FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 FEBRUARY 8, 2012

JOHN LEY

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 10-12388

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 9:08-cv-81177-KLR

SFM HOLDINGS, LTD.,

SALOMON MELGEN, M.D.,

Plaintiffs – Appellants,

versus

JEROME FISHER,

Defendant – Appellee.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Southern District of Florida

 ________________________

(February 8, 2012)
Before MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and SCHLESINGER, District *

Judge.

PER CURIAM:

This action is the fourth that SFM Holdings, Ltd. and Salomon Melgen,

M.D. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) have filed based on facts relating to one of the

largest securities fraud cases in Florida history. It was originally filed in Florida

state court and alleged that diverse defendant Banc of America Securities (“BAS”)

breached a number of agreements with Plaintiffs, both written and implicit, in

handling Plaintiffs’ BAS account. In the same action, Plaintiffs also sued nondiverse defendant Jerome Fisher, alleging that his deliberate and material

misrepresentations and omissions caused Plaintiffs to move money to BAS and

leave it there long enough to be stolen.

On appeal, the threshold issue is whether the district court properly asserted

subject matter jurisdiction over the case after its removal to federal court, on the

ground that the joinder of non-diverse defendant Fisher was fraudulent. We

review both this question of subject matter jurisdiction and the district court’s

denial of Plaintiffs’ motion to remand de novo. See Henderson v. Wash. Nat’l

Ins. Co., 454 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2006).

 Honorable Harvey E. Schlesinger, United States District Judge for the Middle District *

of Florida, sitting by designation.

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Fisher is a non-diverse party and attempts to establish fraudulent joinder of

both BAS and himself (collectively, “Defendants”) by proving that at the time of

removal there was no possibility Plaintiffs could have established a cause of action

against Fisher in Florida state court. See Crowe v. Coleman, 113 F.3d 1536, 1538

(11th Cir. 1997). We have noted previously that this burden is a “heavy one” 1

since the factual allegations in the complaint must be viewed in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff, id. (quotation marks omitted), and since “all that is

required to defeat a fraudulent joinder claim is a possibility of stating a valid cause

of action,” Stillwell v. Allstate Ins. Co., 663 F.3d 1329, 1333 (11th Cir. 2011)

(quotation marks omitted).

After careful review, we conclude Defendants never met their burden. 

Under Florida’s pleading standards, Plaintiffs merely had “to state a case showing

 We give Fisher the benefit of our considerable doubt that he fairly raised this ground for 1

removal in timely fashion. Fisher’s first filing in the district court after removal merely joined

the Notice of Removal filed by BAS. This Notice by BAS relied solely on a different theory for

disregarding Fisher’s non-diverse status. Fisher’s joinder did not clearly add reliance on the

fraudulent joinder ground for removal upon which Fisher now relies, thus failing to fairly apprise

either the district court or Plaintiffs of Fisher’s reliance upon the new fraudulent joinder ground. 

Although not clear beyond peradventure, the most plausible reading of the district court’s denial

of Plaintiffs’ motion to remand is that the court relied on the theory articulated in the Notice of

Removal, and not Fisher’s new and different ground. And it is very clear that Plaintiffs did not

have an opportunity to brief Fisher’s new ground before the district court denied Plaintiffs’

motion to remand. However, because Fisher has failed to establish either the original theory for

disregarding Fisher’s non-diverse status (as articulated in the Notice of Removal filed by BAS

and joined by Fisher) or Fisher’s new theory, we can give Fisher the benefit of the doubt and

entertain his new fraudulent joinder theory. The balance of this opinion addresses Fisher’s new

theory.

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a legal liability.” Messana v. Maule Indus., 50 So. 2d 874, 876 (Fla. 1951). This

could be achieved by alleging the requisite elements of a cause of action and

“plead[ing] factual matter sufficient to apprise [Plaintiffs’] adversary of what [the

adversary] is called upon to answer.” Id. Plaintiffs’ fraud and negligent

misrepresentation claims clearly satisfied this standard; the conversion and

conspiracy claims arguably did so as well. It is thus more than possible that a

Florida state court would have concluded that Plaintiffs stated a cause of action. 

Consequently, the district court erred in concluding that Fisher was fraudulently

joined. See Florence v. Crescent Res., LLC, 484 F.3d 1293, 1299 (11th Cir. 2007)

(holding that “if there is any possibility that the state law might impose liability on

a resident defendant under the circumstances alleged in the complaint, the federal

court cannot find that joinder of the resident defendant was fraudulent”).2

Because it erroneously concluded that Fisher had been fraudulently joined,

 The district court appeared to place significant weight on the fact that Plaintiffs never

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alleged wrongdoing on the part of Fisher in their prior unsuccessful litigation and that Plaintiffs

seemed to change their earlier story regarding who had convinced them to invest with John Kim. 

Yet, Plaintiffs offered an explanation both for why they did not earlier allege wrongdoing on the

part of Fisher and why their story regarding who convinced them to invest with Kim might seem

different. To be sure, the district court may have had reason to doubt the plausibility of

Plaintiffs’ overall story about Fisher’s role in the conspiracy. But, in assessing fraudulent

joinder, “the district court’s authority to look into the ultimate merit of the plaintiff’s claim is

limited to checking for obviously fraudulent or frivolous claims.” Crowe, 113 F.3d at 1542. 

And, evaluating the factual allegations in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, we conclude that

Plaintiffs’ story was not so fantastical as to be “obviously fraudulent or frivolous.”

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the district court further erred when it decided the merits of the case despite the

lack of either federal diversity jurisdiction or federal question jurisdiction. See 28

U.S.C. § 1447(c) (“If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district

court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.”). All

decisions in this case from August 26, 2009 on must therefore be vacated for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction. This includes the district court’s September 2, 2009

order to dismiss the complaint against BAS with prejudice on grounds of res

judicata.

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate all of the orders issued by the district

court in this case from August 26, 2009 on, and remand the case against both

Fisher and BAS to the district court with instructions to remand the case to the

state court for further proceedings.

VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

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