The Honorable John G. Koeltl of the United States District * Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. 10-0799-CV 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indemnity Co. 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 August Term, 2010 4 (Argued: October 8, 2010 Decided: December 23, 2010 5 Amended: December 28, 2010 6 Amended: January 31, 2011) 7 Docket No. 10-0799-CV 8

------------------------------------- 9 10 ELLICOTT SQUARE COURT CORPORATION and 5182 GROUP, LLC, 10 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 11 - v - 12 MOUNTAIN VALLEY INDEMNITY COMPANY, 13 Defendant-Appellant. 14

------------------------------------- 15 Before:SACK and RAGGI, Circuit Judges, and KOELTL, District 16 Judge.* 17 Appeal by the defendant from a summary judgment entered 18 in the United States District Court for the Western District of 19New York (William M. Skretny, Chief Judge) in favor of the 20 plaintiffs. The district court's judgment rested on three 21 grounds relevant to this appeal: first, that a contract that had 22 not been signed on behalf of the parties to it nonetheless had 23been "executed" within the meaning of the primary insurance 24 policy in issue and New York law; second, that the defendant was2 1 bound to provide insurance coverage to the plaintiffs under an 2 umbrella policy; and third, that in any event the defendant was 3 estopped from denying insurance coverage to the plaintiffs by 4 having issued a certificate of insurance identifying the 5plaintiffs as additional insureds. We reverse the district 6 court's determination on the first issue, affirm on the second, 7 and certify to the New York Court of Appeals a question of New 8 York law necessary to our resolution of the third. 9 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, question certified 10 to the New York Court of Appeals in part, decision reserved in 11 part. 12 MAX GERSHWEIR, Hurwitz & Fine, 13 P.C.(Katherine A. Fijal, Esq., of 14 counsel), Buffalo, New York, for 15 Defendant-Appellant. 16 JUDITH TREGER SHELTON, Kenney 17 Shelton Liptak Nowak LLP, Buffalo, 18 New York, for Plaintiffs19 Appellees.

20 SACK, Circuit Judge: 21 The plaintiffs in this action, 5182 Group, LLC, and 10 22 Ellicott Square Court Corporation, were, respectively, the owner 23 of and construction manager for a commercial building in Buffalo, 24 New York. They contracted with a third firm, Ellicott 25Maintenance, Inc., for the building's partial interior 26 demolition. 27 The construction agreement between the plaintiffs and 28 Ellicott Maintenance required the latter to secure insurance to3 1 cover the former for any legal liability arising out of the 2 demolition project. Ellicott Maintenance therefore purchased two 3policies--one primary, the other "umbrella"--from the defendant 4 Mountain Valley Indemnity Company. The defendant, by its agent 5 LRMP, Inc., issued a certificate of insurance evidencing the 6policies and the status of the plaintiffs as additional insureds, 7 after receipt of which Ellicott Maintenance began the demolition 8 work. 9 The primary insurance policy required that the 10 underlying written construction agreement between the named 11 insured, Ellicott Maintenance, and the additional insureds, the 12 plaintiffs in this action, be "executed" in order for any injury 13 for which the plaintiffs sought defense and indemnification to be 14 covered by the policy. Before anyone on behalf of either 15 Ellicott Maintenance or the plaintiffs signed the construction 16 agreement, a worker on the demolition project was injured. When 17 the worker brought suit in New York State court in an attempt to 18 recover for his injuries, the plaintiffs sought defense and 19 indemnification from the defendant insurance company. The 20 defendant declined coverage, arguing that because the 21 construction agreement was neither signed on behalf of the 22 parties nor fully performed prior to the worker's injury, it had 23 not been "executed" under the primary insurance policy issued by 24 the defendant to Ellicott Maintenance, and therefore the 25plaintiffs did not qualify as additional insureds under either of 26 the policies. The plaintiffs then brought this action in the4 1 United States District Court for the Western District of New York 2 seeking a declaratory judgment to the contrary. 3 The district court (William M. Skretny, Chief Judge) 4 agreed with the plaintiffs, concluding that the construction 5 agreement was "executed" even though it had not been signed or 6 fully performed, and that the plaintiffs therefore were entitled 7 to coverage under both the primary and the umbrella policies. 8 The court also decided that even if the plaintiffs were not 9 entitled to coverage under the terms of the policies, the 10 defendant was estopped from denying coverage because its agent 11 had issued a certificate of insurance to Ellicott Maintenance 12 that listed the plaintiffs as additional insureds. The defendant 13 appeals. 14 We disagree with the district court's view that under 15 New York law, a contract has been "executed" despite the absence 16 of either a signature by or on behalf of both parties or full 17 performance. Therefore, under its terms, the primary insurance 18 policy's additional insured coverage did not become effective 19prior to the accident in question. We conclude, however, that 20 the plaintiffs nonetheless were covered under the terms of the 21 umbrella policy because that policy did not require "execution" 22 of an underlying written agreement to take effect. 23 New York's intermediate appellate courts are divided as 24 to whether, despite the fact that an insurance policy's 25 additional-insured coverage is not in effect under its express 26 terms, a certificate of insurance issued by an agent of theSubsequent to our decision to submit this 1 certified question to the New York Court of Appeals but before the submission was actually made or that Court could act upon it, the parties settled the underlying litigation. We therefore withdrew our certification. We construed the parties' stipulation as abandoning the defendant's appeal from the district court's estoppel ruling, and accordingly dismissed the appeal of that issue with prejudice. See 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indem. Co., - -- F.3d ----, 2011 WL 223602, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 1565 (2d Cir. Jan. 26, 2011) (per curiam). Despite the parties' settlement of the case, the other parts of this decision stand. See U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co. v. Bonner Mall P'ship, 513 U.S. 18, 26 (1994) ("Judicial precedents are presumptively correct and valuable to the legal community as a whole. They are not merely the property of private litigants and should stand unless a court concludes that the public interest would be served by vacatur." (internal quotation marks omitted)).

5 1 insurer nonetheless may estop the insurer from denying coverage 2 to a party identified as an additional insured on the 3 certificate, even where the certificate contains various 4 disclaimers, such as that it is "for informational purposes 5 only." We therefore certify the following question to the New 6 York Court of Appeals: 7 In a case brought against an insurer in which 8 a plaintiff seeks a declaration that it is 9 covered under an insurance policy issued by 10 that insurer, does a certificate of insurance 11 issued by an agent of the insurer that states 12 that the policy is in force but also bears 13 language that the certificate is not evidence 14 of coverage, is for informational purposes 15 only, or other similar disclaimers, estop the 16 insurer from denying coverage under the 17 policy?1In identifying the terms of the Primary Policy, the 2 parties refer the Court to a Renewal Declaration contained in the joint appendix reflecting an insurance policy effective from March 15, 2004, to March 15, 2005. The policy at issue in this litigation, however, was effective from March 15, 2003 to March 15, 2004, the same dates listed on the Certificate of Insurance. Because the parties do not dispute that the Primary Policy was issued, that it was effective from 2003 to 2004, and that it was subject to the same terms and endorsements as are contained in the Renewal Declaration, we rely upon the terms of the Renewal Declaration as evidence of the contents of the Primary Policy. 6 1 BACKGROUND 2 The defendant Mountain Valley Indemnity Company 3 ("Mountain Valley") issued a commercial general liability 4 insurance policy, effective March 15, 2003 to March 15, 2004, 5 (the "Primary Policy") to non-party Ellicott Maintenance, Inc., a 6 general contractor in Buffalo, New York.As amended by an 2 7 additional-insured endorsement, the Primary Policy covered not 8 only Ellicott Maintenance but also any "person or organization 9with whom [Ellicott Maintenance] agreed, because of a written 10 contract[,] . . . to provide insurance such as is afforded under 11 [the Primary Policy], but only with respect to liability arising 12 out of [Ellicott Maintenance's] operations," and only when "the 13 written contract or agreement [between Ellicott Maintenance and 14 the additional insured] ha[d] been executed . . . prior to the 15 'bodily injury.'" Mountain Valley Indemnity Co. Commercial 16 Policy No. 331-0013567, Issued to Ellicott Maintenance, Inc., 17 Gen. Liability Extension Endorsement ¶ 11, Decl. of Katherine A. 18 Fijal in Supp. of Mountain Valley's Mot. for Summ. J. ("Fijal 19 Decl.") Ex. J., 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley7 1 Indem. Co., No. 07-CV-0053 (W.D.N.Y. June 13, 2008). The Primary 2 Policy limited Mountain Valley's liability to one million dollars 3 "per occurrence" of bodily injury, and defined "occurrence" to 4 "mean[] an accident . . . ." 5 In addition to the Primary Policy, Mountain Valley 6 issued to Ellicott Maintenance an umbrella policy (the "Umbrella 7 Policy") bearing the same effective dates as the Primary Policy. 8 The Umbrella Policy limited Mountain Valley's liability per 9 occurrence to two million dollars "in excess of" the coverage 10 provided by the Primary Policy and stipulated that the Umbrella 11 Policy's general aggregate limit for each annual period was two 12 million dollars. Like the Primary Policy, the Umbrella Policy 13 guaranteed coverage for bodily injury resulting from an 14 occurrence, which it defined as "an accident . . . ," and 15 extended coverage to additional insureds with whom Ellicott 16Maintenance had "agreed in writing prior to any [injury] . . . to 17 provide insurance such as is afforded" by the Umbrella Policy. 18 Mountain Valley Indem. Co. Commercial Umbrella Policy No. X31- 19 0013568, Issued to Ellicott Maintenance, Inc. at 8, Fijal Decl. 20 Ex. K (the "Umbrella Policy"). Unlike the Primary Policy, the 21 Umbrella Policy did not provide that its coverage of additional 22 insureds was effective only if the written agreement between 23 Ellicott Maintenance and any additional insureds had been 24 "executed." 25 On or about August 14, 2003, Ellicott Maintenance 26 contracted with plaintiffs 5182 Group, LLC, and 10 EllicottWhile the Primary and Umbrella Policies, each of which 3 limited liability to two million dollars for each annual period, did not together provide the five million dollars in coverage required by the construction agreement, that fact does not affect our resolution of the issues on appeal. 8 1 Square Court Corporation d/b/a Ellicott Development Company 2 ("EDC"), to perform interior demolition work at the Graystone 3 Building in Buffalo, New York, owned by plaintiff 5182 Group, and 4 managed by EDC. The agreement between Ellicott Maintenance and 5 the plaintiffs (the "Construction Agreement") obligated Ellicott 6Maintenance to procure insurance coverage protecting both itself 7 and the plaintiffs against claims by employees or subcontractors 8 for, inter alia, damages resulting from bodily injury. The 9 Construction Agreement required that the insurance be "primary, 10 rather than concurrent with or secondary to [the] Owner's own 11 liability insurance," that it provide coverage of no less than 12 five million dollars,and that Ellicott Maintenance obtain, 3 13prior to the commencement of work, "Certificates of Insurance 14 naming [the plaintiffs] as additional insureds." Agreement for 15 Construction, dated Sept. 12, 2003, at 10–11, Fijal Decl. Ex. G. 16No one signed the Construction Agreement on behalf of either the 17 plaintiffs or Ellicott Maintenance until September 12, 2003. 18 Some three weeks earlier, on August 19, 2003, Mountain 19Valley's agent, LRMP, Inc., had issued a certificate of insurance 20 (the "COI") identifying Mountain Valley as the issuer of the 21 Primary Policy and the Umbrella Policy, Ellicott Maintenance as 22 the named insured, and the plaintiffs as "additional insured with9 1 respect to project: Graystone." Certificate of Liability 2 Insurance, dated August 19, 2003, Fijal Decl. Ex. L. The COI 3 listed the limits of liability described above--one million 4 dollars per occurrence under the Primary Policy and two million 5 dollars under the Umbrella Policy. The following language 6 appeared in the upper right-hand quadrant of the front of the 7 COI: "THIS CERTIFICATE IS ISSUED AS A MATTER OF INFORMATION ONLY 8AND CONFERS NO RIGHTS UPON THE CERTIFICATE HOLDER. THIS 9 CERTIFICATE DOES NOT AMEND, EXTEND OR ALTER THE COVERAGE AFFORDED 10 BY THE POLICIES BELOW." Id. (capitalization in original). The 11 COI also provided that "THE INSURANCE AFFORDED BY THE POLICIES 12 DESCRIBED HEREIN IS SUBJECT TO ALL THE TERMS, EXCLUSIONS AND 13 CONDITIONS OF SUCH POLICIES." Id. (capitalization in original). 14 The reverse side of the COI bore similar language under the 15 heading "DISCLAIMER": "The Certificate of Insurance . . . does 16 not constitute a contract between the issuing insurer . . . and 17 the certificate holder, nor does it affirmatively or negatively 18 amend, extend or alter the coverage afforded by the policies 19 listed thereon." Id. Ellicott Maintenance began work the day 20 after it received the COI. 21 On September 9, 2003, three days before Ellicott 22 Maintenance owner Theodore S. DiRienzo and EDC owner Carl P. 23 Paladino signed the construction agreement on behalf of the 24 parties to it, David DelPrince, an employee of S&A Rubbish and 25 Debris Removal--a subcontractor hired by Ellicott Maintenance-- 26was injured when a roof collapsed at the Graystone site.10 1 The plaintiffs notified Mountain Valley's agent, LRMP, 2 of DelPrince's injury and potential claim by letter dated October 3 22, 2003, requesting that Mountain Valley defend and indemnify 4 them in any suit brought by DelPrince. Some six months later, by 5 letter dated April 13, 2004, Mountain Valley informed the 6plaintiffs that it would not defend or indemnify them because, 7 inasmuch as the Construction Agreement had not been signed on 8 behalf of the parties before DelPrince was injured, "there was 9 not in existence on the date of loss a written contract executed 10 prior to the bodily injury," as required by the terms of the 11 Primary Policy. Letter from Susan Gabriele to 10 Ellicott Square 12 [Court] Corp., dated April 13, 2004, App. to Pls.' Local R. 56.1 13 Statement of Material Facts in Supp. of Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J. 14 Ex. 10, 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indem. 15 Co., No. 07-CV-0053 (W.D.N.Y. June 13, 2008). The letter further 16 stated that even if the plaintiffs qualified as additional 17 insureds under the Primary Policy as of the date of the accident, 18 Mountain Valley would deny coverage because the plaintiffs had 19 failed to timely notify Mountain Valley of DelPrince's injury and 20 possible claim, as required by the Primary Policy. 21 DelPrince filed suit against EDC, 5182 Group, and 22 Ellicott Maintenance in New York State Supreme Court, Erie 23 County, on October 28, 2004, alleging negligence and violationsThe parties represented at oral argument before this 4 Court that DelPrince's suit has been settled.

This case was originally assigned to Judge Arcara. 5 When, following the reference of the case to the magistrate judge, Judge Arcara recused himself, the case was reassigned to Chief Judge William M. Skretny.11 1 of the New York Labor Law, and seeking to recover damages for the 2 injuries he sustained.4 3 The plaintiffs filed this declaratory judgment action 4 in the United States District Court for the Western District of 5 New York on January 30, 2007. They alleged that they were 6 additional insureds under the Primary Policy and therefore were 7 entitled to coverage by Mountain Valley in DelPrince's suit. The 8 plaintiffs further alleged that the COI bound Mountain Valley to 9provide coverage despite the absence of a signed agreement 10 between EDC and Ellicott Maintenance. Finally, the plaintiffs 11 alleged that Mountain Valley should be precluded from relying on 12 the defense of untimely notice because Mountain Valley's response 13 disclaiming coverage was itself untimely. The plaintiffs later 14 amended their complaint to add a claim alleging entitlement to 15 indemnification and defense as additional insureds under the 16 terms of the Umbrella Policy. 17 The district court (Richard J. Arcara, Judge) referred 5 18 the case to Magistrate Judge Leslie G. Foschio. In June 2008, 19 the parties brought cross-motions for summary judgment before the 20 magistrate judge. Mountain Valley's motion principally relied on 21 the same arguments made in its April 2004 letter to the 22 plaintiffs disclaiming coverage. Mountain Valley also argued12 1 that it was not bound by the Umbrella Policy because (1) the 2 Construction Agreement required that the insurance provided to 3 the plaintiffs be "primary," and the Umbrella Policy was 4 secondary; and (2) the Umbrella Policy was "subject to all the 5 limitations of [the Primary Policy]," including the execution 6 requirement, and that because the Construction Agreement was not 7 executed before DelPrince's injury, the plaintiffs "[we]re not 8 insureds on the underlying insurance [and we]re not insureds" 9 under the Umbrella Policy. Mem. of Law in Supp. of Mountain 10Valley Indem. Co.'s Mot. for Summ. J. at 20–21, 10 Ellicott 11 Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indem. Co., No. 07-CV-0053 12 (W.D.N.Y. June 13, 2008); see Umbrella Policy at 7–8. In support 13 of their cross-motion, the plaintiffs contended that even though 14 the Construction Agreement had not been signed on behalf of the 15parties at the time of the accident, it nonetheless had been 16 "executed" for purposes of the Primary Policy because of the 17 parties' partial performance and because the parties to the 18 contract understood its signing to be ministerial. The 19plaintiffs further argued that even if the Agreement had not been 20 executed, the COI bound Mountain Valley to provide coverage under 21 the Primary Policy because "Mountain Valley's authorized 22 representative represented that such coverage was in place." 23Mem. of Law in Supp. of Pls.' Mot. for Summ. J. at 17, 10 24 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indem. Co., No. 25 07-CV-0053 (W.D.N.Y. June 13, 2008). Finally, the plaintiffsSubject matter jurisdiction over this action is founded 6 on diversity of citizenship. The parties do not dispute that the plaintiffs' claims are properly resolved by applying New York law. 13 1 argued that the Umbrella Policy's own "blanket additional insured 2 provision" entitled them to that policy's coverage. 3 In a Report and Recommendation (the "R&R"), 10 Ellicott 4 Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indem. Co., No. 07-CV-0053 5 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 2009), the magistrate judge recommended 6 denying Mountain Valley's motion for summary judgment and 7 granting the plaintiffs'.With regard to whether the 6 8 Construction Agreement was "executed," the magistrate judge 9 concluded that "in light of 'common speech' and the reasonable 10 expectations of a businessperson"--and because Mountain Valley, 11 as the drafter of the policy, could have used the term "signed" 12 if it had intended to require a signature--the term "executed" as 13 used in the Primary Policy should not be interpreted to require 14 the parties' signatures to trigger coverage under that policy. 15 R&R at 12–13. On the question of whether the plaintiffs were 16 entitled to coverage based on the COI, the magistrate judge 17 recommended finding that the COI incorporated the terms of the 18 Primary and Umbrella Policies. Relying on Niagara Mohawk Power 19 Corp. v. Skibeck Pipeline Co., 271 A.D.2d 867, 705 N.Y.S.2d 459 20 (4th Dep't 2000), the magistrate judge found that Mountain 21Valley's agent, acting within the scope of its authority, "issued 22 the certificate of insurance naming [the plaintiffs] as 23 additional insureds, upon which [the plaintiffs] were entitled toMountain Valley does not challenge this conclusion on 7 appeal. 14 1 rely, regardless of the absence of a signing of the construction 2 contract at that time." R&R at 15. The magistrate judge 3 therefore recommended estopping Mountain Valley from denying 4 coverage to the plaintiffs. Finally, the magistrate judge 5 rejected Mountain Valley's argument that the plaintiffs had not 6provided timely notice of DelPrince's injury.7 7 Mountain Valley filed written objections to the entire 8 R&R making essentially the same arguments it had presented to the 9magistrate judge. Upon de novo review, the district court 10 adopted the R&R in its entirety and without further written 11 analysis. 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp. v. Mountain Valley 12 Indem. Co., No. 07-CV-0053, 2010 WL 681284, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13 14556 (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 19, 2010). 14 Mountain Valley appeals. 15 DISCUSSION 16 I.Standard of Review 17 We review the district court's grant of summary 18 judgment de novo, "construing the evidence in the light most 19 favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable 20 inferences in its favor." Fincher v. Depository Trust & Clearing 21 Corp., 604 F.3d 712, 720 (2d Cir. 2010). "Summary judgment is 22 appropriate where there exists no genuine issue of material fact 23 and, based on the undisputed facts, the moving party is entitled 24 to judgment as a matter of law." O & G Indus., Inc. v. Nat'lThe plaintiffs appear to argue that the term "executed" 8 is ambiguous. Whether a contract term is ambiguous is a threshold question of law. Morgan Stanley Grp. Inc. v. New Eng. Ins. Co., 225 F.3d 270, 275 (2d Cir. 2000). "An ambiguity exists where the terms of an insurance contract could suggest more than one meaning when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person" who is aware of trade terminology and of the context of the entire contract. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). As we will discuss below, we conclude that the term "executed" is not ambiguous. 15 1 R.R. Passenger Corp., 537 F.3d 153, 159 (2d Cir. 2008), cert. 2 denied, 129 S. Ct. 2043 (2009) (brackets and internal quotation 3marks omitted); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) ("The court shall 4 grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no 5 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 6 entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The court should state 7 on the record the reasons for granting or denying the motion."). 8 II.Execution of the Construction Agreement 9 The plaintiffs argue, and the district court concluded, 10 that although no one on behalf of them or Ellicott Maintenance 11 had signed the Construction Agreement before DelPrince was 12 injured, the contract nevertheless was "executed" for purposes of 13 the Primary Policy. We disagree. 14 We must give "unambiguous provisions of an insurance 15 contract . . . their plain and ordinary meaning." Essex Ins. Co. 16v. Laruccia Constr., Inc., 71 A.D.3d 818, 819, 898 N.Y.S.2d 558, 17 559 (2d Dep't 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). We 18 cannot disregard "the plain meaning of the policy's 19 language . . . in order to find an ambiguity where none exists."8Black's Law Dictionary defines "execute" as, inter 9 alia: "To perform or complete (a contract or duty)"; and "To make (a legal document) valid by signing; to bring (a legal document) into its final, legally enforceable form." Black's Law Dictionary, supra, at 649.16 1 Empire Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Eveready Ins. Co., 48 A.D.3d 2 406, 407, 851 N.Y.S.2d 647, 648 (2d Dep't 2008). 3 "[I]t is common practice for the courts of this State 4 to refer to the dictionary to determine the plain and ordinary 5meaning of words to a contract." Mazzola v. Cnty. of Suffolk, 6 143 A.D.2d 734, 735, 533 N.Y.S.2d 297, 297 (2d Dep't 1988) 7 (citation omitted). The New York Court of Appeals recently did 8 just that in determining the meaning of New York State statutory 9 language. Giordano v. Market Am., Inc., --- N.Y.3d ----, ----, - 10 -- N.E.2d ----, ----, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, ----, 2010 WL 4642451, 11 2010 N.Y. LEXIS 3284, at *10 (Nov. 18, 2010) (adopting a 12 dictionary definition of the word "latent" for purposes of N.Y. 13 C.P.L.R. 214-c(4)). 14 Black's Law Dictionary defines "executed" as: "1. (Of a 15 document) that has been signed <an executed will>. 2. That has 16been done, given, or performed <executed consideration>." 17 Black's Law Dictionary 650 (9th ed. 2009).A note to the 9 18 definition warns that "[t]he term 'executed' is a slippery 19word. . . . A contract is frequently said to be executed when 20 the document has been signed, or has been signed, sealed, and 21 delivered. Further, by executed contract is frequently meant one 22 that has been fully performed by both parties." Id. (quoting 23William R. Anson, Principles of the Law of Contract 26 n.*The parties have not pointed to, nor have we ourselves 10 discovered, an opinion of the New York Court of Appeals addressing the definition of "executed" as it relates to contracts. Because there is no disagreement among the Departments of the Appellate Division in this regard, however, we will apply the decisions of those courts. "[W]e are bound to apply the law as interpreted by New York's intermediate appellate courts unless we find persuasive evidence that the New York Court of Appeals, which has not ruled on this issue, would reach a different conclusion." Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J., Inc. v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 344 F.3d 211, 221 (2d Cir. 2003) (ellipses and internal quotation marks omitted).

The district court relied on the Supreme Court's 11 opinion in Burlington, which the Second Department overturned, in determining applicable New York law. We of course treat the Second Department's decision, of which the district court could not have known when it decided the case at bar, as superseding the Supreme Court's view on the matter. 17 1 (Arthur L. Corbin ed., 3d Am. ed. 1919)) (brackets and internal 2 quotation marks omitted, emphasis in original). 3 New York courts employ the standard indicated by the 4 definition in Black's, requiring that a contract be either signed 5 or fully performed before it can be considered executed.For 10 6 example, in Burlington Insurance Co. v. Utica First Insurance 7 Co., 71 A.D.3d 712, 896 N.Y.S.2d 433 (2d Dep't 2010),a case 11 8 with facts remarkably similar to those of the case before us, a 9 construction manager contracted with a subcontractor to perform 10 work at a site in Manhattan. The agreement was memorialized in a 11 purchase order that required the subcontractor "to obtain 12 insurance in specified minimum amounts, and to name [the 13 construction manager] as an additional insured on the Certificate 14 of Insurance." Id. at 712, 896 N.Y.S.2d at 434. The policy's 15 additional insured endorsement provided, inter alia, that the 16written contract or agreement between the manager and18 1 subcontractor had to be "[c]urrently in effect or becoming 2 effective during the terms of this policy; and . . . [e]xecuted 3prior to the 'bodily injury' [or] 'personal injury'." Id. at 4 713, 896 N.Y.S.2d at 434. 5 Before the purchase order was signed on behalf of 6 either party, and before work at the site was completed, a man 7 was injured when he fell through a sidewalk cellar door at the 8 construction site. Id. The injured man filed a personal injury 9 action against the construction manager and the subcontractor, 10 both of whom in turn sought coverage from the defendant insurance 11 company. Id. The defendant declined coverage "on the ground 12 that [the construction manager] was not an additional insured 13pursuant to the terms of the policy's additional insured 14 endorsement" because "the purchase order was not signed at the 15 time of the underlying plaintiff's alleged injury and, therefore, 16 had not been 'executed' as of that time," as required by the 17 endorsement. Id. The plaintiffs argued that the contract had 18 been executed by virtue of their partial performance of their 19 duties thereunder. 20 The Appellate Division, Second Department, agreed with 21 the insurer, concluding that "the defendant demonstrated that the 22 contract was not 'executed' at the time of the alleged 23 accident . . . since it was both unsigned and had not been fully 24 performed at that time." Id. at 714, 896 N.Y.S.2d at 435. The 25 court found "no support for the plaintiffs' contention that the 26 condition in the additional insured endorsement that the contract19 1 be 'executed' prior to the bodily injury or personal injury could 2 be satisfied by partial performance." Id. 3 In this case, the plaintiffs assert that although the 4 Construction Agreement was not signed, the "underlying contract" 5 requiring Ellicott Maintenance to procure insurance had been 6 fully performed in that Ellicott Maintenance had "obtained 7 insurance in favor of EDC/5182 Group by purchasing policies with 8 a blanket additional insured endorsement," and "delivered proof 9 of coverage in the form of" the COI. Appellees' Br. 20. But the 10 Construction Agreement was not comprised of many individual 11 contracts, as the plaintiffs' argument implies. Rather, 12 fulfilling the insurance procurement provision constituted 13partial performance of the Construction Agreement--satisfaction 14 of one of the duties required of Ellicott Maintenance thereunder. 15And as the district court correctly noted, partial performance 16 does not constitute execution. 17 The plaintiffs also argue that Burlington "appears to 18 be premised on a legal fallacy," Appellees' Br. 14, i.e., that 19 the Second Department's acknowledgment that the word "executed" 20 can have more than one meaning cannot be reconciled with its 21 conclusion that this "does not render the contract uncertain or 22 ambiguous," Burlington, 71 A.D.3d at 713, 896 N.Y.S.2d at 435 23 (internal quotation marks omitted). But the Burlington court 24 concluded that the contract before it had not been executed 25because it had neither been signed nor fully performed. 26 Therefore, neither method of execution had been met. Id. at 714,The plaintiffs make the same argument regarding the 12 Umbrella Policy, but because we conclude in Part IV below that the Umbrella Policy was in any event in effect as to the plaintiffs for other reasons, we need not reach the question of estoppel with respect to that policy. 20 1 896 N.Y.S.2d at 435. One cannot conclude from the fact that a 2 contract requirement can be satisfied in more than one way that 3 the contract for that reason alone "lack[s] a definite and 4 precise meaning." SUS, Inc. v. St. Paul Travelers Grp., 75 5A.D.3d 740, 742, 905 N.Y.S.2d 321, 324 (3d Dep't 2010). Neither 6 does it render the term ambiguous, nor create a triable issue of 7 material fact. 8 Because New York law unambiguously requires either the 9 signing of a contract or its full performance for it to be 10 "executed" within the meaning of an insurance policy requiring 11 such prior execution, and because neither occurred here, the 12 Construction Agreement was not executed as of the date of 13 DelPrince's injury. The district court's finding that it was and 14 its conclusion that for that reason the Primary Policy was in 15 effect at the time of the accident, are therefore in error. 16 III.Estoppel under the Certificate of Insurance 17 The plaintiffs contend that Mountain Valley is 18 nonetheless estopped from denying coverage to the plaintiffs 19 under the Primary Policybecause Mountain Valley's agent issued, 12 20 and the plaintiffs relied upon, the COI. The district court 21 agreed. New York's intermediate appellate courts are divided on 22 the question.21 1 New York contract law instructs that, as a general 2 matter, "[a] certificate of insurance is merely evidence of a 3 contract for insurance, not conclusive proof that the contract 4 exists, and not, in and of itself, a contract to insure." Horn 5Maint. Corp. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 225 A.D.2d 443, 444, 639 6N.Y.S.2d 355, 356 (1st Dep't 1996); see also Sevenson Envtl. 7 Servs., Inc. v. Sirius Am. Ins. Co., 74 A.D.3d 1751, 1753, 902 8 N.Y.S.2d 279, 280 (4th Dep't 2010); Tribeca Broadway Assocs., LLC 9v. Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co., 5 A.D.3d 198, 200, 774 N.Y.S.2d 10 11, 13 (1st Dep't 2004). While a certificate "may be sufficient 11 to raise an issue of fact" on summary judgment, "it is not 12 sufficient, standing alone . . . , to prove coverage as a matter 13 of law." Id. 14 However, the Third and Fourth Departments have held 15 that a certificate of insurance can estop an insurance provider 16 from denying coverage where the parties intended to provide 17 coverage to the party seeking it if the certificate was issued by 18 an agent within the scope of its authority, and if the party 19 seeking coverage reasonably relied on the certificate of 20 insurance by, for example, beginning construction work. See 21 Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v. Skibeck Pipeline Co., 270 A.D.2d 22 867, 868-69, 705 N.Y.S.2d 459, 460–61 (4th Dep't 2000) 23 (concluding that insurer was bound by certificate of insurance 24 listing the plaintiff as an additional insured, even though 25 another certificate, under which the plaintiff sought coverage, 26 did not list the plaintiff); Bucon, Inc. v. Pa. Mfg. Ass'n Ins.The plaintiffs attempt to distinguish American Ref- 13 Fuel. In that case, the alleged additional insured was named in the certificate of insurance but was never named--and was not intended to be named--as an additional insured under the terms of the insurance contract. Id., 248 A.D.2d at 423-24, 671 N.Y.S.2d at 96. However, the court's rejection of estoppel appears to have been grounded in the plain language of the certificate itself, which, like the certificate at issue in the instant case, warned that it was for informational purposes only. Id. Mountain Valley's effort to distinguish Bucon is similarly unpersuasive, as is its reliance on Taylor v. Kinsella, 742 F.2d 709 (2d Cir. 1984), a case in which we declined to require coverage by virtue of a certificate because, inter alia, in order to provide the coverage sought, the certificate would have had to expand the scope of the policy it referenced. See id. at 711-12. 22 1 Co., 151 A.D.2d 207, 210–11, 547 N.Y.S.2d 925, 927-28 (3d Dep't 2 1989) (estopping the defendant insurer from denying coverage to 3 the plaintiff where the plaintiff reasonably relied on a 4 certificate of insurance in commencing construction work). But 5 the Second Department has declined to conclude that an insurer 6was estopped from denying coverage to a party that was 7 erroneously named on a certificate of insurance. See Am. Ref8 Fuel Co. of Hempstead v. Res. Recycling, Inc., 248 A.D.2d 420, 9 423-24, 671 N.Y.S.2d 93, 96 (2d Dep't 1998) (rejecting estoppel 10 arising from a certificate of insurance where the certificate 11 stated that it was "a matter of information only and confer[red] 12 no rights upon" the plaintiff, and holding that "the doctrine of 13 estoppel may not be invoked to create coverage where none exists 14 under the policy").The First Department, too, has been 13 15 reluctant to find estoppel based on a certificate of insurance. 16 See Nicotra Grp., LLC v. Am. Safety Indem. Co., 48 A.D.3d 253, 17 254, 850 N.Y.S.2d 455, 457 (1st Dep't 2008) ("Nor did the23 1 certificate of insurance confer additional insured status."); 2 Rodless Props., L.P. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 40 A.D.3d 253, 3 254-55, 835 N.Y.S.2d 154, 155 (1st Dep't 2007) ("We agree . . . 4 that since the certificate of insurance was issued as a matter of 5 information only . . . it is neither proof of insurance nor proof 6 of an oral contract."); Moleon v. Kreisler Borg Florman Gen. 7 Constr. Co., 304 A.D.2d 337, 339, 758 N.Y.S.2d 621, 623 (1st 8 Dep't 2003) (deciding, without reference to estoppel, that 9 certificate of insurance is "insufficient to establish that [the 10 plaintiff] is an additional insured under a policy especially 11 where, as here, the policy itself makes no provision for 12 coverage"). 13 There is reason to conclude that the primary insured-- 14 here, Ellicott Maintenance--should bear the burden of ensuring 15 that all the conditions of providing "additional insured" status 16 to those with whom it contracts to provide that status have been 17 met. At oral argument, counsel for both sides acknowledged that 18 it is not customary for an insurer or for the insurer's agent to 19 see the contract ostensibly requiring a contractor to procure 20 insurance; rather, a certificate of insurance naming the 21 additional insured is issued as a matter of course upon the 22 request of the primary insured. Nor is there evidence in the 23 record of which we are aware that the plaintiffs ever saw the 24 policy issued to Ellicott Maintenance, or that a party in the 25plaintiffs' position would typically see such a policy. The 26 additional insureds did not have a relationship with the insurer24 1 that would have given them the right to obtain or question the 2 accuracy of a certificate of insurance. It is, after all, the 3primary insured which has explicitly agreed to the execution of 4 the underlying contract as a condition of coverage for additional 5 insureds, which has the ability to seek to obtain that execution 6prior to the beginning of work pursuant to the contract, and 7 which is otherwise best positioned to assure compliance with the 8 conditions of its insurance. 9 On the other hand, there is a reasonable argument to be 10 made that, disclaimers notwithstanding, an insurer has an 11 obligation not to issue false or potentially misleading 12 certificates of insurance–-or to permit an agent to issue them–- 13 if it or the agent is aware the parties may rely upon the 14 certificate despite disclaimers to the contrary. "[A]n 15 estoppel rests upon the word or deed of one [party] upon which 16 another party rightfully relies and so relying changes his 17 position to his injury." Nassau Trust Co. v. Montrose Concrete 18 Prods. Corp., 56 N.Y.2d 175, 184, 436 N.E.2d 1265, 1269, 451 19N.Y.S.2d 663, 667 (1982) (citation and internal quotation marks 20 omitted). That formulation may well correctly describe the facts 21 here. Moreover, insurers typically have greater control over the 22 terms of insurance contracts and certificates of insurance than 23 their insureds, along with greater knowledge of the applicable 24 law; estoppel therefore may be appropriate for much the same 25 reason that ambiguities in insurance contracts are construed 26 against insurers. Cf. Thomas J. Lipton, Inc. v. Liberty Mut.In a joint post-argument submission dated October 14, 14 2010, the parties confirmed that even though DelPrince's lawsuit has been settled, their dispute concerning the applicability of the Umbrella Policy is not moot because, "given the particulars of the settlement in the underlying action, a finding in this case that [the] plaintiffs are entitled to coverage under the defendant's umbrella policy would result in [the] defendant having to pay under that policy." Letter from Judith Treger Shelton, Counsel for the Pls., to the U.S. Court of Appeals for 25 1 Ins. Co., 34 N.Y.2d 356, 361, 314 N.E.2d 37, 39, 357 N.Y.S.2d 2 705, 708 (1974). And such a distribution of responsibility may 3be particularly appropriate in cases, such as this one, where 4 enforcement of the certificate of insurance would not expand the 5 substantive scope of the insurance contemplated by the insurer, 6but would instead require the insurer to provide the coverage to 7 which the certificate of insurance states it has agreed. See 8 Bucon, 151 A.D.2d at 210-11, 547 N.Y.S.2d at 927-28. 9 In any event, in light of this diversity of authority 10 among the Appellate Divisions, and of the underlying policy 11 choices involved, on what we think to be a significant issue of 12 state law, and acknowledging the absence of guidance from the 13 Court of Appeals, we respectfully certify to the Court the 14 following question: 15 In a case brought against an insurer in which 16 a plaintiff seeks a declaration that it is 17 covered under an insurance policy issued by 18 that insurer, does a certificate of insurance 19 by an agent of the insurer that states that 20 the policy is in force but also bears 21 language that the certificate is not evidence 22 of coverage, is for informational purposes 23 only, or other similar disclaimers, estop the 24 insurer from denying coverage under the 25 policy? 26 IV.Coverage Under the Umbrella Policy14the Second Circuit, dated Oct. 14, 2010, 10 Ellicott Square Court

Corp. v. Mountain Valley Indem. Co., No. 10-0799-CV (2d Cir. Oct. 14, 2010), ECF No. 71.

The district court's finding that the Construction 15 Agreement had been "executed" compelled its conclusion that the plaintiffs were covered under both the Primary and the Umbrella Policies. See 10 Ellicott Square Court Corp., 2010 WL 681284, at *2, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14556, at *5. Because we conclude that the Construction Agreement was not "executed," we must consider whether the plaintiffs qualify for defense and indemnification under the Umbrella Policy. 26 1 The plaintiffs argue that even if they are not covered 2 as additional insureds under the Primary Policy, they are covered 3 under the Umbrella Policy.Mountain Valley responds that the 15 4 Umbrella Policy is limited by the same unfulfilled "execution" 5 requirement as the Primary Policy. A finding that the plaintiffs 6were covered by the Umbrella Policy, Mountain Valley asserts, 7 would constitute an expansion in coverage in contravention of New 8 York law. We agree with the plaintiffs. 9 Section 3(c) of the Umbrella Policy provides: "Any 10 person or organization with whom or with which you have agreed in 11 writing prior to any loss, 'occurrence[,]' or 'offense' to 12 provide insurance such as is afforded by this policy is an 13 insured . . . ." Fijal Decl. Ex. K at 8 (§ 3(c)). Pursuant to 14 Section 3(d), "Each person or organization who is an 'insured' in 15 the 'underlying insurance' is an 'insured' under this insurance 16 subject to all the limitations of such 'underlying insurance' 17 other than the limits of the underlying insurer's liability." 18 Id. (§3(d)).27 1 We conclude that Section 3(c) renders the plaintiffs 2 insureds under the Umbrella Policy. The policy requires no more 3 than an agreement in writing. The New York Court of Appeals 4 "ha[s] long held that a contract may be valid even if it is not 5 signed by the party to be charged, provided its subject matter 6 does not implicate a statute . . . that imposes such a 7 requirement." Flores v. Lower E. Side Serv. Ctr., Inc., 4 N.Y.3d 8 363, 368, 828 N.E.2d 593, 596 (2005). "[A]n unsigned contract 9may be enforceable, provided there is objective evidence 10 establishing that the parties intended to be bound." Id. at 369, 11 828 N.E.2d at 597. 12 It is undisputed that the parties intended to be bound 13by the Construction Agreement irrespective of whether and when it 14 was signed. Under New York law, it was therefore a binding 15 agreement prior to its execution. And it is indisputable that 16 under that agreement, the general contractor was to procure 17 insurance for the plaintiffs. Nor is there any issue as to the 18 Construction Agreement's requirement that Ellicott Maintenance 19 obtain aggregate insurance coverage for at least five million 20 dollars, and that the Primary Policy had a general aggregate 21 limit of two million dollars. 22 Mountain Valley argues that the Construction Agreement 23 did not require "insurance such as is afforded" by the Umbrella 24 Policy because the Agreement required that Ellicott Maintenance's 25 insurance be in the form of a "primary policy." But the 26Agreement required only that Ellicott Maintenance's policy be28 1 primary in relation to the plaintiffs' own policies "rather than 2 concurrent" with them. Fijal Decl. Ex. G at 10 (§ 7(A)(3)). 3 Mountain Valley also contends that because the 4 Construction Agreement did not refer explicitly to umbrella 5 coverage, it did not require Ellicott Maintenance to provide 6 "such insurance as is afforded" by the Umbrella Policy. 7 Appellant's Reply. Br. at 11. We find no language in the 8 Umbrella Policy to require such specificity. 9 Notwithstanding Section 3(c), Mountain Valley argues 10 that the plaintiffs do not qualify as additional insureds 11 because, under Section 3(d), the Umbrella Policy is "subject to 12 all the limitations" of the Primary Policy. We need not resolve 13 whether the Primary Policy's execution requirement would preclude 14 the plaintiffs from receiving coverage under Section 3(d) of the 15 Umbrella Policy, because the plaintiffs are eligible for coverage 16pursuant to Section 3(c) irrespective of the effectiveness of the 17 Primary Policy. Sections 3(c) and 3(d) of the Umbrella Policy, 18 which define who is an insured, provide alternative grounds 19 rather than compound requirements for qualification as an 20 additional insured. We will not read "and" into the policy to 21 conclude that the plaintiffs must qualify as insureds under both 22 Section 3(c) and Section 3(d). If they come within the terms of 23 either, they are insureds. "[C]ourts may not by construction add 24 or excise terms . . . under the guise of interpreting the 25 writing." Vt. Teddy Bear Co. v. 538 Madison Realty Co., 1 N.Y.3d 26 470, 475, 807 N.E.2d 876, 879, 775 N.Y.S.2d 765, 768 (2004)29 1 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We therefore 2 conclude that Mountain Valley is bound to provide coverage to the 3plaintiffs under Section 3(c) of the Umbrella Policy. 4 Although our conclusion rests on a ground not 5 considered by the district court, we may "affirm a decision on 6 any grounds supported in the record, even if it is not one on 7 which the trial court relied." Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. 8 Co., 460 F.3d 400, 405 (2d Cir. 2006). We do so here. 9 V. Certification to the New York Court of Appeals 10 The rules of this Court provide that "[i]f state law 11 permits, the court may certify a question of state law to that 12 state's highest court." 2d Cir. Local R. 27.2; see also Penguin 13 Grp. (USA) Inc. v. Am. Buddha, 609 F.3d 30, 41-42 (2d Cir. 2010). 14 "Although the parties did not request certification, we are 15 empowered to seek certification nostra sponte." Kuhne v. Cohen & 16 Slamowitz, LLP, 579 F.3d 189, 198 (2d Cir. 2009). Whether to 17 certify is discretionary, Am. Buddha, 609 F.3d at 41, and is 18 principally guided by three factors. 19 First, "certification may be appropriate if the New 20 York Court of Appeals has not squarely addressed an issue and 21 other decisions by New York courts are insufficient to predict 22 how the Court of Appeals would resolve it." Id. at 42; see also 23 O'Mara v. Town of Wappinger, 485 F.3d 693, 698 (2d Cir. 2007); 24 Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J., Inc. v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 25 344 F.3d 211, 220-21 (2d Cir. 2003); N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. 26 tit. 22, § 500.27(a) (2008). As discussed above, there is a30 1 "split of authority," Blue Cross, 344 F.3d at 221, regarding 2 whether a certificate of insurance can be enforced through 3 estoppel: "[T]wo competing lines of cases deal[] with the issue 4 here," and the New York Court of Appeals has not decided which is 5 correct. Am. Buddha, 609 F.3d at 42. In the absence of 6 direction from the state's highest court, we "cannot harmonize" 7 the divergent intermediate court decisions. Carney v. 8 Philippone, 332 F.3d 163, 172 (2d Cir. 2003). Nor can we predict 9 any better than the Departments of the Appellate Division how the 10 Court of Appeals would resolve the question. 11 Second, the question on which we certify must be of 12 "importance . . . to the state," O'Mara, 485 F.3d at 698, and 13 its resolution must "require[] value judgments and important 14 public policy choices that the New York Court of Appeals is 15better situated than we to make," Am. Buddha, 609 F.3d at 42; 16 accord Bessemer Trust Co. v. Branin, 618 F.3d 76, 93 (2d Cir. 17 2010). We think that the New York Court of Appeals is better 18 positioned than we to weigh who should properly bear the burden 19 under New York law of confirming that coverage exists before 20 issuing a certificate of insurance that purports to evidence such 21 coverage. 22 Third, we may certify if the question is 23 "'determinative' of a claim before us." O'Mara, 485 F.3d at 698 24 (quoting N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 22, § 500.27(a)); see 25 also Prats v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 315 F.3d 146, 150–51 (2d 26 Cir. 2002) (certifying "unsettled" question of state law). Here,31 1 whether the plaintiffs receive coverage under the Primary Policy, 2 and therefore the extent to which the plaintiffs will be 3 indemnified for their defense in DelPrince's action, rests on 4 resolution of the certified question. 5 We therefore certify a question to the New York Court 6 of Appeals and reserve decision on this point pending that 7 Court's action. 8 CONCLUSION 9 For the foregoing reasons, we certify the following 10 question to the New York Court of Appeals: 11 In a case brought against an insurer in which 12 a plaintiff seeks a declaration that it is 13 covered under an insurance policy issued by 14 that insurer, does a certificate of insurance 15 issued by an agent of the insurer that states 16 that the policy is in force but also bears 17 language that the certificate is not evidence 18 of coverage, is for informational purposes 19 only, or other similar disclaimers, estop the 20 insurer from denying coverage under the 21 policy? 22 As is our practice, we do not intend to limit the scope of the 23 Court of Appeals' analysis through the formulation of our 24 question, and we invite the Court of Appeals to expand upon or 25 alter this question as it should deem appropriate. See Am. 26 Buddha, 609 F.3d at 42–43; Kirschner v. KPMG LLP, 590 F.3d 186, 27 195 (2d Cir. 2009). 28 Pursuant to New York Court of Appeals Rule 500.17 and 29 United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Rule 27.2, 30 it is hereby ORDERED that the Clerk of this Court transmit to the 31 Clerk of the Court of Appeals of New York this opinion as our32 1 certificate, together with a complete set of the briefs, 2 appendix, and record filed in this Court by the parties. We 3 direct the parties to bear equally any fees and costs that may be 4 imposed by the New York Court of Appeals in connection with this 5 certification. This panel will retain jurisdiction over the 6 appeal after disposition of this certification by the New York 7 Court of Appeals. 8 We affirm the district court's grant of summary 9 judgment to the plaintiffs with respect to coverage under the 10 Umbrella Policy. We reserve decision as to the district court's 11 grant of summary judgment to the plaintiffs with respect to 12 coverage under the Primary Policy pending the New York Court of 13Appeals' decision as to whether to answer the question we 14 certify, and if it decides to do so, until its judgment in the 15matter is final.