IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SHAMAYAH THOMAS, § § Defendant Below, Appellant, § § § No. 268, 2022 v. § § § Court Below: Superior Court STATE OF DELAWARE, § of the State of Delaware § § Appellee. § I.D. Nos. 1909006727, 2001007661, § 2001006118, 2001006417(N)

Submitted: July 26, 2023 Decided: October 2 , 2023

Before VALIHURA , TRAYNOR , and LeGROW , Justices. Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED

. Christofer C. Johnson, Esquire, The Johnson Firm, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellant. Kathryn Garrison, Esquire, Delaware Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellee.

VALIHURA , Justice:2 INTRODUCTION
On October 27 , 2021, following a two

- day bench trial in the New Castle County Superior Court , defendant below

- appellant Shamayah Thomas (“Thomas”) was convicted of Stalking and related acts of intimidation and harassment

. Before his bench trial, Thomas
filed a pro se M otion to D ismiss C urrent C ounsel and/or to A ppoint N ew C ounsel on the grounds that his then

- current counsel was not following his instructions regarding his pre

trial defense (the “First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel”)

. 1 The trial court denied
Thomas’s motion pursuant to Superior Court Rule 47

. 2
Also before trial, Thomas’s counsel filed a motion to suppress digital evidence (the “Motion to Suppress”) collected fr om Th omas’s pink iPhone (“Pink iPhone”) , alleg ing that
law enforcement seized the phone without a warrant and , alternatively, that the s earch

w arrant issued following the seizure of the Pink iPh one (“Search Warrant”) was constitutionally defective

. 3 The trial court granted in part, and denied in part, the M otion

to S uppres s, ultimately admitting certain evidence extracted from the Pink iPhone

. 4 After trial, but before his sentencing, Thomas filed a second motion to dismiss
current counsel and/or a ppoint new counsel (the “Second Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel” and together with the First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel, the “Motions to

1 App. to Answering Br. at B46

– 49 (Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel, dated Sept. 17, 2020) [hereinafter “ First Motion to Dismiss Counsel ” ].
2 Id. at B50 (Letter from Hon. Eric M. Davis, Judge, t o Sh amayah Thomas (Nov. 12, 2020)).
3 Id. at B5 1

– 81 (Motion to Suppress Digital Evidence , dated Jan. 4, 2021 ) [hereinafter “ Motion to Suppress ” ]

. 4 App. to Opening Br. at A066 (Transcript of Status Conference at 5:9

– 11) [hereinafter “ Status Conference at __ ” ].3

Dismiss Counsel”)

. 5 Although the Superior Court prothonotary’s office failed to direct the
Second Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel to defense counsel or to the trial judge, t he trial
court addressed the motion at Thomas’s sentencing hearing

. Given the option of either delaying sentencing and proceeding pro se , or proceeding with his then

- current counsel,
Thom as chose to proceed with sentencing as scheduled, represented by his then

- current
counsel

. On appeal, Thomas argues that the Superior Court: (1) erred when it categorized the
Pink iP hone Search W arrant as an over broad warrant as opposed to a n unconstitutional general warrant ; and (2) failed to adequately address Thomas’s M otions to Di smiss
C ounsel. Thomas asks this court to reverse his convictions and remand for a new trial. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the Super ior Court.

I. RELEVANT FACT UAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Thomas’s Arrest s On September 11, 2019, New Castle County Police Department (“NC C PD”) officer
Roberto Ieradi was dispatched to a northern New Castle County a partment complex where one of the victims, A.S. , lived with A.T., a child A.S. had with Thomas

. 6 There, A.S.
showed Ieradi a number of threatening messages on her phone from Thomas

. 7 Ieradi took

5 Id. at A031

– 35 (Motion to Dismiss and/or Appoint New Counsel , dated Mar. 22 , 202 2 ) [hereinafter “ Second Motion to Dismiss Counsel ” ].
6 App. to Opening Br. at A106

– 07 ( Officer Roberto Ieradi Trial Testimony at 107:13

– 18 , 112:12

– 16 ) [hereinafter “ Ieradi at __ ” ]

. 7 The text messages Thomas sent to A.S. on September 11 th included: “ Nobody can’t save you,” “I’m a give you two minutes to call my phone or [A.T.] will be motherless,” and “I’m going to come back over here and smoke your dumb ass.” Id. at 108 (Ieradi at 114:19

– 115:4)

.4

pictures on his police

- issued phone of the threatening messages on A.S.’s phone screen
. At th e time, Thomas was subject to a protection from abuse (“PFA”) order, which directed him to have no contact with A.T. or her family , including A.S

. On September 17, 2019,
Thomas was arrested by the NC C PD as a result of the September 11 incide nt and was indicted for Stalking, Aggravated Act of Intimidation, and Terroristic Threatening. As a condition of Thomas’s bond, on September 17, 2019 , the Justice of the Peace Court of Delaware in and for Sussex County (“JFP”) , issued a no

- contact order b etween A.S. and
the defendant. O n October 11, 2019, A.S. obtained an additional PFA against Thomas. 8 Thereafter, Thomas continued to try to contact A.S. On January 11, 2020, Thomas’s pretrial supervisor received an alert that Thomas had removed the GPS device that he was required to wear as a condition of his bond. The same day, NCCP D responded to a complaint from A.S. th at Thomas had sent to her and to her friend, S.M., a number of alarming text messages on January 10 and January 11, all in violation of the no

- contact
orders

. 9 In one message to S.M., Thomas asked, “Which one do you want to get hit with?”
in reference to an attached image of two guns. 10 NCCPD Officer Cronin captured photographs of the messages on S.M.’s phone at the scene.

8 Id. at A139 ( Officer Jeffrey Geortler Trial Testimony at 30: 8

– 23) (Officer Geortler testified that he served Thomas with this protection from abuse order on October 30 , 2019 ).
9 Id. at A092 ( Officer Angelo Trapani Trial Testimony at 51:21

– 52:10) [hereinafter Trapani at __ ] ; Id. at A086 ( Officer Steven Cronin Trial Testimony at 27:5

– 28:2) [hereinafter Cronin at __”]

. 10 Id . at A197 (Roberto Herrera

- Cortes Trial Testimony at 87:14

– 17) [hereinafter Herrera

- Cortes at __].5

While officer s w ere present at A.S.’s home , A.S. received a phone call from
Thomas. Officer Cronin placed the call on speaker phone

. A.T. was in the room

. At the time, Officer Cronin’s body camera was operating and captur ed footage of the call

. On the call, Thomas threatened to kill A.S. As a result of the incident , pursuant to a n arrest and
search warrant for Thomas’s person , NCCPD entered Thomas’s apartment and arrested
him on January 18, 2020

. 11
B. The Search and Seizure of Thomas’s Phone
1. The Seizure of the Pink iPhone
While in Thomas’s home executing the warrant for his arrest , NCCPD officers
noticed a cell phone on the dining room table. Worried that the evidence on the phone would be manipulated or erased , the officers seize d the phone. At that time, a search warrant for the phone had not yet been issued.
Detective Herrera

- Cortes, a detective in t he NCCPD’s F amily Crimes U nit , who
also responded to A.S. ’s report on January 11 , knew the incident involved phone calls, texts, social media and photos. He also had reason to believe that Thomas had used multiple phones to commit the offenses. In an attempt to verify the owner of the Pink
iPhone , Detective Herrera

- Cortes called a known number of Thomas’s to see if the Pink
iP hone would ring. The Pink iP hone began ringing when Detective Herrera

- Cort es placed
that call

.

11 Id. at A066

– 67 (Transcript of Suppression Hearing on Oct. 19, 2021 a t 6:11

– 13 , 8:12

– 16 ) [hereinafter Suppression Hearing]

.6

2. The Affidavit in Support of the Warrant Thereafter, on January 31, 2020, Detective Herrera

- Cortes applied for a warrant to
search the Pink iPhone. The attached affidavit in support of the Search W arrant provided the following operative facts to establish probable cause that evidence of the crime of Stalking would be found in the data on the phone:

• Thomas was released to probation on February 22, 2019 , after serving time for Aggravated Menacing and Criminal Contempt of a Domestic Violence Protective Order. The victim in the case was A.S. and a no contact order prohibited Thomas from contacting A.S. while Thomas was on probation. 12

• Thomas was arrested by NCCPD on September 17, 2019 , for Stalking and related charges after he had called A.S. multiple times and sent threatening messages to her cell phone. Included in the text messages were two photographs of a vehicle parked outside of two different locations where a victim was working

. 13

• On January 11 and 13, 2020, police officers conducting a domestic violence investigation into Thomas learned that Thomas had called A.S. and S.M. approximately 81 times from blocked numbers and that he had called and sent threatening text messages to them from a phone number (the 8763 number), which included “text messages sent of various handguns threatening the victims.” He also sent threatening text messages to A.S.’s sister from the 8763 number and via Facebook Messenger. The officers obtained a rrest warrants for Thomas for Terroristic Threatening Harassment and Non

- Compliance with Conditions of Bond

. 14

• Officers arrested Thomas at a residence on January 18, 2020. Incidental to that arrest, they collected a P ink iPhone XR. 15

12 Id. at A039 (Affidavit ¶ 3 )

. 13 Id. (Affidavit ¶ 4 ).
14 Id. at A039

– 40 (Affidavit ¶¶ 5

– 8 ).
15 Id. at A040 (Affidavit ¶ 9 )

.7

• A phone call from a known number was placed to the phone number ending in 8763 and the known number appeared on the screen of the P ink iPhone as an incoming call. 16

• A DELJIS inquiry revealed that the 8763 number belonged to Thomas. 17

• The 8763 number was the number Thomas had registered with Probation and Parole. 18

• In one case, Thomas included photos of where the victim was located. A BMW steering wheel can be seen in the photos and one of Thomas’s cars was a BMW “ DE reg. 311630.” 19
3. The Warrant to Search the Pink iPhone Based on the facts provided in the affidavit, a Justice of the Peace Court granted the search warrant application the same day

. It issued the following Search W arrant to search
the Pink iPhone: [ P ] ink iPhone XR cell phone #

_____ 8763 for the purpose of obtaining cell phone call log and text messages log and the associated dates and times. Any applications/social media capable of sending/receiving text messages or making/receiving phone calls as well as an y attached storage device s which may hold text messages log or phone calls log, from 02/22/19 to 0 001 hours to 01/18/20 at 2359 hours. The content of any photos or videos from iPhone XR Wireless cellular telephone number

______ - 8763 not subject to the above time frame (no limitat ions) for the purpose of this detective’s ongoing investigation related to the crime of stalking, DE 11:1312:00a1:FG that may be contained on the device described in the annexed affidavit and application or complaint

. 20

16 Id. (Affidavit ¶ 10 ).
17 Id. (Affidavit ¶ 1 1).
18 Id. (Affidavit ¶ 1 2).
19 Id. (Affidavit ¶ 1 3).
20 Id. at A036

– 37 (Approved Search Warrant (Pink iPhone)) ; see also B75

.8

C. The Indictment
On March 2, 2020, a New Castle grand jury returned a superseding indictment, charging Thomas with one count of Stalking, two counts of Aggravated Act of Intimidation, six counts of Terroristic Threatening, three counts of N on
- C ompliance with Bond Conditions, ten co unts of Harassment, three counts of Criminal Contempt of a Domestic Violence Protective Order, seven counts of Criminal Contempt, and two counts of Endangering the W elfare of a C hild.
D. The First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel and/or Appoint New Counsel On September 22, 2020, Thomas , without his counsel’s assistance, filed the First
Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel. In this motion, Thomas sought the appointment of
substitute counsel . He did not seek to proceed pro se
. 21 The trial court responded in a
letter to Thomas, which cop ied the State and defense counsel

. 22 It explained to Thomas
that because he was represented by counsel and had not been granted permission to participate with his counsel in the defense , Superior Court Criminal Ru le 47 precluded the court from considering Thomas’s pro se application. 23 However, the trial court noted that
Thomas’s counsel had filed a M otion to S uppress and a M otion for a B ill of P articulars on November 6, 2020, and indicated that the court would address concerns regarding

21 App. to Answering Br. at B46

– 49 ( First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel).
22 Id. at B50

. The record indicates defense counsel was copied on this letter, but at Thomas’s sentencing hearing, defense counsel indicated that she was never made aware of the First Motion to Dismiss Counsel.
23 App. to Answering Br. at B50 ( Letter from Eric M. Davis, Judge, to Shamayah Thomas (Nov. 12, 2020) ).9

representation at th e hearing on those motions

. Those hearings were held on August 11,
2021 , and October 5, 2021. T homas’s First M otion to D ismiss Current C ounsel was not
addressed at either h earing or any time prior to trial

. E. The Motion to Suppress Digital Evidence On January 4, 2021, Thomas’s counsel filed the M otion to S uppress , and thereafter, the trial court held a suppression hearing (the “Suppression Hearing”) to address the
Motion. In his Motion to Suppress, Thomas argued , among other things, that the Search
W arrant to search the content of the Pink iP hone was a n unconstitutional general warrant
that authorized officers to conduct a n exploratory search of the phone

. At the Suppression Hearing, three officers from NCCPD, including Detective Herrera

- Cortes, testified as to
Thomas’s arrest and the seizure of the Pink iPhone. In a bench ruling issued during a n October 19, 2021 s tatus c onference (the “Status Conference”) , the trial court denied in part , and granted in part , Thomas’s Motion to Suppress

. 24 As to Thomas’s S earch W arrant claim, t he trial court found that the Search
W arrant was not an unconstitutional general warrant , but that it was an overly broad

warrant

. 25 Because the warrant was overly broad , but not general, the trial court corrected

24 App. to Opening Br. at A067

– 72 ( Status Conference at 10:3

– 30:13). Thomas also argued that the Pink iPhone had been improperly seized without a warrant. The trial court rejected this argument . Specifically, the trial court found that “the police did not need a search warrant to seize Thomas’s iPhone, as it was the instrumentality of his crimes, a seizure incident to a lawful arrest, and in plain view.” Id. at A067 (Status Conference at 10:3

– 9). Thomas does not challenge this ruling on appeal

. 25 Id

. at A 0 68 (St atus Conference at 14:16

– 18).10

the issue by “restrict [ing] the evidence to that evidence supported by probable cause found
in the four corners of the warrant

. ” 26
T he trial court distinguishe d the warrant in Thomas’s case from those in Wheeler v.
State , 27 Buckham v. State , 28 and Taylor v. State

. 29 It observed that the warrant in Taylor “authorized a top

- to

- bottom search of any and all stored data of the digital contents of the
dev ices,” “did not limit the search of the cell phone to any relevant time frame,” and “like
the warrants in Buckham and Wheeler , the Taylor warrant used open

- ended language ‘including but not limited to’ to describe the places to be searched.” 30 The Taylor warrant “allowed investigators to conduct an unconstitutional rummaging through all of the contents of Taylor’s smartphones to find whatever they decided might be of interest to their investigation.” 31 The trial court found that “ [a] fter the Suprem e Court’s recent decisions, a search warrant for electronic devices must contain more than a general authorization to
search all of the contents of electronic devices for evidence of criminal conduct.” 32 I n this case, it found that the Search Warrant “doe s not authorize a general authorization to search

26 Id. (Status Conference at 14:19

– 21) ; see also id . at A71 (Status Conference at 27:19

– 23) (“The Court finds that the warrant is not a general warrant; however, it is any overly broad warrant

— not as specific as it could have been, but facts do support a more limited search.”)

. 27 Wheeler v. State , 135 A.3d 282, 304 (Del. 2016)

. 28 Buckham v. State , 185 A.3d 1, 15 (Del. 2018)

. 29 Taylor v. State , 260 A.3d 602 ( Del. 2021)

. 30 App. to Opening Br. at 069 (Status Conference at 18 :20

– 19:8).
31 Id. (Status Conference at 19:9

– 14).
32 Id. (Status Conference 19:16

– 21).11

all contents of the phone.” 33 Instead, the “warrant is tailored to the suspected crime, the suspected instrument of the crime, specific dates

– paren

– (dates associated with the purported criminal acts )

– end paren

– and only limited sections of the phone.” 34 The trial court further noted that “[t]he facts for supporting probable cause for this search are set out in the supporting affidavit of probable cause at Paragraphs 4 though [sic] 11, 13, and 17.” 35 Finally, the trial court noted the legal distinction between overly broad warrants and general warrants, and the attendant remedies for the respective violation s : “With an overly broad warrant, the defects in the warrant can be remedied by limiting the S tate’s evidence to the time frame for which the warrant provided probable cause.” 36 By contrast, “[t]here is no room . . . for limited suppression of evidence seized under a general warrant.” 37 Accordingly, to remedy the overly broad nature of the Search Warrant , the trial court
limit ed the scope of the phone calls and messages to be searched t o those to and from the
victims , or referencing them

. 38 Furthermore, the court limited the time range to search cell phone call logs, text message logs, and applications or social media capable of receiving

text messages or calls and their storage devices to January 1, 2020, through January 18,

33 Id. at A070 (Status Conference at 22: 3

– 6).
34 Id. at A070 (Status Conference at 22:6

– 11).
35 Id. at A071 (Status Conference at 24:3

– 6).
36 Id. at A0 70 (Status Conference at 20:3

– 7).
37 Id . (Status Conference at 20:8

– 10).
38 Id. at A072 (Status Conference at 28:4

- 30 : 10) ( s tating , “[a]s such, the evidence will need to be limited to phone calls to and from V1 and V2, and/or referencing V1 and V2 . . .

. And they can’t just be any and all text messages ; it has to be limited to any and all text messages that are referenced to victims, V1, V 2 and whoever is in Paragraph 4, and/or messages that relate to those persons within the time frame that I have set out .”).12

2020. 39 It placed no time restriction on photographs and vide os because it acknowledged that Thomas may have taken certain photos before he sent them to the victims. 40
F. The Bench Trial
Thomas ’s bench trial began on October 25, 2021, and lasted two days

. On October 27, 2021 , the trial court found Thomas guilty of one count of Stalking, two counts of Aggravated Act of Intimidation, three counts of Terroristic Threatening, three counts of Harassment, two counts of Non

- C ompliance with Conditions of Bond, two counts of Criminal Contempt of a Domestic Violence Protective Order, and two counts of Criminal Contempt. The court found Thomas not guilty of three counts of Harassment, both counts of Endangering the Welfare of a C hild, and one count of Terroristic Threatening. 41 The State proved its case through the testimony of seven NCCPD office rs , testimony from personnel regarding GPS and verification of phone numbers, court records, call detail
records for the victims ’ phone n umbers, Officer Cronin’s bodycam footage recorded in A.S.’s home on January 11 , photographs of text messages taken of the victims ’ phones by
NCCP D officers , screenshots of text messages taken by the victims and sent to NCCP D

39 Id. (Status Conference at 28:1 2

– 23) ( s tating that the Court would “ limit the time range for: A ny cell phone call log, and text messages log and the associate d dates and times; any application/social media capable of sending/receiving text messages or making/receiving phone calls, as well as any attached storage devices which may hold text messages log or phone calls log. The time range will be limited to January 1, 2020, through January 18, 2020.”)

. 40 Id. (Status Conference at 29:1

– 10 ) ( e xplain ing that the Court would “ place no limit on photographs or videos except that seizure at this point is limited by Paragraph 13. The photo section of the phone is like

– the reason I am doing this is I think the phone section of a smartphone is like a pre

- smartphone photo album

. You don’t date them. You search the album to find any photos to share that are identified in the warrant.”).
41 Id. at A28 0

– 302 (Transcript of Bench Ruling dated Oct. 27, 2021 )

.13

officers, in addition to the ev idence admitted from the extraction from Thomas’s cell phone. Thomas did not testify or put on any defense witnesses. From the phone extraction, the State introduced at trial: (1) the extraction summary report, (2) the messages sent between Thomas and A. S. on January 10, 2020, (3) the
messages sent between Thomas and S.M. on January 11, 2020, including the attached image of two guns, and (4) message s sent between Thomas and A.S.’s sister on January 11, 2020.
G. Thomas’s Second Motion to Dismiss Current Coun sel and/or Appoint New Counsel Following his conviction, on March 17, 2022, Thomas filed his Second Motion to
Dismiss Current Counsel. The Second Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel was not received by the trial judge or defense counsel due to a procedural error on the part of the
p rothonotary’s o ffice

. 42 Accordingly, the first time the trial court was made aware of the
Second Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel was at Thomas’s sentencing hearing. At sentencing, the trial court addressed the Second Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel by
g iving Thomas the option of either retaining his then

- current counsel for sentencing and delaying sentencing , or proceed ing pro se
. Specifically, the trial court held the following colloquy with Thomas:

42 Id. at A 304 (Transcript of Sentencing at 2:17

– 3:11) [hereinafter Sentencing]

. The judge explained that it is typical procedure for the prothonotary to make a copy of the motion and send it to the defense counsel; the defense counsel claimed that she did not receive the motion. Id. (Sentencing at 6:1 2

– 23). The record demonstrates that the motion was forwarded only to the State. Id. at A030 (Memorandum: Documents from Defendant received by the Court on: 3/22/2022, dated Mar. 28, 2022).14

THE COURT: . . . Please stand for a second, Mr. Thomas. You have the one [motion], but that was done way before the trial in 2020. I don’t have any subsequent letters. Do you wish to be represented by Ms. Germono? THOMAS: For sentencing, it ’ s just a sentencing, so I guess I have no choice. THE COURT: You do have a choice. I’m asking you, do you wish to be represented by Ms. Germ o no during sentencing? That is not a demand, that is a question, and we can go through the process and I can delay sentencing if that’s what you desire and you can

– do you want an opportunity

– is there an interview cell, Ms. Germ o no, here on this floor? Do you want to take a break? Let’s take a break and you go talk to Mr. Thomas. Let’s not do it in the courtroom, let’s give you some time talk to him, see what he wants to do and advise him of different things. He can represent himself during his sentenci ng . The other matter was long ago, I didn’t handle the 2020 one, but this trial is not in 2020, but why don’t you talk so you can understand what choices you do have. I’m not going to

– I don’t want to

– I don’t think you have to have representation, if that’s what your concern is, I mean, very strong representation during your motion to suppress, potential appeal points as you recognize when you did an interview with the PSI, which I think is a little different than the previous person who did interview. I mean, I understand why you didn’t talk, but why don’t I give you five minutes or more, if you need it, we’ll take a recess and I’ll let you talk to Ms. Germono and then make your determination, because you do have a choice, and sentencing is very impor tant, and she ’ ll tell you, too, that you have to be careful how you present and what you say to the judge because it may have some consequences. But I’ll give you the time, and I do think you have a choice as to what you want to do here, and, I mean, you are facing mandatory time anyway, it’s not like you are going to walk away today with the sentencing, so if you want some type of recess or anything, lets talk about it. We don’t have a victim in the courtroom, so. But I do want you to think you have a c hoice and I want you to talk to Ms. Germono about your different options, okay, and then I’ll come back and talk to you, all right? THOMAS: All right.

