# Patent

## Title
Center bowl liner with spring washer conductor

## Abstract

A center bowl liner provided for use between a center plate of a railroad car and a center bowl surface on a truck bolster. The center bowl liner includes a disc-shaped element having top and bottom surfaces and a central opening for receiving a center pin. A conductive washer is attached to the disc-shaped element, the conductive washer having a profile wherein portions of the conductive washer are exposed at the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element and create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster. The disc-shaped element acts as a load-bearing element supporting the railroad car center plate. The conductive washer, since it may have spring-like properties, will also undertake to bear a limited amount of the load of the railroad car center plate in addition to providing electrical connection between the car and truck.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 12/564,992 entitled “Center Bowl Liner With Spring Washer Conductor”, filed on Sep. 23, 2009 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,082,855 on Dec. 27, 2011, which application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/099,256 entitled “Non-Metallic Center Bowl Liner With Wave Spring Conductor”, filed on Sep. 23, 2008, the entire disclosures of which is incorporated by reference herein.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed generally towards bowl liners for use in railroad cars and, more particularly, towards a bowl liner for use between a center plate of a railroad car and a center bowl surface on a truck bolster which includes a load bearing, disc-shaped element having top and bottom surfaces, and a conductive spring washer attached to the disc-shaped element and having a contoured profile such that portions of the conductive spring washer are exposed at the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element to create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In railroad freight cars, the center plate on the underside of the car body sits inside the center bowl on the truck bolster and is guided into position during assembly via the use of a center pin, or kingpin, that fits through the holes formed in the center bowl and the center plate. Typically, a liner is placed between the center plate and the center bowl surfaces to help reduce wear and/or modify the turning resistance of the truck. Historically, this liner has taken the form of a metallic horizontal disc that may also be used in conjunction with a metallic ring or an upstanding cylindrical wall at the outer perimeter of the disc to protect both the horizontal and vertical surface of the center bowl and center plate. However, these metal liners typically need to be lubricated periodically, which is burdensome and expensive.
In recent decades, railroad freight car builders and owners have started utilizing non-metallic horizontal or cup shaped liners. Some examples of non-metallic lines are the ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene and glass-filled polyester thermoplastic urethane (TPU) center bowl liners currently in the market today. These non-metallic center bowl liners can provide some benefits over traditional metallic liners, such as lower cost, ease of installation, lower coefficient of friction, reduced wear, etc. However, they are not without their own issues.
One drawback with the use of a non-metallic liner is that when a non-metallic liner is added between the car and the truck, there is no electrical continuity or conductivity between the car and the truck. Electrical conductivity between the car and the truck is important to provide a ground for the car body. Thus, use of a non-metallic liner can create an environment where static electric charge can build up in the car structure, resulting in a dangerous and unsafe condition. To combat this, manufacturers typically add a metallic or conductive material to the liner, such as metallic buttons or carbon black to provide some means of conductivity between the car and the truck to prevent the buildup of static electricity. Unfortunately, carbon black is not as conductive as metal and can be considered only an anti-static or semi-conducting material. On the other hand, while the metallic buttons provide sufficient conductivity, they can lift the car body out of the bolster bowl if they don't crush properly or they can become loose over time and fall out of the center bowl liner.
In addition, the non-metallic center bowl liner material itself is subject to failure. If the liner has a coefficient of friction that is too low, it can melt due to frictional heat generated by hunting, which is a violent oscillation of the truck relative to the car body. Furthermore, some materials, such as UHMW polyethylene, are prone to compression set, or “cold flow”, when subjected to high compression loads, which can reduce the life of the component. As a result, some suppliers have chosen to add glass fibers to the non-metallic liner material to improve its compression set characteristics. However, under certain loading conditions, the glass can be abrasive and increase the rate of wear in the center bowl or center plate. Finally, UHMW polyethylene and glass-filled polyester TPU materials can become brittle and crack at low temperatures.
