# Patent

## Title
System and method for construction, delivery and display of iTV content

## Abstract

iTV content is created and deployed using a server component adapted to allow content developers to create applications according to an authoring specification that describes a framework for same; a transport component including an operator-deployed application management system configured to optimize and deliver the applications to one or more clients; and a client component adapted to render the applications through a television so as to permit user interaction therewith. The authoring specification provides for the presentation of content through one or more templates defined therein, allowing application definition and behavior to remain common across multiple client device types, middleware platforms, and/or iTV operating environments. The framework for applications accommodates advertising, promotions, content placement packages and/or programming campaign definitions, so as to permit a selection of a specific advertisement, promotion or content at a time of preparation of the iTV content by the server, and/or a time of execution of the applications by the client.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a Contiuation-in-Part of, claims the priority benefit of and incorporates by reference the following U.S. patent applications, each assigned to the assignee of the present application:

    
    
        1 application Ser. No. 10/247,901, filed Sep. 19, 2002, entitled “Interactive User Interface for Television Applications”; and
        2 application Ser. No. 10/306,752, filed Nov. 27, 2002, entitled “Broadcast Database”.
        3 application Ser. No. 10/390,064, filed Mar. 14, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,042,132, entitled “System and method for Construction, Delivery and Display of iTV Content”.
    
    




FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to systems and methods for enabling and automating the delivery of interactive television content to subscribers.
BACKGROUND
Interactive television (iTV) is currently available in varying forms. The terminology used to describe the various elements within the iTV services and applications landscape is varied and a glossary of terms used herein is set forth in Appendix A. The most popular iTV offerings include:
A. TV Portals. Influenced no doubt by the analogy to popular Internet “portals” such as AOL and Yahoo, many think of a television (TV) portal as a non-video, non-broadcast, “Internet-like” page on TV. Contrary to this popular opinion, however, a TV portal is actually an application “window” into the world of interactivity that links various forms of services, including walled gardens (also known as managed content) that may contain video, text and image assets, delivered via both broadcast and narrowcast, virtual channels, interactive program guides (IPGs), enhanced TV broadcasts, video on demand (VOD) content and more. In fact, many interactive experiences can originate from the TV portal or users come into the TV portal for additional content and services. Thus, the portal may be accessed through a navigation overlay on top of regular broadcasts or through an IPG, virtual channel or enhanced programming.
Network operators, programmers and content producers have an opportunity to custom brand the content areas of TV portals, providing them with a foundation for offering interactive services and enabling new revenue streams. A portal can contain a controlled set of valuable, aggregated content and merchant sites accessible by consumers. Portal participants can consist of e-commerce providers, such as home shopping, home banking and brokerage services; various news services; weather and sports information providers; as well as advertisers, TV programmers and other content producers.
Managed content designed for a TV environment can be linked to the TV portal, forming an interactive experience that combines the convenient, audio-visually entertaining medium of TV with the immediate information access and electronic purchasing powers often seen on the Internet. The portal offers a secure environment with a common TV-centric user interface, personalization capabilities and cross-merchant shopping capabilities. Some of the key components of portal content include:

    
    
        1 Basic Personalized Information—Basic on-demand information services available to end users (subscribers) are based on their preferences and/or profile, including headline news, sports news and scores, local weather, horoscopes, business news and stock quotes.
        2 Branded Content—Information services in various categories include branded sources such as television networks, which may provide information and entertainment services in portals to augment their regular TV programming.
        3 Shopping—“T-commerce” or “TV Commerce” includes categories such as books, video, music, gifts, electronics, apparel, travel and toys, as well as advanced shopping features such as comparison shopping, cross-merchant shopping carts and auctions.
        4 Advertising—Advertising opportunities are widely available throughout the iTV landscape. Unlike Internet portals, which only provide targeted and personalized banner ads, broadband access and the rich medium of TV provide a compelling advertising vehicle, drawing consumers into a TV-centric entertainment experience that drives responses while providing the same targeting and personalization capabilities of the Internet.
        5 Self-provisioning—Through a network operator's TV portal, subscribers can manage their own billing information and preferences, and subscribe to new services including premium services, e-mail, games, video on demand and more.
        6 Virtual Channels—A virtual channel is a custom-branded TV channel that can be accessed from programming, the main menu or info bar, from a network operator portal, an IPG or by manually selecting a specified channel number (e.g., channel 401). Within such a channel, a TV network, advertiser or content provider can combine a video library with Internet or database content, and on-demand features enable viewers to control their interactions with the information. Thus, virtual channels allow for specific content opportunities for niche audiences, targeted advertising, brand building, and program promotions, as well commerce and subscription revenue streams.
    
    


B. Interactive Program Guides (IPGs). The IPG is the navigation tool for TV viewing, allowing viewers to easily search for programming by time, channel, program type, and so on. It is an essential tool for iTV users, especially as the number of channels and other offerings increase. IPGs provide an opportunity for companies to offer an increasingly large amount of data in an easy-to-use interface.
C. Personal Video Recorders (PVRs). PVRs store video programming on an internal hard drive and function like a personalized video server, allowing end-users to “time shift” their TV viewing. While watching live TV, the user can “pause” and “rewind”, as well as “fast-forward” to catch up to the live broadcast. PVRs also act as autonomous agents, searching all of the available programming and building a dynamic menu of personalized content choices that the user can access at his/her convenience. Currently most PVRs are stand-alone units, developed and marketed by companies such as TiVo and Replay Networks (now Sonic Blue).
D. Video On Demand (VOD) Services. VOD is essentially server-side time shifting (vs. client-side in the case of PVRs). Users are able to play, pause and rewind videos on their TVs via their remote control. Companies such as Concurrent, Diva, SeaChange and nCube provide VOD server technology.
E. Enhanced TV Broadcasts. Enhanced TV broadcasting provides interactive content linked to video programming. A user can request information on products within ads, access additional program information, such as sports statistics, or otherwise interact with a television broadcast such as a game show. This functionality is achieved through the transmission of an interactive trigger and data sent in the broadcast channel or other mechanism along with the video broadcast. For example, ATVEF (the Advanced Television Enhancement Forum) triggers are messages that arrive at a specific point in time during a broadcast (e.g., via text channel 2 of the closed caption channel carried on line 21 of NTSC video), and are intended to activate specific enhanced content.
Enhanced TV broadcasts can be combined with other services within a unified TV portal, integrating with a walled garden or virtual channel content to leverage robust order processing, fulfillment infrastructure and revenue sharing agreements that may already in place.
F. Other Services. E-mail access, chat functions, music jukeboxes and photo albums are examples of other iTV offerings.
Many of the applications listed above will be presented to end users via a common user interface and order/transaction entry and tracking system. However, each application has specific integration, management and distribution issues that arise depending on the environment that the network operators choose to deploy and significant problems are experienced by application providers and distributors in deploying and managing their iTV applications as a result. Stated differently, application providers and distributors face problems in developing and managing their iTV applications because there exists a proliferation of technologies and standards for the delivery of iTV applications and different network operators have chosen to deploy different combinations of these technologies. For example, iTV application providers must cope with networks that have been cobbled together with different technologies such as:

    
    
        a Head end technology from different providers such as Motorola, Scientific Atlanta, Harmonic, etc.
        b Set-top boxes from different manufacturers such as Motorola, Scientific Atlanta, Pace, Pioneer, AOL, etc.
        c Various combinations of network topologies such as cable, satellite, terrestrial, and telco, etc.
        d Middleware from providers such as Liberate, OpenTV, MSTV, Canal+, Worldgate, etc.
        e VOD server providers from vendors such as SeaChange, Concurrent, nCube, Diva, etc.
        f Billing systems from companies such as Convergys, CSG, DST, etc.
        g Conditional access systems from vendors such as NDS, Harmonic, etc.
        h Differeing implementation standards such as HTML, XHTML, XML, Ecmascript, OCAP, MHP, ATVEF, DASE, etc.
        i Various programming languages, such as Java, C, C++, etc.
    
    


Content providers and application developers must navigate through this maze of often incompatible and unique combinations of the equipment, technologies and standards, and often must develop a unique and different application for each such combination that they wish to target. For their part, network operators must deploy, configure, manage and operate iTV applications on each different network configuration individually, increasing cost, complexity, and staffing needs, while reducing the number of service that can be deployed, and the quality of those services.
System operators must manage the applications within the iTV service. Middleware solutions alone allow only for a collection of applications to be deployed. There is no provision for creating a system of applications that address the following issues:

    
    
        a Application validation (rights for application to deploy on the system and further the rights of the behaviors of that application; and
        b High-level views of content placement opportunities across an entire system of applicantions, an example of which may be the ability for the system operator to “see” advertisement locations across an entire system of applicantons where that set of applications may have come from a multitude of sources.
    
    


