COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Fulton, Friedman and Chaney

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

RAKEEM JA-HON HODGES

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0830-22-1 JUDGE JUNIUS P. FULTON, III

SEPTEMBER 19, 2023

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH

James C. Lewis, Judge

Taite A. Westendorf (Westendorf & Khalaf, PLLC, on brief), for 

appellant.

Elizabeth Kiernan Fitzgerald, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. 

Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Rakeem Ja-Hon Hodges challenges his conviction following a jury trial for possessing a 

firearm as a violent felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2, and the trial court’s revocation of 

his previously suspended sentence. Specifically, he argues that (1) the trial court erred by 

admitting an unredacted copy of a sentencing order indicating that Hodges had been previously 

convicted of a crime involving a firearm, (2) the evidence was insufficient to support his 

conviction because the testimony of the Commonwealth’s primary witness was inherently 

incredible, and (3) the trial court erred by revoking his suspended sentence based on an 

erroneous conviction for the firearm offense. Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

UNPUBLISHED
- 2 -

BACKGROUND

“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth, 

73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)). This 

standard requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the 

Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and 

all fair inferences to be drawn [from that evidence].” Bagley v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 1, 

26 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 562 

(2009)).

While on patrol on March 23, 2020, Virginia Beach Police Officer Eli Kendrick stopped 

a vehicle in which Hodges was a passenger for a non-operable third brake light.

1

 Officer 

Kendrick approached the passenger side of the vehicle and asked Hodges to roll down the 

window; Officer Kendrick smelled marijuana once Hodges did so. Officer Kendrick asked 

Hodges to present his identification and exit the car. Hodges recorded the interaction on his cell 

phone, but no video was played at trial. Officer Kendrick did not have a body camera and was 

not issued one until February 2022. He also did not have a dashboard camera. After Hodges 

exited the car, Officer Kendrick attempted to place him in handcuffs “for [Hodges’s] safety, 

[Officer Kendrick’s] safety, and everyone’s safety.”2 When Officer Kendrick grabbed Hodges’s 

wrist, Hodges pushed away and ran. 

1 Hodges has not challenged the stop as a violation of Code § 46.2-1003(C), which went 

into effect on March 1, 2021.

2 Officer Kendrick had not observed a firearm at that point and did not explain why he 

believed Hodges posed a safety risk.
- 3 -

As he chased Hodges, Officer Kendrick “clearly saw in the left part of [Hodges’s] waist 

area an orange gun handle with a black magazine sticking out of the bottom of it.” Hodges cut 

through an alleyway, and Officer Kendrick “lost sight of him for a few seconds.” Next to the 

alleyway were backyards with privacy fences. After exiting the alleyway to the north, Hodges 

collapsed in a grassy area, where he was apprehended.

3

When Officer Kendrick approached, he noticed Hodges no longer had the firearm. He

handcuffed Hodges and placed him in the police car. The officers then searched the backyards 

adjacent to the alleyway along the path of pursuit. Virginia Beach Police Officer Michael Smith 

testified that Officer Kendrick informed him that they were searching for an orange firearm that

Officer Kendrick had seen in Hodges’s waistband. Officer Smith ultimately found the firearm 

on the ground in one of the backyards.4 The ground was wet because it had recently rained, but 

the portion of the firearm not touching the ground was dry. 

After locating the firearm, Officer Kendrick advised Hodges of his Miranda5rights. 

Hodges waived his rights and stated that the driver picked him up to smoke marijuana together

and that Hodges noticed the gun between the seats in the car. When the officers stopped the 

vehicle, the driver told Hodges to place the gun in view but Hodges refused because he was a 

convicted felon and knew he could not possess a firearm. He explained that he took the gun and 

ran because he felt like he could escape. The police did not record Hodges’s confession. Officer 

Kendrick testified that he took handwritten notes, which “could have been washed” or “be 

somewhere in a drawer,” but that he typed the content of his notes into his formal police report.

3 At trial, the Commonwealth submitted maps of the pursuit area. 

4 Officer Smith did not remember how many backyards they had searched. 

5 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
- 4 -

Officer Kendrick did not request testing of the gun for fingerprints or DNA because he 

“clearly saw the handgun in [Hodges’s] . . . waistband.” Scientific testing was done at Hodges’s 

request but no usable DNA or fingerprints were recovered from the firearm. Jessica Landi, a 

forensic scientist specializing in latent fingerprints, testified that fingerprints are recovered from 

firearms only ten percent of the time. The police did not attempt to trace the gun, and the 

Commonwealth presented no evidence regarding the gun’s owner. 

The Commonwealth moved to submit a 2017 sentencing order reflecting that Hodges was 

convicted of “Robbery with Use of Gun or Simulated Gun,” in violation of Code § 18.2-58, and 

“Conspiracy to Commit a Felony,” in violation of Code §§ 18.2-22 and 18.2-58. Hodges 

objected, arguing that the trial court should redact the order’s reference to a firearm on the 

grounds that the relevance of that information was substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair 

prejudice. The trial court overruled Hodges’s objection and allowed the Commonwealth to 

submit the 2017 sentencing order. The trial court instructed the jury, however, that: “Evidence 

that the defendant was previously convicted of an offense involving a firearm is not proof that he 

possessed a firearm on March 23, 2020, and such evidence may not be considered by you in 

determining whether the defendant possessed a firearm on March 23, 2020.” 

The jury convicted Hodges of possessing a firearm as a violent felon, in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-308.2. The trial court sentenced Hodges to the mandatory minimum sentence of five 

years’ imprisonment. The trial court also revoked Hodges’s previously suspended sentence 

based on this new conviction and resuspended all but one year of that sentence. Hodges appeals. 
- 5 -

ANALYSIS

I. Admission of the 2017 Sentencing Order

Hodges first argues that the trial court erred by not redacting the 2017 sentencing order to 

remove the reference to use of a firearm in that previous offense. “It is well-settled that 

‘[d]ecisions regarding the admissibility of evidence “lie within the trial court’s sound discretion 

and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.”’” Nottingham v. 

Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 221, 231 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Blankenship v. 

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 692, 697 (2019)). “A court has abused its discretion if its decision 

was affected by an error of law or was one with which no reasonable jurist could agree.” Tomlin 

v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 392, 409 (2022).

In Virginia, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible.” Va. R. Evid. 2:402(a). “[I]n 

determining whether [relevant] evidence should be admitted, the circuit court must apply a 

balancing test to assess the probative value of the evidence and its prejudicial effect.” Lee v. 

Spoden, 290 Va. 235, 251 (2015) (second alteration in original) (quoting Gamache v. Allen, 268 

Va. 222, 227 (2004)).

Code § 18.2-308.2(A) makes it “unlawful for . . . any person who has been convicted of a 

felony . . . to knowingly and intentionally possess or transport any firearm.” If that person “was 

previously convicted of a violent felony as defined in [Code] § 17.1-805,” he or she is subject to 

“a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of five years.” Code § 18.2-308.2(A). Proof that 

the defendant committed a violent felony is “an additional element the Commonwealth is 

required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt to obtain an enhanced sentence.” Boone v. 

Commonwealth, 285 Va. 597, 601 (2013).

“In Virginia, non-constitutional error is harmless ‘when it plainly appears from the record 

and the evidence given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and 
- 6 -

substantial justice has been reached.’” Brown v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 746, 794 (2018) 

(quoting Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1009 (1991) (en banc)). When the 

defendant has had a jury trial, “a reviewing court must decide whether the alleged error 

substantially influenced the jury.” Id. (quoting Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 259 

(2001)). “An error does not affect a verdict if a reviewing court can conclude, without usurping 

the jury’s fact finding function, that, had the error not occurred, the verdict would have been the 

same.” Id. (quoting Lavinder, 12 Va. App. at 1006).

Code § 17.1-805(C) provides that any violation of Code § 18.2-58 qualifies as a violent 

felony. Hodges argues that, because the 2017 sentencing order established a conviction under 

Code § 18.2-58, the order’s reference to “Use of Gun or Simulated Gun” was irrelevant and 

unfairly prejudicial. We acknowledge the Commonwealth’s argument that it “has the 

‘prerogative to prove’ the elements of this offense, including the fact of the defendant’s felony 

conviction, ‘with its choice of the available evidence.’” (quoting Boone v. Commonwealth, 285 

Va. 597, 601 (2013)). We likewise agree that “[a]n accused cannot . . . require the 

Commonwealth to pick and choose among its proofs, to elect which to present and which to 

forego.” Boone, 285 Va. at 600 (second alteration in original). Nevertheless, assuming without 

deciding that the trial court erred in admitting the unredacted conviction order, we conclude that 

any conceivable error was harmless.

The trial court properly instructed the jury that it could not consider Hodges’s previous 

conviction involving a firearm in determining whether Hodges possessed a firearm on the date of 

the offense. “Unless the record shows otherwise, . . . we presume that a jury follows an explicit 

cautionary instruction given by the trial court.” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 317 

(2004) (citing LeVasseur v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 564, 589 (1983)); see also Essex v. 

Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 168, 172 (1994) (holding that the trial court did not err by allowing 
- 7 -

the Commonwealth to identify the defendant’s prior conviction as murder and noting that any 

“prejudice may be alleviated by a jury instruction limiting the purpose for which the evidence is 

offered”). Nothing in the record indicates that the jury disregarded the trial court’s cautionary 

instruction.6 Accordingly, we presume that the jury followed the instruction, thus alleviating any 

possible unfair prejudice in the admission of the unredacted prior conviction order.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Next, Hodges argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction because 

Officer Kendrick’s testimony was inherently incredible. “On review of the sufficiency of the 

evidence, ‘the judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it 

is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59, 

76 (2021) (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “The question on appeal, 

is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)). “If there 

is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its 

own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact 

6 Hodges emphasizes the Commonwealth’s repeated references to Hodges being a 

“convicted robber” in its closing argument. Hodges did not object to the prosecutor’s references 

to him as a “convicted robber” during argument. Rather, he argued to the trial court that “[Code] 

§ 18.2-58 captures th[e] fact [of a prior conviction for a violent felony]. The fact that it’s a 

robbery captures that fact. . . . [T]here are two places on the sentencing order that say with a 

firearm. We are just asking that that firearm be redacted.” Hodges concedes on appeal that he 

“did not seek to exclude that he had been convicted of robbery.” Accordingly, Hodges did not 

preserve an objection to the Commonwealth referencing his robbery conviction. See Rule 

5A:18. For purposes of the harmless error analysis, the Commonwealth could remind the jury 

that Hodges had a previous robbery conviction without contradicting the cautionary instruction 

because a previous conviction for a violent felony and possession of a firearm are separate 

elements that the Commonwealth was required to prove and the Commonwealth’s closing 

argument did not exploit the actual evidence which Hodges argues was improper—the 2017 

sentencing order’s reference to a firearm.
- 8 -

at the trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. 

Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).

“[D]etermining the credibility of the witnesses and the weight afforded the testimony of 

those witnesses are matters left to the trier of fact, who has the ability to hear and see them as 

they testify.” Maldonado v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 554, 562 (2019) (quoting Miller v. 

Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 527, 536 (2015)). “Thus, this Court must accept ‘the trial court’s 

determination of the credibility of witness testimony unless, “as a matter of law, the testimony is 

inherently incredible.”’” Canada v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 367, 386 (2022) (quoting 

Nobrega v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 508, 518 (2006)). “[W]e may only disturb the trial court’s 

credibility determination if the evidence is ‘inherently incredible, or so contrary to human 

experience as to render it unworthy of belief.’” Lopez v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 70, 84 

(2021) (quoting Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 626 (2019)). “Evidence is not 

‘incredible’ unless it is ‘so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it’ or 

‘shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men 

should not differ.’” Gerald, 295 Va. at 487 (quoting Juniper v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 

415 (2006)).

Hodges argues that Officer Kendrick’s testimony was inherently incredible because he 

did not record and preserve corroborating evidence, such as video footage of the pursuit or his 

interview with Hodges. Hodges also asserts that Officer Kendrick’s testimony was 

uncorroborated by any physical evidence recovered from the firearm. “Mere deficiencies in the 

police investigation, although relevant to the factfinder when weighing the evidence, do not 

make a witness’ testimony so ‘contrary to human experience’ to be unbelievable.” Lambert v. 

Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 740, 759-60 (2019). Moreover, the Commonwealth provided 

explanations for the alleged deficiencies in Officer Kendrick’s investigation; the persuasiveness 
- 9 -

of those explanations was a matter for the fact finder. Finally, Officer Kendrick’s testimony was 

corroborated by Officer Smith’s testimony that he was looking for an orange firearm based on 

Officer Kendrick having seen it in Hodges’s waistband. In short, Hodges has failed to prove that 

Officer Kendrick’s testimony was inherently incredible, and a reasonable finder of fact could 

conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Hodges was guilty of possessing a firearm after 

conviction of a violent felony.

7

III. Revocation

Finally, Hodges argues that the trial court erred by revoking his previously suspended 

sentence based on the allegedly erroneous conviction of possession of a firearm. Having 

concluded that conviction was not erroneous, we affirm the trial court’s judgment finding him in 

violation of his probation, revoking his previously suspended sentence, and resuspending all but 

one year of his sentence.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Affirmed.

7 Hodges does not contend that Officer Kendricks’s testimony, if believed, was 

insufficient in conjunction with the Commonwealth’s other evidence to establish the elements of 

the offense.