J-A22036-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT

OF PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

JUDITH ANNE KOZLOWSKI 

Appellant No. 77 MDA 2020

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered December 10, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County

Criminal Division at No: CP-06-SA-0000448-2019

BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., STABILE, J., and MURRAY, J.:

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 19, 2020

Appellant, Judith Anne Kozlowski, appeals from the judgment of 

sentence the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County entered December 10, 

2019. Upon review, we affirm.

The trial court summarized the factual background as follows.

On July 3, 2019, Isabella Sanchez was living with her father, Mr. 

Conan Sanchez, at Mr. Sanchez’ apartment[.] Isabella Sanchez 

[(“Isabella”)] is the maternal granddaughter of Appellant[.] Mr. 

Conan Sanchez is Isabella’s father and Appellant’s former son-inlaw. Appellant had never lived at the apartment and had never 

previously entered the apartment. Mr. Sanchez additionally 

testified that Appellant did not have permission to be in his 

apartment.

At some point during the day, Appellant had been trying to get a 

hold of her granddaughter, Isabella. Appellant could not reach 

her granddaughter by phone and decided that she was going to 

come to the apartment and confront Isabella. The controversy 

surrounded Isabella’s decision to go back to college and the 

payment of those classes.
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Upon arriving at the apartment, Appellant went to the rear patio 

door and began knocking. Isabella and her father both credibly 

testified that neither one of them invited Appellant into the 

apartment. Mr. Sanchez specifically testified that Appellant 

stated: “[I]f you’re not going to come out, I’m going to come in.” 

Appellant entered the apartment and began to have a 

conversation with her granddaughter, Isabella. The conversation 

quickly turned into a verbal confrontation wherein Appellant was 

verbally attacking her granddaughter.

Within a matter of sixty (60) seconds, Isabella became very upset 

and Mr. Sanchez demanded that Appellant leave the apartment, 

Appellant remained in the apartment for nearly 15-20 minutes and 

refused to leave; Mr. Sanchez told Appellant to leave 

approximately three (3) or four (4) times. Despite these 

demands, Appellant refused to leave and Mr. Sanchez testified 

that he was about to call the police.

At this point in the confrontation, Appellant threatened, and did in 

fact, call 911. Appellant testified that the reason she did not leave 

was because Mr. Sanchez positioned his body in such a manner 

that prevented her from leaving. Interestingly, however, 

Appellant further testified that “as long as I was talking to the 

dispatch lady, I felt safe that I could walk out of the apartment. I 

told him close your own damn door.” At some point, Appellant 

voluntarily walked out of the apartment and then waited for the 

police to arrive.

Regarding the inability to leave the apartment, Isabella and her 

father testified credibly that Appellant was told on several 

occasions to leave. Mr. Sanchez admitted that, although the 

conversation got heated, the front door was directly behind 

Appellant and he never blocked her pathway to leave. Appellant 

testified that, although the door was directly behind her, she did 

not see the door.

Officer Brian MacIntyre was called to the stand and testified that 

he arrived on the scene and spoke to Isabella and Conan Sanchez, 

as well as Appellant. Officer MacIntyre testified that he took a 

report based on their statements. When asked about the 

testimonies of Isabella and Conan Sanchez, Officer MacIntyre 

stated that both of their testimonies “mirrored” what they told him 

on July 3, 2019 at the scene. When asked about the testimony of 
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Appellant, however, Officer MacIntyre testified that Appellant 

never told him that she was unable to leave. . . .

Trial Court Opinion, 2/27/20, at 2-4 (citations to the record and footnote 

omitted).

The procedural background can be summarized as follows. Following 

the incident described above, on July 28, 2019, Appellant was cited with 

defiant trespass under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3503(b)(1)(i). On September 4, 2019, 

Appellant was found guilty of the charge by Magisterial District Judge Eric 

Taylor, following a hearing at which she was represented by counsel. A timely 

appeal followed. 

