21

- 2042

- cv SEC v. Rio Tinto United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

A UGUST TERM 2021 No. 2 1

- 2042

S ECURITIES AND E XCHANGE C OMMISSION , Plaintiff

- Appellant ,

v.
R IO T INTO PLC , R IO T INTO L IMITED , T HOMAS A LBANESE , AND G UY R OBERT E LLIOT T , Defendants

- Appellees

. A RGUED : M AY 19, 2022 D ECIDED : J ULY 15 , 2022
O N R EVIEW OF AN I NTERLOCUTORY O RDER OF THE U NITED S TATES D ISTRICT C OURT FOR THE S OUTHERN D ISTRICT OF N EW Y ORK

Before: JACOBS, WESLEY, NARDINI , Circuit Judges

. On this interlocutory appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Torres, J.) , w e consider whether Lentell v. Merrill Lynch & Co. , 396 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2005), on which the district court relied to
hold that misstatement s and omissions alone do not suffice for scheme liability
under Rule 10b

- 5(a) and (c) , has retained its vitality after the Supreme Court ’s2 decision in Lorenzo v. SEC , 139 S. Ct. 1094 (2019), which held that dissemination
of a false statement could sustain a scheme liability claim . We conclude that
Lentell remains sound

. A ffirmed

.

____________________ E MILY T RUE P ARISE , Senior Litigation Counsel ( Dan M. Berkovitz , General Counsel; Michael A. Conley, Solicitor; Dominick V. Freda, Assistant General Counsel; Hope Hall Augustini, Martin Totaro, Senior Litigation Counsel , on the brief ), Securities & Exchange Commission, Washington, D.C. for Plaintiff

- Appellant

. T HOMAS H. D UPREE J R
. , Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP , Washington, D.C. ( Mark A. Kirsch, Jennifer L. Conn, Avi Weitzman, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, New York, NY ; Mark A. Perry, Rich ard W. Grime, Kellam M. Conover, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Washington, D.C., on the brief ), for Defendants

- Appellees Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited

. S ARAH L. L EVINE , Jones Day, Washington, D.C. ( James P. Loonam, Jones Day, New York, NY; Matthew J. Rubenstein, Jones Day, Minneapolis, MN , on the brief ), for Defendan t

- Appellee Thomas Albanese

. K ANNON K. S HANMUGAM , Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Washington, D.C. ( Theodore V. Wells, Jr., Walter G. Ricciardi, Geoffrey R. Chepiga, Livia Fine, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY , on the brief ), for Defendant

Appellee Guy Robert Elliot t

. Tara S. Morrissey, U.S. Chamber Litigation Center, Washington, D.C.; Carter G. Phillips, Kwaku A.3 Akowuah, Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, D.C.; Eamon P. Joyce, James R. Horner, Sidley Austin LLP, New York, NY, for Amicus Curiae Chamber of Commerce of the U nited States of America

. Jeffrey S. Bucholtz, Marisa C. Maleck, King & Spalding LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae Law Professors Joseph Grundfest, Todd Henderson, Adam Pritchard, Andrew Vollmer, and Karen Woody

.

D ENNIS J ACOBS , Circuit Judge : The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) brought scheme liability claims in a 2017 enforcement action against Rio Tinto plc , Rio Tinto Limited, and
its CEO and CFO , pursuant to Rule 10b

- 5(a) and (c), promulgated under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), and pursuant to Section 17(a)(1) and (3) of the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”)

. 1 Citing Lentell v. Merrill Lynch & Co. , 396 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2005) (“ Lentell ”), t he United
States District Court for the So uthern District of New York (Torres, J.) dismissed the scheme liability claims in a March 2019 order ( the “Dismissal Order”) on the ground that the conduct alleged constituted misstatements and omissions only ,

1 For brevity, throughout this opinion, these provisions are referred to as “Rule 10b

- 5” and “Section 17(a)” without reference to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.4 and is therefore an insufficient basis for scheme liability. See SEC v. Rio Tinto plc , No. 17 Civ. 7994, 2019 WL 1244933, at *15

– 16 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2019). In 2020, the SEC urged the district court to reconsider the dismissal in light of the Supreme Court’s intervening decision in Lorenzo v. SEC , 139 S. Ct. 1094 (2019) (“ Lorenzo ”) , which held that an individual who disseminated a false
statement (but did not make it ) could be liable under the scheme subsections. Id.
at 1100 . In the SEC’s view, Lorenzo expanded the scop e of scheme liability so that allegations of misstatements and omissions alone are sufficient to state a scheme liability claim. The district court denied reconsideration

. See SEC v. Rio Tinto plc , No. 17 Civ. 7994, 2021 WL 818745, at * 1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2021).
Lorenzo observes that the subsections of Rule 10b

- 5 and Section 17(a) are not hermetically sealed. O n this interlocutory appeal, the SEC contends that Lorenzo thereby abrogates Lentell

. We disagree. While Lorenzo acknowledges that there
is leakage between and among the three subsections of each provision , the
divisions between the subsections remain distinct . Until further guidance from the Supreme Court ( or i n banc consideration here ) , Lentell binds: misstatements
and omissions can form part of a scheme liability claim, but an actionable scheme5 liability claim also requires something beyond misstatements and omissions , such
as dissemination . Accordingly, we affirm.

I The question presented on appeal is whether misstatements and
omissions

-- without more

-- can support scheme liability pursuant to Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b

- 5(a) and (c) promulgated thereunder, and Securities Act Section 17(a)(1) and (3)

. The answer lies in the int er play of the
three subsections of Rule 10b

- 5 , and the interplay of the three subsections of Section 17(a)

. Rule 10b

- 5 and Section 17(a), which largely mirror each other , both

c onsist of a “misstatement subsection” that is sandwiched between two “scheme
subsections

. ”
Rule 10b

- 5 provides : It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, by the use of any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce, or of the mails or of any facility of any national securities exchange, (a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud, (b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the6 circumstance s under which they were made, not misleading, or (c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security. 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b

- 5. As clarified in Janus Capital Gr oup , Inc. v. First Derivative
Traders , 564 U.S. 135 (2011) (“ Janus ”) , only the “maker” of a misstatement, i.e. , the person with ultimate aut hority over the statement, can have primary liability
under Rule 10b

- 5(b). Id. at 142. Section 17(a) provides: It shall be unlawful for any person in the offer or sale of any securities (including security

- based swaps) or any security

- based swap agree ment

. . . by the use of any means or instruments of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or by use of the mails, directly or indirectly

— (1) to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud, or (2) to obtain money or property by mean s of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; or (3) to engage in any transaction, practice, o r course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon the purchaser.7 15 U.S.C. § 77q. 2
I I The following background is based on the district court’s recitation of the
facts , as supplemented by allegations in the complaint. In April 2011, defendants Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto L imited (together, “Rio Tinto”) acquired an exploratory coal mine in Mozambique (the “Mine”). The Mine’s $3.7 billion purchase price was premised on assumptions that the
Mine would produce a certain volume and quality of coal , that the majority of
the coal could be barged down the Zambezi River , and that the rest could be transported by existing rail infrastructure

. Over the ensuing months, the defenda nts learned that the coal quality was
poorer than expected; that the Mozambican government would not permit transport of the co al by barge ; and that the transport of coal by rail would require infrastructure costing upwards of $16 billion

-- and might not be permitted in any
event

. At a meeting in Brisbane on May 11, 2012, management from the Mine

2 Janus applies to Rule 10b

- 5(b), and therefore it is not directly applicable to

“ Section 17(a)(2), which does not explicitly predicate liability on having ‘made’ a statement.” See SEC v. Knight , 694 F. App’x 853, 85 6 n.2 (2d Cir. 2017), as amended (June 7, 2017 ).8 informed CEO Thomas Albanese and CFO Guy Robert Elliot t that , based on the
various emerging obstacles, the Mine’s net present value was negative $680
million. ( Albanese and Ellio t t are defendants in this action, along with Rio
Tinto. ) In the months before and after the Brisbane meeting , Rio Tinto was issuing financial statements and preparing auditing papers . The complaint alleges that
these documents contained false statements and omissions , including representations about transportation options and the amount and quality of coal

res erves . I mportantly , the SEC alleges that none of the documents disclosed that the Mine’s valuation was impaired :

• The 201 1 Annual Report, signed by Albanese and Ellio t t and filed with the SEC in March 2012, valued the Mine at its $3.7 billion acquisition price

.
• A bond offering floated on the New York Stock Exchange that same month incorporated the 2011 Annual Report by reference.

