# Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors: 2002

2002 Economic Census Construction Industry Series Issued December 2004

EC02-23I-238220



### U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

## This report was prepared in the Manufacturing and Construction Division under the direction of Judy M. Dodds , Assistant Division Chief for Census and Related Programs who was responsible for the overall planning, management, and coordination. Susan Bucci , Chief, Construction and Minerals Branch, assisted by Michael Blake , Section Chief, and Raphael Corrado , Tom Flood , Robert Miller , and Robert Rosati , Special Assistants, performed the planning and implementation. Delsey Newman , Donald Powers , John Roehl , Linda Taylor , Michael Taylor , and Robert Wright provided primary staff assistance. Mendel D. Gayle , Chief, Census and Related Programs Support Branch, assisted by Kimberly DePhillip , Section Chief, performed overall coordination of the publication process. Patrick Duck , Michael Flaherty , Taylor C. Murph , Wanda Sledd , and Veronica White provided primary staff assistance. Mathematical and statistical techniques, as well as the coverage operations, were provided by Paul Hsen , Assistant Division Chief for Research and Methodology Programs, assisted by Stacey Cole , Chief, Manufacturing Methodology Branch, and Robert Struble , Section Chief. Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Gregor provided primary staff assistance. Eddie J. Salyers , Assistant Division Chief of Economic Planning and Coordination Division, was responsible for overseeing the editing and tabulation procedures and the interactive analytical software. Dennis Shoemaker and Kim Wortman , Special Assistants, John D. Ward , Chief, Analytical Branch, and Brandy L. Yarbrough , Chief, Edit Branch, were responsible for developing the systems and procedures for data collection, editing, review, and correction. Donna L. Hambric , Chief of the Economic Planning Staff, was responsible for overseeing the systems and information for dissemination. Douglas J. Miller , Chief, Tables and Dissemination Branch, assisted by Lisa Aispuro , Jamie Fleming , Keith Fuller , Andrew W. Hait , and Kathy G. Padgett were responsible for developing the data dissemination systems and procedures. The Geography Division staff, Robert LaMacchia , Chief, developed geographic coding procedures and associated computer programs. The Economic Statistical Methods and Programming Division, Howard R. Hogan , Chief, developed and coordinated the computer processing systems. Barry F. Sessamen , Assistant Division Chief for Post Collection, was responsible for design and implementation of the processing system and computer programs. Gary T. Sheridan , Chief, Macro Analytical Branch, assisted by Apparao V. Katikineni and Edward F. Johnson provided computer programming and implementation. The Systems Support Division provided the table composition system. Robert Joseph Brown , Table Image Processing System (TIPS) Senior Software Engineer, was responsible for the design and development of the TIPS, under the supervision of Robert J. Bateman , Assistant Division Chief, Information Systems. The staff of the National Processing Center performed mailout preparation and receipt operations, clerical and analytical review activities, and data entry. Margaret A. Smith , Bernadette J. Beasley , Michael T. Browne , and Alan R. Plisch of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom , Chief, provided publication and printing management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media. General direction and production management were provided by James R. Clark , Assistant Division Chief, and Susan L. Rappa , Chief, Publications Services Branch. Special acknowledgment is also due the many businesses whose cooperation contributed to the publication of these data. 

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

# Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors: 2002

2002 Economic Census Construction Industry Series Issued December 2004

EC02-23I-238220



# U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary Theodore W. Kassinger, Deputy Secretary Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon, Director

## Vacant, Principal Associate Director for Programs Frederick T. Knickerbocker, Associate Director for Economic Programs Thomas L. Mesenbourg, Assistant Director for Economic Programs William G. Bostic, Jr., Chief, Manufacturing and Construction Division ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS ADMINISTRATION 

## Economics and Statistics Administration Kathleen B. Cooper, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Charles Louis Kincannon, Director Hermann Habermann, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

# CONTENTS

Introduction to the Economic Census v  Construction ix  Tables 1. Industry Statistics on 2002 NAICS Basis Distributed Among 1997 NAICS Based Industries for the United States: 2002 1  2. Employment Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002 2  3. General Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002 3  4. Detailed Statistics for Establishments: 2002 4  5. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Employment Size Class: 2002 5  6. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Value of Business Done Size Class: 2002 6  7. Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Type of Construction: 2002 7  8. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Types of Construction: 2002 8  9. Value of Business Done for Establishments by Kind ofBusiness Activity: 2002 10  10. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Kind ofBusiness Activity: 2002 11  11. Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Location of Construction Work: 2002 12  Appendixes A. Explanation of Terms A–1  B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions B–1  C. Methodology C–1  D. Geographic Notes  E. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas  F. Detailed NAICS and Bridge Code Titles: 2002 F–1 

Not applicable for this report.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors iii U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Introduction to the Economic Census

PURPOSES AND USES OF THE ECONOMIC CENSUS The economic census is the major source of facts about the structure and functioning of the nation’s economy. It provides essential information for government, business, industry, and the general public. Title 13 of the United States Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Census Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years, covering years ending in “2” and “7.” The economic census furnishes an important part of the framework for such composite measures as the gross domestic product estimates, input/output measures, production and price indexes, and other statistical series that measure short-term changes in economic conditions. Specific uses of economic census data include the following: • Policymaking agencies of the federal government use the data to monitor economic activity and

to assess the effectiveness of policies. • State and local governments use the data to assess business activities and tax bases within

their jurisdictions and to develop programs to attract business. • Trade associations study trends in their own and competing industries, which allows them to

keep their members informed of market changes.• Individual businesses use the data to locate potential markets and to analyze their own production and sales performance relative to industry or area averages. INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONSData from the 2002 Economic Census are published primarily according to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS was first adopted in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1997. The 2002 Economic Census covers the following NAICS sectors: 21 Mining 22 Utilities 23 Construction 31-33 Manufacturing 42 Wholesale Trade 44-45 Retail Trade 48-49 Transportation and Warehousing 51 Information 52 Finance and Insurance 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 55 Management of Companies and Enterprises 56 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 61 Educational Services 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 72 Accommodation and Food Services 81 Other Services (except Public Administration) (Not listed above are the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting sector (NAICS 11), partially covered by the census of agriculture conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Public Administration sector (NAICS 92), largely covered by the census of governments conducted by the Census Bureau.) The 20 NAICS sectors are subdivided into 100 subsectors (three-digit codes), 317 industry groups (four-digit codes), and, as implemented in the United States, 1,179 industries (six-digit codes). Introduction v 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## RELATIONSHIP TO HISTORICAL INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONSPrior to the 1997 Economic Census, data were published according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. While many of the individual NAICS industries correspond directly to industries as defined under the SIC system, most of the higher level groupings do not. Particular care should be taken in comparing data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and manufacturing, which are sector titles used in both NAICS and SIC, but cover somewhat different groups of industries. The 1997 Economic Census Bridge Between NAICS and SIC demonstrates the relationships between NAICS and SIC industries. Where changes are significant, it may not be possible to construct time series that include data for points both before and after 1997. Most industry classifications remained unchanged between 1997 and 2002, but NAICS 2002 includes substantial revisions within the construction and wholesale trade sectors, and a numberof revisions for the retail trade and information sectors. These changes are noted in industry definitions and will be demonstrated in the Bridge Between NAICS 2002 and NAICS 1997

. For 2002, data for enterprise support establishments (those functioning primarily to support the activities of their company’s operating establishments, such as a warehouse or a research anddevelopment laboratory) are included in the industry that reflects their activities (such as warehousing). For 1997, such establishments were termed auxiliaries and were excluded from industry totals. BASIS OF REPORTING The economic census is conducted on an establishment basis. A company operating at more than one location is required to file a separate report for each store, factory, shop, or other location. Each establishment is assigned a separate industry classification based on its primary activity andnot that of its parent company. (For selected industries, only payroll, employment, and classification are collected for individual establishments, while other data are collected on a consolidated basis.) GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODING Accurate and complete information on the physical location of each establishment is required to tabulate the census data for states, metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, counties, and corporate municipalities (places) including cities, towns, townships, villages, and boroughs. Respondents were required to report their physical location (street address, municipality, county, and state) if it differed from their mailing address. For establishments not surveyed by mail (and those single-establishment companies that did not provide acceptable information on physical location), location information from administrative sources is used as a basis for coding. AVAILABILITY OF ADDITIONAL DATA All results of the 2002 Economic Census are available on the Census Bureau Internet site (www.census.gov) and on digital versatile discs (DVD-ROMs) for sale by the Census Bureau. The American FactFinder system at the Internet site allows selective retrieval and downloading of the data. For more information, including a description of reports being issued, see the Internet site, write to the U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-6100, or call Customer Services at 301- 763-4100. HISTORICAL INFORMATION The economic census has been taken as an integrated program at 5-year intervals since 1967 and before that for 1954, 1958, and 1963. Prior to that time, individual components of the economic census were taken separately at varying intervals. The economic census traces its beginnings to the 1810 Decennial Census, when questions on manufacturing were included with those for population. Coverage of economic activities was expanded for the 1840 Decennial Census and subsequent censuses to include mining and some commercial activities. The 1905 Manufactures Census was the first time a census was taken apart vi Introduction 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## from the regular decennial population census. Censuses covering retail and wholesale trade and construction industries were added in 1930, as were some service trades in 1933. Censuses of construction, manufacturing, and the other business censuses were suspended during World War II.The 1954 Economic Census was the first census to be fully integrated, providing comparable census data across economic sectors and using consistent time periods, concepts, definitions, classifications, and reporting units. It was the first census to be taken by mail, using lists of firms provided by the administrative records of other federal agencies. Since 1963, administrative records also have been used to provide basic statistics for very small firms, reducing or eliminating the need to send them census report forms. The range of industries covered in the economic census expanded between 1967 and 2002. The census of construction industries began on a regular basis in 1967, and the scope of serviceindustries, introduced in 1933, was broadened in 1967, 1977, and 1987. While a few transportation industries were covered as early as 1963, it was not until 1992 that the census broadened to include all of transportation, communications, and utilities. Also new for 1992 was coverage of financial, insurance, and real estate industries. With these additions, the economic census and the separate census of governments and census of agriculture collectively covered roughly 98 percent of all economic activity. New for 2002 is coverage of four industries classified in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector under the SIC system: landscape architectural services, landscaping services, veterinary services, and pet care services. Printed statistical reports from the 1992 and earlier censuses provide historical figures for the study of long-term time series and are available in some large libraries. Reports for 1997 were published primarily on the Internet and copies of 1992 reports are also available there. CD-ROMs issued from the 1987, 1992, and 1997 Economic Censuses contain databases that include all or nearly all data published in print, plus additional statistics, such as ZIP Code statistics, published only on CD-ROM. SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION More information about the scope, coverage, classification system, data items, and publications for the 2002 Economic Census and related surveys is published in the Guide to the 2002 Economic Census at www.census.gov/econ/census02/guide. More information on the methodology, procedures, and history of the census will be published in the History of the 2002 Economic Census at www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html.

Introduction vii 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

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viii Introduction 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Construction

SCOPEThe Construction sector (sector 23) comprises establishments primarily engaged in the construction of buildings or engineering projects (e.g., highways and utility systems). Establishments primarily engaged in the preparation of sites for new construction and establishments primarily engaged in subdividing land for sale, as building sites also are included in this sector. Construction work done may include new work, additions, alterations, or maintenance and repairs. Activities of these establishments generally are managed at a fixed place of business, but they usually perform construction activities at multiple project sites. Production responsibilitiesfor establishments in this sector are usually specified in (1) contracts with the owners of construction projects (prime contracts) or (2) contracts with other construction establishments (subcontracts).Establishments primarily engaged in contracts that include responsibility for all aspects of individual construction projects are commonly known as general contractors, but also may be known as design-builders, construction managers, turnkey contractors, or (in cases where two or more establishments jointly secure a general contract) joint-venture contractors. Construction managers that provide oversight and scheduling only (i.e., agency) as well as construction managers that areresponsible for the entire project (i.e., at risk) are included as general contractor type establishments. Establishments of the “general contractor type” frequently arrange construction of separate parts of their projects through subcontracts with other construction establishments. Establishments primarily engaged in activities to produce a specific component (e.g., masonry, painting, and electrical work) of a construction project are commonly known as specialty tradecontractors. Activities of specialty trade contractors are usually subcontracted from other construction establishments but, especially in remodeling and repair construction, the work may be done directly for the owner of the property. Establishments primarily engaged in activities to construct buildings to be sold on sites that they own are known as operative builders, but also may be known as speculative builders or merchant builders. Operative builders produce buildings in a manner similar to general contractors, buttheir production processes also include site acquisition and securing of financial backing. Operative builders are most often associated with the construction of residential buildings. Like general contractors, they may subcontract all or part of the actual construction work on their buildings. There are substantial differences in the types of equipment, work force skills, and other inputs required by establishments in this sector. To highlight these differences and variations in the underlying production functions, this sector is divided into three subsectors. Subsector 236, Construction of Buildings, comprises establishments of the general contractor type and operative builders involved in the construction of buildings. Subsector 237, Heavy andCivil Engineering Construction, comprises establishments involved in the construction of engineering projects. Subsector 238, Specialty Trade Contractors, comprises establishments engaged in specialty trade activities generally needed in the construction of all types of buildings. Exclusions. Force account construction is construction work performed by an enterprise primarily engaged in some business other than construction for its own account and use, using employees of the enterprise. This activity is not included in the construction sector unless the construction work performed is the primary activity of a separate establishment of the enterprise.

Construction ix 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## The installation and the ongoing repair and maintenance of telecommunications and utility networks is excluded from construction when the establishments performing the work are not independent contractors. Although a growing proportion of this work is subcontracted to independentcontractors in the Construction Sector, the operating units of telecommunications and utility companies performing this work are included with the telecommunications or utility activities. The tabulations for this sector do not include central administrative offices, warehouses, or other establishments that serve construction establishments within the same organization. Data for such establishments are classified according to the nature of the service they provide. For example, separate headquarters establishments are reported in NAICS Sector 55, Management of Companies and Enterprises. The reports described below exclude establishments of firms with no paid employees. These “nonemployers,” typically self-employed individuals or partnerships operating businesses that they have not chosen to incorporate, are reported separately in Nonemployer Statistics . The contribution of nonemployers, relatively large for this sector, may be examined at www.census.gov/nonemployerimpact. Definitions. Industry categories are defined in Appendix B, NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions. Other terms are defined in Appendix A, Explanation of Terms.

REPORTS The following reports provide statistics on this sector. Industry Series. There are 31 reports, each covering a single NAICS industry (six-digit code). These reports include such statistics as number of establishments, employment, payroll, value added by construction, cost of materials, value of construction work, value of business done, capital expenditures, etc. The industry reports also include selected statistics for states. While most of the state data in the industry series reports are by physical location of the establishment, some data are available by reported location of the construction work. The data in industry reports are preliminary and subject to change in the following reports. Geographic Area Series. There are 51 separate reports, one for each state and the District of Columbia. Each state report present similar statistics at the “all construction” level for each state. Subject Series:

• Industry General Summary. This report contains industry statistics summarized in one

report. It includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry reports, as well as revisions to the data made after the release of the industry reports.

• Industry Kind Of Business and Type of Construction Summary. This report contains

industry kind of business and types of construction statistics summarized in one report. It includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry reports, as well as revisions to the data made after the release of the industry reports.

• Geographic Area Summary. This report contains industry and geographic area statistics summarized in one report. It includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry and state reports, as well as revisions to the data made after the release of the industry and state reports. Other reports. Data for this sector are also included in reports with multisector coverage, including Nonemployer Statistics, Comparative Statistics, Bridge Between 2002 NAICS and 1997 NAICS, Business Expenses, and the Survey of Business Owners reports.

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS COVERED

1. The United States as a whole. 2. States and the District of Columbia. x Construction 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## 3. Census regions.The regions are made up of groups of states as follows: a. Northeast region: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont b. Midwest region: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsinc. South region: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia d. West region: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming DOLLAR VALUES All dollar values presented are expressed in current dollars; i.e., 2002 data are expressed in 2002 dollars, and 1997 data, in 1997 dollars. Consequently, when making comparisons with prior years, users of the data should consider the changes in prices that have occurred. All dollar values are shown in thousands of dollars. COMPARABILITY OF THE 1997 AND 2002 ECONOMIC CENSUSES Both the 2002 Economic Census and the 1997 Economic Census present data based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). There were substantial revisions made to the entire construction sector, for 2002. These changes are:

1. Each subsector has been reclassified in 2002 to: • 236—Construction of Buildings • 237—Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction • 238—Specialty Trade Contractors 2. Adopted several mining industries: • oil and gas pipeline and related structures construction, now in Industry 237120 • site preparation and related construction activities on a contract or fee basis, now in

Industry 238910. More detailed information of NAICS changes from 1997 to 2002, may be examined at http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/n02ton97.htm. In addition, there have been several additional data tables added, which did not exist in 1997. These tables for 2002 include e-commerce value of business done and leased and nonleaseddetail employment statistics by subsectors. Also included is housing starts by single NAICS industry (six-digit code). RELIABILITY OF DATA All data compiled for this sector are subject to nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources: inability to identify all cases in the actual universe; definition andclassification difficulties; differences in the interpretation of questions; errors in recording or coding the data obtained; and other errors of collection, response, coverage, processing, and estimation for missing or misreported data. No direct measurement of these effects has been obtained except for estimation for missing or misreported data, as by the percentages shown in the tables. Precautionary steps were taken in all phases of the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data in an effort to minimize the effects of nonsampling errors. More information on the reliability of the data is included in Appendix C, Methodology. Construction xi 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## DISCLOSURE In accordance with federal law governing census reports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no data are published that would disclose the operations of an individual establishment or company. However, the number of establishments in a specific industry or geographic area is not considereda disclosure; therefore, this information may be released even though other information is withheld. Techniques employed to limit disclosure are discussed at www.census.gov/epcd/ec02/disclosure.htm. AVAILABILITY OF MORE FREQUENT ECONOMIC DATA The U.S. Census Bureau’s monthly Construction Reports, Series C30, Value of New Construction Put in Place contain data related to construction sector census data. The main difference is that the C30 series covers all new construction put in place without regard to who is performing theconstruction activity. The construction sector census data covers both new construction and maintenance and repair work done by establishments classified in the construction industries. Significant amounts of construction are done by establishments classified outside of construction (realestate, manufacturing, utilities, and communications, for example), as both “force account” construction and construction done for others. In addition, the C30 series includes constructionrelated expenses such as architectural and engineering costs and the costs of materials supplied by owners that are normally not reflected in construction sector census data. Data contained in the 2002 construction sector may also differ from industry data in Employmentand Earnings Statistics, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Statistics of Income, published by the Internal Revenue Service. These differences arise from varying definitions of scope, coverage, timing, classification, and methodology.In additon, the County Business Patterns program offers annual statistics on the number of establishments, employment, and payroll classified by industry within each county, and Statistics ofU.S. Businesses provides annual statistics classified by the employment size of the enterprise, further classified by industry for the United States, and by broader categories for states and metropolitan areas. CONTACTS FOR DATA USERSQuestions about these data may be directed to the U.S. Census Bureau, Manufacturing & Construction Division, Information Services Center, 301-763-4673 or ask.census.gov. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS The following abbreviations and symbols are used with these data: A Standard error of 100 percent or more D Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual companies; data are included in higher level totals F Exceeds 100 percent because data include establishments with payroll exceeding revenue N Not available or not comparable S Withheld because estimates did not meet publication standards X Not applicable Z Less than half the unit shown a 0 to 19 employees b 20 to 99 employees c 100 to 249 employees e 250 to 499 employees f 500 to 999 employees g 1,000 to 2,499 employees h 2,500 to 4,999 employees i 5,000 to 9,999 employees j 10,000 to 24,999 employees k 25,000 to 49,999 employees l 50,000 to 99,999 employees m 100,000 employees or more

xii Construction 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## p 10 to 19 percent estimated q 20 to 29 percent estimated r Revised s Sampling error exceeds 40 percent nsk Not specified by kind – Represents zero (page image/print only) (CC) Consolidated city (IC) Independent city

Construction xiii 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 1. 

# Industry Statistics on 2002 NAICS Basis Distributed Among 1997 NAICS **Based Industries for the United States: 2002**  [Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanationof terms, see Appendix A. For detailed title descriptions, see Appendix F]

2002 NAICS code 1997 bridge code Industry or bridge Number of estab lishments Total number of employees Total payroll Value of construction work 1 Net value of construction work Value added Cost of materials, components, supplies, and fuels Capital expenditures,

other than land ABCDEF G H 238220 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors 87 501974 368 35 942 262 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 1 837 897 23511000 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors (pt) 87 443973 364 35 906 778 117 682 869 105 236 865 66 803 636 39 382 240 1 834 497 23595000 Building equipment and other machinery installation contractors (pt) 581 005 35 484 102 916 86 297 74 446 17 941 3 400

1 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census defi nition. See Appendix A for the modified definition. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 1 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 2. 

# Employment Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002 [Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and geographical definitions, see note at end of table. For information on geographic areas followed by *, see Appendix D. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Location of establishment Number of employees Number of construction workers Payroll (thousand dollars)

Number of estab lishments Total Con struction workers January to March April to June July to September October to December Total Con struction workers Relative standard error of estimate (percent) for column

 A B C D E F G H IB 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air

conditioning contractors United States 87 501974 368 712 452 S 726 131 735 393 711 835 35 942 262 25 619 932 1 Alabama 1 42516 279 12 433 10 625 13 047 13 105 12 956 430 252 308 967 2 Alaska 2092 228 1 653 1 474 1 544 1 883 1 709 97 193 72 876 7 Arizona 1 50818 586 14 019 13 026 14 178 14 589 14 284 584 041 420 668 3 Arkansas 1 0458 066 5 939 5 204 6 281 6 336 5 936 209 991 154 099 4 California 7 25195 674 69 918 64 923 71 866 72 794 70 086 3 846 448 2 701 946 3 Colorado 2 01520 715 15 714 14 616 16 520 16 406 15 314 753 883 547 419 3 Connecticut 1 29911 426 8 220 7 312 8 471 8 643 8 456 465 055 322 154 3 Delaware 3074 112 3 187 3 099 3 198 3 339 3 111 157 576 D 5 District of Columbia 22786 516 511 506 524 523 40 085 21 379 – Florida 5 01957 881 41 564 40 065 42 243 42 171 41 777 1 823 204 1 258 964 2 Georgia 2 53428 419 20 760 19 826 21 253 21 418 20 542 944 212 653 972 4 Hawaii 2802 320 1 653 1 582 1 651 1 680 1 699 96 844 65 305 9 Idaho 5815 318 4 037 3 765 4 126 4 202 4 055 170 647 133 184 3 Illinois 3 80744 713 32 589 33 253 32 822 32 101 32 179 2 052 539 1 503 988 3 Indiana 1 84323 719 17 304 16 657 17 376 17 713 17 472 991 141 753 297 3 Iowa 1 06810 399 7 697 6 987 8 190 7 980 7 633 372 291 266 275 3 Kansas 94610 046 7 323 6 908 7 316 7 647 7 419 367 219 264 596 3 Kentucky 1 21912 827 9 638 9 237 9 677 10 022 9 614 408 927 307 205 3 Louisiana 1 46913 850 10 118 9 262 10 383 10 915 9 913 419 948 291 819 5 Maine 4583 946 2 633 2 404 2 698 2 684 2 745 114 586 76 227 7 Maryland 2 04329 222 21 964 21 164 22 239 22 759 21 695 1 131 064 797 680 2 Massachusetts 2 51924 002 17 295 16 782 17 471 17 616 17 311 1 007 904 715 867 3 Michigan 3 04733 162 24 354 23 051 25 216 25 153 23 996 1 319 789 957 926 3 Minnesota 1 61620 131 14 800 14 095 14 833 15 586 14 687 842 593 601 832 3 Mississippi 6546 482 4 963 4 974 5 060 5 093 4 725 184 147 132 811 5 Missouri 1 81319 878 14 460 14 142 14 561 14 835 14 301 801 854 580 960 3 Montana 4323 096 2 282 1 876 2 351 2 462 2 438 92 499 68 335 7 Nebraska 6836 859 5 053 4 703 5 141 5 262 5 106 236 196 177 052 3 Nevada 4978 727 6 731 6 311 6 619 6 717 7 277 325 159 236 085 7 New Hampshire 5314 365 3 178 3 076 3 164 3 179 3 293 179 570 123 215 5 New Jersey 3 52731 012 22 118 21 592 22 534 22 466 21 883 1 319 889 949 574 3 New Mexico 5794 934 3 714 3 453 3 746 3 836 3 820 147 852 104 343 7 New York 5 74655 878 40 229 38 135 40 362 41 484 40 934 2 304 763 1 594 555 3 North Carolina 2 95131 716 22 993 22 236 23 514 23 484 22 737 992 231 684 213 2 North Dakota 2722 470 1 916 1 759 2 099 1 960 1 846 87 633 D 4 Ohio 3 49438 761 27 813 26 231 28 040 29 147 27 835 1 440 407 1 035 653 2 Oklahoma 1 1588 413 6 262 6 082 6 478 6 423 6 063 256 922 185 111 3 Oregon 1 03111 979 8 589 8 254 8 776 8 871 8 456 475 266 332 135 3 Pennsylvania 3 65141 647 30 163 28 610 30 587 31 406 30 048 1 600 874 1 156 067 3 Rhode Island 3973 675 2 816 2 502 2 902 2 995 2 866 136 580 99 426 6 South Carolina 1 47115 075 10 643 10 152 10 869 11 048 10 504 461 390 327 225 3 South Dakota 3372 841 2 087 1 801 2 157 2 219 2 171 83 704 58 708 3 Tennessee 1 32919 555 14 302 13 951 14 321 14 545 14 391 640 808 459 267 2 Texas 5 62874 047 54 643 52 113 56 307 56 545 53 606 2 427 844 1 729 375 3 Utah 8918 599 6 478 6 398 6 536 6 620 6 359 270 881 202 660 4 Vermont 2811 776 1 307 1 437 1 394 1 231 1 166 62 004 43 093 8 Virginia 2 52530 691 22 982 21 139 23 773 24 077 22 941 999 269 699 847 3 Washington 1 60118 929 13 374 12 224 13 483 14 029 13 762 771 215 539 445 4 West Virginia 4113 090 2 315 2 175 2 376 2 388 2 320 92 540 70 544 7 Wisconsin 1 81820 454 14 584 14 225 14 714 14 656 14 743 855 264 617 952 3 Wyoming 2621 591 1 130 1 074 1 164 1 149 1 132 48 071 D 8 Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C. For geographical definitions, see Appendix D.



# 2 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors Construction

 Industry Series U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 3. 

# General Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002 [Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and geographical definitions, see note at end of table. For information on geographic areas followed by *, see Appendix D. For mean ing of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Location of establishment Relative standard error of estimate

(percent) for column

 E 1 Value of construction work2 Net value of construction work Value added Cost of materials, components, supplies, and fuels Cost of construction work subcontracted

out to others Total rental costs Capital expend

itures, other than land End of year gross book

value of depreciable assets A B C D E F G H IC H 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air

conditioning contractors United States 1117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 12 462 622 1 913 836 1 837 897 S – 1 Alabama 21 486 266 1 335 026 818 944 547 075 151 240 27 315 23 509 290 264 3 6 Alaska –384 009 315 779 209 645 110 136 68 230 5 227 5 679 38 067 5 7 Arizona 11 957 356 1 815 586 1 048 567 776 410 141 770 34 897 31 360 264 734 3 8 Arkansas 1799 157 733 666 438 746 305 198 65 491 14 066 18 636 143 602 5 11 California 112 348 324 11 176 186 7 219 967 4 018 868 1 172 138 220 791 159 086 1 379 541 2 6 Colorado 12 354 130 2 119 118 1 325 667 821 432 235 012 39 970 32 069 277 315 2 6 Connecticut 21 576 996 1 420 933 929 762 504 432 156 063 25 349 33 415 204 471 3 12 Delaware 1466 051 423 604 275 565 152 589 42 447 8 583 8 141 61 135 4 4 District of Columbia 1117 971 D 71 124 29 263 D 2 139 1 503 13 194 S – Florida 16 238 129 5 623 316 3 414 651 2 266 488 614 813 95 941 121 985 797 735 2 3 Georgia 13 436 673 3 055 853 1 851 844 1 226 368 380 819 58 283 69 373 455 712 4 4 Hawaii 1358 921 322 867 197 562 129 870 36 053 6 875 3 383 35 667 8 13 Idaho 1546 120 498 667 299 925 211 224 47 453 8 781 9 633 68 704 3 4 Illinois 16 103 440 5 497 917 3 756 225 1 769 005 605 523 100 596 85 480 678 503 2 6 Indiana 12 962 739 2 544 565 1 704 087 869 252 418 174 53 614 44 331 383 437 2 14 Iowa –1 191 466 1 057 441 655 448 429 826 134 024 19 693 21 441 195 012 2 6 Kansas 11 225 206 1 070 515 649 710 431 111 154 691 17 039 16 461 157 091 2 6 Kentucky 11 357 063 1 235 103 771 886 469 639 121 960 23 385 23 261 213 805 2 5 Louisiana 11 439 726 1 265 444 777 030 497 169 174 283 23 841 29 949 206 571 5 14 Maine 1393 322 356 787 221 625 141 012 36 535 5 976 7 991 63 075 5 17 Maryland 13 903 426 3 320 118 2 090 301 1 252 186 583 308 60 994 46 674 412 934 2 6 Massachusetts 23 531 603 3 028 454 2 004 051 1 038 135 503 149 48 898 53 725 374 145 2 13 Michigan 14 333 866 3 840 947 2 537 704 1 338 122 492 919 72 144 61 291 517 389 3 6 Minnesota –2 869 964 2 588 826 1 662 334 961 326 281 138 50 240 50 953 371 596 2 7 Mississippi 2754 581 683 606 402 127 283 974 70 975 10 805 19 315 133 694 5 19 Missouri 12 538 164 2 261 591 1 432 464 849 634 276 573 33 258 39 012 316 221 2 6 Montana 2356 269 311 282 182 602 135 009 44 987 6 009 7 917 60 228 7 13 Nebraska –819 918 729 336 413 453 321 124 90 582 11 161 13 247 136 486 2 11 Nevada 21 093 301 1 015 045 669 019 350 843 78 256 16 811 13 038 89 094 6 10 New Hampshire 2535 046 482 837 308 537 179 259 52 209 8 642 9 060 65 819 4 8 New Jersey 24 192 136 3 725 573 2 519 115 1 225 623 466 562 63 778 59 631 438 476 2 6 New Mexico 1541 393 491 217 302 576 191 137 50 176 8 476 11 156 81 059 6 16 New York 27 554 021 6 612 164 4 316 369 2 333 826 941 858 112 826 102 407 785 784 2 4 North Carolina 13 225 498 2 888 425 1 789 608 1 125 922 337 072 57 384 53 437 492 974 2 7 North Dakota –292 117 257 146 153 815 105 405 34 971 4 386 4 246 48 732 3 9 Ohio 14 603 389 4 102 841 2 670 123 1 468 365 500 549 79 918 66 850 591 855 2 5 Oklahoma 1906 621 829 415 494 542 341 921 77 207 14 125 15 434 136 060 3 6 Oregon 11 440 390 1 307 867 820 169 506 559 132 523 22 697 17 683 156 741 3 5 Pennsylvania 15 284 960 4 683 368 3 045 892 1 677 707 601 592 80 222 83 627 680 491 2 5 Rhode Island 3490 872 430 654 259 703 171 994 60 217 6 453 6 508 46 030 4 7 South Carolina 21 395 221 1 283 841 771 453 518 348 111 381 23 803 19 856 203 862 3 6 South Dakota 1333 758 311 005 173 539 141 297 22 754 3 739 18 812 65 198 2 3 Tennessee 12 291 636 2 090 568 1 252 575 845 946 201 068 36 992 52 247 316 106 2 4 Texas 17 995 926 7 195 231 4 394 161 2 871 664 800 694 121 622 117 242 1 021 758 3 5 Utah 11 010 226 896 459 546 742 353 933 113 766 16 539 12 732 127 915 3 6 Vermont 2207 788 187 828 113 013 77 190 19 961 3 350 2 827 30 717 9 15 Virginia 13 032 746 2 779 629 1 738 782 1 073 626 253 117 47 652 49 327 400 329 2 7 Washington 12 469 407 2 207 511 1 393 599 853 946 261 896 44 707 32 908 370 312 3 7 West Virginia 1296 407 277 298 180 188 99 089 19 109 4 113 4 589 35 685 6 15 Wisconsin –2 575 754 2 382 971 1 507 365 941 196 192 783 45 933 41 098 405 451 2 5 Wyoming 1166 318 D 94 180 59 507 D 3 797 4 361 27 087 S 16

1 Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, these data were calculated using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. The following symbols are shown where estimated imputation based data on construction receipts account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census defi nition. See Appendix A for the modified definition. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C. For geographical definitions, see Appendix D.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 3 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 4. 

# Detailed Statistics for Establishments: 2002 [Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A] Item Value Relative standard error of estimate (percent) 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors All establishments number 87 501 1 All employees number 974 368 1 Construction workers in March number S S Construction workers in May number 726 131 1 Construction workers in August number 735 393 1 Construction workers in November number 711 835 1 Average number of construction workers number 712 452 1 Other employees in March number S S Other employees in May number 257 811 1 Other employees in August number 261 941 1 Other employees in November number 261 405 1 Average number of other employees number 261 916 1 Total payroll $1,000 35 942 262 – Construction workers $1,000 25 619 932 – Other employees $1,000 10 322 330 1 First quarter payroll, all employees $1,000 8 733 693 – Fringe benefits, all employees $1,000 9 326 660 – Legally required expenditures $1,000 4 861 969 1 Voluntary expenditures $1,000 4 464 691 – Value of business done 1 $1,000 118 740 885 – Value of construction work 1 $1,000 117 785 785 – Value of construction work on government owned projects $1,000 25 407 206 1 Value of construction work on federally owned projects $1,000 6 836 230 1 Value of construction work on state and locally owned projects $1,000 18 570 976 1 Value of construction work on privately owned projects $1,000 92 378 579 1 Other business receipts $1,000 955 100 3 Value of construction work subcontracted in from others $1,000 62 989 676 1 Net value of construction work $1,000 105 323 163 – Value added $1,000 66 878 082 1 Selected costs $1,000 51 862 803 1 Materials, parts, and supplies $1,000 37 813 136 1 Construction work subcontracted out to others $1,000 12 462 622 1 Selected power, fuels, and lubricants $1,000 1 587 045 1 Purchased electricity $1,000 263 532 1 Natural gas and manufactured gas $1,000 106 837 4 Gasoline and diesel fuel $1,000 1 167 983 1 On highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel $1,000 1 086 953 1 Off highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel $1,000 81 030 2 All other fuels and lubricants $1,000 48 694 4 Total rental costs $1,000 1 913 836 1 Machinery and equipment $1,000 889 133 1 Buildings $1,000 1 024 703 1 Selected purchased services $1,000 3 675 805 1 Communication services $1,000 1 012 703 1 Repairs to buildings and other structures $1,000 518 107 1 Repairs to machinery and equipment $1,000 785 457 1 Legal services $1,000 229 859 3 Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services $1,000 416 471 4 Advertising and promotional services $1,000 S S Beginning of year gross book value of depreciable assets $1,000 13 662 064 1 Capital expenditures, other than land $1,000 1 837 897 1 Retirements and disposition of depreciable assets $1,000 S S End of year gross book value of depreciable assets $1,000 S S Depreciation charges during year $1,000 1 666 352 1 Establishments with inventories number 28 570 – Value of construction work for establishments with inventories $1,000 57 629 835 – End of 2002, inventories of materials and supplies $1,000 1 845 675 2 End of 2001, inventories of materials and supplies $1,000 1 724 821 2 Establishments with no inventories number 44 669 – Value of construction work for establishments with no inventories $1,000 48 392 125 – Establishments not reporting inventories number 14 263 – Value of construction work for establishment not reporting inventores $1,000 11 763 826 –

1 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definitions of value of business done and value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census d efinition. See Appendix A for the modified definitions. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# 4 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors Construction

 Industry Series U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 5. 