Another significant problem for the deployment of iTV applications in the United States is that the majority of in-service set-top boxes, such as the Motorola DCT1200 and DCT2000 families and the Scientific Atlanta Explorer 2000, Explorer 2100, Explorer 3000 and Explorer 3100 families, have relatively low power (e.g., slow clock speed) processors and a limited amount of onboard memory (both flash memory and DRAM) with which to store and process iTV applications. These set-top limitations make it very difficult to support the features, functions and viewer response times for iTV applications that are required for a compelling and rich user experience.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a server component adapted to allow content developers to create interactive television (iTV) applications, in which there is a separation of application behavior from content and business rules, according to an authoring specification that describes a framework for the iTV applications; a transport component including an operator-deployed application management system configured to optimize the iTV applications from the server component and to deliver the iTV applications to one or more client devices; and a client component resident on at least one of the client devices and adapted to render the iTV applications through a television so as to permit user interaction with the iTV applications. The authoring specification may be regarded as an extensible markup language (XML) schema, wherein the presentation of content is accommodated through one or more templates defined therein. Thus application definition and behavior may remain common across multiple client device types, middleware platforms, and/or iTV operating environments and the framework for iTV applications may accommodate advertising, promotions, content placement packages and/or programming campaign definitions, so as to permit a selection of a specific advertisement, promotion or content at a time of preparation of the iTV content by the server component, and/or a time of execution of the iTV applications by the client component.
Such selection may be made according to one or more business rules, which may include rules for placing and/or automating product offerings, promotions, advertising campaigns, VOD, broadcast-on-demand, transactional opportunities, and/or other types of content across disparate television services. The rules for placing and/or automating product offerings may accommodate multiple selection criteria, for example: location, current channel, current channel family, current channel category, time of day, offering category, current program, current program genre, current iTV application, current content type, and subscriber profile. Further, the business rules may accommodate subscriber-specific rules according to a subscriber profile associated with a particular one of the client devices upon which the client component is resident. The business rules may be selected at any of the following instances: dynamically at the time of execution of the iTV applications, or at the time of application creation.
The framework for iTV application definition may accommodate an application profile definition, defined by a set of capabilities that correspond to a set of actions in the authoring specification, which provides a common model for provisioning, managing, deploying, advertising, commerce, layout, animation, events and navigation, dynamic data insertion, and optimization of the iTV applications across different iTV operating environments. Such iTV applications may include one or more of (a) interactive program guides, (b) television menus, (c) content services, (d) virtual channels, (e) video on demand applications, (f) personal video recorder applications, (g) broadcast on demand applications, (h) enhanced television services applications, (i) help, (j) customer support, (k) self service, (l) games, or (m) data service applications. In general, the iTV applications are tagged in a manner such that the iTV applications present all placement opportunities across all applications as a set of programmable opportunities. In this regard, a programmable opportunity can be any location or set of locations within the iTV applications where content may be placed, said content including advertisements, promotions, data including text images and/or video, or another application. The iTV applications are configured to respond in a subscriber-specific manner to user interactions with the iTV applications.
In one embodiment, the client component is a software module resident in a memory of the at least one of the client devices, the software module being one of: a Java applet, a C applet, a C++ applet, or a C# applet. The client component may be adapted to download the iTV applications delivered by the transport component in response to user input, e.g., from a broadcast carousel. Alternatively, or in addition, the client component may be adapted to load the iTV applications from memory in response to user input. Meanwhile, the server component presents a view of the programmable opportunities for automated control of individual programming opportunities or groups of programming opportunities.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a unified application system (UAS) configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1A illustrates another example of a UAS having a transport component that includes an operator-deployed application management system and is further configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of an application server configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates one example of an application client configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4A-4OO illustrate an example of an XML schema that is supported by an embodiment of the present application client, executing on a network terminal or set-top box, which enables application definitions to conform to a common application framework deployable over multiple network configurations.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Described herein are systems and methods by which, in one embodiment, content and application developers are provided a common application framework that enables rapid development and deployment of iTV applications across a broad spectrum of iTV networks made up of differing head end and/or set top box systems, and automates the process of delivering iTV applications across such networks. The present invention provides a solution for operating a system of iTV applications that are uniformly programmable and where the system operator is given the control to manage the rights and the programming of that system of iTV applications. The present invention also provides a solution to the significant problems of deploying compelling, responsive and feature rich TV-centric applications on in-service set-top boxes by introducing a unique client technology that is targeted to the requirements of iTV applications.
The client technology referred to above may be implemented, in part, as a lightweight engine that provides a common execution framework for iTV applications. This allows multiple iTV applications that conform to a common application authoring specification to be deployed. This specification also supports the separation of application templates, which describe application layout and behavior, from dynamic data packages that are used by the application, and from business and programming rules packages that enable the programming of various types of content. This separation of function also significantly reduces the memory and bandwidth requirements otherwise needed for deploying multiple applications on set-top boxes. An example of the authoring specification for application definition is set forth in the form of a User's Guide in Appendix B.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, which may be regarded as an end-to-end environment for developing, delivering and deploying iTV applications. This environment will be termed a unified application system (UAS) 10 and it includes two primary components: a client-side “display engine” that runs on set-top box middleware, and which is driven by a server-side “programming engine” that runs in the network head end and/or data center. The server component features an application server (AS) 12, which is responsible for programming, packaging and optimizing content for different applications and platforms. Such content is composed of the aforementioned templates, data and business rules packages. The application client (AC) 14 is the companion client solution that runs on the set-top box 16. It is responsible for the application rendering and behavior on top of the set-top box middleware 18. Different ACs 14 may be targeted for different set-top boxes 16. As will become apparent from a review of this disclosure, the UAS 10 combines the AS 12 and AC 14 (along with other servers and componets described below) to enable network operators to deploy a robust system for iTV applications and to allow application developers to populate those applications with dynamic data from various content sources. These applications can be authored once and run compatibly on multiple different types of set-top boxes 16.
In the example shown in FIG. 1, the data center 20 is where the AC applications are created, optimized and validated by the AS 12, before being delivered to the network (e.g., cable and/or satellite) head end 22 for insertion into the network distribution system. In other embodiments, these functions may be performed in the head end or a regional distribution center. Applications may be authored using using an authoring language designed for building applications targeted at a suite of ACs 14. One example of this authoring language is the XML authoring language set forth in detail in Appendix B. Application data is generated from dynamic data feeds 24 that are delivered to the AS 12 from various content providers (e.g., via the Internet). Application packages, including layouts, data, ad campaigns, programming rules and directives files specific to different middleware systems (such as carousel definition format (CDF) files for Liberate systems), are periodically updated and then delivered to an application proxy (AP) server 26 that may be located at the data center 20 or (as shown in the diagram) in the network head end 22.
The network head end (or network operator regional distribution center) 22 is where the AC applications are delivered and integrated with various network components so that they can be broadcast to subscribers. As used herein, the term head end also refers to a network operator regional distribution center, which may be used in some embodiments. Once an updated AC application package is delivered to the AP 26 in the head end 22, it is ready to be inserted into the network. This process is initiated by the AP server 26, which posts a CDF (or or other information set, optimized for the given middleware system), to the network middleware application server 28. The CDF contains instructions and locations for all of the files that are part of the new application package. The network application server 28 then fetches the AC package assets from the AP 26 and performs any necessary modifications to the files so the set-top boxes 16 can access them. For example, depending on the set-top platform in use, dynamic image files may need to be converted to MPEG files and so on. Upon completion of these processes, the various AC application files are broadcast through the distribution network 30 via in-band and/or out-of-band carousels.
The AC 14 may, in one embodiment, reside as an applet in flash memory of the set-top box 16. In other cases, the AC 14 may be downloaded from the carousel as needed. In either case, when a user makes a selection to use an AC application, the set-top box 16 will invoke the AC and tune to the proper in-band carousel and/or fetch from an out-of-band carousel to retrieve the necessary AC application files. The AC 14 may also load files directly from a local client database. Once these files are loaded into the set-top box memory, the user can begin interacting with the application.
Application usage statistics may be collected at the set-top box 12 and periodically sent back through the distribution network 30 to the AP server 26. The AP server 26 then delivers these logs to a report manager 32 (often located at the data center 20) where usage reports are generated.
Using the unified application system 10 in conjunction with the common application profile definded by the authoring specification, many aspects of iTV applications can be automated. For example, in various embodiments, the present invention permits the automation of applications for a network operator's specific digital television and iTV platforms by providing content receipt, validation, distribution, services, management and reports optimized for the target environment. In addition, the present invention permits the automation of secure transactions to merchants, enabling network operators to integrate product purchasing and requests for information features into their on-demand services. That is, commerce features may be integrated with other content assets in a unified manner. Similarly, iTV advertising campaign management, insertion and targeting may be automated, allowing network operators and advertisers to incorporate text, graphics and video-based advertising campaigns into on-demand services. Proceeding further, elements of the service content, such as promotions, requests for information, placement opportunities and other elements can be programmed and scheduled across various services. This mechanism of dynamically placing elements of content in a unified manner across the multiple applications of the iTV service by specifying a set of rules and conditions for determining and placing the content is termed “programming”.
Turning now to the application server 12 in more detail, in one embodiment the AS 12 includes a catalog engine 34, a harvester 36, a data generator 38, an optimizer 40 and a packager 42 and a programming rules engine 41. Report manager 32 may also be included in the AS 12 or may be a stand-alone server. Each of these functional units will now be discussed.
Catalog engine 34 allows iTV developers and system administrators to aggregate and categorize (via a common API and capture template schema mechanism) content from various data sources into a centralized, and also potentially distributed, database. The catalog engine 34 thus provides a single container from which data can be accessed, regardless of its source. The catalog engine 34 is integrated with the harvester 36, such that it may be populated with harvested content in the form of XML and expose content via the harvesting interfaces, but its primary objective is to provide a mechanism to store and serve data that is not captured via the harvester 36. As such, the catalog engine 34 provides a repository for storage and management of advertising campaigns, product and promotional categories, and business rules. Catalog engine 34 may be implemented, in part, as a relational database and thus may be equipped with features common to such databases. In one embodiment, catalog engine 34 may include a catalog manager, which provides a user interface (e.g., a web-based interface) for iTV developers and system administrators to specify the content they wish to harvest, define the mapping rules for catalog engine elements and categories, and schedule times at which harvesting should occur.
Harvester 36 enables new iTV services to be rapidly deployed by leveraging existing Internet and broadcast content. It is designed to extract, collect, integrate, and deploy content and commerce from a variety of sources 24 (e.g., Internet sources, news sources, VOD pitcher/catcher systems, and other data feeds including text and xml feeds) into new, rich, television-centric services. In one embodiment, the harvester 36 delivers content in the form of XML schemas. In one embodiment, the harvester 36 delivers content to the catalog engine 34. The content is thus dynamically harvested, re-purposed and enhanced for the television without affecting the technology resources or publishing costs of the content provider.
In order to re-purpose the content for a television experience, harvester 36 incorporates a transformation engine that converts a variety of data sources into television centric formats. This is distinguished from current transformation engines for iTV, which focus on transforming the set of both layout and data. In one embodiment, the harvester 36 delivers content in the form of XML schemas. That is, using the XML authoring specification described in Appendix B, application designers can map existing data sources to content areas and page layouts within an application template. Once the mapping of a data source is complete, no new versions of the content need to be maintained; the harvesting process is automated and dynamic. For example, if content from an Internet site is being harvested, changes in content posted on the site will be dynamically reflected through the TV centric design.
For video related content, harvester 36 conducts a dialogue with an asset distribution system (ADS) responsible for delivering such video assets and metadata. The harvester 36 acts as an asset management system (AMS) to such ADS for the purpose of retrieving and storing video asset metadata in the catalog engine 34. This process may conform to existing standards such as the TimeWarner Asset Distribution Interface (ADI) or the CableLabs VOD Content Specification 1.1 and 2.0.
When a viewer accesses harvested TV-centric content through a remote control and set-top box, the harvester 36 conducts a multi-step dialogue with the corresponding Internet site. This process simulates a user browsing and interacting directly with the site. Activities such as checking stocks, adding items to a shopping cart, or entering a username and password are mapped through the TV interface to the actual site itself. This means that a two-way dialog can be established without the need for changes or even access to a site's backend publishing systems. All of the site's existing security, information and commerce systems can remain unchanged to support viewers interacting through their televisions.
Packager 42 packages applications, data and assets in an efficient and optimized manner for delivery to the head end 22. In one embodiment, applications can be described in XML (as described in Appendix B), and data may be asset catalog metadata, ad campaign or application configuration information. Optimizations may consist of compression algorithms, such as WBXML or other binary serializable formats. The optimization may be specific to a target platform and network such that the available system resources are maximized. Optimization may include transforming the XML to a byte array where the target platform does not have the memory, or CPU capacity to parse XML. Data may be text or binary data such as numbers, images, ads or databases.
Programming rules engine 41 provides the ability for the network operator, programmer, or content producer to specify rules and conditions to dynamically place and target content to subscribers, and respond to user interaction in different ways. Programmed content consists of any iTV elements including advertising, promotions, requests for information, VOD clips, movies on demand, TV listings, other data including text, images and/or video, and even application links and associated provisioning.
A programming campaign specifies the programming of a content element and consists of four main components:

    
    
        1. A campaign key that uniquely identifies the campaign.
        2. A list of candidates each providing a set of programmed values for the element attributes.
        3. A qualifying predicate for each candidate, that consists of a generalized set of conditions.
        4. A display rule, such as sequential, random or weighted, to select one candidate among those that qualify.
    
    


A programmable element is identified by the presence of a special resource key attribute that references a programming campaign, via a lookup, using the resource key, into a location list that provides the current campaign ID to use for programming the element. The AC 14 executes the campaign definition. This execution results in the selection of a qualifying candidate (by determining the truth value of the programming conditions). The selected candidate provides a resolution of one or more of the attributes and data of the programmable element, some of which may be newly specified, and some updated (from default values provided by the template and data package).
The above-described concept of “programming” by dynamic execution of rules is available as a mechanism to resolve properties of any content element. Wherever possible, triggering of rules execution is given the following preferential treatment (in order):

    
    
        1. On AS server 12 during construction of the broadcast content.
        2. On AC client 14 for the remaining rules where possible.
        3. On AS server 12 using a 2-way return path (back channel) request where required.
    
    


By way of illustration only, XML examples for location definition and programming campaign definition are provided below:












<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?>


<!— location list identifies the campaign -->


<location-list start=“938129” end=“948128”>









<location>









<resource key=“2”/>



<campaign-schedule id=“1_176_80”>









interval start=“938129”



end=“948128”/>









</campaign-schedule>









</location>







</location-list>


<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?>


<!— programming campaign resolves the element attributes and data -->


<campaign-list start=“938129” end=“948128”>









<campaign id=“1_176_80” displayrule=“2”>









<element id=“1_176_81” type=“1”



displayruledata=“1” onclick=”vod(“10100011)”







src=“img24135.ast” default=“true”>









<condition>









<equal name=“package” value=“bronze”/>









</condition>



<condition>









<equal name=“package” value=“silver”/>



<equal name=“hbo” value=“no”/>









</condition>









</element>



<element id=“1_176_82” type=“1”



displayruledata=“2” onclick=”vod(“10100012)”







src=“img24138.ast”>









<condition>









<equal name=“package” value=“platinum”/>









</condition>



<condition>









<equal name=“package” value=“silver”/>



<equal name=“hbo” value=“yes”/>









</condition>









</element>









</campaign>







</campaign-list>









Another aspect of programming is wherein some elements of a specific item of programming are not known ahead of time. Examples include:

    
    
        1. the VOD identity of a daily network program (e.g., NBC Today) video clip; It is not known ahead of time where this content opportunity (e.g., via a tile image or text link) to play the clip will be placed. In other words, it is programmed into the iTV service.
        2. Some network programs (e.g., ESPN SportsCenter) provide encoded video clips a period of time (e.g., 15 minutes) after each show. The VOD ID has to be updated into all areas in the iTV service where the clip is programmed, for example to be delivered in the next half-hourly scheduled package so that the new clip is available approximately one-half hour after the live broadcast.
    
    


In this form of programming, the AS 12 resolves the candidate element properties by executing a lookup, such as a catalog lookup, to determine the element data. The candidate is then subject to the normal set of rules that may also condition its placement and response. Table 1 below provides an example of the scenarios presented above:







TABLE 1







Candidate Element Properties












VOD


Segment/




Asset Id
Channel/Family
Show/Program
Genre
Date
Time





3409192325
NBC
NBC Today
News
Mar. 15, 2002
10 am


3240925809
ESPN
ESPN SportsCenter
Sports
Mar. 14, 2002
 3 pm


5366123412
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .









In general, this form of programming can be understood as a content area in the iTV Service that has programmable elements, but the programming rules to resolve the content change in ways that cannot be predicted. In other words, for a given week the programming may resolve to a list of current titles along with their poster art, but another week week it may be the top rated clips across the whole service, and the following week the list may be required to display other programs and their poster art. Thus, the number and nature of the associative information or keys that determine the content change, and is programmable. The format of the content (the template) does not change.

To summarize the operation of AS 12 then, an application author develops “channel” or application templates using the authoring specification described in Appendix B. These templates are represented in FIG. 1 using the file name APP.xml. Application descriptors are also authored, which allow queries to be made to the catalog engine 34. These queries result in the creation of dynamic data files (DATA.xml), which will ultimately populate the APP.xml layout templates. Stated differently, the App.xml file may refer to the asset catalog queries for specific metadata, metadata categories, ad campaigns, commerce product and/or category of video assets, etc. The data generator 38 inserts the selected references into the application page or into the DATA.xml file to accompany the application, as configured by business rules describing the application.
Although not shown in the diagram, an advertisement server may be invoked by similar queries that create ad campaign files for AC applications to display advertisements. The programming rules engine may invoked to generate the programming campaign definitions that describe the business rules and programmable content data, as previously described, related to the applications and application assets being generated. Each time a combination of these processes takes place, a “package” of AC files (App.xml and DATA.xml) is created by data generator 38. The newly generated package is delivered to the optimizer 40. The optimizer is responsible for converting the channel and data files into a highly optimized format readable by the AC 14. As part of this process, the optimizer 40 may parse the application file for sub pages and external asset references. Application definitions may be invoked recursively, as necessary. Part of the optimization process includes separating the user interface (i.e., the layout or presentation) from the actual data assets (e.g., the asset catalog metadata, ad campaigns, application configurations, etc.). Further, the user interface and data elements are converted to a binary format specific to the network topology and set-top platform to produce the optimized set of files (e.g., App.pkg, App.mac, DATA.dat, VC.ads, VC.upd). Within this package, mac files define application layout, logic, and behavior, .dat files define application specific data, .upd files contain list of updated .dat files on a carousel, ads files contain ad campaign/location information, and .pkg files contain mac, vc.dat, and vc.ads file in a single file for initial load of applications.
The optimized package of files is delivered to the packager 42, where it is prepared for delivery to the AP server 26 in the nework head end 22. The packager 42 is responsible for creating a CDF or other directives file to define all of the assets in the package. The packager 42 also assigns PID values to each of the images in the package. Upon completion of the package, it is made available to the AP server 26, which includes a packager proxy 46 that periodically (under the control of a scheduler 44) fetches (e.g., using an HTTPS Get) the latest package from the AS 12.
Alternatively, in another embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 1A, a preferred MSO application asset distribution implementation may include an MSO deployed Application Management System (AMS) 77 that is responsible for centralized distribution and management of assets and metadata. FIG. 1A illustrates an example of the changes that may be made in the context of such an AMS distribution scheme, and assumes those components of FIG. 1 that are not shown explicitly to be hereby included. In the context of the AMS integration, the data generator 38 and packager 42 collaborate to deliver the application assets, e.g., the application templates, data xml content, vc.ads advertising and programming engine business rules including text, image references, links to text, broadcast video channels and narrowcast video (VOD references) and related assets, as noted above. The packager 42 builds metadata describing the properties of the collections of asset data and delivers the application assets and data to the AMS 77. The AMS 77 is responsible for delivering the appropriate assets and data downstream to the AP server 26. The functions of the optimizer 40 are moved to the AP server 26 wherein it collaborates with the packager proxy 46, the network application server 28 and other 3rd party components in the head end to validate, filter and resolve the image PIDs, VOD links, TV channel maps and data optimizations into a highly optimized format readable by the AC 14.
Returning to FIG. 1, when the AP 26 retrieves a new package, (or as in FIG. 1A, receives a package of application assets and has performed the necessary validation, filtering and optimizations,) it stores all the associated assets on a conventional web server 48 and posts the CDF for the package to the network application server 28. The data carousel update (DCU) component 50 of the network application server 28 checks its cache manager 52 to compare the new package to the previous package. For any files that have changed, the network application server 28 executes any necessary processes to update the content. For image content, this may involve crawling the HTML/images hosted on the AP web server 48, rendering them to MPEG format, and delivering them back to the DCU server 50. For all other content (.pkg, .dat, .mac, .ads, .upd files), the network application server 28 makes a direct connection to retrieve those files hosted on the AP's web server 48.
Once all CDF items have been fetched, rendered and assigned MPEG PIDs as specified in the CDF, the Mediacast component 54 of the network application server 28 begins carouseling the files through the distribution network 30. The files may be delivered over an in-band and/or an out-of-band carousel.
Upon selection of an application by a user (e.g., via a remote control associated with set-top box 16), the AC applet 14 loads the necessary files from the in-band and/or out-of-band carousels to display the application. The user is then able to interact with the application running on the set-top box 18. While using an application, it is possible that a new package of data/advertisements/promotions/programming packages is made available for that application. The AC 14 constantly listens for a vc.upd file in carousel. When a new vc.upd file is detected, the AC 14 makes an attempt to retrieve from the carousel any new files and programming associated with the application, and refreshes the current screen.
The AC 14 may record application usage, for example through a Liberate Imprint client 56 running on the set-top box 16. The Imprint client 56 periodically forwards a log file of the recorded usage back through the distribution network 30 to an Imprint server 58. The Imprint server 58 then periodically posts the logs to a report proxy 60 in the AP server 26. On a scheduled basis the AP server 26 may forward the logs back to a report manager 32 in the data center 20, where the data is aggregated and made available in the form of various reports. Of course in other embodiments a different logging clinet and server combination may be used.
Turning now to FIG. 2, an overview of a services manager 62 that provides an integrated set of management consoles for AS 12 is presented. The services manager 62 provides an interface (which may be web-based in some embodiments) for administration, service definition, scheduling, notifications, advertising, business rules and programming specification, reporting, and updates to other applications and services of UAS 10. This may include the specification of advertising campaigns, product categorization, commerce targeting rules, promotional opportunities, business rule specification and other application creation activities at AS 12. In one embodiment, the following management consoles are provided:

    
    
        a Administration Manager 64. This is an application that enables system administrators to manage the configuration and deployment of iTV applications and services across multiple servers and multiple operator systems.
        b Report Manager 22. As discussed above, this is an application that allows system administrators and other users to design, run, and publish a selection of reports.
        c Subscriber Manager 66. This is an application that allows system administrators to create and edit users and groups, and assign access privileges to specific system components and functions within those components.
        d Catalog Manager 68. This is an application that allows developers and system administrators to aggregate and categorize content from various data sources into a centralized database.
        e Programming Manager 69. This is an application that allows the network operator, programmer or content producer to specify the elements of advertising, promotional opportunities, VOD placement, image and text placement, subscriber targeting, service and application provisioning, interactive user responses and other programming elements in the service. It allows the administrator to specify the condition predicates and dynamic associative lookups and business rules that constitute service programming.

The various managers may be accessed through one or more APIs for billing, subscriber management, security, content management, asset management, and reporting.

    
    


Returning to FIG. 1, the AP 26 is a distributed component of the AS 12 that improves performance and reliability of the service and facilitates secure data exchange between an MSO's private network (i.e., head end 22) and the data center 20. Typically, the head end network is protected by a firewall 70 that does not allow a connection to be initiated from the outside. Installed within the head end 22, the AP 26 initiates a connection with the AS 12 at the data center 20, retrieves application CDF files and assets at scheduled intervals, and transfers these AC applications to the network application server 28. Additionally the AP 26 performs a variety of reporting, notification and other functions as described elsewhere herein.
The AP 26 improves the performance and reliability of iTV services by acting as a remote cache for the AS 12. For example, if the connection between the head end 22 and data center 20 is down, if a data feed is interrupted, or if there are any other problems serving application content, the AP 26 will continue to function in the head end 22, successfully delivering “cached” content to the service. This provides subscribers with no service downtime while operations and support staff resolve the problems.
Like AS 12, the AP 26 may include consoles (which may be web-based) for administration, configuration, scheduling and notifications. It may also issues success and failure e-mail notifications of various operations to the data center 20 via mail gateway 72.
Turing now to the application client 14, it is a lightweight solution running on middleware 18 or set-top box operating systems that enables the automation, distribution and optimization of the iTV applications. Different versions of AC 14 may be provided for different platforms, such as the PowerTV operating system, OpenTV operating system, Microsoft operating system, or Java virtual machines running on a set-top box (MAC-J). In all such cases, the AC 14 provides a common application framework for the iTV applications.
The AC 14 is responsible for reading in optimized files and displaying iTV channels that end-users can interact with. The AC 14 can be best described as containing four modules: 1. a core state machine, 2. a graphical widget layer, 3. a broadcast file system (BFS) layer, and 4. a VOD layer. The core state machine is governed by a central event loop. When new content is required (as a result of the AC 14 being started, a user keypress, or a timer event), the core state machine calls the BFS layer to load any needed files from the carousel (i.e., the broadcast file system). Once the BFS layer reports that the files are ready, the core state machine passes the new content to the graphical widget layer with a command to draw a certain portion of the content on screen. If there is VOD content to be rendered, the core state machine calls the VOD layer to render it.
The graphical widget layer is responsible for rendering content, passed to it by the core state machine, to the screen. Each screenful of content is encapsulated as a new page object. Each page object refers to a section of the layout file, which contains compact binary representations of all the graphical components on the page. The page object steps through the binary description of the content, drawing graphical components as needed (text objects, images, ads, etc.) to render the page.
The BFS Layer is responsible for reading files from the broadcast file system, or carousel. These files typically contain screen layout information or tables of data intended for display within graphical components, and have been generated by the optimizer and placed on the carousel by the packager. The general file format for any BFS file is a byte array, with pointers to individual elements within the byte array. The BFS layer is responsible for interpreting these pointers properly, so that the other code modules can request individual elements within any BFS file by file, table, row, and column without any knowledge of how the BFS files are represented internally. The BFS layer is also responsible for the mechanics of loading these files from the carousel. Thus, the core state machine merely calls the BFS layer, passing in an array of filenames to fetch from the carousel. The BFS layer checks that all the requested files are available, loads them, and issues a callback indicating that the operation has either failed or completely succeeded.
The VOD Layer is responsible for displaying video-on-demand content and allowing the user to control playback. The core state machine determines what VOD content is displayed, and when to display it.
The AC 14 loads several files from the carousel to display a “channel” of iTV content. The files are of several types, each with its own three-letter extension as shown in Table 1. All AC files are generated by the optimizer component 40 that resides on the AS 12.







TABLE 2







Types of files











File
Input to



File
Extension
Optimizer 40
Purpose





Layout file
.mac
.xml
Contains page layout





information


Data files
.dat
.xml
Contains data used to





populate layout files


Ad and
.ads
.xml
Contains information about


Programming
.pgm

and conditions to


files


determine which ads and





other programming





elements to display when





and where within





the channel.


Package file
.pkg
.mac, .dat,
Bundle the vc.mac, vc.dat,




.ads
and vc.ads files to





expedite the initial load





of a channel. (That





is, one carousel visit to





initially load a





channel rather than three





carousel visits)


Update file
.upd
Generated
Informs the MAC-J client of




upon
new content in




other file
all other files on the




updates
carousel.









