UNITED STATES AIR FORCE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

UNITED STATES

v.

Senior Airman ALEXANDER J. ROWE

United States Air Force

ACM 38482

03 March 2015

Sentence adjudged 16 August 2013 by GCM convened at Mountain Home 

Air Force Base, Idaho. Military Judge: Christopher M. Schumann.

Approved Sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 2 years, 

forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1.

Appellate Counsel for the Appellant: Captain Michael A. Schrama.

Appellate Counsel for the United States: Major Daniel J. Breen; 

Captain Meredith L. Steer; and Gerald R. Bruce, Esquire.

Before

MITCHELL, WEBER, and CONTOVEROS

Appellate Military Judges

OPINION OF THE COURT

This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent 

under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.

MITCHELL, Senior Judge:

Contrary to his plea, a general court-martial composed of officer members found 

the appellant guilty of forcible sodomy, in violation of Article 125, UCMJ, 

10 U.S.C. § 925. The adjudged and approved sentence was a dishonorable discharge, 

2 years of confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. The 

appellant avers two errors: (1) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient; and 

(2) the military judge erred when, over objection, he admitted evidence of another sexual 
2 ACM 38482

assault under Mil. R. Evid. 413. We disagree and affirm the approved findings and 

sentence.

Background

At the time of the alleged events, the appellant was 26 years old with about five 

years’ time in service and two deployments. The victim, Airman First Class (A1C) RM,

had been at his first duty station for about one month when he was invited by two friends 

to spend a weekend at a hotel in Boise. The three friends and three local women shared a 

hotel room that had three beds. On Saturday, 9 March 2013, A1C RM met his friends 

and the women at the hotel. The appellant also arrived that evening and brought a large 

bottle, “a handle,” of Captain Morgan rum. A1C RM recalled having about 15 shots of 

rum and about 6 beers. A1C RM then passed out; he came to later when he was vomiting 

and then again when he was in the shower. He awoke the next morning to find the 

appellant performing oral sex on him. He told the appellant to stop, and he did. 

A1C RM reported the incident to his supervisor a few days later. 

A1C JF, a friend of A1C RM, saw A1C RM drinking alcohol with the appellant 

and advised his friend to slow down his consumption. He was aware that A1C RM later 

vomited. He was awoken the next morning by a commotion and by A1C RM leaving the 

hotel room quickly. When he asked the appellant what happened, the appellant told him 

he was bi-sexual and that “[A1C RM] woke up and I was blowing him.” 

The appellant testified at trial. He admitted to the following. He drank shots with 

A1C RM on 9 March 2013 at a hotel party in Boise, Idaho. A1C RM went to bed and 

woke up vomiting. Although the appellant did not remember helping A1C RM into the 

shower, he did remember helping him out of it. Even after the shower, A1C RM was so 

intoxicated he was not capable of coherent conversation. At the same time, the appellant 

was also intoxicated but was able to have a coherent conversation with another Airman 

and provide some assistance to A1C RM. The appellant decided to sleep in the same bed 

as A1C RM even though they had only met that night and it made him 

“feel uncomfortable a little bit” because of an incident in 2008 where Mr. BH accused 

him of sexual assault. The appellant later moved from that bed to another vacant bed in 

the hotel room. The appellant stated that when he awoke in the second bed, his head was 

on A1C RM’s stomach and he saw A1C RM’s penis near his face. The appellant asked 

A1C RM what happened, but A1C RM said not to talk to him and left the room. 

The appellant testified that he later told A1C JF, “I woke up on [A1C RM], he was naked, 

I’m bisexual . . . I don’t want him thinking that I blew him or something.” 

Evidence Admitted under Mil. R. Evid. 413

Mr. BH testified about a prior sexual assault by the appellant. Mr. BH enlisted in 

the Air Force in 2008 and met the appellant in technical school. Both of them were 

assigned to Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, for their first duty station with the 
3 ACM 38482

appellant arriving on station first. On Mr. BH’s first day at base, the appellant and 

Mr. BH met up and decided to go out later that evening. The appellant made mixed 

alcoholic beverages that he and Mr. BH consumed while on their way to a local hookah 

bar. While at the bar, the local police arrived and gave citations to everyone who was 

drinking alcohol underage to include Mr. BH who was only 19 years old at the time. 

This ended that night’s drinking off-base. The appellant invited Mr. BH to his dorm 

room to continue drinking. After they returned to the appellant’s room, he encouraged 

Mr. BH to watch a pornographic movie with him. Mr. BH recalled they viewed some 

“girl on girl thing” for about 10 to 15 minutes. Mr. BH then fell asleep in the bed while 

the appellant was to sleep on the floor. Mr. BH woke up to the appellant touching his 

genitals. Mr. BH rolled away and then the appellant made another attempt. Mr. BH left 

the appellant’s room and reported the assault. 

The appellant objected to the admission of this testimony at trial and now renews 

that argument contending the military judge abused his discretion by admitting testimony 

about this incident pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 413. We conclude the military judge did not 

abuse his discretion. 

