# 2010 Air Monitoring Network Assessment

For

Sacramento County, CA



# April 29, 20112 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was prepared by the Sa cramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District/Program Coordination Division

We would like to thank the staff of the CARB/MLD, CARB/PTSD/AQ Data Branch, US EPA/Region IX/Air Quality An alysis Office and US EPA/OAQPS for their support, assistance, and technical gui dance in the development of these Air Monitoring Network Assessments.

Sacramento Metropolitan Air Q uality Management District 777 12 th Street, 3 rd Floor Sacramento, CA. 95814-1908 (916) 874-48003 Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Legal Requirements for this Network Assessment 1.2 Origins for the Need for Network Assessments 1.3 Objectives of the Network Assessment 1.4 Regional Description of the Sacramento, CA MSA.

1.4.1 Geography 1.4.2 Population 1.4.3 Emissions Inventory 1.4.4 Air Quality Levels, Data Summaries, and Trends 1.4.5 Climate and Meteorology 1.4.6 Regional Air Monitoring Network

2.0 Analysis of the Local/Regi onal Air Monitoring Network

2.1 Analysis of Air Monitoring Network 2.2 Monitoring Objectives and Spatial Scales 2.3 Network Description by Pollutant 2.4 Population/Emissions Density – Site summary 2.5 Sacramento County Monitoring Sites 2.6 Site by Site Analysis of Local Monitoring Network 2.7 Other Issues (Current/New Te chnologies, Asthma, Environmental Justice, Ozone Transport)

3.0 Conclusions and Recommendations for Local Monitoring Network

3.1 Monitors to be added to t he SMAQMD Monitoring Network 3.2 Monitors that should be added to the SMAQMD Monitoring Network

Bibliography

Appendices

A. Maps of Air Monitoring Si tes from CARB SLAMS Report B. Winter/Summer Season PM2.5 FRM Da ta from Stockton Blvd. and T St.4 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

AAM = Annual Arithmetic Mean AADT = Annual Average Daily Traffic AIR = Sacramento- Airport Road air monitoring site

BAM = Beta Attenuation Monitor BAAQMD = Bay Area Air Quality Management District BC = Sacramento- Branch C enter air monitoring site BRU = Elk Grove- Bruceville air monitoring site BSA = Broader Sacramento Area

CARB = California Air Resources Board CCOS = Central California Ozone Study, Summer 2000 CFR = Code of Federal Regulations CH4 = Methane CBSA = Core Based Statistical Area CMSA = Consolidated Metr opolitan Statistical Area CO = Carbon Monoxide CSN = Chemical Speciation Network

DPM = Sacramento- Del Paso Manor air monitoring site D.V. = Design Value

ECW = Sacramento- El Camino /Watt air monitoring site EDCAPCD = El Dorado County Air Pollution Control District EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FRM = Federal Reference Method FOL= Folsom-Natoma air monitoring site

HNO3 = Nitric acid

MET = Meteorology MSA = Metropolitan Statistical Area

NA = Data not available NAMS = National Air Monitoring Sites NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality Standard NCore = National Core ambient monitoring network NH = North HIghlands- Blackfoot air monitoring site NH3 = Ammonia NO2 = Nitrogen Dioxide NOX = Oxides of Nitrogen NOY = Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen5 Obs = Observations O3 = Ozone

PAMS = Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Sites Pb = Lead PCAPCD = Placer County Air Pollution Control District PM = Particulate Matter PM2.5 = Particulate Matter- 2.5 micron PM10 = Particulate Matter- 10 micron PM10-2.5 = PM- Coarse PM- Coarse = Particulate Matte r >2.5 micron and <10 micron PPB = Parts per Billion PSD = Prevention of Sign ificant Deterioration PQAO = Primary Quality Assurance Organization

ROG = Reactive Organic Gases RRAMP = Roseville Rail Yard Air Monitoring Project

SAOS = Sacramento Area Ozone Study, Summer 1990 Sck. Blvd. = Sacramento Health Departm ent- Stockton Blvd. air monitoring site SIP = State Implementation Plan SLAMS = State and Local Air Monitoring Sites SLU = Sloughhouse air monitoring site SMAQMD = Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD SO2 = Sulfur Dioxide SO4 = Sulfate SPM = Special Purpose Monitoring SSI = Size Selective Inlet, PM-10 FRM sampler STI = Sonoma Technology Inc. STN = Speciation Trends Network

TEOM = Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance THC = Total Hydrocarbon TNMHC = Total Non-methane hydrocarbon T St = Sacramento- T Str eet air monitoring site

VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds

YSAQMD = Yolo-Solano Air Quality Management District6 1.0 Introduction

Periodic Ambient Air Monitoring Netw ork Assessments are required, to be conducted once every 5 years, starting Ju ly 1, 2010, by 40 CFR 58, Ambient Air Monitoring Regulations.

This Network Assessment will evaluate the design of the local ambient air monitoring network operated by the Sacr amento Metropolitan AQMD (SMAQMD) and the California Air Resources Boar d (CARB), within Sacramento County, which is part of the Sacramento Metropolitan Stat istical Area (MSA). The evaluation will examine, if there needs to be any necessary changes to the current ambient air monitoring network, in order, to improve and/or streamline the air monitoring network.

Since the Sacramento County air monito ring network, is par t of the larger regional air monitoring network for the Sacramento MSA, this report contains some information about the regional air monitoring network, so that the local Sacramento County monitoring network and its relationship to the regional air monitoring network could be understood. This Network Assessment will only make final recommendations regarding t he design of the local air monitoring network for Sacramento County.

1.1 Legal Requirements for Periodic Network Assessment

As listed in Subpart B, § 58.10 (d), of 40 CFR 58,

" The State, or where applicable loca l, agency shall perform and submit to the EPA Regional Administrator an assessment of the air quality surveillance system every 5 years to determine, at a minimum, if the network meets the monitoring objectives defined in appendix D to this part, whether new sites are needed, whether existing sites are no longer needed and can be terminated, and whether new technologies are appropriate for incorporation into the ambient air monitoring network. The network assessment must consider the ability of existing and proposed sites to support air quality characteri zation for areas with relatively high population of susceptible individuals (e .g., children with asthma), and, for any sites that are being proposed fo r discontinuance, the effect on data users other than the agency itself, such as nearby states and Tribes or health effect studies. For PM2.5, the assessment also must identify needed changes to population-oriented si tes. The State, or where applicable local, agency must submit a copy of this 5-year assessment, along with a revised annual network plan, to the Regional Administrator. The first assessment is due July 1, 2010 ."7 1.2 Origins for the need for Network Assessments

. A discussion on why the 40 CFR 58 was revised in 2006 will show why a periodic 5-year network assessment was needed.

Ambient air monitoring networks, for regulatory purposes, were enlarged and strengthen, during the late 1970's, in support of State Im plementation Plan development, when pollutants such as O3 , CO, NO2, SO2, Pb, and TSP were health problems, in many of the larger urban areas, especially in the Eastern US. As a result, the 1970's version of 40 CFR 58 mandated ambient air monitoring networks, for these pollutants.

By the 1990's, several factors led to t he need for a new doctrine for ambient air monitoring, which resulted in the revis ed 40 CFR 58 regulations (2006 revisions) for ambient air monitoring:

a) Need to re-evaluate and r econfigure monitoring networks:

1. Several pollutants, such as CO, SO2, Pb, and TSP/PM-10 were well under control, in most areas of the US, by the 1990's, due to successful emission control programs. Howe ver, the 40 CFR 58 mandated that State and local agencies must continue to operate ambient air monitoring networks for those pollutants. In addition, at the Federal, St ate, and local leve ls, there was no systematic or effective admin istrative process for the addition of new monitoring sites in areas of little or no air monitoring and for the termination of low priority air monitoring sites, in areas with excess m onitoring. Furthermore, the EPA did not have much legal clout during situations : when there was a need for additional monitoring sites in areas where little or no monitoring was done, or when low priority monitoring sites should have been terminated, in areas where monitoring was no longer needed.

2. Population, Air Quality, and Emissi on Levels/Sources have changed, since the 1970's and the ambient air monitoring netwo rks may need to change according.

3. Current focus of emission control programs is on O3 and PM2.5, instead of CO, PM10, NO2, SO2, and Pb.

4. New monitoring programs and moni toring technologies exist. Thus, a mechanism is needed to assess whether t he ambient air monitoring networks need to change or to incorporate new m onitoring instrumentation to support a necessary program or emerging issue.8 1.3 Objectives of this Network Assessment

This Air Monitoring Network Assessment should address the following issues:

a) Does the monitoring network meet 40 CFR 58 network design requirements? b) Does the monitoring network meet lo cal, regional, state, and federal air monitoring data needs and objectives? c) Does the monitoring network have any sites that are no longer needed? d) Does the monitoring network need any new monitoring sites or AQ monitors? e) Does the monitoring network need to incorporate any new monitoring technologies? f) Does the current monitoring network c haracterize air qualit y in areas with high populations of susceptible individua ls (e.g. asthmatic children)

1.4 Regional Description of the Sacramento, CA MSA

The Sacramento--Arden Arcade--Roseville, CA MSA is an area consisting of four counties: El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, and Yolo Counties. The largest city in the MSA is Sacramento, CA . Sacramento, CA is lo cated approximately 96 miles east-northeast of San Francisco, CA and ap proximately 387 miles north of Los Angeles, CA.

Please find listed below, a map of t he Sacramento MSA and a map for El Dorado, Placer, Sacrament o, and Yolo Counties.

Sacramento County is locat ed at the center of the MSA. Placer County is located northeast of Sacram ento County. El Dorado Co unty is located east of Sacramento County. Yolo Co unty is located to the we st of Sacramento County.Gra p hic of Sac r amento M S

9 A (shown in red): fro m Wikiped i aG r aphic of El

10 Dorado C o unty, CA.G raphic of P

11 lacer Cou nty, CA.G (includ raphic of S ing West S

12 acrament o acramento County , Yolo Cou n ty)Graphic o f

13 Yolo Cou n ty, CA.14 1.4.1 Geography

Geography influences regional wind patte rns which transport emissions and the location of population center s where there is usually a higher density of emission

sources.

Topography:

The Sacramento, CA MSA is located in the southern Sa cramento Valley and middle section of the Sierra Nevada M ountains, near the middle of the Central Valley of California. The Central Vall ey is a north-south orientated valley. The Sacramento Valley is the northern half of California's Central Valley, whereas the southern half of Central Valley is the San Joaquin Valley.

To the west of this MSA, lies the nor th-south orientated Coast Ranges. These are mountains up to 3K feet in elevation. These coastal mountains serve as a flow barrier for moist, clean, cool marine air, from the Pacific Ocean, to enter into the Central Valley. There are a few topographic gaps within the Coast Ranges where marine air can penetrate into the Central Valley. The largest topographic gap is the Carquinez Straits, just south of Vallejo, CA.

To the east of this MSA. lies the north-south orientated Sierra Nevada Mountains. These are mountains up to 10K feet in elevation. These mountains cause the low level sea breez e, which flows thru gaps in the Coast Ranges into the Central Valley, to bifurcate. About 2/3 of the airflow turns towards the southeast and enters the northern San Joaq uin Valley, while about 1/3 of the airflow turns towards the northeast and ent ers the southern Sacramento Valley.

Terrain (elevation and ground cover):

Most of the populated areas of the MSA (Sacramento County, western El Dorado and western Placer Counties, and Yolo Counties ) lie within the flat (low elevation) grasslands of the Southern Sacramento Valley. The eastern sections of El Dorado and Placer Countie s lie within the rugged, lightly populated, conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (approximate elevation: 3K - 10 K ft above sea level).

Hydrological drainage:

The largest rivers within the Sacramento, CA MSA are the nor th-south orientated Sacramento River and the west-east or iented American River. The American River drains water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and f oothills into the Sacramento River. The Sacramento River drains water from the Northern and Southern Sacramento Valleys into the Delta, which drains into the SF bay. Thus, these two rivers are the main drainage condui ts for precipitation within this MSA.15 The largest city in this MSA, Sa cramento, was established, in the 19 th Century, due to its location at the confluence of the Sacramento a nd American Rivers.

Major Economic activities :

Based upon 2006 annual average labor dat a, listed under Industry Employment Projections, at California Employm ent Development Department website http://www.calmis.ca.gov/f ile/indproj/sacr$indproj.xls ): The local economy of this four county MSA is diversified: 23% (o f the total employm ent within the MSA) employed by government (local, st ate, federal), 15% employed by Trade/Transportation/Utilities sector, 9% employed by Educational/Health Service/Social Assistance sector, and 11% employed by Professional/Business Services sector. Thus, gov ernment, trade/transportation, educational/health/social, and professi onal/business sectors account for approximately 58% of t he total employment wit hin this MSA.

The City of Sacramento is the State Capital for Calif ornia. The Sacramento Urbanized area is the core ec onomic and transportation c enter for the MSA. The City of Sacramento lies at the confluence of the Sacr amento and American rivers and the intersection of Inters tate 5 and 80 freeways.

Major (Land) Transportation Features:

The north-south orientated highway, Intersta te 5, goes up and down the center of the Sacramento Valley. Interstate 5 prov ides the main route of motor vehicle travel, going north to the Paci fic Northwest or going south to Southern California. The west-east orientated highway, Intersta te 80, runs across the middle section of the USA. Interstate 80 provides the main route of motor vehicle travel, going west to San Francisco, CA or going over the Sierra Nevada Mountains, eastward to Nevada or as far east as New Jersey. State Highway 99 is a north-south highway going from the nor thern Sacramento Valley to the southern San Joaquin Valley. Highway 99 is the major route for motor vehicles going between cities within the Central Valley.

1.4.2 Population

From the population estimates fo und at the US Census website ( http://www.census.gov ), the estimated population of the Sacramento, CA MSA population was 2,101,138 (7/1/08). T he Sacramento, CA MSA is the 25 th largest MSA, within the US, based upon population (7/1/08). Th e Sacramento, CA MSA is the 4 th largest MSA within California, behi nd Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego MSA's.

The largest city within this MSA, is Sacramento, CA. Its estimated population was 463,794 (7/1/08). The second largest ci ty within this MSA, is Elk Grove,CA.16 Its estimated population was 133,003 (7/1/08). The third largest city within this MSA is Roseville, CA. Its esti mated population was 112,660 (7/1/08).

From the table listed below, the two fastest growing citi es, within this MSA, from 2000-2009 were the City of Lincoln and El k Grove. However, the recent economic recession that started during 2008, has reduced the growth rate in these areas that previously were areas where large numbers of new residential homes were being sold.

Table 1: Cities within Sa cramento MSA with Populati on Growth >= 4% (2000- 2009)

City County Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Growth 2008 Average Growth 2000-2009 Elk Grove Sacramento 139, 119 141,430 1.7% 8.1%

Lincoln Placer 39,300 40,060 1.9% 15.4% Rocklin Placer 54,046 54,754 1.3% 4.7%

West Sacramento Yolo 46,885 47,782 1.9% 4.7%

Wheatland Yuba 3,518 3,548 0.9% 5.2%

Yuba City Sutter 62,616 63,647 1.6% 6.5%

Ref: Article in Sacrament o Bee Newspaper, 5/1/09. Source: California Depa rtment of Finance.

From the US Census website, the estima ted population (7/1/08) of each county that lies within this MSA was: El Dorado (175,609), Placer (341,041), Sacramento (1,386,469), and Yolo County (196,619).

Thus, approximately 2/3 of the MSA's population re sides within Sacramento County.

From the table listed belo w, the county, within th is MSA, with the highest estimated rate for future growth (period: 2000- 2050) is Placer County.17 Table 2: Estimated Regional Population Growth (2000 vs. 2050)

County 2000 Population 2050 Popu lation % Growth from 2000- 2050 El Dorado 158,621 314,126 98%

Placer 252,223 751,208 198% Sacramento 1,233,575 2,176,508 76% Yolo 170,190 327,982 93% MSA 1,814,609 3,569,824 97%

Source: California Department of Finance Ref: Sacramento Bee Newspaper Article, July 10, 2007.

a) Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns within Sacramento MSA, listed by County

All estimated population data listed below are from the US Census website.

Table 3: Population of El Dorado County

Incorporated City Esti mated 7/1/08 Population Placerville Yes 9,994 South Lake Tahoe Yes 23,333 Balance of County NA 143,682 County NA 177,009

Table 4: Population of Placer County

Incorporated City/Town Es timated 7/1/08 Population Auburn Yes 13,219 Colfax Yes 1,738 Lincoln Yes 43,602 Loomis Yes 6,795 Rocklin Yes 52,811 Roseville Yes 112,660 Balance of County NA 110,216 County NA 341,04118 Table 5: Population of Sacramento County

Incorporated City/Town Es timated 7/1/08 Population Citrus Heights Yes 84,432 Elk Grove Yes 133,003

Folsom Yes 67,788

Galt Yes 24,026 Isleton Yes 838 Rancho Cordova Yes 62,265 Sacramento Yes 463,794 Balance of County NA 550,323 County NA 1,386,469

Table 6: Populatio n of Yolo County

Incorporated Cities Esti mated 7/1/08 Population Davis Yes 62,593 West Sacramento Yes 47,511 Winters Yes 6,977 Woodland Yes 54,567 Balance of County NA 24,971 County NA 196,619

1.4.3 Emissions Inventory

Listed below, are the 2008 Estimated Annual Average CO, NOX, SO2, ROG, PM2.5, PM10, and Pb Emissions Inventor y data, for Sacramento County. These emission inventory data were obt ained from the CARB website ( http://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/maps/s tatemap/cntymap.htm#county%20 table).19 Carbon Monoxide:

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. The larger source categories for CO emissions: m obile sources (on-road motor vehicles, other mobile sources (off-road equipment, recreational boats)), and area sources (miscellaneous processes (resident ial fuel combustion,).

