IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

January 23, 2002 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CLAUDE W. CHEEKS

 Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County

Nos. 222245, 222283, and 223379 Rebecca J. Stern, Judge

No. E2001-00198-CCA-R3-CD 

July 22, 2002

JOSEPH M. TIPTON, J., dissenting.

I respectfully dissent from the result reached in the majority opinion. I believe the evidence

justifies the convictions. That is, the jury had the right under the evidence to discredit the expert

witnesses’ opinions to the extent that the appellant could be found guilty of the offenses charged.

Because the burden of proving insanity was on the appellant, I believe the state had only the

duty to prove the elements of the offenses charged beyond a reasonable doubt. With the jury

rejecting insanity as a defense, our standard of review on appeal should be whether, after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, any rational trier of fact could have failed to find

that the appellant’s criminal insanity at the time of the offense was established by clear and

convincing evidence. This is the standard used under the federal statute that requires the appellant

to prove insanity by clear and convincing evidence. See State v. Barton, 992 F.2d 66, 68-69 (5th Cir.

1993). In other words, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we

should determine whether any rational trier of fact could have a serious or substantial doubt about

the correctness of the conclusion, i.e., insanity, to be drawn from the evidence. See State v. Holder,

15 S.W.3d 905, 912 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (defining clear and convincing evidence). In this

respect, we should not reweigh the evidence but presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in

the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the state. 

Unquestionably, the appellant’s experts had support for their opinions that the appellant was

unable to appreciate the nature or wrongfulness of his acts. However, I believe substantial evidence

exists to raise serious doubts about their conclusions. 

Relative to the events in question, evidence exists to show that the appellant assaulted Mr.

Newman, took his money bag, and ran away. When chased by Mr. Hines, the appellant stopped,

turned to Mr. Hines, and said, “Oh, you want some of this?” He then assaulted Mr. Hines. When

Officer Chapin confronted him, the appellant stopped, offering no resistance. When Officer Chapin
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asked him why he had committed the crime, the appellant replied, “I was hungry.” Standing alone,

these facts justify inferences that the appellant was aware of the nature of his conduct, had a motive

for it, and knew that others would think it was wrong. From his daring the unarmed Mr. Hines while

obeying the armed Officer Chapin, the jury could also infer that the appellant had the ability to

weigh his options after assaulting Mr. Newman and running away.

As for the 1998 mental evaluation, Dr. Brown noted that the appellant initially denied

knowing why he assaulted Mr. Newman and denied hearing voices. However, the appellant

subsequently said that he thought Mr. Newman needed money and that the Lord picked the appellant

to intervene in Mr. Newman’s life. Dr. Brown said that earlier records for the appellant reflected

that he had heard voices apparently telling him to assault people in the past.

As for the 2000 mental evaluation, Dr. Brown determined that the appellant attempted to

distort testing on two psychological tests, thereby reflecting malingering. He also acknowledged that

it was possible for intentional distortions to occur without detection. However, although he admitted

that it was impossible to say for sure that the appellant knew right from wrong at the time of the

offenses, he still believed that the appellant was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his acts

at the time of the assaults. Dr. Mudian stated that the appellant said during the 2000 evaluation that

he heard voices telling him that the man (Mr. Newman) had his billfold.

Dr. Brown referred to hearing voices in the context of schizophrenia as “command

delusions.” To me, this is significant in terms of what does not constitute criminal insanity after the

1995 amendment to the insanity defense statute. Before the amendment, the insanity standard

provided that a person was not responsible if as a result of mental disease or defect he or she lacked

substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of the conduct or to conform the conduct

to the requirements of law. See Graham v. State, 547 S.W.2d 531, 543 (Tenn. 1977). However,

since the amendment, the fact that mental disease or defect prevented a defendant from conforming

conduct to requirements of the law no longer proves that a defendant is criminally insane. Even if

we accept as true the appellant’s having schizophrenia, I believe that the circumstances surrounding

the assaults, the facts shown in the mental evaluations, and the appellant’s stated delusions lend

themselves more logically to the appellant being unable to conform his conduct to the requirements

of the law, not being unaware of the nature or wrongfulness of his acts.

I do not doubt that the appellant suffers from severe mental disorders. However, the

Tennessee legislature has chosen not to excuse his conduct because of such a disorder. I would

affirm the convictions.

_____________________________

JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE