[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 12-12590

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D.C. Docket No. 3:11-cv-00157-TCB

CHARLES EDWARD OWENS, 

 Petitioner - Appellant,

versus

GREGORY MCLAUGHLIN, 

 Respondent - Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________

(October 24, 2013)

Before WILSON and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and HUCK,

∗ District Judge.

WILSON, Circuit Judge:

 

∗ Honorable Paul C. Huck, United States District Judge for the Southern District of 

Florida, sitting by designation.

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Charles Edward Owens, a Georgia state prisoner sentenced to life in prison

for malice murder, appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254

habeas petition. On appeal, Owens argues that (1) the state trial court’s 

instructions to the jury on venue, an essential element of the crime charged, 

improperly shifted the burden of proof from the state to him in violation of the Due 

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 

510, 99 S. Ct. 2450 (1979); and (2) the state trial court’s 25-year delay in resolving 

his motion for a new trial violated his due process rights under the Fourteenth 

Amendment. After review of the parties’ briefs, the appellate record, and with the 

benefit of oral argument, we affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On August 31, 1981, at approximately 11:00 a.m., Rebecca Heath was found 

shot dead in the back seat of her green Oldsmobile on Smokey Road in Troup 

County, Georgia. At the time of her death, Ms. Heath was nine months pregnant 

with a baby boy. She lived with her husband Larry Heath in Phenix City, 

Alabama.1

 Phenix City sits on the banks of the Chattahoochee River. The 

Alabama-Georgia line runs right through the river. Troup County, Georgia is 

roughly 47 miles from the Heaths’ home. 

 

1 In February 1982, Larry Heath pleaded guilty in Georgia state court to the murder of 

Ms. Heath. He was sentenced to life in prison. In January 1983, a jury in Alabama convicted 

him of murder during a kidnapping and he received the death penalty. He has since been 

executed.

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In Georgia, venue is an essential element of the offense, so at Owens’s trial,

the state was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Ms. Heath was 

killed in a Georgia county. Although Ms. Heath’s body was found in Troup 

County, Georgia, Owens argued that there was some evidence to support a 

determination that the death may have previously occurred in Alabama. Therefore, 

venue became a hotly contested issue at trial, especially with regard to the 

instructions on venue given to the jury. 

It was the state’s theory that venue was proper in Georgia because that is, the 

state argued, where Ms. Heath was killed. At trial, the evidence demonstrated that 

Larry Heath hired Owens and Gregory Lumpkin to kill Ms. Heath.

2

 A witness 

testified that on August 24, 1981, he observed Heath transact some type of 

business with three men who showed up at Heath’s work. The men were driving a 

white Mustang. The witness later identified two of the men as Owens and 

Lumpkin. 

Also at trial, a neighbor of the Heaths testified that on August 31, 1981, he

observed a truck and the Heaths’ green Oldsmobile parked on a road near the 

Heath home in Alabama. The two vehicles were side by side and the occupants 

appeared to be having a conversation. The time was approximately 7:15 a.m.

 

2 Lumpkin and Owens were jointly tried and both were found guilty of malice murder.

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Another witness testified that around 9:00 a.m. on the same day, he was 

driving down Smokey Road in Troup County, Georgia, and observed a whitishblue Mustang pull out from a wooded area. The witness thought this unusual. As 

soon as the driver of the Mustang saw the witness, he drove away at a high rate of 

speed. The witness then drove past a green car that was parked roughly 35 feet 

from the side of the road. The car’s headlights were on and the engine was still 

running.

At 11:00 a.m. another motorist driving down Smokey Road noticed the

green Oldsmobile off to the side of the road. He approached the car to help, 

observed that the person inside—later identified as Ms. Heath—was not moving, 

and called the Sheriff’s Department. The motorist saw two sets of tire tracks. One 

clearly belonged to the Oldsmobile. The other set of tire tracks showed that a 

second car had been parked in front of the Oldsmobile. The Sheriff’s Department 

responded almost immediately. The responding officer noted that the body was 

still warm, and based on his experience in the Sheriff’s Department, determined 

that Ms. Heath had been dead for no more than two to three hours. 

In April 1984, Owens was convicted in Georgia of malice murder and 

sentenced to life in prison. The next month, Owens moved for a new trial, arguing 

that the verdict was contrary to the law and strongly against the weight of the 

evidence. For reasons unknown, this motion was never ruled upon. In February 

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1985, the state trial court issued an order directing that certain evidence be

transferred to Alabama, where Owens had been indicted for the capital murder of 

Ms. Heath. The Alabama indictment alleged that Ms. Heath was murdered during 

a kidnapping in the first degree, in violation of Alabama Code § 13A-5-40(a)(1). 

