Note: Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal. 

ENTRY ORDER

SUPREME COURT DOCKET NO. 2012-477

APRIL TERM, 2013

In re J.S., Juvenile } APPEALED FROM:

}

} Superior Court, Caledonia Unit,

} Family Division

}

} DOCKET NO. 33-2-12 Cajv

Trial Judge: M. Kathleen Manley

In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

Mother appeals from the termination of her parental rights in son J.S. She argues that the 

court abused its discretion because its order does not serve J.S.’s dual needs of permanency and 

mother-child contact. We affirm the termination order.

J.S. was born in Texas in December 2002. The family moved to Vermont after Texas 

child welfare authorities became concerned that J.S. was being physically abused. In Vermont, 

when J.S. was three months old, he was placed with his maternal aunt, who later became his 

guardian. J.S. was taken into the custody of the Department for Children and Families in

February 2012 after disclosing that his aunt bit him, leaving a mark on his arm. He was declared 

to be a child in need of care or services, and the aunt’s guardianship was terminated. DCF later 

moved to terminate mother’s parental rights and following a hearing, the court granted its 

request. 

The court found as follows. J.S. suffered horrific abuse at the hands of his aunt and is 

extremely traumatized as a result. He suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and possibly 

attachment disorder. He has made progress in his foster home, improving from the feral-like 

state he was in when first taken into custody. His foster mother has worked very closely with 

J.S.’s counselor to provide J.S. with a safe place and to learn how to address his extreme 

behaviors. The counselor indicated that J.S. needed to make a strong, healthy attachment to his 

caregiver, and that he needed to learn to regulate his emotions and be supported in doing that. 

He needed calm, consistent, skilled, therapeutic parenting with much stability. The counselor 

emphasized that J.S.’s caretaker needed to be able and willing to work with a trained counselor 

in gaining the skills necessary to provide the type of care that J.S. needed for his wellbeing. 

While the counselor believed that J.S. had made amazing progress, she feared that he might not 

recover from a second interruption in his placement. 

As to mother, the court found that her rights in two other children had been terminated;

one of these children suffered severe physical abuse at age four months. Mother’s father is a 

convicted child sex offender, and mother lived much of her life with her parents. Mother does 
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not believe that her father did anything wrong. Mother has significant developmental 

disabilities. She is vulnerable to being manipulated, and she has difficulty in finding solutions to 

problems because she is unable to identify what causes those problems. This was a significant 

impediment in her ability to care for J.S. Mother visited J.S. in 2012 but this encounter was 

awkward as there was no direct contact between J.S. and mother. J.S. conveyed messages to 

mother through others, and mother did the same. J.S.’s counselor emphasized that if there was 

going to be contact between J.S. and mother, it would have to be done in a very safe way. 

The court found that while mother loved J.S. and had made efforts throughout the years 

to have contact with him, she had no relationship with him. Mother also had not engaged in any 

significant parent education, which was absolutely crucial to her ability to parent a child, let 

alone a child with J.S.’s needs. Additionally, the court considered DCF’s prior attempts to assist 

mother in being able to parent her children, and observed that many of the issues that existed in 

2008, when mother’s rights in two other children were terminated, continued to exist. For these

and other reasons, the court concluded that mother would not be able to successfully parent J.S. 

within a reasonable period of time. The court also found that another change or placement for 

J.S. could set him back substantially. It explained that J.S. had already experienced rejection and 

abandonment, and another change to a single-parent household with an inexperienced parent 

would be problematic. Indeed, given J.S.’s behaviors and needs, he would be a challenge for 

even the most experienced and successful parent. J.S. needed stability, safety, and permanence. 

Based on its findings, the court concluded that termination of mother’s rights was in J.S.’s best 

interests. 

In reaching its conclusion, the court noted that one doctor opined that there should be 

contact between mother and J.S. as J.S. was curious about why he had been left with his aunt. 

The court explained that once mother’s rights were terminated, she would have no right of 

contact. Indeed, it noted that J.S. had suffered a setback following his visit with mother and that, 

while he might be curious, he was emotionally fragile. The court reiterated that it had no legal 

authority to issue any type of parent-child contact order and that it was best left to J.S.’s 

counselor, in consultation with his foster parents, to determine if and when such contact should 

occur. Mother appealed from the court’s order. 

On appeal, mother asserts that the court should not have terminated her rights because it 

would be beneficial to J.S. to have ongoing parent-child contact and it would serve his best 

interests. It is evident that the court concluded otherwise. It applied the statutory best-interest 

factors and concluded that termination of mother’s rights were in J.S.’s best interests. The 

court’s findings are unchallenged, and the findings support the court’s conclusion. See In re 

G.S., 153 Vt. 651, 652 (1990) (mem.) (explaining that as long as the trial court applied proper 

standard in determining child’s best interests, Supreme Court will not disturb its findings on 

appeal unless they are clearly erroneous and will affirm its conclusions if they are supported by 

findings). While J.S. might be curious about mother, the court determined that this did not trump 

his need for stability, permanence and a highly skilled caregiver. 

Mother suggests that the court or DCF should have devised a method by which parentchild contact could continue while at the same time affording J.S. permanency. She does not 

explain what this order would look like. To the extent that she is referring to long-term foster 

care, it appears obvious that this approach, which could extend lack of permanency for J.S. 
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indefinitely, would not serve his best interests based on the findings above. See, e.g., In re J.F., 

2006 VT 45, ¶ 21, 180 Vt. 583 (mem.) (given that child’s safety and permanence are of 

paramount concern, long-term foster care is least desirable permanency option). More 

significantly, given the court’s decision to terminate mother’s parental rights based on its 

evaluation of the statutory factors, the court was not required to consider alternative dispositions

for J.S. See In re T.T., 2005 VT 30, ¶ 7, 178 Vt. 496 (mem.) (holding that once trial court 

determines that termination is proper disposition under statutory best-interests criteria, it need 

not explain why it is choosing termination over other statutory permanency options). 

Affirmed.

BY THE COURT:

_______________________________________

John A. Dooley, Associate Justice

_______________________________________

Brian L. Burgess, Associate Justice

_______________________________________

Beth Robinson, Associate Justice