On December 10, 2019, the Court of Common Pleas held a de novo trial, 

at the conclusion of which Appellant was found guilty as charged and 

sentenced to pay a $25 fine and court costs. Appellant was represented by 

counsel before the Court of Common Pleas. This appeal followed. 

We begin by noting our standard of review. Where the trial court has 

heard a case de novo, we must determine whether the findings of fact are 

supported by competent evidence or any error of law has occurred. See, e.g., 

Commonwealth v. Kaufman, 849 A.2d 1258, 1259 (Pa. Super. 2004). “We 

will not disturb the lower court action on appeal absent a manifest abuse of 

discretion.” Commonwealth v. Gray, 514 A.2d 621, 622 (Pa. Super. 1986) 

(citing Commonwealth v. Gussey, 466 A.2d 219, 221 (Pa. Super. 1983)). 

We recognize that Appellant presents several claims for our review. 

First, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. When considering 
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a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence 

presented in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the verdict winner, 

and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom. Kaufman, supra. We must 

then determine whether the evidence was sufficient to permit the fact-finder 

to conclude that each and every element of the crimes charged was proven 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Any question of doubt is for the fact-finder, 

unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no 

probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances. Id. 

“A person commits an offense if, knowing that he is not licensed or 

privileged to do so, he enters or remains in any place as to which notice 

against trespass is given by . . . actual communication to the actor[.]” 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3503(b)(1)(i). “Thus in order to establish a violation it is 

necessary to prove that the defendant: 1) entered or remained upon property 

without a right to do so; 2) while knowing that he had no license or privilege 

to be on the property; and 3) after receiving direct or indirect notice against 

trespass. The crime of defiant trespass thus includes an element of intent or 

mens rea.” Commonwealth v. Namack, 663 A.2d 191, 194 (Pa. Super. 

1995).

Appellant argues that: (i) she reasonably believed that she had been 

invited to enter Isabella’s apartment through acquiescence by Isabella or 

through express consent of Mr. Sanchez, (ii) Mr. Sanchez prevented her from 

leaving the apartment, and (iii) she did not hold any malicious motive in 

wanting to interact with Isabella or Mr. Sanchez. 
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The trial court, however, sitting as fact-finder, 

[c]redit[ed] the believable testimony of Isabella Sanchez and 

Conan Sanchez that at no time was Appellant authorized to enter. 

Indeed, Appellant’s own testimony contradicts her assertions 

when she stated: “I went in against my will because I had to go 

in there to talk to [Isabella], if I wanted to talk to [Isabella].” 

Moreover, to the extent that there exists any question of whether 

she was initially permitted into the apartment, [the trial court] 

fully credits the testimony of the victims, together with Officer 

Brian MacIntyre, who credibly testified that Appellant was told to 

leave on several occasions; she refused to do so; Mr. Sanchez did 

not block Appellant from leaving; and Appellant never told Officer 

MacIntyre that Mr. Sanchez physically prevented her from exiting 

the residence. Such testimony is likewise sufficient to establish 

that Appellant remained in the “place as to which notice against 

trespass” was actually given. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3503(b)(1)(i). 

Trial Court Opinion, 2/27/20, at 14 (citations to the record omitted) (emphasis 

in original). 

Regarding the motives for engaging Isabella and/or Mr. Sanchez, the 

trial court noted that “although her motives may have been laudable,” id. at 

15, Appellant’s motives are “entirely irrelevant when it comes to the much 

larger question of whether she was told to leave and why she did not leave.” 

Id. We agree. Additionally, we reject Appellant’s attempt to equate bona 

fide, reasonable mistake of fact (not alleged here), which under certain 

circumstances may operate to negate the element of criminal intent, with bona 

fide motives. Mistake and motive are two separate, distinct concepts. Even 

if there was a mistake as to whether Appellant had been invited to enter the 

apartment, it is undisputed that Appellant was asked to leave and Appellant 
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failed to do so. As also noted by the trial court, remaining in the apartment

after being told to leave is sufficient to prove defiant trespass by Appellant. 

We conclude, therefore, that the facts, as found and recounted by the 

trial court, are supported in the record and we detect no error in the trial 

court’s conclusions. Accordingly, Appellant is entitled to no relief on her 

sufficiency of the evidence claim. 

Next, Appellant challenges the weight of evidence, as assessed by the 

trial court, sitting as fact-finder. Regardless of whether the instant claim is 

waived,1it is well-established that it is not our role to reassess the weight of 

the evidence. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. 

Super 2012). Appellant is entitled to no relief on her weight of the evidence 

claim.

Next, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in “limiting witness 

testimony for Appellant.” Appellant’s Brief at 8. The record shows that 

Appellant repeatedly attempted to undermine Mr. Sanchez by seeking to 

proffer evidence about Mr. Sanchez’s prior non-payment of child support, his 

temper, and about an alleged deal between Mr. Sanchez and his ex-wife 

(Appellant’s daughter), which called for Mr. Sanchez dropping charges against 

Appellant in exchange for ex-wife not pursuing child support obligations 

____________________________________________

1 Appellant failed to raise a timely and proper challenge to the weight of the 

evidence, as per Pa.R.Crim.P. 607. 
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against Mr. Sanchez. Appellant claims that the failure by the trial court to 

allow “favorable” answers to certain questions violated her due process rights. 

The trial court rejected the claim, noting that Appellant’s attempts at 

damaging Mr. Sanchez’s reputation were not relevant as to whether Appellant 

had committed defiant trespass. We agree. See Pa.R.E. 401 (“Evidence is 

relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than 

it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in 

determining the action.”).

Additionally, the evidentiary claim is waived. First, counsel for 

Appellant did not object to the rulings at the time of the proceedings. Failure 

to do so results in waiver. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Griffin, 684 A.2d 

589, 595 (Pa. Super. 1996) (“A failure to object to an offer of evidence at the 

time the offer is made, assigning the grounds [for objection], is a waiver upon 

appeal of any ground of complaint against its admission”) (citation omitted). 

Second, Appellant failed to explain in her brief how the trial court erred in 

concluding that the proffered testimony was irrelevant. Indeed, absent any 

argument to the contrary, we agree with the trial court that the proffered 

testimony was irrelevant, and, as such, inadmissible. 

Next, Appellant argues that she was unlawfully arrested. This issue was 

not raised before the trial court. Rather, Appellant raises it for the first time 

on appeal. However, we do not address issues raised for the first time on 

appeal. Accordingly, Appellant’s challenge to the legality of her arrest is 
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waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Additionally, we would reach the same 

conclusion on another ground. While the issue is mentioned among the 

questions for our review, Appellant failed to address it in the argument section 

of her brief. 

Finally, Appellant claims the Commonwealth, during her crossexamination, “somehow coerced [her] into providing misleading and/or false 

testimony. She concludes that this testimony was harmful to her case. It is 

Appellant’s belief that this somehow violate[d] her Fifth Amendment Privilege 

against self-incrimination.” Trial Court Opinion, 2/27/20, at 7. No relief is 

due.

First, the claim was raised for the first time on appeal, not at the time 

of her testimony. Accordingly, the claim is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). 

Second, even if not waived, it has no merit. “In this regard, a defendant 

who takes the witness stand to testify waives the privilege against selfincrimination to the extent of relevant cross-examination.” Trial Court 

Opinion, 2/27/20, at 7 (citing Mitchell v. United States, 526 U.S. 314, 321-

322 (1999)). To the extent Appellant argues that the Commonwealth 

compelled her to make her self-incriminating statements, the clam is without 

merit. “The Fifth Amendment privilege is not self-executing, and answers are 

generally not considered compelled ‘within the meaning of the Fifth 

Amendment unless the witness is required to answer over his valid claim of 
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the privilege.’” Commonwealth v. Knoble, 42 A.3d 976, 979 (Pa. 2012) 

(quoting Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 426 (1984)).

Because all claims raised here are either meritless or waived, we affirm 

the judgment of sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/19/2020