6-i 

### CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT ................................................................................. 6 -1

6.2 OPERATING HOURS .................................................................................................... 6 -1

6.3 LIGHTING CONTROLS ................................................................................................ 6-9

6.4 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION ...................................... 6 -9

6.4.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps .................................................................... 6 -9

6.4.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps ........................................................................... 6 -13

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 6-14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.2.1 Average Operating Hours by Sector and Lamp Type............................................... 6 -3 Table 6.4.1 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 2-Lamp Instant Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors...................................................................... 6 -10 Table 6.4.2 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 2-Lamp Programmed Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ................................................ 6 -10 Table 6.4.3 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 4-Lamp Instant Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors...................................................................... 6 -11 Table 6.4.4 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 4-Lamp System Programmed Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ................................... 6 -11 Table 6.4.5 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 2-Lamp Instant Start System, Residential Sector ................................................................................................ 6-11 Table 6.4.6 Annual Energy Consumption for the 8-Foot T8 Single-Pin Slimline GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors .............................................................................. 6 -12 Table 6.4.7. Annual Energy Consumption for the 8-Foot T8 Recessed Double Contact High Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors.......................................... 6 -12 Table 6.4.8 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin Standard Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ...................................................... 6 -12 Table 6.4.9 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin High Output GSFL

2 -Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ................................................................ 6-12 Table 6.4.10 Annual Energy Consumption for IRLs, Commercial and Residential Sectors .... 6 -136- ii 

### LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.2.1 Residential Sector Building Type Probability ......................................................... 6-3 Figure 6.2.2 Residential Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type .... 6 -4 Figure 6.2.3 Residential Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type 6-5 Figure 6.2.4 Commercial Sector Building Type Probability ....................................................... 6 -6 Figure 6.2.5 Commercial Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type .. 6 -7 Figure 6.2.6 Commercial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type6-7 Figure 6.2.7 Industrial Sector Building Type Probability ............................................................ 6-8 Figure 6.2.8 Industrial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type ... 6 -96-1 

### CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

This chapter presents the methodology the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) follows to estimate the annual energy consumption of the lamp and lamp -and -ballast designs DOE considers in the rulemaking analyse s. The results of this analysis, which represent typical energy consumption in the field, are critical inputs to the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analyses, described in chapter 8 of this preliminary technical support document (TSD), and the national impact analysis (NIA), described in chapter 10 of this TSD. DOE utilizes information on annual energy consumption to determine the potential energy and operating cost savings to consumers from the use of more-efficient products.

DO E determined

the annual energy consumption of the lamp and lamp-and-ballast designs using information on their rated power ( i.e. , the rate of energy they consume) and the way consumers use them ( i.e. , operating hours per year). The engineering analysis (chapter 5 of

this TSD ) discusses the power ratings of lamp and lamp-and-ballast designs. The following

se ctions discuss the inputs and calculations DOE used to develop annual operating hours and annual energy consumption for the products considered in this analysis.

6.2 OPERATING HOURS

To characterize the country’s average use of lighting for a typical year, DOE developed annual operating hour s by market sector and lamp type ( i. e. , general service fluorescent lamps [GSFLs] and incandescent reflector lamps [IRLs]). For the LCC, DOE account ed for variability in operating hours by developing a distribution of operating hours in the LCC spreadsheet for each lamp type. The operating hour distributions capture variation by building type across 13 census divisions and large states for all market sectors analyzed. a



### In conjunction with data from the 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization (LMC), 1


### DOE used data from the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA ’s) 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (2003 CBECS), 2 

### 200 9 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (2009 RECS), 3 

### and 2006 Manufacturer Energy Consumption Survey (2006 MECS). 4


### These EIA studies provide information on the distribution of U.S. buildings by building type and census division. The LMC, which is based on thousands of building audits and surveys, provides

na tional-level data on annual operating hours by building type and lamp type for all sectors. These operating hours are broken down by room type for the residential sector. b

a Census divisions include New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Large states include California, Florida, New York, and Texas. Sectors include residential, commercial, and industrial for GSFLs and residential and commercial for

IRLs.

b Residential sector residence types include single family detached, single family attached, multifamily, and mobile home. Residential sector room types include basement(s), bathroom(s), bedroom(s), closet(s), dining room(s), exterior(s), garage(s), hall(s), kitchen(s), laundry/utility room(s), living/family room(s), office(s), other/unknown

. Commercial building types include education, food service, food store, health care – inpatient, health care –6-2



### DO E associated

LMC operating hour data by building type with EIA data by building type and census division and large states to derive annual operating hours by census division and

lar ge states. This allowed DOE to correlate the electricity price distribution and sales tax

dist ribution (see chapter 8 of this TSD) with the operating hour distribution in the LCC

spre adsheet. The following paragraphs describe the data sources that DOE used to develop annual operating hours by sector.

