# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls

For the Eig hth Circu it

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _

No. 1 4- 15 46

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _

Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Ken dr ic k S ha wnr ay

Mai d

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __
App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa - Dav en po rt

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Octo be r 10 , 20 14
Fi le d: Nov em

be r 24 , 20 14

__ __ __ __ __ __

Befo re MUR PHY, SMITH, an d GRUENDER, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __

GRUENDER, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

Ken dr ic k Mai d pl ead ed gu il ty to po ss es si on of a fir earm as a fel on , a vi ol at io n

of 18 U.S.C. § 92 2( g)

. The di st ric t co ur t se nt en ced hi m to 12 0 m on th s’ 1

im pr is o n men t

. Mai d ap pe al s hi s se nt en ce, arg ui ng th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in

The Hon or ab le James E. Grit zn er, Ch ie f Ju dg e, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t 1

fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa

.c a lc ul at in g hi s ad vi so ry se nt en ci ng gu id el in es ran ge an d th at hi s se nt en ce is

un reas on ab le . W e aff

irm fo r th e rea so ns ex pl ai ne d b el ow.

In Apr il 20 13 , M ai d arg ue d wit h Ty ro ne Hur n at H u r n ’s ap art m en t, th en le ft

th e res id en ce, pr om is in g t o r e t ur n. Sh or tl y th erea fte r, Mai d ret ur ne d wit h a gu n,

po in te d i t i n H u r n ’s di rect io n, fir ed two sh ot s at th e cei li ng , an d fle d. Mai d was

in di ct ed fo r an d p l e a d e d g u i l ty to be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm

. At

se nt en ci ng , t he d i s t r i c t co ur t co nc lu de d th at Mai d’s ba se of fen se le ve l was twen tyfo ur , pu rs ua nt to USSG § 2K2 .1, an d de te rm in ed th at hi s to ta l of fen se l e ve l was

twen ty-fiv e. Thi s res ul te d in an ad vi so r y s e n t e nc in g ran ge of 11 0- 13 7 m on th s’

im pr is on m en t red uc ed to 11 0- 12 0 pe r th e st at ut or y m ax im um , 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( a)(2 ).

Se e USSG § 5 G1.1 (c). The di st ric t co ur t im po se d a se nt en ce of 12 0 m on th s’

im pr is on m en t.

Mai d fir st arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d whe n it de te rm in ed hi s ba se

of fen se le ve l pu rs ua nt to USSG § 2K2 .1(a )(2 ). Sect io n 2K2 .1(a )(2 ) p r o v i d e s fo r a
ba se of fen se le ve l of twen ty- f

ou r if th e de fen da nt ha s be en co nv ic te d of two pr io r
fel on ie s th at are cri m es of vi ol en ce as de fin ed in USSG § 4B 1.2

. Mai d co nc ed es th at

hi s Io wa co nv ic ti on fo r wil lfu l in jury is a cri m e of vi ol en ce bu t arg ue s th at ne it he r hi s

co nv ic ti on fo r as sa ul t whi le di sp la y in g a da ng ero us weap on , Io wa Co de §§ 70 8.1 (3 )
(2 00 2) (cu rren t ve rs io n at Io wa Co de § 70 8.1 (2 )(c) ), 70 8.2 (3 ), no r hi s co nv ic ti on fo r
do m es ti c-ab us e as sa ul t wit h in te nt to in jure or wit h a weap on , Iowa Co de §§ 70 8.1
(2 00 2) (cu rren t ve rs io n at Io wa Co de § 70 8.1 ), 70 8.2 A(2 )(c)

, qu al ifi es as a cri m e of

vi ol en ce. Thi s co ur t rev ie ws de no vo a di st ric t co ur t’s de te rm in at io n th at a co nv ic ti on
is a cri m e of vi ol en ce un de r th e se nt en ci ng gu id el in es

. U ni te d St at es v. Cr ai

g , 63 0 F .3d 71 7, 7 23 (8t h C ir. 2 01 1)

.

“ To det erm in e whe th er a pr io r co nv ic ti on qu al ifi es as a cri m e o f vi ol en ce we

ap pl y th e ‘categ or ic al ap pr oa ch ,’ un de r whi ch ‘w e co ns id er th e of fen se ge ne ric al ly,

th at is to sa y , we ex am in e it in te rm s of ho w th e la w d e f in es th e of

fen se an d no t in

-2

-te rm s of ho w an in di vi du al of fen de r m ig ht ha ve co m

m it te d it on a pa rti cu la r

oc cas i o n

. ’” Uni te d St at es v. W il li ams , 62 7 F.3 d 32 4, 32 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ) (q uo ti ng Beg ay v. Uni te d St at es , 55 3 U.S. 13 7, 14 1 (2 00 8) ). Und er USSG § 4B 1.2 (a ) (1 ), a
cri m e of vi ol en ce in cl ud es an of fen se th at “ ha s as an el em en t th e us e, at te m pt ed us e,

or th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal fo rce ag ai ns t th e pe rs on of an ot he r.” M a i d w a s

co nv ic te d o f t h e I owa cri m e of as sa ul t whi le di sp la y in g a da ng ero us weap on in

vi ol at io n o f Io wa Co de §§ 70 8.1 (3 ) (2 00 2) , 70 8.2 (3 ). A pe rs on vi ol at es § 7 08 .1(3 )
(2 00 2) by “ [i]nt en ti on al ly p oi nt [in g] a ny fi rear m to ward an ot he r, or di sp la y [in g] i n

a th reat en in g m an n e r a n y da ng ero us weap on to ward an ot he r.” Sect io n 70 8.2 (3 )

pr ov id es th at an y pe rs on “ who co m m it s as sa ul t, as de fin ed in se ct io n 70 8.1