. . . THE COURT: I have a question, too, Ms. Germono, you say you never received a copy of the mo tion? DEFENSE COUNSEL: I don’t recall receiving it.15

THE COURT: I don’t have one in my file, by the way. DEFENSE COUNSEL: I don’t recall receiving it, because if my client asked to represent himself at trial, we would have done the colloquy. I don ’t recall him talking to me about that or receiving this. THE COURT: Actually, it should have been done at the case review, that’s why I’m saying I wasn’t involved. DEFENSE COUNSEL: Right, and so the first time is when [the State] brought this up tod ay. I don’t remember receiving this motion at all. THE COURT: Because generally what the prothonotary does is they make a copy of the motion and send it directly to defense counsel because sometimes they are not served, that’s why I was asking. It ’ s o ur procedure, the judges agree, that any motion, even if it’s in violation of Rule 14 or 40 or whatever it is, we make a copy and we immediately send it to the defense counsel so that they are made aware of the motion, and you are saying you didn’t receive it? DEFENSE COUNSEL: I don’t recall receiving it, Your Honor. THE COURT: All right. Mr. Thomas, please stand. You can take your mask off. Did you have an opportunity to talk to Ms. Germ o no about your request to represent yourself?
THOMAS: Yes. THE COURT: Okay, and do you wish to represent yourself at sentencing? THOMAS: For sentencing I’d rather keep her. 43 Based on this colloquy, Thomas’s trial counsel represented him at his sentencing hearing. At that hearing, t he trial court sentenced Thomas to an aggregate of 36 years of Level V incarceration (with credit for fourteen days previously served), suspended a fter

ten years for decreasing levels of supervision

.

43 Id. at A 30 4

– 05 (Sentencing Hearing at 3 : 12

– 7: 10).16

H. Contentions on Appeal
1. Thomas’s Contentions Thomas sets forth two claims on appeal. First , Thomas argues that t he trial court erred when it categorized the Search Warrant as an overly broad warrant, a s opposed to a n unconstitutional general warrant and as a result, Thomas ’s rights under the United States
and Delaware C onstitutions were violated

. He claims that the Search W arrant was general because it did not specify the particular items to be searched on the iP hone and it had no limitations or scope ( i.e. , it used words like “any” and “no limitations”), which resulted in a limitless investigation into Thomas’s personal eff ects

. 44 Thomas argues that but for the

44 Opening Br. at 16 , 17. Thomas’s opening brief also takes issue with the fact that the State extracted all of the data from the Pink iPhone. The State explained that it is technologically limited in this regard and is only able to extract all data from a smart phone , not particular types of data

. This does not mean that the State uses the data in violation of the search warrant. Answering Br. at 19

– 20. Thomas conceded at oral argument that he does not challenge the State’s method of extraction. The following exch ange occurred: THE COURT: I wanted to clarify your argument because there’s reference in the

– both in the briefing and in the court’s decision and the arguments before the court below that the way the extraction was conducted for the P ink iPhone pulled al l the data off the phone, not just the time limited and particular types of data that were authorized in the warrant. Is that the basis for your argument that this was a general warrant, the actual way the extraction was conducted? Or is your argument th at the warrant itself and the language like in terms of what it authorized to be searched is what makes it a general warrant? THOMAS’S COUNSEL: The warrant itself, Your Honor. THE COURT: Okay, so are we really worried at all about how the extraction was conducted for purposes of this appeal? THOMAS’S COUNSEL: No , Your Honor . Mr. Thomas will concede that the extraction itself is, uh, due to the limitations. Cellebrite is the gold standard in terms of what most law enforcement agencies in Delaware use, all the major police agencies use it. I wish there was a better way, but that ’ s what the law enforcement has right now. Delaware Supreme Court, Oral Argument Video : Thomas v. State , 268, 2022 , Vimeo, at 4:1 0

– 5:2 1 (July 26, 2023) https://livestream.com/accounts/5969852/events/10877231/videos/23702316917

introduction of evidence obtained from the general warrant , the State would not have been able to support Count I V , Felonious Noncompliance with Bond , and Count VI , Harassment.
Second , Thomas argues that the trial c ourt failed to adequately address his M otions

to D ismiss Counsel when it failed to make a thorough inquiry into the substance of his
M otions to Dismiss Counsel

. He argues further that the trial court erred when it failed to
forward either of Thomas’s Moti ons to Dismiss Counsel to his then

- current defense
counsel. According to Thomas, this procedural mishap caused the court to overlook his request to proceed pro se , and requires us to remand the case for a new trial. Moreover,
Thomas claims that had he received proper document s from his counsel

— such as discovery and suppression hearing transcripts

— the outcome of his case would have been
different.
2. The State ’ s Respon se The S tate counters that t he Search Warrant was sufficiently particular to pass
constitutional muster

. This is because the Pink iPhone was the instrument of the crime and
the authorized search was limited to certain sections of the phone , namely, those where call and message logs and messages themselves might be found, along with videos and photographs stored on the phone. In addition, the search for messages and calls was limited

[hereinafter Oral Argument at __]

. We observe, in any event, that the State represented in its Response to Motion to Suppress Digital Evidence (Pink iPhone) that it did not review anything outside of the temporal scop e of the warrant for use in its case

- in

- chief, and that it agreed that anything outside the temporal scope of the warrant could not be used in its case

- in

- chief absent another lawful search. App. to Answering Br. at B96

– 97.18

in time frame. Finally, b ecause the warrant was overbroad

— as opposed to general

— the trial court properly concluded that the remedy was to strike the portions of the Search Warrant that were invalid for lack of probabl e cause
. Second , the S tate claims that the Superior Court did not abuse its discretion in declining to grant or hold a more extensive hearing to address either of Thomas’s Motions
to Dismiss Counsel

. As a threshold matter , neither of the two M otion s to Dismiss Counsel indicated that Thomas wanted to proceed pro se
. A ccordingly, the trial court was not required to inquire further into the matter as would be required for an invocation of the Sixth Amendment right to represent oneself recognized in Faretta v. California

. 45 Instead, the Motions asked the trial court to appoint new c ounsel . The State argues that a motion

to appoint new counsel is not a clear and unequivocal assertion of a defendant’s right to
self

- representation, and, in any event, the reasons Thomas gave for his dissatisfaction with trial counsel did not justify the appointment of new counsel. Thus , any failure to address
the First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel, which was undeniably filed in violation of Superior Court Criminal Rule 47, was harmless. Finally, with respect to the Second Motion
to Dismiss Current Counsel, e ven taking into account the prothonotary’s procedural error , the trial court acted w ithin its discretion in addressing Thomas’s motion prior to sentencing

.

45 Answering Br. at 22

– 23 (citing 422 U.S. 806 (1975 ) ).19 II. SCOPE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
As to Thomas ’s claim that the Superior Court’s admission of evidence collected
from the Pink iPhone violated his constitutional rights , t his C our t reviews “alleged
constitutional violations de novo , ” 46 and we apply “a de novo standard of review to the Superior Court’s legal conclusions regarding the denial of a motion to suppress.” 47 However, “ [w] e review the trial judge’s factual findings [on a m otion to suppress] to determine whether there was sufficient evidence to support the findings and whether those findings were clearly erroneous.” 48 Thomas’s second argument challenges the trial court’s denial of his Motions to
Dismiss Counsel. Th e decision to appoint substitute counsel is reviewed for abuse of
discretion

. 49 “An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is based on clearly unreasonable or capricious grounds. ” 50
III. ANALYSIS For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that each of Thomas’s claims on appeal
lacks merit. T he Superior Court did not err in holding that the Search W arrant was overbroad, not general, and in redacting the Search W arrant to protect Th omas’s constitutional rights

. Further, the Superior Court did not abuse its discretion when it

46 Taylor , 260 A.3d at 612.
47 Id.
48 Id. (quoting West v. State , 143 A.3d 712 , 715 (Del. 2016) ) (alteration in original)

. 49 Joyner v. State , 155 A.3d 832 , 2017 WL 444842, at * 3 (Del. Jan

. 20, 2017) (TABLE)

. 50 Bultron v. State , 897 A.2d 758, 762 (Del. 2006) (citation omitted)

.20

declined to grant a more extensive hearing to address either of Thomas’s Motions to
Dismiss Counsel because Thomas never clearly and unequivocally asserted the right to represent himself

