COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, Haley and Alston 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

CHARLES M. SANFORD 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 0230-08-4 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR. 

 JULY 14, 2009 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA 

John E. Kloch, Judge 

 Paul E. Pepper, Deputy Public Defender (Office of the Public 

Defender, on brief), for appellant. 

 Eugene Murphy, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Within Article 7 of Title 18.2 of the Code, “Criminal Sexual Assault,” Code 

§ 18.2 67.10(3) defines “Mental Incapacity” as “that condition . . . existing at the time of an 

offense . . . which prevents the complaining witness from understanding the nature or 

consequences of the sexual act involved . . . .” Charles M. Sanford was convicted by the trial 

court of forcible sodomy (cunnilingus), accomplished through the use of the victim’s mental 

incapacity, in violation of Code § 18.2-67.1(A)(2). Sanford does not argue that the evidence is 

insufficient to establish the act of sodomy. Rather, he maintains the evidence is insufficient to 

establish that incapacity. We disagree and affirm.1

1

 The trial court found Sanford not guilty of three indictments charging forcible sodomy 

(§ 18.2-67.1(A)(2)) (fellatio), carnal knowledge (§ 18.2-631), and indecent liberties 

(§ 18.2-370.1). Sanford was also convicted of aggravated sexual batter (§ 18.2-7.3(A))3)) but 

Sanford’s petition for appeal was denied with respect to that conviction. 
I. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

Presented with a challenge that the evidence is insufficient, as here, we “presume the 

judgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse only if the trial court’s decision is “plainly 

wrong or without evidence to support it.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 

S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002). This presumption recognizes that the “trial judge’s major role is the 

determination of fact, and with experience in fulfilling that role comes expertise.” Haskins v. 

Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 11, 602 S.E.2d 402, 407 (2004) (citation omitted). Thus, an 

appellate court does not “ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established 

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979) (emphasis 

in original and citation omitted). Our review does not authorize us to “reweigh the evidence.” 

Nusbaum v. Berlin, 272 Va. 385, 408, 641 S.E.2d 494, 507 (2007). Rather, the appropriate 

appellate inquiry is ‘“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 

502 (2008) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319) (emphasis in original). 

II. 

FACTS2

The female victim is sixteen years old and lived with her mother in Washington, D.C. 

The mother asked the child’s father, Sanford, if the victim could stay with him for two to four 

days in Alexandria, Virginia. He agreed, and it was during this time period when the act of 

cunnilingus took place. When the victim returned home, she told her mother what had 

 2

 We see no need to identify the mother or the victim by name. We do note, however, 

that their surname is not the same as the defendant’s. 

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e 

t testified. 

 

happened,3 whereupon the mother called the police and took the victim to the hospital. As 

noted, there is no challenge to the act of sodomy. Accordingly, we recite only those facts 

necessary for resolution of the issue raised, that is, the mental capacity of the victim. Neither th

victim nor the defendan

Dr. Gloria Morote qualified as an expert clinical psychologist. From her examination,4

she concluded the victim had an IQ of 46, which she described as “very, very low” and “closer to 

the severe mental retardation range than the mild retardation range.” Her other assessments 

included the following: “[I]n terms of verbal and visual memory functions, they are both in the 

impaired range, below the first percentile rank”; with respect to decision speed, “[I]t was below 

three years and four months . . . [t]hat was the floor of the test . . . [t]hat was the lowest score she 

could get.” The victim’s “[s]cores in terms of thinking ability, her thought processes, the visual 

motor speed . . . visual attention were . . . [all] . . . four years old . . . [and] . . . there was no score 

lower than that.” Finally, with respect to the victim’s non-verbal social reasoning, that is, as 

Dr. Morote described it, her “ability to assess cause-effect relationships in social interaction . . . 

her score there was zero . . . the lowest.” (Emphasis added). 

Incorporating the above assessments with an interview with the child’s mother, 

Dr. Morote evaluated the victim’s adaptive skills. She defined the same as: “[c]ommunication 

skills, functional academics, health and safety, leisure, self-care, social [and] home living . . . .” 

The victim’s score was 49, “which is consistent with the IQ score . . . .” That score, Dr. Morote 

opined, demonstrated that the victim “cannot live independently.” 

3

 The defendant’s hearsay objection to the contents of this conversation was sustained. 