In one embodiment of the Optimizer 40 All file types share a common base-level table structure: each file is made up of one or more tables. Each table, in turn, is made up of one or more rows of one or more columns each. Thus, a table with 4 rows and 5 columns will contain 4×5=20 elements. The elements themselves are byte arrays; each element can be any length (including zero bytes); the length of each element is specified within the table header. Because the table header contains pointers to all elements within the table, accessing an element within the table is fast.
Although all file types share this basic table structure, the meaning of each table (or each row or column within a given table) is different for each file type. These meanings are recorded in a file as variables whose names start with “TABLEINDEX_”. The following outlines the filetype specific table structures:

    
    
        a Layout files (.mac):
        
            1 Each table contains a different page of layout data (except for the first 9 tables in this file; they are handled specially). Each of these tables contain multiple rows, one column across.
            2 Each row contains one separate graphical component of the page.
        
        
        b Data files (.dat):
        
            1 Tables are structured as the application author desires.
        
        
        c Ad files (.ads):
        
            There are 4 tables.
            1 AdAsset Table: contains all the bitmap, pframe, text assets
            2 AdCampaign Table: grouping of ad asset information and associated conditions along with display rules to select among qualifying candidates
            3 AdSchedule Table: grouping of campaigns per time period
            4 AdLocation Table: grouping of schedules
        
        
        d Programming campaign files (.pgm):
        
            There are four tables.
            1 ProgrammingAsset Table: contains all the bitmap, pframe, text assets
            2 ProgrammingCampaign Table: grouping of programming element information and associated conditions along with display rules to select among qualifying candidates
            3 ProgrammingSchedule Table: grouping of campaigns per time period
            4 ProgrammingLocation Table: grouping of schedules
        
        
        e Update files (.upd):
        
            1 One column table. Each row is a string filename of the file that needs to be updated.
        
        
    
    


The elements within these tables, as mentioned above, are variable-length byte fields. Each element can be any one of the following types:

    
    
        a string: zero or more bytes, one byte per character
        b integer: four bytes
        c short: two bytes
        d byte: one byte

The element itself does not contain any indication of its type; the type is implied by the element's position within the table. In other words, the AC 14 knows which type it is looking for when reading an element, so it processes the bytes it finds in the element accordingly. If there is a mismatch between optimizer and client, then the client may try to read part of a text string as an integer or vice versa.

    
    


Following this same embodiment of the optimizer where a byte array is generated, when the AC 14 reads in a file from the carousel, it keeps it in memory as a monolithic byte array, and indexes into that byte array to read out each element (or update any element in place) as desired. An alternative embodiment would be to parse the file out into an array of Java objects as soon as it is loaded from the carousel, but this would be too much of a load for a low powered set-top box as it would incur additional time and memory usage to create all these objects rather than keep the file as one monolithic array.
In one embodiment, the AC 14 may be regarded a collection of the building blocks for any application that one might conceive for a particular iTV platform. For each platform (e.g., set-top box and middleware/operating system combination) on which the AC 14 is implemented, it may take on different forms. That is, each AC 14 may look the same to the applications that make use of it, but on different platforms the AC 14 may leverage the available platform resources to different extents. Using a sufficiently lightweight Java virtual machine (JVM) platform as an example, the application developer has the facilities of the underlying JVM available, including, potentially, applications that can incorporate video/audio as well as supporting dynamic data updates, video overlay, and synchronization with TV programming. In these instances, the AC 14 uses the JVM to provide applications with a client framework supporting these features. In another embodiment, where the set-top environment, whether Java, C, or other programming context, provides a subset of such features, however limited, the AC 14 will compensate by providing the remaining features as required by the application definition framework, so that a TV-feature rich, common application framework is available to content providers and application developers. Various embodiments of AC 12 can be deployed for broadcast-only environments, while others may be used for 2-way networked application implementations or a combination of two-way and broadcast.
Referring now to FIG. 3, regardless of the set-top platform on which it executes the AC 14 includes several common components, including client engine 74. This engine is responsible for the overall logic and functionality of any application. It manages applications from framework descriptions where the data, the layout and behavior, and the rules are separately defined. This is distinguished from other client engines where the application has been merged to a single specification before consumption by the client. It includes a data parser 76 to interpret the data format it receives, a scripting event model 78 for performing various actions, a programming rules engine (which may be part of client engine 74) for interpreting the programming elements, and a cache 80 for displaying applications. Data parser 76 reads in the virtual channel application code and processes it into usable directives for the client engine 74 to manage, render and execute event actions within the application. Based on the platform (e.g., the PowerTV operating system), the client engine 74 may provide rendering functions, or simply use the rendering engine 80 provided by the middleware platform.
Application manager 84 is another common component and is responsible for creating a logical navigation structure for each screen, positioning of defined objects on a screen, and communicating information between objects and screen. Some of these objects monitor user activity and the presentation of particular items such as ads.
Application layout objects (widgets) 86 are other common componets of AC 14. This is a set of pre-built, tested controls for any TV user interface on a particular iTV middleware platform. Objects that require a standard behavior and appearance are stored here. Some of these widgets are required only for two-way network implementations. The application author can customize certain features of widgets (e.g., background color, font size) but the widgets have a general behavior and form factor which are well tested, built for TV, and completely reusable from application to application.
Form controls, cookies and advanced layout and management objects are some of the application layout objects that may be added to the two-way AC client 14 to provide some or all of the following capabilities:

    
    
        a Text Input: A field that accepts alphanumeric input from the end-user. The control can be designated as a password input which would mask the entered characters. The maximum number of characters accepted by the control is specified. When the amount of data input is larger than will fit in the field, the visible text will scroll to keep the tail of the entered text visible.
        b Check Box: An element that can be either on or off.
        c Radio Button: A selectable element that works in conjunction with other radio buttons contained within the same radio group. Only one radio button can be selected at any time within the same group.
        d Spinner: A pre-populated list of possible items where only 1 item can be selected. When items exceed the viewable space the list can be scrolled.
        e Hidden: Has no interface feature. This is used to handle extra data required by a form element.
        f Select: A pre-populated list of possible items where only 1 item can be selected. When items exceed the viewable space the list can be scrolled either horizontally, vertically or both. Vertical scrolling provides similar functionality to the Spinner control. The location of the selected item can always be the same physical position within the control, i.e. the list will move but the selected item will always be displayed in the same position. Alternatively, the selected indicator would move within the control.
    
    


In one embodiment, the AC 14 supports cookies. Cookies are a mechanism that provides server-side connections used to both store and retrieve information from the AC connection. A server, when returning an HTTP object to AC 14, may also transfer a piece of state information which the AC 14 will store. Included in that state object is a description of the range of URLs for which that state is valid. Any future HTTP requests made by the AC 14 that fall in that range will include a transmittal of the current value of the state object from the AC 14 back to the server.
In one embodiment, the following advanced objects can be available to support more advanced, TV-centric applications.

    
    
        a Groups: A group of design controls that can share properties and behaviors. For example, the group can contain the appropriate font properties and all controls within the group will use the same values unless they have their own properties defined.
        b Collection: A collection is a special type of group. Only one member of a collection can be displayed on the screen at any one time, like pages in a book
        c Graphical Transitions: Transitions allow portions of the markup to move along linear paths when triggered by standard user actions such as clicking and navigating or by timed events. Transitions have transparency, customizable accelerations, velocity, and clipping areas. Together with navigation-exclusive groups they make possible true pop-up dialogs, scrollable lists, drop-down menus and other dynamic interface elements. Transitions also honor “z-depth” and are properly obscured by foreground objects that they pass behind. A series of actions may be triggered when a transition completes, allowing a cascade of subsequent transitions and actions. All of this is fully exposed in the XML tag language and does not require custom application recompilation.
        d Subroutine tag: An XML construct that allows a series of actions to be defined once and referenced multiple times with different arguments to prevent repetition of action code.
        e Clipping widget: A device for clipping a group of visible widgets to a specific screen area. Useful for user defined list boxes and tickers.
        f Timer widget: A widget that allows multiple concurrent timers that can trigger one-time or periodic events. The timer events can be started when the page is loaded, when other events such as button clicks and transition finalizations occur, or when chained to other timers.
    
    


In another embodiment, two-way virtual channels deployed with AC 14 can easily accommodate the requirements for video integration, providing the viewer with media-rich applications that seamlessly blend text, graphics and branded programming content. Video integration adds the following features to a virtual channel application:

    
    
        a Session Setup: Session setup will use DSM-CC and SSP.
        b Stream Control: AC 14 will communicate directly with the VOD servers, for example using DSM-CC based LSCP protocols for stream control operations over the out-of-band channel.
        c Parental Indicator: AC 14 may use the SARA API's for all parental control functionality.
        d Trickmode Indicator: Trick mode functionality may be presented in an overlay (e.g., along the bottom portion of the television screen). The following trick mode functions may be supported: fast forward (FF), FFx2, rewind (RW), RWx2, pause, stop, FF-to-end, RW-to-beginning.
        e LSCP Protocol: AC 14 may communicate directly with the VOD servers via the LSCP protocol to avoid overhead and will have a high priority thread to handle the requests from the viewer.
    
    


Thus, the AC 14 brings considerable value to application developers and network operators by providing a core set of functionality and components to build and deploy an application. Further, the AC 14 provides the TV viewer with a well-defined set of user interface controls and navigation behaviors, such that users become accustomed to general application behavior across all the virtual channels and iTV applications utilizing the AC 14. Some examples of these capabilities will now be presented.
In one embodiment, the AC 14 serves two primary roles in its interaction with a server: it determines the precise ad(s) that will appear within a TV page (based on a broadcast rules package), and it measures campaign effectiveness via logging of impressions and click-throughs. Because data is updated in specified intervals in a broadcast environment, client-side ad selection assures that advertisements can be refreshed more frequently if desired. Client-side logging of impressions and click-throughs is of course dependent on the implementation of the two-way AC 14.
At the outset and using an administrative console, advertising assets and campaigns are assigned to pre-determined locations within the pages of an iTV service. When a page to be optimized (crawled) for AC 14 contains an advertisement, the ad server (or AS 12 if no specific ad server is used) inserts a specific reference to the exact campaign that was assigned to the page during the given time interval. The ad server creates a corresponding global advertisement resource file of all campaigns that occur on pages accessed during the specified time period, and places it onto the broadcast carousel. This file contains campaign description XML files (including display rules and click-through instructions) and advertising assets (or references to them).
Upon executing a page that contains a reference to an ad campaign, AC 14 looks in the global campaign resource file to identify the campaign's display rule and all advertisements associated with the campaign. AC 14 then executes the display rule locally and displays the appropriate advertisement. The data logged by AC 14 includes impressions (i.e., pages that contain a specific campaign) and click-throughs (tracked via the path taken to a campaign “microsite.”).
Upon executing a page that contains references to programming elements, AC 14 executes the programming campaigns referenced by the “key” attributes of those elements. AC 14 executes its programming rules engine which identifies the campaign using the key, executes the conditions to determine the qualifying candidates, executes the display rule to select one among the qualifying candidates, and resolves the one or more of the (non-key) attributes and data of the programmable element, some of which may be specified newly, and some updated (from default values provided by the template and data package).
As with all data logged by AC 14, impression and click-through data is uploaded to a reporting sever. The two-way implementation therefore enables campaign reporting and tracking. The AC log file fully integrates with the data-reporting engine to provide impression and click-through statistics.
Another example of specific features and functions in some embodiments of the AC 14 are exemplified when considering data collection and reporting. As described above, the AC 14 allows end users to view specific video, product, and content offerings. As the viewer navigates the iTV applications and selects offerings, AC 14 records the transaction internally and periodically sends back its usage log to a server which then may aggregate the data into a centralized database that is used for reporting.
An example of the data targeted for collection includes:

    
    
        a Date.
        b Event type—TVChannel: this event will report which channel the viewer watched.
        c Event type—Impression: This event will report which interactive application screen was viewed and also which advertisement (or other asset) was presented on the screen.
        d Set-top ID—MAC address.
        e Duration.
        f Additional data—optional.
    
    


Where the features of the set-top box permit, in one embodiment, the AC 14 can provide for scaled video and hot key support:

    
    
        a Scaled Video—It is not possible for set-top boxes having limited memory to process high-resolution graphics and scaled video at the same time. Application designers may instead choose any of the following options:
        
            i Use low-resolution graphics with the scaled video (this requires the creation of a “duplicate set” of assets)
            ii Overlay high-resolution graphics over the video and do not scale the video.
            iii Use high-resolution graphics and do not have scaled video.
        
        
        b Hot Key Support—The ability to specify a hot key to launch applications will be available.
    
    


In a further embodiment, the AC 14 can cater to large quantities of data being downloaded, by maintaining a “database”, or cache, that is used to store the data. Querying capabilities will be available to allow for efficient data retrieval by applications. For example, the videos available on a VOD server can be downloaded to the client. Depending on the application, the database client can select videos that match a viewer's criteria (e.g., action movies) and the application will display the relevant details.
In yet another embodiment, due to the exigencies of various set-top boxes, the blending of usage of in-band data delivery, such as, for example a data carousel, and out-of-band data delivery can be adjusted by configuration. Further, multiple algorithms for optimization may be used for package transfer over the network, such as via the in-band carousel, or out-of-band. Optimizations include XML compression to byte array or other format, WBXML binary compression and decompression, object serialization, and others.
As indicated above, AC 14 is, in one embodiment, a Java applet (.jar file) that gets loaded into memory when invoked by the subscriber, or is pre-loaded, or partially loaded, prior to invocation and brought to the foreground upon subscriber invokation. The AC 14 may be downloaded from a carousel as needed or it may reside in the set-top box flash, or DRAM memory. It is suggested, however, that the AC applet reside in memory for several reasons:

    
    
        a Performance—AC applications will load much faster because the AC applet does not need to be first downloaded from the carousel.
        b Stability—There is no risk of the AC applet being corrupted or removed from the carousel if it is flashed to the set-top box, or stored in memory.
        c Access—The in memory AC applet can be launched directly from a main menu of the iTV service with a configurable button.
        d Memory usage—If the AC is flashed ot the box then only a small portion of the AC applet gets copied into the system heap, the rest runs from flash memory.
    
    


When deployed to a set-top box 16, an AC 14 is configured to launch a “menu” application. The menu application can be any type of application (an overlay menu, a portal, a virtual channel, etc), and is the initial application that is accessed when entering a service offering of AC applications. The menu application can then contain links to other applications to enable navigation through an entire iTV service of applications.
An AC service is a system of various AC applications. The term “system of applications” is used because the AC applications are uniformly programmable. That is, they are defined with separate layout and data where one design template may take on many different data sets, or one data set may be used by multiple templates. One AC application may also contain multiple services. The packaging of services in to an application is highly dependent on the amount of available memory on the set-top box 16. Where less memory is available the AC application packages will have to smaller and thus contain fewer services. To add an AC application to the service, the author adds a loadapp( ) method somewhere in the menu application (or another application that is accessible from the menu). This effectively tells the AC 14 to switch applications. Because of limited resources at the set-top box 16, it is usually the case that only one AC application (APP.mac) and one data file (DATA.dat) can be loaded into memory at a time. In one embodiment, the optimizer 40 ensures that no single file can exceed 20 kB in size so as to stay within the set-top box memory limitations.
From the above, it should be clear that the present invention differs significantly from existing iTV technologies. For example, the present invention provides an application system abstraction that describes a common application framework for the definition and behavior of applications across multiple client device types and iTV operating environments. Stated differently, the present invention represents a unified TV application system for delivering multiple TV Services, such as IPGs, main or root TV menus, managed content services, virtual channels, VOD services, PVR applications, broadcast on demand services such as news, sports, entertainment, etc., on-demand, enhanced TV applications, as well as other TV applications such as email, chat, personals, and voice services.
The use of XML to describe application templates, dynamic data and business rules is different from approaches used with HTML or XHTML browsers. For example, HTML and XHTML implementations do not provide extensibility hooks. That is, these solutions cannot be adjusted to accomodate specific domain problems, such as those of a set-top box client. The present template syntax is quite different from XHTML because the domain it was designed to accomodate differs greatly from the domain of XHTML. Moreover, the present template syntax can be designed to permit more extensibility than XHTML permits, providing the flexibility to suit evolving requirements.
In addition to these template syntax distinctions, the present invention allows an effective separation of the presentation provided by templates from the data provided by XML data-files. The separation of data from presentation provides efficiencies on several levels, from authoring to performance on set-top boxes. Such a separation is aspired to in many HTML/XHTML paradigms, but not nearly so effectively as is provided in the present invention, where the data that the client consumes is an actual separate file from the template.
The present invention thus allows for the automation of many aspects of networked applications such as iTV applications. In various embodiments, the present invention can provide some or all of the following:

    
    
        a Automation and optimization of content for a network operator's specific set-top box and middleware combination, ensuring that the highest level of performance is achieved within the set-top box environment.
        b Automated placement and targeting of offerings, promotions, commerce opportunities and content in a unified manner across all iTV services, according to multiple selection rules such as location, current channel, current channel family, current channel category, time-of-day, offering category, current program, current program genre, current application, current content type, and subscriber profile.
        c Automated iTV ad campaign management at the set-top, insertion and targeting, enabling network operators and advertisers to easily incorporate text, graphics and video-based advertising campaigns into on-demand services.
    
    


Thus systems and methods by which content and application developers are provided a common application framework that enables rapid development and deployment of iTV applications across a broad spectrum of iTV networks made up of differing head end and/or set top box systems, and automates the process of delivering iTV applications across such networks have been described. However, although the present invention has been discussed with respect to various illustrated embodiments, it should be measued only in terms of the claims, which follow the Appendices set forth below.
Appendix A—Glossary of Terms
Applet—An applet is a small application. For example, a Java interactive animation applet could be included within a web page or television enhancement if the user platform includes a Java run-time engine. Java is a more powerful language than ECMAscript (JavaScript).
Application Program Interface (API)—An Application Program Interface is a set of programming tools that pre-define functions and routines affording convenience to developers by grouping common programming material into blocks.
Back Channel—A two-way data connection, typically via the Internet, from the user to the network or broadcaster originating a program. Since many forms of media are distributed using a one-way distribution method, the back channel is necessary to add transactional features or to provide access to interactive content not included in a data broadcast.
Broadband—A class of technologies that offer high-speed Internet access to homes and businesses. Digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modems are typical broadband technologies.
Broadcasting—Historically, “broadcasting” referred to the activity of radio and television stations. As cable, satellite and the Internet have developed, it is often used to describe the simultaneous real-time distribution of any media from one source to many recipients, using any transport method.
Cache—Storage in memory or disk set aside for temporary storage of data in order to improve access speed. A cache can be used as a store for the most recently accessed data in cases where the user often returns to recently accessed content. A cache can also be used to store new data that the system anticipates the user will be accessing soon. Usually, the oldest content of a cache is deleted without knowledge of the user in order to make room for the new content.
CDN—A Content Delivery Network (CDN) provides fee-for-service delivery of streaming content via the Internet. The network consists of linked “edge” servers throughout the Internet that help reduce network congestion and server overload for content delivered to many users.
Codec—Data compressor-decompressor software that translates data files between compressed and uncompressed states.
Compression—Any technique that reduces the size of a file or the required bandwidth for transport of a signal. Compression can be lossless, whereby the decompressed version is absolutely identical to the original, or lossey, whereby the decompressed version is not identical and is either perceptually identical or impaired.
Conditional Access—Conditional Access systems restrict television program access to certain groups of users either because of concerns for privacy or the desire to collect revenue for the service. Providing conditional access requires secure encryption of the program content, secure decryption in a set-top-box for each viewer, and an embedded serial number that is registered in a central conditional access system database.
Cookie—A cookie is a small, personalized code placed on a computer's hard drive by a particular web site and accessed each time the user visit that site so that the user's (or computer's) identity and preferences can be recognized. This is how web sites welcome user's back by name, create a custom home page just for that user and place subsequent orders without asking for an ID each time.
Datacast—Delivery of program-related or non-program-related data files over a one-way broadcasting medium (like digital television). If communication is required from the viewer back to the broadcaster, an additional back channel is required.
DCT2000, DCT2500, DCT2600, DCT5000, etc.—Digital cable set-top boxes manufactured by Motorola that sometimes include both cable and telephone modems. Later models offer more advanced capabilities.
Deployment—A deployment is the distribution of a common platform and middleware to many users, typically controlled by a cable MSO. In the past, content often had to be re-authored for each deployment as common standards are not yet prevalent. The present invention seeks to address this problem.
Download—Transmission of a data file from a remote file server to a user.
Enhanced TV (ETV)—Enhanced TV may be regarded as any new service that cannot be delivered with just a regular TV. The industry seems to be using the term “Enhanced TV” to describe interactive content that is provided for specific television programs.
Enhancement—Data sent with the intent of adding value to the user beyond what is possible with the traditional television and channel-changing remote control. Enhancement data can be sent before, during or after the broadcast. Enhancements may enhance user learning or enjoyment, may extend the life of a broadcast or may make the experience more interactive by adding on-demand resources.
Electronic Program Guide (EPG)—An electronic program guide allows the user to scan available channel offerings and tune to current programs by using their remote control to point to specific program listings.
Explorer—The Scientific-Atlanta Explorer series of digital cable set-top boxes offer various levels of ETV functionality.
Head End—The facility in a cable system that aggregates the various signals that will be sent to all viewers in the cable system. As used herein, the term includes regional distribution centers.
HTML—Hypertext Markup Language is the standard page-description language used on the World Wide Web (www).
Input Device—Any piece of hardware used by a viewer to make choices or add content. Remote controls, mice, keyboards and digital cameras are examples of input devices.
Interactive TV (iTV)—A term used to describe ETV (interactive content provided in synchronism with specific television programs), IPGs, PVRs and Walled Gardens.
IPG—The term Interactive Program Guide suggests an EPG with more advanced features such as program searching by genre or title and one click VCR recording.
Java—Java is a platform-independent high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems of Mountain View, Calif. It is distinct from JavaScript, a web-browser scripting language.
JavaScript—JavaScript is an interpreted script language developed by Netscape of mountain View, Calif. for enhancing the look and functionality of web pages.
Metadata—A collection of descriptive attributes about an associated data asset. Typical attributes will provide information about the asset label, asset identifier, version number, rights, validation, data type, comments, and other pertinent asset elements.
Middleware—Middleware is a layer of software that runs on top of set-top box operating systems creating a consistent environment to run application software over a wide variety of set top boxes.
MPEG—The Moving Picture Experts Group, a working group of the International Standards Organization, has developed international standards (MPEG-1, MPEG-2, etc.)for compressed digital video and audio.
MSO—A Multiple System Operator is a company that owns multiple cable systems.
Operating System—The layer of software in a computer-based device that directly drives the computing hardware. The operating system manages memory, input and output devices, and computing resources. Middleware requires an underlying operating system in order to run on a set-top box.
Personal Video Recorder (PVR)—Devices that allow TV viewers to time shift, pause and fast forward (until real time) using hard-drive video storage. Some PVRs also provide an EPG to enable additional features tied to keywords and key programs in the TV schedule.
Platform—The term “platform” is used loosely within the industry to describe a particular set-top box including it's internal operating system, a certain kind of middleware, or some combination of the two.
Post Program Enhancements—Enhancements that are transmitted during a television program they are related to, but designed to be used interactively after the broadcast concludes. Also known as “Post-broadcast data” (as opposed to synchronous enhancements and walled garden enhancements).
Set Top Box—Any electronic device designed to be connected to a television receiver to provide additional channels or enhanced capabilities.
Streaming—Streaming involves sending video from a server to a client over a network in packets. At the receiving end, the packets are reassembled to play the video as it arrives. The video file is never actually downloaded since the packets are discarded after they have been decoded and viewed.
Synchronous Enhancements—Enhancements designed to appear at specific points in time during the television program.
Thick Client—The concept of robust computer processing power, storage, and memory within the end users set top box or personal computer client. Software application(s) can and usually reside at the users location.
Thin Client—The concept of minimizing required storage, memory and computing horsepower at the user location by performing computing and storing information in a central location, with connections for user input and display over a medium-speed network.
Transport—A transport is a unique means of media delivery. Each transport has a different combination of ownership and technical capability that determines what types of media are delivered.
Trigger—A message that arrives at a specific point in time during a broadcast, intended to activate specific enhanced content.
Virtual Machine—An operating environment working in conjunction with, yet independent of, a host operating system. Used in such applications as a middleware component of a set-top box, virtual machines accommodate proprietary philosophies of associated software and service vendors. Examples include HTML virtual machines, and the Java Virtual Machine.
VOD—Video On Demand refers to a technology that makes it possible for consumers to control the start of a viewed program. For example, by remote control a consumer might pick from an on-screen list of movies and start and pause the movie at his/her convenience.
Walled Garden—Content that is designed specifically to be available to some subset of users, and (often( ) not generally available on the World Wide Web.
Walled Garden Enhancements—Interactive content that is designed without links to the World Wide Web and often optimized for TV viewing with larger fonts, television compliant colors, smaller pages and fewer links.
XML—The eXtensible Markup Language is a recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium for a powerful language for the description of shared data. Whereas HTML is restricted to describing the format of transmitted data, XML allows transmitting the data in a format-independent manner so that the receiving computer can exert more control over the way in which the data is processed and presented.
Part 1: User's Guide
The following provides one embodiment of an instantiation of the above XML schema for application definition. It is written in the form of a User's Guide to be illustrative of an example implementation of an AC authoring environment. As used herein the acronym MAX is used to represent the XML authoring language for building applications targeted at the AC14. In addition, the application client is sometimes referred to as a MAC (MetaTV Application Client).
1. MAX Authoring Guidelines: The following section outlines basic guidelines for well-formed MAX markup.
A. Authoring syntax conventions: Authoring in MAX requires that the following syntax guidelines be followed:

    
    
        All MAX documents (templates and data files) must conform to well-formed XML.
        All MAX elements and properties are case sensitive. All element names, property names, event handlers and methods must be all lowercase.
        All property values and event handler values must be enclosed in double quotes: name=“value”, eventhandler=“string”
        All MAX comments should be formatted like XML comments: <!--MY COMMENT HERE-->
        All MAX documents must include only one <mac> and one <page> tag.
        The top-level MAX template for an application must be named index.xml
        The top-level data file that is used by the applications top most page must be called vc.dat.
        Arguments defined in methods may be wrapped in single quotes, but it is not necessary. It is necessary to use single quotes around arguments when the argument is a text string.
        
            set(@myText.text, ‘My New Text String’)
        
        
        All references to a property value of an element should be preceded with the ‘@’ symbol and appear in dot notation format: @objectName.property
        
            <var id=“start” type=“int”>@txt_story.startindex</var>
        
        
        All references to an object located in another page should be preceded with the ‘@’ symbol and appear in dot notation format: @pageName.objectName.property
        
            <page defaultfocus=“@menu_include.button—1”>
        
        
        Data references should take the following format: $$dataTableName[rowNumber].columnName.
        
            <text name=“weather_city”>$$weather[$index].city</text>.
            The exception to this rule is for the datasrc property of a <select> which takes the format: $$dataTableName.columnName.
        
        
        Multiple methods can be executed from a single event handler. Methods should be separated by a semicolon.
        
            onclick=“set(@myText.text, ‘Hello’);set(@myText.textcolor, ‘grey’)”
        
        
    
    


B. Character Entities: Some embodiments of the application client require that certain characters be displayed by their HTML named entity in order to display properly. This is required for MAX markup, but not required for MAX data files. For example, to display an ampersand (&) in a text string that might appear on a button, the following would be valid:

    
    
        <button name=“myBtn” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“25”>INFO & HELP</button>

Table B.2.1 below outlines the special characters and their named entity string to be used.

    
    









TABLE B.2.1







Special Characters









Named Entity
Symbol
Description





"
“
Double quote, may be needed to escape the




( “ ) in string literals


'
'
Single quote, may be needed to escape the




( ' ) in string literals


&
&
Ampersand, always used to escape the ( & )




character literal


<
<
Less than, always used to escape the ( < )




character


>
>
Greater than, may be needed to escape the




( > ) character









C. Referencing Data: Referencing data contained in separate .dat files is accomplished through the following syntax:

    
    
        $$dataTableName[rowNumber].columnName.

For example, to display a city name from a weather data table, an $index variable could be defined and used to access that particular row in the data table:

        <text name=“weather_city”>$$weather[$index].city</text>

One exception to this format is the datasrc property of a <select>, which uses the following syntax:

        $$dataTableName.columnName.

For example, to display the entire list of all the weather regions in the datatable, one would refer to the column called region, and the value for region in each row of the datatable would populate the <select>:

        <select name=“weather_regions”>$$weather.region</select>

It is important to note that only a selected few object properties are capable of obtaining their value from a data table. The following table B.2.2 outlines these objects and their properties:

    
    









TABLE B.2.2







Objects and Properties










Object
Property







Text
text



Image
src



Page
background



Select
datasrc



Vod( )
assetID



Load( )
filename



Var
value










D. MAX Validation: MAX templates can be validated using the MAX XSD schema that is available at:

    
    
        http ://www.metatv.com/xml/ns/mac/macjc—1—0.xsd

If you are author MAX applications with an XML editor that provides validation capabilities, all that is necessary is to include the following schema reference in your <mac> tag at the beginning of each MAX document:

        <mac xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”
        xsi :noNamespaceSchemaLocation=“http://www.metatv.com/xml/ns/mac/macjc—1—0.xsd”>
    
    


2. Authoring Tips: The following section provides suggested approaches for authoring specific types of functionality or interfaces. It also covers some general concepts that are available to an application author for simplifying the authoring process and allowing for easier modifications in the future. Details on the specific tags and their attributes referenced in the examples below are set forth in the section entitled MAC XML Tag Library.
As a general principle, MAC XML authoring provides the author with the ability to maintain a considerable amount of application layout information in the form of element templates in a MAC config file. It is very similar to the concept of a cascading style sheet used in web applications.
A. Displaying text strings as an attribute of an element: MAC-XML primarily relies upon defining the properties for an element as attributes of the element tag in the standard name=value format. Most element tags are EMPTY and do not allow any information to appear between opening and closing tags. However, there are a few tags that typically have a text string or label associated with the element, like <button>, <text>, <checkbox> and <radio>. This text string attribute is specified in between the opening and closing tags.

    
    
        Example: <button name=“myButton” textcolor=“#000000”>. This is my button</button>
    
    


B. Using the mac config file: A MAC application can have its own configuration file for establishing application wide attributes, templates, global variables and methods. The config file serves as a sort of style sheet, which lets the author specify things such as fonts, transition types, and events like on Key, which might be used by any or all pages in an application.
ELEMENT TEMPLATES: An element template is basically a single element definition that has specific attribute settings and is hidden from the application rendering. Any element in the markup that wishes to use some or all of the templates behaviors and attributes can point to the template through the template attribute. Detailed examples on how this can be accomplished can be found below in the section entitled Using Element Templates.
FONTS: Fonts should be defined within the config file and then referred to by individual elements in the application through the FONT attribute. For example, a typical font declaration in a config file might look like:
<font name=“myBoldFont” size=“20” bold=“true”/>
An element in the application markup that desires a 20-point, bold font would simply refer to this font through the FONT attribute of the element:
<button name=“myButton” font=“myBoldFont”/>
TRANSITIONS: Transitions are typically used to define an animation type for an element or group of elements. The transitions can be conveniently listed in the MAC config file for an application through the <transition> tag described below. For example, a transition declaration in the config file might look like:
<transition name=“movemenu” endx=“0” endy=“320” type=“out” interval=“20”/>
In the XML markup for the application, a group of buttons comprising a menu panel is created:















<group name=“menu” x=“0” y=“480”>



<button name=“button1” />



<button name=“button2” />



<button name=“button3” /> </group>










Elsewhere in the XML markup, a button click fires an event to execute the movement transition upon the menu group by setting the value of the state attribute to play:
<button name=“showmenu” on Click=“setProperty(movemenu, state, ‘play’)”>Animate the menu</button>
GLOBAL VARIABLES: Global variables that might be used by the entire application should be defined in the MAC config file.
GLOBAL METHODS: Global methods that might be used by the entire application should be defined in the MAC config file.
C. Using element templates: Oftentimes an application will have multiple elements in an interface sharing many of the same properties such as font color or the number of pixels to offset. Each element that is authored in the XML markup can have all of its properties defined within its XML tag, but it may be simpler for the application author to define a template for a certain element type, typically in the MAC config file.
A template could be for any kind of visual element and should have its hidden attribute set to true so that the template itself is not visible. An example button template might look like is:















<button name=“templateButton” hidden=“true” font=“bold20”



src=“button_off” srcfocus=“button_over”



srcselected=“button_on” textcolor=“black”



textcolorfocus=“white” textcolorselected=“yellow” />










The above example defines a graphical asset to be used for the three states, the text color for the three states, and the font template to be used by the button, ‘bold20’ . This <font> might also be defined in the MAC config file as:

    
    
        <font name=“bold20” size=“20” bold=“true”/>

Now, anywhere in the application markup, a <button> can be defined and inherit all or some of the properties of the button template, simply by specifying the template attribute of this button:

        <button name=“button—1” template=“templateButton”>My button using a template</button>

The application author could also only choose to use some of the attributes of the button template, and easily override others. The following example utilizes the same button template, but overrides the textcolor settings:

    
    

















<button name=“button_1” template=“templateButton” textcolor=



“magenta” textcolorfocus=“pink” textcolorselected=“chartreuse”>



My button using part of a template</button>










Essentially, element templates are a very handy way of defining the appearance and properties of an object that is going to be reused numerous times in an application, similar to a style sheet. Ultimately it can save the application author time in editing markup during the development phase of an application, and enable application wide changes to be made in one place.

D. Creating text strings associated with elements: Most elements can have text strings displayed in association with them. These associated text strings can only be defined by specifying the string in between an element's opening and closing tags. This is the only valid attribute that can appear inside opening and closing element tags.
<button name=“myButton” font=“1”>My Button Text</button>
This label attribute could also be modified through a setText( ) method such as:












<button name=“myButton2” font=“1” onClick=“setText(myButton,


‘My new button text’)”>Change Label</button>









The positioning of a text label with respect to its element can be pixel positioned using the textx and texty attributes of the element. These values are relative to the x:y coordinates of the actual element. For instance to position a button's text label 2 pixels from the top, left edge of the button you might do something like this:
















<button name=“myButton” font=“1” x=“10” y=“10”



textx=“2” texty=“2”>My Button Text</button>










E. Z-ORDERING: MAC clients support Z-ordering of rendered elements on screen. It is advisable to control the z-ordering of elements by their physical location in the MAC-XML document. Those elements or groups that need to be rendered on top of other elements should appear later in the document. For example, a dialog type popup box can be created using the <group> tag and setting that group's visibility to be hidden. Upon a user action, the dialog can be made visible in a higher Z layer than the other elements on the screen such as some story text. In order to do so, it is important to declare the dialog <group> later in the document than other elements so that it can be presented above them when rendered. For example:















<mac version=“1.0”>









<page>









<text name=“story” width=“400” height=“240” />



<image name=“story_image” width=“40” height=“40”



x=“100” y=“100”



/>










    
    
        <!—This group must appear after other elements in order to be rendered over them in a higher z-layer→
    
    

















<group name=“dialog” x=“200” y=“200” size=“2”/>



<button src=“myButton” x=“10 y=“20”/>



<text name=“dialog_text” x=“5” y=“5”>



This dialog appears on top of the



story text and image</text>



</group>









</page>









</mac>










F. OVERRIDING DEFAULT NAVIGATION: MAC clients support the ability to override the navigation logic that is generated by the client for a given screen. If the application author wishes to assign specific navigation results to one of the four directional arrows on the remote, he/she can do so by using the (navleft, navright, navup, navdown) attributes. For example if a menu had 4 buttons and the fourth button is at the bottom of the screen, pressing the down arrow button on the remote will typically not move the focus anywhere because there are no focusable elements below it. However, if you wanted the user to be able to hit the down arrow and loop back up to the top of the button stack, this could be done. For example:












<button name=“button_1” x=“100” y=“100” src=“button_off.bmp” />


<button name=“button_2” x=“100” y=“150” src=“button_off.bmp” />


<button name=“button_3” x=“100” y=“200” src=“button_off.bmp” />


<button name=“button_4” x=“100” y=“250” src=“button_off.bmp”


navdown=“button_1” />









G. Creating a dynamic paging control for multiple screens of content: Dynamic paging can be accomplished through the use of <button> elements associated with a content area which displays the text/images for which paging is desired. A paging control typically consists of a ‘page back’ and ‘page forward’ button, with some sort of text indicator of the current page the user is on, e.g., “page 2 of 5”.
The client is responsible for the following, which is transparent to the application author

    
    
        a Maintaining the state of the pageable content, what page it is on.
        b Determining how much text can fit per screen in the allocated content space.
        c Determining the number of screens required to display all of the content.
        d Hiding and showing the paging controls when the content is at the first or last page.
        e Executing a setText( ) on the pagestatus indicator if one exists after each paging event.
    
    


The following example highlights the following requirements for creating a paging control:

    
    
        a The content to be paged must be wrapped in a <group> tag.
        b The <group> tag must have its paging attribute set to true: paging=“true”.
        c The <group> tag must have three attributes (pagenext, pageback, pagestatus) set to the name of the actual element which will be displayed as the paging control element. (pagestatus is optional).
        d The <button> used for paging back is initially set to be hidden (hidden=“true”) so that it is not displayed when the screen first renders at the beginning of the paged content (i.e. 1 of x).
        e The on Click event handler for both paging buttons calls the setindex( ) method on the <group> desired for paging.
    
    














<group name=“pagingGroup” paging=“true” pagenext=“buttonNext”


pageback=“buttonBack” pagestatus=“pagingText”>









<text name=“storyText” x=“100” y=“20” width=“300”



height=“400”>%storyTextVar%</text>



<!— Paging Controls →



<button name=“buttonBack” x=“100” y=“440” hidden=“true”



onClick=“setIndex(−1)”>Back</button>



<text name=“pagingText” x=“230” y=“440”>%pageNum% of



%pageTotal%</text>



<button name=“buttonNext” x=“400” y=“440”



onClick=“setIndex(+1)”>Next</button>







</group>









H. Making an image based ad selectable on AC: Some embodiments of the application client do not have a standard highlight selection box that wraps around selectable elements. Rather, the ability to focus to an element is created by either replacing the image source, or replacing any/all of the following attributes for the element: bgcolor, bordercolor, and/or textcolor. This works well for standard focusable elements like buttons and text that has a background area. An image based ad is a bit different in that you typically would not create a separate asset for its focused and selected state because of excessive use of bandwidth and custom design required for 3 variations on the same asset ad. However, the appearance of a highlight box around the ad image can be created using the border properties of the <ad> tag. By specifiying a border thickness, bordercolor, and bordercolorfocus, you can create the appearance of a colored selection box wrapped around the ad. This is the suggested method for creating a selectable ad in the AC environment. For Example:















<ad campaign=“42” x=“250” y=“300” width=“200” height=“160”



border=“3”



bordercolor=“#000000” bordercolorfocus=“FFCC00”



bordercolorselected=“#Fc093F” />










I. Making a text based ad selectable by clicking on a separate button: Text strings or text-based ads may often have a separate button or element that is responsible for handling the actions associated with the ad. For example, a text based ad may have a “GO” button next to it which executes the action that is actually associated with the ad campaign as it is referenced in the <ad> tag. What this means is that there needs to be a connection drawn between the <ad> itself and the <button> which exectutes the ad's action. This is accomplished through the linkelement attribute specified in the <ad> tag. Using this, the author can specify what element is responsible for executing the action associated with the ad. For example:















<button name=“adButton” x=“200” y=“300”>GO</button>



<ad campaign=“42” x=“250” y=“300” width=“200” height=“16”



linkelement=“adButton” />










J. Setting attribute values through the setproperty( ) method: MAC clients have a very basic subset of standard event handlers often found in scripting languages like JavaScript. Since the TV environment has a more limited set of behaviors, only a few event handlers are really needed. The available event handlers are defined with examples in a later section entitled Object Event Handlers. Through the use of event handlers such as on Click or on Focus, an application author can set the value for any property associated with any element. This is performed through the setProperty action which accepts 3 values for each property to set: element name, property, property value
EXAMPLE 1
Changing the text color for a text region upon a button click:












<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onClick=“setProperty(‘myText’,


textcolor,


‘#FFCC00’)” />


<text name=“myText” x=“50” y=“50” textcolor=“#000000”>Hello


World</text>









EXAMPLE 2
Event handlers also allow you to specify multiple setProperty events from a single action by separating them with a semicolon. Here we change the text color and the text label from one button click. Multiple actions from a single event handler occur in order, so in the example below, the text label will not change until the change of textcolor action has completed.












<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onClick=“setProperty(‘myText’,


textcolor, ‘#FFCC00’);setProperty(‘myText’,‘label’,’This is


my new text’)” />


<text name=“myText” x=“50” y=“50” textcolor=“#000000” />









3. MAX Client Tags: The following element tags can be used in MAX markup for use by the MAC client.







TABLE B.2.3





MAX Client Tags



















<ad>
<image>
<palette>



<button>
<include>
<select>



<color>
<mac>
<text>



<datatable>
<navmap>
<navtemplate>



<event>
<navitem>
<timer>



<group>
<page>
<var>










<ad> The <ad> tag is used to indicate any image or text based advertisement. All scheduling information for ads is maintained in a separate location-list.xml file that is referenced via the required location property. All ad campaign information is maintained in a separate campaign-list.xml file, which is referenced via the location-list.xml file. Both files are generated by an Advertising Manager.

    
    
        a Required properties: adtype, height, key, name, width, x, y,
        b Optional properties: link, style, textcolor
        c Used by: <page>
        d Example: <ad name=“myAd” location=“4” x=“250” y=“300” width=“200” height=“160” adtype=“image”/>
    
    


<button> The <button> tag is used to create selectable elements: text, image, image with text, or a hotspot selection box. <button> is the only element besides <text> that can have a text string or var reference in between its opening and closing tags. This is used to display the actual ‘text’ that is displayed for the button.

    
    
        a BUTTON STATES: Buttons can be displayed in four different states: idle, focused, selected, and disabled. The following describes the various states and their usage.
    
    









TABLE B.2.4







Button States








Button State
Usage





Idle
The button when it is in an unselected, unfocused, idle state


Focus
The button when it has focus and can be clicked


Selected
The button immediately after it is clicked. This is also the



state used to reflect the users current location in a menu of



buttons. That is, the selected state indicates that a user is



“in that section”.


Disabled
The button as it appears when disabled = ”true”. When



disabled, the button can not be navigated to.









    
    
        b DISPLAYING BUTTONS AS COLORED RECTANGLES: Buttons are typically displayed as colored rectangles with text inside of them. A button can be any size and any color that is specified in palette.xml. Additionally, the four edges of the button can also be customized. The edge colors and center color of a <button> are defined inside of the <navtemplate> that is referenced by the <button>.
    
    














<navtemplate name=“tt_idle” textcolor=“white” style=“4”


color=“charcoal”


topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black”


rightcolor=“black” />


<navtemplate name=“tt_foc” textcolor=“black” style=“3” color=“gold”


topcolor=“grey”


leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” />


<navtemplate name=“tt_sel” textcolor=“white” style=“3” color=“red”


topcolor=“grey”


leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” />


<button name=“tv” x=“556” y=“33” width=“48” height=“28”


align=“center”


valign=“middle” navtemplate=“tt_idle” navtemplatefocus=“tt_foc”


navtemplateselected=“tt_sel”


onclick=“loadapp(menu,index.xml)”>TV</button>









    
    
        c DISPLAYING BUTTONS AS HOTSPOTS: A button can also be displayed as a simple, rectangular hotspot around the outside edge of the defined button width and height. For example, your application could have an image burned background I-Frame, and you may want your navigation item to be a yellow box that wraps around that region of the I-Frame. To accomplish this, define a pixel value for the hotspot property of your <button> tag. Then define colors from your available colors in palette.xml, for both hospotfocus and hotspotselected to change colors for the different button states.
    
    














<button name=“ad_btn” x=“59” y=“364” width=“176” height=“80”


hotspot=“4” hotspotfocus=“gold” hotspotselected=“aqua” />









    
    
        d Required properties: height, name, width, x, y
        e Optional properties: align, bgcolor, disabled, hidden, hotspot, hotspotfocus, hotspotselected, offsetx, offsety, navtemplate, navtemplatedisabled, navtemplatefocus, navtemplateselected, valign
        f Event handler properties:onfocus, onblur, onclick
        g Used by: <page>
        h Example: The following <text> templates are defined at the beginning of the document:
    
    

















<text name=“btn_focus” textcolor=“000000” style=“3” />



<text name=“btn_idle” textcolor=“FFFFFF” style=“5” />



<text name=“btn_select” textcolor=“CCCCCC” style=“3” />










The following is an example button using three different images to represent the three button states, and references to the above text templates for changing the color and style of the text in those states.













<button name=“myButton” x=“100” y=“100” width=“136” height=“28”


navtemplate=“btn_idle” navtemplatefocus=“btn_focus”


navtemplateselected=“btn_select”> HELLO WORLD </button>









    
    
        i Notes:
        
            1 When using the built-in button assets, the suggested text offset for left aligned text with a medium font is: offsetx=“10”, offsety=“4”. This will neatly left-align your text within the button.
            2 When using the built-in button assets, do not use different sizes across the different states for the button. That is, if you use a large button for the idle state, you must also use large buttons for focus and selected. The button size can not change across states for a single button.
        
        
    
    


<color> The <color> tag is used to define an individual color to be used within palette.xml. Each <color> tag must have a value defined, a 6-digit hexadecimal value for the color. An optional name attribute can also be used to more easily identify the color when maintaining the XML markup. A<palette> tag MUST contain exactly 16<color> tags. Details on the format and requirements for the <palette> can be found in the <palette> section.

    
    
        a Required properties: name, value
        b Optional properties:
        c Used by: <palette>
        d Example: See example under <palette>
    
    


<datatable> The <datatable> tag is used to specify a data file and the data table within that file that is to be used by the MAX template. A single MAX template can contain multiple <datatable> tags, but all of those tags must refer to the same data src file. Therefore, a single MAX template may access multiple data tables, but all of those data tables must be contained in a single .dat file.

    
    
        a Required properties: name, src
        b Optional properties: table
        c Used by: <mac>
        d Example:
        
            <datatable name=“categories” src=“package://movies.dat”/>
        
        
    
    


<event>The <event> tag is used to declare a global event for a given <page>. It is positioned outside of the <page> tag. It only supports one property, the onkey event handler which is used to define a behavior for a particular button on the remote for a given <page>. Refer to the onkey event handler and iskey( ) method for more details and examples.

    
    
        a Optional properties: onkey
        b Used by: <mac>
        c Example:
        
            <event onkey=“iskey(7);load(newPage.xml)”/>
        
        
    
    


<group> The <group> tag is a used to contain one or more objects. It is used for the following behaviors:

    
    
        a Relative positioning of all elements in the group to the x:y of the group. Makes for easier editing of templates when building layouts of complex structures
        b Animations: Grouping of one <image> tag whose src comes from a data array of P-frame images so that a <timer> can be performed against them, creating the appearance of an animated image
        c Tickers: Grouping of non-focusable objects so that the pagegroup( ) method can be performed against them, which updates the contents of the objects from a datatable. This is typically used for looping content tickers.
        d Visibility toggling: Grouping of focusable and/or non-focusable objects so that the entire group can be made hidden or visible through a single set( ) method to modify the hidden property of the group.
        e Paging: Grouping of objects, where the pagegroup( ) method is used and paging buttons are displayed to allow paging through the datatable array by a defined amount.
        f Required properties: height, name, width, x, y
        g Optional properties: hidden, nextbutton, paging, prevbutton, startindex
        h Used by: <page>
        i Example: See pagegroup( ) method for an example of <group>
        j NOTE: Groups should be used only when necessary and minimally. Excessive groups increase page drawing time and page complexity.
    
    


<image> The <image> object defines an image asset for rendering on screen. An <image> oject is not focusable, so the <button> object should be used to create a selectable image component. An<image> can be either a foreground image (.bmp) or an MPEG image (jpg or .bmp).

    
    
        a Foreground Images:
        
            2 Must be 4-bit .bmp files saved at 50% of their normal width
            2 Must have layer=“foreground” specified in the <image> tag
            3 Must use only the colors defined in the palette.xml file
            4 Can not be resized on the client, the width/height properties should reflect the actual width/height of the bitmap asset
            5 Support the border and bordercolor properties
            6 Can be included in a <group> and have a transition performed against them
            7 All built-in bitmaps are outlined in Appendix A: MAC-J Built-In Bitmap Images
        
        
        b MPEG Images:
        
            1 Must have layer=“middle” specified if a resulting P-Frame is desired.
            2 Must have layer=“background” (which is the default if not specified) if it is desired to have the image merged into the background I-Frame and a new I-Frame created
            3 Can be either .jpg and .gif format
            4 Can include thousands of colors
            5 Cannot be resized on the client. MAX markup should have the desired display width and height specified so that the image is sized accordingly before being merged into the I-Frame or converted to P-Frame
            6 No support for border and bordercolor properties
        
        
        c Required properties: height, name, src, width, x, y
        d Optional properties: bgcolor, hidden, layer
        e Used by:<page>, <group>
        f Example: The following image will be converted to a unique P-Frame by a Liberate Server:
    
    

















<image name=“headerImage” src=“mpegs/topheader.jpg”



layer=“middle” x=“20” y=“100” width=“200” height=“20” />










    
    
        
        
            The following image will be converted to a foreground bitmap by a Liberate Server:
        
        
    
    

















<image name=“headerImage” src=“mpegs/topheader.bmp”



layer=“foreground” x=“20”



y=“100” width=“200” height=“20” />










<include> The <include> tag references a separate MAX document to be included within the current document. This allows an application author to create a reusable module one time, and have it included in multiple templates that need the module. Effective use of included files helps to build an application that uses only the necessary run-time memory.