, an d us es

or di sp la y s a da ng ero us weap on in co nn ect io n wit h th e as s a u l t, is gu il ty of an

ag gr av at ed m is de m ean or .” As relev an t here , a “ da ng ero us weap on ” in cl ud es “ an y 2

in st ru m en t or de vi ce de si gn ed pr im ari ly fo r us e in in fli ct in g de at h or in jury” an d “ an y

in st ru m en t or de vi ce

. . . wh ic h i s ac tu al ly use d i n s uc h a m an ne r as to in di cat e th at

th e d efen da nt in te nd s t o i nf li ct de at h o r se rio us in

jury.” Io wa Co de § 7 02 .7 (1 98 8)
(cu rren t v ers io n a t Io wa Co de § 7 02 .7).

Mai d arg ue s th at hi s co nv ic ti on fo r as sa u l t w h i le di sp la y in g a da ng ero us

weap on is no t a cri m e of vi ol en ce be cau se it req ui res no us e or th reat en ed us e of
ph y si cal fo rce. Howev e r , bo th th e req ui rem en t of “ [i]nt en ti on al ly po in t[i ng ] an y

fir earm to ward an ot he r” an d th e req ui rem en t of “ di sp la y [in g] in a th reat en in g m an ne r

a n y d a n ge ro us weap on to ward an ot he r” un de r Io wa Co de § 70 8.1 (3 ) (2 00 2)

c a t e g o r i c a l l y c o n s t i t u t e a “t h r e a t e n e d u s e o f p h ys i c a l f o r c e ” u n d e r

USSG § 4B 1.2 (a)( 1)

. In Uni te d St at es v. Pul li am , 56 6 F.3 d 78 4 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ), we
ad dr es se d whe th er a Mi ss ou ri co nv ic ti on fo r un la wfu l u s e of a weap on co ns ti tu te d

An Io wa ag gr av at ed m is de m ean or carr ie s th e po ss ib il it y of a two -y ear pr is on 2

se nt en ce, Io wa Co de § 90 3.1 (2 ), an d th eref or e qu al ifi es as a pr io r fel on y co nv ic ti on

un de r USSG § 4B 1.1

. Uni te d S ta te s v. Ma ll oy , 61 4 F .3d 85 2, 8 60 (8t h C ir. 2 01 0)

.

-3

-a vi ol en t fel on y un de r 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i)

. Id

. at 78 7- 88

. The de fen da nt in 3

Pul li am was co nv ic te d of kn owi ng ly “ ex hi bi t[i ng ], in th e pr es en ce of o n e or m or e

pe rs on s, an y weap on read il y cap ab le of le th al us e in an an gr y or th reat en in g m an ne r.”

Id

. at 78 8 (q uo ti ng Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 57 1.0 30 .1(4 )). W e ex pl ai ne d t h at “ [i]t go es
wit ho ut sa y in g th at di sp la y in g a n o pe rat io na l wea po n b efo re an ot he r in an an gr y or

th reat en in g m an n e r q u a li fie s as a th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal fo rce” un de r § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i)

. Id

. ; se e Uni te d St at es v. Fo r r e s t

, 61 1 F.3 d 90 8, 91 0- 11
(8 th Ci r. 20 10 ) (fi nd in g th at cri m e of fel on y m en aci ng , whi ch req ui res kn owi ng ly
pl aci ng or at te m

pt in g to pl ace an ot he r in fear of im m in en t se rio us bo di ly in

jury by us e

of a de ad ly weap on , “ eas il y sa ti s[ fie s]” th e req ui rem en t of a th reat of ph y si cal fo rce

un de r § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i) ). Thu s, we co nc lu de th at Mai d’s co nv ic ti on fo r as sa ul t whi le

di sp la y in g a da ng ero us weap on un de r Io wa Co de §§ 7 0 8.1 (3 ) (2 00 2)

, 70 8.2 (3 )

cat eg or ic al ly qu al ifi es as a cri m e of vi ol en c e u n d er USSG § 4B 1.2 (a)( 1)

. 4

Acco rd in gl y , t he di st ric t c ou rt di d no t err in de te rm in in g Mai d’s ba se of fen se le ve l

pu rs ua nt to § 2 K2.1 (a)( 2)

.

