1

Plaintiffs named the unidentified driver, "John Doe," as a defendant and asserted a negligence claim

against "him." John Doe has never been identified, has never been served with process, and has not made

an appearance in this lawsuit. 

 2Plaintiffs also named as defendant Tokai Rica Co., which manufactured the seat belt system used in

the 1994 Protegé. For simplicity, we include Tokai Rica within the term "Mazda." 

Dwayne JAMES, Jewel A. James, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION, Pope Chevrolet, Inc., et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 99-8310.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

Aug. 18, 2000.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.(No. 96-02356-1-CVWBH), Willis B. Hunt, Jr., Judge.

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

The sole issue presented in this appeal is whether the Supreme Court's decision in Geier v. American

Honda Motor Co., Inc., --- U.S. ----, 120 S.Ct. 1913, 146 L.Ed.2d 914 (2000), casts doubt on the viability of

this circuit's decision in Irving v. Mazda Motor Corp., 136 F.3d 764 (11th Cir.), cert denied, 525 U.S. 1018,

119 S.Ct. 544, 142 L.Ed.2d 452, (1998). We hold that Irving is still good law.

I.

A.

Plaintiffs' decedent, Rosa J. Owolabi, was killed on February 16, 1995, when the car she was driving

was forced off Interstate 75 in Atlanta, Georgia, by an unidentified driver,1

 and crashed into the freeway

median. Owolabi's car was a 1994 Mazda Protegé, manufactured by defendant Mazda Motor Corporation,

and distributed in the United States by defendant Mazda Motor of America (collectively "Mazda").2

 The
 3

The 1994 Protegé did not have an airbag. 

 4See Ga.Code Ann. § 51-4-2(a) (1999) ("The surviving spouse or, if there is no surviving spouse, a

child or children, either minor or sui juris, may recover for the homicide of the spouse or parent the full

value of the life of the decedent, as shown by the evidence."); id § 51-4-5(b) ("[T]he personal

representative of the deceased person shall be entitled to recover for the funeral, medical, and other

necessary expenses resulting from the injury and death of the deceased person."). The plaintiffs are

Owolabi's children, Dwayne and Jewel James, and the administratrix of Owolabi's estate, Louise Carter. 

 5The complaint also presented a sixth "count," for punitive damages. That count did not, however,

assert a separate theory of liability; it simply incorporated the first five counts of the complaint. 

 6In its order granting Mazda summary judgment, the district court did not specifically discuss the

pending negligence claim against John Doe, see supra n. 1, nor had the court previously dismissed John

Doe pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(m) ("If service ... is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the

filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall

dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant...."). Since it is clear that John Doe was never in

1994 Protegé employed a passive (automatic) two-point shoulder belt, and a manual lap belt.3

 Owolabi was

not wearing her lap belt at the time of the accident.

B.

This wrongful death action began in the Superior Court of Fulton County, Georgia;4

 Mazda removed

it to the district court following the service of process. The plaintiffs' complaint contained five counts. Each

count alleged that the 1994 Protegé's manual lap belt had been defectively designed and that Mazda had

negligently failed to warn consumers that the Protegé was dangerous unless the manual lap belt was worn,

and sought compensatory and punitive damages on a different theory of recovery.5

 Count one was based on

strict tort liability; count two on negligence; count three on breach of an express warranty; count four on

breach of an implied warranty of fitness; and count five, a second negligence theory, on breach of a duty to

notify consumers of the Protegé's defect.

After the parties joined issue, Mazda moved for summary judgment, claiming that plaintiffs' common

law actions were preempted by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard ("FMVSS") 208, 49 C.F.R. § 571.208

(1999) (enacted under the authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, originally

15 U.S.C. § 1381 et seq. (1988 ed.), now codified as amended at 49 U.S.C. §§ 30101-30169 (1994 & Supp.

II 1998)). The district court granted Mazda's motion.6

 We affirm.
any sense "before the court," we do not consider his claim still pending for purposes of the final judgment

rule, 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1994); we construe the court's order granting defendants summary judgment to

have disposed of plaintiffs' claim against him without prejudice. 

 7Referring to the plaintiffs' negligent failure to warn claim, the district court, in its order granting

Mazda's motion for summary judgment, said this: "Plaintiffs do not allege that the Protegé failed to

comply with federal law requirements for warning label placement regarding proper seat belt use." 

II.

A.

In Irving v. Mazda Motor Corp., 136 F.3d 764 (11th Cir.1998), we encountered the theories of

recovery the complaint presents in this case. The facts in Irving were that

[p]laintiff Juliette Irving filed suit against Defendant Mazda Motor Corporation on behalf

of her daughter, Bonita Irving. Bonita was killed in a single-car accident while driving a 1990 Mazda

MX-6. After her daughter's death, Plaintiff filed this suit claiming that the seat belts in the MX-6

were defectively designed and that Mazda failed to warn consumers adequately of the risks of not

utilizing all portions—particularly the manual lap belt portion—of the safety belt system.

The safety belt system used in the Mazda MX-6 included a two-point passive shoulder

restraint (automatic shoulder belt) with a manual lap belt. This kind of restraint system was one of

three options provided to car manufacturers by FMVSS 208. Plaintiff contends the design

represented by this option was defective.

We concluded under those facts that (1) Irving's common law "defective-design claim is not expressly

preempted by [FMVSS 208]," id. at 768; (2) Irving's "suit against Defendants for their exercise of an option

provided to Defendants by FMVSS 208 conflicts with federal law and, thus, is [impliedly] preempted," id.

at 769; and (3) Irving's "failure-to-warn claim—which is, in this case, dependent on the preempted

defective-design claim—was properly dismissed [because it is also preempted]," id. at 770.

In this case, the district court concluded, in its order granting Mazda summary judgment, that the

passive two-point shoulder belt and manual lap belt in the 1994 Protegé (which was a similar system to the

one used in the 1990 Mazda MX-6) complied with FMVSS 208. As a result, the court found the present case

"virtually indistinguishable" from Irving, and on that basis granted Mazda summary judgment.

 As an initial matter, we find no error in the court's conclusion that the passive two-point shoulder

belt and manual lap belt complied with FMVSS 208.7

 Moreover, we agree with the district court that this case
 8

The district court held that all of the claims contained in the five counts of plaintiffs' complaint stand

or fall on proof that the Protegé's safety belt system was defective in the first instance. We agree: if

plaintiffs' defective design claim is preempted, so too are these claims. 

is on all fours with Irving.8 If Irving is still good law, plaintiffs' appeal fails. Our only task on appeal,

therefore, is to determine if Irving is good law. We conclude that it is.

B.

First, plaintiffs argue that Irving was not good law when it was decided, because it conflicted with

prior circuit precedent, namely Myrick v. Freuhauf Corp., 13 F.3d 1516 (11th Cir.1994), aff'd 514 U.S. 280,

115 S.Ct. 1483, 131 L.Ed.2d 385 (1995), and Doyle v. Volkswagenwerk Aktiengelellschaft, 114 F.3d 1134

(11th Cir.1997) (Doyle II ). See Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc., 204 F.3d 1069, 1072 (11th Cir.2000) ("[W]here

two prior panel decisions conflict we are bound to follow the oldest one."). Second, plaintiffs argue that the

Supreme Court's decision in Geier, 120 S.Ct. 1913, abrogates Irving 's implied preemption analysis. We

consider these two arguments in order.

1.

 Plaintiffs argue that the Irving court's analysis of implied preemption was incorrect because it

conflicted with Myrick v. Freuhauf Corp., 13 F.3d 1516. In Myrick, 13 F.3d at 1518, we concluded that "a

common law tort for failure to install anti-lock brakes in a tractor-trailer is [not] pre-empted by the National

Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act." In doing so we held that "where ... there is an express pre-emption

provision, which constitutes a reliable indicium of congressional intent, implied pre-emption analysis has no

place." Id. at 1523. On writ of certiorari, the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment, but disagreed with the

reasoning; it found our implied preemption analysis "without merit." Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S.

at 287, 115 S.Ct. at 1487. The Irving court recognized this; in its discussion of implied preemption it noted

that when "the Supreme Court reviewed Myrick on appeal ... [it] affirm[ed] the outcome, [but] stressed that

implied preemption is possible despite the presence of an express preemption clause." Irving, 136 F.3d at

767 n. 1. In other words, the Irving court engaged in the correct preemption analysis.

As a second argument, plaintiffs contend that Doyle II, 114 F.3d 1134, conflicts with Irving. This
 9

On remand, the district court found that Doyle's claims were preempted. Doyle v. Volkswagenwerk

Aktiengesellschaft, No. 91-CV-1296A-JEC (N.D. Ga. Sept 29, 1999). The parties appealed to this court,

and on June 30, 2000, we granted the parties' joint motion to dismiss the appeal with prejudice. Doyle v.

Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft, No. 98-9453 (11th Cir. June 30, 2000) (unpublished). 

is not correct. In Doyle II, plaintiff was injured while driving a 1989 Volkswagen Jetta, which had a passive

shoulder belt but no lap belt. The district court granted defendant Volkswagenwerk Aktiengelellschaft (which

manufactured the 1989 Jetta) summary judgment on the ground that the Jetta "complied with the applicable

federal standards, notwithstanding the absence of a lap belt" and that "Georgia law ... does not hold

automobile manufacturers to a higher standard than federal requirements." Id. at 1135. The only question

on appeal, therefore, was whether this was a correct statement of Georgia law (based on a certified question

to the Georgia Supreme Court, see Doyle v. Volkswagenwerk Aktiengelellschaft, 81 F.3d 139 (11th Cir.1996)

(Doyle I ), we concluded that it was not). Since "the district court found it unnecessary to reach the

preemption issue," we did not consider preemption. Doyle II, 114 F.3d at 1135.9

 Doyle II, therefore, left

open the question that we decided in Irving.

2.

Since the district court's grant of summary judgment, the Supreme Court has decided Geier v.

American Honda Motor Co., --- U.S. ----, 120 S.Ct. 1913, 146 L.Ed.2d 914 (2000). Geier is a so-called "no

airbag case" in which the plaintiff sued an automobile manufacturer for failure to install an airbag. The

Supreme Court held that this claim is not expressly preempted by FMVSS 208, but is impliedly preempted

by FMVSS 208 because a common law action based on the failure to install an airbag "actually conflicts with

FMVSS 208." Id. 120 S.Ct. at 1922. In supplemental briefing to this court, plaintiffs argue that "Geier

substantially undermines the holding in Irving ... on issues of preemption."

We are not sure that plaintiffs have read the same Geier opinion that we have read. The Supreme

Court made clear that, despite a savings clause in the National Traffic and Motor Safety Act, 15 U.S.C. §

1397(k) (1988 ed.) (now codified at 49 U.S.C. § 30103(e) (1994)), courts should apply normal implied

preemption principles to determine if a state common law action "stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment
and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." Id. 120 S.Ct. at 1921 (quoting Hines v.

Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67, 61 S.Ct. 399, 404, 85 L.Ed. 581 (1941)). This is exactly the analysis used by

the Irving court:

The existence of an express preemption clause does not necessarily preclude the presence

of implied preemption. Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280, 286-90, 115 S.Ct. 1483, 1487-

88, 131 L.Ed.2d 385 (1995). Thus, if Plaintiff's state law claim conflicts with FMVSS 208 or if her

claim would hinder Congress's objectives in passing the Act, the state law will be preempted.

Irving, 136 F.3d at 768. Since Irving is not in conflict with Geier, or any of our previous decisions, we are

bound to follow it. The district court, therefore, correctly granted Mazda summary judgment.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.