. Relator, Harvey Winfree, is remanded to the custody of the sheriff of Freestone county.