For the residential sector, DOE used RECS building data and LMC residential sector

ope rating hour data to develop average annual operating hours for IRLs and GSFLs. The 2009 RECS data indicates the probability that a building is a certain type. The LMC indicates the

oc currence of IRLs and GSFLs in certain room types within a given building type and the

number of lamps and lamp operating hour characteristics in these rooms. DOE used aggregated data from the LMC to calculate average annual operating hours for GSFLs and IRLs per building

t ype. DOE chose to aggregate operating hour data to the building level, rather than to the room level, because DOE believes this approach better represents the impact on an individual

c onsumer. However, DOE does use operating hour data at the room level to perform LCC sensitivity analyses for IRLs (see appendix 8B of this TSD). DOE then used the probability of each building type from RECS and the annual operating hours from the LMC to calculate a weighted average of residential operating hours for all building types.

For the commercial sector, DOE used the operating hours by lamp type, estimated U.S. lamp inventory, and daily operating hours by building type from the LMC to calculate the annual

o perating hours by building type for GSFLs and IRLs. DOE used 2003 CBECS data to calculate the pr obability of each building type. Using the probability and annual operating hours of each

buil ding type, DOE calculated a weighted average of commercial operating hours for all building

types.

To develop average annual operating hours in the industrial sector, DOE used an approach consistent with that used for the commercial sector. DOE used the operating hours by lamp type, estimated U.S. lamp inventory, and daily operating hours by building type from the LMC to calculate the annual operating hours by building type for GSFLs. The 2006 MECS data indicates the probability that a building is a certain type. DOE then used the annual operating hours calculated from the LMC and the probability from MECS to calculate a weighted average

of industrial operating hours for all building types. Table 6.2. 1 summarizes the weighted-average operating hours per lamp type per sector. Due to low market share (less than 1 percent, as

indi cated in the 2010 LMC) 5



### , DOE did not assess energy use for IRLs in the industrial sector.

outpatient, lodging, offices (non-medical), public assembly, public order and safety, religious worship, retail – mall & non-mall, services, warehouse and storage, and other. Vacant buildings were not included in the commercial sector analysis. Industrial building types include apparel, beverage and tobacco products, chemicals, computer and electronic products, electrical eq., appliances & components, fabricated metal products, food, furniture and related products, leather and allied products, machinery, nonmetallic mineral products, paper, petroleum and coal products, plastics and rubber products, primary metals, printing and related support, textile mills, textile product mills, transportation equipment, wood products, and miscellaneous.6-3



### Table 6.2. 1 Average Operating Hours by Sector and Lamp Type

Sector Lamp Type Average Annual Operating Hours

hr/year

Residential GSFL 648

IRL 761

Commercial GSFL 4,058

IRL 4,496

Industrial GSFL 4,585



### Figure 6.2

. 1 displays the probability of each building type in the residential sector. Figure

6.2

. 2 and Figure 6.2. 3 display the annual operating hours DOE uses for IRLs and GSFLs, respectively, in the residential sector for each building type. DOE used these annual operating hours in the calculation of annual energy consumption.

F igure 6.2. 1 Residential Sector Building Type Probability6-4



### Figure 6.2. 2 Residential Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type6-5



### Figure 6.2. 3 Residential Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building

T ype

Figure 6.2

. 4 displays the probability of each building type in the commercial sector.

F igure 6.2. 5 and Figure 6.2.6 display the annual operating hour distributions for IRLs and

GSF Ls, respectively, operating in the commercial sector. DOE used this distribution of annual operating hours in the calculation of annual energy consumption.6-6



### Figure 6.2. 4 Commercial Sector Building Type Probability6-7



### Figure 6.2. 5 Commercial Sector IRL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type

Figure 6.2. 6 Commercial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type6-8



### Figure 6.2

. 7 displays the probability of each building type in the industrial sector. Figure

6.2

. 8 displays the annual operating hour distribution for GSFLs operating in the industrial sector.

DO E used this distribution of annual operating hours in the calculation of annual energy consumption.

F igure 6.2. 7 Industrial Sector Building Type Probability6-9



### Figure 6.2. 8 Industrial Sector GSFL Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building

T ype

6.3 LIGHTING CONTROLS

DOE evaluated the effects of lighting controls on energy use by examining the impact of dimmers on the annual energy consumption of both GSFLs and IRLs. See appendix 6A of this

TSD for a discussion of how DOE accounted for the use of dimmers and see appendix 8 B of this TSD for the LCC savings of GSFLs and IRLs operated on dimming systems.

6.4 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATI ON

This section presents the annual energy use estimates for GSFLs and IRLs. DOE

c alculated the annual energy consumption using the average annual operating hours (see section

6.2 ) and power rating estimates of the lamp or lamp-and-ballast systems derived in the

e ngineering analysis (see chapter 5 of this TSD). DOE used the annual energy consumption

re sults in the LCC and PBP analyses and the NIA to calculate the operating cost of systems and estimate the potential energy savings of candidate standard levels (CSLs).

6.4.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps

Using annual operating hours and system input power or power rating of GSFL lamp or lamp -and-ballast systems, DOE calculated the annual energy consumption of the entire lampa nd -ballast system. The tables below present: (1) the system input power for all GSFL systems

DOE assessed in the LCC and PBP analysis; and (2) average annual energy consumption per lamp -and-ballast system using the U.S. weighted average of annual operating hours in each

sector. DOE calculated the annual energy consumption based on the U.S. weighted-average annual operating hours for GSFLs in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, which6- 10



### are 648 hours, 4,058 hours, and 4,585 hours, respectively. Appendix 6A of this TSD presents the

e nergy consumption rates for systems operated on dimmers.

As discusse d in the engineering analysis, DOE pair ed lamps with ballasts of different starting methods and of different ballast factors (BFs), creating a number of system designs. The

table s below present the annual energy consumption of each unique lamp-and-ballast pairing ( i.e. wattage and BF combination) analyzed. For example, in the 8-foot recessed double contact (RDC) high output ( HO ) product class, the results for only one system are presented below because all lamp-and -ballast systems analyzed had the same combination of lamp wattage and BF, thus resulting in the same system input power and annual energy consumption. This differs from the engineering analysis, which presents results for all lamp-and-ballast systems analyzed

a t the baseline and each CSL in both the lamp replacement and lamp-and-ballast replacement

sc enarios. See chapter 5 of this TSD for more discussion of the lamp-and-ballast systems.

T able 6.4. 1 An nual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 2-Lamp Instant Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.88BF32 Elec * 56.0 227 .1 256.5

0.88BF25 Elec 46. 9 190.3 215.0

0.88BF28 Elec 50.3 204.2 230.7

0.88 BF32 Elec 55.2 224.2 253.3

0.78 BF 32 Elec 4 9.4 200.5 2 26.5

0.88 BF 25 Elec 46.3 187.8 2 12.2

0.77 BF 32 Elec 48.3 196.2 221.6

0.87 BF28 Elec 48.8 19 8.0 2 23.7

W = watts

kWh = kilowatt hours

*“ 0.88 BF32 Elec” indicates a lamp

- and

- ballast system consisting of a 32W lamp paired with an electronic ballast of

a 0.88 ballast factor.



### Table 6.4. 2 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 2 -Lamp
Programmed Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0. 88BF32 Elec 56.0 227.1 256.6

0.88BF 25 Elec 4 7.0 1 90.8 21 5.6

0. 88BF 28 Elec 50.4 204.5 2 31.16- 11



### Table 6.4. 3 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 4 -Lamp
Instant Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.87 BF32 Elec 108.0 438.3 495.2

0.87 BF25 Elec 90.4 36 7.0 4 14.6

0.87BF 28 Elec 97.1 3 93.9 445.0

0.87BF3 2 Elec 107.1 4 34.7 491.l

0.7 8 BF32 Elec 96. 8 3 93.0 440. 0

0.87BF25 Elec 8 9.7 3 63.8 4 11.1

0.77 BF32 Elec 96.0 389.7 440.3

0.87BF 28 Elec 9 6.2 3 90.5 4 41.2



### Table 6.4. 4 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 4-Lamp

S ystem Programmed Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.89BF32 Elec 111.0 450.6 509.1