• Rio Tinto’s Controller’s Group (“Controller”) consolidated the information from the Mine for review during Audit Committee meetings , which were attended by Rio Tinto’s independent auditors , as well as by Albanese and Elliot t

. Neither the First Controller’s Paper (generated in advance of the June 18, 2012 Audit Committee meeting) nor the Second Controller’s Paper (generated in advance of the July 30, 2012 Audit Committee meeting) identified impairment indicators or record ed an impairment.

• Rio Tinto submitted an “ Impairment Paper ” directly to its independent auditor s , which likewise did not record an impairment or identify an impairment indicator

.9 • The Audit Committee and the independent au ditors relied on the Controller’s Papers and the Impairment Paper to decide whether to impair the Mine

. T h us the Half Year 2012 Report (“HY2012 Report”) , filed with the SEC on August 9, 2012 , and signed by Albanese and Elliot t , carried the Mine at a value of over $3 billion.

• Rio Tinto issued $3 billion in bonds a few days later , and the offering s incorporated the HY2012 Report and the 2011 Annual Report.

• The Third Controller’s Paper ( togethe r with the First and Second Controller’s Papers and the Impairment Paper, the “Papers”), which was prepared in advance of the November 26, 2012 Audit Committee meeting , likewise indicated a recoverable value of $4 to $5 billion (which meant that no impairm ent was likely to be required). For their part, Rio Tinto’s in

- house valuation team disagreed with the

over - $3 billion valuation

. In August 2012, the team initiated a review that valued the Mine in the range of negative “ $4.9 billion to $300 million. ” Joint App’x 82 ¶ 151. In late 2012, the head of the valuation team informed Albanese and El l iot t about the shrunken valuation, and then informed the Chairman of Rio Tinto’s
Board

. Following an investigation , at a meeting on January 15, 2013, the Board approved an 80 percent impairment, valuing the Mine at $611 million. In 2014, Rio Tinto again impaired the Mine , this time to $119 million

. In October 2014,
the Mine was sold for $50 million.10 II I
A The SEC brought this twelve

- count enforcement action on October 17,
2017 , alleging that Rio Tinto should have taken an impairment on the Mine earlier than it did, and that the Papers, SEC filings, and the defendants failed to
disclose the setbacks , or timely correct the valuation. At issue now are counts one and three, which allege that the defendants violated Rule 10b

- 5 and Section 17(a), respectively, by making fraudulent misstatement s and omissions and by engaging in a scheme to defraud.
With respect to the misstatement s and omission s claims, the SEC cite d the 2011 Annual Report, the HY2012 Report, the Papers, the bond offerings, and
statements made during various meetings and investor calls. With respect to the
claims of scheme liability, the SEC cited corruption of the auditing process

-- specifically, the failure to correct statements made to the Audit Committee and
auditors

. The defendants moved to dismiss counts one and three for failure to
state a claim on which relief can b e granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
R elevant to this appeal is the dismissal of the scheme liability claims

. Citing Lentell , the Dismissal Order ruled that scheme liability does not exist11 when “the sole basis for such claims is alleged misrepresentations or omissions , ”
and that here, all of the allege d “actions” and “conduct” forming the basis for
scheme liability were misstatement s or omissions

. SEC v. Rio Tinto plc , No. 17
C iv . 7994, 2019 WL 1244933, at *15

– 16 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2019) (dismissing the
scheme liability claims alleged pursuant to Rule 10b

- 5( a ) and (c) ) ; see also id. at
*16 (dismissing the scheme liability claims alleged pursuant to Section 17(a)(1) and (3) for the same reasons). The district court pointed to certain examples of
these misstatement s and omissions, which includ ed the 2011 Annual Report, statements in the bond offerings, false statements to shareholders, and the failure
to disclose information learned at the Brisbane m eeting. Id. 3 About a week after the Dismissal Order issued , the Supreme Court held in
Lorenzo that an individual who disseminated a false statement, but who did not make it, could be liable under the scheme subsections

. 139 S. Ct. at 1100. The

3 The district court also dismissed most of the misstatement s and omission s claims that were alleged pursuant to the misstatement subsections ( Rule 10b

- 5(b) and Section 17(a)(2) )

. But t he district court did not dismiss a narrow swathe of misstatemen t s alleged pursuant to Rule 10b