The present invention is directed toward overcoming one or more of the above-mentioned problems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The center bowl liner of the present invention is designed for use between a center plate of a railroad car and a center bowl surface on a truck bolster. The inventive center bowl liner includes a disc-shaped element having top and bottom surfaces and a central opening for receiving a center pin. A conductive washer is attached to the disc-shaped element, with the conductive washer having a profile such that portions of the conductive washer are exposed at the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element and create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster. The disc-shaped element acts as a load-bearing element generally supporting the railroad car center plate. The conductive spring washer, since it may have spring-like properties, will also undertake to bear a limited amount of the load of the railroad car center plate in addition to providing an electrical connection between the car and truck.
In one form, the disc-shaped element is formed of a non-conductive material. In a further form, the non-conductive material is a polyether thermoset polyurethane.
In one form, the conductive washer is a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, with the conductive wave spring washer including a gap-type wave spring washer having spaced apart ends forming a gap. The gap may have a distance less than a diameter of the center pin.
In one form, the conductive washer is a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, with the conductive wave spring washer including an overlap-type wave spring washer having ends that overlap.
In one form, the conductive washer includes a substantially flat washer having projections extending from a surface thereof.
In one form, the conductive spring washer has a bowl-shaped cross-section, with longitudinally offset inner and outer diameter portions connected by an angled middle portion.
In one form, the conductive washer is made of metallic material such as, but not limited to, a carbon steel.
In one form, the conductive washer is integrally cast into the disc-shaped element adjacent the central opening thereof. The conductive washer may have an inner diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the central opening in the disc-shaped element to always guarantee exposed surface for conduction and/or to allow conduction by contact with the center pin.
In one form, the disc-shaped element includes an upstanding cylindrical wall at an outer perimeter thereof. The upstanding cylindrical wall is typically made of the same material of the disc-shaped element, and is typically integrally cast therewith.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a generally non-conductive bowl liner for placement between the center plate of a railroad car and the center bowl surface on a truck bolster, while still providing an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and truck bolster bowl surface to prevent static electric charge buildup.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a center bowl liner for placement between the center plate of a railroad car and a center bowl surface on a truck bolster which maintains the standard benefits of a non-metallic liner including, but not limited to, lower cost, ease of installation, lower coefficient of friction, reduced wear, etc., while providing an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and truck bolster bowl surface to prevent static electric charge buildup.
Other objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention can be obtained from a study of the specification, the drawings, and the appended claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the inventive liner installed between a railroad car center plate and a truck bolster bowl surface;
FIGS. 2a-d illustrate perspective, top, bottom and cross-sectional views, respectively, of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 3a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a conductive wave spring washer included in the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 4a-d illustrate perspective, top, bottom and cross-sectional views, respectively, of an additional embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 5a-d illustrate perspective, top, bottom and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a further embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 6a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a conductive wave spring washer included in a further embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 7a-e illustrate perspective, bottom, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a conductive spring washer included in yet a further embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 8a-e illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of still a further embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 9a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a conductive spring washer included in still a further embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 10a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of an additional embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 11a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a conductive spring washer included in an additional embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention;
FIGS. 12a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of yet another embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention; and
FIGS. 13a-d illustrate perspective, top, side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a conductive spring washer included in yet another embodiment of the center bowl liner of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
As shown in FIG. 1, a standard railroad car typically includes a truck bolster center plate 10 that is attached to or integrally formed with the truck bolster. A conventional truck bolster includes a frame having an axle to which wheels are attached which engage standard railroad tracks (not shown). The truck bolster center plate 10 defines a bowl surface 12 into which a railroad car center plate 14 is disposed. The bowl surface 12 includes a generally circular, horizontal floor base 16 and a generally vertically disposed upstanding side wall 18. The floor base 16 includes a centrally positioned aperture 20 for receiving a center pin 22, often called a kingpin, which extends upwardly through a central bore 24 in the railroad car center plate 14. The railroad car center plate 14 typically includes a horizontal circular base 26 connected to a generally vertically disposed perimeter wall 28, and also connected to a vertically extending tubular wall 30 through which the center pin 22 is received. The center pin 22 essentially defines the rotational relationship between the railroad car center plate 14 and the truck bolster center bowl surface 12.
The center bowl liner of the present invention is shown generally at 32 in FIG. 1, and is provided between the railroad car center plate 14 and the truck bolster center plate 10 that defines the center bowl surface 12. The center bowl liner 32 of the present invention provides a bearing surface between the railroad car center plate 14 and the truck bolster center bowl surface 12, and also provides an electrical connection there between to prevent electrical static charge buildup.
As shown in FIGS. 1-2, the center bowl liner 32 of the present invention includes a disc-shaped element 34 having top 36 and bottom 38 surfaces, and a central opening 40 for receiving the center pin 22. The disc-shaped element 34 includes an upstanding cylindrical wall 42 at an outer perimeter thereof. As shown in FIG. 1, the center bowl liner 32 fits in the truck bolster bowl surface 12 providing a liner between the railroad car center plate 14 and the bowl surface 12 of the truck bolster center plate 10.
Referring to FIGS. 2-3, the center bowl liner 32 includes a conductive wave spring washer 44 attached to the disc-shaped element 34. In one form, the conductive wave spring washer 44 is integrally cast with the disc-shaped element 34, which allows the material of the disc-shaped element 34 to uniquely and securely encapsulate the conductive wave spring washer 44 to prevent it from falling out in service. As shown in FIG. 2, the conductive wave spring washer 44 is attached (e.g., integrally cast) to the disc-shaped element 34 adjacent the central opening 40. However, the conductive wave spring washer 44 may be attached (e.g., integrally cast) at any radial position along the disc-shaped element 32 without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The conductive wave spring washer 44 has portions exposed at the top 36 and bottom 38 surfaces of the disc-shaped element 34 to create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate 14 and the center bowl surface 12 on the truck bolster center plate 10. Portions 46 of the conductive wave spring washer 44 are exposed on the top surface 36 of the disc-shaped element 34 (see FIG. 2b). Portions 48 of the conductive wave spring washer 44 are exposed on the bottom surface 38 of the disc-shaped element 34 (see FIG. 2c). Due to the sinusoidal wave shape of the spring washer 44 (see FIG. 3), the portions 46 exposed at the top surface 36 will be at different points on the disc-shaped element 34 than the portions 48 exposed at the bottom surface 38.
The conductive wave spring washer 44 generally has a sinusoidal shape and may be made to have an appreciable thickness “th” (which is defined as the distance between the top most portion and the bottom most portion) that is either flush with or thicker than the thickness of the disc-shaped element 34. If the thickness “th” of the conductive wave spring washer 44 is flush with the thickness of the disc-shaped element 34, after being integrally cast, portions of the disc-shaped element 34 may be ground to expose portions 46, 48 of the conductive wave spring washer 44. The conductive wave spring washer 44 is designed with the appropriate stiffness to allow it to move in unison with the disc-shaped element 34 of the center bowl liner 32, which will reduce stresses in the components and maintain constant contact between the truck bolster bowl surface 12 and the railroad car center plate 14 for conduction purposes to prevent the buildup of static charge.