4

 In her written evaluation, introduced as commonwealth’s Exhibit 2, Dr. Morote noted 

that the victim during her interview did not know her last name, her full address, the name of her 

school, or the current day, month or year. 

 -3-
The victim’s mother testified her daughter attends St. Coletta’s of Greater Washington, a 

charter special education school. Regarding her adaptive functioning, she cannot read or write, 

though she can copy letters and recognize some numerals. She can, with help, dress herself and 

perform basic hygiene (brushing her teeth, etc.) when reminded to do so, but she is unable to 

wash or brush her hair. Her mother gives her birth control pills, but describes them to the victim 

only as vitamins. The victim cannot be left alone, either within or without the house, and 

requires constant adult supervision. 

The mother testified she has told the victim about sex, in a general sense, advising her to 

wait “until she gets older . . . [to be] . . . thinking about having babies . . . .” However, the 

mother specifically stated she had never explained the physical act of sexual intercourse, the use 

of prophylactics or other methods of birth control, or the existence of sexually transmitted 

diseases. Further, the transcript includes the following: 

Q. Have you ever educated her on oral sex? 

A. No. 

Katrice Ashton, a social worker at St. Coletta’s, described the goal of the school to teach 

functional academics and “life skills.” She testified that the victim could count from 1 to 25. 

She cannot read or write, but can copy a letter of the alphabet. She recognizes units of currency 

but cannot quantify them. She is “sometimes” able to tell time. They are attempting to teach her 

the meaning of symbols on signs, to enable her to cross a street safely. She needs prompting to 

wash her hands or brush her teeth. The victim “would love to play with stuffed animals all day if 

she could.” She likes to pretend that she is Ms. Ashton’s mother, and calls that teacher her 

“daughter.” The victim has never had any sex education classes. For a period following the 

incident, the victim remained mute at school, refused to walk on her own, and pretended she was 

an animal, making various “animal noises.” 

 -4-
Summarizing the victim’s adaptive skills, Ms. Ashton testified as follows: 

Q. What level of supervision does [the victim] require? 

A. She requires constant supervision. 

Detective Desiree Maxwell of the Alexandria Police Department interviewed the 

defendant. Detective Maxwell testified that the defendant told her he had only known the victim 

since she was a pre-teenager. He acknowledged, nonetheless, he knew the victim could not read 

or write, barely knew her numbers, had been told by her mother she was mentally retarded, 

agreed with the characterization that she acted “as about a five-year old,” and put her clothes on 

backwards. 

Though denying other sexual acts, he admitted he had performed cunnilingus on the 

victim. He claimed the victim was “talking about having babies in her tummy and boyfriend and 

girlfriend and being married.” He maintained “[s]he would come on to [me] . . . asked [me] if [I] 

wanted to be her baby’s daddy . . . .” Finally, he told the detective that the victim entered his 

bedroom wearing only a T-shirt just prior to the time the act of sodomy was performed. 

It is his statements to Detective Maxwell, coupled with the testimony of the mother, 

summarized above, that the defendant maintains negate the substantiality of the 

Commonwealth’s evidence to prove the mental incapacity of the victim to understand the nature 

or consequences of sodomy. 

III. 

ANALYSIS 

In Adkins v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 332, 457 S.E.2d 382 (1995), we reversed a 

rape conviction based upon mental incapacity. The victim was sixteen, mentally aged 10.4 

years, with an IQ between 58 and 70. She was in the eighth grade at a public school. She could 

read and write, recording the defendant’s telephone number in her address book. On the day of 

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the offense, she left her mother a note advising she was going to a mini-mart (where by 

agreement she purposely and surreptitiously met defendant). She could be left home alone, 

could travel and go shopping alone at a local mall, and, according to her mother, could take care 

of herself. She had had sex education classes at public school, and she understood that one could 

become pregnant or get AIDS as a consequence of sexual intercourse. 

In reversing, we noted that a fact finder may not “infer from proof of general mental 

incapacity or mental retardation or an IQ range or mental age” alone that a victim lacks mental 

capacity.5 Id. at 346, 457 S.E.2d at 389. Rather, “A person suffers from a ‘mental incapacity’ 

within the meaning of the statute, if he or she has a mental ‘condition’ that ‘prevents’ the person 

from being able to ‘understand’ either the ‘nature’ or ‘consequences’ of engaging in sexual 

intercourse.” Id. at 344, 457 S.E.2d at 388 (second emphasis added).6

 We adopted the definition 

of “consequence” from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, at page 482: ‘“something 

that is produced by a cause or follows from a form of necessary connection or from a set of 

conditions: a natural or necessary result.’” Id. In short, IQ or mental age alone, while evidence 

of mental incapacity, does not necessarily establish that incapacity, within the meaning of the 

statute. Thus, the Commonwealth did not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the victim in 

Adkins, though possessing limited IQ and a mental age less than her physical age, further did not 

understand either the nature or consequences of the sexual act. Indeed, the evidence 

demonstrated that she, in fact, had that understanding. 

 5

 Mental retardation (or subaverage intellectual functioning) is characterized by an IQ of 

seventy or below. See American Psychiatric Association, Diagnosis and Statistical Manuel of 

Mental Disorders 39 (4th ed. 1994). 

6

 ‘“[M]ental incapacity’ may extend to a transitory circumstance such as intoxication if 

the nature and degree of the intoxication has gone beyond the stage of reduced inhibition and has 

reached a point where the victim does not understand ‘the nature or consequences of the sexual 

act.’ Code § 18.2-67.10(3).” Molina v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 673, 636 S.E.2d 470, 474 

(2006).

 -6-
In White v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 593, 478 S.E.2d 713 (1996), we again reversed 

a rape conviction based upon mental incapacity. The victim was educable mentally retarded. 

We noted, however, that the record showed that her achievement “[s]cores in communication, 

daily living skills and socialization domains were all above the mentally retarded range, with a 

strength in socialization skills, achievement, overall adaptive behavior falling well within the low 

average range.” Id. at 597, 478 S.E.2d at 714. These are generally described as “adaptive 

skills.” 

It is the confluence of IQ (or mental age) and adaptive skills that are relevant to the 

establishment of mental incapacity. As one commentator has noted: “Intellectual functioning is 

measured by the intelligence quotient (‘IQ’), which is obtained using standard intelligence 

tests. . . . Adaptive functioning includes an individual’s social skills, communication skills, daily 

living skills, personal independence, and self sufficiency.” Elizabeth J. Reed, Criminal Law and 

the Capacity of Mentally Retarded Persons to Consent to Sexual Activity, 83 Va. L. Rev. 799 

(1997). 

Initially, we note that a “fact finder is not required to believe all aspects of a defendant’s 

statement or testimony; the judge or jury may reject that which it finds implausible, but accept 

other parts which it finds believable.” Pugliese v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 82, 92, 428 

S.E.2d 16, 24 (1993) (citation omitted). As we held in Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 

505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998): “[T]he fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the 

self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his 

guilt.” In accord with these principles, then, the trial court was at liberty to reject the defendant’s 

statements to Detective Maxwell as to the circumstances preceding the act of sodomy. 

Here, there is no question but that the victim is mentally retarded; her IQ is 46, her 

verbal, memory, and decisional functions are those of a four year old. 

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 -8-

That being said, we address the victim’s adaptive functions—what Dr. Morote described 

as “[c]ommunication skills . . . health and safety, leisure, self-care, social [and] home living” and 

what we characterized in White as “communication, daily living habits and socialization 

domains.” Dr. Morote testified the adaptive skills score was 49, “consistent with the IQ score 

. . . .” The victim, Dr. Morote stated, “cannot live independently.” The victim, according to 

Ms. Ashton, “requires constant supervision.” The victim, consistent with her mother’s 

testimony, cannot be left alone, within or without her home. This contrast between the victim’s 

adaptive functioning, and those set forth in Adkins and White above, is striking, and telling. 

As quoted above, Code § 18.2-67.10(3) defines mental incapacity as the inability to 

understand “the nature or consequences of the sexual act involved.” (Emphasis added). Here, 

unlike Adkins or White, the sexual act is cunnilingus, not intercourse. While it is conceivable 

the victim could understand that sexual intercourse—even without understanding the mechanics 

of that act—could produce a baby, her mother specifically denied that she had ever discussed 

oral sex with her child, that is, the nature of that act. Furthermore, Dr. Morote testified that with 

respect to the victim’s “ability to assess cause-effect relationships in social interaction” that is, 

the consequences of such interaction, “her score was zero . . . the lowest.” 

We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to establish that the victim lacked the 

mental capacity to understand the nature or consequences of the unchallenged act of sodomy. 

Affirmed.