A jury found Owens guilty, and recommended that he be sentenced to life in 

prison without the possibility of parole. The trial judge determined, however, that 

the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances and 

sentenced Owens to death by electrocution. The conviction was later overturned 

on appeal, and on remand he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison.

Back to Georgia—Owens filed an amended motion for a new trial in 

February 2009. It was denied the following June, and on direct appeal, Owens 

contended that the jury instructions improperly shifted to him the burden of 

proving venue. Venue was a highly contested issue at his trial, as the parties 

presented conflicting evidence as to whether Ms. Heath was killed in Georgia or in 

her home in Alabama. Additionally, Owens claimed that the 25-year delay 

between 1984 and February 2009 in resolving his motion for a new trial violated 

his due process rights. Following oral argument, the Georgia Supreme Court 

affirmed Owens’s conviction and sentence. Despite noting the problematic 

phrasing of the jury instruction at issue, the court found that the “charge taken as a 

whole plainly informs the jury that venue is a material allegation as to each crime 

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charged and that, as such, the [s]tate bears the burden to prove venue as to each 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Owens v. State, 693 S.E.2d 490, 495 (Ga. 

2010). As to the motion for a new trial, the court concluded that the 25-year delay 

did not violate Owens’s due process rights. Id. at 494.

Owens then filed the instant § 2254 petition in federal court. A magistrate 

judge recommended denying his petition. The district court agreed, and adopted 

the magistrate’s recommendation in full. Owens appealed. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The district court’s denial or grant of a § 2254 habeas petition is reviewed de 

novo. McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005). Where the 

defendant challenges the jury instructions as read, we review the legal correctness 

of the instruction de novo. See United States v. Mintmire, 507 F.3d 1273, 1292–93 

(11th Cir. 2007).

Owens’s § 2254 petition is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective 

Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), which precludes federal courts from 

granting habeas relief on a state court claim adjudicated on the merits unless the 

state court’s decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, 

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court.” 28 U.S.C. § 

2254(d)(1). A state court decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law 

when it arrives at an opposite result from the Supreme Court on a question of law, 

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or when it arrives at a different result from the Supreme Court on “materially 

indistinguishable” facts. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 

1519 (2000). The decision of a state court is an “unreasonable application” of 

federal law when it:

[I]dentifies the correct governing legal principle as articulated by the 

United States Supreme Court, but unreasonably applies that principle 

to the facts of the petitioner’s case, unreasonably extends the principle 

to a new context where it should not apply, or unreasonably refuses to 

extend it to a new context where it should apply.

Kimbrough v. Sec’y, DOC, 565 F.3d 796, 799 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) 

(alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

Owens raises two arguments on appeal. We address each in turn. 

A. Sandstrom Error

We first decide whether the state trial court’s instructions to the jury

improperly shifted the burden of proof to Owens on venue, in violation of the Due 

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Sandstrom. 

In Sandstrom, the trial court instructed the jury that “the law presumes that a 

person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts.” 442 U.S. at 512, 

99 S. Ct. at 2453. At his trial, David Sandstrom admitted that he killed the victim, 

but argued that he did not do so “purposely or knowingly.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks omitted). Consequently, he was not guilty of deliberate homicide but of a 

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lesser offense. Id. The jury disagreed and Sandstrom was convicted of deliberate 

homicide and sentenced to 100 years in prison. Id. at 513, 99 S. Ct. at 2453. 

Sandstrom appealed, arguing that the instruction shifted onto him the burden 

of disproving intent, an element of the crime charged, in violation of Mullaney v. 

Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 95 S. Ct. 1881 (1975), In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S. 

Ct. 1068 (1970), and Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197, 97 S. Ct. 2319 (1977). 

Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 513, 99 S. Ct. at 2454. In Sandstrom, the Montana 

Supreme Court agreed “that these cases did prohibit shifting the burden of proof to 

the defendant by means of a presumption,” but nonetheless “held that the cases do 

not prohibit allocation of some burden of proof to a defendant under certain 

circumstances.” Id. (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Reversing the Montana Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of the United 

States found that Sandstrom’s jurors “were not told that they had a choice . . . ;

they were told only that the law presumed” Sandstrom “purposely or knowingly” 

committed deliberate homicide. Id. at 515, 99 S. Ct. at 2454. The Court 

subsequently held the jury instruction unconstitutional because it relieved the state 

of its Fourteenth Amendment burden of proving every element of a criminal 

offense beyond a reasonable doubt: “‘Lest there remain any doubt about the 

constitutional stature of the reasonable-doubt standard, we explicitly hold that the 

Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof 

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beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with 

which he is charged.’” Id. at 520, 99 S. Ct. at 2457 (emphasis in original) (quoting 

In re Winship, 397 U.S. at 364, 90 S. Ct. at 1073).