FIGS. 4a-d illustrate an additional embodiment of the inventive center bowl liner, shown generally at 32′. Like elements with respect to FIG. 2 will be indicated with the same reference number and elements requiring modification will be indicated with a prime (′). The center bowl liner 32′ includes a disc-shaped element 34′ having top 36′ and bottom 38′ surfaces, and a central opening 40′ for receiving the center pin 22. The difference in the embodiment of FIG. 4 is that the center bowl liner 32′ does not include an upstanding cylindrical wall. The center bowl liner 32′ includes a conductive wave spring washer 44 attached to the disc-shaped element 34′. The conductive wave spring washer 44 is attached to the disc-shaped element 34′ and operates to establish an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate 14 and the center bowl surface 12 on the truck bolster center plate 10 in the same manner as previously described with respect to FIG. 2, with the portions 46 exposed at the top surface 36′ at different points on the disc-shaped element 34′ than the portions 48 exposed at the bottom surface 38′ due to the sinusoidal shape of the conductive wave spring washer 44.
FIGS. 5-6 illustrate a further embodiment of the inventive center bowl liner, shown generally at 32′′. Like elements with respect to FIGS. 2 and 4 will be indicated with the same reference number and elements requiring modification will be indicated with a double prime (′′). The center bowl liner 32′′ includes a disc-shaped element 34′′ having top 36′′ and bottom 38′′ surfaces, and a central opening 40′′ for receiving the center pin 22. The center bowl liner 32′′ includes a conductive wave spring washer 44′′ attached to the disc-shaped element 34′′. The conductive wave spring washer 44′′ is attached to the disc-shaped element 34′′ and operates to establish an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate 14 and the center bowl surface 12 on the truck bolster center plate 10 in the same manner as previously described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 4, with the portions 46′′ exposed at the top surface 36′′ at different points on the disc-shaped element 34′′ than the portions 48′′ exposed at the bottom surface 38′′ due to the sinusoidal shape of the conductive wave spring washer 44′′.
Additionally, the embodiment of FIGS. 5-6 has the additional advantage that the conductive wave spring washer 44′′ has an inner diameter “d” that is smaller than the diameter of the central opening 40′′ in the disc-shaped element 34′′. Thus, the conductive wave spring washer 44′′ will have a portion 50 thereof that will always be exposed for conduction and/or to allow conduction by contact with the center pin 22.
While the center bowl liner of the present invention has been described thus far as incorporating a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the conductive spring washer may take on various contoured profiles without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, a conductive spring washer 52 having a bowl-shaped cross-section may be attached (e.g., integrally cast) to the disc-shaped member 34, 34′, 34′′. The conductive spring washer 52 includes an inner diameter portion 54 longitudinally offset from an outer diameter portion 56, with the portions 54 and 56 connected by an angled middle portion 58. The appreciable thickness “th” of the conductive spring washer may be either flush with or thicker than the thickness of the disc-shaped element 34, 34′, 34′′. If the thickness “th” of the conductive spring washer 52 is flush with the thickness of the disc-shaped element 34, after being integrally cast, portions of the disc-shaped element 34, 34′, 34′′ may be ground to expose portions 54 and 56 of the conductive spring washer 52. The middle portion 58 includes apertures 60 therein to allow the material of the disc-shaped element 34, 34′, 34′′ to extend there through and encapsulate and secure the conductive spring washer 52 to prevent it from falling out in service. The conductive spring washer 52 is designed with the appropriate stiffness to allow it to move in unison with the disc-shaped element 34, 34′, 34′′, which will reduce stresses in the components and maintain constant contact between the truck bolster bowl surface 12 and the railroad car center plate 14 for conduction purposes to prevent the buildup of static charge.
FIGS. 8-9 illustrate yet a further embodiment of the inventive center bowl liner, shown generally at 100. The center bowl liner 100 includes a disc-shaped element 102 having top 104 and bottom 106 surfaces, and a central opening 108 for receiving the center pin 22. The center bowl liner 100 includes a conductive wave spring washer 110 attached to the disc-shaped element 102. The conductive wave spring washer 110 includes an opening 111 for receiving the center pin 22, and is attached to the disc-shaped element 102 and operates to establish an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate 14 and the center bowl surface 12 on the truck bolster center plate 10 in the same manner as previously described with respect to FIGS. 1-7, with portions 112 exposed at the top surface 104 and portions 114 exposed at the bottom surface 106. Due to the generally sinusoidal shape of the conductive wave spring washer 110, the portions 112 exposed at the top surface 104 are generally at different points on the disc-shaped element 102 than the portions 114 exposed at the bottom surface 106. As previously noted, the conductive wave spring washer 110 may be made to have an appreciable thickness “th” that is either flush with or thicker than the thickness of the disc-shaped element 102 such that the portions 112 and 114 are exposed.
