Funding of Attorney Fee Awards Against

the United States Under Rule 37

Attorney fee awards may be imposed against the United States for abuse of discovery under Rule 37 of 

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, by virtue of the general waiver of sovereign immunity in 28 

U .S.C . § 2412(b) (Supp. V 1981), which was intended to make the United States and private 

litigants equally liable for a fee award based on the com m on law or on an applicable fee-shifting 

statute.

Rule 37 by itself could not provide sufficient authority for a court to award attorney fees against the 

United States; the requisite waiver of sovereign immunity cannot be accomplished by a courtmade rule, but only by explicit legislative action.

A judgm ent awarding attorney fees against the United States under authority of 28 U .S.C . § 2412(b) 

is ordinarily paid from the judgm ent fund. See 28 U .S.C . § 2412(c)(2). However, where a fee 

award is based on a finding of bad faith on the part of a government agency, as is the case here, it 

must be paid from the agency's general appropriation.

September 13, 1982

MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE 

ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, CIVIL DIVISION

This responds to your request for our opinion regarding the appropriate source 

of funding for the payment of an attorney fee award assessed against the United 

States pursuant to Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In the 

particular case at issue, National Lawyers Guild v. Attorney General, No. 77 Civ. 

999 (CLB) (S.D.N.Y.), the magistrate found that the Government’s failure to 

comply with discovery orders was based on “ bad faith, willfulness and fault,” 

and awarded $11,231.00 in fees and costs against the United States as a discovery 

sanction. The question is whether this award is to be paid from the judgment fund 

or from agency funds. For reasons set forth in detail below, we conclude that the 

attorney fee award in this case should be paid from agency funds.1

Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure has since 1938 authorized 

federal courts to impose a variety of sanctions against parties in litigation for 

abuse of the discovery process, including an award of attorney fees. It is common 

ground that until 1980 sovereign immunity prevented an award of fees against the

1 Our conclusion that the award should be paid from agency funds makes it unnecessary to address the second 

question you raise viz , whether and to what extent § 207 of the Equal Access to Justice Act restricts payment of 

attorney fee awards against the United States from the judgment fund.

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United States under Rule 37. The principle of sovereign immunity was recognized in the text of Rule 37(0, which read as follows:

Except to the extent permitted by statute, expenses and fees may

not be awarded against the United States under this rule.

We say “ recognized” because we believe it is clear that even in the absence of 

subsection (f), Rule 37 would not itself have constituted a waiver of sovereign 

immunity so as to permit a court to award a money judgment against the United 

States. This is because Rule 37 was not enacted by Congress, but promulgated by 

the Supreme Court pursuant to the authority given in the Rules Enabling Act, 28 

U.S.C. § 2072. That Act authorizes the promulgation of rules governing court 

practice and procedure, but by its terms does not permit the enactment of laws 

abridging, enlarging or modifying “ the substantive rights of any litigant.” See

Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 7-8 (1941).

In particular, the authority given the court in the Rules Enabling Act “to make 

rules of procedure for the exercise of its jurisdiction is not an authority to enlarge 

that jurisdiction.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584,589-91 (1941). See

also Sibbachv. Wilson, 312U.S. at 10 (court rules may not “extend or restrict the 

jurisdiction conferred by a statute” ). It is commonplace that sovereign immunity 

is jurisdictional, see, e.g., Soriano v. United States, 352 U.S. 270, 276 (1957), 

and that “ the terms of [the sovereign’s] consent to be sued in any court define that 

court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. at 

586. While the United States as a party to litigation is concededly subject to 

certain court-imposed sanctions for noncompliance with discovery orders, see In

re Attorney General of the United States, 596 F.2d 58 (2d Cir.), cert, denied, 444 

U.S. 903 (1979), a court may not impose a monetary penalty upon the United 

States under Rule 37 in the absence of an explicit waiver of sovereign immunity. 

See Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 738 (1947) (absent a legislative waiver of 

sovereign immunity, a court has no power to make an award which would 

“ expend itself on the public treasury or domain . . .” ). See also United States v. 

Sumitomo Marine & Fire Ins. C o., 617F.2d 1365 (9th Cir. 1980). Therefore, the 

Rules do not and could not by themselves empower a court to impose a monetary 

remedy against the government.

Prior to 1980, Congress had consented to the award of attorney fees against the 

U nited States in only a few specific situations. See, e .g ., 42 U .S.C . 