Owens argues that the jury instruction on venue at his trial violated this 

principle enumerated by Sandstrom. The trial judge, reading verbatim the Georgia 

statutory provision regarding venue, instructed the jury as follows: 

Criminal homicide shall be considered as having been committed in 

the county in which the cause of death was inflicted. If it cannot be 

determined in which county the cause of death was inflicted, it shall 

be considered that it was inflicted in the county in which the death 

occurred. If a dead body is discovered in this state and it cannot be 

readily determined in what county the cause of death was inflicted, it 

shall be considered that the cause of death was inflicted in the county 

in which the dead body was discovered. 

Ga. Code Ann. § 17-2-2(c). Owens takes issue with the final sentence of the jury 

instruction and contends that by including the phrase “it shall be considered,” the 

trial court told the jury to find that Ms. Heath was murdered in Troup County, 

Georgia. Said another way, if the jury had difficulty determining where the cause 

of death was inflicted, the instruction mandated that “it shall be considered” that 

the cause of death was inflicted in Troup County because her body was found 

there. The state counters that the jury instruction did not impermissibly shift the 

burden, and that Owens has failed to show that the Georgia Supreme Court’s 

decision should not survive AEDPA deference. To determine whether the jury 

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instructions at issue violated Owens’s constitutional rights, we take the following 

steps:

[W]e must consider first, whether the instructions concerned an 

essential element of the offense with which the petitioner was 

charged; second, whether the instructions operated to shift the burden 

of proof; and third, whether any error which might have arisen from 

the shifting of the burden was harmless in the context of this case. 

Davis v. Kemp, 752 F.2d 1515, 1517 (11th Cir. 1985) (en banc) (per curiam). 

The first question is easily answered: in the state of Georgia, venue is an 

essential element of the offense. “Venue is a jurisdictional fact, and is an essential 

element in proving that one is guilty of the crime charged.” Jones v. State, 537 

S.E.2d 80, 83 (Ga. 2000); see Ga. Const. art. VI, §2, para. 5 (requiring venue to be 

laid “in the county where the crime was committed”). “It is a constitutional 

requirement, not just a procedural nicety.” State v. Dixon, 691 S.E.2d 207, 209 

(Ga. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is up to the prosecution to prove 

venue beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones, 537 S.E.2d at 83. Thus, if the 

prosecution fails to prove venue, it fails to prove its case. See Lynn v. State, 565 

S.E.2d 800, 801 (Ga. 2002) (stating that “for at least the last one hundred years, 

this Court has reversed criminal convictions when the [s]tate failed to prove 

venue”). 

The state disputes that venue is an essential element as defined in

Sandstrom. It acknowledges its burden to prove venue beyond a reasonable doubt

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and that it is a mandatory part of its case; however, because venue is not a 

traditional element of guilt, the state says, the jury instruction at issue here cannot 

amount to a Sandstrom error. See Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-1 (defining elements of 

malice murder). The state is correct that Sandstrom and its progeny deal with 

intent, a traditional element of guilt. Even so, in Georgia, to obtain a conviction 

for malice murder, the state must prove certain elements beyond a reasonable 

doubt. One of those elements is venue. Another is intent. There is a difference, 

but we are in no position to weigh the relative importance of each. That is up to 

the Georgia legislature. We are in a position, however, to recognize the federal 

constitutional duty that a state prove every element—including venue—beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

Having determined that venue is an essential element of the offense, we next 

determine whether the instruction impermissibly shifted onto Owens the burden of 

proving it. See Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 315, 105 S. Ct. 1965, 1971 

(1985). The Georgia Supreme Court has repeatedly held that the instruction given 

here does not impermissibly shift the burden of proof. See, e.g., Edmond v. State, 

661 S.E.2d 520, 523 (Ga. 2008) (considering jury instructions as a whole, “it shall 

be considered” did not impermissibly shift the burden); Napier v. State, 583 S.E.2d 

825, 829 (Ga. 2003) (holding that Georgia Code section 17–2–2 does not 

impermissibly shift the burden of proof to the defendant, in part because it instructs

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“juries to ‘consider’—rather than ‘presume’—whether . . . venue has been properly 

laid. In normal usage, ‘consider’ means to contemplate, think about, or reflect 

upon . . .”). Owens’s Georgia Supreme Court case was no different. See Owens, 

693 S.E.2d at 495 (finding no error “where the charge taken as a whole plainly 

informs the jury that venue is a material allegation as to each crime charged and 

that, as such, the [s]tate bears the burden to prove venue as to each crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt”). 

It is important to note that while AEDPA does require us to defer to the 

Georgia Supreme Court’s interpretation of federal law, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)

(permitting relief only where the state court’s interpretation of federal law is

unreasonable), it nonetheless remains true that when analyzing an alleged

Sandstrom error the question “is not what the [s]tate [s]upreme [c]ourt declares the 

meaning of the charge to be, but rather what a reasonable juror could have 

understood the charge as meaning.” Francis, 471 U.S. at 315–16, 105 S. Ct. at 

1972 (citing Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 516–17, 99 S. Ct. at 2455). 

We have held proper a jury instruction that uses permissive language such as 

“may infer” and “may consider.” See, e.g., United States v. Cotton, 770 F.2d 940, 

946 (11th Cir. 1985) (finding no Sandstrom error in instruction that jurors “may 

infer the defendant’s intent from the surrounding circumstances” and “may 

consider it reasonable to draw the inference and find that a person intends the 

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natural and probable consequences of acts knowingly done or knowingly 

omitted”). But that is not the language we have here. The problem lies with the 

word “shall.” “Shall” is a word of command; it means “ha[ving] a duty to; more 

broadly, is required to.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1407 (8th ed. 2004). Instead of 

instructing jurors that if they could not determine where the cause of death 

occurred, they “may consider” it to have occurred where the body was found, 

Owens’s jurors were told that they “shall consider” the cause of death to have 

occurred where the body was found. Read in isolation, “shall consider” suggests a 

mandatory presumption: the jury was required to deem the cause of death to have 

been inflicted in Troup County solely because the body was found there. See 

Carella v. California, 491 U.S. 264, 265–66, 109 S. Ct. 2419, 2420–21 (1989) (per 

curiam) (finding error where instruction provides the defendant “shall be presumed 

to have embezzled” because it “directly foreclosed independent jury consideration 

of whether the facts proved established certain elements of the offenses” and also 

“relieved the [s]tate of its burden of proof articulated in Winship, namely, proving 

by evidence every essential element of [the defendant’s] crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt”). We find that a mandatory presumption of this nature is 

contrary to Sandstrom and therefore violates Owens’s constitutional rights.

There is additional support for this determination in the Georgia Supreme 

Court’s numerous attempts to cure the defective language. For example, in Napier, 

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the court advised future trial courts to refrain from quoting the instructions on 

venue—Georgia Code section 17-2-2(c)—verbatim. 583 S.E.2d at 829. The court 

suggested that to avoid confusion, courts should use “may consider” rather than the 

statutory language “shall consider.” Id. at 829–30. Likewise in Edmond, the 

Georgia Supreme Court once again noted the problem with the language in 

Georgia Code section 17-2-2(c) and reiterated the fact that it had “previously set 

forth the better practice of charging the jury that it ‘may consider’ whether the 

crime was committed in any county in which the evidence shows beyond a 

reasonable doubt that it might have been committed.” 661 S.E.2d at 523. Even in 

Owens’s Georgia Supreme Court case, the same was true. Citing to Napier, the 

court stated that “[s]ubsequent to [Owens’s] trial, we instructed trial courts to 

refrain from quoting this statutory language verbatim to avoid the potential for 

juries to construe the charge as shifting the burden of persuasion to the defendant 

on the issue of venue.” Owens, 693 S.E.2d at 495. The fact that the Georgia 

Supreme Court recognized that the instruction at issue had the “potential” to 

confuse juries on who had the burden of proof as to venue is problematic. See 

Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 519, 99 S. Ct. at 2456–57 (holding unconstitutional jury 

instructions that might reasonably have been understood as creating a conclusive 

presumption). 

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The state’s contention that the jury instructions as a whole cured the 

Sandstrom error is not persuasive either. The state claims that instructions to the 

jury about the presumption of innocence and that the state was required to prove 

every element of the offense—venue included—beyond a reasonable doubt

amounts to sufficient clarification for the jury.

3

 But instructions like these are 

exactly the type of general instructions Francis found inadequate: “Language that 

merely contradicts and does not explain a constitutionally infirm instruction will 

not suffice to absolve the infirmity.” 471 U.S. at 322, 105 S. Ct. at 1975. A 

reasonable juror could have incorrectly thought that although the state had the 

burden of proving venue beyond a reasonable doubt, the fact that the body was 

found in Troup County was enough to meet that burden. See id.; Sandstrom, 442 

U.S. at 518 n.7, 99 S. Ct. at 2456 n.7.

The last step in our analysis requires us to determine whether the Sandstrom 

error was harmless. See Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 580–82, 106 S. Ct. 3101, 

3107–08 (1986). On collateral review, we apply the harmless-error standard as 

articulated in Brecht v. Abrahamson, which dictates that a federal court may grant 

 

3 The trial court instructed the jury that:

[T]hese defendants enter upon the trial of this case with the presumption of innocence in 

their favor and this presumption remains with them until and unless the [s]tate shall 

overcome and remove it by the introduction of competent evidence in your presence and 

hearing sufficient to convince your mind beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the 

accused. In this connection I charge you that it is the duty of the [s]tate to prove each and 

every one of the material allegations of the indictment and the guilt of the defendants 

sufficiently to convince your mind beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused.

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habeas relief on account of a constitutional error only if it determines that the 

constitutional error had a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in 

determining the jury’s verdict.” 507 U.S. 619, 623, 113 S. Ct. 1710, 1714 (1993)

(internal quotation marks omitted); see Trepal v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 684 

F.3d 1088, 1110–12 (11th Cir. 2012) (outlining Brecht analysis on federal habeas 

review), cert. denied, Trepal v. Crews, 133 S. Ct. 1598 (2013). Under the Brecht 

standard, the petitioner should prevail when the record is “so evenly balanced that 

a conscientious judge is in grave doubt as to the harmlessness of an error.” O’Neal 

v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 437, 115 S. Ct. 992, 995 (1995); see Caldwell v. Bell, 

288 F.3d 838, 842 (6th Cir. 2002) (“When faced with a Sandstrom error a court 

should not assume it is harmless but must review the entire case under the 

harmless-error standard the Supreme Court most recently expounded in 

Brecht . . . .”). “To show prejudice under Brecht, there must be more than a 

reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the conviction or sentence.” 

Trepal, 684 F.3d at 1114 (internal quotation marks omitted).

But that is not the case here, for we do not have a record that is so “evenly 

balanced.” O’Neal, 513 U.S. at 437, 115 S. Ct. at 995. At trial, the prosecution 

presented substantial evidence to support its theory that Ms. Heath was killed in 

Troup County, Georgia. The evidence showed that on the morning of August 31, 

1981, Owens and Lumpkin drove to the Heaths’ Alabama home, forced Ms. Heath

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into her green Oldsmobile at gunpoint, drove her to Smokey Road in Troup 

County, Georgia, where they fatally shot her sometime around 9:00 a.m., and then 

fled the scene in a Mustang. There were no signs of a struggle, drag marks, or 

suspicious bloodstains at the Heaths’ home in Alabama. There was also no 

evidence to suggest that Ms. Heath struggled or that she had been dragged from 

one location to another. Instead, the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrated that 

Ms. Heath was killed in the car which was found in Georgia: the police found 

blood splattered inside the green Oldsmobile, including small amounts of blood on 

the victim’s hands, arms, and face, on the front passenger seat, rear seat, and rear 

floor board, and all over her purse. Blood was also found splattered on the front 

radio. 

Because the record is not “so evenly balanced” as to leave us “in grave

doubt as to the harmlessness” of the Sandstrom error, we affirm the denial of relief 

on this claim. See id. 

B. Owens’s Motion for a New Trial

Owens’s second argument—that his due process rights were violated 

because the state court waited 25 years before ruling on his motion for a new 

trial—also fails. The Supreme Court has never held that there is a constitutional 

right to a speedy direct appeal in a state criminal case. Nor are we able to find any 

precedent suggesting that a constitutional violation arises from an untimely ruling 

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on a motion for a new trial. Consequently, we must afford deference to the 

Georgia Supreme Court’s determination because it cannot be said that its decision 

denying Owens’s motion for a new trial was contrary to, or an unreasonable 

application of, clearly established federal law. Washington v. Crosby, 324 F.3d 

1263, 1265 (11th Cir. 2003). 

IV. Conclusion

Because we find that any Sandstrom error was harmless, the Georgia 

Supreme Court’s decision cannot be said to have “resulted in a decision that was 

contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal 

law.” See §2254(d)(1). Likewise, the delayed ruling on Owens’s motion for a new 

trial did not violate his constitutional rights.

AFFIRMED.

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