The conductive wave spring washer 110 is shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 8-9 as a gap-type washer, which includes a gap 116 defined by spaced apart ends 118 and 120. While any size gap is contemplated herein, typically, the gap 116 will have a distance less than the diameter of the center pin 22. This helps ensure that the conductive wave spring washer 110 will not become dislodged in the event it becomes detached from the disc-shaped element 102. Further, the gap 116 allows for freer movement of the conductive wave spring washer 110 under heavy compressive forces, which will help reduce stress in the washer 110.
FIGS. 10-11 illustrate still a further embodiment of the inventive center bowl liner, shown generally at 150. The center bowl liner 150 includes a disc-shaped element 152 having top 154 and bottom 156 surfaces, and a central opening 158 for receiving the center pin 22. The center bowl liner 150 includes a conductive wave spring washer 160 attached to the disc-shaped element 152. The conductive wave spring washer 160 includes an opening 161 for receiving the center pin 22, and is attached to the disc-shaped element 152 and operates to establish an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate 14 and the center bowl surface 12 on the truck bolster center plate 10 in the same manner as previously described with respect to FIGS. 1-9, with portions 162 exposed at the top surface 154 and portions 164 exposed at the bottom surface 156. Due to the generally sinusoidal shape of the conductive wave spring washer 160, the portions 162 exposed at the top surface 154 are generally at different points on the disc-shaped element 152 than the portions 164 exposed at the bottom surface 156. As previously noted, the conductive wave spring washer 160 may be made to have an appreciable thickness “th” that is either flush with or thicker than the thickness of the disc-shaped element 152 such that the portions 162 and 164 are exposed.
The conductive wave spring washer 160 is shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 10-11 as an overlap-type washer, having an overlap portion 166 where ends 168 and 170 overlap. While the washer 160 forms a complete circle, the ends 168 and 170 are not attached together but, rather, overlap to complete the circle. The overlap portion 166 allows for freer movement of the conductive wave spring washer 160 under heavy compressive forces, which will help reduce stress in the washer 160. Any size overlap is contemplated herein.
FIGS. 12-13 illustrate yet another embodiment of the inventive center bowl liner, shown generally at 200. The center bowl liner 200 includes a disc-shaped element 202 having top 204 and bottom 206 surfaces, and a central opening 208 for receiving the center pin 22. The center bowl liner 200 includes a conductive spring washer 210 attached to the disc-shaped element 202. The conductive spring washer 210 includes an opening 211 for receiving the center pin 22, and is attached to the disc-shaped element 202 and operates to establish an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate 14 and the center bowl surface 12 on the truck bolster center plate 10 in the same manner as previously described with respect to FIGS. 1-11, with portions 212 exposed at the top surface 204 and portions 214 exposed at the bottom surface 206.
The conductive spring washer 210 has a geometry that includes a substantially flat washer 216 having projections (or projecting fingers) 218 extending from a top surface thereof. In this form, the substantially flat washer 216 generally defines the exposed portion 214, while the projections 218 generally define the exposed portions 212. Depending on the angle of the projections 218, the portions 212 exposed at the top surface 204 may be at different points, or at the same points, on the disc-shaped element 202 than the portions 214 exposed at the bottom surface 206. As previously noted, the conductive spring washer 210 may be made to have an appreciable thickness “th” that is either flush with or thicker than the thickness of the disc-shaped element 202 such that the portions 212 and 214 are exposed.
The projections 218 are flexible and, in addition to contributing to the spring-like properties of the washer 210, allows for freer movement of the conductive spring washer 210 under heavy compressive forces, which will help reduce stress in the washer 210. While the projections 218 are shown as extending radially outward from the washer 216, the projections 218 may take any shape, size and/or number without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The general shapes of the conductive spring washer (sinusoidal, bowl-shaped, projecting fingers, etc.) are illustrated herein for exemplary purposes only. One skilled in the art will appreciate that various spring washers having various contoured profiles may in utilized herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
In a preferred form, the center bowl liner is made of a non-conductive polyether thermoset polyurethane material with an integrally cast carbon steel wave spring. This design will maintain the standard benefits of a non-metallic liner, which include lower cost, ease of installation, lower coefficient of friction, and reduced wear, while providing various enhancements over existing technologies available in the market today. However, the present invention is not limited to use of a non-conductive polyether thermoset polyurethane material and carbon steel, and various other materials may be utilized for the center bowl liner and the conductive spring washer without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For instance, the present invention offers the following advantages and variations.

    
    
        A polyether thermoset polyurethane provides excellent resistance to compression set, wear, and cold flow, while providing superior high temperature performance over current materials due to its unique three-dimensional network of physical and chemical cross-links. These excellent mechanical properties also eliminate the need to add glass fibers, which can contribute to increased wear.
        The polyether thermoset polyurethane material has a lower coefficient of friction than a metallic center bowl liner, but higher than UHMW polyethylene, which will provide the appropriate wear resistance while minimizing the potential for truck hunting. It is contemplated that the coefficient of friction be approximately 0.35, but this is illustrative only and can be adjusted by adding friction modifiers such as, but not limited to, Synton.
        The spring washer is integrally cast into the urethane which allows the urethane to uniquely and securely encapsulate the spring to prevent it from falling out in service.
        The spring washer is truly a spring, with the appropriate stiffness allowing it to move in unison with the disc-shaped element of the center bowl liner which may be made of a thermoset polyurethane material. This will reduce stresses in the components and maintain constant contact between the center bowl and center plate for conduction purposes.
        The spring washer is metallic, which will provide direct electrical conduction between the center bowl and center plate. The path of conduction is not purely perpendicular to the center bowl and center plate, but follows the spring washer geometry.
        The main body portions of the center bowl liner is not limited to a polyether thermoset polyurethane material and may be composed of other non-metallic/non-conductive materials such as MDI or TDI polyester and/or polycaprolactone urethanes, injection molded plastic, thermoplastic urethanes, etc.
        The conductive material of the washer is not limited to a carbon steel and can be composed of alternative materials, such as brass, copper, or even other elastomeric materials that have conductive properties, either naturally or through additives such as, but not limited to, carbon black or metal particles. Various and other alternate conductive materials may be used for the washer, as will be understood by one skilled in the art.
        The spring washer is not limited in geometric shape and various other shapes, geometries and profiles can be utilized.
        The appreciable thickness of the spring washer could be flush with, or protrude beyond, the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element of the center bowl liner.
        The conductive spring washer could have a smaller inside diameter than the central opening in the disc-shaped element of the center bowl liner to always guarantee exposed surface for conduction and/or to allow conduction by contact with the center pin.
        The main shape of the center bowl liner does not need to be of constant thickness. For example, metallic or non-metallic circumferential and/or radial rings, posts, buttons, etc. can be added for strength or to vary the friction coefficient.
        The center bowl liner is not limited to a purely non-conductive material for the disc-shaped element and vertically extending tubular wall, but may be made of a semi-conductive material or include conductive materials intermixed therein.
        Friction modifiers can be added to adjust the friction properties.
        The horizontal surface of the center bowl liner (i.e., the disc-shaped element) may be cast as concave or convex rather than flat to assist in contact between the center bowl and center plate.
        The conductive spring washer includes an opening to receive the center pin, which ensures that the conductive spring washer will not become dislodged in the event it becomes detached from the disc-shaped element.
        While the conductive spring washer has been described herein as generally having exposed portions on the top and bottom surfaces that are at different locations, the exposed portions could be at the same locations or a variation of same locations and different locations depending on the geometry of the washer.
        While the conductive spring washers illustrated herein are shown as single turn washers, double, triple and other multiple turn washers may be utilized, as one skilled in the art will appreciate.
        While the conductive spring washer has been described herein as having spring-like properties, it may be that the washer may be made of a conductive material such that it does not have spring-like properties or has de minimis spring-like properties.
    