§ 2000e-5(k). The court-fashioned rule of statutory construction against implied 

waivers of sovereign immunity was generally held to immunize the United States 

against attorney fee awards absent very clear authority to the contrary, authority 

usuaHy found only in compelling language in the text of a statute itself. See

NAACP v. Civiletti, 609 F.2d 514 (D.C. Cir. 1979), cert, denied, 447 U.S. 922 

(1980). Indeed, Congress had in 28 U.S.C. § 2412 (1976) expressly prohibited 

an award of attorney fees against the United States, “ [e]xcept as otherwise 

specifically authorized by statute.” See also Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. 

Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 265-69, and n. 44 (1975) (“an award [of

526
attorney fees] against the United States is foreclosed by 28 U.S.C. § 2412 in the 

absence of other statutory authorization” ).

In' 1980, Congress modified and expanded § 2412 to permit an award of 

attorney fees against the United States in a variety of different situations. See

§ 204 of the Equal Access to Justice Act, Pub. L. No. 96-481, Title II, 94 Stat. 

2325 (1980) (the Act). The provision in the former § 2412, which had permitted 

an award of costs against the United States, was retained in § 2412(a), and a new 

provision was added authorizing a court to award attorney fees against the United 

States in any case in which an award would be available against private parties 

under common law and statutory exceptions to the “American rule” on feeshifting. The new § 2412(b) provided as follows:

Unless expressly prohibited by statute, a court may award 

reasonable fees and expenses of attorneys, in addition to the costs 

which may be awarded pursuant to subsection (a), to the prevailing party in any civil action brought by or against the United 

States or any agency and any official of the United States acting in 

his or her official capacity in any court having jurisdiction of such 

action. The United States shall be liable for such fees and expenses to the same extent that any other party would be liable 

under the common law or under the terms of any statute which 

specifically provides for such an award.

At the same time, in § 205(a) of the Act, Congress repealed subsection (f) of 

Rule 37. Both House and Senate reports explained that the “ change reflects the 

belief that the United States should be liable for fees the same as other parties 

when it abuses discovery.” See H.R. Rep. No. 1418, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 19 

(1980) (Report of the House Committee on the Judiciary) (House Report); S. 

Rep. No. 253, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 22 (1979) (Senate Report).

The question you have raised is whether Congress’ repeal of subsection (f) 

made Rule 37 a source of authority for fee awards against the United States 

independent of the waiver of sovereign immunity in § 2412(b). A memorandum 

prepared by the Civil Division’s Torts Branch points out that it would not have 

been necessary to repeal subsection (f) in order to allow awards to be made 

against the United States as a discovery sanction under authority of the new 

§ 2412(b). This is because subsection (f) would have permitted fee awards “ to 

the extent permitted by statute.” Therefore, it is argued, the fact that Congress 

nonetheless repealed subsection (0 indicates that it intended thereby to accomplish a separate waiver of sovereign immunity independent of that contained in 

§ 2412(b).

The question is important because of its implications for the source of funding 

to pay the award in this case. Section 205 itself does not specify the source of 

funds to pay awards made under Rule 37. Ordinarily, in the absence of some 

specific statutory provision to the contrary, an award against the United States 

would be paid in accordance with the procedures set forth in 28 U.S.C. §§ 2414

527
and 2517, under authority of the permanent indefinite appropriation for judgments against the United States established by 31 U.S.C. § 724a. However, 

payment of awards made under authority of § 2412(b) is governed by the 

provisions of § 2412(c)(2):

Any judgment against the United States or any agency and any 

official of the United States acting in his or her official capacity for 

fees and expenses of attorneys pursuant to subsection (b) shall be 

paid as provided in sections 2414 and 2517 of this title, except that 

if the basis for the award is a finding that the United States acted in 

bad faith, then the award shall be paid by any agency found to 

have acted in bad faith and shall be in addition to any relief 

provided in the judgment.

In short, if fee awards against the Government under Rule 37 have been 

separately consented to by Congress, they must be paid from the judgment fund. 

If, instead, they are made “pursuant to” § 2412(b), they are subject to the 

funding provisions contained in § 2412(c)(2). Under that section, in a case such 

as this one in which the Government has been found to have acted in bad faith, the 

award must be paid “ by any agency found to have acted in bad faith,” not from 

the judgment fund.

