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| a)         | designed      such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure        controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure      that material information relating to the registrant, including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those      entities, particularly during the period in which this quarterly report is      being prepared; |
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| b)         | designed      such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such        internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our        supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of      financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for      external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles. |
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| c)         | evaluated      the effectiveness of the issuer's disclosure controls and procedures        and presented in this report our conclusions about the      effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of      the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;      and |
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| d)         | disclosed      in this report any change in the issuer's internal control over        financial reporting that occurred during the issuer's most recent fiscal      quarter (the issuer's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual      report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to      materially affect, the issuer's internal control over financial reporting;      and |
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| a)         | all      significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or      operation of internal controls over financial reporting which are      reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer's ability to record,      process, summarize and report financial information;  and |
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| b)         | any      fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other      employees who have a significant role in the issuer's internal control      over financial reporting. |
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