Plumbing, Heating, and

Air-Conditioning

Contractors: 2002

2002 Economic Census

Construction

Industry Series

Issued December 2004

EC02-23I-238220

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
This report was prepared in the Manufacturing and Construction Division under the direction of Judy M.

Dodds, Assistant Division Chief for Census and Related Programs who was responsible for the overall

planning, management, and coordination. Susan Bucci, Chief, Construction and Minerals Branch,

assisted by Michael Blake, Section Chief, and Raphael Corrado, Tom Flood, Robert Miller, and

Robert Rosati, Special Assistants, performed the planning and implementation. Delsey Newman,

Donald Powers, John Roehl, Linda Taylor, Michael Taylor, and Robert Wright provided primary

staff assistance. Mendel D. Gayle, Chief, Census and Related Programs Support Branch, assisted by

Kimberly DePhillip, Section Chief, performed overall coordination of the publication process.

Patrick Duck, Michael Flaherty, Taylor C. Murph, Wanda Sledd, and Veronica White provided

primary staff assistance.

Mathematical and statistical techniques, as well as the coverage operations, were provided by

Paul Hsen, Assistant Division Chief for Research and Methodology Programs, assisted by Stacey Cole,

Chief, Manufacturing Methodology Branch, and Robert Struble, Section Chief. Jeffrey Dalzell and

Cathy Gregor provided primary staff assistance.

Eddie J. Salyers, Assistant Division Chief of Economic Planning and Coordination Division, was

responsible for overseeing the editing and tabulation procedures and the interactive analytical software.

Dennis Shoemaker and Kim Wortman, Special Assistants, John D. Ward, Chief, Analytical Branch,

and Brandy L. Yarbrough, Chief, Edit Branch, were responsible for developing the systems and

procedures for data collection, editing, review, and correction. Donna L. Hambric, Chief of the

Economic Planning Staff, was responsible for overseeing the systems and information for dissemination.

Douglas J. Miller, Chief, Tables and Dissemination Branch, assisted by Lisa Aispuro, Jamie Fleming,

Keith Fuller, Andrew W. Hait, and Kathy G. Padgett were responsible for developing the data

dissemination systems and procedures.

The Geography Division staff, Robert LaMacchia, Chief, developed geographic coding procedures and

associated computer programs.

The Economic Statistical Methods and Programming Division, Howard R. Hogan, Chief, developed and

coordinated the computer processing systems. Barry F. Sessamen, Assistant Division Chief for Post

Collection, was responsible for design and implementation of the processing system and computer

programs. Gary T. Sheridan, Chief, Macro Analytical Branch, assisted by Apparao V. Katikineni and

Edward F. Johnson provided computer programming and implementation.

The Systems Support Division provided the table composition system. Robert Joseph Brown, Table

Image Processing System (TIPS) Senior Software Engineer, was responsible for the design and

development of the TIPS, under the supervision of Robert J. Bateman, Assistant Division Chief,

Information Systems.

The staff of the National Processing Center performed mailout preparation and receipt operations,

clerical and analytical review activities, and data entry.

Margaret A. Smith, Bernadette J. Beasley, Michael T. Browne, and Alan R. Plisch of the

Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom, Chief, provided publication and

printing management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic

media. General direction and production management were provided by James R. Clark, Assistant

Division Chief, and Susan L. Rappa, Chief, Publications Services Branch.

Special acknowledgment is also due the many businesses whose cooperation contributed to the

publication of these data.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Plumbing, Heating, and

Air-Conditioning

Contractors: 2002

2002 Economic Census

Construction

Industry Series

Issued December 2004

EC02-23I-238220

U.S. Department of Commerce

Donald L. Evans,

Secretary

Theodore W. Kassinger,

Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

Kathleen B. Cooper,

Under Secretary for

Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Charles Louis Kincannon,

Director
Vacant,

Principal Associate

Director for Programs

Frederick T. Knickerbocker,

Associate Director

for Economic Programs

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,

Assistant Director

for Economic Programs

William G. Bostic, Jr.,

Chief, Manufacturing

and Construction Division

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics

and Statistics

Administration

Kathleen B. Cooper,

Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Charles Louis Kincannon,

Director

Hermann Habermann,

Deputy Director and

Chief Operating Officer
CONTENTS

Introduction to the Economic Census v 

Construction ix 

Tables

1. Industry Statistics on 2002 NAICS Basis Distributed Among

1997 NAICSBased Industries for the United States: 2002 1 

2. Employment Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002 2 

3. General Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002 3 

4. Detailed Statistics for Establishments: 2002 4 

5. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Employment Size

Class: 2002 5 

6. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Value of Business

Done Size Class: 2002 6 

7. Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Type of

Construction: 2002 7 

8. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in

Types of Construction: 2002 8 

9. Value of Business Done for Establishments by KindofBusiness

Activity: 2002 10 

10. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in

KindofBusiness Activity: 2002 11 

11. Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Location of

Construction Work: 2002 12 

Appendixes

A. Explanation of Terms A–1 

B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions B–1 

C. Methodology C–1 

D. Geographic Notes  

E. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas  

F. Detailed NAICS and Bridge Code Titles: 2002 F–1 

Not applicable for this report.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors iii

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Introduction to the Economic Census

PURPOSES AND USES OF THE ECONOMIC CENSUS

The economic census is the major source of facts about the structure and functioning of the

nation’s economy. It provides essential information for government, business, industry, and the

general public. Title 13 of the United States Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Census

Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years, covering years ending in “2” and “7.”

The economic census furnishes an important part of the framework for such composite measures

as the gross domestic product estimates, input/output measures, production and price indexes,

and other statistical series that measure short-term changes in economic conditions. Specific uses

of economic census data include the following:

• Policymaking agencies of the federal government use the data to monitor economic activity and

to assess the effectiveness of policies.

• State and local governments use the data to assess business activities and tax bases within

their jurisdictions and to develop programs to attract business.

• Trade associations study trends in their own and competing industries, which allows them to

keep their members informed of market changes.

• Individual businesses use the data to locate potential markets and to analyze their own production and sales performance relative to industry or area averages.

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Data from the 2002 Economic Census are published primarily according to the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). NAICS was first adopted in the United States, Canada,

and Mexico in 1997. The 2002 Economic Census covers the following NAICS sectors:

21 Mining

22 Utilities

23 Construction

31-33 Manufacturing

42 Wholesale Trade

44-45 Retail Trade

48-49 Transportation and Warehousing

51 Information

52 Finance and Insurance

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services

55 Management of Companies and Enterprises

56 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services

61 Educational Services

62 Health Care and Social Assistance

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

72 Accommodation and Food Services

81 Other Services (except Public Administration)

(Not listed above are the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting sector (NAICS 11), partially

covered by the census of agriculture conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the

Public Administration sector (NAICS 92), largely covered by the census of governments conducted

by the Census Bureau.)

The 20 NAICS sectors are subdivided into 100 subsectors (three-digit codes), 317 industry groups

(four-digit codes), and, as implemented in the United States, 1,179 industries (six-digit codes).

2002 Economic Census Introduction v

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
RELATIONSHIP TO HISTORICAL INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Prior to the 1997 Economic Census, data were published according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. While many of the individual NAICS industries correspond directly to industries as defined under the SIC system, most of the higher level groupings do not. Particular care

should be taken in comparing data for retail trade, wholesale trade, and manufacturing, which are

sector titles used in both NAICS and SIC, but cover somewhat different groups of industries. The

1997 Economic Census Bridge Between NAICS and SIC demonstrates the relationships between

NAICS and SIC industries. Where changes are significant, it may not be possible to construct time

series that include data for points both before and after 1997.

Most industry classifications remained unchanged between 1997 and 2002, but NAICS 2002

includes substantial revisions within the construction and wholesale trade sectors, and a number

of revisions for the retail trade and information sectors. These changes are noted in industry definitions and will be demonstrated in the Bridge Between NAICS 2002 and NAICS 1997.

For 2002, data for enterprise support establishments (those functioning primarily to support the

activities of their company’s operating establishments, such as a warehouse or a research and

development laboratory) are included in the industry that reflects their activities (such as warehousing). For 1997, such establishments were termed auxiliaries and were excluded from industry

totals.

BASIS OF REPORTING

The economic census is conducted on an establishment basis. A company operating at more than

one location is required to file a separate report for each store, factory, shop, or other location.

Each establishment is assigned a separate industry classification based on its primary activity and

not that of its parent company. (For selected industries, only payroll, employment, and classification are collected for individual establishments, while other data are collected on a consolidated

basis.)

GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODING

Accurate and complete information on the physical location of each establishment is required to

tabulate the census data for states, metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, counties, and

corporate municipalities (places) including cities, towns, townships, villages, and boroughs.

Respondents were required to report their physical location (street address, municipality, county,

and state) if it differed from their mailing address. For establishments not surveyed by mail (and

those single-establishment companies that did not provide acceptable information on physical

location), location information from administrative sources is used as a basis for coding.

AVAILABILITY OF ADDITIONAL DATA

All results of the 2002 Economic Census are available on the Census Bureau Internet site

(www.census.gov) and on digital versatile discs (DVD-ROMs) for sale by the Census Bureau. The

American FactFinder system at the Internet site allows selective retrieval and downloading of the

data. For more information, including a description of reports being issued, see the Internet site,

write to the U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-6100, or call Customer Services at 301-

763-4100.

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

The economic census has been taken as an integrated program at 5-year intervals since 1967 and

before that for 1954, 1958, and 1963. Prior to that time, individual components of the economic

census were taken separately at varying intervals.

The economic census traces its beginnings to the 1810 Decennial Census, when questions on

manufacturing were included with those for population. Coverage of economic activities was

expanded for the 1840 Decennial Census and subsequent censuses to include mining and some

commercial activities. The 1905 Manufactures Census was the first time a census was taken apart

vi Introduction 2002 Economic Census

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
from the regular decennial population census. Censuses covering retail and wholesale trade and

construction industries were added in 1930, as were some service trades in 1933. Censuses of

construction, manufacturing, and the other business censuses were suspended during World War

II.

The 1954 Economic Census was the first census to be fully integrated, providing comparable census data across economic sectors and using consistent time periods, concepts, definitions, classifications, and reporting units. It was the first census to be taken by mail, using lists of firms provided by the administrative records of other federal agencies. Since 1963, administrative records

also have been used to provide basic statistics for very small firms, reducing or eliminating the

need to send them census report forms.

The range of industries covered in the economic census expanded between 1967 and 2002. The

census of construction industries began on a regular basis in 1967, and the scope of service

industries, introduced in 1933, was broadened in 1967, 1977, and 1987. While a few transportation industries were covered as early as 1963, it was not until 1992 that the census broadened to

include all of transportation, communications, and utilities. Also new for 1992 was coverage of

financial, insurance, and real estate industries. With these additions, the economic census and the

separate census of governments and census of agriculture collectively covered roughly 98 percent

of all economic activity. New for 2002 is coverage of four industries classified in the agriculture,

forestry, and fishing sector under the SIC system: landscape architectural services, landscaping

services, veterinary services, and pet care services.

Printed statistical reports from the 1992 and earlier censuses provide historical figures for the

study of long-term time series and are available in some large libraries. Reports for 1997 were

published primarily on the Internet and copies of 1992 reports are also available there. CD-ROMs

issued from the 1987, 1992, and 1997 Economic Censuses contain databases that include all or

nearly all data published in print, plus additional statistics, such as ZIP Code statistics, published

only on CD-ROM.

SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION

More information about the scope, coverage, classification system, data items, and publications

for the 2002 Economic Census and related surveys is published in the Guide to the 2002 Economic

Census at www.census.gov/econ/census02/guide. More information on the methodology, procedures, and history of the census will be published in the History of the 2002 Economic Census at

www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html.

2002 Economic Census Introduction vii

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
This page is intentionally blank.

viii Introduction 2002 Economic Census

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Construction

SCOPE

The Construction sector (sector 23) comprises establishments primarily engaged in the construction of buildings or engineering projects (e.g., highways and utility systems). Establishments primarily engaged in the preparation of sites for new construction and establishments primarily

engaged in subdividing land for sale, as building sites also are included in this sector.

Construction work done may include new work, additions, alterations, or maintenance and

repairs. Activities of these establishments generally are managed at a fixed place of business, but

they usually perform construction activities at multiple project sites. Production responsibilities

for establishments in this sector are usually specified in (1) contracts with the owners of construction projects (prime contracts) or (2) contracts with other construction establishments (subcontracts).

Establishments primarily engaged in contracts that include responsibility for all aspects of individual construction projects are commonly known as general contractors, but also may be known

as design-builders, construction managers, turnkey contractors, or (in cases where two or more

establishments jointly secure a general contract) joint-venture contractors. Construction managers

that provide oversight and scheduling only (i.e., agency) as well as construction managers that are

responsible for the entire project (i.e., at risk) are included as general contractor type establishments. Establishments of the “general contractor type” frequently arrange construction of separate

parts of their projects through subcontracts with other construction establishments.