We think it theoretically possible for the repeal of subsection (f) to have some 

independent significance as a legislative act waiving sovereign immunity, even 

though Rule 37 itself, as promulgated by the Court under the Rules Enabling Act, 

could not waive sovereign immunity. The question is essentially one of Congress’ 

intent. That is, the question is whether Congress intended by its repeal of 

subsection (f) to accomplish a waiver of sovereign immunity separate from that in 

§ 2412(b). While the text of § 2412(b) provides no ready answer to that question,2 the legislative history of the Act indicates that Congress believed § 2412(b) 

would provide the authority for Rule 37 awards, and that the repeal of subsection 

(f) was intended merely as a conforming amendment to eliminate a nowmeaningless provision from the Federal Rules.

Both the House and Senate Reports explained that the new § 2412(b) was 

intended to hold the United States “ to the same standards in litigating as private 

parties.” House Report at 9; Senate Report at 4. Thus it is “consistent with the 

history of § 2412 which reflects a strong movement by Congress toward placing 

the Federal Government and civil litigants on a completely equal footing.” Id. If 

§ 2412(b) was thus intended to authorize fee awards against the United States in 

any context in which a private party could be held liable, this would include 

abuse of discovery under Rule 37. In its section-by-section analysis, the Senate 

Report makes explicit reference to Rule 37 awards in describing the scope of 

§ 2412(b):

2 ft is not clear, for example, whether a Rule 37 fee award would be considered to fail into one of the “ common 

law*' categories, or whether Rule 37 should itself be considered a “ statute” providing for such an award. See, e.g.,

Sibbach v. Wilson. 312 U.S. at 11 (Rule 37 is a n ile of procedure within the authority of the Supreme Court under the 

Rules Enabling Act. and, under the terms of that law. supersedes “ all laws in conflict with [it].").

528
Section 2412(b) permits a court in its discretion to award 

attorney fees and other expenses to prevailing parties in civil 

litigation involving the United States to the same extent it may 

award fees in cases involving private parties. Thus, under this 

section, cases involving the United States would be subject to the 

“ bad faith,” “ common fund,” and “ common benefit” exceptions to the American rule against fee-shifting. The United States

would also be liable under Rule 37. Federal Rules cf Civil

Procedure and under the same standards which govern awards 

against private parties under federal statutory exceptions, unless 

the statute expressly provides otherwise.

Senate Report at 19 (emphasis supplied). See also Senate Report at 4.

As further evidence of Congress’ intent in repealing subsection (f), we think it 

significant that § 205 of the Act is captioned in the conference report as “Technical and Conforming Amendments.” H.R. Rep. No. 1434,96th Cong., 2d Sess. 

11 (1980). And the other provisions of § 205 are plainly so characterized: 

§ 205(b) amended the table of rules of the Federal Rules to reflect the repeal of 

Rule 37(0 accomplished by § 205(a); and § 205(c) amended 42 U.S.C. § 1988 

to strike out language relating to fee awards against the United States in tax cases. 

With respect to the latter provision, the House Report explained that:

[t]he deletion of this section is required because it is intended that 

cases arising under the internal revenue laws be covered by the 

provisions of § 2412(d) of title 28 as added by this bill.

House Report at 19. See also Senate Report at 22. While neither the House nor 

Senate Report mentioned § 2412(b) in connection with the repeal of Rule 37(f), 

the fact of their complementary relationship seems inescapable.

Our conclusion that Rule 37 awards are made “ pursuant to” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2412(b), and therefore must be paid in accordance with the funding provisions 

contained in § 2412(c)(2), is strengthened by reference to Congress’ purpose in 

enacting these provisions, and the Act generally, which was to make “ individual 

agencies and departments accountable for actions pursued in bad faith.” House 

Report at 17; Senate Report at 20. A result which would permit an agency to 

escape fiscal responsibility for its bad faith under Rule 37 would be inconsistent 

with Congress’ expectation that “ [t]he awards and resulting impact on the budget 

will provide a concrete basis for evaluating agency error.” Id. See also 126 Cong. 

Rec. 28106 (1980) (“The implicit assumption in the approach taken by this 

legislation is that affecting the ‘pocketbook’ of the agency is the most direct way 

to assure more responsible bureaucratic behavior” ) (remarks of Sen. Thurmond 

on the adoption of the conference report).

529
We therefore conclude that awards under Rule 37 are subject to the funding 

provisions contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2412(c)(2), and that the award in this case 

should accordingly be paid from agency funds.3

L a r r y L. S im m s

Deputy Assistant Attorney General

Office of Legal Counsel

3 We have no information which bears on the question of which agency should be responsible for paying the award 

in this case, and express no views on that issue.