Mai d ne xt arg ue s th at hi s w i th in -g ui de li ne s se nt en ce is su bs ta nt iv el y

un reas on ab le

. “ [W] e rev ie w th e su bs t a n t i v e reas on ab le ne ss of [Ma id ’s] se nt en ce
‘und er a d efer en ti al ab us e-o f-d is cret io n st an da rd .’ ” Se e Uni te d St at es v. Rob is on ,

Sect io n 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i) an d USSG § 4B 1.2 (a)( 1) are te xt ua ll y id en ti cal

. 3

Alt ho ug h th e te rm s “ cri m e of vi ol en ce” un de r § 4B 1.2 (a) an d “ vi ol en t fel on y ” un de r § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) req ui re in de pe nd en t a n a lysis

, se e Uni te d St at es v. Ros s , 61 3 F.3 d 80 5, 80 9- 10 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ), in te rp ret at io ns of on e gu id e in te rp ret at io ns of
th e o th er, se e Uni te d S ta te s v. Will ia ms , 53 7 F .3d 96 9, 9 71 (8t h C ir. 2 00 9)

.

Bec au se as sa ul t whi le di sp la y in g a da ng ero us weap on , Io wa Co de §§ 70 8.1 (3 ) 4 (2 00 2)

, 70 8.2 (3 ), qu al ifi es as a cat eg or ic al cri m e of vi ol en ce, we ne ed no t reac h th e
qu es ti on of whe th er Mai d’s co nv ic ti on fo r do m es ti c-ab us e as sa ul t wit h i n t e n t to in jure or wi th a weap on is a cri m e o f vi ol en ce. Se e USSG § 2K2 .1(a )(2 ).

-4

-75 9 F.3 d 94 7, 95 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ) (q uo t i n g Gal l v. Uni te d St at es , 55 2 U.S. 38

, 41

(2 00 7) ). Thi s “ na rro w an d de fere nt ia l” rev ie w m ean s th at on ly an “ un us ua l cas e” wil l

warra nt a fin di n g o f su bs ta nt iv e un reas on ab le ne ss

. Uni te d St at es v. Sh ul er , 59 8 F.3 d 44 4, 44 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ) (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Feems te r , 57 2 F.3 d 45 5,

46 4 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) (en ba nc )). “ A di st ric t co ur t ab us es it s di sc ret io n an d im po se s an

un reas on ab le se nt en ce whe n it fai ls to co ns id er a rel ev an t an d si gn ifi can t fact or , gi ve s
si g ni fic an t weig ht to an irr el ev an t or im pr op er fact or , or co ns id ers th e ap pr op ria te

fact or s b ut co m

m it s a cl ear erro r of jud gm en t in weig hi ng th os e fac to rs .” Rob is on , 75 9 F.3 d at 95 0- 51 (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Kr ei ti ng er , 57 6 F.3 d 50 0, 50 3 (8 th Ci r.

20 09 )). A se nt en ce im

po se d wit hi n th e ad vi so ry gu id el in es ran ge , su ch as Mai d’s,

is pre su m ed to be su bs ta nt iv el y reas on ab le

. Se e id

. at 95 0.

M a i d a r g ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t co m m it te d a cl ear erro r of jud gm en t i n weig hi n g t h e 18 U.S.C. § 35 53 (a) fact or s. Sp eci fic al ly, Mai d co nt en ds th at th e
di st ric t co ur t di d no t as si gn su ffi ci en t weig ht to hi s hi st or y of p h ys i cal an d m en ta l

he al th pr ob le m s, his acce pt an ce of res po ns ib il it y , an d th e vi ct im s’ wis he s fo r a le ni en t

se nt en ce. Howev er, th e di st ric t co ur t he ard ex te ns iv e arg um en ts fro m Mai d’s co un se l

co nc ern in g each of th es e fact or s an d de te rm in ed th at Mai d’s vi ol en t cri m in al hi st or y

an d th e co ur t’s ob li ga ti on un de r § 35 53 (a) to pr ot ect th e pu bl ic “ ov erwh el m [] th e

ot he r co ns id erat io ns in th is cas e.” Mai d ha s nu m ero us co nv ic ti on s f o r vi ol en t

co nd uc t. W e reco gn iz e th at a “ di st ric t co ur t ha s wid e la ti tu de to weig h th e § 35 53 (a)

fact or s in each cas e an d as si gn so m e fact or s gr eat er weig ht th an ot he rs in de te rm in in g

an ap pr op ria te se nt en ce.” Uni te d St at es v. Bri dg es , 56 9 F. 3 d 37 4, 37 9 (8 th Ci r.

20 09 ). Acco rd in gl y , “ gi v[ in g] du e de fere nc e to th e di st ric t co ur t’s de ci si on th at th e § 35 53 (a) fact or s, on th e w h o l e , jus ti fy [Ma id ’s] se nt en ce,” ou r rev ie w rev eal s no
cl ear erro r of jud gm en t. Se e id

. (fi rs t al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (q uo ti ng Gal l

, 55 2 U.S. at 51 ) (i nt ern al qu ot at io n m ark s o m it te d)

.

-5

-W e aff irm.

__

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-6

-