United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued November 30, 2017

Decided December 27, 2017

Before

FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

JOHN Z. LEE, District Judge*

No. 16‐3919

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

KEVIN PETTIS,

Defendant‐Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Central District of Illinois.

No. 2:16‐cr‐20002

Colin S. Bruce, Judge.

O R D E R

Kevin Pettis was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm. He appeals

the denial of a motion to suppress the gun which police discovered in his apartment after

obtaining a warrant. We conclude that the warrant issued to search the apartment was

based on probable cause, and that, even if it wasn’t, the police relied on the issuance of

the warrant in good faith. Either way, suppression was not appropriate, so we affirm the

judgment below.

                                                 

* The Honorable John Z. Lee of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting

by designation.

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 16‐3919    Page 2

I. Background

In the early morning hours of July 7, 2013, police responded to a call from the

Oakwood Trace apartment complex in Champaign, Illinois. The caller, Shaleke Russell,

told the police that she had been in an argument with Kevin Pettis in the parking lot of

the apartment complex. Russell said that when she pulled out her phone to call the police,

Pettis jumped in his tan Chevy Tahoe and drove away, firing one gunshot out the

window as he left. From Russell’s description of where the shot was fired, the police were

able to discover a single shell casing in that area of the parking lot. Russell also reported

that the Tahoe’s license plate number was P686094, although she said she was unsure

about the final two numbers.

While one officer was meeting with Russell in the parking lot of Oakwood Trace,

another went to Pettis’s last known address, an apartment complex about two miles away

at 407 South State Street. That officer observed a black male in the common grassy area

in the middle of the U‐shaped apartment building. The officer pulled into the complex’s

parking lot and noticed a tan Tahoe bearing Illinois tag P686056, which matched all but

the last two digits of Russell’s report. He felt the hood and noticed it was warm, indicating

that it had just been driven. Then other officers notified him that they had tracked down

Pettis a block away from the apartments. The officer who first located Pettis identified

the man in custody as the same person he had seen in the common area. Pettis, however,

did not have a gun when he was arrested.

Police then contacted the landlord at the South State apartments. The landlord said

that Pettis had moved from apartment #1 to apartment #5 after his first apartment was

damaged in a fire. The police observed that the lights were on in apartment #5, but

nobody answered when they knocked on the door. Given the timing of the events, the

officers believed that Pettis may have had time to enter his apartment in order to store

the gun he had fired in the Oakwood Trace parking lot. So they decided to seek a search

warrant for both the Tahoe and the apartment.

In the morning (only about four hours after the police had been called), officers

brought two affidavits (one each for the Tahoe and the apartment) to the home of a state

judge in order to seek warrants. In relevant part, the affidavits stated that: (1) the police

received a report of a shot fired at Oakwood Trace; (2) Russell told an officer that she saw

Pettis, whom she knew by sight, fire a gun in the air as he drove off in a Chevy Tahoe

with Illinois tag P686056; (3) police found a single shell casing near the spot where Russell

told them the gun had been fired; (4) an officer located Pettis in the common area at the
No. 16‐3919    Page 3

South State apartments minutes later; (5) the landlord confirmed that Pettis currently

leases apartment #5; (6) the Chevy Tahoe was at the apartment complex and was hot to

the touch; and (7) Pettis had the keys to the Tahoe in his possession when he was arrested.

On these representations, the state judge issued the warrants. Police subsequently found

in apartment #5 the gun that is the subject of this appeal.

A grand jury indicted Pettis on the felon‐in‐possession charge. Pettis then moved

to suppress the gun on the ground that the police lacked probable cause to obtain a

warrant. He first submitted an affidavit in which he declared that he no longer lived at

the South State apartments and that apartment #5 was used as storage and open to anyone

who wished to enter. The government then argued that Pettis’s affidavit established that

he lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the apartment. In response, he submitted

a second affidavit in which he swore that he was paying rent for the apartment and that

nobody was permitted to enter without his permission. The district court found that the

two affidavits were contradictory and disregarded the second affidavit. As a result, the

court concluded that Pettis lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the apartment.

The court further held that even if Pettis had a reasonable expectation of privacy,

probable cause existed for a warrant to search the apartment. Therefore, the court denied

his motion to suppress. A jury then convicted him of the single count and he was

sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. He appeals the denial of the suppression motion.

II. Discussion

The district court denied Pettis’s motion to suppress on two independent grounds,

but we will assume without deciding that Pettis had a reasonable expectation of privacy

in apartment #5. That’s because even if he did have an expectation of privacy, the warrant

issued to search apartment #5 for the gun Pettis fired in the parking lot at Oakwood Trace

was issued upon probable cause. Moreover, even if probable cause were slightly lacking,

the affidavits supporting the warrants (one each for the Tahoe and the apartment) were

not so deficient that the executing officers could not in good faith rely on the issued

warrants. We take these issues in turn.