Table 7: 2008 Estimated Annual Average CO Emissions in Sacramento County

Source Category Tons/day Fuel Combustion 3.73 Waste Disposal 0.05 Cleaning & Surface Coatings --

Petroleum Production &

Marketing 0.01

Industrial Processes 0.27 Solvent Evaporation -- Misc. Processes 40.26 On-Road Motor Vehicles 209.32

Other Mobile Sources 86.01

County total 339.6520 Oxides of Nitrogen:

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) are a by-product of fossil fuel combustion. Oxides of Nitrogen are necessary for the formation of photochemical smog (ozone). The larger source categories for NOX emissions are: mobile sources (on-road motor vehicles, other mobile sources).

Table 8: 2008 Estimated Annual Average NO X Emissions in Sacramento County

Source Category tons/day Fuel Combustion 3.62 Waste Disposal 0.05 Cleaning & Surface Coating --

Petroleum Production and Marketing 0.00

Industrial Processes 0.23 Solvent Evaporation -- Miscellaneous Processes 3.10 On-Road Motor Vehicles 44.06

Other Mobile Sources 24.91

County total 75.9721 Sulfur Dioxide:

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is a by-product of foss il fuel combustion. The larger source categories for SO2 emissions are: fuel combustion (manufacturing and industrial), miscellaneous processes (re sidential fuel com bustion) and mobile Sources (off-road recreational vehicles)

Table 9: 2008 Estimated Annual Average SO2 Emissions in Sacramento County

Source Category tons/day Fuel Combustion 0.07 Waste Disposal 0.00 Cleaning & Surface Coating --

Petroleum Production and Marketing --

Industrial Processes 0.07 Solvent Evaporation -- Miscellaneous

Processes 0.12

On-Road Motor Vehicles 0.18

Other Mobile Sources 0.19

County total 0.6322 Reactive Organic Gases:

Reactive Organic Gases (ROG) result fr om the evaporation of VOC in fuels and solvents. ROG are an ingredient for the formation of photochemical smog (ozone). The largest source categorie s for ROG emissions are: cleaning and surface coating, solvent evaporation, and mobile sources (on-road motor vehicles, other mobile sources).

Table 10: 2008 Estimated Annual Av erage ROG Emissions in Sacramento County

Source Category tons/day Fuel Combustion 0.35 Waste Disposal 0.34 Cleaning & Surface Coating 3.99

Petroleum Production & Marketing 2.49

Industrial Processes 0.91 Solvent Evaporation 13.23 Miscellaneous Processes 4.04 On-Road Motor Vehicles 22.69

Other Mobile Sources 12.94

County totals 60.9723 Particulate Matter- 2.5 Micron:

Particulate Matter- 2.5 Micron (PM2.5) is both a primary and se condary pollutant. However, most PM2.5 emissions result fr om the combustion of fossil fuels. The largest source categories for PM2.5 emissions are: miscellaneous processes (residential fuel combustion, paved road dust).

Table 11: 2008 Estimated Annual Aver age PM2.5 Emissions – Sacramento County

Source Category tons/day Fuel Combustion 0.41 Waste Disposal 0.01 Cleaning & Surface Coating --

Petroleum Production & Marketing --

Industrial Processes 0.47 Solvent Evaporation 0.01 Miscellaneous Processes 10.12

On-Road Motor Vehicles 1.45

Other Mobile Sources 1.34

County Totals 13.8124 Particulate Matter- 10 Micron:

Particulate Matter- 10 Micron (PM10) is both a primary and se condary pollutant. However, most PM-10 emissions result fr om the combustion of fossil fuels. The largest source categories for PM10 emissions are: miscellaneous processes (residential fuel combustion, constr uction and demolition, paved road dust, and un-paved road dust).

Table 12: 2008 Estimated Annual Av erage PM10 Emissions in Sacramento County

Source Category Tons/day Fuel Combustion 0.42 Waste Disposal 0.01 Cleaning & Surface Coating --

Petroleum Production & Marketing --

Industrial Processes 1.07 Solvent Evaporation 0.01 Miscellaneous Processes 39.37

On-Road Motor Vehicles 2.04

Other Mobile Sources 1.51

County totals 44.4325 Lead:

The largest source category for lead (P b) tends to be emissions from the combustion of leaded aircraft fuel, at general aviation airports. (Ref: 2002 Pb inventory, EPA report). The largest is the Sacramento Executive Airport in Sacramento County. It emits approxima tely 278 kg Pb/yr (0 .3 tons/yr).

For Pb point sources, the largest point source, is Radiator Specialties, in Sacramento County (emissions = 31.5 lbs Pb/yr).

1.4.4 Air Quality Levels, Da ta Summaries, and Trends

Overall, there has been progress, from 1960-2010, in reducing pollutant levels within Sacramento County. For example, between 1960 and 2010, the population of Sacramento C ounty has increased 189%. However, between 1960 and 2010, NOX has decreased 13%, VO C has decreased 61%, and CO has decreased 70%. There have also been reducti ons in other pollutants, such as O3, Pb, and PM-10. However, cont inued future emission reductions will be needed for future reductions in po llutants such as O3 and PM2.5

Ozone:

The current Federal 8 hr National Am bient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is 0.075 ppm.

The Federal 8 hr O3 design value is 0.102 ppm (2006-2008 O3 data, designvalue site = Folsom, CA). Thus, this area continues to be a Federal nonattainment area for the N AAQS, with the classification of severe and an attainment deadline of 2019. The Sacram ento Federal O3 non-attainment area is defined as the Sacramento, Yolo, eastern Solano, southern Sutter, and western portions of El Do rado and Placer Counties.

At the current time, the Dis trict expects our O3 non-attainment region to reach attainment for the former Federal 8 hr (0.085 ppm) NAAQS in 2018.26 Table 14: 8 hr Ozone Desi gn Values (D.V.)(ppb) Sacramento Federal O3 Nonattainm ent Area- O3 monitoring sites

Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Auburn 95 97 102 101 101 99 95 92 93 89 Colfax 86 86 NA NA NA 88 92 91 97 94

Cool 103 103 107 104 106 107 102 97 95 96 Davis 80 81 85 81 77 76 74 73 74 75 Echo Summit 76 76 75 72 72 73

Elk Grove 87 88 85 84 75 80 77 82 82 83

Folsom 102 101 104 99 100 100 97 97 97 98

North Highlands 89 87 89 89 92 91 85 80 82 80

Placerville 98 98 99 96 94 95 94 94 94 93

Pleasant

Grove 81 81 81 83 82

Rocklin 94 92 93 91 92 Roseville 93 89 93 90 92 90 87 86 89 89 Sac-Airport Rd 88 85 82 79 78 77 74 73 73 76

Sac- Del Paso Manor 95 91 95 92 95 97 95 92 90 90

Sac- T St 79 80 82 80 79 79 75 73 76 78 Sloughhouse 97 100 105 98 95 95 94 94 96 93

Woodland 87 86 84 82 83 83 79 77 79 80 8 hr D.V. 103 103 107 104 106 107 102 97 97 98 D.V. site(s) Cool Cool Cool Cool Cool Cool Cool Cool, Folsom Colfax, Folsom Folsom

Federal 8 hr O3 standard is 84 ppb Pleasant Grove and Rocklin sites closed after 2002 NA: insufficient data available27 Table 15: 8 hr Ozone Exceedance Days (days) Sacramento Federal O3 Nonattainm ent Area- O3 monitoring sites

Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Auburn 16 25 17 21 15 11 12 10 29 0 Colfax 8 9 NA NA 18 12 9 13 14 1

Cool 25 35 29 32 42 22 8 22 30 10 Davis 4 5 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 Echo Summit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Elk Grove 4 7 1 3 0 5 1 2 7 1

Folsom 26 18 15 19 23 26 7 19 25 7

North Highlands 9 5 7 7 11 4 1 2 10 1

Placerville 17 23 15 15 20 19 7 16 20 4

Pleasant

Grove 4 3 3 3 2

Rocklin 12 11 12 8 15 Roseville 12 9 8 9 11 5 1 9 9 3 Sac- Airport Rd 6 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1

Sac- Del Paso Manor 10 6 9 6 23 13 3 10 10 2

Sac- T St 4 4 0 3 3 1 0 1 3 1 Sloughhouse 24 19 18 15 16 19 8 10 17 2

Woodland 4 4 0 1 4 0 0 2 4 0

#.Days 26 35 29 32 42 26 12 22 30 10 Peak site Folsom Cool Cool Cool Cool Folsom Auburn Cool Cool Cool

Pleasant Grove and Rocklin sites closed after 2002 NA: insufficient data available28 Carbon Monoxide:

The Federal NAAQS for CO is 9 ppm (8 hr mean) and 35 ppm (1 hr average).

Sacramento Urbanized Area (urbanized ar eas within Sacramento County) is a Federal maintenance area for the 8 hr CO standard. All areas, within this MSA, are in attainment for the CO NAAQS.

All areas, within this MSA, are in attainment for the CAAQS's for CO.

Table 16: Highest 8 hr CO mean (ppm) Sacramento MSA- CO monitoring sites

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 North Highlands 4.05 2.86 2.70 1.73 1.90

Del Paso

Manor 3.15 3.51 3.49 2.90 2.49

El Camino/Watt 3.33 4.19 4.19 3.20 2.84

Goldenland N/A N/ A N/A N/A 1.34 Airport Rd. 3.53 2.97 3.15 5.58 1.83 Davis 0.98 0.69 0.56 N/A N/A Highest 8 hr

mean 4.05 4.19 4.19 5.58 2.84

Peak site North Highlands El Camino/Watt El Camino/Watt Airport Rd El Camino/Watt29 Nitrogen Dioxide:

The new revised 1 hr average Federal NAAQS for NO2 is 0.100 ppm. The District will be unclassified for the 0.100 ppm NO2 standard, pending collection of sufficient NO2 data, from a new "nea r-roadway" NO2 monitoring network, for designation purposes. The annual F ederal NAAQS for NO2 is 0.053 ppm (annual arithmetic mean). This M SA attains the Federal NO2 NAAQS.

Table 17: Highest 1 hr NO2 concentration (ppm) Sacramento MSA- NO2 monitoring sites

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Bruceville 0.041 0.051 0.052 0.051 0.050

Folsom 0.052 0.042 0.044 0.049 0.042

North Highlands 0.146 0.050 0.097 0.127 0.115

Del Paso

Manor 0.066 0.061 0.056 0.051 0.058

Goldenland N/A N/ A N/A N/A 0.046

T Street 0.072 0.071 0.077 0.064 0.065 Airport Rd 0.082 0.074 0.072 0.064 0.069 Roseville 0.067 0.079 0.063 0.058 0.067

Davis 0.057 0.043 0.045 0.046 0.048 Highest 1

hr conc 0.082 0.079 0.077 0.064 0.069

Peak site(s) Airport Rd Roseville T Street T Street, Airport Rd. Airport Rd.

Table 18: 1 hr NO2 Design Value: 3 yr average of 4 th Highest 1 hr NO2 conc. (ppm) Sacramento MSA- NO2 monitoring sites

Site 2005 2006 2007 3 yr average of 4 th Hi (D.V). Roseville 0.062 0.063 0.056 0.0603 Airport Rd 0.058 0.063 0.055 0.0587

T Street 0.059 0.058 0.059 0.0587 Del Paso

Manor 0.052 0.050 0.048 0.050

North Highlands 0.049 0.063 0.114 0.0753

Bruceville 0.042 0.046 0.041 0.043 Davis 0.041 0.042 0.041 0.0413 Folsom 0.038 0.038 0.040 0.038730 Sulfur Dioxide:

The current Federal Primary NAAQS fo r SO2 is 0.030 ppm (annual arithmetic mean) and 0.14 ppm (24 hour mean). T he current Federal Secondary NAAQS for SO2 is 0.5 ppm (3 hr average). This MSA is in attainment for the current Federal SO2 NAAQS.

On June 2, 2010, EPA issued a new revi sed Federal NAAQS of 75 ppb (1 hour average) that will replace the current primary and secondary SO2 standards. This new SO2 NAAQS will become effective on August 1, 2010.

Table 19: Highest 24 hr SO2 average (ppm) Sacramento MSA- SO2 monitoring sites

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 North Highlands 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.002

Del Paso

Manor 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.002

Highest 24 hr average 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.002

Peak site(s) Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor North Highlands Del Paso Manor,

North Highlands Del Paso Manor,

North Highlands31 PM10:

The Federal NAAQS for PM-10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 hr average).

Sacramento County attained the Feder al PM-10 NAAQS, in 2002.

Table 20: Highest 24 hour averaged PM-10 SSI (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM10 SSI monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 North Highlands 44 110 65 56 97

Sac.- Branch Center 45 61 38

Sac.- Branch Center #2 81 56 89

Sac.- Del Paso Manor 49 72 63 70 71

Sac.- Goldenland 56

Sac. H.D.-

Stockton Blvd. 44 64 56 56 88

Sac.- T St. 58 53 109 53 74SacAirport Rd. 47 56 81 94 91

Sacramento- Airport Rd was reloca ted to Goldenland Court during 2008. Sacramento- Branch Center site was relocated during 2006.PM2

The (ann

Porti PM2 vari o .5:

Federal N A ual arithm e

ons of the S .5 NAAQS

o us bounda A

AQS for P

e tic mean).

S acrament of 35 ug/ m ries of the M2.5 is 35

o MSA are 3. Please PM2.5 Fed

32 ug/m3 (24

a Federal refer to th e eral non-a t hr averag e

non-attain m
e graphic s h t tainment a e ) and 15.0

m ent area f h own belo w
reas. ug/m3

f or the 24 h

on the r33 Table 22: 2004-2006 PM2.5 FR M Design Value by County Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

County Design Value (ug/m3) El Dorado No monitor

Placer 38 Sacramento 49 Yolo 30

Table 23: Highest PM2.5 FRM 24 hr average (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Roseville 32 51 45 30 60 Sac.- Del Paso Manor 51 80 78 61 74

Sac. H.D.-

Stockton Blvd. 47 59 45 53 65

Sac.- T St 46 59 54 58 66WoodlandGibson 36 35 44 42 42

Highest 24 hr average 51 80 78 61 74

Peak site Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor34 Table 24: PM2.5 FRM A nnual Averages (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Roseville 9.4 10. 0 10.5 8.4 10.0 Sac.- Del Paso Manor 11.5 11.5 13.1 12.3 13.2

Sac. H.D.-

Stockton Blvd. 10.5 10.4 10.8 10.9 12.2

Sac.- T St NA 10.9 NA 11.9 11.0WoodlandGibson 10.4 8.4 9.3 8.3 NA

Highest Annual Average 11.5 11.5 13.1 12.3 13.2

Peak site Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor

Table 25: PM2.5 FRM 24 hr Av erage Design Value (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Roseville 32 28 31 30 30 Sac.- Del Paso Manor 49 45 49 52 54

Sac. H.D.-

Stockton Blvd. 44 38 39 41 43

Sac.- T St 46 41 41 43 43WoodlandGibson 30 28 30 33 NA

Highest 24 hr average design value 49 45 49 52 54

Peak site Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor35 Table 26: PM2.5 FRM National Annual Average Design Value (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Roseville 10.8 9.8 10.0 9.7 9.6 Sac.- Del Paso Manor NA 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.9

Sac. H.D.-

Stockton Blvd. NA 10.5 10.5 10.7 11.3

Sac.- T St. NA NA NA 11.9 11.0WoodlandGibson 9.8 9.1 9.4 8.7 NA

Highest annual average design value 10.8 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.9

Peak site Roseville Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor

Table 27: California PM2.5 BAM (non-FRM) 24 hr average (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 BAM monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Roseville 48 59 55 49 150*Elk GroveBruceville 39 49 45 58 83*

FolsomNatoma 56 55 53 42 131*

Sac.- Del Paso Manor 58 81 78 61 93*

Sac.- T St 53 64 54 58 79* Davis- UCD 50 60 79 62 78*WoodlandGibson 36 35 44 42 42*

Highest PM2.5 BAM 24 hr average 58 81 79 62 150*

Peak site Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Davis Davis Roseville

* Smoke from wildfires, during summer 200836 Table 28: California PM2.5 BAM (non-FRM) Annual Average (ug/m3) Sacramento MSA- PM2.5 BAM monitoring sites

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Roseville 9.4 10.0 10.5 12.2 13.8Elk GroveBruceville NA NA NA NA 16.1

FolsomNatoma NA NA 10.7 9.9 13.1

Sac.- Del Paso Manor 11.5 11.5 15.2 12.3 18.9

Sac.- T St NA 12.5 12.9 NA NADavisUCD 9.4 NA 8.0 8.8 NA

WoodlandGibson 10.4 NA 9.3 NA 9.7

Highest PM2.5

BAM Annual Average 11.5 12.5 15.2 12.3 18.9

Peak site Del Paso Manor T St Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor37 Pb:

Sacramento County was in attainment of the former Pb NAAQS of 1.5 ug/m3. In 2008, EPA promulgated a revised Pb N AAQS of 0.15 ug/m3. Based upon the old historical TSP-Pb datas et and the lack of large (>= 0.5 tons per yr) point/area Pb sources in this region, the District does not expect to exceed this revised Pb NAAQS.

