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CERTIFICATION

| a)       | designed such disclosure controls      and procedures, or caused such disclosure   controls and procedures      to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information      relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is      made known to us by others within those entities,   particularly      during the period in which this quarterly report is being      prepared; |
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| b)       | designed such internal control      over financial reporting, or caused such   internal control over      financial reporting to be designed under our   supervision, to      provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial      reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external      purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles. |
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| c)       | evaluated the effectiveness of the      issuer's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report      our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and      procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on      such evaluation; and |
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| d)       | disclosed in this report any      change in the issuer's internal control over financial reporting that      occurred during the issuer's most recent fiscal quarter (the issuer's      fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially      affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer's      internal control over financial reporting;  and |
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| a)       | all significant deficiencies and      material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal controls over      financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the      issuer's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial      information; and |
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| b)       | any fraud, whether or not      material, that involves management or other employees who have a      significant role in the issuer's internal control over financial      reporting. |
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