Establishments primarily engaged in activities to produce a specific component (e.g., masonry,

painting, and electrical work) of a construction project are commonly known as specialty trade

contractors. Activities of specialty trade contractors are usually subcontracted from other construction establishments but, especially in remodeling and repair construction, the work may be

done directly for the owner of the property.

Establishments primarily engaged in activities to construct buildings to be sold on sites that they

own are known as operative builders, but also may be known as speculative builders or merchant

builders. Operative builders produce buildings in a manner similar to general contractors, but

their production processes also include site acquisition and securing of financial backing. Operative builders are most often associated with the construction of residential buildings. Like general

contractors, they may subcontract all or part of the actual construction work on their buildings.

There are substantial differences in the types of equipment, work force skills, and other inputs

required by establishments in this sector. To highlight these differences and variations in the

underlying production functions, this sector is divided into three subsectors.

Subsector 236, Construction of Buildings, comprises establishments of the general contractor

type and operative builders involved in the construction of buildings. Subsector 237, Heavy and

Civil Engineering Construction, comprises establishments involved in the construction of engineering projects. Subsector 238, Specialty Trade Contractors, comprises establishments engaged

in specialty trade activities generally needed in the construction of all types of buildings.

Exclusions. Force account construction is construction work performed by an enterprise primarily engaged in some business other than construction for its own account and use, using employees of the enterprise. This activity is not included in the construction sector unless the construction work performed is the primary activity of a separate establishment of the enterprise.

2002 Economic Census Construction ix

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
The installation and the ongoing repair and maintenance of telecommunications and utility networks is excluded from construction when the establishments performing the work are not independent contractors. Although a growing proportion of this work is subcontracted to independent

contractors in the Construction Sector, the operating units of telecommunications and utility companies performing this work are included with the telecommunications or utility activities.

The tabulations for this sector do not include central administrative offices, warehouses, or other

establishments that serve construction establishments within the same organization. Data for

such establishments are classified according to the nature of the service they provide. For

example, separate headquarters establishments are reported in NAICS Sector 55, Management of

Companies and Enterprises.

The reports described below exclude establishments of firms with no paid employees. These

“nonemployers,” typically self-employed individuals or partnerships operating businesses that

they have not chosen to incorporate, are reported separately in Nonemployer Statistics. The contribution of nonemployers, relatively large for this sector, may be examined at

www.census.gov/nonemployerimpact.

Definitions. Industry categories are defined in Appendix B, NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions. Other terms are defined in Appendix A, Explanation of Terms.

REPORTS

The following reports provide statistics on this sector.

Industry Series. There are 31 reports, each covering a single NAICS industry (six-digit code).

These reports include such statistics as number of establishments, employment, payroll, value

added by construction, cost of materials, value of construction work, value of business done,

capital expenditures, etc. The industry reports also include selected statistics for states. While

most of the state data in the industry series reports are by physical location of the establishment,

some data are available by reported location of the construction work. The data in industry

reports are preliminary and subject to change in the following reports.

Geographic Area Series. There are 51 separate reports, one for each state and the District of

Columbia. Each state report present similar statistics at the “all construction” level for each state.

Subject Series:

• Industry General Summary. This report contains industry statistics summarized in one

report. It includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry reports, as well as revisions to

the data made after the release of the industry reports.

• Industry Kind Of Business and Type of Construction Summary. This report contains

industry kind of business and types of construction statistics summarized in one report. It

includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry reports, as well as revisions to the data

made after the release of the industry reports.

• Geographic Area Summary. This report contains industry and geographic area statistics summarized in one report. It includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry and state

reports, as well as revisions to the data made after the release of the industry and state reports.

Other reports. Data for this sector are also included in reports with multisector coverage, including Nonemployer Statistics, Comparative Statistics, Bridge Between 2002 NAICS and 1997 NAICS,

Business Expenses, and the Survey of Business Owners reports.

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS COVERED

1. The United States as a whole.

2. States and the District of Columbia.

x Construction 2002 Economic Census

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
3. Census regions.The regions are made up of groups of states as follows:

a. Northeast region: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New

York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont

b. Midwest region: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,

North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin

c. South region: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia

d. West region: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New

Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming

DOLLAR VALUES

All dollar values presented are expressed in current dollars; i.e., 2002 data are expressed in 2002

dollars, and 1997 data, in 1997 dollars. Consequently, when making comparisons with prior

years, users of the data should consider the changes in prices that have occurred.

All dollar values are shown in thousands of dollars.

COMPARABILITY OF THE 1997 AND 2002 ECONOMIC CENSUSES

Both the 2002 Economic Census and the 1997 Economic Census present data based on the North

American Industry Classification System (NAICS). There were substantial revisions made to the

entire construction sector, for 2002. These changes are:

1. Each subsector has been reclassified in 2002 to:

• 236—Construction of Buildings

• 237—Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction

• 238—Specialty Trade Contractors

2. Adopted several mining industries:

• oil and gas pipeline and related structures construction, now in Industry 237120

• site preparation and related construction activities on a contract or fee basis, now in

Industry 238910.

More detailed information of NAICS changes from 1997 to 2002, may be examined at

http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/n02ton97.htm.

In addition, there have been several additional data tables added, which did not exist in 1997.

These tables for 2002 include e-commerce value of business done and leased and nonleased

detail employment statistics by subsectors. Also included is housing starts by single NAICS industry (six-digit code).

RELIABILITY OF DATA

All data compiled for this sector are subject to nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors can be

attributed to many sources: inability to identify all cases in the actual universe; definition and

classification difficulties; differences in the interpretation of questions; errors in recording or coding the data obtained; and other errors of collection, response, coverage, processing, and estimation for missing or misreported data.

No direct measurement of these effects has been obtained except for estimation for missing or

misreported data, as by the percentages shown in the tables. Precautionary steps were taken in all

phases of the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data in an effort to minimize the effects

of nonsampling errors. More information on the reliability of the data is included in Appendix C,

Methodology.

2002 Economic Census Construction xi

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
DISCLOSURE

In accordance with federal law governing census reports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no

data are published that would disclose the operations of an individual establishment or company.

However, the number of establishments in a specific industry or geographic area is not considered

a disclosure; therefore, this information may be released even though other information is withheld. Techniques employed to limit disclosure are discussed at

www.census.gov/epcd/ec02/disclosure.htm.

AVAILABILITY OF MORE FREQUENT ECONOMIC DATA

The U.S. Census Bureau’s monthly Construction Reports, Series C30, Value of New Construction

Put in Place contain data related to construction sector census data. The main difference is that

the C30 series covers all new construction put in place without regard to who is performing the

construction activity. The construction sector census data covers both new construction and maintenance and repair work done by establishments classified in the construction industries. Significant amounts of construction are done by establishments classified outside of construction (real

estate, manufacturing, utilities, and communications, for example), as both “force account” construction and construction done for others. In addition, the C30 series includes constructionrelated expenses such as architectural and engineering costs and the costs of materials supplied

by owners that are normally not reflected in construction sector census data.

Data contained in the 2002 construction sector may also differ from industry data in Employment

and Earnings Statistics, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Statistics of Income, published by the Internal Revenue Service. These differences arise from varying definitions of scope,

coverage, timing, classification, and methodology.

In additon, the County Business Patterns program offers annual statistics on the number of establishments, employment, and payroll classified by industry within each county, and Statistics of

U.S. Businesses provides annual statistics classified by the employment size of the enterprise, further classified by industry for the United States, and by broader categories for states and metropolitan areas.

CONTACTS FOR DATA USERS

Questions about these data may be directed to the U.S. Census Bureau, Manufacturing & Construction Division, Information Services Center, 301-763-4673 or ask.census.gov.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

The following abbreviations and symbols are used with these data:

A Standard error of 100 percent or more

D Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual companies; data are included in higher level totals

F Exceeds 100 percent because data include establishments with payroll exceeding revenue

N Not available or not comparable

S Withheld because estimates did not meet publication standards

X Not applicable

Z Less than half the unit shown

a 0 to 19 employees

b 20 to 99 employees

c 100 to 249 employees

e 250 to 499 employees

f 500 to 999 employees

g 1,000 to 2,499 employees

h 2,500 to 4,999 employees

i 5,000 to 9,999 employees

j 10,000 to 24,999 employees

k 25,000 to 49,999 employees

l 50,000 to 99,999 employees

m 100,000 employees or more

xii Construction 2002 Economic Census

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
p 10 to 19 percent estimated

q 20 to 29 percent estimated

r Revised

s Sampling error exceeds 40 percent

nsk Not specified by kind

– Represents zero (page image/print only)

(CC) Consolidated city

(IC) Independent city

2002 Economic Census Construction xiii

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 1. Industry Statistics on 2002 NAICS Basis Distributed Among 1997 NAICSBased

Industries for the United States: 2002

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and

nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For detailed title descriptions, see Appendix F]

2002

NAICS

code

1997

bridge

code

Industry or bridge

Number of

estab

lishments

Total

number of

employees

Total

payroll

Value of

construction

work1

Net

value of

construction

work

Value

added

Cost of

materials,

components,

supplies,

and fuels

Capital

expenditures,

other than

land

ABCDEF G H

238220 Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning contractors 87 501 974 368 35 942 262 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 1 837 897

23511000 Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning

contractors (pt) 87 443 973 364 35 906 778 117 682 869 105 236 865 66 803 636 39 382 240 1 834 497

23595000 Building equipment and other machinery

installation contractors (pt) 58 1 005 35 484 102 916 86 297 74 446 17 941 3 400

1For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the modified definition.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 1

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 2. Employment Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and geographical definitions,

see note at end of table. For information on geographic areas followed by *, see Appendix D. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix

A]

Location of establishment

Number of employees Number of construction workers Payroll

(thousand dollars)

Number of estab lishments TotalCon struction

workers

Januaryto MarchApril to JuneJuly

to September

Octoberto December TotalCon struction

workers

Relative

standard

error of

estimate

(percent) for column

A B C D E F G H IB

238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors

United States 87 501 974 368 712 452 S 726 131 735 393 711 835 35 942 262 25 619 932 1 Alabama 1 425 16 279 12 433 10 625 13 047 13 105 12 956 430 252 308 967 2 Alaska 209 2 228 1 653 1 474 1 544 1 883 1 709 97 193 72 876 7 Arizona 1 508 18 586 14 019 13 026 14 178 14 589 14 284 584 041 420 668 3 Arkansas 1 045 8 066 5 939 5 204 6 281 6 336 5 936 209 991 154 099 4 California 7 251 95 674 69 918 64 923 71 866 72 794 70 086 3 846 448 2 701 946 3

Colorado 2 015 20 715 15 714 14 616 16 520 16 406 15 314 753 883 547 419 3 Connecticut 1 299 11 426 8 220 7 312 8 471 8 643 8 456 465 055 322 154 3 Delaware 307 4 112 3 187 3 099 3 198 3 339 3 111 157 576 D 5 District of Columbia 22 786 516 511 506 524 523 40 085 21 379 – Florida 5 019 57 881 41 564 40 065 42 243 42 171 41 777 1 823 204 1 258 964 2

Georgia 2 534 28 419 20 760 19 826 21 253 21 418 20 542 944 212 653 972 4 Hawaii 280 2 320 1 653 1 582 1 651 1 680 1 699 96 844 65 305 9 Idaho 581 5 318 4 037 3 765 4 126 4 202 4 055 170 647 133 184 3 Illinois 3 807 44 713 32 589 33 253 32 822 32 101 32 179 2 052 539 1 503 988 3 Indiana 1 843 23 719 17 304 16 657 17 376 17 713 17 472 991 141 753 297 3

Iowa 1 068 10 399 7 697 6 987 8 190 7 980 7 633 372 291 266 275 3 Kansas 946 10 046 7 323 6 908 7 316 7 647 7 419 367 219 264 596 3 Kentucky 1 219 12 827 9 638 9 237 9 677 10 022 9 614 408 927 307 205 3 Louisiana 1 469 13 850 10 118 9 262 10 383 10 915 9 913 419 948 291 819 5 Maine 458 3 946 2 633 2 404 2 698 2 684 2 745 114 586 76 227 7

Maryland 2 043 29 222 21 964 21 164 22 239 22 759 21 695 1 131 064 797 680 2 Massachusetts 2 519 24 002 17 295 16 782 17 471 17 616 17 311 1 007 904 715 867 3 Michigan 3 047 33 162 24 354 23 051 25 216 25 153 23 996 1 319 789 957 926 3 Minnesota 1 616 20 131 14 800 14 095 14 833 15 586 14 687 842 593 601 832 3 Mississippi 654 6 482 4 963 4 974 5 060 5 093 4 725 184 147 132 811 5

Missouri 1 813 19 878 14 460 14 142 14 561 14 835 14 301 801 854 580 960 3 Montana 432 3 096 2 282 1 876 2 351 2 462 2 438 92 499 68 335 7 Nebraska 683 6 859 5 053 4 703 5 141 5 262 5 106 236 196 177 052 3 Nevada 497 8 727 6 731 6 311 6 619 6 717 7 277 325 159 236 085 7 New Hampshire 531 4 365 3 178 3 076 3 164 3 179 3 293 179 570 123 215 5

New Jersey 3 527 31 012 22 118 21 592 22 534 22 466 21 883 1 319 889 949 574 3

New Mexico 579 4 934 3 714 3 453 3 746 3 836 3 820 147 852 104 343 7

New York 5 746 55 878 40 229 38 135 40 362 41 484 40 934 2 304 763 1 594 555 3

North Carolina 2 951 31 716 22 993 22 236 23 514 23 484 22 737 992 231 684 213 2

North Dakota 272 2 470 1 916 1 759 2 099 1 960 1 846 87 633 D 4

Ohio 3 494 38 761 27 813 26 231 28 040 29 147 27 835 1 440 407 1 035 653 2

Oklahoma 1 158 8 413 6 262 6 082 6 478 6 423 6 063 256 922 185 111 3

Oregon 1 031 11 979 8 589 8 254 8 776 8 871 8 456 475 266 332 135 3

Pennsylvania 3 651 41 647 30 163 28 610 30 587 31 406 30 048 1 600 874 1 156 067 3

Rhode Island 397 3 675 2 816 2 502 2 902 2 995 2 866 136 580 99 426 6

South Carolina 1 471 15 075 10 643 10 152 10 869 11 048 10 504 461 390 327 225 3

South Dakota 337 2 841 2 087 1 801 2 157 2 219 2 171 83 704 58 708 3

Tennessee 1 329 19 555 14 302 13 951 14 321 14 545 14 391 640 808 459 267 2

Texas 5 628 74 047 54 643 52 113 56 307 56 545 53 606 2 427 844 1 729 375 3

Utah 891 8 599 6 478 6 398 6 536 6 620 6 359 270 881 202 660 4

Vermont 281 1 776 1 307 1 437 1 394 1 231 1 166 62 004 43 093 8

Virginia 2 525 30 691 22 982 21 139 23 773 24 077 22 941 999 269 699 847 3

Washington 1 601 18 929 13 374 12 224 13 483 14 029 13 762 771 215 539 445 4

West Virginia 411 3 090 2 315 2 175 2 376 2 388 2 320 92 540 70 544 7

Wisconsin 1 818 20 454 14 584 14 225 14 714 14 656 14 743 855 264 617 952 3

Wyoming 262 1 591 1 130 1 074 1 164 1 149 1 132 48 071 D 8

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C. For geographical definitions, see Appendix D.

2 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 3. General Statistics for Establishments by State: 2002

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,

nonsampling error, and geographical definitions, see note at end of table. For information on geographic areas followed by *, see Appendix D. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see

introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Location of establishment

Relative standard

error of estimate

(percent) for

column E1

Value of construction work2

Net value of construction work

Value

added

Cost of

materials,

components,

supplies,

and fuels

Cost of construction work subcontracted

out to others

Total

rental

costs

Capital

expend itures, other than land

Endofyear

gross book value of depreciable assets

A B C D E F G H IC H

238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors

United States 1 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 12 462 622 1 913 836 1 837 897 S – 1 Alabama 2 1 486 266 1 335 026 818 944 547 075 151 240 27 315 23 509 290 264 3 6 Alaska – 384 009 315 779 209 645 110 136 68 230 5 227 5 679 38 067 5 7 Arizona 1 1 957 356 1 815 586 1 048 567 776 410 141 770 34 897 31 360 264 734 3 8 Arkansas 1 799 157 733 666 438 746 305 198 65 491 14 066 18 636 143 602 5 11 California 1 12 348 324 11 176 186 7 219 967 4 018 868 1 172 138 220 791 159 086 1 379 541 2 6

Colorado 1 2 354 130 2 119 118 1 325 667 821 432 235 012 39 970 32 069 277 315 2 6 Connecticut 2 1 576 996 1 420 933 929 762 504 432 156 063 25 349 33 415 204 471 3 12 Delaware 1 466 051 423 604 275 565 152 589 42 447 8 583 8 141 61 135 4 4 District of Columbia 1 117 971 D 71 124 29 263 D 2 139 1 503 13 194 S – Florida 1 6 238 129 5 623 316 3 414 651 2 266 488 614 813 95 941 121 985 797 735 2 3

Georgia 1 3 436 673 3 055 853 1 851 844 1 226 368 380 819 58 283 69 373 455 712 4 4 Hawaii 1 358 921 322 867 197 562 129 870 36 053 6 875 3 383 35 667 8 13 Idaho 1 546 120 498 667 299 925 211 224 47 453 8 781 9 633 68 704 3 4 Illinois 1 6 103 440 5 497 917 3 756 225 1 769 005 605 523 100 596 85 480 678 503 2 6 Indiana 1 2 962 739 2 544 565 1 704 087 869 252 418 174 53 614 44 331 383 437 2 14

Iowa – 1 191 466 1 057 441 655 448 429 826 134 024 19 693 21 441 195 012 2 6 Kansas 1 1 225 206 1 070 515 649 710 431 111 154 691 17 039 16 461 157 091 2 6 Kentucky 1 1 357 063 1 235 103 771 886 469 639 121 960 23 385 23 261 213 805 2 5 Louisiana 1 1 439 726 1 265 444 777 030 497 169 174 283 23 841 29 949 206 571 5 14 Maine 1 393 322 356 787 221 625 141 012 36 535 5 976 7 991 63 075 5 17

Maryland 1 3 903 426 3 320 118 2 090 301 1 252 186 583 308 60 994 46 674 412 934 2 6 Massachusetts 2 3 531 603 3 028 454 2 004 051 1 038 135 503 149 48 898 53 725 374 145 2 13 Michigan 1 4 333 866 3 840 947 2 537 704 1 338 122 492 919 72 144 61 291 517 389 3 6 Minnesota – 2 869 964 2 588 826 1 662 334 961 326 281 138 50 240 50 953 371 596 2 7 Mississippi 2 754 581 683 606 402 127 283 974 70 975 10 805 19 315 133 694 5 19

Missouri 1 2 538 164 2 261 591 1 432 464 849 634 276 573 33 258 39 012 316 221 2 6 Montana 2 356 269 311 282 182 602 135 009 44 987 6 009 7 917 60 228 7 13 Nebraska – 819 918 729 336 413 453 321 124 90 582 11 161 13 247 136 486 2 11 Nevada 2 1 093 301 1 015 045 669 019 350 843 78 256 16 811 13 038 89 094 6 10 New Hampshire 2 535 046 482 837 308 537 179 259 52 209 8 642 9 060 65 819 4 8

New Jersey 2 4 192 136 3 725 573 2 519 115 1 225 623 466 562 63 778 59 631 438 476 2 6 New Mexico 1 541 393 491 217 302 576 191 137 50 176 8 476 11 156 81 059 6 16 New York 2 7 554 021 6 612 164 4 316 369 2 333 826 941 858 112 826 102 407 785 784 2 4

North Carolina 1 3 225 498 2 888 425 1 789 608 1 125 922 337 072 57 384 53 437 492 974 2 7

North Dakota – 292 117 257 146 153 815 105 405 34 971 4 386 4 246 48 732 3 9

Ohio 1 4 603 389 4 102 841 2 670 123 1 468 365 500 549 79 918 66 850 591 855 2 5

Oklahoma 1 906 621 829 415 494 542 341 921 77 207 14 125 15 434 136 060 3 6

Oregon 1 1 440 390 1 307 867 820 169 506 559 132 523 22 697 17 683 156 741 3 5

Pennsylvania 1 5 284 960 4 683 368 3 045 892 1 677 707 601 592 80 222 83 627 680 491 2 5

Rhode Island 3 490 872 430 654 259 703 171 994 60 217 6 453 6 508 46 030 4 7

South Carolina 2 1 395 221 1 283 841 771 453 518 348 111 381 23 803 19 856 203 862 3 6

South Dakota 1 333 758 311 005 173 539 141 297 22 754 3 739 18 812 65 198 2 3

Tennessee 1 2 291 636 2 090 568 1 252 575 845 946 201 068 36 992 52 247 316 106 2 4

Texas 1 7 995 926 7 195 231 4 394 161 2 871 664 800 694 121 622 117 242 1 021 758 3 5

Utah 1 1 010 226 896 459 546 742 353 933 113 766 16 539 12 732 127 915 3 6

Vermont 2 207 788 187 828 113 013 77 190 19 961 3 350 2 827 30 717 9 15

Virginia 1 3 032 746 2 779 629 1 738 782 1 073 626 253 117 47 652 49 327 400 329 2 7

Washington 1 2 469 407 2 207 511 1 393 599 853 946 261 896 44 707 32 908 370 312 3 7

West Virginia 1 296 407 277 298 180 188 99 089 19 109 4 113 4 589 35 685 6 15

Wisconsin – 2 575 754 2 382 971 1 507 365 941 196 192 783 45 933 41 098 405 451 2 5

Wyoming 1 166 318 D 94 180 59 507 D 3 797 4 361 27 087 S 16

1Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, these data were calculated

using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. The following symbols are shown where estimated imputationbased data on construction receipts account for 10 percent or more of the figures

shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the modified definition.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C. For geographical definitions, see Appendix D.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 3

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 4. Detailed Statistics for Establishments: 2002

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table.

For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item Value

Relative standard error

of estimate (percent)

238220, Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning contractors

All establishments number87 501 1

All employees number974 368 1

Construction workers in March number S S

Construction workers in May number 726 131 1

Construction workers in August number 735 393 1

Construction workers in November number 711 835 1

Average number of construction workers number 712 452 1

Other employees in March number S S

Other employees in May number257 811 1

Other employees in August number 261 941 1

Other employees in November number 261 405 1

Average number of other employees number 261 916 1

Total payroll$1,00035 942 262 –

Construction workers$1,00025 619 932 –

Other employees $1,00010 322 330 1

Firstquarter payroll, all employees $1,000 8 733 693 –

Fringe benefits, all employees $1,000 9 326 660 –

Legally required expenditures $1,000 4 861 969 1

Voluntary expenditures $1,0004 464 691 –

Value of business done1 $1,000118 740 885 –

Value of construction work1 $1,000117 785 785 –

Value of construction work on government owned projects $1,000 25 407 206 1

Value of construction work on federally owned projects $1,000 6 836 230 1

Value of construction work on state and locally owned projects $1,000 18 570 976 1

Value of construction work on privately owned projects $1,000 92 378 579 1

Other business receipts $1,000955 100 3

Value of construction work subcontracted in from others $1,000 62 989 676 1

Net value of construction work $1,000 105 323 163 –

Value added $1,00066 878 082 1

Selected costs$1,00051 862 803 1

Materials, parts, and supplies $1,000 37 813 136 1

Construction work subcontracted out to others $1,000 12 462 622 1

Selected power, fuels, and lubricants $1,000 1 587 045 1

Purchased electricity $1,000263 532 1

Natural gas and manufactured gas $1,000 106 837 4

Gasoline and diesel fuel $1,000 1 167 983 1

Onhighway use of gasoline and diesel fuel $1,000 1 086 953 1

Offhighway use of gasoline and diesel fuel $1,000 81 030 2

All other fuels and lubricants $1,000 48 694 4

Total rental costs $1,0001 913 836 1

Machinery and equipment $1,000 889 133 1

Buildings $1,0001 024 703 1

Selected purchased services $1,000 3 675 805 1

Communication services $1,000 1 012 703 1

Repairs to buildings and other structures $1,000 518 107 1

Repairs to machinery and equipment $1,000 785 457 1

Legal services$1,000229 859 3

Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services $1,000 416 471 4

Advertising and promotional services $1,000 S S

Beginningofyear gross book value of depreciable assets $1,000 13 662 064 1

Capital expenditures, other than land $1,000 1 837 897 1

Retirements and disposition of depreciable assets $1,000 S S

Endofyear gross book value of depreciable assets $1,000 S S

Depreciation charges during year $1,000 1 666 352 1

Establishments with inventories number 28 570 –

Value of construction work for establishments with inventories $1,000 57 629 835 –

Endof2002, inventories of materials and supplies $1,000 1 845 675 2

Endof2001, inventories of materials and supplies $1,000 1 724 821 2

Establishments with no inventories number 44 669 –

Value of construction work for establishments with no inventories $1,000 48 392 125 –

Establishments not reporting inventories number 14 263 –

Value of construction work for establishment not reporting inventores $1,000 11 763 826 –

1For the 2002 Economic Census, the definitions of value of business done and value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the modified definitions.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

4 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 5. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Employment Size Class: 2002

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table.

For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Employment size class

E1

Number of estab lishments

Total number of

employees

Total

payroll

Value of

business done2

Value of construction work2

Net value of construction work

Value

added

Cost of

materials,

components,

supplies,

and fuels

Cost of construction work subcontracted out to

others

Relative

standard

error of

estimate

(percent) for column

AB C D E F G H I J C

238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors

All establishments 1 87 501 974 368 35 942 262 118 740 885 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 12 462 622 1 Establishments with 1 to 4 employees – 46 507 98 197 2 396 404 10 394 201 10 330 012 9 687 847 5 852 775 3 899 261 642 165 2 5 to 9 employees – 19 233 124 682 3 635 485 12 180 461 12 072 884 11 295 276 7 057 692 4 345 161 777 608 2 10 to 19 employees – 11 620 155 274 5 471 724 16 774 782 16 616 667 15 378 251 9 885 762 5 650 605 1 238 415 2 20 to 49 employees – 6 979 206 624 8 193 334 25 279 522 25 036 095 22 723 509 14 582 615 8 384 320 2 312 587 1 50 to 99 employees – 2 007 136 816 5 789 358 18 741 145 18 573 512 16 246 893 10 258 016 6 156 509 2 326 619 1 100 to 249 employees – 892 131 304 5 604 200 19 151 617 19 050 229 16 372 133 10 288 381 6 185 141 2 678 096 1 250 to 499 employees – 185 61 287 2 544 919 8 569 134 8 498 738 7 181 883 4 618 031 2 634 248 1 316 855 1 500 to 999 employees – 67 42 967 1 616 252 5 924 201 5 884 825 4 893 206 3 200 448 1 732 134 991 619 – 1,000 employees or more – 11 17 218 690 587 1 725 823 1 722 823 1 544 164 1 134 361 412 803 178 659 –

1Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, these data were calculated

using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. The following symbols are shown where estimated imputationbased data on construction receipts account for 10 percent or more of the figures

shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2For the 2002 Economic Census, the definitions of value of business done and value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the

modified definitions.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 5

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 6. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Value of Business Done Size Class: 2002

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table.

For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Dollar value size class

E1

Number of estab lishments

Total number of

employees

Total

payroll

Value of

business done2

Value of construction work2

Net value of construction work

Value

added

Cost of

materials,

components,

supplies,

and fuels

Cost of construction work subcontracted out to

others

Relative

standard

error of

estimate

(percent) for column

AB C D E F G H I J G

238220, Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning contractors

All establishments 1 87 501 974 368 35 942 262 118 740 885 117 785 785 105 323 163 66 878 082 39 400 181 12 462 622 – Establishments with value of business

done Less than $25,000 3 63 S S S S S S S SS

$25,000 to $49,999 – 2 366 S S S S S S S SS

$50,000 to $99,999 – 6 831 9 329 141 768 516 401 513 302 482 275 305 577 179 798 31 027 5 $100,000 to $249,999 – 22 881 47 362 949 116 3 889 777 3 871 021 3 643 167 2 265 956 1 395 968 227 853 3 $250,000 to $499,999 – 20 143 81 082 2 025 720 7 183 622 7 121 673 6 747 470 4 162 696 2 646 723 374 203 3 $500,000 to $999,999 – 14 548 108 662 3 150 775 10 167 418 10 080 791 9 525 147 5 907 289 3 704 485 555 644 2 $1,000,000 to $2,499,999 – 11 773 171 905 6 010 717 18 133 132 17 943 160 16 832 796 10 741 967 6 280 801 1 110 364 2 $2,500,000 to $4,999,999 – 4 578 130 916 5 250 555 15 869 298 15 719 596 14 380 600 9 219 224 5 311 078 1 338 996 1 $5,000,000 to $9,999,999 – 2 486 132 114 5 505 044 17 134 516 16 990 560 15 155 146 9 558 079 5 741 023 1 835 414 1 $10,000,000 or more – 1 832 290 441 12 878 579 45 757 538 45 456 950 38 473 979 24 663 302 14 111 265 6 982 971 –

1Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, these data were calculated

using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse. The following symbols are shown where estimated imputationbased data on construction receipts account for 10 percent or more of the figures

shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to 89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2For the 2002 Economic Census, the definitions of value of business done and value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the

modified definitions.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

6 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 7. Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Type of Construction: 2002

[Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table.

For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Type of construction

Value of construction work1

Relative standard error of estimate (percent) for column

Total

New construction

Additions,

alterations, or

reconstruction

Maintenance and repair

ABCDABC D

238220, Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning

contractors

Total 117 785 785 59 127 042 28 884 167 29 774 577 – – 1 1

Building construction, total 111 566 876 56 350 917 27 373 503 27 842 456 – 1 1 1

Singlefamily houses, detached and attached 37 458 666 19 000 254 6 577 374 11 881 038 1 1 2 1

Singlefamily houses, detached 32 803 653 16 690 587 5 871 314 10 241 752 1 1 2 2

Singlefamily houses, attached 4 655 013 2 309 666 706 060 1 639 286 3 5 4 4

Other manufacturing and light industrial buildings, such

as factories, assembly plants, and industrial research

laboratories 10 201 433 4 545 170 3 245 439 2 410 823 1 1 1 1

Office buildings 13 623 274 6 329 965 3 965 740 3 327 569 1 1 1 2

Stores, restaurants, and automobile service stations, and

other commercial buildings 11 147 972 5 269 020 2 522 825 3 356 127 1 1 2 2

Educational buildings 11 146 272 6 175 769 3 857 691 1 112 812 1 1 1 3

Other building construction 27 989 259 15 030 739 7 204 433 5 754 086 1 1 1 1

Nonbuilding construction, total 6 106 637 2 663 852 1 510 664 1 932 121 1 1 2 3

Other nonbuilding construction 6 106 637 2 663 852 1 510 664 1 932 121 1 1 2 3

Construction work, nsk 112 273 112 273 – – – – – –

1For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the modified definition.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 7

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 8. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Types of Construction:

2002

[Thousand dollars unless otherise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. This table presents selected statistics for establishments according to degree of specialization in major types of

construction work. If number of establishments or value of construction work for a given type of specialization are relatively insignificant, data may not be shown. In addition, data are not shown in this

table where distribution of the value of construction work by type of construction was not provided in Table 7. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection,

sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at the end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item

Number

of

estab

lishments

Total

number

of

employees

Total

payroll

Value of

construction

work for

specialized

type

Net

value of

construction

work

Value

added

Cost of

construction

work

subcontracted

out to others

Relative

standard error

of estimate

(percent)

for column

ABCDE FG G

238220, Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning

contractors

Total 87 501 974 368 35 942 262 X 105 323 163 66 878 082 12 462 622 1 Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 64 190 593 303 20 534 537 56 198 029 62 123 326 38 866 662 6 534 836 1

Building construction, total

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 62 489 566 457 19 454 426 53 780 243 59 616 993 37 089 678 6 082 273 2

Specialization 100 percent 22 333 170 274 5 703 238 19 836 348 18 099 551 11 278 289 1 736 797 4

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 10 820 88 828 2 819 575 8 953 551 8 964 416 5 368 288 640 252 3

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 9 983 81 888 2 737 912 7 774 661 8 645 013 5 345 536 822 886 2

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 8 399 86 507 3 028 440 7 481 893 9 147 647 5 681 757 1 098 083 4

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 7 274 85 926 3 127 713 6 218 888 8 958 662 5 623 159 1 039 123 1

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 3 679 53 035 2 037 548 3 514 902 5 801 704 3 792 649 745 132 2

Singlefamily houses, detached and attached

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 48 433 334 000 9 745 039 29 296 619 32 401 426 19 658 067 1 838 966 4

Specialization 100 percent 18 043 110 969 3 201 683 12 046 514 11 245 920 6 870 227 800 593 9

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 9 250 65 388 1 848 915 6 098 484 6 254 033 3 659 939 287 273 5

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 8 180 53 912 1 554 645 4 534 030 5 245 261 3 142 438 264 623 5

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 6 123 43 834 1 318 850 3 209 882 4 181 533 2 539 465 188 249 5

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 4 331 38 624 1 150 193 2 291 485 3 528 227 2 196 008 160 567 4

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 2 506 21 273 670 753 1 116 224 1 946 452 1 249 991 137 661 5

Singlefamily houses, detached

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 44 727 310 893 9 068 897 27 264 935 30 030 582 18 156 894 1 713 001 4

Specialization 100 percent 16 868 105 240 3 063 554 11 419 609 10 652 608 6 457 138 767 001 9

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 8 652 62 016 1 755 426 5 756 665 5 906 023 3 434 448 265 530 3

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 7 444 49 632 1 413 787 4 159 961 4 817 020 2 887 301 238 705 5

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 5 509 39 260 1 186 041 2 856 758 3 722 676 2 259 913 166 319 5

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 3 966 35 080 1 031 831 2 054 933 3 159 529 1 975 111 146 763 4

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 2 288 19 664 618 258 1 017 010 1 772 727 1 142 983 128 683 5

Singlefamily houses, attached

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 3 706 23 108 676 141 2 031 684 2 370 844 1 501 173 125 965 13

Specialization 100 percent 1 175 5 729 138 129 626 905 593 312 413 088 33 593 35

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 597 3 372 93 489 341 819 348 010 225 491 21 742 49 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 736 4 280 140 858 374 069 428 241 255 137 25 918 13 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 613 4 574 132 809 353 124 458 857 279 552 21 930 12 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 365 3 544 118 362 236 552 368 698 220 897 13 804 14 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 218 1 609 52 495 99 215 173 725 107 009 8 978 16

Other manufacturing and light industrial

buildings, such as factories, assembly plants,

and industrial research laboratories

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 860 44 406 2 128 504 5 018 824 5 352 744 3 590 700 760 630 1

Specialization 100 percent 922 19 168 909 551 2 532 766 2 262 484 1 565 685 270 282 1

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 121 3 410 165 414 418 752 394 593 263 080 54 450 4

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 119 3 996 184 991 465 875 500 657 377 767 68 791 1

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 250 5 617 260 655 533 398 639 900 396 305 97 047 2

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 319 6 389 312 178 590 631 818 405 500 944 133 093 1

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 129 5 826 295 716 477 402 736 705 486 920 136 968 2

Office buildings

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 2 426 42 884 1 874 214 4 881 368 5 485 409 3 499 021 853 201 1

Specialization 100 percent 822 9 780 396 780 1 354 115 1 175 497 703 442 178 618 4

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 267 4 114 182 589 567 251 549 705 360 096 67 776 7

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 300 5 617 266 962 743 169 774 144 537 385 133 501 3

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 398 8 376 346 404 908 314 1 094 288 680 321 156 305 2

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 472 8 612 406 536 873 275 1 161 424 717 256 227 803 2

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 164 6 385 274 943 435 243 730 351 500 521 89 198 2

Stores, restaurants, and automobile service

stations, and other commercial buildings

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 3 965 49 730 1 855 663 4 495 704 5 223 451 3 455 160 520 980 2

Specialization 100 percent 1 265 13 565 531 906 1 636 597 1 498 795 997 510 137 802 4

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 371 4 134 160 968 469 648 459 563 302 706 41 940 5

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 688 5 953 233 525 534 673 610 521 393 651 44 873 5

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 619 8 996 318 920 787 140 928 354 603 244 149 778 3

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 635 8 802 320 223 566 956 850 503 561 174 68 973 5

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 387 8 279 290 121 500 690 875 714 596 876 77 615 4

Educational buildings

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 795 35 838 1 473 193 4 061 338 4 440 289 2 795 337 1 074 360 2

Specialization 100 percent 213 2 568 111 917 431 852 338 533 210 966 93 319 17

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 343 5 016 180 803 622 312 544 609 313 980 120 757 6

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 232 5 251 216 583 707 510 664 481 410 553 195 676 3

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 418 9 560 364 663 1 025 266 1 136 853 728 087 276 415 3

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 445 9 312 400 046 874 057 1 161 109 742 033 239 431 4

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 145 4 131 199 179 400 342 594 702 389 718 148 762 4

See footnotes at end of table

8 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 8. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in Types of Construction:

2002Con.

[Thousand dollars unless otherise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. This table presents selected statistics for establishments according to degree of specialization in major types of

construction work. If number of establishments or value of construction work for a given type of specialization are relatively insignificant, data may not be shown. In addition, data are not shown in this

table where distribution of the value of construction work by type of construction was not provided in Table 7. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection,

sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at the end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item

Number

of

estab

lishments

Total

number

of

employees

Total

payroll

Value of

construction

work for

specialized

type

Net

value of

construction

work

Value

added

Cost of

construction

work

subcontracted

out to others

Relative

standard error

of estimate

(percent)

for column

ABCDE FG G

Other building construction

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 4 010 59 599 2 377 813 6 026 390 6 713 674 4 091 392 1 034 136 5

Specialization 100 percent 1 068 14 223 551 401 1 834 504 1 578 322 930 460 256 183 8

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 468 6 766 280 886 777 103 761 912 468 486 68 058 9

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 464 7 158 281 205 789 405 849 948 483 742 115 423 5

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 590 10 124 418 948 1 017 892 1 166 719 734 336 230 290 20

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 1 072 14 188 538 537 1 022 485 1 438 994 905 746 209 255 3

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 348 7 141 306 837 585 000 917 780 568 622 154 928 6

Nonbuilding construction, total

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 525 25 796 1 040 957 2 305 514 2 404 578 1 702 193 442 045 5

Specialization 100 percent 1 022 14 874 458 386 1 187 970 1 078 285 755 815 109 684 10

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 107 1 713 93 945 233 199 202 658 173 655 48 972 35

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 24 1 179 60 624 114 926 117 884 96 747 25 091 2

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 112 2 596 120 531 226 918 268 091 163 081 42 321 4

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 229 3 061 161 517 288 127 386 839 257 401 78 580 1

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 32 2 372 145 954 254 374 350 821 255 493 137 397 2

Other nonbuilding construction

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 1 525 25 796 1 040 957 2 305 514 2 404 578 1 702 193 442 045 5

Specialization 100 percent 1 022 14 874 458 386 1 187 970 1 078 285 755 815 109 684 10

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 107 1 713 93 945 233 199 202 658 173 655 48 972 35

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 24 1 179 60 624 114 926 117 884 96 747 25 091 2

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 112 2 596 120 531 226 918 268 091 163 081 42 321 4

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 229 3 061 161 517 288 127 386 839 257 401 78 580 1

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 32 2 372 145 954 254 374 350 821 255 493 137 397 2

Construction work, nsk

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 176 1 050 39 155 112 273 101 755 74 791 10 518 –

Specialization 100 percent 176 1 050 39 155 112 273 101 755 74 791 10 518 –

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 9

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 9. Value of Business Done for Establishments by KindofBusiness Activity: 2002

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Based on their primary business activity or combination of activities, establishments were classified into this

specific industry. These establishments, however, may also be engaged in other kinds of business activities. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection,

sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols,see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Primary and other kind of business activities Value of business done1 Relative standard error of estimate (percent)

238220, Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning contractors

Total 118 740 885 –

Special trade contractors, total 100 297 766 1 Heating, ventilation and airconditioning contractor (HVAC)49 425 445 1 Mechanical contractor 17 811 996 1 Plumbing contractor33 060 325 1

All other construction activities17 425 375 1

Other business activities secondary to construction activities, total 943 763 3 All other business activities secondary to construction activities 943 763 3

Kind of business activity, nsk 73 981 9

1For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of business done has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the modified definition.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

10 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 10. Selected Statistics for Establishments by Specialization in KindofBusiness Activity:

2002

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. This table presents selected statistics for establishments according to degree of specialization by major activity

of construction work. If number of establishments or value of construction work for a given type of specialization are relatively insignificant, data may not be shown. In addition, data are not shown in this

table where distribution of the value of business done by kind of business activity was not provided in Table 9. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection,

sampling error, and nonsampling error, see note at end of table. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Item

Number

of

estab

lishments

Total

number

of employees

Total

payroll

Value of

construction

work for

specialized

kind of

business

Net

value of

construction

work

Value

added

Cost of

construction

work

subcontracted

out to others

Relative

standard error

of estimate

(percent)

for column

ABCDE FG G

238220, Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning

contractors

Total 87 501 974 368 35 942 262 X 105 323 163 66 878 082 12 462 622 1

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 85 190 943 531 34 749 621 101 423 440 102 200 432 64 897 846 12 063 345 1

Special trade contractors, total

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 77 180 828 799 30 150 597 89 543 425 90 072 752 56 678 284 10 774 610 1

Specialization 100 percent 53 572 514 992 18 129 954 62 329 785 56 253 469 35 271 628 6 076 316 2

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 6 435 68 677 2 440 744 7 280 784 7 036 948 4 425 103 689 474 4

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 4 262 49 437 1 808 199 4 989 920 5 367 207 3 307 979 651 106 1

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 4 463 50 184 1 920 587 4 472 491 5 427 304 3 332 311 688 443 2

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 4 301 60 072 2 196 073 4 354 139 6 131 230 3 955 026 838 966 2

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 4 145 85 437 3 655 039 6 116 307 9 856 595 6 386 237 1 830 305 1

Heating, ventilation and airconditioning

contractor (HVAC)

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 36 345 413 392 15 077 645 44 843 001 45 736 143 28 424 482 4 769 818 1

Specialization 100 percent 25 496 252 584 8 914 130 30 930 024 28 344 874 17 493 061 2 585 150 2 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 3 161 37 165 1 301 880 3 900 613 3 824 341 2 323 710 310 781 3 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 1 974 26 733 951 427 2 602 040 2 841 413 1 724 810 294 504 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 1 959 24 300 932 775 2 166 425 2 624 029 1 602 555 325 365 3 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 1 801 27 940 1 076 601 2 123 625 3 013 655 1 980 851 369 871 1 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1 954 44 669 1 900 833 3 120 274 5 087 830 3 299 494 884 146 2

Mechanical contractor

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 3 219 119 411 5 330 712 16 069 385 14 744 179 9 470 815 3 499 949 1

Specialization 100 percent 2 121 75 136 3 254 930 11 422 606 9 305 993 5 930 246 2 116 613 1 Specialization 90 to 99 percent 138 5 954 272 553 879 863 738 543 485 070 195 462 8 Specialization 80 to 89 percent 148 6 680 318 916 891 465 864 039 546 247 205 970 2 Specialization 70 to 79 percent 169 6 868 340 696 825 041 921 182 584 213 203 097 2 Specialization 60 to 69 percent 287 8 121 323 386 682 999 880 591 598 068 212 947 2 Specialization 51 to 59 percent 357 16 652 820 232 1 367 411 2 033 831 1 326 971 565 860 1

Plumbing contractor

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 37 615 295 997 9 742 240 28 631 039 29 592 430 18 782 987 2 504 844 3

Specialization 100 percent 25 955 187 272 5 960 895 19 977 155 18 602 603 11 848 320 1 374 552 5

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 3 136 25 557 866 312 2 500 308 2 474 064 1 616 324 183 231 10

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 2 141 16 024 537 855 1 496 414 1 661 755 1 036 922 150 632 4

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 2 335 19 016 647 116 1 481 025 1 882 092 1 145 542 159 980 4

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 2 213 24 011 796 087 1 547 515 2 236 983 1 376 107 256 149 5

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 1 834 24 116 933 975 1 628 623 2 734 933 1 759 772 380 299 3

All other construction activities

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 7 993 114 308 4 575 212 11 812 424 12 066 441 8 170 805 1 282 383 3

Specialization 100 percent 5 527 75 705 2 830 103 8 107 601 7 531 197 5 151 769 576 404 5

Specialization 90 to 99 percent 752 10 341 483 568 1 225 335 1 179 806 800 023 147 979 2

Specialization 80 to 89 percent 362 5 162 225 490 582 000 580 559 415 691 130 891 2

Specialization 70 to 79 percent 525 7 169 276 704 570 929 670 917 488 540 105 822 4

Specialization 60 to 69 percent 304 4 939 229 314 436 976 627 153 394 665 75 157 6

Specialization 51 to 59 percent 522 10 992 530 032 889 583 1 476 810 920 118 246 129 8

Kind of business activity, nsk

Establishments specializing 51 percent or more 17 423 23 812 67 591 61 239 48 757 6 352 7

Specialization 100 percent 17 423 23 812 67 591 61 239 48 757 6 352 7

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C.

ConstructionIndustry Series Plumbing & HVAC Contractors 11

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Table 11. Value of Construction Work for Establishments by Location of Construction Work:

2002

[Thousand dollars unless otherwise noted. Detail may not add to total because of rounding. Data based on the 2002 Economic Census. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,

nonsampling error, and geographical definitions, see note at end of table. For information on geographic areas followed by *, see Appendix D. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see

introductory text. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A]

Location of construction work Value of

construction work1

Relative standard error

of estimate (percent)

for column

238220, Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning contractors

United States117 785 785 –

Construction work done in

Alabama1 473 664 2

Alaska388 165 4

Arizona2 030 119 3

Arkansas 755 617 5

California 12 051 737 2

Colorado 2 405 746 2

Connecticut 1 703 431 3

Delaware 430 658 3

District of Columbia 593 638 2

Florida 6 301 205 2

Georgia 3 409 940 5

Hawaii380 827 7

Idaho537 545 3

Illinois 6 255 128 2

Indiana 2 757 032 2

Iowa 1 183 950 2

Kansas 1 149 451 2

Kentucky 1 450 695 2

Louisiana 1 372 204 5

Maine 390 967 5

Maryland 3 017 159 2

Massachusetts 3 511 514 2

Michigan4 478 262 2

Minnesota 2 861 940 2

Mississippi 869 053 5

Missouri 2 477 098 2

Montana358 513 7

Nebraska 786 712 2

Nevada1 206 834 5

New Hampshire 509 771 4

New Jersey 4 065 988 2

New Mexico567 642 5

New York 7 732 702 2

North Carolina3 219 548 2

North Dakota260 236 4

Ohio 4 462 779 2 Oklahoma 941 971 3 Oregon 1 610 962 4 Pennsylvania5 283 062 2 Rhode Island492 480 4

South Carolina 1 483 792 3 South Dakota 319 353 3 Tennessee2 098 289 2 Texas 8 146 269 3 Utah 926 063 3

Vermont 207 427 9 Virginia 3 417 506 2 Washington 2 433 761 3 West Virginia373 032 4 Wisconsin 2 455 033 2 Wyoming 189 314 7

1For the 2002 Economic Census, the definition of value of construction work has been modified from the 1997 Economic Census definition. See Appendix A for the modified definition.

Note: The data in this table are based on the 2002 Economic Census. To maintain confidentiality, the Census Bureau suppresses data to protect the identity of any business or individual. The

census results in this table contain sampling errors and nonsampling errors. Data users who create their own estimates using data from American FactFinder tables should cite the Census Bureau as the

source of the original data only. For explanation of terms, see Appendix A. For full technical documentation, see Appendix C. For geographical definitions, see Appendix D.

12 Plumbing & HVAC Contractors ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Appendix A.

Explanation of Terms

ESTABLISHMENT

A relatively permanent office, or other place of business, where the usual business activities

related to construction are conducted. Generally, a relatively permanent office is one which has

been established for the management of more than one project or job and which is expected to be

maintained on a continuing basis.

Number of establishments includes all establishments that were in business at any time during

the year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Construction establishments which were

inactive or idle for the entire year were not included.

NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES

Includes all full-time and part-time individuals on the payrolls of construction establishments during any part of the pay period which included the 12th of March, May, August, and November.

Included are individuals on paid sick leave, paid holidays, paid vacations, and salaried officers and

executives of a corporation. Excluded are subcontractors and their employees; full- or part-time

leased employees whose payroll was filed under an employee leasing company’s Employer Identification Number; temporary staffing obtained from a staffing service; and proprietors and partners

of unincorporated businesses.

Includes all permanent full-time and part-time employees who are on the payrolls of establishments who worked or received pay for any part of the pay period including the 12th of March,

May, August, and November.

The all employees or total number of employees number is the sum of construction workers plus

other employees who were on the payroll during the pay periods including the 12th of March,

May, August, and November, divided by four.

Construction workers

Includes all payroll workers (up through the working supervisory level) directly engaged in construction operations, such as painters, carpenters, plumbers, and electricians. Included are journeymen, mechanics, apprentices, laborers, truck drivers and helpers, equipment operators,

on-site record keepers, and security guards. Supervisory employees above the working foreman

level are excluded from this category and are included in the other employees category.

The average number of construction workers is the sum of construction workers who were on the

payroll during the pay periods including the 12th of March, May, August, and November, divided

by four.

Other employees

Includes payroll employees in executive, purchasing, accounting, personnel, professional, technical activities, and routine office functions. Also included are supervisory employees above the

working foreman level.

The average number of other employees is the sum of other employees who were on the payroll

during the pay periods including the 12th of March, May, August, and November, divided by four.

PAYROLL

Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting year to all employees on the payroll of construction establishments. It includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions,

dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacation and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as employees’

Construction Appendix A A–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Social Security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds.

The total includes salaries of officers of these establishments, if a corporation, but excludes payments to the proprietor or partners, if unincorporated.

Payroll for Construction Workers

Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting year to all construction workers on the payroll of

construction establishments. It includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacation and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as

employees’ Social security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and

savings bonds.

Payroll for Other Employees

Includes the gross earnings paid in the reporting year to all other employees on the payroll of construction establishments. It includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacations and sick leave pay, prior to deductions such as

employees’ Social Security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and

savings bonds. Payroll of other employees excludes salaries of the proprietor or partners, if unincorporated.

FIRST-QUARTER PAYROLL FOR ALL EMPLOYEES

Includes the gross earnings paid in the first quarter of the reporting year to all employees on the

payroll of construction establishments. The first-quarter payroll period is the first quarterly pay

period which includes March 12. Included are all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages,

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, and vacation and sick leave pay, prior to such deductions

as employees’ Social Security contributions, withholding taxes, group insurance, union dues, and

savings bonds. It also includes salaries of officers of these establishments, if a corporation, but

excludes payments to the proprietor or partners, if unincorporated.

FRINGE BENEFITS FOR ALL EMPLOYEES

Includes the total sum of fringe benefits of all full-time and part-time employees on the payrolls of

construction establishments during any part of the pay period which included the 12th of the

months specified on the report form. Includes expenditures made by the employer for legally

required and voluntary fringe benefit programs for employees.

Legally Required Expenditures

Includes expenditures made by the employer for Social Security and Medicare contributions,

unemployment compensation, worker’s compensation, and state temporary disability payments.

Voluntary Expenditures

Includes expenditures made by the employer for life insurance premiums, pension plans, insurance premiums on hospital and medical plans, welfare plans, and union negotiated benefits.

VALUE OF BUSINESS DONE

Includes the sum of value of construction work and other business receipts. Value of business

done is the sum of receipts, billings, or sales from establishments of construction business activities plus receipts from other business activities.

Value of Construction Work

In the 1987-1997 censuses, the value of construction work was collected to measure actual construction activity done during the year. Studies have shown that respondents were not able to

accurately report these data. In 2002, receipts, billings, or sales for construction work was collected.

A–2 Appendix A Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
This item includes the receipts, billings, or sales for construction work done by building contractors, heavy and civil engineering construction contractors, and specialty trade contractors.

Included are new construction, additions, alterations or reconstruction, and maintenance and

repair construction work. Establishments engaged in the sale and installation of construction components such as plumbing, heating, and central air-conditioning supplies and equipment; lumber

and building materials; paint, glass, and wallpaper; and electrical and wiring supplies, elevators,

or escalators were instructed to include both the value for the installation and receipts covering

the price of the items installed. Excluded are the cost of industrial and other special machinery

and equipment that are not an integral part of a structure and receipts from business operations

in foreign countries.

The value of construction work consists of several components that are summed up individually

to get the total value of construction work. These components are:

1. Value of construction work on government owned projects. This is the total of all projects

owned by federal, state, and local governments:

a. Value of construction work on federally owned projects. This is the value of construction

work for projects owned by the federal government.

b. Value of construction work on state and locally owned projects. This is the summed total

value of construction work for all projects owned by state and local governments.

2. Value of construction work on privately owned projects. This is the value of construction work

for projects owned privately (excluding government owned projects).

Other Business Receipts

Includes the receipts for all other business activities done by an establishment in the current year.

Includes business receipts not reported as value of construction work. This includes business

receipts from retail and wholesale trade, rental of equipment without operator, manufacturing,

transportation, legal services, insurance, finance, rental of property and other real estate operations, and other nonconstruction activities. Receipts for separately definable architectural and

engineering work for others are also included here. Excluded are nonoperating income such as

interest, dividends, the sale of fixed assets, or receipts from other business operations in foreign

countries.

NET VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

Includes the value of construction work less the cost of construction work subcontracted out to

others.

VALUE ADDED

This measure of construction activity is equal to value of business done, less costs for construction work subcontracted out to others and costs for materials, components, supplies, and fuels.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK SUBCONTRACTED IN FROM OTHERS

Includes the value of construction work done by reporting establishments as subcontractors to

other contractors or builders. Establishments were asked to report the approximate percent of

total value of construction work accounted for by such work, and the percentages reported were

applied to the reported value of construction work to develop a dollar value.

CONSTRUCTION RECEIPTS PERCENT ESTIMATED

Construction receipts were obtained from census respondent forms. For establishments whose

respondent forms were not received at the time data were tabulated, the data were calculated

using industry averages and imputation for nonresponse.

Construction Appendix A A–3

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
SELECTED COSTS

Includes the direct charges actually paid or payable for costs incurred for purchases of materials,

components, and supplies; costs of construction work subcontracted out to others; and costs for

selected power, fuels, and lubricants. Capital expenditures and rental costs for machinery, equipment, and structures are not included.

Cost of Materials, Components, and Supplies

Includes the costs for materials, components, and supplies used by establishments in the construction or reconstruction of buildings, structures, or other facilities plus costs for materials

bought and resold to others. Also included are costs made for direct purchases of materials, components, and supplies although the purchases were subsequently provided to subcontractors for

their use. Supplies include expendable tools which are charged to current accounts. Freight and

other direct charges representing only that amount paid after discounts and the value of materials, components, and supplies obtained from other establishments of the respondent’s company

are also included. Excluded from this item are the cost of fuels, lubricants, electric energy, and

industrial and other specialized machinery and equipment such as printing presses; computer systems that are not an integral part of a structure; and materials furnished to contractors by the

owners of projects.

Cost of Construction Work Subcontracted Out to Others

Includes all costs for construction work subcontracted out to other construction contractors during the reporting year. Excluded from this item are costs to the reporting establishment for its purchases of materials, components, and supplies provided to a subcontractor for use. These costs

are reported under costs for materials, components, and supplies. Also excluded are costs for the

rental of machinery or equipment.

Cost of Selected Power, Fuels, and Lubricants

Includes costs for fuels including gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricants, and electric energy purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company. Also included are costs for natural gas, manufactured gas, fuel oil, and coal and coke products.

The components of selected power, fuels, and lubricants are:

1. Purchased electricity. This is the cost of electric energy purchased during the year from other

companies or received from other establishments of the company.

2. Natural gas and manufactured gas. This is the cost of natural gas and manufactured gas purchased during the year from other companies or received from other establishments of the

company.

3. Gasoline and diesel fuel. This is the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during the year

from other companies or received from other establishments of the company. This cost in broken down into two different uses of gasoline and diesel fuel. They are:

a. On-highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel. This is the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during the year to fuel highway vehicles. A highway vehicle is any self-propelled

vehicle designed to carry a load over public highways, whether or not the vehicle was also

designed to perform other functions. Examples of vehicles designed to carry a load over

public highways are passenger automobiles, trucks, and truck tractors. If a vehicle can be

used for a combination of on-highway and off-highway uses and has one fuel tank, the fuel

use is not considered off-highway. An example of this is a concrete-mixer truck where the

truck engine operates both the engine and the mixing unit by a power take-off and is

fueled by a single tank. None of the fuel used in this vehicle is off-highway because of the

on-highway use. If the vehicle has separate fuel tanks and engines, the fuel in a tank used

for non-highway use may be considered off-highway use.

A–4 Appendix A Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
b. Off-highway use of gasoline and diesel fuel. This is the cost of gasoline and diesel fuel purchased during the reporting year for off-highway use. Off-highway fuel use is the use of

fuel for trade, business, or income producing activity. In most cases, off-highway fuel use

does not include use in a highway vehicle registered or required to be registered for use on

public highways.

4. All other fuels and lubricants. This is the cost of fuels and lubricants purchased during the

year from other companies or received from other establishments of the company that are not

included as costs in any of these categories: natural gas; manufactured gas; gasoline; and diesel fuel.

COSTS OF MATERIALS, COMPONENTS, SUPPLIES, AND FUELS

Includes the costs for materials, components, and supplies used by establishments in the construction or reconstruction of buildings, structures, or other facilities plus costs for materials

bought and resold to others. Also included is the costs for fuels. These include gasoline, diesel

fuel, lubricants, electric energy purchased during the year from other companies or received from

other establishments of the company, and costs for natural and manufactured gas, fuel oil, and

coal and coke products. Excluded from this item are industrial and other specialized machinery

and equipment, such as printing presses; computer systems that are not an integral part of a

structure; and materials furnished to contractors by the owners of projects.

RENTAL PAYMENTS

Includes the total rental costs for renting and/or leasing construction machinery and equipment,

transportation equipment, production equipment, office equipment, furniture and fixtures, scaffolding, office space, and buildings. It excludes costs for the rental of land. It also excludes costs

under agreements that in effect are conditional sales contracts such as capital leases. Such costs

are included in capital expenditures.

SELECTED PURCHASED SERVICES

Includes the costs for services purchased from other companies that are paid directly by an establishment that are normally considered as overhead or non-job-related costs. Included are only the

cost of repairs necessary to maintain property and equipment. Excluded are the cost of improvements that increase the value of property or the cost of adapting the property for another use.

Such costs are included in capital expenditures. Also excluded are the salaries paid to employees

and cost of construction activities subcontracted to others already reported within the selected

costs of an establishment.

Included in the cost of selected purchased services for communication services is the actual

expense incurred or payable during the year for any type of communication. Such types of communication include telephone, data transmission, telegraph, Internet, connectivity, FAX, telex,

photo transmission, paging, cellular telephone, on-line access and related services, etc.

Included in the cost of selected purchased services for repairs to buildings and other structures is

the actual expense incurred or payable during the year for any type of repair to buildings and

other structures. Such types of repair include maintenance and repair of buildings, job-site trailers, and other structures. Excluded are janitorial services.

The cost of selected purchased services for repairs to machinery and equipment is the actual

expense incurred or payable during the year for any type of repairs made to structures and equipment by outside companies or from other establishments of the same company. Such types of

repairs to machinery and equipment include maintenance and repair of construction equipment

and tools; machinery; and office equipment, furniture, and vehicles, including related service contracts.

Included in the cost of selected purchased services for legal services is the actual expense

incurred or payable during the year for any type of legal services. Excluded are the salaries paid

to employees of the establishment for these services.

Construction Appendix A A–5

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Included in the cost of selected purchased services for accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services is the actual expense incurred or payable during the year for these services. Excluded are

the salaries paid to employees of the establishment for these services.

Included in the cost of selected purchased services for advertising and promotional services is the

actual expense incurred or payable during the year for these services. Such types of advertising

and promotional services include advertising, marketing, promotional, or public relations services.

GROSS BOOK VALUE OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR (BOY) AND END

OF YEAR (EOY)

Includes the value of depreciable assets for the beginning of year (BOY) and end of year (EOY).

Gross value of depreciable assets are usually the original costs of the assets at the beginning of

the year. The gross value of depreciable assets (BOY), plus any capital expenditures for new and

used depreciable assets in the reporting year, minus the gross value of depreciable assets sold,

retired, scrapped, destroyed, etc. in the reporting year, comprise gross book value of depreciable

assets (EOY). Depreciable assets are the fixed tangible property of the establishment for which

depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained.

CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, OTHER THAN LAND

Includes capital expenditures that will be charged to the fixed assets accounts and for which

depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained. Includes the cost of capital improvements that

were made during the year that increased the value of property or adapted the property for

another use. Capital expenditures for leasehold improvements made to property leased from others are also included. Land expenditures are not included as capital expenditures. If any building

or equipment had been acquired under a capital leasing arrangement that meet the criteria set

down by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), respondents were instructed to report

the original cost or market value as a fixed asset and as a capital expenditure, if acquired in the

reporting year. If the lease qualified as an operating lease, respondents were instructed not to

include the value of the building and equipment as a fixed asset or capital expenditure. If capital

expenditures were not recorded directly at the establishment level but handled centrally at a company or division level, respondents were requested to report appropriate estimates for the individual establishments.

RETIREMENTS AND DISPOSITION OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS

Includes the gross value of depreciable assets sold, retired, scrapped, destroyed, abandoned, etc.,

during the year. The values shown are the acquisition costs of the retired assets. This item also

includes the value of assets (at acquisition cost rather than current market value) transferred to

other establishments of the same company.

DEPRECIATION CHARGES DURING YEAR

Includes the depreciation expenses of the establishment during the reporting year. These

expenses are charged against depreciable assets which are the fixed tangible property of the

establishment for which depreciation accounts are ordinarily maintained.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH INVENTORIES

Includes all establishments with payroll that reported a dollar amount of inventory. Includes the

number of establishments that were in business at any time during the reporting year. It covers all

full-year and part-year operations. Construction establishments that were inactive or idle for the

entire year were not included.

Value of Construction Work for Establishments With Inventories

Includes the value of construction work for establishments with payroll that reported a dollar

amount of inventory in the reporting year.

A–6 Appendix A Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
BEGINNING- AND END-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES OF MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

Includes the inventories of materials and supplies owned at the beginning and end of the reporting year by establishments with payroll. Includes all of the materials and supplies that are owned

regardless of where they are held. Excludes materials that are owned by others but held by the

reporting establishment. Builders who built on their own account for sale were requested to

exclude work in progress and finished units not sold from inventories. Inventories of multiestablishment companies were instructed to be reported by the establishment that is responsible for

the inventories, even if these inventories were held at a separate location.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH NO INVENTORIES

Includes all establishments with payroll that reported having no inventories of materials and supplies during the reporting year. Includes the number of establishments that were in business at

any time during the reporting year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations. Construction

establishments that were inactive or idle for the entire reporting year were not included.

Value of Construction Work for Establishments With No Inventories

Includes the value of construction work for establishments with payroll that reported having no

dollar amount of inventory in the reporting year.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS NOT REPORTING INVENTORIES

Includes all establishments with payroll that did not report a dollar amount for inventories of

materials and supplies during the reporting year. It covers all full-year and part-year operations.

Construction establishments that were inactive or idle for the entire reporting year were not

included.

Value of Construction Work for Establishments Not Reporting Inventories

Includes the value of construction work for establishments that did not report a dollar amount for

inventories of materials and supplies, and the value of construction work for establishments that

did not complete a census form.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

Includes the dollar value of construction work according to the specified types of construction.

There are three categories of construction. They are:

1. New construction. The original construction work done on a project including all finishing

work on the original building or structure. Land development work on the site and demolition

of existing structures are also included.

2. Additions, alterations, or reconstruction. The construction work which adds to the value or

useful life of an existing building or structure or which adapts a building or structure to a new

or different use. Included are “major replacements” of building systems such as the installation of a new roof or heating system and the resurfacing of streets or highways. This contrasts to the repair of a hole in a roof or the routine patching of highways and streets, which

would be classified as maintenance and repair.

3. Maintenance and repair. The incidental construction work which keeps a property in ordinary

working condition. Excluded are trash and snow removal, lawn maintenance and landscaping,

cleaning, and janitorial services.

Types of Construction

Provides data by the types of buildings, structures, or other facilities being constructed or worked

on by construction establishments in the reporting year. Respondents were instructed that each

building, structure, or other facility should be classified in terms of its function. For example, a

restaurant building was to be classified in the restaurant category whether it was designed as a

commercial restaurant building or an auxiliary unit of an educational institution. If respondents

Construction Appendix A A–7

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
worked on more than one type of building or structure in a multibuilding complex, they were

instructed to report separately for each building or type of structure. If they worked on a building

that had more than one purpose; i.e., office and residential, or commercial, they were to classify

the building by its major purpose. In addition, all respondents were requested to report the percentage of the value of construction work done for new construction, additions, alterations, or

reconstruction, and maintenance and repair work for each of these types. There are two types of

construction:

1. Building Construction. The details for this type of construction are defined as:

• Single-family houses, detached. Includes all fully detached residential buildings constructed

for one family use.

• Single-family houses, attached, including townhouses and townhouse-type condominiums.

Includes all residential buildings with two or more living quarters side by side, completely

independent of one another, and separated by an unbroken party or lot line wall from

ground to roof.

• Apartment buildings, apartment-type condominiums, and cooperatives. Includes apartment

rentals, high-rise, low-rise, or any structures containing two or more housing units, excluding attached single-family houses.

• Dormitories and barracks. Includes school dormitories and military or nonmilitary barracks

that are nonhousekeeping structures.

• Other manufacturing and industrial buildings. Includes all manufacturing and industrial

buildings and plants that are used to house production and assembly activities. Note that

industrial parks should be classified under its primary usage such as warehouses, office

space, commercial, or industrial type buildings. Heavy industrial facilities such as blast furnaces, petroleum refineries, and chemical complexes are not included in this category but

are reported under nonbuilding construction.

• Manufacturing and industrial warehouses. Includes all warehouses which are intended for

industrial activities.

• Hotels and motels. Includes hotels, motels, bed-and-breakfast inns, and tourist cabins

intended for transient accommodations. Also included are hotel and motel conference centers.

• Office buildings. Includes all buildings that are used primarily for office space or for government administrative offices. Also included are banks or financial buildings that are three

stories or more. Medical office buildings are reported under hospitals and institutional

buildings.

• All other miscellaneous commercial buildings. Includes all buildings that are intended for

use primarily in the retail and service trades, i.e., shopping centers, department stores,

drug stores, restaurants, public garages, auto service stations, and one or two story bank

or financial institutions.

• Commercial warehouses. Includes distribution buildings and mini-storage units intended

for commercial use. Also included are storage warehouses.

• Religious buildings. Includes all buildings that are intended for religious services or functions such as churches, synagogues, convents, monasteries, and seminaries.

• Educational buildings. Includes all buildings that are used directly in administrative and

instructional activities such as colleges, universities, elementary and secondary schools,

correspondence, commercial, and trade schools. Libraries, museums, and art galleries, as

well as laboratories that are not a part of a manufacturing or commercial establishment,

are also included.

A–8 Appendix A Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
• Health care and institutional buildings. Includes hospitals, medical office buildings, and all

other buildings that are intended to provide health and institutional care such as clinics,

infirmaries, sanitariums, nursing homes, homes for the aged, and orphanages.

• Public safety buildings. Includes detention centers, prisons, fire stations, and rescue squad

buildings.

• Farm buildings, nonresidential. Includes nonresidential farm buildings such as barns, poultry houses, implement sheds, and farm silos.

• Amusement, social, and recreational buildings. Includes buildings that are used primarily

for entertainment, social, and recreational activities such as sports arenas, convention centers, theaters, music halls, golf and country club buildings, fitness centers, and bowling

alleys.

• Indoor swimming pools. Includes pools that are inside a building.

• Indoor ice rinks. Includes ice rinks that are inside a building.

• Grain elevators and dry cleaning plants. Includes grain and storage elevators and dry cleaning plants.

• Waste disposal plants. Includes recycling centers, garbage disposal plants, incinerator disposed facilities, and material recovery facilities.

• Miscellaneous building construction. Includes all other nonresidential buildings such as fire

stations, post offices, and bus and air passenger terminals and hangars.

2. Nonbuilding Construction. The details for this type of construction are defined as:

• Highways, streets, and related work. Includes streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, curbs and

gutters, culverts, erosion control, installation of guard rails, highway signs, and lighting.

Also includes earthwork protective structures when used in connection with road improvements.

• Airport runways and related work. Includes airport runways, taxiways, aprons, and related

work.

• Private driveways and parking areas. Includes all nonstructural parking areas and private

driveways of all surface types.

• Bridges and elevated highways. Includes viaducts and overpasses, roads, highways, railroads, and causeways built on structural supports.

• Tunnels. Includes highway, pedestrian, railroad, and water distribution tunnels.

• Sewers, sewer lines, septic tanks, and related facilities. Includes sanitary and storm sewers,

pumping stations, septic systems, and related facilities.

• Water mains and related facilities. Includes water supply systems, pumping stations, and

related facilities.

• Oil and gas pipeline construction. Includes pipelines for the transmission of gas, petroleum

products, and liquefied gases.

• Power and communication transmission lines, towers, and related facilities. Includes electric power lines, telephone and telegraph lines, fiber optic cables, cable television lines,

television and radio towers, and electric light and power facilities.

• Power plants and cogeneration plants, except hydroelectric. Includes electric and steam

generating plants, cogenerating plants, and nuclear plants.

• Power plant, hydroelectric. Includes all types of hydroelectric power generating plants.

• Blast furnaces, chemical complexes, etc. Includes coke ovens and mining appurtenances

such as tipples and washeries.

Construction Appendix A A–9

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
• Sewage treatment plants. Includes sewage treatment and waste disposal plants.

• Water treatment plants. Includes water filtration and water softening plants.

• Urban mass transit. Includes subways, street cars, and light rail systems.

• Railroad construction. Includes the construction of railroad beds, tracks, freight yards, and

signal towers for railroad systems, excluding urban mass transit.

• Conservation and development construction. Includes land reclamation, irrigation projects,

drainage canals, levees, jetties, breakwaters, and flood control projects.

• Dam and reservoir construction. Includes hydroelectric, water supply, and flood control

dams and reservoirs.

• Dry and Solid waste disposal. Includes all dry and solid waste disposal sites where nonhazardous waste is buried.

• Harbor and port facilities. Includes docks, piers, and wharves.

• Marine construction. Includes dredging, underwater rock removal, breakwaters, navigational channels, and locks.

• Petrochemical plants and petroleum refineries. Includes petroleum related facilities.

• Outdoor swimming pools. Includes wading pools and reflecting pools.

• Fencing. Includes all types of fencing, except electronic containment fencing for pets.

• Electronic containment fencing. Includes all types of electronic containment fencing for

pets.

• Recreational facilities. Includes athletic fields, golf courses, outdoor tennis courts, trails,

and camps.

• Ships. Includes special trade contractors working on ships and boats such as painters, carpenters, joiners, electricians, etc.

• Oil and gas fields. Includes road construction, land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling contracting in oil and gas fields.

• Oil and gas field gathering lines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling contracting.

• Coal mines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling

contracting.

• Metal mines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land leveling

contracting.

• Nonmetallic mines. Includes land clearing contracting, land moving contracting, and land

leveling contracting.

• All other miscellaneous nonbuilding construction. Includes all other types of nonbuilding

construction.

KINDS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Includes dollar value of business done by business activity. Primary activities are construction

activities that generate fifty-one percent or more of an establishment’s dollar value of business

done. Also included are other kinds of business activities. Other kinds of business activities

include business receipts not reported as value of construction work. This item includes business

receipts from retail and wholesale trade, rental of equipment without an operator, manufacturing,

transportation, legal services, insurance, finance, rental of property and other real estate operations, and other nonconstruction activities. Receipts for separately definable architectural and

engineering work for others are also included in other kinds of business activities.

A–10 Appendix A Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FOR SPECIALIZED TYPE AND KIND OF BUSINESS

Includes value of construction work for one of two specialized categories. These categories

include types of construction and kind-of-business activity. A construction establishment specializes in a type of construction when fifty-one percent or more of the construction work done is in

one construction industry. The construction establishment reports each type of construction it

performs as a percent of value of construction work. Types of construction refers to the types of

buildings, structures, or facilities constructed or worked on by construction establishments in the

reporting year. Specialization in types of construction displays data for establishments with payroll that falls within each percent range of specialization. A construction establishment specializes

in a kind-of-business activity when fifty-one percent or more of the construction work done by the

establishment is performed in one type of business activity. The construction establishment

reports each kind-of-business activity engaged in as a percent of value of construction work. Kindof-business activity refers to the kinds of business activities construction establishments perform

throughout the reporting year. Examples of kind-of-business activity include highway and street

construction, electrical contracting, carpentry contracting, and concrete contracting. Specialization in kind-of-business activity displays data for establishments with payroll that fall within each

percent range of specialization.

SPECIALIZATION PERCENT

Includes data for establishments with payroll that fall within each percent range of specialization.

VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK FOR ESTABLISHMENTS BY LOCATION OF WORK

This is the value of construction done in particular states by establishment. An establishment can

do construction in one or more states.

Construction Appendix A A–11

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Appendix B.

NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions

238220 PLUMBING, HEATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in installing and servicing plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning equipment. Contractors in this industry may provide both

parts and labor when performing work. The work performed may include new work, additions,

alterations, maintenance, and repairs.

Construction Appendix B B–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Appendix C.

Methodology

SOURCES OF THE DATA

The construction sector includes approximately 650,000 establishments that were detemined to

be in-scope of the 2002 Economic Census — Construction. This number includes those industries

in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) definition of construction with at

least one paid employee in 2002.

Establishments in the 2002 Economic Census are divided into those sent report forms and those

not sent report forms. The coverage of and the method of obtaining census information from each

are described below:

1. Establishments sent a report form:

Sample frame establishments. The sample frame consisted of the entire construction universe;

there were no subpopulations that were explicitly removed from the sample frame. The

sample frame was compiled from a list of all construction companies in the active records of

the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Social Security Administration (SSA) that are subject

to the payment of Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes. Under special arrangements, to

safeguard their confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau obtains information on the location and

classification of the companies, as well as their payroll and receipts data from these sources.

Unfortunately, these sources do not provide establishment level information for companies

with multiple locations. For multilocation companies, the establishment level information is

directly obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Company Organization Survey. For singlelocation companies, the IRS-SSA information is generally sufficient for assigning the company

to a specific six-digit NAICS industry code.

The 2002 NAICS structure for the construction sector was significantly revised from the 1997

NAICS structure. Initially, only a small proportion of the establishments in the sample frame

could be directly assigned a 2002 NAICS industry code with a high degree of confidence.

Therefore, a special classification card was mailed to 150,000 construction establishments in

early 2002. The goal of this classification card was to obtain the current NAICS industry code

prior to assembly of the sample frame for the economic census — construction sample.

2. Establishments not sent a report form:

a. Nonsample frame establishments. There were a limited number of establishments included

in the business register who were completely unclassified at the time of the economic census — construction sampling operation. These establishments were mailed a general classification card in early 2003. A portion of these were ultimately determined to be in-scope of

the economic census — construction. Since this determination was not made until after the

sample selection operation had been completed; these establishments were treated as a

supplement to the original universe and were sampled independently for inclusion in the

derived estimates.

b. All nonemployers, i.e., all firms subject to federal income tax, with no paid employees,

were also excluded from the 2002 sample frame, as in previous censuses. Nonemployers

with significant levels of receipts data were identified and included in the census mailout

under the presumption that the nonemployer status may have been incorrect. Those determined to have employees are included in this report. Data for nonemployers are not

included in this report, but are released in the annual Nonemployer Statistics series.

The report forms used to collect information for establishments in this sector are available at

help.econ.census.gov/econhelp/resources/.

Construction Appendix C C–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
A more detailed examination of census methodology is presented in the History of the Economic

Census at www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html.

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS

The classifications for all establishments covered in the 2002 Economic Census — Construction

are classified in 1 of 31 industries in accordance with the industry definitions in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), United States, 2002 manual. Changes between 1997

and 2002 affecting this sector are discussed in the text at the beginning of this report. Tables at

www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/n02ton97.htm identify those industries that changed between the

1997 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and 2002 NAICS.

In the NAICS system, an industry is generally defined as a group of establishments that use similar

processes or have similar business activities. To the extent practical, the system uses supplybased or production-oriented concepts in defining industries. The resulting group of establishments must be significant in terms of number, value added by construction, value of business

done, and number of employees.

The coding system works in such a way that the definitions progressively become narrower with

successive additions of numerical digits. In the construction sector for 2002, there are 3 subsectors (three-digit NAICS), 10 industry groups (four-digit NAICS), 28 NAICS industries (five-digit

NAICS) that are comparable with Canadian and Mexican classification, and 31 U.S. industries (sixdigit NAICS).

ESTABLISHMENT BASIS OF REPORTING

The 2002 Economic Census — Construction is conducted on an establishment basis. A construction establishment is defined as a relatively permanent office or other place of business where the

usual business activities related to construction are conducted. With some exceptions, a relatively

permanent office is one that has been established for the management of more than one project

or job and that is expected to be maintained on a continuing basis. Such establishment activities

include, but are not limited to, estimating, bidding, purchasing, supervising, and operation of the

actual construction work being conducted at one or more construction sites. Separate construction reports were not required for each project or construction site.

Companies with more than one construction establishment were required to submit a separate

report for each establishment operated during any part of the census year. The construction sector figures represent a tabulation of records for individual establishments, rather than for companies.

If an establishment was engaged in construction and one or more distinctly different lines of economic activity at the same place of business, it was requested to file a separate report for each

activity, provided that the activity was of substantial size and separate records were maintained. If

a separate establishment report could not be prepared for each activity, then a construction report

was requested covering all activities of that establishment providing that the value of construction

work exceeded the gross receipts from each of its other activities.

The 2002 Economic Census — Construction excludes data for central administrative offices

(CAOs). These would include separately operated administrative offices, warehouses, garages, and

other auxiliary units that service construction establishments of the same company. These data

are published in a separate report series.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE FRAME

The major objective of the sample design was to provide a sample that would provide reliable

estimates at the state by industry level. For sample efficiency considerations, the establishments

in the initial 2002 construction frame were partitioned into two components for developing estimates within the sample frame. The details of each are described below:

1. Probability-proportionate-to-size (pps) sample. There were three non-overlapping strata for

sample selection. An independent sample was selected within each state by industry cell. The

details of each stratum were defined as:

C–2 Appendix C Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
• Stratum 1. This stratum was comprised of approximately 12,000 establishments associated

with multilocation companies. The establishments of these multiunit companies were

included in the construction sample with certainty.

• Stratum 2. This stratum was comprised of approximately 145,000 single-location companies that could be classified into a valid 2002 NAICS industry. These cases accounted for

approximately 75 percent of the payroll associated with single-location companies in construction. The industry code for most of these establishments was determined from the

special classification card that was mailed in early 2002. This group was partitioned into

state by NAICS (six-digit) cells and an independent sample selected from each cell. Within

each cell, a probability-proportionate-to-size (pps) sampling strategy was used. Under this

approach, the probability of selection for the sample for larger establishments is higher

than for smaller establishments. There were approximately 80,000 establishments selected

from this group.

• Stratum 3. This stratum was comprised of the remaining single-location companies. For

these companies, we did not have an updated 2002 NAICS industry code. The most recent

classification information available for these companies was their 1997 NAICS. Using this

1997 NAICS industry code, this stratum was partitioned into state by NAICS (four-digit)

cells; and an independent sample selected from each cell. Again, probability-proportionateto-size sampling methodology was utilized. There were approximately 30,000 establishments selected from this group.

Subsequent to the initial census mail-out, companies that initiated operations in 2002 were

identified via administrative sources. To assure proper representation of the entire in-scope

population, simple random samples of these new operations were selected and mailed

separately.

2. Estimation and variances. Based on the response data, establishments were assigned to the

appropriate NAICS (six-digit) industry. At each level of tabulation, unbiased estimates were

derived by summing the weighted establishment data where the establishment sample weight

was equal to the inverse of its probability of selection for the construction sample.

The resulting estimates were generated from one of many possible samples and are subject to

sampling variability. Estimates of this sample variability were independently derived at all levels of aggregation. These sampling variances were then aggregated to the publication levels

for the computation of the relative standard errors.

RELIABILITY OF DATA

The estimates developed from the sample can differ somewhat from the results of a survey covering all companies in the sample lists, but are otherwise conducted under essentially the same conditions as the actual sample survey. The estimates of the magnitude of the sampling errors (the

difference between the estimates obtained and the results theoretically obtained from a comparable, complete-coverage survey) are provided by the standard errors of estimates.

The particular sample selected for the construction sector is one of many similar probability

samples that, by chance, might have been selected under the same specifications. Each of the

possible samples would yield somewhat different sets of results, and the standard errors are measures of the variation of all the possible sample estimates around the theoretically, comparable,

complete-coverage values.

Estimates of the standard errors have been computed from the sample data. They are presented in

the form of relative standard errors that are the standard errors divided by the estimated values to

which they refer.

In conjunction with its associated estimate, the relative standard error may be used to define confidence intervals, or ranges that would include the comparable, complete-coverage value for

specified percentages of all the possible samples.

The complete-coverage value would be included in the range:

Construction Appendix C C–3

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
• From one standard error below to one standard error above the derived estimate for about twothirds of all possible samples.

• From two standard errors below to two standard errors above the derived estimate for about 19

out of 20 of all possible samples.

• From three standard errors below to three standard errors above the derived estimate for nearly

all samples.

An inference is that the comparable complete-survey result would fall within the indicated ranges

and the relative frequencies shown. Those proportions, therefore, may be interpreted as defining

the confidence that the estimates from a particular sample would differ from complete-coverage

results by as much as one, two, or three standard errors, respectively.

For example, suppose an estimated total is shown at 50,000 with an associated relative standard

error of 2 percent, that is, a standard error of 1,000 (2 percent of 50,000). There is approximately

67 percent confidence that the interval 49,000 to 51,000 includes the complete-coverage total,

about 95 percent confidence that the interval 48,000 to 52,000 includes the complete-coverage

total, and almost certain confidence that the interval 47,000 to 53,000 includes the completecoverage total.

In addition to the sample errors, the estimates are subject to various response and operational

errors: errors of collection; reporting; coding; transcription; imputation for nonresponse, etc.

These operational errors also would occur if a complete canvass were to be conducted under the

same conditions as the survey. Explicit measures of their effects generally are not available. However, it is believed that most of the important operational errors were detected and corrected during the U.S. Census Bureau’s review of the data for reasonableness and consistency. The small

operational errors usually remain. To some extent, they are compensating in the aggregated totals

shown. When important operational errors were detected too late to correct the estimates, the

data were suppressed or were specifically qualified in the tables.

As derived, the estimated standard errors included part of the effect of the operational errors. The

total errors, which depend upon the joint effect of the sampling and operational errors, are usually of the order of size indicated by the standard error, or moderately higher. However, for particular estimates, the total error may considerably exceed the standard errors shown. Any figures

shown in the tables of this publication having an associated standard error exceeding 75 percent

may be combined with higher level totals, creating a broader aggregate, which then may be of

acceptable reliability.

DUPLICATION IN VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

The aggregate of value of construction work reported by all construction establishments in each

of the industry, geographic area, or other groupings contains varying amounts of duplication. This

is because the construction work of one firm may be subcontracted to other construction firms

and may also be included in the subcontractors’ value of construction work. Also, part of the

value of construction results from the use of products of nonconstruction industries as input

materials. These products are counted in the nonconstruction industry, as well as part of the value

of construction. Value added avoids this duplication and is, for most purposes, the best measure

for comparing the relative economic importance of industries or geographic areas. Value added

for construction industries is defined as the dollar value of business done less costs for construction work subcontracted to others and payments for materials, components, supplies, and fuels.

DISCLOSURE

In accordance with federal law governing census reports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no

data are published that would disclose the operations of an individual establishment or company.

However, the number of establishments in a specific industry or geographic area is not considered

a disclosure; therefore, this information may be released even though other information is withheld. Techniques employed to limit disclosure are discussed at

www.census.gov/epcd/ec02/disclosure.htm.

C–4 Appendix C Construction

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Appendix D.

Geographic Notes

Not applicable for this report.

2002 Economic Census Appendix D D–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Appendix E.

Metropolitan and Micropolitan

Statistical Areas

Not applicable for this report.

2002 Economic Census Appendix E E–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 2002 Economic Census
Appendix F.

Detailed NAICS and Bridge Code Titles: 2002

[The NAICS code title shown in Table 1 is a standard NAICS title from the North American Industry Classification System Manual. A more detailed title description for the NAICS code shown in Table 1 is

included in this appendix]

2002 NAICS code1997 bridge code Detailed 2002 NAICS and 1997 bridge code title description

236115 New single family housing construction (except operative builders)

23321000 Single family housing construction, general contractors

236116 New multifamily housing construction (except operative builders)

23322000 Multifamily housing construction, general contractors

236117 New housing operative builders

23321000 Single family housing construction, operative builders

23322000 Multifamily housing construction, operative builders

236118 Residential remodelers

23321000 Remodeling contractors, single family housing

23322000 Remodeling contractors, multifamily housing

236210 Industrial building construction

23331000 Other manufacturing and industrial building construction

23493000 Other industrial nonbuilding construction

23499000 Waste disposal plant construction

236220 Commercial and institutional building construction

23322000 Barrack and dormitory construction

23331000 Grain elevators, dry cleaning plants, and manufacturing and industrial warehouses construction

23332000 Commercial and institutional building construction

23599000 Indoor swimming pool contractors

237110 Water and sewer line and related structures construction

23491000 Water and sewer line, mains, and related structures (including pumping stations, etc.) construction

23499000 Sewage and water treatment plants and irrigation systems construction

23581000 Water well drilling contractors

237120 Oil and gas pipeline and related structures construction

21311200 Construction of oil and gas field gathering lines

23491000 Oil and gas pipelines, mains, and related and related structures ( including oil storage tanks, etc) construction

23493000 Petrochemical plants and refineries construction

237130 Power and communication line and related structures construction

23492000 Power and communication transmission line construction

23493000 Power generation plants and transformer stations construction, except hydroelectric

237210 Land subdivision

23311000 Land subdivision and land development

237310 Highway, street, and bridge construction

23411000 Highway and street construction

23412000 Bridge construction

23521000 Highway and traffic line painting contractors

237990 Other heavy and civil engineering construction

22412000 Tunnel construction

23499000 All other heavy and civil engineering construction

23599000 Anchored earth retention contractors

238110 Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors

23571000 Concrete (except paving) contractors

238120 Structural steel and precast concrete contractors

23591000 Other structural steel erection contractors

238130 Framing contractors

23551000 Framing carpentry contractors

238140 Masonry contractors

23541000 Masonry and stone contractors

23542000 Stucco contractors

238150 Glass and glazing contractors

23592000 Glass and glazing contractors

238160 Roofing contractors

23561000 Roofing contractors

238170 Siding contractors

23561000 Siding (including gutters and downspouts) contractors

238190 Other foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors

23591000 Metal curtain walls and metal furring installation contractors

23599000 Forming, ornamental metal work installation, and foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors

238210 Electrical contractors

23511000 Environmental controls installation contractors

23531000 Electrical contractors

238220 Plumbing, heating, and airconditioning contractors

23511000 Other plumbing, heating, and airconditioning contractors

23595000 Scrubber, dust collection, and other industrial ventilation installation contractors

238290 Other building equipment contractors

23595000 Other building equipment and machinery installation contractors

23599000 Boiler, duct, and pipe insulation and service station equipment, lightning rod, bowling alley, church bell, and tower clock installation contractors

238310 Drywall and insulation contractors

23542000 Other drywall, plastering, acoustical, and insulation contractors

238320 Painting and wall covering contractors

23521000 Other painting and wall covering contractors

ConstructionIndustry Series Appendix F F–1

U.S. Census Bureau
[The NAICS code title shown in Table 1 is a standard NAICS title from the North American Industry Classification System Manual. A more detailed title description for the NAICS code shown in Table 1 is

included in this appendix]

2002

NAICS code

1997

bridge code Detailed 2002 NAICS and 1997 bridge code title description

238330 Flooring contractors

23552000 Floor laying and other floor contractors

238340 Tile and terrazzo contractors

23543000 Tile, marble, terrazzo, and mosaic contractors

238350 Finish carpentry contractors

23551000 Finish carpentry contractors

238390 Other building finishing contractors

23561000 Sheet metal, except roofing and siding contractors

23599000 Trade show exhibits installation and dismantling, spectator seating, modular furniture, window covering fixture installation, and other building finishing contractors

238910 Site preparation contractors

21311200 Site preparation and related construction activities for oil and gas operations

21311300 Site preparation and related construction activities for coal mining

21311400 Site preparation and related construction activities for metal mining

21311500 Site preparation and related construction activities for nonmetallic mining, except fuels

23499000 Construction equipment (except cranes) rental with operator and rightofway clearing and line slashing, blasting, and trenching contractors

23593000 Excavation contractors

23594000 Wrecking and demolition contractors

23599000 Dewatering and core drilling and test boring for construction contractors

238990 All other specialty trade contractors

23499000 Crane rental with operator

23571000 Residential and commercial asphalt, brick, and concrete paving contractors

23599000 All other special trade contractors

56172000 Cleaning building exteriors, except sand blasting

F–2 Appendix F ConstructionIndustry Series

U.S. Census Bureau
EC02-23I-238220 2002 Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors: 2002 2002 Economic Census Construction Industry Series USCENSUSBUREAU