Table 29: Historical Monthl y Averaged Pb-TSP data (ug/m3)

Sacramento- El Camino/Watt (mi cro-scale) monitoring site

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1996 .009 .010 .016 .038 .035 .012 .009 .010 .012 .016 .015 .008 1997 .014 .014 .012 .007 .007 .006 .009 .007 .008 .010 .007 .012 1998 .005 .004 .008 .006 .003 .005 .036 .008 .007 .008 .010 .008

Pb-TSP Hi-Vol sampling, at El Camino/Watt, terminated May 1999.

Table 30: Historical Monthl y Averaged Pb-TSP data (ug/m3) Sacramento H.D.- Stockton Blvd. ( neighborhood scale) monitoring site

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1996 .009 .009 .005 .023 .010 .007 .006 .006 .009 .008 .011 .007 1997 .008 .010 .010 .005 .006 .004 .007 .008 .007 .009 .008 .011 1998 .006 .004 .007 .005 .003 .006 .042 .009 .005 .011 .011 .009

Pb-TSP Hi-Vol sampling, at Stoc kton Blvd., terminated January 1999.

1.4.5 Climate and Meteorology

The Sacramento MSA experiences a M editerranean climate wh ich features a warm dry summer and cool wet winter. Thus, there are two distinct seasons during the year. The warm season tends to be the months of April-October. The cool season tends to be the months of November-March.

The warm, dry, stable weat her, during the warm season, is due to the eastern Pacific high pressure cell. Maximum afternoon temperatures may reach 100 degree or higher, about 8-12 days each year.

The cool, wet weather, during the cool s eason, is due to the jet stream in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Minimum morning temperature may reach 32 (or slight lower) degrees F, only a few da ys each year. The City of Sacramento averages about 18 inches of rain each year. Most of the precip itation falls during the months of December , January, and February.38 Meteorology influences the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. The months of April-Oc tober, which feature warm temperatures, sunny skies, and elevated temperature inversions, is ozone season. This is a time of the year when O3 may be elevated. On most days, a sea breeze, from the San Francisco Bay area, via the Carquinez Straits, flows into the southern Sacramento Valley, blowin g from the southwest towards the northeast. Precursor emissions from the SF Bay area are transported to the Sacramento area. Emissions from the Sacramento area are tr ansported downwind along the Interstate 80 and 50 corridors into the downwind areas, such as El Dorado, Nevada, and Placer Counties. U nder southwest winds, the peak O3 concentrations are often observed at C ool or Folsom, during the afternoon or early evening hours. If the sea breeze w eakens, under higher surface pressures to the east of California, then the surface winds may blow from the west or northwest. Under westerly or northwest winds, the peak O3 concentrations are often observed at Folsom or Sloughhouse, during the afternoon or early evening hours.

The predominant surface wind direction for the Sacramento MSA is southerly winds, on an annual basis. Listed below is a table which discusses the predominant surface wind direction by seas on, for several locations, going from east to west, within the Sacramento MSA.

Table 31: Predominant Surface Wind Direction by Season & Percent of Time

Site Site Elevation Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual

South Lake Tahoe 6329 ft S 41.7% SSW 32.0% SSW 43.6% S 29.1% SSW 35.2% Blue Canyon 5283 ft S 33.7% SSW 38.5% SSW 39.6% S 34.7% S 35.6% Sacramento 43 ft SSE 29.3% SSW 41.8% SSW 61.7% SSW 29.3% SSW 37.4% Davis 52 ft S 37.9% SSW 35.5% SW 42.3% N 38.6% S 34.6%

Ref: California Surface Wind Climatology, CARB/ADD, June 1984.

The months of November-February tend to be the months for elevated PM2.5, due to cool surface temperatures, periods of clear skies and light surface winds, and strong surface based temperature inve rsions, during the evening hours. Surface winds, during the winter, tend to be from the sout heast or northwest directions. As a result, under light su rface wind speeds, when residential wood combustion occurs, peak winter PM2.5 c oncentrations tend to be observed at Del Paso Manor, during the late evening and very early morning hours.39 1.4.6 Regional Air Monitoring Network

This section will discuss t he history of the Regional Air Monitoring Network, within the Sacramento MSA, and its evolution over time, including reasons for alterations.

The ambient air monitoring sites withi n the Sacramento M SA are currently operated by five different governmental age ncies: California Air Resources Board (CARB formed in 1967 by merger of Stat e Bureau of Air Sanitation and California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Boar d), El Dorado County APCD (EDCAPCD), Placer County APCD (PCAPCD), Sacr amento Metropolitan AQMD (SMAQMD, former name was SCAPCD), and Yolo-Sol ano AQMD (YSAQMD , former names were Yolo County Heal th Dept and YSAPCD).

a) The early air monitoring network (late 1950's-late 1970's)

The earliest air monitoring network was likel y originally established for monitoring for compliance with California State Ai r Quality Standards, as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) we re established later, by the 1970 Clean Air Act.

The first air monitoring sites, established in this MSA, was likely the Sacramento Health Department- Stockton Blvd. parti culate monitoring site (late 1950's), followed by the Sacramento- 13 th and J Street gaseous monitoring site (1963, CARB) and the Woodland particulate monito ring site (1963, Yolo Solano APCD).

Much of the early air monitoring, duri ng the 1960's and 1970's was "exploratory," in nature, which attempted to : 1) define the spatial extent of air quality pollutants, such as O3, CO, and TSP, and 2) dete rmine the frequency and magnitude of air quality exceedances, and 3) visibility impacts from fall season agricultural (rice stubble) burning (COH measurements).

CARB operated a mobile air monitoring uni t, during the early 1970's, to collect short term ambient monitoring data throughout the State, including the Sacramento Valley and Lake Tahoe areas.

CARB performed CO special purpose monitoring, during the 1970's, in the Lake Tahoe air basin, in an effort to underst and the winter CO issues in that high altitude mountain basin. The average height of the water surface of Lake Tahoe is 1900 m MSL. Lake Tahoe is located in a basin surrounded by mountains that rise to a height between 2400 and 3040 m MSL.

Research by CARB, during the summer of 1978, determined t hat O3, from the Sacramento Valley, could be transported by daytime summer prevailing winds, into the Sierra foothills.40 b) Establishment of the "S LAMS/NAMS" air monitoring network (late 1970's-late 2000's):

The foundation of the current ambient air monitoring network is strongly based upon the State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS)/National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS) and SPM air m onitoring network, established during the late 1970's and early 1980's.

The SLAMS/NAMS air monitoring network were larger, better designed, and produced better quality data, then the preceding air monitoring networks. This was due to several reasons.

The 1970 Clean Air Act created Nationa l Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Thus, there was a need for NAAQ S compliance monitoring for criteria pollutants. Better technology led to an improved method for monitoring of photochemical pollutants (UV photometry , approx. 1977). Section 319, 1977 Clean Air Act, required EPA to issue st andardized criteria for ambient air monitoring to be used nationwide. This led to a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program for air monitoring, air monitoring network design requirements, sample inlet probe/monitor siting requirements, etc.

The key reason for expansion of the am bient air monitoring networks was the 1977 Clean Air Act, which introduced the r equirement for Stat e Implementation Plan (SIP) development. Since ambient ai r monitoring was needed, in support of SIP development, the result was an exp ansion of the ambient air monitoring network, during the late 1970's and early 1980's. The resulting monitoring network became the foundation for today's current air monitoring networks.

Listed below is an Air Monitoring Station His tory. This is a list of all current and historical monitoring sites, within this M SA, which reported AQ data to the CARB. As a result, this list would not contain any monitoring sites that did not submit (special purpose monitoring, etc) data to CARB. The cu rrent air monitoring sites are shown in bold. The list shows the starting and ending date for each particular monitoring site. The parameters listed we re monitored at one time but generally were not operated during the entire operating history of the site. The specific parameters measured at each site tend to change over the years, as monitoring programs have evolved.

Table 32: Air Monitoring Station History- Sacramento MSA

Site Name Year O3 * CO NO 2 SO 2 HC VOC COH TSP Pb PM10 PM 2.5 Toxics Age ncy El Dorado Co Big Hill 2003- 2004 X X X B B C

Bliss State Park 1990- 2006 X SP C

Camino 1977- 1978 X E

Coloma- Park 1978 X C41 Hq. Cool- Hwy 193 1996- present X C

Echo SummitUS Hwy 50 2000- present X X X X C

Georgetown 1977- 1978 X E

Kyburz Fire

Station 1978 X C

Loom Lake 1978 X CPlacervilleAirport 1978 X X X X X X X C

PlacervilleFairlane 1977- 1978 X E

PlacervilleGold Nugget 1992- present X X X C

PlacervilleLibrary 1985- 1990 X C, E

ShingleSpringsPonderosa H.S. 1989- 1990 X X E

Sly Park Dam 1978 X C South Lake Tahoe- Airport 1977- 1978, 2005- present X X E, C (200

5- pre
sen

t) South Lake Tahoe- Al

Tahoe 1979, 1982 M C

South Lake Tahoe- Bijou 1979- 1989 X X C

South Lake Tahoe- Caltrans 1977- 1978 X X C

South Lake Tahoe- Caltrans Yard 1982 M C

South Lake Tahoe- Dunlop 1978- 1982 X X X X C

South Lake

TahoeFirehouse # 1 1979- 1981 M C

South Lake Tahoe- Lake Christopher 1978- 1979 X C

South Lake Tahoe- Park 1975- 1980 X X X C

South Lake Tahoe- Police Dept 1974- 1978 X E

South Lake Tahoe- Sandy Way 1992- present X X X X X B C

South Lake

TahoeStateline (site transferred to Nevada Division of Env.

Protection) 1980- 1998 X C

South Lake Tahoe- Tata 1975- 1976 X X C

South Lake Tahoe- 3377 Tahoe Blvd. 1983- 1992 X X X X X X C

Strawberry 1978 X C Placer Co42 Auburn 1971- 1972 X P

Auburn- DeWitt 1974- 1997 X X P

AuburnDeWitt- C Avenue., now County Center? 1979- present X P

Colfax- City Hall 1989, 1992- present X X P

Colfax- Church 1988- 1991 X P

Lincoln 1974- 1978 X P

Lincoln- L St 1988- 1997 X P

Loomis 1973- 1975 X P?

North Lake Tahoe- USCG 1977- 1980 X P

Olympic ValleySquaw Valley 1995- 1996 S C

Rocklin- Rocklin Rd 1991- 2002 X X X X X C, P

Rocklin- Sierra College 1978- 1991 X X X C, P

Roseville 1971, 1973 X P

Roseville- N.

Sunrise 1993- present X X X X X B, F X C

Tahoe City 1974- 1977 X C

Tahoe CityLake Forest 2002- 2004 X X X X B, F C

Tahoe City- N.

Lake Tahoe 1984 X P

Tahoe CityRiver Rd 1993- 1994 X C

Weimar 1978 X X X X X X X X C Sacramento Co Cal Expo AM Youth Hostel 1982 M M C

Citrus HeightsSunrise 1980- 1993 X X X X X X X C

Elk GroveBruceville 1992- present X X X X B S

Elk Grove- Via Media 1982 M C

FolsomLiedesdorff 1978- 1996 X X X X X S

FolsomNatoma 1996- present X X X X B S

NorthHighlandsBlackfoot 1979- present M M M X M X S

RanchoCordovaKilgore 1976- 1984 X S

Rio Linda- Fire Station 1978- 1979 X S

SacramentoAg Comm

Office 1982 M C

SacramentoAirport Rd. 1998- 2008 X X X X X X S43SacramentoBranch Center 1975- 2006 X S

SacramentoBranch Center #2 2006- present X S

SacramentoCreekside 1964- 1982 X X S

SacramentoDel Paso

Manor 1979- present X X X X X X X C B, F(C) , SP S

SacramentoEarhart Drive 1989- 1997 X X X X S

SacramentoEl Camino/Watt 1980- present X X S

SacramentoFlorin 1980- 1981 M S

SacramentoGoldenland 2008- present X X X X X X S

SacramentoMeadowview 1977- 1994 X S

Sacramento Metro Airport Tower 1982- 1985 X X C

Sacramento10 th and P 1971- 1972 X X X X C

Sacramento1025 P 1972- 1980 X X X X X C

Sacramento1131 S St 1982- 1989 M C

Sacramento13 th and J 1963- 1971 X X X X X X C

Sacramento H.D.- Stockton Blvd. Late 1950's*

*- present X X X S

Sacramento- T Street 1989- present X X X X X B, F, SP C

Sherman Island 1978 X X X X X PG &E Sloughhouse 1996- present M S

Yolo Co Broderick- 3 r d & B St 1983- 1991 M Y

Davis- 5 th St 1976- 1979 X X C

Davis- Brown Ave. 1981 M C

Davis- F St 1979 X C Davis- Golf

Course 1982- 1986 M M C, Y

Davis- Russell Blvd 1994- 1995 X Y

Davis- UCD 1988- present X X X X B C

Dunnigan- Main 1976- 1991 M X Y

Dunnigan- Rest

Area I5 East 1982- 1983 X X C

Madison- Main 1980 M C WestSacramento15th Street 1975- present X X Y

WoodlandGibson Rd 1998- present X X B, F Y44WoodlandSutter St. 1992- 1999 X X X Y

Woodland- W. Main St 1963- 1991 X X X X X X C, Y

* Oxidant was monitored, in stead of ozone, prior to 1977.

* * Sacramento Health Department- Sto ckton Blvd monitoring site was in operation, by Jan 1959. However, it is not known if the Stockton Blvd. site was in operation during 1958 or if another "Sac ramento" monitoring site was in operation during 1958.

Agency: C = CARB, E = EDCAPCD, P = PCAPCD, S = SMAQMD, Y = YSAQMD, PG&E = Pacific Gas and Electric.

B = BAM monitor F = FRM monitor M= Special Purpose Monitoring or SPM SP = Speciation sampler T= TEOM monitor X= SLAMS monitor (SLAMS, PAMS, NCore, or SPM) # = Collocated sampler

In the mid 1980's, the prom ulgation of the Federal PM-10 NAAQS led to the creation of the PM-10 SSI monitoring network during the late 1980's and termination of TSP sampling during the late 1980's.

During the summer of 1990 (Sacramento Area Ozone Study) regional monitoring studies were conducted, in order, to support model development and research needed for O3 SIP development. An enhanced air monitoring network was operated, mainly by private contractors, during summer 1990. This monitoring network included O3 monitoring at Cool and Sloughhouse.

During Winter 1990, SMAQMD and SACOG hired SAI to conduct a winter CO monitoring study. This study reviewed 5 CO excursions in order to understand spatial and temporal CO concentration patterns in the Sacramento Area.

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments es tablished new Photochemical Air Monitoring System (PAMS) monito ring requirements. This enhanced photochemical pollutant moni toring program was required in O3 non-attainment areas that were classified as serious or severe. As a result, SMAQMD established a Type I PAMS site at Elk Gr ove- Bruceville, Type II PAMS sites at Airport Rd (later relocated to Goldenl and Court) and Del Paso Manor, Type IIIPAMS site at Folsom- Natoma, and a Radar Wind Profiler at Elk GroveBruceville.45 In the mid-1990's, the summer season publi c notification program , Spare the Air, was initiated and led to the initiati on of seasonal (April-October) SPM O3 monitoring at Cool and Sloughhouse. T hese two monitoring sites were added to collect O3 data in areas where data gaps existed.

During the early 1990's, CARB, via a privat e contractor, T & B Systems, initiated Upper Air Measurements of O3 and Wind Direction/Speed, at 400 ft intervals, on a 2000 foot tall television tower, located at Walnut Grove, CA. This site is a research site and is not part of the r egulatory compliance (SLAMS) monitoring network. The data are used for transpor t studies and forecasting purposes.

O3 Monitoring by CARB (at Blue Canyon) and various Air Districts, during the 1990's, in the Mountain Countie s Air Basin, revealed t hat O3, from the Central Valley, could be transported by daytime and evening summer upslope winds up and over the Sierra Nevada Mountain crest.

During 1999, several California air dist ricts, including SMAQMD terminated TSPPb monitoring. We terminated TSP-Pb monitoring at Sacram ento H.D.- Stockton Blvd and Sacramento- El Camino/Watt, as ambient levels were approaching the minimum detection levels.

In the late 1990's, EPA prom ulgated the Federal PM2.5 N AAQS. This led to the initiation of the PM2.5 FRM/SASS/BAM monitoring net works, during 1999-2000.

During winter 1999, the California Region al Particulate AQ Study (CRPAQS), a regional PM2.5 monitoring study, was conduct ed to collect field data to support PM2.5 model development, PM2.5 res earch, and PM2.5 SIP development.

During summer 2000, the Central Californ ia Ozone Study (CCOS), a regional O3 monitoring study, was conducted to colle ct field data to support O3 model development and O3 SIP development.

During 2003, CARB terminated use of PM-10 TEOM samplers, at CARB monitoring sites, within the Sacrament o Valley (agricultural burn/smoke management program), and replaced them with PM2.5 BAM samplers.

Revised 40 CFR 58 monitoring network requirements (aka: The National Air Monitoring Strategy) was proposed duri ng early 2000's and promulgated in fall 2006. As a result, EPA requested State and Locals to submit Network Review Reports.