. Nor did he show good cause for the court to appoint substitute counsel

. Instead, he chose to proceed with his then

- current counsel when given the opportunity to proceed pro se at his sentencing hearing

. A ccordingly, we AFFIRM Thomas’s convictions
and sentence

. A. Th omas’s S earch Warrant Claim
1. The Fourth Amendment Claim Thomas challenges the Search Warrant under the Fourth Amendment to the United
States Constitution

. The Fourth Amendment provides : The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly desc ribing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 51 Although Thomas briefly cites Article I, § 6 of the Delaware Constitution , Thomas has not fairly presented any separate argument under the Delaware Constitution

. As we
have stated, “the proper presentation of an alleged violation of the Delaware Constitution should include a discussion and analysis of one or more of the following criteria: textual language, legislative history, pre

- existing state law, structural differences, matters of particular state interest or local concern, state traditions, and public attitudes or other

51 U.S. Const. amend IV.21

applicable criteria.” 52 As a matter of course, this Court does not address state constitutional claims when a party “does not specifically brief an arg ument under the Delaware Constitution or indicate why the outcome would be different under the Delaware Constitution as opposed to the Fourth Amendment.” 53 Thus, we will only consider his
claims under the Fourth Amendment.
The warrant requirement guards against unjustified, personal intrusions in two
ways. 54 First, it preven ts searches not based on probable cause, and “ensures that ‘those searches deemed necessary [are] as limited as possible[,]’ as the evil of unrestrained
searches ‘is not that of intr usion per se, but of a general, exploratory rummaging in a person’s belongings. ’ ” 55 This second assurance is “achieved by enforcing the particularity requirement .” 56 That requirement , enshrined in the Fourth Amendment , and 11 Del C

. § 2307(a) , pro vides that “[t]he warrant must describe the things to be searched with sufficient particularity and be no broader that the probabl e cause on which it is based. ” 57

52 Lloyd v. State , 292 A.3d 100, n.48 (Del. 2023) (citing Ortiz v. State , 869 A.2d 285, 491 n.4 (Del. 2005), overruled on other grounds by Rauf v. State , 145 A.3d 430 (Del. 2016)). As we stated in Jones v. State , these features reflect “that distinctive and identifiable a ttributes of a state government, its laws and its people justify recourse to the state constitutions as an independent source for recognizing and protecting individual rights.” 745 A.2d 856, 865 (Del. 1999)

. 53 Womack v. State , 296 A.3d 882, 899 n.37 (D el. 2023). See also Thomas v. State , 293 A.3d 139, 141 (Del. 2023) (“Summary arguments unsupported by legal argument, analysis, and authority are waived. Thus, we will not consider Thomas’s state constitutional claims.”) (internal citation omitted).
54 Wheeler , 135 A.3d at 298 (“The warrant requirement addresses the Framer’s concerns in two ways.”).
55 Id. ( citation omitted ).
56 Id. at 298

– 99.
57 Id

. Delaware’s constitutional protections are buttressed by statute. 11 Del. C

. § 2307(a), in part, provides: “ The warrant shall designate the house, place, conveyance or person to be searched, and22

2. The Particularity Requirement as Applied to Warrants to Search Digital Devices
This Court , in Wheeler v. State , considered “for the first time, a challenge to warrants seeking to seize and search computer

- based and digital items on the grounds that they are in the nature of a general warrant, unconstitutionally overbroad, and lack suffici ent particularity.” 58 There, we acknowledged that “[w]arrants directed to digital information present unique challenges in satisfying the particularity requirement, given the unprecedented volume of private information stored on devices containing such da ta.” 59 After a comprehensive review of how other courts, federal and state, have addressed the issue, w e concluded in Wheeler that “[a] key principle distilled from the jurisprudence in this area is that warrants, in order to satisfy the particularity req uirement, must describe what investigating officers believe will be found on electronic devices with as much specificity as possible under the circumstances

. ” 60
In Wheeler

, the d efendant was accused of sexually abusing two brothers he lived
with in his youth , and then interfering with their ability to disclose the abuse to law
enforcement

. He was also accused of abusing his adopted son. In executing two warrants issued to investigate the witness tampering charges , law enforcement discovered child

shall describe the things or persons sought as particularly as possible .” 11 Del. C. § 230 7(a) (emphasis added).
58 Id. at 302

. 59 Id. at 299.
60 Id. at 304 (emphasis added).23

porno graphy cached on one of Wheeler’s iMac computers. 61 Based on that discovery, law
enforcement obtain ed a warrant to investigate Wheeler for child pornography charges , which led to Wheeler’s eventual conviction in the Superior Court of Dealing in Child
Porn ography. The witness tampering warrants were almost identical to the warrant later issued for child pornography. 62 On direct appeal, Wheeler challenged the warrants issued for witness tampering as violative of the United States and Delaware Constitutions ’ particularity requirement. We agreed , and we reversed Wheeler’s conviction

. The affidavits supporting the witness tampering warrant s in Wheeler mentioned written communications, including letters, address books, and handwritten notes, between
the vict ims and Wheeler. 63 However, t he witness tampering warrant s in Wheeler
authorized law enforcement to : 2. Search the following location within the residence described herein the application and affidavit [ sic ] to include but not limited to : locked or unlocked safes, boxes . . . found in or upon said residence that could be used to contain evidence[.]
3. Any personal computer, computer system, device or component to include desktop(s), laptop(s) notebook(s), [etc.] . . ..

61 Id. at 284

. Wheeler was charged with twenty

- five identical counts of Dealing in Child Pornography based upon twenty

- five images of child sexual exploitation

— all of which were found on the iMac. He had numerous other computers and electronic devices which were also seized.
62 Id. at 285

. The State admitted that the challenged witness tampering warrants were virtual copies of an off

- the

- shelf warrant for child pornography. It was apparent from the language cut and pasted from a ch ild pornography warrant that the State was interested in finding evidence of child pornography as opposed to witness tampering.
63 Law enforcement formed this belief because the victims had already provided law enforcement with copies of letters that Whee ler had sent them. Id. at 288.24

4. Any digit al or optical data storage device connected to, capable of being connected to read by, [etc.] . . . or any other such device that stores digital data optically, electronically, or magnetically.
5. Any cellular telephone, to include the registry entries , c all logs, pictures, video recordings[,] text messages, user names , buddy lists , screen names, telephone numbers, writings or other digital material as it relates to this investigation.
6. Any digital camera, digital video camera, optical camera , optical video

camera, cell phone, or other device capable of capturing and storing to any media, photographs, or images and the associate d media there from [sic]

. 7. Any and all data , and the forensic examination thereof, stored by whatever means on any items seized pursuant to paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 , as described above to include but not limited to: registry entries, pictures, images, temporary internet files, internet histories fil es . . . or other evidence.
8. Any file, writing log, artifact, paper, document, billing record or other instrument stored electronically or in printed form, which relates to or references the owner of the items seized pursuant to paragraphs [] 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7, and 8 as described above. 64 In reviewing the Wheeler warrant, we applied the “guiding metric,” that “‘officers must describe what they believe will be found on a computer with as much specificity as possible under the circumstances[,]’ and that ‘ [t]his will enable the searcher to narrow his or her search to only the items to be seized.’” 65 That did not happen in Wheeler. A lthough we did not “prescribe rigid rules” for warrants, 66 we held that: [w]here, as here, the investigators had available to them a more precise description of the alleged criminal activity that is the subject of the warrant , such information should be included in the instrument and the search and

64 Id. at 289 (emphasis added)

. 65 Id. at 304 (quoting State v. Castagnola , 46 N.E.3d 638, 659 (Ohio 2015))

. 66 Id. at 305.25

seizure should be appropriate ly narrowed to the relevant time period so as to mitigate the potential for unconstitutional exploratory rummaging. 67 We observed that the State had conceded that nothing related to one victim would be found on Wheeler’s property identified in the challe nged warrants. As to the only other potential victims, the alleged witness tampering would have occurred, if it did , in or after July 2013. Yet the warrants were “boundless as to time.” 68 The iMac computer on which
the twenty

- five images (which formed the basis of his prosecution) were found had last been powered on in September 2012. Thus, the iMac “logically could not have contained material created or recorded during the relevant time period.” 69 Beyond the lack of any temporal limit , 70 we noted that , although the State claimed it was searching for “evidence of written communications” related to witness tampering, nothing in the affidavits “support [ed] an inference that evidence may be found on DVDs or optical cameras.” 71 Yet the warrant au thorized law enforcement to search such devices. We concluded that the Wheeler warrants’ lack of particularity “permitted the species of
wide

- ranging, exploratory searches the Framers intended to prohibit.” 72 Accordingly, we

67 Id. (emphasis added).
68 Id.
69 Id

. 70 Id. at 304 (stating that the warrant failed to satisfy the principle underlying the particularity requirement in “[o]ne obvious respect ”

— “ the failure to limit the search to the relevant time frame ”).
71 Id. at 306

– 07

. 72 Id . at 307.26

held that the witness tamperi ng warrants were general warrants and violated the particularity requirement. Two years after our decision in Wheeler , we again addressed the particularity requirement as it applies to searches of digital devices in Buckham v . State

. 73 There, the
defe ndant, Buckham , was convicted of assault in the first degree and related charges in connection with a shooting

. During their investigation, t he police had obtained a warrant
to search data on Buckham’s smartphone . “[T]he only nexus the warrant application established between his phone and the shooting was that the phone might have contained GPS data that might have been useful to investigators” in determining where Buckham had been during the six weeks prior to h is arrest. 74 Nevertheless, t he warrant authorized police to search the phone for :

“ [a] ny and all store[d] data contained within the internal memory of the cellular phones [sic], including but not limited to , incoming/outgoing calls, missed calls, contact history, images, photographs, and SMS (text) messages ” for evidence of Attempted Murder 1 st Degree. 75
As a result of their search of Buckham’s phone , law enforcement discovered arguably incriminating Facebook message s , which were then introduced at trial over Buckham’s objection that the warrant lacked probable cause because it did not allege a sufficient nexus between the crime he was suspected of committing and his cellphone

. Despite the fact that Buckham had failed to raise , at trial, the argument that the warrant

73 185 A.3d 1 (2018)

. 74 Id. at 19.
75 Id. at 15 (alteration in original).27

was so overbroad and lacking in specificity that it constituted an unconstitutional general
warrant, w e reversed his conviction on that basis. We found that even with the causal

nexus regarding the GPS data, “ the scope of the warrant so far outruns that probable cause finding

– and is so lacking in particularity relative to that probable cause finding

– that it qualifies as plain error. ” 76 Specifically, we explained that:
The trial court concluded that the aff idavit created probable cause to search the phone for GPS data to ascertain where Buckham had been during the six weeks prior to his arrest, but the warrant did not limit the search of Buckham’s cell phone to any relevant time frame and authorized the sear ch of any data on the phone

. Worse still, it authorized law enforcement to search categories of data that had nothing to do with GPS location information , like “incoming/outgoing calls, missed calls, contact history, images, photographs and SMS (text) mes sages.” So this warrant was both vague about the information sought

— despite the fact that a far more particularized description could have been provided

— and expressly authorized the search of materials there was no probable cause to search , like the cont ents of all of the Facebook messages Buckham sent. For both of those reasons, the warrant is invalid, and the search for and review of the messages violated Buckham ’ s rights under the United States and Delaware constitutions. 77 Finally, w e mo st recently addressed a similar challenge i n Taylor v. State

. 78 In Taylor , the defendant participate d in a series of violent crimes that occurred through out New Castle County in May 2016. 79 In June 2016, Taylor was arrested, and the police

76 Id. at 18.
77 Id. at 19.
78 260 A.3d 602 (2021)

. 79 Id. at 604.28

applied for a search warrant to search Taylor’s multiple smartphones. 80 The Justice of the Peace Court approved the warrant which authorized a search for: [ A ] ny/all data stored by whatever means , or through normal course of business of wireless services, and/or through the forensic examination of said cellular telephone, to include but not limited to registry entries, pictures, photographs, images, audio/visual recordings, multi

- media messages, web browsing activities, electronic documents, location information, text me ssaging, writings, user names, subscriber identifiers, buddy names, screen names, calendar information, call logs, electronic mail, telephone numbers, any similar information/data indicia of communication, and any other information/data pertinent to this i nvestigation within said scope

. 81 We held that the warrant failed to satisfy the constitutional or statutory requirements that it describe the items to be searched for and seized with as much particularity as the
circumstances reasonabl y allow and that it is no broader than the probable cause on which
it is based. 82 We explained:
Like the warrant struck down in Buckham , the Taylor warrant authorized “ a top

- to

- bottom search ” of “ [a]ny and all store[d] data ” of the digital contents of the devices. The Tayl or warrant also “ did not limit the search of [the] cell phone to any relevant time frame . . .. ” And like the warrants in Buckham and Wheeler , the Taylor warrant used the open

- ended language “including but not limited to” to describe the places to be searched

. 83
3. The Legal Distinction Between Overbroad and General Warrants Thomas’s argument that the Superior Court erred in determining that the Search Warrant was overbroad, as opposed to general, concerns the l egal distinction between overbroad warrants and general warrants. We discussed this distinction in Taylor , and the

80 Id. at 609.
81 Id. (emphasis added).
82 Id. at 615.
83 Id. (citing Buckham , 185 A.3d at 15 and Wheeler , 135 A.3d at 289).29

distinction’s implication for the remedies at a trial court’s disposal . In Taylor , we rejected
the State’s contention “that defects in the warrant ‘could be remedied by limiting the State’s evidence to the timeframe for which the warrant provided probabl e cause.’” 84 We rejected this claim because “[t]here is no room . . . for limited suppression of evidence seized under a general warrant.” 85 We cited United States v. Yusuf , a decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , to explain the distinction: between a general warrant, which is invalid because it vests the executing officers with unbridled discretion to conduct an exploratory rummaging through [the defendant’s] papers in search of criminal evidence, and an overly broad warrant, which “describe[s] in both specific and inclusive general terms what is to be seized,” but “authorizes the seizure of items as to which t here is no probable cause . . .” 86 [A]n overly broad warrant can be redacted to strike out those portions of the warrant that are invalid for lack of probable cause, maintaining the remainder of the warrant that satisfies the Fourth Amendment. In contras t, the only remedy for a general warrant is to suppress all evidence obtained thereby. 87 Thus, i f a court determines that a warrant is general, it must suppress all evidence obtained pursuant to it

. However, if a warrant is overbroad , but not general, the trial court may

narrow it “to strike out those portions of the warrant that are invalid for lack of probable

cause, maintaining the remainder of the warrant that satisfies the Fourth Amendment.” 88

84 Id. at 617.
85 Id.
86 Id. (quoting United States v. Yusuf, 461 F.3d 374, 393 n.19 (3 d Cir. 2006) (alteration in original) (citation omitted))

. 87 In Yusuf

, the Third Circuit explained that “redaction” means “striking from a warrant those severable phrases and clauses that are in valid for lack of probable cause or generality and preserving those severable phrases and clauses that satisfy the Fourth Amendment.” 461 F.3d at 389 ( citation omitted).
88 Taylor , 260 A.3d at 617 (citing Yusuf , 461 F.3d at 393 n.19) ; State v. Freeman , 2 0 2 3 WL 2854771 , at *6 (Del. Super. Apr. 9, 2023) (citing Taylor , 260 A.3d at 617) (explaining the30

4. The Superior Court Did Not Err in Fin ding the Search Warrant Overbroad
Our recent decisions applying the particularity requirement to warrants authorizing searches of electronic devices guide our analysis here. We hold that the Search Warrant
describe s what investigating officers believe d w ould be found on Thomas’s electronic
device with as much specificity as possible under the circumstances. Accordingly, the trial
court did not err when it deemed the Search W arrant to be overbroad rather than general

. It appropriately redacted the evide nce to eliminate the portions that are invalid for lack of probable cause.
The Search Warrant authorizes law enforcement to search Thomas’s: Pink iPhone XR cell phone #

_____ 8763 for the purpose of obtaining cell phone call log and text messages log and the associated dates and times. Any applications/social media capable of sending/receiving text messages or making/receiving phone calls as well as any attached storage devices whi ch may hold text messages log or phone calls log, from 02/22/19 at 001 hours to 01/18/20 at 2359 hours. The content of any photos or videos from iPhone XR Wireless cellular telephone number

_____ 8763 not subject to the above time frame (no limitations )

. . .. 89 First, the Search W arrant describes the P ink iPhone as the specific place to be
searched

— and more specifically , the text message/call logs and photos/videos in the smartphone , as well as applications capable of sending or receiving text messages/ calls/photos or videos

. I n Taylor , we rejected the idea that identifying a

difference between an overbroad warrant, which can be narrowed through limited suppression, and a general warrant, where all evidence obtained thereby must be suppressed); State v. Calhum , 2022 WL 18635494 , * 4 (Del. Super. Apr. 6, 2022) (citing Taylor , 260 A.3d at 617) (quoting Yusuf , 461 F.3d at 393) ( same )

. 89 Id. at A036

– 37 (Approved Search Warrant (Pink iPhone)).31

smartphone as the place to search would be enough to satisfy the particularity requirement because “[t]he search could have been limited to smartphone data tied specifically to the probable cause supporting the warrant

. ” 90 The Search W arrant here does not authorize law
enforcement to search “any and all data on the smartphone , ” 91 or certain da ta “including
but not limited to

. ” 92
We invalidated the warrants in Wheeler , Buckham , and Taylor because investigators had a more precise description of the places to be searched than was provided in the

warrant , and there was nothing in those cases to s upport an inference that evidence would
have been found in the less precise locations which the warrants authorized law
enforcement to search. 93 Therefore, the warrants in those cases authorized unconstitutional exploratory rummaging . Here, the basis for searching Thomas’s Pink iPhone, and certain sections of the device, is apparent from Detective Herrera

- Cortes’s affidavit. The Pink iPhone was believed to be the instrument of the crime of Stalking. In other words, l aw enforcement had reason to believe that the phone number associated with the Pink iPhone

90 Taylor, 260 A.3d a t 616 (stating that “the fact that the investigator identified the smartphones as the object of the search and the data on the smartphones as the things to be searched does not satisfy the particularity requirement. The warrant was not limited.”).
91 Id.
92 Buckam , 185 A.3d at 15; Wheeler , 135 A.3d at 289

. 93 Taylor , 260 A.3d at 616 (“Although the record is not entirely clear, investigators apparently extracted almost all data from Taylor’s smartphones from an eleven

- year time span, and then searched without restriction for evidence of criminal conduct.”); Buckham , 185 A.3d at 19 (warrant “authorized law enforcement to search categories of data that had nothing to do with GPS location information [for which there was probable cause to search], like ‘in coming/outgoing calls, missed calls, contact history, images, photographs and SMS (text) messages

. ’”); Wheeler , 135 A.3d at 306 (invalidating warrant to search any digital device in part because “nothing in the Affidavits support[ed] an inference that evid ence may be found o n DVDs or optical cameras”).32

belonged to Thomas and had been used to contact the victims via phone calls, text messages, and messaging on social media applications. 94 Second, the Search Warrant was limited temporally: it only au thorized officers to search for calls and messages sent or received between February 22, 2019, and January 18,
2020. Although this time frame surpassed that supported by probable cause in Detective
Herrera

- Cortes’s affidavit, it was not unmoored from the facts of the case . In contrast,
there was no temporal limitation in Wheeler , Buckham , and Taylor

. 95 Here, February 22, 2019 was the date Thomas was released on probation, when he would have had access to
the Pink iPhone , and January 18, 2020 was the date of Thomas’s arrest and the seizure of
the Pink iPhone . As for the lack of temporal limitation on the collection of photos or videos, we agree with the trial court that the nature of photos and videos on an iPhone justifies the lack of limitation. 96 As we noted in Wheeler , and again in Taylor , this Court will not prescribe rigid rules for the drafting of search warrants: the lack of a temporal limitation on photos and videos does not invalidate the Search Warrant.

94 The Search Warrant authorize d law enforcement to search “any” application capable of sending or receiving messages or calls because, as noted in the affidavit supporting the warrant application, law enforc ement had reason to believe that Thomas used Facebook messenger to communicate with the victims.
95 Wheeler , 135 A.3d at 305 ( “The Affidavits contain no facts suggesting that any tampering might have occurred prior to July 2013. Yet, the Witness Tampering Warrants were boundless as to time.”) ; Buckham , 185 A.3d at 19 (“The trial court concluded that the affidavit created probable cause to search the phone for GPS data to ascertain where Buckham had been during the six weeks prior to his arrest, but the warrant did not limit the search of Buckham’s cell phone to any relevant time frame . . ..”) ; Taylor , 260 A.3d at 604, 616 (no temporal limitation despite all crimes occurring during May 2016).
96 Id . at A072 (Suppression Hearing at 29:1

– 10) . The State did not introduce videos extracted from the Pink iPhone in its prosecution.33

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that the Search Warrant was overbroad, and not general. Because the Search Warrant was overbroad, the proper remedy
was for the trial court to limit the Search W arrant only to that which was supported by probable cause. Here, the trial court limited the time frame considerably

— to January 1, 2020, through January 18, 2020

— and limited the calls and messages to those involving the victims. The affidavit prepared by Detective Herrera

- Cortes articulated facts supporting probable cause that information regarding the crime of Stalking would be found
in such data. After a de novo review of the record here, we are satisfied that the trial court
acted properly and with such heightened vigilance and with this Court’s guidance in mind

. We AFFIRM the judgment of the Superior Court with respect to the admission of evidence extracted pursuant to the Search Warrant.
B. Thomas’s Motions to Dismiss Current Counsel Claims
1. Thomas Never Sought t o Proceed Pro Se in Either Motion
In Faretta v. California , the United States Supreme Court held that a state criminal defendant may proceed pro se if the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives the right to counsel. 97 “The trial court , however, is only required to hold a hearing on the defendant’s exercise of the right to self

- representation after the defendant has ‘clearly and unequivocally’ asserted that right.” 98 In Milton v. State , this Court addressed

97 Faretta , 422 U.S. at 826

– 32.
98 Milton v. State , 148 A.3d 687, 2016 WL 5415763, at *1 (Del. Sept. 27, 2016) (TABLE) (citing Morrison v . State , 135 A.3d 69, 73 (Del. 2016) (“ Therefore, once a defendant clearly and unequivocally asserts his right to self

- representation, the trial court must proceed with a hearing to make that determination.”) ).34

whether a Delaware trial cou rt must hold a Faretta hearing where a criminal defendant submitted a motion to disqualify appointed counsel. The defendant’s motion in Milton was similar to Thomas’s as Milton also claimed that his trial counsel did not file motions upon his request, did not provid e him with the materials needed for him to prepare his defense,
and did not adequately communicat e with him. On appeal, t his Court held that Milton’s motion to disqualify his appointed counsel did not “clearly and unequivocally” assert his righ t to self

- representation. 99 This was especially true given that the defendant “abandoned his efforts to discharge his trial counsel,” once the Superior Court informed him that he would not be given substitute counsel. 100 By filing the M otions to D ismiss C urrent C ounsel, Thomas did not clearly and unequivocally assert his right to self

- representation. 101 N either of the Motions to Dismiss
Current Counsel contain s a request to appear pro se
. I n the letter that Thomas sent to the trial court in suppor t of his Second Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel, he referred to his prior motion as a request to dismiss his trial counsel because of her failure to communicate
with him , and again, did not articulate a desire to proceed pro se
. Finally, Thomas declined to proceed pro se once given the opportunity at his sentencing hearing.

99 Id. at * 2.
100 Id.
101 Id. ; Pringle v. State , 941 A.2d 1019, 2007 WL 4374197, at *2 (Del. Dec. 17, 2007) (TABLE) (denying Pringle’s claim that the Superior Court erred in refusing to allow Pringle to represent himself because “ [t]he record, however, does not support a finding that Pringle reque sted to represent himself. In fact, the motion included in Pringle’s appendix reflects that, after his conviction, he requested that trial counsel be discharged and that new counsel be appointed to represent him at sentencing”) (emphasis in original)

.35

“When faced with an ambiguous request for self

- representation, a trial court should lean in favor of the right to counsel.” 102 A lthough it is unfortunate that the prothonotary’s
off ice apparently failed to forward either motion to Thomas’s trial counsel and failed to
forward the Second Motion to Dismiss to the trial court at the time it was submitted, that error does not change the fact that Thomas never clearly and unequivocally asked to proceed pro se . Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it did not conduct a Faretta inquiry before denying either Motion

. Instead, t he manner of addressing the Motions to
Dismiss Current Counsel was within the “broad discretion ” of the tr ial court

. 103 Accordingly, we review the trial court’s denial of Thomas’s motions for an abuse of
discretion. We find none , as further explained below

. 2. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Denying t he First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel
T he trial court declined to consider Thomas’s First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel pursuant to Superior Court Criminal Rule 47. 104 Thomas does not contend that this was error. Instead, Thomas claims that because the First Motion to Dismiss Current

102 S ee Muto v. State , 843 A.2d 696, 2004 WL 300441, at *2 (Del. Feb. 12, 2004) (TABLE) (quoting Stigars v. State, 674 A.2d 477, 479 (Del.1996) )

. 103 Joyner , 2017 WL 444 8 42, at *3 (“The Superior Court's denial of Joyner's motion to dismiss counsel and appoint new counsel was not an abuse of discretion. When affirming the Superior Court's decision on this issue, we rely on the broad discretion that a trial judge must be afforded to decide a motion to appoint new counsel.”) accord Trotter v. State , 2018 WL 6167322, at *3 (Del. Nov. 21, 2018) (“The appointment of new counsel is within the discretion of the Superior Court.”).
104 Superior Court Criminal Rule 47 provides that “the court will not consider pro se applications by defendants who are represented by counsel unless the defendant has been granted permission to participate with counsel in the defense.” Del. Super. Ct. R. 47.36

Counsel was never forwarded to his trial counsel, he was denied adequate opportunity to voice his desire to proceed pro se or to submit a compliant motion to dismiss a nd/or appoint
new counsel. We reject Thomas’s argument for the reasons discussed above

. Further, any error with respect to Thomas’s First M otion to Dismiss Current Counsel is harmless. “If the reasons [why the accused is dissatisfied with counsel] are made known the court, the court may rule without more. If no reasons are stated, the court then has a duty to inquire[.]” 105
Thomas “ stated his reasons at the time he requested new counsel , and he does not identify any other pertinent information that the court should have known before deciding whether to grant his request.” 106 The reason Thomas gave in his First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel was
insufficient to warrant dismissal of his current counsel or appointment of new counsel. “The essential aim of the [ S ixth] A mendment is to guarantee an effective advocate for each criminal defendant rather than to [ensure that defendant will inexplicably be represented by a lawyer whom he prefers .]” 107 “ While a defendant has a right to counsel, he does not have a right to counsel who will not disagree with him about how best to proceed with his

105 Jones v. State , 765 A.2d 952, 2000 WL 1504965, at * 2 (Del. Aug. 30, 2000) (TABLE) (citations omitted) (finding no error in trial court’s failure to question defendant about his dissatisfaction with counsel).
106 Id.
107 Bultron v. State , 897 A.2d at 762

– 63 (alteration in original) (quoting Wheat v. United States , 486 U.S. 153, 160 (1988))

.37

case. ” 108 “[ A ] defendant’s mere dissatisfaction with his counsel does not, by itself, justify the appoin tment of different counsel. ” 109 There is nothing in the record to suggest that Thomas’s First Motion to Dismiss
Current Counsel was based on anything other than a “mere dissatisfaction” with trial
counsel. In the First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel , Thomas gave the following reason for his filing of the Motions: “[Defense counsel] [f]ailed to address charges at preliminary hearing; [f]ailed to file various motions client instructed counsel to file; [a]lso
fail [ ed ] to obje ct at hearings when instructed to by client.” 110 These complaints amount to allegations that trial counsel disagreed with Thomas about how best to proceed with his

case. 111 Moreover, a s the Superior Court noted i n denying Thomas’s First Motion to
Dismiss C urrent Counsel pursuant to Superior Court Rule 47, Thomas’s trial counsel had filed the Motion to Suppress and a M otion for a B ill of P articulars. This indicates that trial counsel was actively engaged in Thomas’s defense, even when trial was more than a year
away. 112 Accordingly, a ny error committed by the prothonotary’s office with respect to

108 Id. at 763.
109 Id.
110 App. to Answering Br. at B4 8 (First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel).
111 See Bultron , 897 A.2d at 763

. 112 Joyner , 2017 WL 444942, at *3 . In Joyner , this Court held: The record and Superior Court docket reflect that trial counsel filed motions on Joyner’s behalf in March and April 2015 and participated in an office conference and final case review in June 2015. Under these circumstances, the Superior Court's decision that Joyner ’ s dissatisfaction with his trial counsel did not justify the appointment of new counsel was not an abuse of discretion. Id.38

the First Motion to Dismiss Current Counsel was harmless because Thomas failed to show good cause for dismissing his court

- appointed counsel.
3. The Superior Court Di d Not Abuse its Discretion in Addressing Thomas’s Second Motion to Dismiss and/or Appoint New Counsel
Thomas waited for more than fifteen months, including the entire duration of his trial, to voice any objection to the trial court’s denial of his First M otion to Dismiss. His Motion was tardy, even considering the prothonotary’s four

- month delay in notifying the
trial court and defense counsel of the Motion. 113 The prothonotary’s office four

- month delay was harmless because by March 2022, Thomas had alrea dy been convicted , and no
new facts or circumstances about his case arose between March and the date of his sentencing hearing in July. Moreover, the Superior Court properly addressed Thomas’s Second Motion to
Dismiss Current Counsel

. In Bultron v. State , this Court held that “[a]bsent good cause for dismissing court

- appointed counsel, a defendant has two options: the defendant may

113 Muto , 2004 WL 300441, at *2. In Muto , this Court affirmed the denial of the defendant’s request claiming that the Superior Cou rt erred in denying his request to proceed pro se because he waited until the morning of trial to contest the denial. We stated: The Superior Court did not err by denying Muto’s request to proceed pro se
. His motion was tardy. Even considering the Superior Court's delay in deciding his motion for substitute counsel, Muto had approximately two weeks between his receipt of the Court's decision, which notified Muto of his right to seek self

representation, and the first day of trial in which he could have sought to represent himself. Instead, Muto waited until the morning of trial to revisit the issue of substitution of counsel and to a sk to proceed pro se. Id. Here, Thomas waited until after the completion of his trial. See Pringle , 2007 WL 4374197, at *2 (“Given the timing of Pringle ’ s motion [at sentencing] and the circumstances of this case, we find no abuse of the Superior Court's discretion in denying Pringle's request for substitute counsel.”).39

proceed either with his court

- appointed counsel, or he may proceed pro se .” 114 Accordingly, the Superior Court did not abuse its discretion when it denied substitute counsel and provided Thomas with the option to proceed with his current counsel or proceed pro se , including the option to delay sentencing to afford Thomas time to make his
decision.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Superior Court did not err in denying Thomas’s
M otion to S uppress or in addressing Thomas’s M otion s to Dismiss Current Counsel

. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Thomas’s convictions and sentence.

114 Bultron , 897 A.2d at 763.