0.89BF25 Elec 9 3.2 37 8.1 427.1

0.89BF28 Elec 9 9.9 405.4 458.1

0.88BF32 Elec 1 10.7 44 9.0 50 7.3

0.88BF28 Elec 98.5 3 99.7 451.5



### Table 6.4. 5 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 GSFL 2-Lamp

In stant Start System, Residential Sector

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Residential

W kWh

0. 87BF32 Elec 56.5 36.6

0. 87BF25 Elec 4 7.4 30. 7

0. 87BF 28 Elec 50.9 3 3.0

0. 83BF32 Elec 53.7 34.86- 12



### Table 6.4. 6 Annual Energy Consumption for the 8-Foot T8 Single -Pin Slimline GSFL 2-
Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.87 BF59 Elec 106.8 433.2 489.5

0.8 7 BF5 4 Elec 101.3 411.2 464.5

0.8 7 BF5 0 Elec 94.0 381.3 430.8

0. 85 BF5 9 Elec 104.0 422.1 476.9

0.85BF5 4 Elec 98.7 400.6 452.6

0. 85 BF5 0 Elec 91.5 371.5 419.7



### Table 6.4. 7

. Annual Energy Consumption for the 8-Foot T8 Recessed Double Contact High

O utput GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.8 1 BF86 Elec 148.4 602.4 680.6



### Table 6.4. 8 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin Standard
Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

1. 0 BF28 Elec 60.4 245.1 276.9

1. 0BF26 Elec 56.6 229.7 259.5

1.0 BF2 5 Elec 54.5 221.1 249.8

0. 95BF28 Elec 57.9 235.0 265.6

0.95BF26 Elec 54.3 220.3 248.9

0.95BF25 Elec 52.3 212.1 239.6



### Table 6.4. 9 Annual Energy Consumption for the 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin High Output
GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Technology Option System Input Power Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

1.0BF54 Elec 116.5 472.7 534.1

1. 0BF50 Elec 1 08.5 440.2 497.4

1.0BF 47 Elec 102.2 414.6 468.46- 13



### 6.4.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps

Because an IRL does not require a ballast to operate, the rate of energy usage is simply the rated power of the lamp. Table 6.4

. 10 presents power ratings for all of the IRL designs. DOE calculated the annual energy consumption based on the U.S. weighted-average annual operating

hours for IRLs in the residential and commercial sectors as 761 hours and 4,496 hours, respectively. As mentioned previously, DOE did not analyze IRLs in the industrial sector because of their low market share in that sector. Appendix 6A of this TSD lists the annual energy

c onsumption of those IRL design s used in the lighting controls scenarios.

Table 6.4. 10 Annual Energy Consumption for IRLs, Commercial and Residential Sectors

Technology Option Lamp Power

Rating Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Residential

W kWh kWh

Baseline 1: Improved Halogen 60 269. 7 45.7

Baseline 2: HIR 60 269.7 45.7

CSL 1 : Improved

HIR 55 247.3 41.96- 14 

### REFERENCES

1 

### U.S. Department of Energy, Of fice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy

C onservation Program for Consumer Products: 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization.

2012. Washington, D. C.

< http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2010- lmc -final-jan-2012.pdf >

2 

### U.S. Department of Energy

, 

### Energy Information Administration. Commercial Building Energy

C onsumption Survey: Mic ro

- level data, file 2 Building Activities, Special Measures of Size, and Multi-building Facilities. 2003. Washington, D. C.

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/public_use.html >

3 

### U.S. Department of Energy

, 

### Energy Information Administration. RECS Public Use Microdata

files.2009. Washington, D.C.

< http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/ >

4 

### U.S. Department of Energy

, 

### Energy Information Administration. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Table 9.1 : Enclosed Floorspace and Number of Establishment Buildings.

200 6

. Washington, D. C.

< http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/2006tables.html >

5 

### U.S. Department of Energy, Of fice of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy

C onservation Program for Consumer Products: 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization.

2012. Washington, D. C.

< http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2010- lmc -final-jan-2012.pdf >