    


While the present invention has described herein with particular reference to the drawings, it should be understood that various modifications could be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various other modifications and alterations could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. The presently preferred embodiments described herein are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof. Additionally, the disclosure of a range of values is a disclosure of every numerical value within that range.

## Claims

1. A center bowl liner for use between a center plate of a railroad car and a center bowl surface on a truck bolster, said center bowl liner comprising:
a non-conductive, disc-shaped element having top and bottom surfaces and a central opening for receiving a center pin; and
a conductive washer attached to the non-conductive, disc-shaped element and having a central opening for receiving the center pin, wherein portions of the conductive washer are exposed at the top and bottom surfaces of the non-conductive, disc-shaped element and create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster.

2. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the non-conductive, disc-shaped element comprises a polyether thermoset polyurethane.

3. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer comprises a carbon steel.

4. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer is integrally cast into the non-conductive, disc-shaped element.

5. The center bowl liner of claim 4, wherein the conductive washer is integrally cast into the non-conductive, disc-shaped element adjacent the central opening thereof.

6. The center bowl liner of claim 5, wherein the conductive washer has an inner diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the central opening in the non-conductive, disc-shaped element.

7. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the non-conductive, disc-shaped element includes an upstanding cylindrical wall at an outer perimeter thereof.

8. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer comprises a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, wherein the conductive wave spring washer comprises a gap-type wave spring washer having spaced apart ends forming a gap.

9. The center bowl liner of claim 8, wherein the gap has a distance less than a diameter of the center pin.

10. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer comprises a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, wherein the conductive wave spring washer comprises an overlap-type wave spring washer having ends that overlap.

11. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer comprises a substantially flat washer having projections extending from a surface thereof.

12. The center bowl liner of claim 11, wherein the portions of the conductive washer are exposed at different points on the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element to create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster.

13. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer has spring-like properties.

14. The center bowl liner of claim 1, wherein the conductive washer includes a bowl-shaped cross-section having offset inner and outer diameter portions connected by an angled middle portion.

15. A center bowl liner for use between a center plate of a railroad car and a center bowl surface on a truck bolster, said center bowl liner comprising:
a disc-shaped element having top and bottom surfaces and a central opening for receiving a center pin; and
a conductive washer attached to the disc-shaped element and having a central opening for receiving the center pin, the conductive washer having a profile such that portions of the conductive washer are exposed at the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element and create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster.

16. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer is integrally cast into the disc-shaped element.

17. The center bowl liner of claim 16, wherein the conductive washer is integrally cast into the disc-shaped element adjacent the central opening thereof.

18. The center bowl liner of claim 17, wherein the conductive washer has an inner diameter that is smaller than the diameter of the central opening in the disc-shaped element.

19. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the portions of the conductive washer are exposed at different points on the top and bottom surfaces of the disc-shaped element to create an electrical connection between the railroad car center plate and the center bowl on the truck bolster.

20. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the disc-shaped element comprises a non-conductive material.

21. The center bowl liner of claim 20, wherein the non-conductive material of the disc-shaped element comprises a polyether thermoset polyurethane.

22. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer comprises a metallic material.

23. The center bowl liner of claim 22, wherein the metallic material of the conductive washer comprises a carbon steel.

24. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer comprises a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, wherein the conductive wave spring washer comprises a gap-type wave spring washer having spaced apart ends forming a gap.

25. The center bowl liner of claim 24, wherein the gap has a distance less than a diameter of the center pin.

26. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer comprises a conductive wave spring washer having a sinusoidal shape, wherein the conductive wave spring washer comprises an overlap-type wave spring washer having ends that overlap.

27. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer comprises a substantially flat washer having projections extending from a surface thereof.

28. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer has spring-like properties.

29. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the conductive washer includes a bowl-shaped cross-section having offset inner and outer diameter portions connected by an angled middle portion.

30. The center bowl liner of claim 15, wherein the disc-shaped element includes an upstanding cylindrical wall at an outer perimeter thereof.