In response to the National Air Monito ring Strategy and state budget cuts, CARB, during 2002-2006, terminated: a) Rocklin (O3. PM10) air monitoring site and b) CO monitors: Placerville, Rosevi lle, Sacramento- T Street, and Davis46 During the mid-2000's, PCAPCD initiated th e Roseville Railya rd Air Monitoring Project (RRAMP). This was a seasonal special purpose PM2.5 monitoring study designed to study Diesel Particulate Matte r emissions trends at the Roseville UP Railyard, during summer 2005-2008.

During winter 2007, SMAQMD initiat ed the South Sacramento County winter PM2.5 SPM study. This seasonal SPM study will collect PM2.5 data at Sloughhouse and Rancho Seco, during t he months of November through February, during the peri od: 2007-2011. The data will be used to study winter rural PM2.5 levels.

During early spring 2008, John Hopkins Sch ool of Public Health collected SPM PM data at Folsom site, in s upport of EPA PM2.5 health studies.

During fall 2008 and spring 2009, YSAQMD conducted a study of PM2.5 in Winters, CA.

During 2009, CARB installed a CO2 monito r at Roseville, for a greenhouse gas monitoring study.

In the near future, CARB plans to terminat e the PM-10 SSI at Placerville for use for collocated monitoring at another location within the CARB PQAO.

c) The current SLAMS Monitoring Network (2009-2013)

At the current time, EPA has revised 40 CFR 58 ambient monitoring requirements or proposes to revise va rious NAAQS and the associated ambient monitoring requirements. Thus, we antici pate the possible future additions to the ambient air monitoring network, for the Sacramento MSA, during the next few years

1. Future addition of the NCore monitoring network (January 1, 2011). The revised 40 CFR 58 mandates one NCore site to be installed and operating, in this MSA, no later than January 1, 2011. The approved NCore site location will be Sacramento- Del Paso Manor. NCore will require the addition of the following instruments to a monitoring site: CO (ppb), NOY (ppb), SO2 (ppb), Pb samp ler, PM10-2.5 FRM, and PM10-2.5 Speciation.

2. The revised Federal Pb NAAQS requires the installation and operation of one non-source orientated TSP-Pb or PM10-Pb sampler, in this MSA, no later than January 1, 2012. The proposed Pb site location is Sacramento- Del Paso Manor. The Dis trict plans to operate a low-volume PM10 FRM sampler as the Pb-PM10 sampler.47 3. The proposed revised Federal NO2 NAAQS requires the installation and operation of two near-roadway NO2 monitors, in this MSA, no later than January 1, 2013. Near-roadway is defined as being within 50 meters from the highest traffic count road way segments in major urban areas. The proposed site locations will be di scussed in the Annual Network Plan, due to EPA/Region IX, by July 1, 2012.

4. The proposed revision to O3 m onitoring network design requirements will not impact this MSA, as we already operate several O3 monitors in rural or low population areas. Howeve r, the District will be required to designate one of the existing O3 moni tors as the maximum concentration monitoring site.

In the future, SMAQMD may request permission from EPA for termination of various low priority monitors to free up funding/staff/space for the addition of new instrumentation, as we do not anticipat e any increases in funding and staffing.

The table listed below, describes the current parameters measured within the Sacramento MSA.

Table 33: Current Parameters Meas ured within Sacramento MSA (Nov 2010)

Site O3 CO NO2 SO2 THC VOC PM10 PM2.5 Toxics Met Agency El Dorado Co. Cool- Hwy 193 X(S) X(S) CARB Echo Summit X(S) X(S) CARB

PlacervilleGold Nugget X X X CARB

South Lake Tahoe- Airport X(S) CARB

South Lake Tahoe- Sandy X(B) X CARB

Placer Co. Auburn- County Center X PCAPCD

Colfax- City Hall X PCAPCD

Roseville- N.

Sunrise X X X X, B X X CARB

Sacto. Co.Elk GroveBruceville X X X(E) X(E) B X, P SMAQMD

FolsomNatoma X X X X B X SMAQMD

NorthHighlandsBlackfoot X X X X SMAQMD

Sacto- Branch

Center #2 X SMAQMD

Sacto- Del Paso Manor X X X X X X, C X(C) A, X(C), B, N,

S X SMAQMD

Sacto- El Camino/Watt X SMAQMD

SactoGoldenland X X X X X, T X SMAQMD

Sacto H.D.- Stockton Blvd. X, T X SMAQMD48 Sacto- T Street X X X X, B, S X CARB Sloughhouse X(S) X(S) SMAQMD

Yolo Co. Davis- UCD X X B X CARB W. Sacto- 15 th Street X YSAQMD

WoodlandGibson X X X, B X YSAQMD

A: Aethalometer C: Carbonyl sampler (B): BAM monitor (C): Collocated monitoring N: Nephelometer P: Radar Wind Profiler (S): Seasonal monitoring S: Speciation sampling T: TEOM monitor

Please refer to Appendix A, for Maps of Current Air Monitoring Sites within Sacramento MSA, from CA RB SLAMS Network Plan.

The graphic below shows the CARB and SM AQMD air monitori ng site locations within Sacramento County.Gr a phic of C A RB and S M AQMD Ai r

49 Monitorin g Stations i n Sacrame nto Count y50 2.0 Analysis of the Local/Regional Air Monitoring Network

a) Current Federal Air Monitoring Requirements

The current 40 CFR 58, Appendix D, requires a minimum number of SLAMS/PAMS monitors as a function of population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and severity of the po llution levels within the MSA.

2.1 Analysis of the Air Monitoring Network

The population of the Sacramento M SA is 2.1 million. The Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management Distr ict (SMAQMD) lies within an 8 hr mean Federal O3 non-attainm ent area with the classification of severe. The Sacramento Federal O3 Non-attainment Ar ea (SFNA) includes all of Sacramento and Yolo Counties, and portions of El Dorado, Placer, Sutter, and Solano Counties. Some portions of the SFNA , such as Solano County portion and the Sutter County portion, are areas that do not lie within the Sacr amento MSA. The main focus of this Network Assessment is on air monitoring conducted within Sacramento County. YSAQMD operates two monitoring sites in Solano County: Vacaville- Merchant St (PM-10 SSI) and Vaca ville- Ulatis Dr. (O 3, PM2.5 BAM). The SFNA also includes the southern 1/ 3 of Sutter County, an area with no air monitoring sites.

The District is designated attainment fo r Federal health standards for CO, NO2, and SO2. The District is designated non-a ttainment for Federal health standards for PM2.5. The District is not classifi ed for Pb. The District submitted a PM-10 Air Quality Maintenance Plan, so it may officially request re-designation from non-attainment to attainment of the Federal PM- 10 standard.

The actual air monitoring network is lar ger than the minimum number of monitors required by 40 CFR 58, due to public not ification, AQ fore casting/pollutant mapping, population exposur e, background monitoring, SIP modeling needs, etc.

40 CFR 58 require the following minimum SLAMS sampling for this MSA, based upon population levels and AQ levels. As shown in the tables below, the monitoring network within the MSA exce eds the minimum SLAMS monitoring requirements for all criteria pollutants.51 Table 34: Minimum Monitoring Requirements for Ozone MSA 8-hour Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville 0.102 (2006- 2008)(Folsom) 2 16 total (12 SLAMS and 4 SPM) 0

Table 35: Minimum Monitoring Requirements for PM-2.5 MSA Annual Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville 49 μg/m3 (2004-2006) 3 yr average of 98th Percentile Values 3 FRM 5 FRM 0

" " N/A 2 Continuous 7 Continuous 0

Table 36: Minimum Monitoring Requirements for PM-10 MSA Daily Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville 0.0 expected exceedance days (2004- 2006) 2-4 (< 80% of NAAQS) 11 SSI 0

Table 37: Minimum Monitoring Requirements for NO2 MSA Daily Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville N/A 2* NO2 and 2** near roadway NO2 8 (7 SLAMS and 1 SPM) 2 (see comment

below)

* Monitors Required for PAMS: 2 NO 2 (one at each Type II, SacramentoGoldenland and Sacramento- Del Paso Manor), 1 NO Y at either the Type I (Elk Grove- Bruceville) or III (Folsom- Natoma) site.

** Two near roadway NO2 monitors will be r equired in this MSA, by January 1, 2013. A near roadway site must be wit hin 50 meters of the major roadway segment with the highest AADT count. The District will be required to identify the locations of the two near roadway m onitoring sites in the Annual Monitoring Network Plan, due to EPA, no la ter than July 1, 2012.52 Table 38: Minimum Monito ring Requirements for SO2 MSA Daily Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville N/A N/A 1 1*

* Effective August 23, 2010, the revis ed SO2 primary NAAQS is 75 ppb (1 hr average). A minimum of 1 SO2 monitor will be required by January 1, 2013.

Table 39: Minimum Monitoring Requirements for CO MSA Daily Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville N/A N/A 4 (3 SLAMS and 1 SPM) N/A (see comment

below)

Monitors Required for CO Maintenance Plan: 1 CO monitor within Sacramento Urbanized Area (CO ma intenance area).

Table 40: Minimum Monitoring Requirements for Pb MSA Daily Design Value (years) Min. # Monitors Required # Monitors Active Monitors NeededSacramentoArdenArcadeRoseville N/A 1* None 1 (see comment

below)

* Due to the revised NAAQS for Pb, this MSA (>= 500,000 population) will be required to have, at least, 1 non-s ource orientated, neighborhood scale Pb monitoring site to measure Pb concent rations in urban areas, by January 1, 2012. At the time of this writing, EPA proposes a rule that would require the nonsource orientated Pb monitoring site to be located at the NCore site. The proposed Pb monitoring site, for our ar ea, is Sacramento- Del Paso Manor, which is the NCore site.

State and Local agencies may either insta ll a Pb-TSP or Pb-PM10 sampler. We plan to install a Pb-PM10 sampler. Pb-PM10 data may be used to show only non-attainment or unclassified stat us. Pb-TSP data may be used to show attainment or non-atta inment status.

The primary reason why we plan to operate a Pb-PM10 sampler, instead of a PbTSP sampler, at the NCore site, is that a low volume Pb-PM10 sampler will require less rooftop space, than a high volume Pb-TSP sampler. The amount of rooftop space available is limited. Thus, we wish to effectively manage the limited amount of rooftop space available, so that we may accomplish our53 monitoring objectives, using the least amount of rooftop space, if possible. The secondary reason why we plan to operate a Pb-PM10 sampler is that the historical 1996-1998 Sto ckton Blvd. and El Camino/Watt Pb-TSP data and the lack of large Pb emission point/area sources suggest that ambient Pb-TSP concentration levels, in this area, woul d be approximately <= 1/10 of the revised Federal Health Standard for Pb.

40 CFR 58 also lists other additional m onitoring requirements, such as NCore and PAMS.

The Sacramento MSA is required to in stall and operate one NCore site, no later than January 1, 2011. The EPA approved NC ore site is Sacramento- Del Paso Manor. The following parameter s, at a minimum, are required to be monitored at an NCore site: O3, Trace Level CO ( ppb), Trace Level NO/NOY, Trace Level SO2 (ppb), PM2.5 FRM mass, continuous PM2.5 mass, speciated PM2.5, PM10- 2.5 FRM mass, speciated PM10-2.5, Pb, Wind direction, Wind speed, Ambient temperature, and Relati ve humidity.

The Sacramento MSA is one of 25 Metropo litan Statistical Areas (MSA) in the United States that are r equired to conduct PAMS monitoring, due to the degree of the ozone non-attainment status. T he table listed below, discusses the required PAMS measurements.

Table 41: Minimum PAMS Measurement Requirements

Measurement Where Required Comments Speciated VOC Two sites per area, one of which must be a Type 2 site. One morning and one afternoon canister, with 3 hr or less averaging time, plus continuous TNMHC monitor. Carbonyl Type 2 site in areas classified as serious or above for 8 hr O3 std. 3 hr sample during PAMS

season. NOX All Type 2 sites. NOY One site per area, at Type 1 or Type 3 site. CO (ppb) One site per area, at Type 2 site. O3 All PAMS sites Surface Met. All PAMS sites Upper Air Met. One representative location within PAMS area.

From the table list ed above, the Sacr amento MSA is required to have PAMS Type 2 and Type 3 sites. The Type 2 sites are Sacramento- Goldenland and54 Sacramento- Del Paso Manor. The Type 3 si te is Folsom- Natoma. In addition, the District operates a Type 1 site and Radar Wind Profiler, at Elk GroveBruceville. Each summer, during the mont hs of July-September, we collect four, 3 hour averaged trend VOC (Del Paso Manor and Folsom) and Carbonyl samples (Del Paso Manor), every 3 rd day. We operate continuous TNMHC analyzers, year-round, at all PAMS sites. We operate NOX, year-round, at all PAMS sites. We operate su rface met., year-round, at all PAMS sites. We operate a Radar Wind Profiler, at Bruceville, year-round.

40 CFR 58, Appendix A, lists the Quality Assurance r equirements for ambient air monitoring. There is a requirement for collocated, automated and manual PM methods, in order, to collect precision dat a. The requirement is that, each FRM or FEM method within a Prim ary QA Organization must hav e, at least, 15% of the monitors collocated (values of 0.5 and greater round up); and have at least 1 collocated monitor (if total num ber of monitors is less than 3). The air districts of the Sacramento MSA operate under the CARB Primary QA Organization. The collocated, manual PM10 SSI and PM2.5 FRM samplers are located at Del Paso Manor. Table 42

Minimum number of NCore/SLAMS/PAMS ai r samplers required, by 40 CFR 58 Sacramento MSA

Parameter NCore SLAMS PAMS Minimum #.

-------------- -------- -- ---------- --------- ------- O3 1* 2 3 3 CO NA 1 NA 1 CO (ppb) 1* NA 1 1 NO2 NA NA 3 3 NO2 near-roadway NA 2* NA 2* NOY (ppb) 1* 0 1 1 + 1* SO2 NA NA NA 1* SO2 (ppb) 1* NA NA 1* TNMHC NA NA 3 3 VOC NA NA 3 3 PM-10 SSI NA 2 NA 2 PM2.5 FRM 1* 3 NA 3 PM2.5 Continuous 1* 2 NA 2 PM2.5 Speciation 1* 1 NA 1 PM10-2.5 FRM 1* NA NA 1* PM10-2.5 Continuous NA NA NA NA PM10-2.5 Speciation 1* NA NA 1* Pb NA 1* NA 1*

Note: * Future monitoring requirement55 Thus, the minimum number of samplers r equired within this MSA, as of October 2009, is 22. Note that is many cases, a single monitor can satisfy multiple monitoring requirements.

The table listed below shows the current number of moni tors deployed within this MSA. Note that PAMS and NCo re are subsets of SLAMS.

Table 43: Actual number of NCo re/SLAMS/PAMS/SPM samplers Sacramento MSA (November 2010)

Parameter NCore SLAMS PAMS SPM** Total

-------------- -------- ---------- --------- ------- ------- O3 1 11 4 5 16 CO NA 3 NA 1 4 CO (ppb) 0* NA NA 0 0* NO2 NA 7 4 1 8 NOY (ppb) 0* NA 1 NA 1* SO2 NA 1 NA 1 1 SO2 (ppb) 0* NA NA NA 0* TNMHC NA NA 4 NA 4 VOC NA NA 3 NA 3 PM-10 SSI 1 10 NA 1 10 PM-10 TEOM NA 2 NA NA 2 PM-10 BAM NA 1 NA NA 1 PM2.5 FRM 1 5 NA NA 5 PM2.5 BAM 1 7 NA NA 7 PM2.5 Speciation 1 1 NA NA 1 PM10-2.5 FRM * NA NA NA 0 PM10-2.5 Speciation 0 NA NA NA 0 Pb 0 0 NA NA 0 Toxics NA NA NA 1 1 Aethalometer NA NA NA 1 1 Nephelometer NA NA NA 1 1

Note: * Instrumentation to be installed during late 2010. ** SPM are site declared as SPM in AIRS and do not count toward Minimum 40 CFR 58 monitoring requirements. *** Monitoring method to be developed by EPA56 As of November 2010, the following samp lers exist in the Sacramento MSA:

1) O3 monitors are located at Cool (seasonal SPM), Echo Summit (seasonal SPM), Placerville, South Lake Tahoe (seaso nal SPM), Auburn, Colfax, Roseville, Elk Grove- Bruceville, Folsom, North Hi ghlands (SPM), Sacr amento- T Street, Sacramento- Goldenland Court, Sacram ento- Del Paso Manor, Sloughhouse (seasonal SPM), Davis, and Woodland.

2) CO monitors are located at North Highlands (SPM), Sacramento- Del Paso Manor, Sacramento- El Camino/Watt, and Sacramento- Goldenland Court.

3) CO (ppb) trace level monitor is bei ng installed at Sacramento- Del Paso Manor.

4) NO2 monitors are located at Rosevill e, Elk Grove- Bruceville, Folsom, North Highlands (SPM), Sacramento- Del Paso Manor, Sacramento- Goldenland Court, Sacramento- T Street, and Davis.

5) NO2 (near-roadway) monitors: None exist now. However, two NO2 nearroadway monitors will be installed and oper ating, in this MSA, no later than January 1, 2013.

6) NOY (ppb) trace level monitors: One NO Y monitor is located at Folsom. One NOY monitor will be installed at Sacramento- Del Paso Manor.

7) SO2 monitor is located at Sacramento- Del Paso Manor.

8) SO2 (ppb) trace level monitor is bei ng installed at Sacr amento- Del Paso Manor.