    
    
        a Required properties: src
        b Used by: <page>
        c Example:
        
            <include src=“navbar.xml”/>
        
        
    
    


<mac> The <mac> tag is a required, outermost container tag used to define the document type as being a MAC page.

    
    
        a Example:
    
    















1
<mac>


2
<page background=“my_bg.jpg” defaultfocus=“button_1”>


3
</page>


4
</mac>









    
    
        b Note:
        
            1 If you author AC applications with an XML editor that provides validation capabilities, you may import the MAX XSD schema to enable validation. Simply reference the schema in your <mac> tag at the begining of each MAX document:
        
        
    
    

















<mac xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”



xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=



“http://www.metatv.com/xml/ns/mac/macjc_1_0.xsd”



>










<navitem> The <navitem> tag is used on MAC-J to define the specific objects that can be navigated to from a defined object. It is typically used to override the auto generated navigation. The author defines a <navitem> and specifies the particular item through the object property using dot notation. The objects that can be navigated to from this object are defined using the navup, navdown, navleft, navright properties. The object property and the nav properties must be specified in the following format:















object=“@pageName.objectName









navup=”@pageName.objectName










    
    
        a Optional properties: navup, navdown, navleft, navright, object
        b Used by: <navmap>
        c Example:
    
    

















<navmap>



<navitem name=“myNav” object=“@myPage.button1”



navup=“@myPage.homeButton”



navdown=“@myPage.button2” />



</navmap>










<navmap> The <navmap> tag is a wrapper tag that can contain any number of <navitem> tags.

    
    
        a Used by: <mac>
        b Example:
    
    

















<navmap>



<navitem name=“myNav” object=“@myPage.button1”



navup=“@myPage.homeButton”



navdown=“@myPage.button2” />



</navmap>










<navtemplate> A<navtemplate> tag is used to define the colors and text styles for navigation components including <button> and <select>. Since <button> and <select> have various states: idle, focused, selected; a <navtemplate> is typically defined for each state and referenced via the appropriate <button> or <select> properties.

    
    
        a Required properties: name
        b Optional properties: color, bottomcolor, topcolor, leftcolor, rightcolor, style, textcolor
        c Used by: <page>
        d Example:
    
    














<navtemplate name=“tt_idle” textcolor=“white” style=“4”


color=“charcoal”


topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black”


rightcolor=“black” />


<navtemplate name=“tt_foc” textcolor=“black” style=“3” color=“gold”


topcolor=“grey”


leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” />


<navtemplate name=“tt_sel” textcolor=“white” style=“3” color=“red”


topcolor=“grey”


leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” />
















TABLE B.2.5







Font Styles









Font Type




Value
Style
Size












1
small
12


2
small, dropshadow
12


3 (DEFAULT)
medium
16


4
medium,
16



dropshadow


5
large
18


6
large, dropshadow
18









    
    
        e Notes: Avoid using any of the dropshadow styles when using black or dark text. The dropshadow color is always black, and dark text with a black dropshadow displays poorly on TV.
    
    


<page> The <page> tag is a required container object used to define all of the elements and layout for a single screen template. A<mac> document may only contain one set of <page></page> tags.

    
    
        a Optional properties: background, bgcolor, defaultfocus, main, selectedbutton
        b Event handler properties:onload
        c Used by: <mac>
        d Example:
        <page main=“true” background=“my_bg.jpg” defaultfocus=“@mylnclude.button—1”>
        e Notes:
        
            1 The main property is a REQUIRED property for the outermost shell page in a template or any page that is referred to via a load( ) method from another page. That is, the included files used by a file should not have the main property specified, but the outermost page containing these includes MUST have the main property set to ‘true’. This is required for the creation of a logical navigation map where multiple include files are being used in a template.
            2 The defaultfocus property is a REQUIRED property for any outermost shell page that is referred to via a load( ) method from another page. Defaultfocus is not required in MAX documents that are included files as they never get called directly via a load( ) method.
        
        
    
    


<palette> The <palette> tag is used to define a 16-color palette that can be used by any object that appears in the foreground graphics layer including: bitmap/vq images, textcolors, background colors, button colors, and rects. Each application must have one defined palette containing exactly 16 color tags and this must reside in a file called palette.xml. The primary users of palette-defined colors are buttons and text colors, and application specific foreground .bmp files. As such, there are dedicated positions in the 16-color palette file that are reserved for specific objects, default colors.

    
    
        a Positions 0-4 cannot be edited—they are reserved for default colors, transparency, and are suggested colors for text, focus buttons
        b Positions 5-7 are reserved for weather icon backgrounds and netop logos which are built into the client. These can be edited to modify the colors of these assets to fit your application. If you are not using weather icons or netop logos in your application, these values can be used for other purposes if so desired.
        c Positions 8-15 are available for application specific needs (other bitmaps, text colors, painting <rect> objects. They are defaulted to the colors specified below. If you have a VQ image or want to paint a certain color to the screen, these positions would be a good place to specify.
    
    









TABLE B.2.6







Palette Values and Uses










Palette

Assigned



Position
Name
Color
Usage













0
transparent
#000000
Transparency


1
black
#121212
Text dropshadow, default





bottom and right button





edge, suggested dark





text color


2
grey
#999999
Defult top and left button





edge, also used in weather





icons


3
white
#CCCCCC
Suggested light text color,





also used in weather icons


4
gold
#B5971D
Suggested focus button





color, also used in weather





icons


5
darkgreen
#062F2D
Weather icon bkg


6
logo_1
#BA252A
Color 1 used in netop logo


7
logo_2
#8F2B2B
Color 2 used in netop logo


8
orange
#BF7639


9
light_red
#97545B


10
blue
#5755A2


11
light_blue
#9DA6DF


12
turquoise
#7CB0BD


13
medium_green
#237746


14
light_green
#7F9E4A


15
purple
#5637AE









    
    
        d Used by: <mac>
        e Example: The following is the default palette that should be used when starting to build any application. The following piece of code could be copied into a file and named palette.xml. All applications should start with this palette, and the author should make edits to the colors as appropriate. For example, if your application does not require a weather icons or the MSO logo, then those palette positions can be edited and used for other reasons.
    
    

















<mac>



<palette>



<!-- DO NOT EDIT THESE FIVE COLOR VALUES -->









<color name=“transparent” value=“000000”/>









<color name=“black” value=“121212”/>









<color name=“grey” value=“999999”/>









<color name=“white” value=“CCCCCC”/>



<color name=“gold” value=“B5971D”/>









<!— THESE COLORS ARE RESERVED FOR WEATHER



AND LOGO ICONS, THEY MAY BE MODIFIED -->









<color name=“darkgreen ” value=“062F2D”/>



<color name=“logo_1” value=“BA252A”>



<color name=“logo_2” value=“8F2B2B”/>









<!— THESE ARE DEFAULT PALETTE COLORS AND



MAY BE MODIFIED -->









<color name=“orange” value=“BF7639”/>



<color name=“light_red” value=“97545B ”/>



<color name=“blue” value=“5755A2”/>



<color name=“light_blue” value=“9DA6DF ”/>









<color name=“turquoise” value=“7CB0BD ”/>



<color name=“medium_green” value=“237746”/>



<color name=“light_green” value=“7F9E4A ”/>









<color name=“purple” value=“5637AE ”/>









</palette>



</mac>










<rect> The <rect> tag renders a rectangular shape on screen. It is often used to draw a rectangular region in a certain color for object backgrounds, or to create vertical/horizontal lines. The color property of a <rect> must be specified in palette.xml as a rect shares the same 16-color palette as bitmap images and text.

    
    
        a Required properties: height, width, x, y
        b Optional properties: border, bordercolor, color, hidden, name, round, xradius, yradius
        c Used by: <page>, <group>
        d Example:
    
    

















<rect name=“myRect” width=“30” height=“15” x=“20” y=“200”



color=“000000”



round=“true” xradius=“10” yradius=“10” />










    
    
        e Notes: The <rect> tag can be effectively used to draw a horizontal line, similar to the <HR> tag in html. It is advised to use a 2 pixel minimum height for a horizontal line <rect> due to TV interlacing.
    
    


<select> The <select> object is a complex navigation structure that can be used to display an array of items in a confined space. The behavior of a select is to display as many options as will visibly fit in the allocated space, and provide a scrolling mechanism to navigate through the remainder of the list. A select can only display a list of text items which must be defined in a separate datatable and referred to via the required datasrc property of the select. A few of the major advantages of using the <select> control are:

    
    
        1 Allows the user to easily scroll through a long list of items without requiring multiple screens of content
        2 Allows for creation of navigation menus where there are more items than can fit in a given space.
        a Required properties: datasrc, height, hlheight, hlwidth, name, width, x, y
        b Optional properties: align, bgcolor, disabled, displayindex, hidden, index, maxcount, morenext, moreprev, optionpad, plane, startindex, navtemplate, navtemplatefocus, navtemplateselected, valign
        c Event handler properties: onfocus, onblur, onclick, onfocusoption
        d Used by: <page>
        e EXAMPLE: The following select list is used to display weather cities. It will display three options at any one time because the height of the entire select is 100 pixels and medium text size is about 25 pixels high. The select is dynamically populated by whatever the values are defined in the $$weather data tables list of cities.
    
    














<select name=“weathercity” plane=“vertical” x=“100” y=“20” height=“75” width=“200”


hlheight=“25” hlwidth=“200” maxcount=”3” navtemplate=“txt_idle”


navtemplatefocus=“txt_focus” navtemplateselected=“txt_selected


datasrc=”$$weather.city />









<text> A<text> tag specifies a location and region on screen for displaying text. The appearance of text is determined by the style and textcolor properties. Text supports multiline display, which is determined by the amount of text populating the object and the height specified for the object. If the height supports multiple lines of text, then the populating text will wrap at the specified width. Typically, a single line of medium sized text requires a minimum height of 20 pixels. The <text> object also supports paging across multiple screens.

    
    
        a Required properties: height, name, width, x, y
        b Optional properties: align, avoid, bgcolor, border, bordercolor, ellipsis, hidden, nextbutton, offsetx, offsety, paging, padding, prevbutton, prevpage, textcolor, startindex, style, valign
        c Inline formatting tags: The <text> tag supports two specific empty tags that can be used for formatting text with explicit line breaks. These can be included directly in MAX markup or within .dat files that are referenced by <text> objects.
        
            1<br />:Inserts a single line break
            2<p />: Inserts a two-line, line break
            
                i NOTE: Avoid using carriage returns when authoring a text value for a text object. Use the <br/> tag if you desire an explicit line break.
            
            
        
        
        d Used by: <page>, <group>
        e Example:
    
    

















<text name=“myText” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“100”



style=“3”>Thank you



for your order.<br/>You will receive it in 2 weeks.</text>










    
    
        f NOTES:
        
            1 Avoid using any of the dropshadow styles when using black text. The dropshadow color is always black, and black text with a black dropshadow displays poorly on TV.
            2 If there is more content than can fit within the defined area for the <text>, the text content will be truncated so that it does not exceed the defined area. In order to display more text than may be appearing, it would be necessary to increase the height and/or width of your text object to allow more lines of text to fit in the allocated space.
        
        
    
    


<timer> The <timer> object allows the application to run a series of specified actions at a specified rate or period. A<timer> can only be started using the start( ) method, and stopped using the stop( ) method.

    
    
        a Required properties: name, period
        b Optional properties: loop
        c Event handler properties:ontimer
        d Used by: <mac>
        e Example: The following example uses a <timer> to create the functionality of a headlines ticker which shows a new headline every 5 seconds. