12-4125

Gerstenbluth v. Credit Suisse, et al. 

1 United States Court of Appeals 

2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

3

4 —————————

5

6 August Term, 2012

7

8 (Argued: June 13, 2013 Decided: August 27, 2013)

9

10 Docket No. 12-4125-cv

11

12 —————————

13

14

15 CHESTER GERSTENBLUTH,

16

17 Plaintiff-Appellant,

18

19 –v.–

20

21 CREDIT SUISSE SECURITIES (USA) LLC, INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,

22

23 Defendants-Appellees.

24

25 —————————

26

27 B e f o r e:

28

29 POOLER, LOHIER, AND CARNEY, Circuit Judges.

30

31 —————————

32

33 Plaintiff-Appellant Chester Gerstenbluth, proceeding pro se, sued his former 

34 employer, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, and the Internal Revenue 

35 Service, seeking a refund of Federal Insurance Contribution Act taxes 
2

1 withheld by the employer and collected by the IRS on a $250,000 settlement

2 payment made by the employer to Gerstenbluth. The parties do not dispute 

3 that Credit Suisse paid the sum principally in consideration of Gerstenbluth’s 

4 agreement to withdraw his Age Discrimination in Employment Act complaint, 

5 which he filed after Credit Suisse terminated his longtime employment. The 

6 District Court (Joanna Seybert, Judge) dismissed Gerstenbluth’s complaint 

7 against Credit Suisse pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), and granted 

8 summary judgment to the Internal Revenue Service. On appeal, 

9 Gerstenbluth contends principally that the District Court erred in concluding 

10 that the settlement payment constituted “wages” received “with respect to 

11 employment” under 26 U.S.C. § 3121, and was thus subject to FICA taxes. We 

12 find no error. The judgment of the District Court in favor of the Internal 

13 Revenue Service and Credit Suisse is AFFIRMED.

14

15 ————————— 

16

17 CHESTER GERSTENBLUTH, pro se, Plainview, N.Y.

18

19 STEPHEN M. KRAMARSKY (Angela L. Harris, on the brief), Dewey 

20 Pegno & Kramarsky LLP, New York, N.Y., for Defendant21 Appellee Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC.

22

23 KENNETH W. ROSENBERG (Kathryn Keneally, Assistant Attorney 

24 General, Michael J. Haungs, Attorney, on the brief), 

25 Attorney, Tax Division, United States Department of 

26 Justice, Washington, D.C. (Loretta E. Lynch, United States 

27 Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, 

28 N.Y., of counsel), for Defendant-Appellee Internal Revenue 

29 Service.

30

31 —————————

32

33 SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judge: 

34 Plaintiff-Appellant Chester Gerstenbluth, appearing pro se on appeal as 

35 he did in the District Court, agreed to withdraw his complaint under the Age 
3

1 Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”) against his former employer,

2 Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC (“Credit Suisse”), in exchange for a lump 

3 sum payment of $250,000. The principal question on appeal is whether, under 

4 the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (“FICA”), these settlement proceeds 

5 are fairly characterized as “wages” received by Gerstenbluth “with respect to 

6 employment,” and are thus subject to FICA taxes. See 26 U.S.C. § 3101(a); id.

7 § 3101(b)(1); id. § 3121. We conclude that the proceeds are FICA wages. We 

8 therefore affirm the District Court’s rejection of Gerstenbluth’s refund claim 

9 and award of summary judgment to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). We 

10 further affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Gerstenbluth’s refund claim 

11 against Credit Suisse. 

12 BACKGROUND

13 We draw the following narrative primarily from the statement of 

14 material facts submitted by the IRS in support of its motion for summary 

15 judgment, and from documents submitted as exhibits to that filing. 

16 Gerstenbluth has not disputed any of these factual assertions or the 

17 authenticity of the related exhibits. 

18 After Credit Suisse terminated his employment with the company, 

19 Gerstenbluth filed a complaint with the United States Equal Employment 
4

1 Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), asserting that Credit Suisse 

2 discriminated against him on the basis of his age when it effected the 

termination.

1 3 Credit Suisse offered to settle, and in August 2009 the parties 

4 executed a related Settlement Agreement and Release (“Agreement” or 

5 “Settlement Agreement”). The Agreement provided that, in consideration of a 

6 payment to him of $250,000, “minus applicable taxes and deductions,” 

7 Agreement ¶ 1, and subject to the EEOC’s agreement to dismiss his charge, 

8 Gerstenbluth agreed to withdraw his EEOC complaint and to release all 

9 claims against Credit Suisse, id. ¶ 4. Under the Agreement, Credit Suisse

10 expressly “retain[ed] the right to deduct and withhold from any payments to 

11 Gerstenbluth all sums that it may be required to withhold pursuant to 

12 applicable tax withholding laws or regulations.” Id. ¶ 3. Aside from these 

13 generic phrases, however, the Agreement did not address the character of the

14 $250,000 payment for purposes of federal income or employment taxation, or 

further describe the nature of the payment.

2 15

 

1 According to the Settlement Agreement, Gerstenbluth “dually filed” his EEOC 

complaint with the New York State Division of Human Rights. Agreement at 1. For 

simplicity, and in accordance with the parties’ treatment of the two complaints as equivalent 

for present purposes, we focus only on the complaint submitted to the EEOC.

2 The Settlement Agreement also contained Gerstenbluth’s representation that “in 

return for his execution of th[e] Settlement Agreement, he will receive compensation or 

benefits beyond those to which he was already entitled before entering into th[e] . . . 
5

1 Credit Suisse issued Gerstenbluth an IRS Form W-2, Wage and Tax 

2 Statement, for tax year 2009. On the Form W-2, the company included the 

3 settlement payment amount as part of Gerstenbluth’s “[w]ages, tips, other 

4 comp[ensation]” and reported that it had withheld FICA taxes totaling

$4,217.66 from the settlement sum.

3 5 

6 Gerstenbluth took issue with this characterization of the payment and 

7 disputed the company’s withholding of FICA taxes. He unsuccessfully sought 

8 to recover the withheld FICA taxes from Credit Suisse and the IRS, to which 

9 (we presume) Credit Suisse had forwarded the withheld taxes. Having failed 

10 to obtain a refund through the prescribed administrative processes,

11 Gerstenbluth filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern 

12 District of New York. 

13 Credit Suisse moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a 

14 claim, and the IRS moved for summary judgment. The District Court (Joanna 

15 Seybert, Judge) granted both motions. With respect to Credit Suisse, the 

 

Agreement.” Agreement ¶ 5 (emphasis added). It does not appear that the parties intended 

“compensation” to mean that the settlement payment constituted “wages” for tax purposes. 

3

 Because the Form W-2 for 2009 includes income Gerstenbluth received from Credit 

Suisse other than and in addition to the settlement payment, it also reflects FICA 

withholding in addition to the amount withheld in connection with the settlement. The IRS 

has not challenged Gerstenbluth’s assertion that FICA withholding of $4,217.66 was 

associated with the settlement payment.
6

1 court dismissed the complaint on the ground that Gerstenbluth did “not have 

2 a private right of action under the U.S. tax laws.” Gerstenbluth v. Credit 

3 Suisse Secs. (USA) LLC, No. 11-CV-2525, 2012 WL 4511632, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. 

4 Sept. 28, 2012). With respect to the IRS’s motion, the court noted that 

5 “[m]oney paid to settle employment discrimination claims can be ‘wages,’ at 

6 least where the money represents back pay or front pay.” Id. Emphasizing 

7 Credit Suisse’s treatment of the award as “wages” on Form W-2 and the 

8 Settlement Agreement’s provision that the award would be paid “minus 

9 applicable taxes and deductions,” the court concluded that the payment 

10 “constituted ‘wages’ and was thus subject to FICA tax withholding.” Id.

11 (internal quotation marks omitted). Gerstenbluth was therefore not entitled 

to the claimed refund. Id. He timely appealed.4 12

13

14 

 

4 Although his notice of appeal named Credit Suisse as well as the IRS, Gerstenbluth 

does not mention the substance of the District Court’s ruling for Credit Suisse in his brief on 

appeal except obliquely and in passing. Accordingly, notwithstanding the latitude we 

traditionally accord pro se litigants, we find that he has waived any challenge to this aspect 

of the District Court’s judgment. See Cancel v. Home Depot, 488 F. App’x 520, 520 n.1 (2d 

Cir. 2012) (summary order) (“[E]ven making due allowance for his pro se status, [appellant] 

has waived those claims.” (citation omitted)). But even if we overlooked the waiver—and 

concluded that FICA affords him a private right of action—Gerstenbluth would have no 

basis for recovery against Credit Suisse in light of our conclusion that the settlement 

payment was subject to FICA taxes. 
7

1 DISCUSSION

2 Because Gerstenbluth proceeded pro se both in the District Court and 

3 on appeal, “we read his papers liberally and interpret them to raise the 

4 strongest arguments that they suggest.” Brownell v. Krom, 446 F.3d 305, 310 

5 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). We review de novo the 

6 District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the IRS, drawing in 

7 Gerstenbluth’s favor all factual inferences grounded in the record. See Steel 

8 Inst. of N.Y. v. City of New York, 716 F.3d 31, 33 (2d Cir. 2013). “Summary 

9 judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

10 fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (internal 

11 quotation marks omitted). Because no relevant facts are disputed in this case, 

12 we focus on whether the settlement proceeds constitute “wages” under 26 

13 U.S.C. § 3121(a), a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. 

14 See Roberts v. Royal Atl. Corp., 542 F.3d 363, 367 (2d Cir. 2008).

15 1. The Tax Treatment of Settlement Awards

16 As is familiar to most taxpaying wage-earners, the FICA tax consists of 

17 two components: a tax to fund “[o]ld age, survivors, and disability insurance”

18 (commonly known as Social Security) and a tax to fund “hospital insurance,” 

19 (commonly known as Medicare). 26 U.S.C. § 3101(a); id. § 3101(b)(1); see
8

1 United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co., 532 U.S. 200, 205 (2001). 

2 Both components of the tax are imposed only on “wages” received by a 

3 taxpayer “with respect to employment.” 26 U.S.C. § 3101(a); id. § 3101(b)(1). 

4 The Code defines “wages” for this purpose as “all remuneration for 

5 employment, including the cash value of all remuneration (including benefits) 

paid in any medium other than cash.”5 6 Id. § 3121(a). The definition of wages

7 has been broadly construed: “Remuneration for employment . . . constitutes 

8 wages even though at the time paid the relationship of employer and 

9 employee no longer exists between the person in whose employ the services 

10 were performed and the individual who performed them.” Treas. Reg. 

11 § 31.3121(a)-1(i). FICA places an obligation on the employer to collect the 

12 related taxes and transmit them to the government. 26 U.S.C. § 3102(a).

13 Gerstenbluth freely acknowledges that a settlement payment of back or 

front pay would be wages subject to FICA taxes. 14 6 He contends, however, that 

15 the settlement payment he received is neither front pay nor back pay nor any 

 

5

 The Code also sets out a number of exceptions to this definition of wages, none of 

which is relevant here. See 26 U.S.C. § 3121(a). 

6 Back pay consists of wages lost between the plaintiff’s wrongful termination and 

the entry of the court’s judgment. See Banks v. Travelers Cos., 180 F.3d 358, 364 (2d Cir. 