9) TNMHC monitors are located at Elk Grove- Bruceville, Folsom, SacramentoGoldenland Court, and Sacr amento- Del Paso Manor.

10) Speciated VOC canister samplers ar e located at Elk Grove- Bruceville (episodic monitoring only), Sacramento- Del Paso Manor, and Folsom- Natoma. 11) Carbonyl sampler is located at Sacramento- Del Paso Manor.

12) PM-10 SSI samplers are located at Placerville, Roseville, North Highlands, Sacramento- Branch Center #2, Sacramento- Del Pa so Manor (collocated), Sacramento- Goldenland Cour t, Sacramento H. D.- Sto ckton Blvd, SacramentoT Street, West Sacr amento, and Woodland.

13) PM-10 TEOM samplers are locat ed at Sacramento- Goldenland Court and Sacramento H.D.-Stockton Blvd.

14) PM-10 BAM sampler is lo cated at South Lake Tahoe.57 15) PM2.5 FRM samplers are located at Roseville, Sacramento- T Street, Sacramento- Del Paso Manor (collocat ed), Sacramento H.D.- Stockton Blvd, and Woodland.

16) PM2.5 BAM samplers are located at Roseville, Elk Grove- Bruceville, Folsom, Sacramento- Del Paso Manor, Sacramento- T Street, Davis, and Woodland.

17) PM2.5 (SASS/URG) Speciation sample rs are located at Sacramento- T Street (SLAMS) and Sacramento- Del Paso Manor (Speciation Trend Network or STN).

18) Pb samplers: None exist now. One non-source orientated Pb sampler will be installed and operating, at Sacramento- Del Paso Manor NCore site, no later than January 1, 2012.

19) Toxics sampler: A toxics sample r is located at Roseville.

2.2 Monitoring Object ives and Spatial Scales

The basic three monitoring objectives are to : 1) provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner; 2) support compliance with ambient quality standards and emission strategy devel opment; and 3) support air pollution research studies. To support these moni toring objectives there are a variety of types of monitoring sites including sites located to determine the highest pollutant concentration, the representative conc entrations in areas of high population density, the impact of major pollution em issions sources, the general background concentration levels, the extent of pollut ant transport, and impacts on visibility, vegetation, and other we lfare-based impacts.

The physical sitting of an air monitoring st ation must achieve a spatial scale of representativeness that is consistent with t he monitoring objective of the monitor. The spatial scale results from the physical location of th e site with respect to the pollutant sources. It es timates the size of the ar ea surrounding the monitoring site that experiences uniform pollutant concentrations. Table 44 shows the different site types and the appropriate s patial scale. Table 45 shows each of the monitoring sites in Sacramento MSA and its criteria pollutant objective and spatial scales.

The categories of spatial scale are:

Microscale – An area of uniform pol lutant concentration ranging from several meters up to 100 meters. Middle Scale – Uniform pollutant concentrations in an area of about 100 meters to 0.5 kilometers58 Neighborhood Scale – An area with dimens ions in the 0.5 to 4.0 kilometer range. Urban Scale – Citywide pollu tant conditions with dimensions ranging from 4 to 50 kilometers. Regional Scale – A large area, usually rural, of the same general geography and without large s ources that extends from tens to hundreds of kilometers.

Table 44 – Site Type and Associated Spatial Scale Site Type Appropriate Spatial Scale Highest Concentration Micro, Middle, Neighborhood Population Exposure Neighborhood, Urban Source Impact Micro, Middle, Neighborhood General/background levels Urban, Regional

Regional transport Urban, Regional Welfare-Related Urban, Regional

Table 45 – Site Type and Spatial Scale Site Type HC – High concentration RC - Representative Concentration IM – Source Impact BL – General/Background WF – Welfare-based Spatial Scale MI – Microscale MS – Middle scale NS – Neighborhood scale US – Urban scale

Site Name, AIRS

Site Number, Site Elevation (m) O3 CO NO2 SO2 VOC PM2.5 PM10

Cool- Hwy 193

, 06-017-0020, 515 m. RS/HC *

Echo Summit

, 06-017-0012, 2250 m. RS/HC *

PlacervilleGold Nugget

, 06-017-0010, 585 m. RS/HC RS/HC

South Lake Tahoe- Airport Rd , 06-017- 0013, 2085 m. RS/HC *

South Lake Tahoe- Sandy Way , 06-017- 0011, 1905 m. NS/HC

Colfax- City Hall , 06-061- 0004, 737 m. US/HC59 Site Name, AIRS

Site Number, Site Elevation (m) O3 CO NO2 SO2 VOC PM2.5 PM10

Roseville- N. Sunrise , 06- 061-0006, 49 m. US/HC NS/RC NS/HC US/HC

SacramentoGoldenland Ct.

, 06-067-0014, 3

m. RC/NS RC/NS HC/NS HC/NS RC/NS

SacramentoBranch Center Rd #2 , 06-067- 0284, 21 m. RC/NS

Elk GroveBruceville Rd.

, 06-067-0011, 6

m. RC/NS RC/NS BL/NS BL/NS

SacramentoDel Paso Manor , 06-067- 0006, 25 m. HC/NS RC/NS RC/NS HC/NS HC/NS HC/NS RC/NS

Sacramento-El Camino Watt

, 06-067-0007, 18

m. HC/MI

Folsom – 50 Natoma , 06- 067-0012, 98 m. HC/NS HC/NS RC/NS RC/NS

NorthHighlandsBlackfoot , 06- 067-0002, 45 m. RC/NS * RC/NS* RC/NS * RC/NS

Sacramento H.D.-Stockton Blvd. , 06-067- 4001, 8 m. RC/NS RC/NS

SloughhouseSloughhouse Rd. , 06-067- 5003, 58 m. RC/NS *

Sacramento-T Street , 06-067- 0010, 5 m. RC/US RC/MS RC/NS HC/NS

Davis- UCD , 06- 113-0004, 25 m. US/HC NS/RC NS/RC

WestSacramento15 th St. , 06- 113-2001, 7 m. NS/HC

WoodlandGibson , 06-113- 1003, 11 m. US/HC NS/HC US/HC60 Note that the Special Purpose Monitoring listed in Table 45 (declared as SPM in AIRS) does not count towards 40 CFR 58 minimum monitoring requirements.

2.3 Network Description by Pollutant

1. Ozone: The Sacramento MSA is a non-attainment area for state and federal O3 health standards. Highest O3 conc entrations within the Sacramento MSA, based upon design value, are observed at Colfax, Cool, Folsom, Sloughhouse, Auburn, Del Paso Manor, and Placerville. O3 is also monitored at Bruceville, Roseville, T Street, Davis, Echo Summit (SPM), South Lake Tahoe, Woodland, and North Highlands. here are four PAM S sites within Sacramento County: Folsom (Type III), Del Paso Manor (Ty pe II- secondary), Gol denland Court (Type II- primary), and Bruceville (T ype I). The Elk Grove- Br uceville PAMS Type 1 site is the upwind monitoring site for O3 and it does provide popul ation exposure data for southern Sacramento County.

2. CO: The Sacramento MSA is in atta inment for state and federal CO health standards. Sacramento County is a CO maintenance area. The CO maintenance plan stipulates that, at least, one CO monitor must be operated, in an appropriate location, to demonstrate continued compliance with the CO health standard.

Currently, CO is monito red at the following site s: Goldenland Court, North Highlands (SPM), Del Paso Manor, and El Camino/Watt (micro-sca le site). The NCore program will require CO (trace leve l) monitoring at the Sacramento- Del Paso Manor NCore site. In the future, after the Del Paso Manor trace level CO (FRM) monitor is operating correctly and meets all applicable QA/QC requirements, the current conventional ( non-trace level) CO FRM monitor will be turned off, as it is repl acing one FRM with another FRM.

3. NO2: The Sacramento M SA is in attainment for cu rrent state and federal NO2 health standards. Currently, NO2 is monito red at the following sites: Davis, Del Paso Manor, Elk Grove- Bruceville, Fo lsom, Goldenland Court, North Highlands (SPM), Roseville, and T St reet. Trace Level NOY moni toring will be required at Del Paso Manor (NCore site). A NOY monitor exists at the Folsom site.

4. SO2: The Sacramento M SA is in attainment for the state and federal health standards for SO2. SO2 is monitored at Del Paso Manor, However, since Del Paso Manor will be a NCore site, SO2 (tra ce level) monitoring will be mandatory at that site. In the fu ture, after the Del Paso Manor SO2 trace level (FRM) sampler is operating properly and meet s all NCore QA/QC requirements, the current conventional (non-trac e level) SO2 FRM will turned off, as it is replacing one FRM for another FRM.

5. PM10: Sacrament o County has attained the federal health standard for PM10, and has submitted a PM-10 Maintenance Pl an to EPA. PM10 SSI samplers, are61 operated, at the Branch C enter #2, Del Paso Manor (colocated monitoring), Goldenland Court, North Highlands, Plac erville, Roseville, Stockton Blvd, T Street, West Sacramen to, and Woodland sites.

Continuous PM-10 monitors are oper ated at Sacramento- Goldenland Court (TEOM Model 1400 sampler) and Sacram ento H.D.- Stockton Blvd. (TEOM Model 1400 sampler). These first generat ion TEOM's have a heated inlet which volatize VOC's from resident ial wood smoke, which caus es a large bias in the data. These data are not accepted by CARB for comp arison to the State PM10 standard.

Table 46

Highest 24 hr averaged PM-10 SSI (ug/ m3)/Annual average PM-10 SSI (ug/m3)

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Airport Road 47/19.6 56/20. 4 81/25.7 94/22.4 91/18.8 Goldenland Court 56/26.5

Stockton Blvd. 44/20.9 69/20.7 56/22. 5 56/20.0 88/22.2

T Street 58/20.0 53/20. 9 109/26.4 53/19.9 74/24.9

West Sacramento 54/23.5 63/23.3 77/27. 9 61/21.0 61/24.1

Sacramento- Airport Road was reloca ted to Goldenland Court during 2008.

Table 47 Highest 24 hour average PM-10 SSI (ug/ m3)/Annual average PM-10 SSI (ug/m3)

Site 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 North Highlands 73/26.2 82/23.1 64/23. 1 53/17.3 62/21.0

Del Paso

Manor 141/27.0 59/22.1 68/18. 0 86/24.3 54/20.6

Site 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 North Highlands 44/23.5 110/27.2 65/25. 9 56/24.0 97/29.0

Del Paso

Manor 49/22.1 72/22.4 63/24. 2 70/19.6 71/22.2

6. PM2.5: The Sacramento MSA is a non- attainment area for the Federal PM2.5 standard of 35 ug/m3. Current ly, PM2.5 is monitored, using FRM samplers, at the following sites: Del Paso Manor (c ollocated), Roseville, Stockton Blvd, T Street, and Woodland. The highest 24 hr averaged PM2.5 levels are observed at62 Del Paso Manor, followed by T Street and Stockton Blvd. The Stockton Blvd. PM2.5 FRM sampler lies 2 miles away from the T Street site and may be redundant to the T Street site.

Continuous PM2.5 sampling is conducted, using BAM samplers, at Bruceville, Davis, Del Paso Manor, Folsom, Rose ville, T Street, and W oodland. Highest 24 hr averaged PM2.5 BAM concentrations are observed at Del Paso Manor, followed by Davis, Roseville, and Folsom (light commercial/residential). Highest annual averaged PM2.5 BAM concentrations are observed at Del Paso Manor, followed by T Street.

Since PM2.5 forecasting requires cont inuous PM2.5 BAM monitors, the PM2.5 BAM samplers are high priority.

A PM2.5 BAM sampler at Folsom was inst alled in spring 2002. The Folsom area is characterized by low density residentia l housing, with a smaller low density commercial area. Folsom's populati on of about 70,000 is similar to the population of Davis, CA. and Woodland, CA. Since the Folsom site was optimized for highest ozone concentrations, not PM, and this site lies downwind of Folsom Lake (an area with little or no PM emissions), particularly during northeasterly nighttime drainage flows, this site was not expected to see elevated concentrations of PM2.5, from the populated areas durin g evening hours. If the Folsom PM2.5 BAM was relocated to a different and better PM site location within Folsom, the BAM may observe higher PM2.5 values.

There are two PM2.5 speciation samplers in Sacramento Count y: T Street and Del Paso Manor. An EPA network re view report on the national wide STN network stated that the spec iation sampler at T Street may be too close to Del Paso Manor. EPA originally preferred to locate these STN samplers at PAMS Type II sites that had a PM2.5 FRM sampler. In addition, Del Paso Manor will be the NCore site, where PM2.5 speciation sa mpling is required. Thus, the T Street PM2.5 speciation sampler ma y be a redundant sampler.

7. PAMS NMHC, VOC, & Carbonyl: SMAQMD operates total non-methane hydrocarbon analyzers, year-r ound, at four PAMS sites: Bruceville, Goldenland Court, Del Paso Manor, and Folsom. SMAQMD conducts speciated VOC sampling, during the months of July-Sept ember, at Del Paso Manor and Folsom. SMAQMD conducts carbonyl sampling, duri ng the months of July-September, at Del Paso Manor. Since the revised 40 CFR 58 no longer requires Type 1 PAMS sites and only requires TNMHC and VOC at Type 2 and Type 3 sites, and the background levels of VOC, at the upwind Type 1 site , have declined, over the last two decades, and the minimum detecti on level of the Total NNHC analyzers is approximately 7.5 pptm. A future revi ew of historical Br uceville TNMHC and VOC data should be conducted, to asce rtain, if the PAMS TNMHC and VOC monitoring at the PAMS Type 1 site should be terminated.63 The Carbonyl sampler at Del Paso M anor is mandated, but carbonyl data (3 VOC's) may not be as useful as the spec iated VOC dataset ( 55 VOC's). Several years ago, EPA considered te rminating the requirement for carbonyl sampling, due to its high cost, relative to its degree of usefulness.

8. Aethelometer: An aethel ometer is sited at Del Paso Manor. It is a SPM monitor left over from the 1999-2000 CRPAQS r egional PM study. Aethelometer provides a qualitative meas urement of black carbon. Aethelometer data may be useful for focused special purpose studies, when there is a specific need for this data.

9. Nephelometer: A nephelometer is sited at Del Paso Manor. It is a SPM monitor left over from the 1999- 2000 CRPAQS regiona l PM study. Nephelometers measure light scattering from gases. The amount of light scattering is a function of PM and humidit y in the air. Thus, nephelometer data may act as a surrogate for PM measurements.

10. Surface Meteorological Measurements: Surface meteor ological parameters such as wind direction (WD), wind s peed (WS), ambient temperature (TMP), relative humidity (rh), and solar radiat ion SRD), are measur ed at the four PAMS sites: Bruceville, Goldenland Court, De l Paso Manor, and Folsom. Additional parameters, such as ultraviolet radiat ion (UV), precipitation (Prec.), and barometric pressure (BP), ar e measured at Bruceville.

The T Street site, a non-PAMS SLAMS si te, measures wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative hum idity, and barometric pressure.

The Sloughhouse site, a non-PAMS seasonal O3 monitoring site, measures wind direction and wind speed, during the months of April-October.

Table 48: Surface Meteorological Measurements at Sacramento County monitoring sites

Site WD WS Tmp Rh SRD UV Prec. BP Bruceville X X X X X X X X Goldenland X X X X X

Del Paso

Manor X X X X X

Folsom X X X X X T Street X X X X X Sloughhouse X X64 11. Upper Air Measurements:

The District operates a Radar Wind Profiler, year-round, at the Bruceville site. It collects upper level wind and temperature data, as per the PAMS requirements.

CARB provides funding for T & B Systems, Inc, a private technical contractor, to operate Ozone and Wind sensors, placed at the surface and at 400 ft intervals, on the 2000 foot tall, Hearst -Argyle TV Tower, locat ed in Walnut Grove, CA (southwestern Sacramento County). This is a research site, collecting upper air data used for O3 forecasting and transport studies.

Table 49: Upper Air Measurem ents of Winds and Air Quality

Site Ozone aloft Wind Direction/Wind Speed Bruceville- Radar Wind Profiler X

Walnut Grove TV Tower X X2.4

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f ollowing s h t he popula t i on/Emiss i

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w ould be e68 transported towards the northwest, toward s Airport Rd. Around 9 or 10 am, the winds switch to a southwest direction, so downtown emissions during the late morning, afternoon, and early evening are transported towards the northeast, towards Del Paso Manor (The Type II-secon dary site). After sunset, the winds once again revert to a southeasterly direct ion, and blow towards the Airport Rd. site. This surface met. site is a good si te for observing north winds, during some seasons of the year.

Under the current California Alternative Pl an (CAP III), this site is not required to monitor for speciated VOC or carbonyl, but it is required to measure O3, NO2, continuous THC, and surface meteorology.