While the district court’s judgment on the question of probable cause is not entitled

to deference, we do give “‘great deference’ to the conclusion of the judge who initially

issued the warrant.” United States v. Garcia, 528 F.3d 481, 485 (7th Cir. 2008) (quoting

United States v. McIntire, 516 F.3d 576, 578 (7th Cir. 2008)). We defer to the state judge’s

decision to issue the warrant so long as “there is ‘substantial evidence in the record’ that

supports [the state judge’s] decision.” United States v. Curry, 538 F.3d 718, 729 (7th Cir.
No. 16‐3919    Page 4

2008) (quoting United States v. Koerth, 312 F.3d 862, 865 (7th Cir. 2002)). That substantial

evidence must support the conclusion that “there is a fair probability that contraband or

evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Koerth, 312 F.3d at 866 (quoting

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983)). The state judge “‘is entitled to draw reasonable

inferences about where evidence is likely to be kept,’ and he ‘need only conclude that it

would be reasonable to seek the evidence in the place indicated in the affidavit.’” Curry,

538 F.3d at 729 (quoting United States v. Sleet, 54 F.3d 303, 306 (7th Cir. 1995)).

Here, the affidavits the police submitted to the state judge included more than

enough evidence for the judge to infer that the gun would be inside either the Chevy

Tahoe or apartment #5. According to the affidavits, Pettis fired the shot at Oakwood Trace

and then was spotted minutes later in the common area at the South State apartments,

with the still‐warm Tahoe in the parking lot. He was then apprehended without the gun

one block from the South State apartment building. Pettis admits there was probable

cause to believe that he fired the gun. From this, a reasonable judge could infer that the

gun (since it was not with Pettis when he was arrested) was probably in either the

apartment or the Tahoe.   

That’s true even though there was a small mistake in the affidavits—the police

represented to the state judge that the Tahoe’s true license plate number was the number

Russell had reported, even though she had gotten the final two digits wrong. Like the

district court, we think this seemingly inadvertent error was not “significant enough to

negate a finding of probable cause.” Nor are we troubled by the fact that Pettis was seen

at the South State apartments just a few minutes after the shot was fired, even though

Google maps indicates that it normally takes seven minutes to drive between the two

apartment buildings. As the district court explained, the events in question happened

around three in the morning, so it is certainly plausible that Pettis could have driven from

Oakwood Trace to South State in less than seven minutes. In sum, we agree with the

district court that the state judge had probable cause to issue the warrant to search the

apartment.

Even if we were to doubt the state judge’s probable‐cause finding, the good‐faith

exception to the exclusionary rule would save the evidence in this case. United States v.

Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 920–23 (1984). Under the exception, we presume that the executing

officers relied in good faith on the state judge’s decision to issue a warrant. The defendant

may overcome this presumption by showing that (1) the issuing judge was misled by

information in the warrant application that the warrant affiant knew to be false or would

have known was false but for his reckless disregard for the truth, (2) the judge wholly
No. 16‐3919    Page 5

abandoned his neutral and detached role in issuing the warrant, or (3) the warrant was

so deficient on its face that the officers executing the warrant could not reasonably

presume the warrant to be valid. Id. at 923. Pettis argues that the affidavits’ inclusion of

an incorrect license plate number and theirfailure to account forthe normal seven‐minute

driving time between the two apartments render them misleading. But as we have

already said, the license plate mistake was trivial (and probably a simple typo), and the

timing of Pettis’s trip could have plausibly been much quicker than seven minutes. So we

agree with the district court that nothing was included in the warrant application that

would have misled the state judge and induced him to issue a warrant that otherwise

shouldn’t have been issued.   

Nor can Pettis show a lack of good‐faith reliance based on the other two Leon

prongs. There has been no serious argument that the state judge abandoned his role as a

neutral arbiter when he issued the warrant. Speculation that the judge was acting as a

“rubber stamp” without more is insufficient to overcome the presumption that judges are

neutral decision‐makers. Finally, given that a federal judge has already found that the

warrant was supported by probable cause, we cannot say that it was so deficient on its

face that no officer could presume that it was valid. Even if we are ultimately wrong about

the merits of the probable‐cause finding, a federal judge has upheld it. The police

generally cannot be required to know the law better than federal judges, so in most cases

a well‐reasoned district court opinion supporting the state judge’s probable‐cause

determination will indicate that the executing officers were justified in relying on the

issuance of the warrant. That is the case here. Thus, we conclude that the exclusionary

rule wouldn’t bar admission of the gun even if the warrant lacked probable cause.

   

III. Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, the district court properly denied Pettis’s motion to

suppress the gun he fired in the air at the Oakwood Trace parking lot.   

AFFIRMED