Mil. R. Evid. 413(a) provides that “[i]n a court-martial in which the accused is 

charged with an offense of sexual assault, evidence of the accused’s commission of one 

or more offenses of sexual assault is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on 

any matter to which it is relevant.” This includes use to demonstrate an accused’s 

propensity to commit the charged offenses. United States v. Parker, 59 M.J. 195, 198

(C.A.A.F. 2003); United States v. Wright, 53 M.J. 476, 480 (C.A.A.F. 2000). “[I]nherent 

in [Mil. R. Evid.] 413 is a general presumption in favor of admission.” United States v. 

Berry, 61 M.J. 91, 95 (C.A.A.F. 2005). There are three threshold requirements for 

admitting evidence of similar offenses in sexual assault cases under Mil. R. Evid. 413: 

(1) the accused must be charged with a sexual assault offense, (2) the proffered evidence 

must be evidence of the accused’s commission of another sexual assault offense, and 

(3) the evidence must be relevant under Mil. R. Evid. 401 and 402. Id. (citations 

omitted).

Once these three findings are made, the military judge is constitutionally required 

to also apply a balancing test under Mil. R. Evid. 403. Id. Mil. R. Evid. 403 provides 

that “[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially 

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the 

members, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of 

cumulative evidence.” In the Mil. R. Evid. 413 context, the Mil. R. Evid. “403 balancing 

test should be applied ‘[i]n light of the strong legislative judgment that evidence of prior 

sexual offenses should ordinarily be admissible[.]’” Wright, 53 M.J. at 482 (quoting 

United States v. LeCompte, 131 F.3d 767, 769 (8th Cir. 1997)). “The importance of a 

careful balancing arises from the potential for undue prejudice that is inevitably present 

when dealing with propensity evidence.” United States v. James, 63 M.J. 217, 222 
4 ACM 38482

(C.A.A.F. 2006). “[T]he term ‘unfair prejudice’ in the context of [Mil. R. Evid.] 403 

‘speaks to the capacity of some concededly relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into 

declaring guilt on a ground different from proof specific to the offense charged.’” 

United States v. Collier, 67 M.J. 347, 354 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (quoting Old Chief v. 

United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180 (1997)).

Accordingly, in conducting the balancing test, the military judge should consider 

the following non-exhaustive list of factors to determine whether the evidence’s 

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice: potential 

distraction of the factfinder; additional time dedicated to prove the prior conduct; 

likelihood of less prejudicial evidence; strength of proof of the prior act (i.e., conviction 

versus gossip); probative weight of the evidence; temporal proximity and frequency of 

the acts; presence or lack of intervening circumstances; and the relationship between the 

parties. Wright, 53 M.J. at 482.

We review an application of Mil. R. Evid. 403 for an abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Manns, 54 M.J. 164, 166 (C.A.A.F. 2000). When a military judge 

conducts a proper Mil. R. Evid. 403 balancing on the record, we will not overturn that 

decision absent a clear abuse of discretion. United States v. Stephens, 67 M.J. 233, 235 

(C.A.A.F. 2009). But, “[w]here the military judge is required to do a balancing test under 

[Mil. R. Evid.] 403 and does not sufficiently articulate his balancing on the record, his 

evidentiary ruling will receive less deference.” Berry, 61 M.J. at 96.

Here, the military judge articulated the Wright factors and his Rule 403 balancing 

test in both his oral and written rulings. In conducting our own analysis of the proffered 

evidence using the factors articulated in Wright, we find the military judge’s conclusion 

was reasonable, and he did not abuse his discretion in admitting the testimony. 

The evidence consisted solely of the Mr. BH’s testimony, which took little time 

and presented little distraction at trial. As he was the only person present other than the 

appellant, there was no other less prejudicial evidence available. In ruling on the pretrial 

motion, the military judge found Mr. BH to be a credible witness, and the strength of his 

testimony was not substantially impaired by the cross-examination on inconsistencies or 

false statements.* As a first-hand account from a witness, his testimony was strong proof 

about this incident, though it is somewhat eroded by the passage of 5 years’ time. As the 

military judge noted, the similarity between the events and the victims is highly probative 

in weighing the appellant’s propensity to commit the offense alleged. The frequency of 

the prior act was limited to the one occasion. There were no intervening circumstances,

and Mr. BH and A1C RM did not know each other. 

 

* Mr. BH was discharged for a fraudulent enlistment by falsely stating he had never used marijuana.
5 ACM 38482

We conclude, as did the military judge, the probative value of this evidence was 

high and its value was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, 

confusion of the issues, or misleading the members, or by considerations of undue delay, 

waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. We therefore find the 

military judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting this testimony.

Legal and Factual Sufficiency

We review issues of factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c), UCMJ,

10 U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002). 

The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in the record of 

trial and making allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, 

[we are] . . . convinced of the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States 

v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987). In conducting this unique appellate role, we 

take “a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of 

innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determination as 

to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.

The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder could have found 

all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 324. 

“[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every reasonable 

inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.” United States v.

Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citing United States v. Rogers, 

54 M.J. 244, 246 (C.A.A.F. 2000)).

After applying the test for legal sufficiency and viewing the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude the evidence is legally sufficient. 

Additionally, taking a fresh, impartial look at the evidence in the record and making 

allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, we find the evidence 

factually sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt.

Conclusion

The findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error materially 

prejudicial to the substantial rights of the appellant occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), 

UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). 
6 ACM 38482

Accordingly, the findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT

STEVEN LUCAS

Clerk of the Court