During June 2010, EPA approved our request for permission to relocate the Del Paso Manor PM-10 TEOM to the Goldenland Court site, in order to provide data for rare, infrequent high wind PM events, etc.

b) Sacramento- Branch Center #2 site: Th is site has one PM-10 SSI sampler. This site was sited near an aggregate operation that has been shutdown and relocated to a newer site that is near this location. It does not observe elevated 24 hr PM-10 levels. This site is lo cated near moderate popul ation density areas of the Rosemont community in Sacramento.

c) Elk Grove- Bruceville: This site is a PAMS Type I site, equipped with a Radar Wind Profiler for Upper Air Wind measurements. PAMS TNMHC/VOC monitoring is not mandated at a PAMS Type I, under the revised 40 CFR 58. This site is the upwind O3/NO2/PM2 .5 BAM (background concentration) monitoring site, under southerly winds. Th is rural site occasionally observes the highest PM2.5 concentrations in Sacrament o County. The surface meteorology monitors observe the start of a clean out period, due to a strong sea breeze. The upper air data from the Radar wind profile r are very useful, on a daily basis, when forecasting local air quality, bot h during the summer O3 and winter PM

seasons.

d) Sacramento- Del Paso Manor: This site is one of the largest air monitoring sites within Northern California, in terms of number of param eters measured. This site measures: O3, CO, NO2, SO 2, TNMHC, VOC, Carbonyl, PM10 SSI (colocated), PM2.5 FRM (colocated), PM2.5 BAM, PM2.5 (STN) Speciation, Aethalometer, Nephelometer, WD, WS, Temp, rh, and Solar Radiation. This site is a PAMS Type II- Secondary site, with PM2.5 FRM and Speciation (STN) samplers. PAMS monitoring is mandated un der 40 CFR 58. This site is a good site for measuring gases and particulate, due to its location in the middle of the Sacramento urbanized area and downwind from downtown Sacramento. The area around the monitor has low moderate populati on density.69 This site was approved to be the NCore si te. As space on the current rooftop for future additional NCore equipment was lim ited, the roof deck was enlarged and the electrical capacity was in crease during spring 2010.

SMAQMD inherited a single channel aethalometer and a nephelometer from the 1999 CRPAQS regional PM study. These samplers are located at Del Paso Manor.

The Goldenland Court site and Stockton Bl vd. site have PM-10 TEOM samplers. They were introduced into our monitori ng network in the early 1990's, when CARB was testing use of PM-10 TEOM samplers, in the Sacramento Valley Air Basin for use in the Agricultural Burn Forecasting Program. In 2003, the CARB has replaced all of their PM-10 TEOM sa mplers with PM2.5 BAM samplers. In addition, there has been a reduction in #ac reage burned/yr. These PM-10 TEOM samplers feature a heated inlet. The heated inlet reduces the amount of volatile VOC's collected during winte rtime residential wood combus tion, by at least 30%- 50%. Thus, it is difficult to correlate PM-10 TEOM data to PM-10 SSI data. At one time, SMAQMD did issue in-house fore casts for elevated winter-time PM-10, based upon TEOM data. However, t he District has not issued PM-10 AQI forecasts, since winter 2000, due to lack of elevated PM-10 levels, switch to winter-time PM2.5 AQI forecasting, and differences between PM-10 and PM2.5 AQI scales. We operate the first generat ion Model 1400 TEOM's, which are no longer supported (spare parts, repair, and technical support) by the manufacturer, effective July 6, 2007. In addition, the District is in attainment of the Federal PM-10 standar d and the data from PM-10 TEOM sampler is not approved by CARB for comparison to t he State PM-10 Standard. Furthermore, more space was needed at Del Paso Manor, for NCore instrumentation. Thus, in June 2010, we submitted a request to EPA requesting permission to relocate the Del Paso Manor PM-10 TEOM to Goldenla nd Court, to provide hourly data for rare, infrequent high wind events. EPA approved our request for permission to relocate the Del Paso Manor PM-10 TEOM, in June 2010.

e) Sacramento- El Camino/Watt: This site is a micro-scal e CO site. This site no longer observes elevated concentrations of CO, due to the introduction of oxygenated fuels, during wint er months, in the early 1990' s. This micro scale CO site was required, under the former 40 CFR 58 requirements. Under the revised 40 CFR 58 regulations, the stat utory requirement for a mi cro scale CO site does not exist. Thus, this CO monitoring site is proposed to be terminated.

f) Folsom-Natoma: This site is a "downwin d" PAMS Type III site. This site is a mandatory PAMS site. This site often observes the highest O3 concentrations within Sacramento County, especially under light moderate southwesterly winds. The area around the site has low to moderate population density.

g) North Highlands- Blackfoot site: This special purpose monitoring site was originally established to collect AQ dat a, for a proposed USAF power plant (PSD)70 project, on McClellan AFB, in the la te 1970's. However, the proposed PSD project was cancelled, over 20-25 y ears ago. This neighborhood scale site measures O3 (SPM), CO (SPM), NO2 (SPM), and PM-10 SSI (SLAMS). The area around the site has hi gh population density.

None of the monitors at this site are required to meet SO2 regulatory requirements. During summer 2010, we submitted a request to EPA for permission to terminate the SO2 monitor at North Highlands. That request was approved during fall 2010.

h) Sacramento- Stockton Blvd: This site has a PM2.5 FRM sampler, a PM-10 SSI sampler, and a PM-10 TEOM sampler. The area around the site is high moderate populati on density.

This site is one of the three higher PM sites for Sacramento County (Del Paso Manor, T Street, Stockton Blvd.).

We performed two-tailed t-tests to co mpare the Stockton Blvd and T Street PM2.5 FRM 24 hr averaged data, for th ree winter and summer seasons (Ref: Appendix B).

The winter season is the season for el evated PM2.5. The t-test assumes homogeneous variances. This is a valid as sumption, in this case, as these two different data sets had nearly equal standard deviations.

Table 50: Inputs used in two sample t-te st performed on winter PM2.5 FRM data

Period Mean (Sck. Blvd.) Mean (T Street) Std. Dev. (Sck. Blvd.) Std. Dev. (T Street) N (# of data pairs) t N-2

10/1/03- 3/31/04 15.1 ug/m3 15.7 ug/m3 10.3 ug/m3 10.3 ug/m3 115 -0.441

10/1/04- 3/31/05 14.0 ug/m3 15.4 ug/m3 10.1 ug/m3 11.1 ug/m3 151 -1.115

10/1/05- 3/31/06 13.7 ug/m3 14.0 ug/m3 11.2 ug/m3 10.9 ug/m3 161 -0.243

Since critical values were +1.960 and -1.960, for α = 0.05 (95% confidence level) and the t N-2 values lie within the upper and lower cr itical values, we conclude that Stockton Blvd. and T Street PM2.5 FRM winter data sets are redundant, with a 95% confidence level.71 Table 51: Inputs used in two sample t- test performed on summer PM2.5 FRM data

Period Mean (Sck. Blvd.) Mean (T Street) Std. Dev. (Sck. Blvd.) Std. Dev. (T Street) N (# of data pairs) t N-2

4/3/03- 9/30/03 6.48 ug/m3 7.76 ug/m3 2.64 ug/m3 3.15 ug/m3 50 -2.20

4/3/04- 9/27/04 6.08 ug/m3 7.31 ug/m3 2.21 ug/m3 2.61 ug/m3 51 -2.57

4/1/05- 9/28/05 6.41 ug/m3 7.39 ug/m3 2.88 ug/m3 3.09 ug/m3 54 -1.70

For the period, 4/3/03-9/30/ 03, the Stockton Blvd. and T Street PM2.5 data sets are equal, with a 98% confidence level (cri tical values = +2.326 and -2.326, for α = 0.02).

For the period, 4/3/04-9/27/ 04, the Stockton Blvd. and T Street PM2.5 data sets are equal, with a 99% confidence level (cri tical values = +2.576 and -2.576, for α = 0.01).

For the period, 4/1/05-9/28/ 05, the Stockton Blvd. and T Street PM2.5 data sets are equal, with a 95% confidence level (cri tical values = +1.960 and -1.960, for α = 0.05).

From these analyses of both winter and su mmer PM2.5 FRM data, we conclude that the Stockton Blvd. and T Street PM2.5 FRM data are redundant, when you take into account the similar means and st andard deviations, and t-test results.

The distance between Stockton Blvd. and T Street is only 2 m iles. T Street measures PM-10 SSI, PM2.5 (F RM, BAM, Speciation).

i) Sloughhouse: This site is a seasonal O3 (SPM) site located to capture maximum O3 concentrations under northwest winds. It is a rural site with low population density. The O3 data s hows that this site is one of the top four or five sites for O3 design value, within the Sacram ento MSA. This site is important for AQI forecasting, under northwest winds. Th is site provides spatial mapping data for southeastern Sacramento County.

j) Sacramento- T Street site: This O3/NO2/PM10 SSI/PM2.5 FRM/PM2.5 (SLAMS) Speciation/PM 2.5 BAM site lies in downtown Sacramento. It also lies within the central business district wit h high population density. The O3 data from T Street is similar to the O3 data from the upwind rural sites. NO2 is higher than the upwind sites. PM data from this si te is similar to PM data from Del Paso Manor, but Del Paso Manor data tends to be a little higher . The T Street site is72 6.5 miles southwest from Del Paso Manor. Del Paso Manor is a STN site vs. a SLAMS site, for PM2.5 Speciation. As a re sult, the PM2.5 Speciation monitor, at T Street, may be a redundant monitor (R ef: EPA PM2.5 Speciation Network Assessment)

k) Walnut Grove Tower: This upper air research site measures upper level wind direction/speed and upper leve l O3 concentrations.

2.6 Site by Site Analysis of Local Air Monitoring Network

This section uses Site by Site Analysis, which evaluated each site using various statistical tools and metrics. Most of t he statistical tools used, were from the EPA. The EPA Network Assessment (Statist ical) Tools used data (75% or higher data capture rate) from the Air Quality System for years 2005-2008.

a) Number of param eters measured.

Table 52: Number of Parameters Measur ed at each Site (Ref: CARB Website)

Site Number of Gaseous & PM Parameters Measured (not counting Met) Sacto- Del Paso Manor 14

Roseville- N. Sunrise 6 Elk Grove- Bruceville 5 Folsom- Natoma 5 North Highlands – Blackfoot 4

Sacto- Goldenland 6

Sacto- T Street 5 Woodland- Gibson 4 Sacto H.D.- Stockton Blvd. 3 Davis- UCD 3 Auburn- County Center 2 Cool- Hwy 193 1

Echo Summit 1 Placerville- Gold Nugget 1 South Lake Tahoe- Airport 1 South Lake Tahoe- Sandy 1 Colfax- City Hall 1 Sacto- Branch Center #2 1

Sacto- El Camino/Watt 1 Sloughhouse 1 W. Sacto- 15 th Street 173 b) Trends Impact:

Length of data base may be useful for long term trend analysis.

Table 53: Length of O3 Data Base (Ref: CARB website) O3 Monitoring Sites- Sacramento MSA

Site Length of Record # Years of O3 data Auburn- formerly

DeWitt Center,

now know as County Center 1975-present 35

Sacto- Del Paso Manor 1979-present 31

North Highlands 1979-present 31 Davis- UCD 1988-present 22 Sacto- T Street 1989-present 21 Colfax- City Hall 1989, 1992-present 19Elk GroveBruceville 1992-present 18

Placerville- Gold Nugget 1992-present 18

Roseville- N. Sunrise 1993-present 17

Cool 1996-present 14 Folsom- Natoma 1996-present 14

Sloughhouse 1996-present 14

South Lake Tahoe- Sandy Way 1992-2004 (03), only BAM since 2004 13

Woodland- Gibson 1998-present 12 Sacto- Goldenland 2008-present 2

Table 54: Length of PM 2.5 FRM Data Base (Ref: CARB website) PM2.5 FRM Monitoring Si tes- Sacramento MSA

Site Length of Record # Years of PM2.5 FRM Data Roseville- N. Sunrise 1998-present 12

Sacto- T Street 1998-present 12 Sacto- Del Paso Manor 1999-present 11

Sacto H.D.- Stockton Blvd. 1999-present 11

Woodland- Gibson 1999-present 1174 c) Measured Concentration (Design Value)

This metric ranks sites by the magnit ude of design value, which is used to determine whether a site meets or exceeds the NAAQS.

Table 55: 8 hour Ozone Design Values (D.V.)(ppb)(Ref: CARB website) Sacramento Federal O3 Nonattainm ent Area- O3 monitoring sites

Year 2005 2006 2007 3 yr Average of D.V. Folsom 97 97 98 97

Cool 97 95 96 96 Colfax 91 97 94 94 Placerville 94 94 93 94 Sloughhouse 94 96 93 94 Auburn 92 93 89 91 Sac- Del Paso Manor 92 90 90 91

Roseville 86 89 89 88Elk GroveBruceville 82 82 83 82

North Highlands 80 82 80 81

Woodland 77 79 80 79 Sac- T St 73 76 78 76 Davis 73 74 75 74 Sac-Airport Rd 73 73 76 74

Echo Summit 72 72 73 72

8 hr D.V. 97 97 98 D.V. site(s) Cool, Folsom Colfax, Folsom Folsom

Federal 8 hour O3 standard is 84 ppb Pleasant Grove and Rocklin sites closed after 2002 NA: insufficient data available75 Table 56: 8 hour mean CO Design Val ue (D.V.)(ppm)(Ref: CARB website) Sacramento County CO monitoring sites

Site 2008 2008 2009 2009

1 s t high 2 n d high 1 s t high 2 n d high D.V. North Highlands 1.90 ppm 1.80 ppm 1.66 ppm 1.59 ppm 1.80 ppm Del Paso

Manor 2.49 ppm 2.10 ppm 2.77 ppm 2.19 ppm 2.49 ppm El Camino/Watt 2.84 ppm 2.60 ppm 2.84 ppm 2.84 ppm 2.84 ppm Goldenland 1.19 ppm 1.16 ppm 1.94 ppm 1.90 ppm 1.90 ppm

D.V. = 2 nd highest 8 hour CO mean over la test 2 years (non-overlapping) CO NAAQS (8 hour mean) = 9 ppm

Table 57: Hourly NO2 Design Value (D.V.)(ppm) Sacramento County NO2 monitoring sites 2007-2009 4 th highest daily max hourly NO2 data (Ref: CARB website)

Site 2007 2008 2009 D.V. Bruceville 0.041 ppm 0. 039 ppm 0.036 ppm 0.038 ppm

Folsom 0.040 ppm 0.036 ppm 0.031 ppm 0.035 ppm

North Highlands 0.114 ppm 0.085 ppm 0.046 ppm 0.090 ppm

Del Paso

Manor 0.048 ppm 0.050 ppm 0.046 ppm 0.048 ppm

Goldenland - 0.042 ppm 0.053 ppm 0.047 ppm

T Street 0.059 ppm 0.060 ppm 0.058 ppm 0.059 ppm Airport Rd. 0.055 ppm 0.050 ppm - 0.052 ppm

D.V. = Average of 4 th highest daily max hourly NO2 over latest 3 years NO2 NAAQS (1 hour) = 0.100 ppm

Table 58: Annual SO2 Desi gn Value (D.V.)(ppb) Sacramento County SO2 monitoring sites 2007-2008 Annual Average SO2 data (Re f: TEDM software program)

Site 2008 2009 D.V. North Highlands 0.5 ppb 0.4 ppb 0.5 ppb Del Paso Manor 0.5 ppb 0.4 ppb 0.5 ppb

D.V. = highest annual average over latest 2 years SO2 NAAQS = (Annual Arithmet ic Mean) = 0.030 ppm or 30 ppb76 Table 59: PM2.5 FRM 24 hour 98 th Percentile (ug/m3)(Ref: EPA AQS Database) Sacramento County- PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites

Site 2006 2007 2008 2006-2008 Design Value Sac.- Del Paso Manor 58 60 54.9 57.6

Sac. H.D.-

Stockton Blvd. 39 47 47.6 44.5

Sac.- T St 39 43 46.4 42.8 Highest 24 hr average 98 th Percentile 58 60 54.9 57.6

Peak site Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor Del Paso Manor

d) Site to Site Correlations

This analysis seeks to identify site pairs that feature high correlations and have low average relative differences. These sites may be redundant sites. Conversely, sites that do not correlat e well to each other may be unique and could be of value for data analysis. "The correlation may indicate whether a pair of sites is related, but it does not indi cate if one site consistently measures pollutant concentrations at levels subst antially higher or lowe r than the other." "The average relative difference between t he two sites is an indicator of the overall measurement similari ty between the two sites. Site pairs with a lower average relative difference are more simila r to each other than pairs with a larger difference. Both the correlation and t he relative difference between sites are influenced by the distance by which site pairs are separated. Usually, sites with a larger distance between them will generally be more poorly correlated and have larger differences in the corr esponding pollutant concentrations. "77 Table 60: Correlation between Sa cramento County O3 monitors 2006-2008 O3 data Ref: EPA- Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site 1 Site 2 Avg. Rel. Diff. Median Rel. Diff. S.D. Rel. Diff. Max. Rel. Diff. # Obs. Corr. (r 2 ) Dist. (km)

DPM BRU 0.101 0.073 0.098 0.562 454 0.734 35 T St. BRU 0.099 0.076 0. 088 0.726 457 0.796 29 FOL BRU 0.188 0.152 0. 158 1.03 458 0.650 48 SLU BRU 0.105 0.089 0.092 0.832 457 0.833 28

BRU DPM 0.101 0.073 0.098 0.562 454 0.734 35 T St. DPM 0.123 0.112 0. 095 0.730 452 0.848 12 FOL DPM 0.132 0.116 0. 102 0.662 453 0.855 19 SLU DPM 0.074 0.052 0. 085 0.851 452 0.836 19

BRU T St. 0.099 0.076 0. 088 0.726 457 0.796 29 DPM T St. 0.123 0.112 0. 095 0.730 452 0.848 12 FOL T St. 0.243 0.209 0. 150 1.10 456 0.770 32 SLU T St. 0.158 0.128 0. 111 0.840 455 0.825 25

BRU FOL 0.188 0.152 0. 158 1.03 458 0.650 48 DPM FOL 0.132 0.116 0. 102 0.662 453 0.855 19 T St. FOL 0.243 0.209 0. 150 1.10 456 0.770 32 SLU FOL 0.107 0.081 0.102 0.908 456 0.824 21

BRU SLU 0.105 0.089 0.092 0.832 457 0.833 28 DPM SLU 0.074 0.052 0.085 0.851 452 0.836 19 T St. SLU 0.158 0.128 0. 111 0.840 455 0.825 25 FOL SLU 0.107 0.081 0.102 0.908 456 0.824 21

The site pair, with a low correlation (0 .650) and high average relative difference (0.188), was Folsom and Bruceville. Thus, these sites may be unique and could be of value for data analysis. Folsom is a PAMS- Type III ( downwind O3) site and Bruceville is a PAMS- Type I (background concentration) site.The withi

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Table 61: Correlation between Sacr amento County PM2.5 FRM monitors 2006-2008 PM2.5 FRM data Ref: EPA- Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site 1 Site 2 Avg. Rel. Diff. Medium Rel. Diff. S.D. Rel. Diff. Max. Rel. Diff. # Obs Corr. (r 2 ) Dist.

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Site 1 Site 2 Avg. Rel. Diff. Medium Rel. Diff. S.D. Rel. Diff. Max. Rel. Diff. # Obs Corr (r 2 ) Dist.

BRU T St. 0.304 0.305 0. 174 0.826 334 0.889 29 NAT T St. 0.346 0.197 0. 498 4.79 331 0.733 32 DPM T St. 0.372 0.349 0. 219 1.91 330 0.912 12

T St. BRU 0.304 0.305 0. 174 0.826 334 0.889 29 NAT BRU 0.375 0.305 0.395 4.56 348 0.776 48 DPM BRU 0.193 0.108 0.241 1.93 350 0.849 35

T St. NAT 0.346 0.197 0.498 4.79 331 0.733 32 BRU NAT 0.375 0.305 0.395 4.56 348 0.776 48 DPM NAT 0.424 0.356 0.352 3.10 344 0.795 19

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Site 1 Site 2 Avg. Rel. Diff. Medium Rel. Diff. S.D. Rel. Diff. Max. Rel. Diff. # Obs Corr (r 2 ) Dist. (km)

T St. DPM 0.175 0.110 0.181 0.843 54 0.781 12 BC #2 DPM 0.407 0.283 0.414 2.03 59 0.430 7

Sck. Blvd. DPM 0.153 0.107 0.136 0.503 61 0.830 10

DPM T St. 0.175 0.110 0.181 0.843 54 0.781 12 BC #2 T St. 0.384 0. 287 0.347 1.53 52 0.556 13

Sck. Blvd. T St. 0.141 0.0993 0. 128 0.623 54 0.874 3

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T St. Sck. Blvd. 0.141 0.0993 0.128 0. 623 54 0.874 3

BC #2 Sck. Blvd. 0.332 0.212 0.375 1.57 59 0.613 10

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u ndant . )86 e) Area, Population, and P opulation Density Served

This metric looks at the area (spatial co verage) that is represented by the data collected from each monitor. This metric looks at the populati on density that is represented by the data collect ed from each monitor. T he tool uses census tract population and dens ity data.

Table 65: Area, Population, and Populat ion Density repres ented by Sacramento County O3 monitors (2008 population estimates) Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Year Total Pop. Total Area Pop. Density D.V. May 07 D.V. Jun 08

FOL 2008 173,419 177. 3 978.3 0.098 0.102 SLU 2008 45,237 364. 4 124.1 0.093 0.095 DPM 2008 326,958 68. 3 4,789.3 0.09 0.087

NH 2008 192,451 299. 5 642.5 0.08 0.076 BRU 2008 122,984 547. 6 224.6 0.083 0.082 T St. 2008 486,749 102. 8 4,737.1 0.078 0.079 GOL 2008 51,012 78.7 647.8 NA 1 NA 1

1 Only 2 years of data availabl e due to station relocation.

Table 66: Area, Population, and Populat ion Density repres ented by Sacramento County PM2.5 FRM monitors (2008 population estimates) Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Year Total Pop. Total Area Pop. Density D.V. May 07 D.V. Jun 08

DPM 2008 477,677 366.8 1302.1 12.3 12.9 Sck. Blvd. 2008 454,851 343.5 1324.1 10.7 11.3

Table 67: Area, Population, and Populat ion Density repres ented by Sacramento County PM2.5 BAM monitors (2008 population estimates) Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Year Total Pop. Total Area Pop. Density D.V. May 07 D.V. Jun 08

FOL 2008 250,628 928.1 270.1 31 42 DPM 2008 463,594 111.1 4,172.1 NA 1 NA 1 BRU 2008 372,489 840.2 443.3 NA 2 NA 2 T St. 2008 541,157 123.0 4,399.5 44 47
1 Incomplete data 2 nd and 3 rd Quarters 2007
2 Incomplete data in 3 rd Quarter 200787 f) Removal Bias

This analysis was "meant to aid in determining redundant sites and act as a means of validating a network afte r sites have been chosen for removal." This analysis uses the nearest neighboring sites to a monitor to estimate the concentration at the location of the monito r, if the site had never existed. A positive average bias would mean that if a monitor wa s removed, the neighboring sites would indicate that the estimat ed concentration would be larger than the measured concentrations. A negative aver age bias would indicate that the estimated concentration would be sm aller than the actual measured concentration. The average bias was com pared using a student's t-distribution to determine whether or not it was statistically different from zero at a 95% probability.

Table 68: Removal Bias for Sacr amento County O3 monitoring sites Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Mean Bias # Obs. Sig Yr D.V. 2005-2007 D.V. 2006-2008 NH 0.006 152 Sig 2007 0.08 0.076 NH -0.003 150 Sig 2006 0.08 0.076 NH 0.006 135 Sig 2005 0.08 NA

DPM -0.003 151 Sig 2007 0.09 0.087 DPM 0 142 Insig 2008 NA 0.087 DPM -0.006 143 Sig 2005 0.09 NA DPM -0.002 145 Sig 2006 0.09 0.087

T St. 0.002 148 Sig 2006 0.078 0.079 T St. 0.007 152 Sig 2005 0.078 NA T St. 0.003 147 Sig 2008 NA 0.079 T St. 0.004 149 Sig 2007 0.078 0.079

BRU -0.003 152 Sig 2007 0.083 0.082 BRU -0.004 151 Sig 2006 0.083 0.082 BRU 0.001 152 Sig 2008 NA 0.082 BRU -0.006 150 Sig 2005 0.083 NA

FOL -0.004 148 Sig 2005 0.098 NA FOL -0.004 149 Sig 2006 0.098 0.102 FOL -0.005 147 Sig 2007 0.098 0.102 FOL -0.009 152 Sig 2008 NA 0.102

AIR -0.002 116 Sig 2007 0.076 0.078 AIR 0.004 125 Sig 2006 0.076 0.078

SLU -0.001 152 Insig 2008 NA 0.095 SLU -0.002 150 Sig 2005 0.093 NA SLU 0 148 Insig 2007 0.093 0.095 SLU -0.003 153 Sig 2006 0.093 0.09588 Table 69: Removal Bias for Sacrament o County PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Mean Bias # Obs. Sig Yr D.V. May 07 D.V. Jun 08 DPM -2.6 120 Sig 2006 12.3 12.9 DPM -1.3 119 Sig 2008 NA 12.9 DPM -1.2 119 Sig 2005 12.3 NA DPM -1.2 119 Sig 2007 12.3 12.9

T St. -0.9 111 Sig 2005 11.7 NA T St. -0.4 105 Insig 2007 11.7 11.8

Sck. Blvd. 0.6 118 Sig 2007 10.7 11.3

Sck. Blvd. 1.1 114 Sig 2005 10.7 NA

Sck. Blvd. 2 114 Sig 2006 10.7 11.3

Sck. Blvd. 1.2 117 Sig 2008 NA 11.3

Table 70: Removal Bias for Sacrament o County PM2.5 BAM monitoring sites Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Mean Bias # Obs. Sig Yr D.V. May 07 D.V. Jun 08 DPM -5.6 355 Sig 2008 NA NA DPM 8.4 328 Sig 2006 NA NA DPM 11.7 348 Sig 2005 NA NA

T St. 4.6 347 Sig 2006 44 47 T St. 2.6 340 Sig 2008 NA 47 T St. -4.5 347 Sig 2007 44 47 T St. 5.3 357 Sig 2005 44 NA

BRU -3.4 358 Sig 2008 NA NA BRU 0.8 338 Insig 2005 NA NA BRU -4.8 345 Sig 2007 NA NA

FOL 5.5 345 Sig 2006 31 42 FOL 2.1 360 Sig 2007 31 42 FOL 2 352 Sig 2008 NA 42 FOL 7.4 340 Sig 2005 31 NA89 Table 71: Removal Bias for Sacrament o County PM-10 SSI monitoring sites Ref: EPA Network Assessment Analysis and Tools

Site Mean Bias # Obs. Sig Yr D.V. May 07 D.V. Jun 08 NH -4.5 59 Sig 2005 108.2 NA NH -0.3 56 Insig 2007 108.2 NA NH -0.8 60 Insig 2006 108.2 NA

DPM -1 61 Insig 2006 NA NA DPM 3.1 60 Sig 2007 NA NA DPM 2.1 61 Sig 2005 NA NA DPM 3.8 61 Sig 2008 NA NA

T St. 0.9 53 Insig 2007 109 109 T St. 3.4 60 Sig 2005 109 NA T St. 1.9 54 Sig 2008 NA 109

Air -1.5 57 Insig 2007 NA NA Air -2.8 58 Sig 2006 NA NA Air -6.9 60 Sig 2005 NA NA

BC -2.1 60 Sig 2005 NA NA BC #2 -6.1 56 Sig 2007 NA NA BC #2 -7.9 59 Sig 2008 NA NA

Sck. Blvd. 2.3 61 Sig 2006 NA NA

Sck. Blvd. -1.7 61 Sig 2005 NA NA

Sck. Blvd. 0.4 59 Insig 2007 NA NA

Sck. Blvd. -0.7 61 Insig 2008 NA NA

Note: Branch Center was relocated to a new nearby location, during 2006.

g) Deviation from NAAQS

This metric ranks each site by the amount it deviates from the NAAQS. Sites that are greater than the NAAQS rank higher than sites which are below the NAAQS.90 Table 73: Design Value 8 hour O3 (Year = 2009)(Ref: CARB website)

Site Design Value 8 hr (ppb) Deviation from 8 hr NAAQS (75 ppb) Folsom 100 25 Sloughhouse 91 16 Del Paso Manor 86 11 Bruceville 79 4 Goldenland 77 2

T Street 77 2 North Highlands 74 -1

* 4 th highest value for 2009. Only 2 years of ozone data exist for Goldenland.

Table 74: Annual Maximum 8 hour mean CO (Year = 2009)(Ref: CARB website)

Site Annual Max 8 hr mean (ppm) Deviation from 8 hr mean NAAQS (9 ppm) El Camino/Watt 2.84 -6.16 Del Paso Manor 2.77 -6.23 Goldenland 1.94 -7.06 North Highlands 1.66 -7.34

Table 75: Annual Average NO2 (Year = 2008)(Ref: EPA AirData website)

Site Annual Average (ppm) Deviation from Annual Average NAAQS (0.053 ppm) T Street 0.014 -0.039 Airport Road 0.013 -0.04 Del Paso Manor 0.011 -0.042 North Highlands 0.01 -0.043 Bruceville 0.008 -0.045

Folsom 0.007 -0.046

Table 76: Annual Maximum 1 hour NO2 (Year = 2008)(Ref: CARB website)

Site Annual Max 1 hr (ppb) Deviation from 1 hr NAAQS (100 ppb – 98 th percentile) North Highlands 115 15 T Street 65 -35 Del Paso Manor 58 -42 Bruceville 50 -50 Goldenland 46 -54 Folsom 42 -5891 Table 77: Annual Maximum 24 hour SO2 (Year = 2009)(Ref: CARB website)

Site Annual Max 24 hr Devi ation from 24 hr NAAQS (0.14 ppm) North Highlands 0.002 ppm -0.138 ppm Del Paso Manor 0.002 ppm -0.138 ppm

Table 79: Annual Maximum 24 hour PM-10 TEOM (Year = 2008) (Ref: CARB website)

Site Annual Max 24 hr Deviation from 24 hr NAAQS (150 ug./m3) Del Paso Manor 110 ug/m3 -40 ug/m3

Stockton Blvd. 92 ug/m3 -58 ug/m3

Table 80: 24 hour PM2.5 FRM (Year = 2009) (Ref: CARB website)

Site 98 th percentile 24 hr Deviation from 24 hr NAAQS

(35 ug/m3) Del Paso Manor 39 4

Stockton Blvd. 35 0 T Street 27 -8

Table 81: Annual Maximum 24 hour continuous PM2.5 BAM (Year = 2009) (Ref: CARB website)

Site Annual Max 24 hr (ug/m3) Deviation from 35 ug/m3 Del Paso Manor 72 37 T Street 50 15 Bruceville 41 6

Folsom 31 -492 2.7 Other Issues (Current/New T echnologies, Asthma, Environmental Justice, and Ozone Transport)

a) Current/New Technologies:

Currently, SMAQMD operates severa l non-FEM PM2.5 BAM's and e-BAM's. SMAQMD is satisfied with the current FRM/FEM (O3/CO/NO2/SO2/PM10/PM2.5) monitori ng technologies used in its network, except for the SPM PM2.5 E-BAM's used for special studies. The E-BAM's have not been very reliable. We may, at some future date, if funding was available, consider replacing the E-BAM's with FEM BAM's.

PAMS instrumentation for Total NMHC were r eplaced, within the last two years. PAMS VOC canister sampling equipment is about 16 year s old, but the sampling season is only 3 months per year. T hus, actual equipment age is about 4 years old, when you take into account the three month sampling season. Thus, we think that we can operate that instru mentation for about another 10-15 years.

Field gas calibrators, zero air generator s, and new gas standar ds will be capable of trace gas level dilutions, needed for NCore.

During spring 2010, we transitioned from an analog to a digital data acquisition system, both in the field and in the office.

Meteorological calibration devices, fo r wind speed/temperature/rh, have NIST traceability.

Sampling manifolds met Appendix E, 40 CFR 58 criteria for residence time, probe materials, and probe/monitor inlet height.

CARB "thru the probe" performance auditi ng equipment are compatible with trace level specifications. CARB me teorological auditin g equipment and flow standards are independent standards.

EPA is working on developing a method fo r the measurement of ammonia (NH3) and nitric acid (HNO3), for future possible use, at NCore sites.

EPA is working on developing a method fo r PM10-2.5 speciation, for use at NCore sites, as per 40 CFR 58.

For O3, CO, SO2, Total NMHC, PM-10 SSI, PM-10 TEOM, PM2.5 FRM, PM2.5 BAM, gas calibrator, and met. sensors, the same make and model are used.

For NO2, the same make is used, but we have the different models (Model 42 vs Model 42C vs.Model 42i). For zero air generator s, we have two differ ent makes.93 For trace level, we have two different ma kes: API for CO and SO2, but TECO for NOy.

Envidas Digital Data Loggers are used at all SMAQMD gaseous monitoring sites.

The leveraged monitoring programs in our network include: SLAMS-NCore, CSN, and PAMS.

b) Asthma

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lining of the lung passages and is one of the most comm on respiratory diseases, especially among children. Ozone and particulate ma tter pollution have been linked to triggering and aggravating asthma symptoms.

Ozone and PM2.5 monitoring data are used for air quality forecasts that are disseminated to the general public, on a daily basis through the summertime Spare the Air and wintertime Check Before You Burn programs. These air quality forecasts may be used by asthmati c's, schools, and sport programs, so that affected children may modify their da ily schedule, in order, to avoid elevated levels of O3 or PM2.5

The data below suggest that asthma rates in the Sacramento area have not changed significantly in the last 10 years.

2105 2226 2373

2047 2114 2209

2009 2130 2233

1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009HospitalizationsduetoAsthma

Year 

## Asthma Hospitalizations in the
Sacramento Region (2001 ‐ 2009)

Source: www.ehib.org94 c) Environmental Justice:

Environmental Justice is a factor to cons ider in monitoring network design. The objective behind environmental justice is to reduce emissions/improve air quality in areas with economically disadvantaged and/or minority popul ation areas that have poor air quality.95 g) Transport of O3 and O3 Precursors:

Transport of O3 and O3 precursors from the San Francisco Bay Area is an issue to consider for design of any future m onitoring network. The current Bruceville site is the upwind PAMS O3 monitoring site. It lies south of Sacramento. It is ideally placed to pick up transport from areas south and southeast of Sacramento, however the city of Elk Grove is growing closer to the Bruceville monitoring station. It can observe some air masses that come though the Delta. However, a site further west would be a better location to observe possible O3 transport from the San Fr ancisco Bay Area.

Upper level O3 and wind data are collect ed, by CARB/PTSD, on the Walnut Grove TV tower, located a few miles sout hwest of our Bruceville site. This tall tower data is useful for transport analysi s and agricultural burn forecasts. However, state air monitoring funding fo r the Walnut Grove TV tower has been interrupted a few times, as a re sult of state budget issues.

.96 3.0 Conclusions and Recommendati ons for the Local Monitoring Network

3.1 Monitors that will be added to the SMAQMD air monitoring network:

SMAQMD is now working to get the following trace level monitors up and operating, no later than January 1, 2011: tr ace level CO/NOY/SO2 at Del Paso Manor, and trace level NOY at Folsom.

SMAQMD plans to identify the locations for two near-roadway NO2 sites in the 2010 Annual Network Plan due to EPA by July 7, 2011. SMAQMD plans to install and operate these two near-roadway NO2 monitoring sites, no later than January 1, 2013.

SMAQMD plans to install and operate the non-source orientated Pb sampler and the PM10-2.5 FRM, at our NCore site, Sacramento- Del Paso Manor, no later than January 1, 2012.

a) Sacramento- Del Paso Manor- Trace level CO b) Sacramento- Del Paso Manor- Trace level NOY c) Sacramento- Del Paso Manor- Trace level SO2 d) Sacramento- Del Paso Manor- Low vo lume PM10 FRM (for PM10-2.5 mass) e) Sacramento- Del Paso Manor- PM10-2.5 Speciation (when approved EPA monitoring method is available for field use) f) Sacramento- Del Paso M anor- Low volume Pb-PM10 g) Sacramento- Interstate 50- Near roadway NO2 site* h) Sacramento- Interstate 80- Near roadway NO2 site*

* Includes meteorological sensors.

3.2 Staff recommends that the following monitors should be added to the SMAQMD Monitoring Network:

Met One 1020 BAM's to replace PM2.5 E- BAM's used at SLU/RS, for seasonal SPM study, if funding was available.97 Bibliography

2006 PM2.5 Standard: Evaluat ing the Nine Factors in Setting Nonattainment Area Boundaries for the Sacramento R egion, SMAQMD/PCD/Planning Section, Staff Report, November 19, 2007.

40 CFR 58, Federal Register, Ambient Ai r Monitoring Regulations, October 17, 2006.

Ambient Air Monitoring Network Asse ssment Guidance, EPA- 454/D-07-001, US EPA/OAQPS, Research Triangl e Park, NC, February 2007.

Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy for St ate, Local, and Tribal Agencies, US EPA/OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 2008

Annual Monitoring Network Report for Sma ll Districts in California, Volume I, California Air Resources Board/PTSD, Sacramento, CA., June 2009, (http://www.arb.ca.gov/ aqd/amnr/smnetrpt.doc).

An Introduction to Monitoring Network A ssessment, A PowerPoint presentation developed by Kevin A. Cavender, US EPA/OAQPS/AQAD, and given by Lewis Weinstock, US EPA/OAQPS/AQAD, at the 2007 National Air Quality Conference, February 13, 2007, Orlando, FL.

California Air Resources Board/PTSD We bsite (Area Designat ions, AQ Data, AQ Standards, Criteria Pollutants Emissi ons Inventory, and Toxics Emission Inventory (AB2588, 2006 data for CAS# 7439921).

California Air Resources Board/PTSD/Air Quality Data Review Section (starting dates for local air monitoring si tes, prior to 1964), August 2009

California Air Quality Data Summari es (Quarterly and Annual Summaries), California Air Resources Board, 1976-1997.

California Employment Development Department Website (Labor Market Information listed by MSA).

California Surface Wind Climatology, Calif ornia Air Resources Board/Aerometric Data Division/Meteorology Sect ion, Sacramento, CA., June 1984.

Climate of Sacramento, CA, NOAA Technical Memo, NWS WR-272, June 2005.

Designing a Network Assessment for an Ambient Air Monitoring Program, Version 1.0- 2010 Assessment, Tim Hanley et al, US EPA/OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 2010.98 EPA Website (Area Designations)

EPA Region 9 Ambient Air Monitoring Network Assessment: California Air Basins, US EPA Region IX/Air Division/Technical Support Office, San Francisco, CA, January 2007.

Lead Emissions from the Us e of Leaded Aviation Gasoline in the United States: Technical Support Document, US EPA/OTAQ/ASD, EPA420-R-08-020, October 2008.

Network Assessment Analysis and Tool s, developed by Michael Rizzo, US EPA/OAQPS/AQAD/AQAG, January 2010.

Ozone Patterns on the Western Sierra Sl ope--Downwind of Sacramento during the Summer of 1978, California Air Resour ces Board/Technical Services Section, March 1979.

Sacramento Bee Newspaper, Article on State Demographics, July 10, 2007, Sacramento, CA.

Sacramento Bee Newspaper, Article on the Economy and State Revenues, May 1, 2009, Sacramento, CA.

Sacramento Regional 8- hour Ozone Attainment and Reasonable Further Progress Plan, SMAQMD/PCD/Planning Sect ion, Sacramento, CA., December 2008.

Spatial and Temporal Carbon Monoxide Concentration Patterns in the Sacramento Area, SYSAPP-92/ 002, System Applications International, San Rafael, CA., July 1992.

State and Local Air Monitoring Network Plan, California Air Resources Board/Planning and Technical Services Divis ion/Air Quality Data Review Section, Sacramento, CA., June 2009.

Summary of PM2.5 Speciation Network Assessment, Presented at 2006 National Air Quality Conference, Kevin Cav ender, EPA/OAQPS/AQAD, November 2006.

Ten-Year Summary of California Air Quality Data: 1963-1972, California Air Resources Board/Division of Technical Services/Air Analysis Section, January 1974.

US Census Website (Popula tion and ranking of MSA's)99 Appendix A

Maps of Monitoring Sit es from CARB SLAMS Report100101102103104 Appendix B

Winter/Summer Season PM2.5 FRM Data from Stockton Blvd. and T St.105 Winter PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

10/1/03 11 11 11/1/03 14 13 10/2/03 12 13 11/2/03 7 9 10/4/03 16 16 11/3/03 14 12 10/5/03 13 13 11/4/03 24 20 10/6/03 12 13 11/5/03 16 16 10/7/03 8 9 11/6/03 39 39 10/8/03 7 7 11/7/03 32 38 10/9/03 7 8 11/8/03 20 28 10/10/03 5 7 11/9/03 10 9 10/15/03 8 10 11/11/03 17 15 10/16/03 9 10 11/12/03 25 26 10/17/03 12 15 11/13/03 34 37 10/18/03 13 14 11/18/03 19 20 10/19/03 8 12 11/19/03 31 32 10/23/03 5 7 11/20/03 24 27 10/25/03 15 17 11/21/03 30 6 10/26/03 12 14 11/22/03 7 6 10/27/03 13 15 11/23/03 32 23 10/29/03 10 13 11/24/03 49 41 10/30/03 5 6 11/26/03 23 26 10/31/03 9 7 11/27/03 36 35 11/28/03 29 29 11/29/03 13 12 11/30/03 23 21106 Winter PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

12/1/03 19 22 1/1/04 13 15 12/3/03 9 12 1/2/04 14 12 12/4/03 36 41 1/7/04 30 32 12/5/03 34 38 1/8/04 21 24 12/6/03 21 25 1/9/04 15 17 12/7/03 3 4 1/10/04 8 8 12/8/03 2 8 1/11/04 18 17 12/9/03 21 23 1/12/04 20 24 12/18/03 25 23 1/13/04 20 23 12/19/03 33 37 1/14/04 21 23 12/23/03 12 14 1/15/04 17 19 12/24/03 5 5 1/16/04 30 31 12/25/03 7 4 1/17/04 30 29 12/26/03 12 9 1/18/04 38 37 12/27/03 32 21 1/19/04 34 41 12/28/03 27 31 12/29/03 6 7 12/30/03 4 4 12/31/03 17 16107 Winter PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

2/7/04 5 19 3/1/04 7 10 2/8/04 12 8 3/2/04 1 2 2/9/04 10 9 3/3/04 4 4 2/10/04 8 8 3/4/04 4 5 2/11/04 25 23 3/5/04 6 7 2/12/04 28 30 3/6/04 6 7 2/14/04 16 15 3/7/04 11 12 2/20/04 10 19 3/8/04 12 14 2/21/04 20 11 3/9/04 10 10 2/22/04 10 5 3/10/04 4 5 2/24/04 6 8 3/18/04 11 12 2/25/04 5 7 3/19/04 6 7 2/26/04 4 5 3/20/04 11 10 2/27/04 5 6 3/21/04 9 10 2/28/04 6 5 3/22/04 7 9 2/29/04 5 7 3/23/04 4 5 3/24/04 5 6 3/25/04 6 8 3/26/04 3 5 3/30/04 4 5

10/1/03-3/30/04 PM2.5 FRM dat a: y = 0.929x + 0.489, correlation coeff.= 0.926108 Winter PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

10/1/04 7.8 9.5 11/2/04 28 33 10/2/04 11 12 11/3/04 14 14 10/3/04 9 11 11/4/04 4.8 4.3 10/4/04 6.3 7.2 11/5/04 12 12 10/5/04 8.8 10 11/6/04 24 27 10/6/04 11 13 11/7/04 37 41 10/7/04 5.7 7.9 11/8/04 19 21 10/8/04 3.5 4.2 11/9/04 17 16 10/9/04 2.7 3.8 11/10/04 20 24 10/10/04 2.7 3.4 11/11/04 11 14 10/14/04 17 34 11/12/04 7.6 10 10/15/04 23 24 11/13/04 14 18 10/17/04 5.0 6.7 11/14/04 21 25 10/18/04 4.0 7.7 11/15/04 29 24 10/19/04 4.4 6.8 11/16/04 20 22 10/20/04 3.3 4.7 11/17/04 30 35 10/21/04 5.7 7.4 11/18/04 35 38 10/22/04 14 16 11/19/04 18 19 10/23/04 17 18 11/20/04 5.3 5.9 10/24/04 12 13 11/21/04 4.2 4.8 10/25/04 5.7 8.1 11/22/04 18 18 10/26/04 2.7 4.3 11/23/04 34 34 10/27/04 4.5 4.5 11/24/04 34 36 10/28/04 12 15 11/25/04 47 46 10/29/04 21 20 11/26/04 24 27 11/30/04 18 20 11/27/04 7.3 8.1 10/31/04 7.6 6.6 11/ 28/04 2.4 2.1 11/29/04 28 23 11/30/04 35 30109 Winter PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

12/1/04 36 38 1/1/05 6.3 6.9 12/2/04 18 19 1/3/05 4.7 4.9 12/3/04 24 25 1/5/05 14 15 12/4/04 42 43 1/6/05 20 21 12/5/04 33 36 1/7/05 4 4.8 12/6/04 20 21 1/8/05 2.1 2.7 12/7/04 11 12 1/9/05 8.1 9.3 12/8/04 2.9 4 1/11/05 3.2 3.3 12/9/04 10 11 1/19/05 16 19 12/10/04 7.6 7.6 1/20/05 11 14 12/11/04 10 11 1/21/05 14 16 12/12/04 28 33 1/22/05 14 16 12/13/04 23 25 1/24/05 17 18 12/14/04 15 11 1/25/05 32 30 12/15/04 17 21 1/26/05 22 21 12/16/04 24 29 1/27/05 7.7 9.5 12/17/04 24 25 1/28/05 5.2 6.9 12/18/04 26 30 1/29/05 5.9 5.4 12/19/04 35 35 1/30/05 15 15 12/24/04 27 1 1/31/05 23 24 12/25/04 26 36 12/26/04 17 35 12/28/04 7.5 8.7 12/29/04 5.7 6.5 12/30/04 2.7 3.2 12/31/04 3.1 3.5110 Winter PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

2/1/05 12 13 3/2/05 4.5 4.2 2/2/05 33 38 3/3/05 9.9 11 2/3/05 40 50 3/4/05 7 6.4 2/4/05 40 47 3/5/05 11 14 2/5/05 20 24 3/6/05 13 14 2/6/05 3 3.8 3/7/05 18 20 2/7/05 4.9 4 3/9/05 17 21 2/8/05 9.5 9.1 3/10/05 7.4 9 2/9/05 11 9.9 3/11/05 10 10 2/10/05 14 11 3/12/05 12 15 2/11/05 16 13 3/13/05 6.4 8 2/12/05 14 17 3/14/05 3.3 4.8 2/13/05 15 16 3/15/05 6.4 8.8 2/14/05 14 14 3/16/04 11 13 2/15/05 14 14 3/17/05 8.5 9.3 2/16/05 7.3 7.5 3/18/05 13 13 2/17/05 4.1 4.7 3/19/05 5.3 6.8 2/18/05 4.4 6.5 3/20/05 4 4.6 2/19/05 3.2 3.3 3/29/05 4.3 5.4 2/20/05 3.9 4 3/30/05 3.2 3.3 2/21/05 2.8 2.7 3/31/05 6.6 8.8 2/22/05 4 3.7 2/23/05 5.6 6.5 2/25/05 15 15 2/26/05 21 23 2/27/05 19 21 2/28/05 6.1 6

10/1/04-3/31/05 PM2.5 FRM dat a: y = 0.869x +0.713, correlation coeff.= 0.946111 Summer 2003 PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/ m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

4/3/03 3 4 7/2/03 5 7 4/6/03 3 4 7/5/03 12 14 4/9/03 5 6 7/8/03 6 8 4/12/03 4 4 7/11/03 6 7 4/24/03 3 4 7/17/03 9 10 4/27/03 4 4 7/23/03 8 9 4/30/03 4 4 7/26/03 8 9 7/29/03 8 8 5/3/03 3 6 5/6/03 5 7 8/1/03 7 7 5/9/03 3 4 8/4/03 2 3 5/12/03 7 8 8/7/03 6 5 5/15/03 7 9 8/10/03 4 5 5/18/03 5 6 8/13/03 6 8 5/24/03 5 5 8/16/03 7 9 5/27/03 7 7 8/19/03 5 6 5/30/03 4 5 8/22/03 5 6 8/25/03 10 10 6/2/03 13 16 8/28/03 6 9 6/5/03 8 9 8/31/03 10 12 6/8/03 5 5 6/11/03 9 10 9/3/03 10 12 6/17/03 9 13 9/6/03 5 6 6/29/03 5 5 9/9/03 4 4 9/12/03 7 11 9/15/03 9 12 9/18/03 8 10 9/24/03 9 12 9/27/03 11 11 9/30/03 12 13

4/3/03-9/30/03 PM2.5 FRM dat a: y = 0.793x + 0.367, correlation coeff.= 0.940112 Summer 2004 PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/ m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

4/6/04 5 6 7/2/04 9 9 4/9/04 9 12 7/5/04 9 10 4/12/04 6 7 7/8/04 5 6 4/15/04 3 5 7/11/04 7 8 4/24/04 8 8 7/14/04 7 8 4/30/04 7 9 7/17/04 5 6 7/20/04 5 5 5/3/04 9 10 7/23/04 7 7 5/6/04 4 4 7/26/04 7 9 5/12/04 3 1 7/29/04 3 4 5/15/04 7 9 5/18/04 4 5 8/1/04 6 7 5/21/04 5 7 8/4/04 5 6 5/27/04 4 7 8/7/04 4 5 5/30/04 6 6 8/10/04 9 10 8/13/04 6 7 6/2/04 7 10 8/19/04 6 7 6/5/04 5 7 8/22/04 4 4 6/8/04 3 4 8/25/04 5 5 6/11/04 7 9 8/31/04 6 8 6/14/04 5 6 6/17/04 6 8 9/3/04 6 7 6/20/04 6 8 9/6/04 12 15 6/23/04 6 8 9/9/04 12 13 6/26/04 4 5 9/12/04 4 6 6/29/04 5 8 9/15/04 6 7 9/18/04 4 5 9/21/04 5 6 9/24/04 12 14

4/6/04-9/24/04 PM2.5 FRM dat a: y = 0.788x + 0.314, correlation coeff.= 0.932113 Summer 2005 PM2.5 FRM Data (ug/ m3, 24 hr mean, data pair)

Date Stockton Blvd. T Street Date Stockton Blvd. T Street

4/2/05 6 7 7/3/05 11 15 4/3/05 5 6 7/6/05 6 7 4/4/05 5 5 7/9/05 2 3 4/7/05 2 3 7/12/05 6 7 4/10/05 4 5 7/15/05 8 9 4/13/05 3 3 7/18/05 8 10 4/19/05 3 3 7/21/05 6 8 4/22/05 9 10 7/24/05 9 12 4/25/05 5 6 7/27/05 8 9 4/28/05 3 5 8/2/05 5 12 5/1/05 4 4 8/5/05 10 9 5/4/05 4 6 8/8/05 11 10 5/7/05 3 3 8/11/05 13 13 5/10/05 3 4 8/14/05 10 7 5/13/05 5 7 8/17/05 9 9 5/16/05 4 5 8/20/05 7 6 5/19/05 3 5 8/23/05 11 12 5/22/05 4 6 8/26/05 12 14 5/28/05 5 7 9/1/05 10 13 6/3/05 5 7 9/4/05 8 10 6/6/05 4 4 9/10/05 7 9 6/9/05 3 3 9/13/05 7 7 6/12/05 4 5 9/16/05 9 8 6/18/05 5 7 9/22/05 10 10 6/21/05 4 5 9/25/05 9 8 6/24/05 5 6 9/28/05 10 12 6/27/05 5 5 6/30/05 8 9

4/2/05-9/28/05 PM2.5 FRM dat a: y = 0.816x + 0.343, correlation coeff.= 0.881

L:\pcd folders\air monitoring\ jdc\NetworkAssessment2010version3.doc