* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, e xcept under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and col lateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judg ments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and condi tions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### December 2, 2005

Clerk of Court UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 04-4050

v. District of Utah DARRELL EUGENE WASHINGTON,

Defendant-Appellant. (D.C. No. 1:02-CR-34-01-DB)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before EBEL , MURPHY , and McCONNELL , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). T his case is therefore submitted without oral argument. I. Background Appellant Darrell Washington was convicted by a jury of possessing with intent to distribute crack cocaine and possessing a mmunition as a convicted felon-2-

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), respectively. These convictions gave Mr. Washington a base offens e level of 32 pursuant to the United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.). Atthe sentencing hearing, the district court adopted the findings of the pre-sent ence report and determined that Mr. Washington should receive (1) a two-level “reck less endangerment during flight” enhancement for fleeing officers when they attempted to arrest him, and backing a car into a police vehicle, and (2) a thre e-level enhancement because he qualified as a “career offender” based on two priorfelony convictions for crimes of violence. Mr. Washington did not object to the pre-sentence report. The district court accordingly assigned Mr. Washington a base offense level of 37 and, after determining that Mr. Washington fell into a c riminal history category of VI, sentenced him to 360 months imprisonment, the low e nd of the range. Mr. Washington filed an appeal on September 23, 20 04, in which he argued that he should not be classified as a careeroffender because one of his prior felony convictions, unlawful sexual activity with a minor, is not a crime of violence. He also claimed that his sentence enhanc ement by the district court violated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. After briefs were submitted, the Supreme Court deci ded United States v. Booker , 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). In Booker , the Court extended its decision in Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 (2004), to the federal Sentencing Gu idelines,-3-

holding that it is unconstitutional for a judge to make factual findings that would increase the top of the guidelines range. See Booker , 125 S. Ct. at 756. To remedy this constitutional defect in sentencing pro cedures, the Court struck down the portions of the Sentencing Reform Act that made application of the Guidelines mandatory. Id

. We invited the parties to submit supplemental brief ing on the Bookerissue. In his supplemental Bookerbrief, Mr. Washington concedes that the enhancemen t for prior convictions is not a constitutional defec t, but argues that the enhancement for reckless endangerment does violate the Sixth Amendment. Additionally, Mr. Washington argues that the distri ct court committed nonconstitutional Bookererror by enhancing his sentence after consulting t he Guidelines as if they were mandatory. II. Discussion A. Whether Mr. Washington Qualifies as a “Career Offender” To determine whether the defendant qualified as a “ career offender,” the district court considered the requirements of U.S.S .G. § 4B1.1. Under that section, a defendant is a career offender if (1) he was “at least eighteen years old at the time he committed the instant offense of con viction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at lea st two prior felony convictions1 Mr. Washington pleaded guilty to Utah Code Ann.§ 76 -5-401.2, which

prohibits sexual activity with “a person who is 16 years of age or older, but younger than 18 years of age. . . .” -4- of either a crime of violence or a controlled subst ance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. At issue here is whether Mr. Washington’s p rior felony conviction for unlawful sexual activity with a minor qualifies as a “crime of violence.” Mr. Washington argues that the statute under which he w as convicted contains no “use-of-force” element and therefore the offense is not a crime of violence. 1 The term “crime of violence” as used in § 4B1.1 is defined in § 4B1.2(a)

as: [A]ny offense under federal or state law, punishabl e by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that-- (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or thr eatened use of physical force against the person of another , or (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involved use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct th at presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. Id . The commentary that accompanies this provision i ncludes “forcible sex offenses” within the ambit of the term “crime of vi olence.” Id . cmt., n.1. Because the statute under which Mr. Washington was convicted does not include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physic al force, his prior conviction can only be considered a crime of violence if it sa tisfies the “otherwise involves” criterion of § 4B1.2(a)(2).-5-

In order to determine if a criminal conviction is p roperly categorized as a crime of violence, we follow a categorical approach in which we look “only to the fact of the conviction and the statutory definition of the prior offense.” United States v. Austin , 426 F.3d 1266, 1270 (10th Cir. 2005) (citing United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 779, 782 (10th Cir. 2004) (relying on Taylor v. United States , 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990))). If the statute in qu estion is ambiguous, in that it reaches conduct that could be both violent and nonviolent, we are permitted to “look to the charging paper and judgment of conviction in order to determine if the actual offense the defend ant was convicted of qualifies as a crime of violence.” United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez , 388 F.3d 779, 783 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Mr. Washington argues that, following this categori cal approach, the Utah statute under which he was convicted is ambiguous b ecause it is broad enough to encompass both violent and non-violent crimes. He further asserts that the other documents available to this Court concerning his pr ior conviction do not resolve the statute’s ambiguity in this case. Because neit her the statute itself nor the other available documents establish that Mr. Washin gton’s conviction for unlawful sexual contact with a minor was a crime of violence, he argues that the district court improperly enhanced his sentence forbeing a career offender.-6-

We recently considered whether a conviction for unl awful sexual contact with a victim who is part of a statutorily protecte d class of minors constitutes a crime of violence in Austin . There, the defendant’s sentence was enhanced bas ed in part on a guilty plea for a statutory violation consisting of sexual contact with a person less that fifteen years old. Austin , 426 F.3d at 1268. On appeal, the defendant argued that the district court improperly characterized his prior conviction as a crime of violence. Id. at 1269. After a thorough review of the case law in our own circuit, as well as that of oursister circuits, we concluded that “sexual abuse of a statutorily-protected, spec ific age group of minors, including abuse through sexual contact, is generall y, by its nature, considered a ‘crime of violence.’” Id. at 1278. In so concluding, we relied upon our holding in United States v. Rowland, 357 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2004), that “a prior convi ction for the nonconsensual touching of the body parts of a victim over the age of sixteen, as prohibited by state statute, created a risk of physical injury un der § 4B1.2.” Austin , 426 F.3d at 1278. In Austin , we left open the question of whether touching the clothing covering a minor child’s intimate parts would simil arly “pose a serious risk of physical injury for the purposes of § 4B1.2.” Id. at 1278, 1278 n.5. This case does not present us with the opportunity to resolve that question. The prior felony relied upon by the district court during Mr. Washington’s-7-

sentencing was a plea of guilty to a Utah statute p rohibiting “sexual intercourse with [a] minor.” Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-401.2. Bas ed on the plain language of the statute, it is clear that Mr. Washington’s prio r conviction was not limited to the touching of clothing covering the minor victim’ s intimate parts. Based upon our decision in Austin , we conclude that the trial court properly characterized Mr. Washington’s prior felony convict ion for unlawful sexual contact with a minor as a crime of violence under § 4B1.2. B. Whether the District Court Improperly Enhanced the Sente nce Mr. Washington also argues that the sentencing enha ncements imposed by the district court violate United States v. Booker , 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). The enhancement for reckless endangerment presents a co nstitutional Bookerclaim, while the career offender enhancement presents a no n-constitutional claim. See United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d 727, 731–32 (10th Cir. 2005) (distinguishing between constitutional and non-cons titutional Bookererrors). Neither type of Booker error is structural. See id. at 734 (non-constitutional Booker error is not structural); United States v. Dowlin , 408 F.3d 647, 668–69 (10th Cir. 2005) (constitutional Bookererror is not structural). Because Mr. Washington did not object below, we review both con stitutional and nonconstitutional Bookererrors under the familiar plain error standard. “ Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects substantial-8-

rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairnes s, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d at 732 (quoting United States v. Burbage , 365 F.3d 1174, 1180 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 510 (2004)). We recognize that both the first and second prongs of the plain error analysis are satisfied for both the constitutional and non-constitutional Booker errors. Addressing the third prong of plain error, we conclude that Mr. Washington has failed to demonstrate that the const itutional error resulting from the reckless endangerment enhancement affected his substantial rights. There are two ways in which a defendant can comply with the t hird plain error prong. First, he can show “a reasonable probability that a jury applying a reasonable doubt standard would not have found the same material fac ts that a judge found by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Dazey , 403 F.3d 1147, 1175 (10th Cir. 2005). Second, he can establish a reaso nable probability that the judge would have imposed a sentence outside the Guideline s range if more leniency were available. Id. Mr. Washington has demonstrated neither of these probabilities. As to the first possible showing, in order to evalu ate the effect on the defendant’s substantial rights, we must “review the evidence submitted at the sentencing hearing and the factual basis for any objection the defendant may have-9-

made to the facts on which the sentence was predicated.” Id. The uncontradicted evidence submitted at the sentencing hearing indicates that Mr. Washington “crashed his vehicle into a brick wall and then bac ked into a police vehicle that was blocking his escape” in an attempt to flee from police. R. Vol. XIII, PSR 5. Because Mr. Washington did not object to this factu al finding in the pre-sentence report, and because the evidence is uncontradicted, Mr. Washington has not shown a reasonable probability that the factual pre dicate for sentencing would be different had the facts been submitted to a jury. Regarding the other possible showing for the third plain error prong, we note that the district court did not express an inc lination to sentence Mr. Washington below the Guidelines range. To the cont rary, the trial judge indicated his inclination to sentence Mr. Washington more sev erely. Specifically, he stated: I’m telling you Mr. Washington, I am on the edge of a life sentence. I look at your history and all you have done before me is slander the Court, complain about everyone you have come into contact with and deny responsibility. . . . Your record is terrible. You qualify as a career criminal. A good case could be made for me to put you away fo r life. Society would probably be better. . . . You have proven to be a dangerous man. You’re here today still complaining about everyone else’s behavior and it has me this close to giving you life in prison. R. Vol. XII, at 15-16. If anything, the district c ourt indicated that it was lenient in sentencing, not excessive. We cannot say, then, that there is a reasonable probability that Mr. Washington would receive a dif ferent sentence, at least not a more lenient one, if we were to remand. Compare United States v. Williams , 403-10-

F.3d 1188, 1199-1200 (10th Cir. 2005) (finding a re asonable probability that the ensuing sentence would be different where the distr ict court judge indicated that he felt obligated by the guidelines to impose what he considered to be an excessive and “immoral” sentence). As to Mr. Washington’s non-constitutional Bookerclaim, we need not address whether it affected Mr. Washington’s substa ntial rights because we conclude that he has failed to show that it serious ly affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of his judicial pro ceedings. See Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d at 736 (declining to address the third pro ng of plain error because the defendant did not satisfy the fourth prong). Under the fourth prong of plain error analysis, we will not notice nonconstitutional Bookererrors unless they are particularly egregious and our failure to do so would result in a miscarriage of justice. Id. In light of our review of the record, we conclude that Mr. Washington has failed to demonstrate that his sentence was unfair. The mere fact that a sentence was mandatorily imposed does not threaten the fairness, integrity, or public rep utation of judicial proceedings. Gonzalez-Huerta , 403 F.3d at 739 (quoting United States v. Antonakopoulos , 399 F.3d 68, 80 (1st Cir. 2005)). We recognize that th e Sentencing Guidelines represent the accepted national norms for sentencin g, and that district courts must continue to recognize these national norms when mak ing sentencing decisions.-11-

Id. at 738. Mr. Washington’s sentence is within this national norm and we find no mitigating evidence in the record before us thatindicates his sentence should be reduced.

III. Conclusion Because we reject both of the arguments raised by M r. Washington on appeal, the judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Utah is
AFFIRMED

. Entered for the Court, Michael W. McConnell Circuit Judge