- 5(b), which Albanese made after the meeting in Brisbane. The district court also sustained the part of the Section 17(a)(2) claim seeking injunctive relief against Rio Tinto with respect to the HY2012 Report and August 2012 bond offering documents . These claims are being litigated in the district court.12 SEC moved to reconsider the dismissal of the scheme liability claims , arguing that Lorenzo expanded the scope of the scheme subsections such that
misstatement s and omissions alone could form the basis for scheme liability.
The district cou rt declined to reconsider, ruling that Lorenzo held that the
dissemination of false information provides a basis for scheme liability

-- not that

“ misstatement s alone are sufficient to trigger scheme liability.” SEC v. Rio Tinto plc , No. 17 Civ. 7994 , 2021 WL 818745, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2021). There is no allegation that the Rio Tinto defendants disseminated false statements; the SEC alleged “only that [the defendants] failed to prevent misleading statements from being disseminated by o thers.” Id.

B As the procedural history shows, the SEC has exer ted s ubstantial effort to
shoehorn its allegations into a claim for scheme liability. The SEC’s position, however, would undermine two key features of Rule 10b

- 5(b). For one, Janus Capital Group, Inc. v. First Derivative Traders , 564 U.S. 135 (2011), limits primary liability under Rule 10b

- 5(b) to the “maker” of a statement , id. at 142 ; as neither Albanese nor Ellio t t made the statements in the Papers or13 the SEC filings , they can not be primarily liable under Rule 10b

- 5(b). But with an expanded conception of scheme liability, the SEC might seek to prove that
Albanese and Elliot t are primarily liable under the scheme subsections for participation in the making of the misstatements. Second, misstatements and omissions claims brought by private plaintiffs
under Rule 10b

- 5(b) are subject to the heightened pleading standard of the
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“P SL RA” ). See 15 U.S.C. § 78u

- 4(b)(1) (a complaint alleging misleading statements or omissions “shall specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, [and] the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading”). 4 But this heightened standard does not apply to allegations of scheme liability “[b]ecause scheme liability does not require an allegation that the defendant made a statement.” Menaldi v. Och

- Ziff Cap. Mgmt. Grp. LLC , 164 F. Supp. 3d 568 , 577 (S.D.N.Y. 201 6) (Oetken, J.) (internal quotation marks omitted)

. Expanding the scope of scheme liability would thereby lower the bar for primary liability for securities fraud, along with the pleading standard in cases involving private plaintiffs

.

4 Of course, the heightened pleading standards of the PSLRA do not apply to cases brought by the SEC. 15 U.S.C. § 78u

- 4(a)(1).14 ***
After the district court denied the SEC’s motion for reconsideration, it certified the issue for interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b)

. This Court granted the petition for leave to appeal an interlocutory
order

. We are therefore called upon to determine whether , post

- Lorenzo , misstatement s and omissions alone can form the basis for scheme liability.

IV
The facts of Lorenzo bear upon whether reconsideration of the Dismissal
Order is warranted.
As director of investment banking at an SEC

- registered brokerage firm , Lorenzo sent two emails to prospective investors ; the content of the emails was supplied by Lorenzo’s boss and described a potential investment in a company
that had “confirmed assets” of $10 million. Lorenzo , 139 S. Ct. at 1099. Lorenzo knew, however, that the company recently disclosed that its total assets were worth under $400,00 0, and Lorenzo conceded scienter

. Id. at 1099

– 1100

. The SEC brought enforcement proceedings against Lorenzo (among others)

. Id. at
1099.15 Lorenzo held that the transmission of emails, or “dissemination,” could
sustain a claim under the scheme subsections that prohibit a “device,” “ scheme ,”
“artifice to defr aud,” and/or fraudulent “practice.” Id. at 1101 (citing Rule 10b

5(a) and (c) and Section 17(a)(1) )

. This language was held sufficiently broad to
include dissemination. Id.
Lorenzo further observed that there is “ considerable overlap ” between the
subsections of Rule 10b

- 5 (and, similarly, between the subsections of Section 17(a))

. Id. at 1102. Lorenzo rejected the view that only subsection (b) of Rule
10b

- 5 can regulate conduct involving false or misleading statements

. Id. So, even though Lorenzo did not make the false statement and his conduct was beyond the reach of Rule 10b

- 5(b), scheme liability was not precluded. Id

. Accordingly, the scheme subsections can cover conduct that involves a
misstatement even if the defenda nt was not the maker of it. Id.

V
Th is interlocutory appeal is limited to the legal issue raised in the SEC’s
motion for reconsideration: can misstatement s and omissions alone form the16 basis for scheme liabilit y? In our Circuit, this boils down to whether Lorenzo abrogated Lentell

. We rule that it d id not. “ [ T ] o qualify as . . . an intervening decision, the Supreme Court’s conclusion in a particular case must have broken the link on which we premised our prior decision, or undermined an assumption of that
decision.” Dale v. Barr , 967 F.3d 133, 142

– 43 ( 2d Cir. 2 020) (alterations omitted)

. Lentell held that misstatement s and omissions cannot form the “sole basis” for liability under the scheme subsections . 396 F.3d at 171. Lorenzo held that the “dissemination of false or misleading statements with intent to def raud” does

come within the scheme subsections . 139 S. Ct. at 1100. But misstatement s or omissions were not the sole basis for scheme liability in Lorenzo . The
d issemination of those misstatement s was key

. Since the holdings of Lentell and
Lorenzo are consistent with one another, Lentell remains vital.
On this narrow interlocutory appeal, we have no occasion to determine for
ourselves whether the scheme liability claims in this complaint allege something beyond misstatement s a nd omissions

. Our analysis is premised on the district
court’s ruling in the Dismissal Order , which characterized the scheme liability
claims as a collection of misstatement s and omissions. See Rio Tinto plc , 201917 WL 1244933, at *15

- 16 . Because Lentell withstands Lorenzo , and because the
Dismissal Order ruled that the complaint alleges misstatement s and omissions only , the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to reconsider the
dismissal of the scheme liability claims.
Whether there are ramifications or inferences from Lorenzo that blur the
distinction s between the misstatement subsections and the scheme subsections is a matter that awaits further development. Consider, e.g. , WPP Luxembourg Gamma Three Sarl v. Spot Runn er , Inc. , 655 F.3d 1039, 1057

– 58 ( 9th Cir. 2011), abrogated by Lorenzo , 139 S. Ct. at 1094. As our opinion today is limited to the legal issue , we make no ruling about the ultimate impact of Lorenzo on this case

. We do not consider , for example, whether corruption of an auditing process is
sufficient for scheme liability under Lorenzo , or allegations that a corporate
officer concealed information from auditors. For now, Lentell tells us that
misstatement s and omissions alone are not enough for scheme liability, and
Lorenzo tells us that dissemination is one example of something extra that makes
a violation a scheme

. We reject the SEC’s argument that Lentell applies only in cases brought by private litigants. The SEC advances no credible basis for this argument; and18 courts have applied the principle of Lentell in enforcement actions. Se e, e.g. , SEC v. Pentagon Cap. Mgmt. PLC , 725 F.3d 279, 287 (2d Cir. 2013); SEC v. Kelly , 817 F. Supp. 2d 340 , 343 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (McMahon, J.) ; SEC v. PIMCO Advisors Fund Mgmt. LLC , 341 F. Supp. 2d 454, 467 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (Marrero, J.) (pre

Lentell ) . The district court reached the same conclusion, observing that the SEC “cites no authority from [the Southern District of New York]” to support its argument that Lentell applies only to suits brought by private parties. Rio Tinto plc , 2019 WL 1 244933, at *15.

V I
M aintainin g distinction s between the s ubsections of Rule 10b

- 5 and
between the subsections of Section 17(a) is consistent with the text of each. “ O ne of the most basic interpretive canons is that a statute should be construed so that effect is given to all its provisio n s, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant.” Mary Jo C. v. New York State & Loc. Ret. Sys. , 707 F. 3d 144, 156 (2d Cir. 2013) (citation and alteration omitted) . Were
misstatement s and omissions alone sufficient to constitute a scheme , the scheme
subsections would swallow the misstatement subsections. And though Lorenzo19 ruled that there was “considerab le overlap” between the misstatement subsections and the scheme subsections , 139 S. Ct. at 1102, it did not announce
that the m is statement subsections were subsumed

. In concluding that Lentell
remains vital, we are respecting the structure that Congress designed

. W e know that Lorenzo preserved the lines between the subsections
because Lorenzo emphasized the continued vitality of Janus Capital Group, Inc.
v. First Derivative Traders , 564 U.S. 135 (2011 )

. Janus limits primary liability
under Rule 10b

- 5(b) to the “maker” of a statement, i.e. , the person with authority

over a false statement; individuals who helped draft, research, print, or wordsmith the statement at some point in time , but who lack ed ultimate control, cannot be primarily liable. Id. at 142. Using Janus as a backstop, Lorenzo signaled that it was not giving the SEC license to characterize every misstatement
or omission as a scheme

. 139 S. Ct. at 1103. While Lorenzo “ may have carved
out of Janus ” liability for disseminating false statements, it did not go so far as to
create primary liability for “participation in the preparation” of misstatements

. Geoffrey A. Orley Revocable Tr. v . Genovese , 2020 WL 611506, at * 7

- 8, as amended (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2020) (Ramos, J.). Preserving distinctions between the subsections also assures that private20 plaintiffs remain subject to the heightened pleading requirements for Rule 10b

5(b) claims

. S ection b(1) of the PSLRA requires a complaint alleging misstatements or omissions to “specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, [and] the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading , ” 15 U.S.C. § 78u

- 4(b)(1) , whereas “ c laims brought under Rule 10b

- 5(a) and (c) need not comport with provision (b)(1) of the PSLRA” because they do not require
that a misstatement be made , Menaldi v. Och

- Ziff Cap. Mgmt. Grp. LLC , 164 F. Supp. 3d 568 , 577 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) ( Oetken , J.) (internal quotation marks omitted )

. An overreading of Lorenzo might allow private litigants to repackage their
misstatement claims as scheme liability claims to “evade the pleading requirements imposed in misrepresentation cases.” In re Alstom SA , 406 F

. Supp. 2d 433, 475 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) ( Marrero , J.) . But courts have prohibited plaintiffs from recasting their pleadings in this way

. S ee id. (“[A] plaintiff may not seek to hold a defendant liable for misleading statements under subsections (a) and (c) by alleging that the defendant is liable for the misleading statements because he or she was a participant in a scheme through which the stateme nts were made.”)

. Lorenzo did not announce a rule contravening this principle. Finally, overreading Lorenzo would muddle primary and secondary21 liability. This matters because “[a]iding and abetting liability is authorized in actions brought by the SEC but not by private parties.” Stoneridge Inv. Partners,
LLC v. Sci.

- Atlanta , 552 U.S. 148, 162 (2008) (citing 15 U.S.C. § 78t(e)); see also Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A. , 511 U.S. 164, 180 (1994) (“ Central Bank ”) (holding that Section 10(b)’s private right of action does not include suits against aiders and abettors). T o respect the line that Congress has drawn between primary and secondary liability, s ubsection s (a) and (c) have bee n used historically only “ to s tate a claim against a defendant for the underlying deceptive devices or frauds themselves, and not as a short cut to
circumvent Central Bank ’s limitations on liability for a secondary actor’s involvement in making misleading statements.” SEC v. Lucent Te chs., Inc. , 610 F. Supp. 2d 342, 361 (D.N.J. 2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
The SEC’s reading of Lorenzo would likely “revive in substance the implied cause of action against all aiders and abettors,” thereby “undermin[ing] Congress’ determination that this class of defendants should be pursued by the SEC and not private litigants.” Stoneridge , 552 U.S. at 162

– 63

. In s um, a widened scope of scheme liability wo u ld defeat the c ongressional limitation on
the enforcement of secondary liabilit y , multiply the number of defendants22 subject to private securities action s, and render the statutory provision for secondary liability superfluous. See 15 U.S.C. § 78t(e). It is telling that Lorenzo
preserves the distinction between primary and secondary liability. See Lorenzo , 139 S. Ct. at 1103 (“We do not believe . . . that our decision . . . weakens the distinction between primary and secondary liability.”); id. at 1104 (“The line we adopt today is just as administrable” as the “ ‘ clean line’ between conduct that
constitutes a primary violation of Rule 10b

- 5 and conduct that amounts to a secondary violation” under Central Bank and Janus ).

CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse
its discretion when it declined to reconsider t he dismissal of the scheme liability claims in light of Lorenzo . Accordingly, we affirm. 5

5 The SEC requests that we direct the district court to permit amendment if Lorenzo abrogates Lentell . Because we hold that Lentell withstands Lorenzo , the SEC’s request is moot.