1999). Front pay is wages lost between judgment and the plaintiff’s reinstatement, or, if 

reinstatement is not feasible, it is a reasonable award “of future lost earnings.” Id. (internal 

quotation marks omitted).
9

1 form of “wages.” Rather, he characterizes the sum as something different: a

2 “payment to drop the Appellant’s complaint of Age Discrimination against 

3 Credit Suisse.” Appellant’s Br. at 7. In support of his view, he asserts that he 

4 had already received a “significant severance package”; at no time during 

5 settlement negotiations “was there any mention of back or forward pay”; the 

6 settlement amount “was not in any way linked” to his “former salary or length

7 of tenure”; and Credit Suisse did not treat the payment as triggering related 

8 pension plan contributions. Id. at 9-10. He also points to IRS Publication

9 4345, id. at 8, which in its one-page 2010 format advised that a settlement for 

10 “unlawful discrimination” “should be reported as ‘Other Income’” on IRS Form 

1040, the United States Individual Tax Return.7 11 Supplemental App. (“Supp. 

12 App.”) 13. Although his position may have some initial plausibility, 

13 Gerstenbluth oversimplifies the correct inquiry, and his argument is 

14 ultimately unpersuasive.

15 To determine the correct tax treatment of a settlement payment, we 

16 look first at the nature of the claim that led to the settlement, together with

17 the remedies available under the law on which the claim giving rise to the 

18 settlement is based, to ascertain what the payment fairly represents. Stated 

 

7 Publication 4345 has since changed. Compare Supplemental App. 13, with I.R.S. 

Publication 4345 (Revised Nov. 2011), available at http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4345.pdf.
10

1 differently, in seeking to classify a settlement payment or damages award for 

2 tax purposes, we ask, “In lieu of what were the damages awarded?” 

3 Milenbach v. Comm’r, 318 F.3d 924, 932 (9th Cir. 2003) (emphasis added and 

4 internal quotation marks omitted); accord Espinoza v. Comm’r, 636 F.3d 747, 

5 750 (5th Cir. 2011); Francisco v. United States, 267 F.3d 303, 319 (3d Cir. 

6 2001); Delaney v. Comm’r, 99 F.3d 20, 23-24 (1st Cir. 1996). 

7 This approach finds support in precedent from both the Supreme Court 

8 and our Court. In United States v. Burke, 504 U.S. 229 (1992), superseded by 

9 statute on other grounds, Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 

10 104-188, § 1605, 110 Stat. 1755, 1838 (codified at 26 U.S.C. § 104(a)(2)), for 

11 example, the Supreme Court addressed whether a settlement payment to end

12 a Title VII gender discrimination claim constituted damages for “personal 

13 injuries,” which would have been exempt from the federal income tax at the 

14 time. Id. at 233-34. Because, under Title VII, the plaintiffs were entitled only 

15 to back pay and certain equitable relief, id. at 238, the Court concluded that 

16 the settlement amount was correctly treated as taxable gross income, and not 

as exempt payment for “personal injuries,” id. at 242.8 17 The Court’s analysis 

 

8

 The Court in Burke noted that the Code (at the time of its decision) also excluded 

from the federal income tax damages compensating individuals for “nonphysical injuries.” 

504 U.S. at 237 n.6. Congress later amended the Code to limit that exclusion to “personal 

physical injuries.” See Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 § 1605 (emphasis added).
11

1 “focused . . . on the nature of the claim underlying respondents’ damages 

2 award,” and the appropriate tax treatment of the settlement turned on the 

type of injury that Title VII sought to redress. 9 3 Id. at 237. And in Noel v. 

4 N.Y. State Office of Mental Health Central N.Y. Psychiatric Ctr., 697 F.3d 209 

5 (2d Cir. 2012), we recently found—based on a similar examination of statutory 

6 remedies available under Title VII—that a plaintiff’s jury award of front and 

7 back pay constituted “wages” subject to FICA taxes. Id. at 213-14.

8 In addition, we may examine the intentions of both parties to the 

9 settlement, and in particular the purpose of the payor, as reflected in any 

10 written settlement agreement or other evidence. When the parties have not 

11 expressly designated the nature of the settlement amount or allocated it 

12 among various taxable and tax-exempt components, our decision in Agar v. 

13 Commissioner, 290 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1961) (per curiam), provides guidance. 

14 At issue there was whether a settlement payment to an employee, made after 

15 he resigned and threatened to sue for slander, represented compensation for 

16 personal injuries (not taxable) or severance pay (taxable). The parties’ 

 

The amendment casts no doubt on the validity of the Court’s approach in Burke.

9 We recognize that the Court in Burke considered whether a settlement payment 

was “gross income” under 26 U.S.C. § 61, not “wages” under 26 U.S.C. § 3101. See Burke, 

504 U.S. at 231 n.1. But the Court’s reasoning there easily extends to the FICA context and 

undoubtedly mandates a more searching inquiry than what Gerstenbluth proposes.
12

1 agreement “did not clearly set forth the reason for the payments,” and there 

2 was no single statutory basis for the claim. Id. at 284. Treating the 

3 taxpayer’s stated belief about the purpose of the payment as “only evidence of 

4 the character of the payment,” we instructed that “the ultimate inquiry is into 

5 the ‘basic reason’ for the company’s payment.” Id. The Tax Court was 

6 justified, we held, in relying principally on testimony by the company’s 

7 president about the “basic reason” for the payment, and on that basis, we 

8 concluded, the settlement represented taxable severance pay.

9 Thus, the payor’s intent bears importantly on the appropriate treatment 

10 of a settlement amount. Our sister Circuits, some relying on Agar, have 

11 reached similar conclusions. See Rivera v. Baker W., Inc., 430 F.3d 1253, 

12 1257 (9th Cir. 2005) (“If the agreement lacks express language specifying the 

13 purpose of the compensation, we will then examine the intent of the payor.”); 

14 Pipitone v. United States, 180 F.3d 859, 864 (7th Cir. 1999) (“When a

15 settlement agreement lacks express language stating what the settlement 

16 amount was paid to settle, the most important factor for courts to consider is 

17 the intent of the payor.”); Knuckles v. Comm’r, 349 F.2d 610, 613 (10th Cir. 

18 1965) (concluding that, when determining the nature of a settlement payment, 

19 “[t]he most important fact . . . is the intent of the payor as to the purpose in 
13

1 making the payment”). 

2 To be sure, without a negotiated tax classification stated in a settlement 

3 agreement and reflected in the settlement amount, the defendant—especially 

4 an employer or former employer—may have little incentive to treat a payment 

5 as anything other than FICA-taxable wages: an error in making a non-wage 

6 classification creates unnecessary and undesirable exposure for the employer

7 in light of FICA’s withholding requirements. And, after all, whether to accept 

8 the settlement terms or pursue formal legal process ultimately is for the 

9 claimant to determine. His view of the purpose of the payment, too, deserves 

10 some consideration in determining the correct characterization of the award. 

11 But precedent accords substantial weight to the discernible intentions of the 

12 payor. See Agar, 290 F.2d at 284. 

13 2. The Nature of Gerstenbluth’s Claims

14 The text of the Agreement, which highlights and specifies 

15 Gerstenbluth’s obligation to withdraw the EEOC complaint, and the timing of 

16 the Agreement’s negotiation and execution leave no doubt that the EEOC 

17 complaint animated the settlement. Not surprisingly, the Agreement also 

18 required Gerstenbluth to “release and waive all claims” against Credit Suisse, 

19 Agreement ¶ 4, but no party argues that Gerstenbluth had asserted anything 
14

1 other than an age discrimination claim. We therefore consider the remedies

2 potentially available to Gerstenbluth for his age discrimination claim to see 

3 what objectively-ascertainable exposure may have motivated Credit Suisse’s 

4 payment. We then examine other indicia of the purpose of the payment.

5 A. Remedies Available Under the ADEA 

6 For a prevailing plaintiff, the ADEA provides for recovery of lost wages 

7 and, in the case of willful violations, liquidated damages, in addition to 

equitable relief.10 8 See 29 U.S.C. § 626(b) (incorporating 29 U.S.C. § 216(b));

9 Comm’r v. Schleier, 515 U.S. 323, 325-26 (1995). Recoverable lost wages may 

10 consist of back pay or front pay. See Banks v. Travelers Cos., 180 F.3d 358, 

11 364 (2d Cir. 1999). Additionally, the ADEA allows successful plaintiffs to 

12 recover prejudgment interest on their awards, see Sharkey v. Lasmo (AUL 

13 Ltd.), 214 F.3d 371, 375-76 (2d Cir. 2000), as well as costs and attorney’s fees, 

14 see 29 U.S.C. § 626(b) (incorporating 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)); Porzig v. Dresdner, 

15 Kleinwort, Benson, North America LLC, 497 F.3d 133, 136 n.1 (2d Cir. 2007). 

16 The ADEA does not, however, permit recovery of damages compensating for 

17 pain and suffering or emotional distress. Schleier, 515 U.S. at 326. If it did, 

 

10

 The ADEA does not refer directly to liquidated damages; instead, it incorporates 

the remedy provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which provides for liquidated 

damages in an amount equal to “wages lost.” See 29 U.S.C. § 626(b) (incorporating 29 

U.S.C. § 216). 
15

1 those components would likely not be “wages” for FICA purposes. See 26 

2 U.S.C. 3121(a) (“[T]he term ‘wages’ means all remuneration for 

3 employment . . . .”).

4 The IRS maintains that the entirety of Gerstenbluth’s $250,000 award 

5 constituted damages for front and back pay that would have been awardable 

6 under the ADEA, and that, as in Noel, the settlement award is taxable in its 

entirety.

11 7

8 B. Discerning the Intentions of Gerstenbluth and Credit Suisse 

9 We next consider whether the parties either specified or contemplated 

10 that the payment was in the nature of front and back pay, or some other type 

11 of compensation. 

12 The IRS may successfully challenge an implausible designation, of 

course, 13 12 but parties may provide in their settlement agreement that certain 

 

11

 The IRS concedes that amounts awarded in lieu of attorney’s fees and interest are 

not subject to FICA, but Gerstenbluth has not argued that any portion of the settlement 

payment was made in lieu of attorney’s fees or interest. Nor has Gerstenbluth asserted that 

any portion of the payment should be characterized as compensation for pain and suffering, 

a remedy available under New York’s antidiscrimination law. See N.Y. Exec. Law 

§ 297(4)(c); Freudenthal v. County of Nassau, 99 N.Y.2d 285, 291 (2003). Accordingly, we 

decline to address these other possible characterizations of the payment.

12

 We note, however, that it is the stated practice of the Tax Court to respect the 

parties’ explicit allocation of damages as long as they entered into the settlement in good 

faith and at arms’ length. See, e.g., Bagley v. Comm’r, 105 T.C. 396, 406 (1995); see also 5 

Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation § 24A:10 (2013) (“Generally speaking, the Service 

or the courts will respect an allocation in a settlement agreement if the allocation is made in 
16

1 portions of the settlement payment correspond to a particular type of damages

2 claimed. See, e.g., Schleier, 515 U.S. at 326-27 (addressing the tax 

3 implications of an ADEA settlement that allocated half of the payment to 

4 “back pay” and half to “liquidated damages” and holding that neither type of 

5 damages was exempt from the personal income tax). When the settlement 

6 agreement explicitly allocates its payment amount to various components of a 

7 plaintiff’s claim, a court reviewing the IRS’s determination of its tax 

8 consequences may face a relatively straightforward inquiry. 

9 When a settlement agreement does not explicitly characterize the 

10 nature of the payment, Agar requires us to emphasize the payor’s intention in 

11 making the payment. The most readily available evidence of the payor’s

12 intent may be the payor’s own treatment of the payment for taxation 

13 purposes. This is not to say that the payor’s post hoc account of its intention 

14 in making the payment will be decisive. Although we presume the payor’s

15 characterization represents the true nature of the payment, a plaintiff may 

16 overcome this presumption by showing, for instance, that the payor’s tax 

17 treatment of the payment or a component of the payment is inconsistent with 

18 the legal theories of the plaintiff’s complaint, the legal remedies available to 

 

good faith in an adversarial context.”).
17

1 the plaintiff, or other facts surrounding the parties’ settlement negotiations 

2 and agreement. Absent such a showing, however, the payor’s treatment of the 

3 payment will often conclusively establish its intent, and may control the tax 

4 classification of the payment. 

5 Here, the Agreement contemplated that Credit Suisse would withhold 

6 “applicable” taxes, and that the payment would be reduced by that amount. 

7 Agreement ¶¶ 1, 3. Credit Suisse issued Gerstenbluth a Form W-2 that 

8 classified the payment as “[w]ages, tips, other comp[ensation],” Supp. App. 25, 

9 in the context of a claim made under a statute that contemplates awards of 

10 back and front pay. Even acknowledging that the FICA-friendly classification 

11 may have been the path posing the least risk from a tax perspective for Credit 

12 Suisse, the designation nonetheless creates a strong presumption that the 

13 company made the payment in lieu of lost wages and that the payment is 

14 therefore taxable under FICA. 

15 As noted above, Gerstenbluth proposes several arguments for 

16 overcoming the presumption in favor of the accuracy of Credit Suisse’s 

17 classification. None is availing.

18 First, Gerstenbluth asserts that the IRS’s position in this action is 

19 inconsistent with one of its taxpayer-oriented publications. The publication at 
18

1 issue, Publication 4345, is aimed at giving taxpayers general advice on the 

2 appropriate tax treatment of settlement proceeds. In its then-current form, 

3 the publication instructed: “Lost wages, lost profits, unlawful discrimination, 

4 or injury to reputation: Amounts are taxable and should be reported as ‘Other 

5 Income’ on line 21 of Form 1040.” Supp. App. 13. We understand 

6 Gerstenbluth to be arguing that because the IRS did not instruct taxpayers to 

7 list those amounts on the line in Form 1040 that corresponds to “[w]ages, 

8 salaries, tips, etc.,” see id. at 26 (Gerstenbluth’s Form 1040), the IRS has in 

9 effect conceded that such payments, while reportable income, are not “wages” 

10 subject to the FICA tax.

11 This informal advice hardly amounts to a concession as to the 

12 appropriate treatment for FICA purposes. IRS publications do not displace 

13 controlling statutes, regulations, and case law. Thus, in United States v. 

14 Josephberg, 562 F.3d 478 (2d Cir. 2009), we affirmed the district court’s 

15 refusal in a tax evasion case to give a jury instruction based on an IRS 

16 publication, explaining that “IRS publications, though aimed at explaining 

17 existing tax law to taxpayers, do not have the force of law.” Id. at 498

18 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Zimmerman v. Comm’r, 71 T.C. 

19 367, 371 (1978) (“[T]he authoritative sources of Federal tax law are in the 
19

1 statutes, regulations, and judicial decisions and not in such informal 

2 publications.”), aff’d without opinion, 614 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1979); Miller v. 

3 Comm’r, 114 T.C. 184, 195 (2000) (same). Our decision in Noel made clear 

4 that front and back pay awards, at least those made under Title VII, are 

5 subject to FICA taxes, and Gerstenbluth’s brief recognizes as much. See

6 Appellant’s Br. at 7 (“Appellant acknowledges that back or forward pay is 

7 taxed for FICA and Medicare purposes.”). To the extent the IRS publication is 

8 inconsistent with our conclusion in Noel, the publication misstates the law.

9 Next, Gerstenbluth asserts that the settlement payment cannot fairly 

10 be said to represent lost wages because the amount paid was not calculated

11 (he now asserts) based on the amount of his salary or the length of his tenure 

12 at Credit Suisse. To be sure, a calculation set out in the Settlement 

13 Agreement and demonstrating that the payment amount was linked to the 

14 employee’s salary would serve as persuasive additional evidence that the 

15 parties intended the award to represent lost wages. Cf. Abrahamsen v. 

16 United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 260, 272 (1999) (concluding that payments made in 

17 connection with employer’s “downsizing” constituted wages, where the 

18 employer “calculated the payments solely on the basis of employment tenure 

19 and salary basis”), aff’d, 228 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2000). But Credit Suisse 
20

1 was under no obligation to detail in the Agreement how it computed the 

2 $250,000 figure, and its silence about the basis for its calculation does not 

3 negate the import of the tax treatment it afforded the settlement payment.

4 In addition, Gerstenbluth argues that the settlement cannot constitute 

5 front or back pay, because, if it did, the Agreement would violate EEOC 

6 regulations governing waivers of ADEA claims. He cites to 29 C.F.R. 

7 § 1625.22(i)(2), which provides: “No waiver agreement may include any 

8 provision prohibiting any individual from: (i) Filing a charge or complaint, 

9 including a challenge to the validity of the waiver agreement, with EEOC, or 

10 (ii) Participating in any investigation or proceeding conducted by EEOC.” 

11 We see no merit in this contention. Even were we to assume, arguendo,

12 that the settlement agreement in some way violated this regulation, that 

13 violation would have no bearing on the proper characterization of the 

14 settlement payment for FICA purposes. Whether Gerstenbluth waived a right 

15 that the regulations treat as unwaivable is a query independent of whether 

16 the settlement payment reflects front pay, back pay, or some other type of 

17 damages.

18 Finally, Gerstenbluth asserts in his brief on appeal that upon 

19 termination, he received a severance package from Credit Suisse, 
21

1 unassociated with his later-filed EEOC complaint, and that his severance 

2 payment was explicitly tied to the amount of his former salary. He implies 

3 that, since he had already received a payment in lieu of front pay, the 

4 settlement amount was neither back nor front pay. No record evidence 

5 supports his assertion about a prior severance payment, however, and, 

6 notwithstanding our usual liberality in construing the pleadings of pro se

7 litigants, we cannot simply transform his unsupported assertion into an 

8 established fact for purposes of his appeal. Even were we to accept this 

9 assertion, however, the existence of such a prior payment would not alter our 

10 analysis: had Gerstenbluth prevailed before the EEOC, he still would have 

11 been entitled to receive primarily back and front pay. The severance 

12 payment, without more, would not likely transform the settlement payment 

into something other than “wages.”13 13

 

13 In a sense, of course, every settlement payment is made (as Gerstenbluth argues 

his was) to induce a claimant to drop a claim: a defendant or possible defendant determines 

that paying the claimant or plaintiff to withdraw his claims outweighs the costs and risks of 

further proceedings, sometimes including a trial. And sometimes it may not be 

advantageous to the parties to identify with any precision the components of a settlement 

amount. But especially where the defendant is an employer or former employer, to exempt 

an ADEA settlement payment from FICA taxes (as Gerstenbluth urges), could create 

especially anomalous results. Two employees obtaining identical damage awards from their 

employers, one through settlement and the other after trial, could potentially suffer 

disparate tax consequences: the plaintiff who settles would not pay FICA taxes on the 

settlement amount—because ostensibly that award was merely a “payment to drop the 

claim”—whereas the plaintiff who prevails at trial would pay FICA taxes on the recovery. 

We can think of no justification for this asymmetrical treatment.
22

1 * * *

2 Credit Suisse classified the settlement payment as “[w]ages, tips, other 

3 comp[ensation]” on Gerstenbluth’s Form W-2. Gerstenbluth has not offered 

4 sufficient evidence to suggest that the settlement payment was anything else. 

5 CONCLUSION

6 For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the 

7 District Court granting the IRS summary judgment and dismissing the 

8 complaint against Credit Suisse.