# Selected Statistics for Establishments by Employment Size Class: 2002 [Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Employment size class E 1 Number of estab lishments Total number of employees Total payroll Value of business

done 2 Value of construction work2 Net value of construction work Value added Cost of materials, components, supplies, and fuels Cost of construction work subcontracted out to others Relative standard error of estimate (percent) for column

 AB C D E F G H I J C 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air

conditioning contractors All establishments 187 501 974 368 35 942 262 118 740 885 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 12 462 622 1 Establishments with



1 to 4 employees –46 507 98 197 2 396 404 10 394 201 10 330 012 9 687 847 5 852 775 3 899 261 642 165 2 5 to 9 employees –19 233 124 682 3 635 485 12 180 461 12 072 884 11 295 276 7 057 692 4 345 161 777 608 2 10 to 19 employees –11 620 155 274 5 471 724 16 774 782 16 616 667 15 378 251 9 885 762 5 650 605 1 238 415 2 20 to 49 employees –6 979 206 624 8 193 334 25 279 522 25 036 095 22 723 509 14 582 615 8 384 320 2 312 587 1 50 to 99 employees –2 007 136 816 5 789 358 18 741 145 18 573 512 16 246 893 10 258 016 6 156 509 2 326 619 1 100 to 249 employees –892 131 304 5 604 200 19 151 617 19 050 229 16 372 133 10 288 381 6 185 141 2 678 096 1 250 to 499 employees –185 61 287 2 544 919 8 569 134 8 498 738 7 181 883 4 618 031 2 634 248 1 316 855 1 500 to 999 employees –67 42 967 1 616 252 5 924 201 5 884 825 4 893 206 3 200 448 1 732 134 991 619 – 1,000 employees or more –11 17 218 690 587 1 725 823 1 722 823 1 544 164 1 134 361 412 803 178 659 –

1 Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, these data were calculated using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. The following symbols are shown where estimated imputation based data on construction receipts account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definitions of value of business done and value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census d efinition. See Appendix A for the modified definitions. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 5 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 6. 

# Selected Statistics for Establishments by Value of Business Done Size Class: 2002 [Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Dollar value size class E 1 Number of estab lishments Total number of employees Total payroll Value of business

done 2 Value of construction work2 Net value of construction work Value added Cost of materials, components, supplies, and fuels Cost of construction work subcontracted out to others Relative standard error of estimate (percent) for column

 AB C D E F G H I J G 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air

conditioning contractors All establishments 187 501 974 368 35 942 262 118 740 885 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 12 462 622 – Establishments with value of business done

 Less than $25,000 363 S S S S S S S SS $25,000 to $49,999 –2 366 S S S S S S S SS $50,000 to $99,999 –6 831 9 329 141 768 516 401 513 302 482 275 305 577 179 798 31 027 5 $100,000 to $249,999 –22 881 47 362 949 116 3 889 777 3 871 021 3 643 167 2 265 956 1 395 968 227 853 3 $250,000 to $499,999 –20 143 81 082 2 025 720 7 183 622 7 121 673 6 747 470 4 162 696 2 646 723 374 203 3 $500,000 to $999,999 –14 548 108 662 3 150 775 10 167 418 10 080 791 9 525 147 5 907 289 3 704 485 555 644 2 $1,000,000 to $2,499,999 –11 773 171 905 6 010 717 18 133 132 17 943 160 16 832 796 10 741 967 6 280 801 1 110 364 2 $2,500,000 to $4,999,999 –4 578 130 916 5 250 555 15 869 298 15 719 596 14 380 600 9 219 224 5 311 078 1 338 996 1 $5,000,000 to $9,999,999 –2 486 132 114 5 505 044 17 134 516 16 990 560 15 155 146 9 558 079 5 741 023 1 835 414 1 $10,000,000 or more –1 832 290 441 12 878 579 45 757 538 45 456 950 38 473 979 24 663 302 14 111 265 6 982 971 –

1 Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, these data were calculated using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. The following symbols are shown where estimated imputation based data on construction receipts account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definitions of value of business done and value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census d efinition. See Appendix A for the modified definitions. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# 6 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors Construction

 Industry Series U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 7. 

# Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Type of Construction: 2002 [Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Type of construction Value of construction work 1 Relative standard error of estimate (percent) for column

 Total New construction Additions, alterations, or reconstruction Maintenance and repair ABCDABC D 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning

contractors Total 117 785 78559 127 042 28 884 167 29 774 577 – – 1 1 Building construction, total 111 566 87656 350 917 27 373 503 27 842 456 – 1 1 1 Single family houses, detached and attached 37 458 66619 000 254 6 577 374 11 881 038 1 1 2 1 Single family houses, detached 32 803 65316 690 587 5 871 314 10 241 752 1 1 2 2 Single family houses, attached 4 655 0132 309 666 706 060 1 639 286 3 5 4 4 Other manufacturing and light industrial buildings, such as factories, assembly plants, and industrial research laboratories 10 201 4334 545 170 3 245 439 2 410 823 1 1 1 1 Office buildings 13 623 2746 329 965 3 965 740 3 327 569 1 1 1 2 Stores, restaurants, and automobile service stations, and other commercial buildings 11 147 9725 269 020 2 522 825 3 356 127 1 1 2 2 Educational buildings 11 146 2726 175 769 3 857 691 1 112 812 1 1 1 3 Other building construction 27 989 25915 030 739 7 204 433 5 754 086 1 1 1 1 Nonbuilding construction, total 6 106 6372 663 852 1 510 664 1 932 121 1 1 2 3 Other nonbuilding construction 6 106 6372 663 852 1 510 664 1 932 121 1 1 2 3 Construction work, nsk 112 273112 273 – – – – – –

1 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census defi nition. See Appendix A for the modified definition. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 7 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 8. 

# Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Types of Construction: **2002** [Thousand dollars unless otherise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. This table presents selected statistics for establishments according to degree of specialization in major types of construction work. If number of establishments or value of construction work for a given type of specialization are relatively insignificant, data m ay not be shown. In addition, data are not shown in this table where distribution of the value of construction work by type of construction was not provided in Table 7. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at the end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item Number of estab lishments Total number of employees Total payroll Value of construction work for specialized type Net value of construction work Value added Cost of construction work subcontracted

out to others Relative standard error

of estimate

(percent) for column

 ABCDE FG G 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning

contractors Total 87 501974 368 35 942 262 X 105 323 163 66 878 082 12 462 622 1 Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 64 190593 303 20 534 537 56 198 029 62 123 326 38 866 662 6 534 836 1 

### Building construction, total Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 62 489566 457 19 454 426 53 780 243 59 616 993 37 089 678 6 082 273 2 Specialization 100 percent 22 333170 274 5 703 238 19 836 348 18 099 551 11 278 289 1 736 797 4 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 10 82088 828 2 819 575 8 953 551 8 964 416 5 368 288 640 252 3 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 9 98381 888 2 737 912 7 774 661 8 645 013 5 345 536 822 886 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 8 39986 507 3 028 440 7 481 893 9 147 647 5 681 757 1 098 083 4 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 7 27485 926 3 127 713 6 218 888 8 958 662 5 623 159 1 039 123 1 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 3 67953 035 2 037 548 3 514 902 5 801 704 3 792 649 745 132 2 

### Single family houses, detached and attached Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 48 433334 000 9 745 039 29 296 619 32 401 426 19 658 067 1 838 966 4 Specialization 100 percent 18 043110 969 3 201 683 12 046 514 11 245 920 6 870 227 800 593 9 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 9 25065 388 1 848 915 6 098 484 6 254 033 3 659 939 287 273 5 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 8 18053 912 1 554 645 4 534 030 5 245 261 3 142 438 264 623 5 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 6 12343 834 1 318 850 3 209 882 4 181 533 2 539 465 188 249 5 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 4 33138 624 1 150 193 2 291 485 3 528 227 2 196 008 160 567 4 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 2 50621 273 670 753 1 116 224 1 946 452 1 249 991 137 661 5 

### Single family houses, detached Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 44 727310 893 9 068 897 27 264 935 30 030 582 18 156 894 1 713 001 4 Specialization 100 percent 16 868105 240 3 063 554 11 419 609 10 652 608 6 457 138 767 001 9 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 8 65262 016 1 755 426 5 756 665 5 906 023 3 434 448 265 530 3 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 7 44449 632 1 413 787 4 159 961 4 817 020 2 887 301 238 705 5 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 5 50939 260 1 186 041 2 856 758 3 722 676 2 259 913 166 319 5 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 3 96635 080 1 031 831 2 054 933 3 159 529 1 975 111 146 763 4 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 2 28819 664 618 258 1 017 010 1 772 727 1 142 983 128 683 5 

### Single family houses, attached Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 3 70623 108 676 141 2 031 684 2 370 844 1 501 173 125 965 13 Specialization 100 percent 1 1755 729 138 129 626 905 593 312 413 088 33 593 35 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 5973 372 93 489 341 819 348 010 225 491 21 742 49 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 7364 280 140 858 374 069 428 241 255 137 25 918 13 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 6134 574 132 809 353 124 458 857 279 552 21 930 12 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 3653 544 118 362 236 552 368 698 220 897 13 804 14 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 2181 609 52 495 99 215 173 725 107 009 8 978 16 

### Other manufacturing and light industrial

buildings, such as factories, assembly plants, and industrial research laboratories Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 86044 406 2 128 504 5 018 824 5 352 744 3 590 700 760 630 1 Specialization 100 percent 92219 168 909 551 2 532 766 2 262 484 1 565 685 270 282 1 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 1213 410 165 414 418 752 394 593 263 080 54 450 4 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 1193 996 184 991 465 875 500 657 377 767 68 791 1 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 2505 617 260 655 533 398 639 900 396 305 97 047 2 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 3196 389 312 178 590 631 818 405 500 944 133 093 1 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1295 826 295 716 477 402 736 705 486 920 136 968 2 

### Office buildings Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 2 42642 884 1 874 214 4 881 368 5 485 409 3 499 021 853 201 1 Specialization 100 percent 8229 780 396 780 1 354 115 1 175 497 703 442 178 618 4 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 2674 114 182 589 567 251 549 705 360 096 67 776 7 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 3005 617 266 962 743 169 774 144 537 385 133 501 3 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 3988 376 346 404 908 314 1 094 288 680 321 156 305 2 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 4728 612 406 536 873 275 1 161 424 717 256 227 803 2 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1646 385 274 943 435 243 730 351 500 521 89 198 2 

### Stores, restaurants, and automobile service stations, and other commercial buildings Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 3 96549 730 1 855 663 4 495 704 5 223 451 3 455 160 520 980 2 Specialization 100 percent 1 26513 565 531 906 1 636 597 1 498 795 997 510 137 802 4 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 3714 134 160 968 469 648 459 563 302 706 41 940 5 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 6885 953 233 525 534 673 610 521 393 651 44 873 5 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 6198 996 318 920 787 140 928 354 603 244 149 778 3 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 6358 802 320 223 566 956 850 503 561 174 68 973 5 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 3878 279 290 121 500 690 875 714 596 876 77 615 4 

### Educational buildings Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 79535 838 1 473 193 4 061 338 4 440 289 2 795 337 1 074 360 2 Specialization 100 percent 2132 568 111 917 431 852 338 533 210 966 93 319 17 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 3435 016 180 803 622 312 544 609 313 980 120 757 6 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 2325 251 216 583 707 510 664 481 410 553 195 676 3 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 4189 560 364 663 1 025 266 1 136 853 728 087 276 415 3 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 4459 312 400 046 874 057 1 161 109 742 033 239 431 4 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1454 131 199 179 400 342 594 702 389 718 148 762 4 See footnotes at end of table 

# 8 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors Construction

 Industry Series U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 8. 

# Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Types of Construction: **2002**

 Con. [Thousand dollars unless otherise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. This table presents selected statistics for establishments according to degree of specialization in major types of construction work. If number of establishments or value of construction work for a given type of specialization are relatively insignificant, data m ay not be shown. In addition, data are not shown in this table where distribution of the value of construction work by type of construction was not provided in Table 7. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at the end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item Number of estab lishments Total number of employees Total payroll Value of construction work for specialized type Net value of construction work Value added Cost of construction work subcontracted

out to others Relative standard error

of estimate

(percent) for column

 ABCDE FG G 

### Other building construction Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 4 01059 599 2 377 813 6 026 390 6 713 674 4 091 392 1 034 136 5 Specialization 100 percent 1 06814 223 551 401 1 834 504 1 578 322 930 460 256 183 8 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 4686 766 280 886 777 103 761 912 468 486 68 058 9 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 4647 158 281 205 789 405 849 948 483 742 115 423 5 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 59010 124 418 948 1 017 892 1 166 719 734 336 230 290 20 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 1 07214 188 538 537 1 022 485 1 438 994 905 746 209 255 3 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 3487 141 306 837 585 000 917 780 568 622 154 928 6 

### Nonbuilding construction, total Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 52525 796 1 040 957 2 305 514 2 404 578 1 702 193 442 045 5 Specialization 100 percent 1 02214 874 458 386 1 187 970 1 078 285 755 815 109 684 10 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 1071 713 93 945 233 199 202 658 173 655 48 972 35 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 241 179 60 624 114 926 117 884 96 747 25 091 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 1122 596 120 531 226 918 268 091 163 081 42 321 4 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 2293 061 161 517 288 127 386 839 257 401 78 580 1 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 322 372 145 954 254 374 350 821 255 493 137 397 2 

### Other nonbuilding construction Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 52525 796 1 040 957 2 305 514 2 404 578 1 702 193 442 045 5 Specialization 100 percent 1 02214 874 458 386 1 187 970 1 078 285 755 815 109 684 10 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 1071 713 93 945 233 199 202 658 173 655 48 972 35 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 241 179 60 624 114 926 117 884 96 747 25 091 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 1122 596 120 531 226 918 268 091 163 081 42 321 4 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 2293 061 161 517 288 127 386 839 257 401 78 580 1 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 322 372 145 954 254 374 350 821 255 493 137 397 2 

### Construction work, nsk Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1761 050 39 155 112 273 101 755 74 791 10 518 – Specialization 100 percent 1761 050 39 155 112 273 101 755 74 791 10 518 – Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 9 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 9. 

# Value of Business Done for Establishments by Kind **of Business Activity: 2002**  [Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Based on their primary business activity or combination of activities, establishments were classified into this specific industry. These establishments, however, may also be engaged in other kinds of business activities. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols,see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A] Primary and other kind of business activities Value of business done 1 Relative standard error of estimate (percent) 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors Total 118 740 885– Special trade contractors, total 100 297 7661 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning contractor (HVAC) 49 425 4451 Mechanical contractor 17 811 9961 Plumbing contractor 33 060 3251 All other construction activities 17 425 3751 Other business activities secondary to construction activities, total 943 7633 All other business activities secondary to construction activities 943 7633 Kind of business activity, nsk 73 9819

1 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of business done has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definiti on. See Appendix A for the modified definition. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# 10 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors Construction

 Industry Series U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 10. 

# Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Kind **of Business Activity:**  **2002** [Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. This table presents selected statistics for establishmen ts according to degree of specialization by major activity of construction work. If number of establishments or value of construction work for a given type of specialization are relatively insignificant, data may not be shown. In addition, data are not shown in this table where distribution of the value of business done by kind of business activity was not provided in Table 9. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item Number of estab lishments Total number of employees Total payroll Value of construction work for specialized kind of business Net value of construction work Value added Cost of construction work subcontracted

out to others Relative standard error

of estimate

(percent) for column

 ABCDE FG G 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning

contractors Total 87 501974 368 35 942 262 X 105 323 163 66 878 082 12 462 622 1 Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 85 190943 531 34 749 621 101 423 440 102 200 432 64 897 846 12 063 345 1 

### Special trade contractors, total Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 77 180828 799 30 150 597 89 543 425 90 072 752 56 678 284 10 774 610 1 Specialization 100 percent 53 572514 992 18 129 954 62 329 785 56 253 469 35 271 628 6 076 316 2 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 6 43568 677 2 440 744 7 280 784 7 036 948 4 425 103 689 474 4 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 4 26249 437 1 808 199 4 989 920 5 367 207 3 307 979 651 106 1 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 4 46350 184 1 920 587 4 472 491 5 427 304 3 332 311 688 443 2 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 4 30160 072 2 196 073 4 354 139 6 131 230 3 955 026 838 966 2 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 4 14585 437 3 655 039 6 116 307 9 856 595 6 386 237 1 830 305 1 

### Heating, ventilation and air conditioning contractor (HVAC) Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 36 345413 392 15 077 645 44 843 001 45 736 143 28 424 482 4 769 818 1 Specialization 100 percent 25 496252 584 8 914 130 30 930 024 28 344 874 17 493 061 2 585 150 2 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 3 16137 165 1 301 880 3 900 613 3 824 341 2 323 710 310 781 3 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 1 97426 733 951 427 2 602 040 2 841 413 1 724 810 294 504 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 1 95924 300 932 775 2 166 425 2 624 029 1 602 555 325 365 3 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 1 80127 940 1 076 601 2 123 625 3 013 655 1 980 851 369 871 1 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1 95444 669 1 900 833 3 120 274 5 087 830 3 299 494 884 146 2 

### Mechanical contractor Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 3 219119 411 5 330 712 16 069 385 14 744 179 9 470 815 3 499 949 1 Specialization 100 percent 2 12175 136 3 254 930 11 422 606 9 305 993 5 930 246 2 116 613 1 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 1385 954 272 553 879 863 738 543 485 070 195 462 8 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 1486 680 318 916 891 465 864 039 546 247 205 970 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 1696 868 340 696 825 041 921 182 584 213 203 097 2 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 2878 121 323 386 682 999 880 591 598 068 212 947 2 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 35716 652 820 232 1 367 411 2 033 831 1 326 971 565 860 1 

### Plumbing contractor Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 37 615295 997 9 742 240 28 631 039 29 592 430 18 782 987 2 504 844 3 Specialization 100 percent 25 955187 272 5 960 895 19 977 155 18 602 603 11 848 320 1 374 552 5 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 3 13625 557 866 312 2 500 308 2 474 064 1 616 324 183 231 10 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 2 14116 024 537 855 1 496 414 1 661 755 1 036 922 150 632 4 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 2 33519 016 647 116 1 481 025 1 882 092 1 145 542 159 980 4 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 2 21324 011 796 087 1 547 515 2 236 983 1 376 107 256 149 5 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1 83424 116 933 975 1 628 623 2 734 933 1 759 772 380 299 3 

### All other construction activities Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 7 993114 308 4 575 212 11 812 424 12 066 441 8 170 805 1 282 383 3 Specialization 100 percent 5 52775 705 2 830 103 8 107 601 7 531 197 5 151 769 576 404 5 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 75210 341 483 568 1 225 335 1 179 806 800 023 147 979 2 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 3625 162 225 490 582 000 580 559 415 691 130 891 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 5257 169 276 704 570 929 670 917 488 540 105 822 4 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 3044 939 229 314 436 976 627 153 394 665 75 157 6 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 52210 992 530 032 889 583 1 476 810 920 118 246 129 8 

### Kind of business activity, nsk Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 17423 23 812 67 591 61 239 48 757 6 352 7 Specialization 100 percent 17423 23 812 67 591 61 239 48 757 6 352 7 Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.



# Construction

 Industry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 11 U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Table 11. 

# Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Location of Construction Work: **2002** [Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and geographical definitions, see note at end of table. For information on geographic areas followed by *, see Appendix D. For mean ing of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Location of construction work Value of construction work 1 Relative standard error of estimate (percent) for column

 

### 238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors United States 117 785 785– Construction work done in

 Alabama 1 473 6642 Alaska 388 1654 Arizona 2 030 1193 Arkansas 755 6175 California 12 051 7372 Colorado 2 405 7462 Connecticut 1 703 4313 Delaware 430 6583 District of Columbia 593 6382 Florida 6 301 2052 Georgia 3 409 9405 Hawaii 380 8277 Idaho 537 5453 Illinois 6 255 1282 Indiana 2 757 0322 Iowa 1 183 9502 Kansas 1 149 4512 Kentucky 1 450 6952 Louisiana 1 372 2045 Maine 390 9675 Maryland 3 017 1592 Massachusetts 3 511 5142 Michigan 4 478 2622 Minnesota 2 861 9402 Mississippi 869 0535 Missouri 2 477 0982 Montana 358 5137 Nebraska 786 7122 Nevada 1 206 8345 New Hampshire 509 7714 New Jersey 4 065 9882 New Mexico 567 6425 New York 7 732 7022 North Carolina 3 219 5482 North Dakota 260 2364 Ohio 4 462 7792 Oklahoma 941 9713 Oregon 1 610 9624 Pennsylvania 5 283 0622 Rhode Island 492 4804 South Carolina 1 483 7923 South Dakota 319 3533 Tennessee 2 098 2892 Texas 8 146 2693 Utah 926 0633 Vermont 207 4279 Virginia 3 417 5062 Washington 2 433 7613 West Virginia 373 0324 Wisconsin 2 455 0332 Wyoming 189 3147

1 For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census defi nition. See Appendix A for the modified definition. Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the ident ity of any business or individual. The census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactF inder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C. For geographical definitions, see Appendix D.



# 12 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors Construction

 Industry Series U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Appendix A. Explanation of Terms

ESTABLISHMENT A relatively permanent office, or other place of business, where the usual business activities related to construction are conducted. Generally, a relatively permanent office is one which has been established for the management of more than one project or job and which is expected to be maintained on a continuing basis. Number of establishments includes all establishments that were in business at any time during the year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Construction establishments which were inactive or idle for the entire year were not included. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEESIncludes all full-time and part-time individuals on the payrolls of construction establishments during any part of the pay period which included the 12th of March, May, August, and November. Included are individuals on paid sick leave, paid holidays, paid vacations, and salaried officers and executives of a corporation. Excluded are subcontractors and their employees; full- or part-timeleased employees whose payroll was filed under an employee leasing company’s Employer Identification Number; temporary staffing obtained from a staffing service; and proprietors and partners of unincorporated businesses.Includes all permanent full-time and part-time employees who are on the payrolls of establishments who worked or received pay for any part of the pay period including the 12th of March, May, August, and November. The all employees or total number of employees number is the sum of construction workers plus other employees who were on the payroll during the pay periods including the 12th of March, May, August, and November, divided by four. Construction workersIncludes all payroll workers (up through the working supervisory level) directly engaged in construction operations, such as painters, carpenters, plumbers, and electricians. Included are journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, truck drivers and helpers, equipment operators, on-site record keepers, and security guards. Supervisory employees above the working foreman level are excluded from this category and are included in the other employees category. The average number of construction workers is the sum of construction workers who were on the payroll during the pay periods including the 12th of March, May, August, and November, divided by four. Other employeesIncludes payroll employees in executive, purchasing, accounting, personnel, professional, technical activities, and routine office functions. Also included are supervisory employees above the working foreman level. The average number of other employees is the sum of other employees who were on the payroll during the pay periods including the 12th of March, May, August, and November, divided by four. PAYROLLIncludes the gross earnings paid in the reporting year to all employees on the payroll of construction establishments. It includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacation and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as employees’ Appendix A A–1 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## Social Security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds.The total includes salaries of officers of these establishments, if a corporation, but excludes payments to the proprietor or partners, if unincorporated. Payroll for Construction Workers Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting year to all construction workers on the payroll ofconstruction establishments. It includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacation and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as employees’ Social security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds. Payroll for Other EmployeesIncludes the gross earnings paid in the reporting year to all other employees on the payroll of construction establishments. It includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacations and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as employees’ Social Security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, andsavings bonds. Payroll of other employees excludes salaries of the proprietor or partners, if unincorporated. FIRST-QUARTER PAYROLL FOR ALL EMPLOYEES Includes the gross earnings paid in the first quarter of the reporting year to all employees on the payroll of construction establishments. The first-quarter payroll period is the first quarterly pay period which includes March 12. Included are all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacation and sick leave pay, prior to such deductions as employees’ Social Security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds. It also includes salaries of officers of these establishments, if a corporation, but excludes payments to the proprietor or partners, if unincorporated. FRINGE BENEFITS FOR ALL EMPLOYEES Includes the total sum of fringe benefits of all full-time and part-time employees on the payrolls of construction establishments during any part of the pay period which included the 12th of the months specified on the report form. Includes expenditures made by the employer for legally required and voluntary fringe benefit programs for employees. Legally Required Expenditures Includes expenditures made by the employer for Social Security and Medicare contributions, unemployment compensation, worker’s compensation, and state temporary disability payments. Voluntary ExpendituresIncludes expenditures made by the employer for life insurance premiums, pension plans, insurance premiums on hospital and medical plans, welfare plans, and union negotiated benefits. VALUE OF BUSINESS DONE Includes the sum of value of construction work and other business receipts. Value of businessdone is the sum of receipts, billings, or sales from establishments of construction business activities plus receipts from other business activities. Value of Construction WorkIn the 1987-1997 censuses, the value of construction work was collected to measure actual construction activity done during the year. Studies have shown that respondents were not able toaccurately report these data. In 2002, receipts, billings, or sales for construction work was collected. A–2 Appendix A Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## This item includes the receipts, billings, or sales for construction work done by building contractors, heavy and civil engineering construction contractors, and specialty trade contractors. Included are new construction, additions, alterations or reconstruction, and maintenance andrepair construction work. Establishments engaged in the sale and installation of construction components such as plumbing, heating, and central air-conditioning supplies and equipment; lumber and building materials; paint, glass, and wallpaper; and electrical and wiring supplies, elevators, or escalators were instructed to include both the value for the installation and receipts covering the price of the items installed. Excluded are the cost of industrial and other special machinery and equipment that are not an integral part of a structure and receipts from business operations in foreign countries. The value of construction work consists of several components that are summed up individually to get the total value of construction work. These components are:

1. Value of construction work on government owned projects. This is the total of all projects owned by federal, state, and local governments: a. Value of construction work on federally owned projects. This is the value of construction work for projects owned by the federal government. b. Value of construction work on state and locally owned projects. This is the summed total value of construction work for all projects owned by state and local governments. 2. Value of construction work on privately owned projects. This is the value of construction work for projects owned privately (excluding government owned projects). Other Business Receipts Includes the receipts for all other business activities done by an establishment in the current year. Includes business receipts not reported as value of construction work. This includes business receipts from retail and wholesale trade, rental of equipment without operator, manufacturing,transportation, legal services, insurance, finance, rental of property and other real estate operations, and other nonconstruction activities. Receipts for separately definable architectural and engineering work for others are also included here. Excluded are nonoperating income such as interest, dividends, the sale of fixed assets, or receipts from other business operations in foreign countries. NET VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK Includes the value of construction work less the cost of construction work subcontracted out to others. VALUE ADDEDThis measure of construction activity is equal to value of business done, less costs for construction work subcontracted out to others and costs for materials, components, supplies, and fuels. VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK SUBCONTRACTED IN FROM OTHERS Includes the value of construction work done by reporting establishments as subcontractors to other contractors or builders. Establishments were asked to report the approximate percent of total value of construction work accounted for by such work, and the percentages reported were applied to the reported value of construction work to develop a dollar value. CONSTRUCTION RECEIPTS PERCENT ESTIMATED Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, the data were calculated using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. Appendix A A–3 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## SELECTED COSTS Includes the direct charges actually paid or payable for costs incurred for purchases of materials, components, and supplies; costs of construction work subcontracted out to others; and costs forselected power, fuels, and lubricants. Capital expenditures and rental costs for machinery, equipment, and structures are not included. Cost of Materials, Components, and SuppliesIncludes the costs for materials, components, and supplies used by establishments in the construction or reconstruction of buildings, structures, or other facilities plus costs for materialsbought and resold to others. Also included are costs made for direct purchases of materials, components, and supplies although the purchases were subsequently provided to subcontractors for their use. Supplies include expendable tools which are charged to current accounts. Freight andother direct charges representing only that amount paid after discounts and the value of materials, components, and supplies obtained from other establishments of the respondent’s company are also included. Excluded from this item are the cost of fuels, lubricants, electric energy, andindustrial and other specialized machinery and equipment such as printing presses; computer systems that are not an integral part of a structure; and materials furnished to contractors by the owners of projects. Cost of Construction Work Subcontracted Out to OthersIncludes all costs for construction work subcontracted out to other construction contractors during the reporting year. Excluded from this item are costs to the reporting establishment for its purchases of materials, components, and supplies provided to a subcontractor for use. These costs are reported under costs for materials, components, and supplies. Also excluded are costs for the rental of machinery or equipment. Cost of Selected Power, Fuels, and LubricantsIncludes costs for fuels including gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricants, and electric energy purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company. Also included are costs for natural gas, manufactured gas, fuel oil, and coal and coke products. The components of selected power, fuels, and lubricants are:

1. Purchased electricity. This is the cost of electric energy purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company.2. Natural gas and manufactured gas. This is the cost of natural gas and manufactured gas purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company. 3. Gasoline and diesel fuel. This is the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during the yearfrom other companies or received from other establishments of the company. This cost in broken down into two different uses of gasoline and diesel fuel. They are:a. On-highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel. This is the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during the year to fuel highway vehicles. A highway vehicle is any self-propelled vehicle designed to carry a load over public highways, whether or not the vehicle was also designed to perform other functions. Examples of vehicles designed to carry a load over public highways are passenger automobiles, trucks, and truck tractors. If a vehicle can be used for a combination of on-highway and off-highway uses and has one fuel tank, the fuel use is not considered off-highway. An example of this is a concrete-mixer truck where the truck engine operates both the engine and the mixing unit by a power take-off and is fueled by a single tank. None of the fuel used in this vehicle is off-highway because of the on-highway use. If the vehicle has separate fuel tanks and engines, the fuel in a tank used for non-highway use may be considered off-highway use. A–4 Appendix A Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## b. Off-highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel. This is the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during the reporting year for off-highway use. Off-highway fuel use is the use of fuel for trade, business, or income producing activity. In most cases, off-highway fuel use does not include use in a highway vehicle registered or required to be registered for use on public highways. 4. All other fuels and lubricants. This is the cost of fuels and lubricants purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company that are notincluded as costs in any of these categories: natural gas; manufactured gas; gasoline; and diesel fuel. COSTS OF MATERIALS, COMPONENTS, SUPPLIES, AND FUELSIncludes the costs for materials, components, and supplies used by establishments in the construction or reconstruction of buildings, structures, or other facilities plus costs for materials bought and resold to others. Also included is the costs for fuels. These include gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants, electric energy purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company, and costs for natural and manufactured gas, fuel oil, and coal and coke products. Excluded from this item are industrial and other specialized machinery and equipment, such as printing presses; computer systems that are not an integral part of a structure; and materials furnished to contractors by the owners of projects. RENTAL PAYMENTS Includes the total rental costs for renting and/or leasing construction machinery and equipment,transportation equipment, production equipment, office equipment, furniture and fixtures, scaffolding, office space, and buildings. It excludes costs for the rental of land. It also excludes costs under agreements that in effect are conditional sales contracts such as capital leases. Such costs are included in capital expenditures. SELECTED PURCHASED SERVICESIncludes the costs for services purchased from other companies that are paid directly by an establishment that are normally considered as overhead or non-job-related costs. Included are only thecost of repairs necessary to maintain property and equipment. Excluded are the cost of improvements that increase the value of property or the cost of adapting the property for another use. Such costs are included in capital expenditures. Also excluded are the salaries paid to employees and cost of construction activities subcontracted to others already reported within the selected costs of an establishment. Included in the cost of selected purchased services for communication services is the actualexpense incurred or payable during the year for any type of communication. Such types of communication include telephone, data transmission, telegraph, Internet, connectivity, FAX, telex, photo transmission, paging, cellular telephone, on-line access and related services, etc. Included in the cost of selected purchased services for repairs to buildings and other structures is the actual expense incurred or payable during the year for any type of repair to buildings andother structures. Such types of repair include maintenance and repair of buildings, job-site trailers, and other structures. Excluded are janitorial services. The cost of selected purchased services for repairs to machinery and equipment is the actualexpense incurred or payable during the year for any type of repairs made to structures and equipment by outside companies or from other establishments of the same company. Such types of repairs to machinery and equipment include maintenance and repair of construction equipmentand tools; machinery; and office equipment, furniture, and vehicles, including related service contracts. Included in the cost of selected purchased services for legal services is the actual expense incurred or payable during the year for any type of legal services. Excluded are the salaries paid to employees of the establishment for these services. Appendix A A–5 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## Included in the cost of selected purchased services for accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services is the actual expense incurred or payable during the year for these services. Excluded are the salaries paid to employees of the establishment for these services. Included in the cost of selected purchased services for advertising and promotional services is the actual expense incurred or payable during the year for these services. Such types of advertising and promotional services include advertising, marketing, promotional, or public relations services. GROSS BOOK VALUE OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR (BOY) AND END OF YEAR (EOY) Includes the value of depreciable assets for the beginning of year (BOY) and end of year (EOY). Gross value of depreciable assets are usually the original costs of the assets at the beginning of the year. The gross value of depreciable assets (BOY), plus any capital expenditures for new and used depreciable assets in the reporting year, minus the gross value of depreciable assets sold, retired, scrapped, destroyed, etc. in the reporting year, comprise gross book value of depreciable assets (EOY). Depreciable assets are the fixed tangible property of the establishment for which depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained. CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, OTHER THAN LAND Includes capital expenditures that will be charged to the fixed assets accounts and for which depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained. Includes the cost of capital improvements that were made during the year that increased the value of property or adapted the property foranother use. Capital expenditures for leasehold improvements made to property leased from others are also included. Land expenditures are not included as capital expenditures. If any building or equipment had been acquired under a capital leasing arrangement that meet the criteria set down by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), respondents were instructed to report the original cost or market value as a fixed asset and as a capital expenditure, if acquired in the reporting year. If the lease qualified as an operating lease, respondents were instructed not to include the value of the building and equipment as a fixed asset or capital expenditure. If capitalexpenditures were not recorded directly at the establishment level but handled centrally at a company or division level, respondents were requested to report appropriate estimates for the individual establishments. RETIREMENTS AND DISPOSITION OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS Includes the gross value of depreciable assets sold, retired, scrapped, destroyed, abandoned, etc., during the year. The values shown are the acquisition costs of the retired assets. This item also includes the value of assets (at acquisition cost rather than current market value) transferred to other establishments of the same company. DEPRECIATION CHARGES DURING YEAR Includes the depreciation expenses of the establishment during the reporting year. These expenses are charged against depreciable assets which are the fixed tangible property of the establishment for which depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH INVENTORIES Includes all establishments with payroll that reported a dollar amount of inventory. Includes the number of establishments that were in business at any time during the reporting year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Construction establishments that were inactive or idle for the entire year were not included. Value of Construction Work for Establishments With Inventories Includes the value of construction work for establishments with payroll that reported a dollar amount of inventory in the reporting year. A–6 Appendix A Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## BEGINNING- AND END-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES OF MATERIALS AND SUPPLIESIncludes the inventories of materials and supplies owned at the beginning and end of the reporting year by establishments with payroll. Includes all of the materials and supplies that are owned regardless of where they are held. Excludes materials that are owned by others but held by the reporting establishment. Builders who built on their own account for sale were requested toexclude work in progress and finished units not sold from inventories. Inventories of multiestablishment companies were instructed to be reported by the establishment that is responsible for the inventories, even if these inventories were held at a separate location. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH NO INVENTORIESIncludes all establishments with payroll that reported having no inventories of materials and supplies during the reporting year. Includes the number of establishments that were in business at any time during the reporting year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Construction establishments that were inactive or idle for the entire reporting year were not included. Value of Construction Work for Establishments With No Inventories Includes the value of construction work for establishments with payroll that reported having no dollar amount of inventory in the reporting year. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS NOT REPORTING INVENTORIES Includes all establishments with payroll that did not report a dollar amount for inventories of materials and supplies during the reporting year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Construction establishments that were inactive or idle for the entire reporting year were not included. Value of Construction Work for Establishments Not Reporting Inventories Includes the value of construction work for establishments that did not report a dollar amount for inventories of materials and supplies, and the value of construction work for establishments that did not complete a census form. VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION Includes the dollar value of construction work according to the specified types of construction. There are three categories of construction. They are:

1. New construction. The original construction work done on a project including all finishing work on the original building or structure. Land development work on the site and demolition of existing structures are also included. 2. Additions, alterations, or reconstruction. The construction work which adds to the value or useful life of an existing building or structure or which adapts a building or structure to a newor different use. Included are “major replacements” of building systems such as the installation of a new roof or heating system and the resurfacing of streets or highways. This contrasts to the repair of a hole in a roof or the routine patching of highways and streets, which would be classified as maintenance and repair. 3. Maintenance and repair. The incidental construction work which keeps a property in ordinary working condition. Excluded are trash and snow removal, lawn maintenance and landscaping, cleaning, and janitorial services. Types of Construction Provides data by the types of buildings, structures, or other facilities being constructed or worked on by construction establishments in the reporting year. Respondents were instructed that each building, structure, or other facility should be classified in terms of its function. For example, a restaurant building was to be classified in the restaurant category whether it was designed as a commercial restaurant building or an auxiliary unit of an educational institution. If respondents Appendix A A–7 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## worked on more than one type of building or structure in a multibuilding complex, they were instructed to report separately for each building or type of structure. If they worked on a building that had more than one purpose; i.e., office and residential, or commercial, they were to classifythe building by its major purpose. In addition, all respondents were requested to report the percentage of the value of construction work done for new construction, additions, alterations, or reconstruction, and maintenance and repair work for each of these types. There are two types of construction:

1. Building Construction. The details for this type of construction are defined as: • Single-family houses, detached. Includes all fully detached residential buildings constructed

for one family use. • Single-family houses, attached, including townhouses and townhouse-type condominiums.

Includes all residential buildings with two or more living quarters side by side, completely independent of one another, and separated by an unbroken party or lot line wall from ground to roof. • Apartment buildings, apartment-type condominiums, and cooperatives. Includes apartment

rentals, high-rise, low-rise, or any structures containing two or more housing units, excluding attached single-family houses. • Dormitories and barracks. Includes school dormitories and military or nonmilitary barracks

that are nonhousekeeping structures. • Other manufacturing and industrial buildings. Includes all manufacturing and industrial

buildings and plants that are used to house production and assembly activities. Note that industrial parks should be classified under its primary usage such as warehouses, officespace, commercial, or industrial type buildings. Heavy industrial facilities such as blast furnaces, petroleum refineries, and chemical complexes are not included in this category but are reported under nonbuilding construction. • Manufacturing and industrial warehouses. Includes all warehouses which are intended for

industrial activities. • Hotels and motels. Includes hotels, motels, bed-and-breakfast inns, and tourist cabins

intended for transient accommodations. Also included are hotel and motel conference centers.• Office buildings. Includes all buildings that are used primarily for office space or for government administrative offices. Also included are banks or financial buildings that are three stories or more. Medical office buildings are reported under hospitals and institutional buildings. • All other miscellaneous commercial buildings. Includes all buildings that are intended for

use primarily in the retail and service trades, i.e., shopping centers, department stores, drug stores, restaurants, public garages, auto service stations, and one or two story bank or financial institutions. • Commercial warehouses. Includes distribution buildings and mini-storage units intended

for commercial use. Also included are storage warehouses.• Religious buildings. Includes all buildings that are intended for religious services or functions such as churches, synagogues, convents, monasteries, and seminaries. • Educational buildings. Includes all buildings that are used directly in administrative and

instructional activities such as colleges, universities, elementary and secondary schools, correspondence, commercial, and trade schools. Libraries, museums, and art galleries, as well as laboratories that are not a part of a manufacturing or commercial establishment, are also included. A–8 Appendix A Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## • Health care and institutional buildings. Includes hospitals, medical office buildings, and all other buildings that are intended to provide health and institutional care such as clinics, infirmaries, sanitariums, nursing homes, homes for the aged, and orphanages. • Public safety buildings. Includes detention centers, prisons, fire stations, and rescue squad

buildings.• Farm buildings, nonresidential. Includes nonresidential farm buildings such as barns, poultry houses, implement sheds, and farm silos. • Amusement, social, and recreational buildings. Includes buildings that are used primarily

for entertainment, social, and recreational activities such as sports arenas, convention centers, theaters, music halls, golf and country club buildings, fitness centers, and bowling alleys. • Indoor swimming pools. Includes pools that are inside a building. • Indoor ice rinks. Includes ice rinks that are inside a building.• Grain elevators and dry cleaning plants. Includes grain and storage elevators and dry cleaning plants.• Waste disposal plants. Includes recycling centers, garbage disposal plants, incinerator disposed facilities, and material recovery facilities. • Miscellaneous building construction. Includes all other nonresidential buildings such as fire

stations, post offices, and bus and air passenger terminals and hangars. 2. Nonbuilding Construction. The details for this type of construction are defined as: • Highways, streets, and related work. Includes streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, curbs and

gutters, culverts, erosion control, installation of guard rails, highway signs, and lighting.Also includes earthwork protective structures when used in connection with road improvements. • Airport runways and related work. Includes airport runways, taxiways, aprons, and related

work. • Private driveways and parking areas. Includes all nonstructural parking areas and private

driveways of all surface types.• Bridges and elevated highways. Includes viaducts and overpasses, roads, highways, railroads, and causeways built on structural supports. • Tunnels. Includes highway, pedestrian, railroad, and water distribution tunnels. • Sewers, sewer lines, septic tanks, and related facilities. Includes sanitary and storm sewers,

pumping stations, septic systems, and related facilities. • Water mains and related facilities. Includes water supply systems, pumping stations, and

related facilities. • Oil and gas pipeline construction. Includes pipelines for the transmission of gas, petroleum

products, and liquefied gases.• Power and communication transmission lines, towers, and related facilities. Includes electric power lines, telephone and telegraph lines, fiber optic cables, cable television lines, television and radio towers, and electric light and power facilities. • Power plants and cogeneration plants, except hydroelectric. Includes electric and steam

generating plants, cogenerating plants, and nuclear plants. • Power plant, hydroelectric. Includes all types of hydroelectric power generating plants. • Blast furnaces, chemical complexes, etc. Includes coke ovens and mining appurtenances

such as tipples and washeries. Appendix A A–9 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## • Sewage treatment plants. Includes sewage treatment and waste disposal plants. • Water treatment plants. Includes water filtration and water softening plants. • Urban mass transit. Includes subways, street cars, and light rail systems. • Railroad construction. Includes the construction of railroad beds, tracks, freight yards, and

signal towers for railroad systems, excluding urban mass transit. • Conservation and development construction. Includes land reclamation, irrigation projects,

drainage canals, levees, jetties, breakwaters, and flood control projects. • Dam and reservoir construction. Includes hydroelectric, water supply, and flood control

dams and reservoirs.• Dry and Solid waste disposal. Includes all dry and solid waste disposal sites where nonhazardous waste is buried. • Harbor and port facilities. Includes docks, piers, and wharves.• Marine construction. Includes dredging, underwater rock removal, breakwaters, navigational channels, and locks. • Petrochemical plants and petroleum refineries. Includes petroleum related facilities. • Outdoor swimming pools. Includes wading pools and reflecting pools. • Fencing. Includes all types of fencing, except electronic containment fencing for pets. • Electronic containment fencing. Includes all types of electronic containment fencing for

pets. • Recreational facilities. Includes athletic fields, golf courses, outdoor tennis courts, trails,

and camps.• Ships. Includes special trade contractors working on ships and boats such as painters, carpenters, joiners, electricians, etc.• Oil and gas fields. Includes road construction, land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling contracting in oil and gas fields.• Oil and gas field gathering lines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling contracting. • Coal mines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling

contracting. • Metal mines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling

contracting. • Nonmetallic mines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land

leveling contracting. • All other miscellaneous nonbuilding construction. Includes all other types of nonbuilding

construction. KINDS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES Includes dollar value of business done by business activity. Primary activities are construction activities that generate fifty-one percent or more of an establishment’s dollar value of business done. Also included are other kinds of business activities. Other kinds of business activities include business receipts not reported as value of construction work. This item includes business receipts from retail and wholesale trade, rental of equipment without an operator, manufacturing,transportation, legal services, insurance, finance, rental of property and other real estate operations, and other nonconstruction activities. Receipts for separately definable architectural and engineering work for others are also included in other kinds of business activities. A–10 Appendix A Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FOR SPECIALIZED TYPE AND KIND OF BUSINESS Includes value of construction work for one of two specialized categories. These categoriesinclude types of construction and kind-of-business activity. A construction establishment specializes in a type of construction when fifty-one percent or more of the construction work done is in one construction industry. The construction establishment reports each type of construction it performs as a percent of value of construction work. Types of construction refers to the types of buildings, structures, or facilities constructed or worked on by construction establishments in thereporting year. Specialization in types of construction displays data for establishments with payroll that falls within each percent range of specialization. A construction establishment specializes in a kind-of-business activity when fifty-one percent or more of the construction work done by the establishment is performed in one type of business activity. The construction establishmentreports each kind-of-business activity engaged in as a percent of value of construction work. Kindof-business activity refers to the kinds of business activities construction establishments perform throughout the reporting year. Examples of kind-of-business activity include highway and streetconstruction, electrical contracting, carpentry contracting, and concrete contracting. Specialization in kind-of-business activity displays data for establishments with payroll that fall within each percent range of specialization. SPECIALIZATION PERCENT Includes data for establishments with payroll that fall within each percent range of specialization. VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FOR ESTABLISHMENTS BY LOCATION OF WORK This is the value of construction done in particular states by establishment. An establishment can do construction in one or more states.

Appendix A A–11 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Appendix B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions

238220 PLUMBING, HEATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING CONTRACTORSThis U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in installing and servicing plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equipment. Contractors in this industry may provide both parts and labor when performing work. The work performed may include new work, additions, alterations, maintenance, and repairs.

Appendix B B–1 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Appendix C. Methodology

SOURCES OF THE DATA The construction sector includes approximately 650,000 establishments that were detemined to be in-scope of the 2002 Economic Census — Construction. This number includes those industries in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) definition of construction with at least one paid employee in 2002. Establishments in the 2002 Economic Census are divided into those sent report forms and those not sent report forms. The coverage of and the method of obtaining census information from each are described below:

1. Establishments sent a report form: Sample frame establishments. The sample frame consisted of the entire construction universe; there were no subpopulations that were explicitly removed from the sample frame. The sample frame was compiled from a list of all construction companies in the active records of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Social Security Administration (SSA) that are subject to the payment of Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes. Under special arrangements, to safeguard their confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau obtains information on the location and classification of the companies, as well as their payroll and receipts data from these sources. Unfortunately, these sources do not provide establishment level information for companies with multiple locations. For multilocation companies, the establishment level information isdirectly obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Company Organization Survey. For singlelocation companies, the IRS-SSA information is generally sufficient for assigning the company to a specific six-digit NAICS industry code. The 2002 NAICS structure for the construction sector was significantly revised from the 1997 NAICS structure. Initially, only a small proportion of the establishments in the sample frame could be directly assigned a 2002 NAICS industry code with a high degree of confidence. Therefore, a special classification card was mailed to 150,000 construction establishments in early 2002. The goal of this classification card was to obtain the current NAICS industry code prior to assembly of the sample frame for the economic census — construction sample. 2. Establishments not sent a report form: a. Nonsample frame establishments. There were a limited number of establishments includedin the business register who were completely unclassified at the time of the economic census — construction sampling operation. These establishments were mailed a general classification card in early 2003. A portion of these were ultimately determined to be in-scope of the economic census — construction. Since this determination was not made until after the sample selection operation had been completed; these establishments were treated as a supplement to the original universe and were sampled independently for inclusion in the derived estimates. b. All nonemployers, i.e., all firms subject to federal income tax, with no paid employees, were also excluded from the 2002 sample frame, as in previous censuses. Nonemployers with significant levels of receipts data were identified and included in the census mailoutunder the presumption that the nonemployer status may have been incorrect. Those determined to have employees are included in this report. Data for nonemployers are not included in this report, but are released in the annual Nonemployer Statistics series. The report forms used to collect information for establishments in this sector are available at help.econ.census.gov/econhelp/resources/. Appendix C C–1 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## A more detailed examination of census methodology is presented in the History of the Economic Census at www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html. INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS The classifications for all establishments covered in the 2002 Economic Census — Construction are classified in 1 of 31 industries in accordance with the industry definitions in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), United States, 2002 manual. Changes between 1997 and 2002 affecting this sector are discussed in the text at the beginning of this report. Tables at www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/n02ton97.htm identify those industries that changed between the 1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and 2002 NAICS. In the NAICS system, an industry is generally defined as a group of establishments that use similarprocesses or have similar business activities. To the extent practical, the system uses supplybased or production-oriented concepts in defining industries. The resulting group of establishments must be significant in terms of number, value added by construction, value of business done, and number of employees. The coding system works in such a way that the definitions progressively become narrower withsuccessive additions of numerical digits. In the construction sector for 2002, there are 3 subsectors (three-digit NAICS), 10 industry groups (four-digit NAICS), 28 NAICS industries (five-digitNAICS) that are comparable with Canadian and Mexican classification, and 31 U.S. industries (sixdigit NAICS). ESTABLISHMENT BASIS OF REPORTINGThe 2002 Economic Census — Construction is conducted on an establishment basis. A construction establishment is defined as a relatively permanent office or other place of business where the usual business activities related to construction are conducted. With some exceptions, a relatively permanent office is one that has been established for the management of more than one project or job and that is expected to be maintained on a continuing basis. Such establishment activities include, but are not limited to, estimating, bidding, purchasing, supervising, and operation of theactual construction work being conducted at one or more construction sites. Separate construction reports were not required for each project or construction site. Companies with more than one construction establishment were required to submit a separatereport for each establishment operated during any part of the census year. The construction sector figures represent a tabulation of records for individual establishments, rather than for companies.If an establishment was engaged in construction and one or more distinctly different lines of economic activity at the same place of business, it was requested to file a separate report for each activity, provided that the activity was of substantial size and separate records were maintained. If a separate establishment report could not be prepared for each activity, then a construction report was requested covering all activities of that establishment providing that the value of construction work exceeded the gross receipts from each of its other activities. The 2002 Economic Census — Construction excludes data for central administrative offices (CAOs). These would include separately operated administrative offices, warehouses, garages, and other auxiliary units that service construction establishments of the same company. These data are published in a separate report series. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE FRAME The major objective of the sample design was to provide a sample that would provide reliable estimates at the state by industry level. For sample efficiency considerations, the establishmentsin the initial 2002 construction frame were partitioned into two components for developing estimates within the sample frame. The details of each are described below:

1. Probability-proportionate-to-size (pps) sample. There were three non-overlapping strata for sample selection. An independent sample was selected within each state by industry cell. The details of each stratum were defined as: C–2 Appendix C Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## • Stratum 1. This stratum was comprised of approximately 12,000 establishments associated with multilocation companies. The establishments of these multiunit companies were included in the construction sample with certainty.• Stratum 2. This stratum was comprised of approximately 145,000 single-location companies that could be classified into a valid 2002 NAICS industry. These cases accounted forapproximately 75 percent of the payroll associated with single-location companies in construction. The industry code for most of these establishments was determined from the special classification card that was mailed in early 2002. This group was partitioned into state by NAICS (six-digit) cells and an independent sample selected from each cell. Within each cell, a probability-proportionate-to-size (pps) sampling strategy was used. Under this approach, the probability of selection for the sample for larger establishments is higher than for smaller establishments. There were approximately 80,000 establishments selected from this group. • Stratum 3. This stratum was comprised of the remaining single-location companies. For

these companies, we did not have an updated 2002 NAICS industry code. The most recent classification information available for these companies was their 1997 NAICS. Using this 1997 NAICS industry code, this stratum was partitioned into state by NAICS (four-digit)cells; and an independent sample selected from each cell. Again, probability-proportionateto-size sampling methodology was utilized. There were approximately 30,000 establishments selected from this group. Subsequent to the initial census mail-out, companies that initiated operations in 2002 were identified via administrative sources. To assure proper representation of the entire in-scope population, simple random samples of these new operations were selected and mailed separately. 2. Estimation and variances. Based on the response data, establishments were assigned to the appropriate NAICS (six-digit) industry. At each level of tabulation, unbiased estimates were derived by summing the weighted establishment data where the establishment sample weight was equal to the inverse of its probability of selection for the construction sample. The resulting estimates were generated from one of many possible samples and are subject tosampling variability. Estimates of this sample variability were independently derived at all levels of aggregation. These sampling variances were then aggregated to the publication levels for the computation of the relative standard errors. RELIABILITY OF DATAThe estimates developed from the sample can differ somewhat from the results of a survey covering all companies in the sample lists, but are otherwise conducted under essentially the same conditions as the actual sample survey. The estimates of the magnitude of the sampling errors (thedifference between the estimates obtained and the results theoretically obtained from a comparable, complete-coverage survey) are provided by the standard errors of estimates. The particular sample selected for the construction sector is one of many similar probability samples that, by chance, might have been selected under the same specifications. Each of thepossible samples would yield somewhat different sets of results, and the standard errors are measures of the variation of all the possible sample estimates around the theoretically, comparable, complete-coverage values. Estimates of the standard errors have been computed from the sample data. They are presented in the form of relative standard errors that are the standard errors divided by the estimated values to which they refer.In conjunction with its associated estimate, the relative standard error may be used to define confidence intervals, or ranges that would include the comparable, complete-coverage value for specified percentages of all the possible samples. The complete-coverage value would be included in the range: Appendix C C–3 Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

## • From one standard error below to one standard error above the derived estimate for about twothirds of all possible samples. • From two standard errors below to two standard errors above the derived estimate for about 19

out of 20 of all possible samples. • From three standard errors below to three standard errors above the derived estimate for nearly

all samples. An inference is that the comparable complete-survey result would fall within the indicated ranges and the relative frequencies shown. Those proportions, therefore, may be interpreted as defining the confidence that the estimates from a particular sample would differ from complete-coverage results by as much as one, two, or three standard errors, respectively. For example, suppose an estimated total is shown at 50,000 with an associated relative standard error of 2 percent, that is, a standard error of 1,000 (2 percent of 50,000). There is approximately 67 percent confidence that the interval 49,000 to 51,000 includes the complete-coverage total, about 95 percent confidence that the interval 48,000 to 52,000 includes the complete-coveragetotal, and almost certain confidence that the interval 47,000 to 53,000 includes the completecoverage total. In addition to the sample errors, the estimates are subject to various response and operational errors: errors of collection; reporting; coding; transcription; imputation for nonresponse, etc. These operational errors also would occur if a complete canvass were to be conducted under thesame conditions as the survey. Explicit measures of their effects generally are not available. However, it is believed that most of the important operational errors were detected and corrected during the U.S. Census Bureau’s review of the data for reasonableness and consistency. The small operational errors usually remain. To some extent, they are compensating in the aggregated totals shown. When important operational errors were detected too late to correct the estimates, the data were suppressed or were specifically qualified in the tables. As derived, the estimated standard errors included part of the effect of the operational errors. Thetotal errors, which depend upon the joint effect of the sampling and operational errors, are usually of the order of size indicated by the standard error, or moderately higher. However, for particular estimates, the total error may considerably exceed the standard errors shown. Any figures shown in the tables of this publication having an associated standard error exceeding 75 percent may be combined with higher level totals, creating a broader aggregate, which then may be of acceptable reliability. DUPLICATION IN VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK The aggregate of value of construction work reported by all construction establishments in each of the industry, geographic area, or other groupings contains varying amounts of duplication. This is because the construction work of one firm may be subcontracted to other construction firms and may also be included in the subcontractors’ value of construction work. Also, part of the value of construction results from the use of products of nonconstruction industries as input materials. These products are counted in the nonconstruction industry, as well as part of the value of construction. Value added avoids this duplication and is, for most purposes, the best measure for comparing the relative economic importance of industries or geographic areas. Value addedfor construction industries is defined as the dollar value of business done less costs for construction work subcontracted to others and payments for materials, components, supplies, and fuels. DISCLOSURE In accordance with federal law governing census reports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no data are published that would disclose the operations of an individual establishment or company. However, the number of establishments in a specific industry or geographic area is not considereda disclosure; therefore, this information may be released even though other information is withheld. Techniques employed to limit disclosure are discussed at www.census.gov/epcd/ec02/disclosure.htm. C–4 Appendix C Construction U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Appendix D. Geographic Notes

Not applicable for this report.

Appendix D D–1 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Appendix E. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas

Not applicable for this report.

Appendix E E–1 2002 Economic Census U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census

# Appendix F. Detailed NAICS and Bridge Code Titles: 2002

[The NAICS code title shown in Table 1 is a standard NAICS title from the North American Industry Classification System Manual. A more detailed title description for the NAICS code shown in Table 1 is included in this appendix] 2002 NAICS code 1997 bridge code Detailed 2002 NAICS and 1997 bridge code title description 236115 New single family housing construction (except operative builders) 23321000 Single family housing construction, general contractors 236116 New multifamily housing construction (except operative builders) 23322000 Multifamily housing construction, general contractors 236117 New housing operative builders 23321000 Single family housing construction, operative builders 23322000 Multifamily housing construction, operative builders 236118 Residential remodelers 23321000 Remodeling contractors, single family housing 23322000 Remodeling contractors, multifamily housing 236210 Industrial building construction 23331000 Other manufacturing and industrial building construction 23493000 Other industrial nonbuilding construction 23499000 Waste disposal plant construction 236220 Commercial and institutional building construction 23322000 Barrack and dormitory construction 23331000 Grain elevators, dry cleaning plants, and manufacturing and industrial warehouses construction 23332000 Commercial and institutional building construction 23599000 Indoor swimming pool contractors 237110 Water and sewer line and related structures construction 23491000 Water and sewer line, mains, and related structures (including pumping stations, etc.) construction 23499000 Sewage and water treatment plants and irrigation systems construction 23581000 Water well drilling contractors 237120 Oil and gas pipeline and related structures construction 21311200 Construction of oil and gas field gathering lines 23491000 Oil and gas pipelines, mains, and related and related structures ( including oil storage tanks, etc) construction 23493000 Petrochemical plants and refineries construction 237130 Power and communication line and related structures construction 23492000 Power and communication transmission line construction 23493000 Power generation plants and transformer stations construction, except hydroelectric 237210 Land subdivision 23311000 Land subdivision and land development 237310 Highway, street, and bridge construction 23411000 Highway and street construction 23412000 Bridge construction 23521000 Highway and traffic line painting contractors 237990 Other heavy and civil engineering construction 22412000 Tunnel construction 23499000 All other heavy and civil engineering construction 23599000 Anchored earth retention contractors 238110 Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors 23571000 Concrete (except paving) contractors 238120 Structural steel and precast concrete contractors 23591000 Other structural steel erection contractors 238130 Framing contractors 23551000 Framing carpentry contractors 238140 Masonry contractors 23541000 Masonry and stone contractors 23542000 Stucco contractors 238150 Glass and glazing contractors 23592000 Glass and glazing contractors 238160 Roofing contractors 23561000 Roofing contractors 238170 Siding contractors 23561000 Siding (including gutters and downspouts) contractors 238190 Other foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors 23591000 Metal curtain walls and metal furring installation contractors 23599000 Forming, ornamental metal work installation, and foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors 238210 Electrical contractors 23511000 Environmental controls installation contractors 23531000 Electrical contractors 238220 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors 23511000 Other plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors 23595000 Scrubber, dust collection, and other industrial ventilation installation contractors 238290 Other building equipment contractors 23595000 Other building equipment and machinery installation contractors 23599000 Boiler, duct, and pipe insulation and service station equipment, lightning rod, bowling alley, church bell, and tower c lock installation contractors 238310 Drywall and insulation contractors 23542000 Other drywall, plastering, acoustical, and insulation contractors 238320 Painting and wall covering contractors 23521000 Other painting and wall covering contractors 

# Construction

Industry Series Appendix F F–1 U.S. Census Bureau[The NAICS code title shown in Table 1 is a standard NAICS title from the North American Industry Classification System Manual. A more detailed title description for the NAICS code shown in Table 1 is included in this appendix] 2002 NAICS code 1997 bridge code Detailed 2002 NAICS and 1997 bridge code title description 238330 Flooring contractors 23552000 Floor laying and other floor contractors 238340 Tile and terrazzo contractors 23543000 Tile, marble, terrazzo, and mosaic contractors 238350 Finish carpentry contractors 23551000 Finish carpentry contractors 238390 Other building finishing contractors 23561000 Sheet metal, except roofing and siding contractors 23599000 Trade show exhibits installation and dismantling, spectator seating, modular furniture, window covering fixture install ation, and other building finishing contractors 238910 Site preparation contractors 21311200 Site preparation and related construction activities for oil and gas operations 21311300 Site preparation and related construction activities for coal mining 21311400 Site preparation and related construction activities for metal mining 21311500 Site preparation and related construction activities for nonmetallic mining, except fuels 23499000 Construction equipment (except cranes) rental with operator and right of way clearing and line slashing, blasting, and trenching contractors 23593000 Excavation contractors 23594000 Wrecking and demolition contractors 23599000 Dewatering and core drilling and test boring for construction contractors 238990 All other specialty trade contractors 23499000 Crane rental with operator 23571000 Residential and commercial asphalt, brick, and concrete paving contractors 23599000 All other special trade contractors 56172000 Cleaning building exteriors, except sand blasting



# F–2 Appendix F Construction

Industry Series U.S. Census BureauEC02-23I-2382202002 Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors: 20022002 Economic CensusConstructionIndustry SeriesUSCENSUSBUREAU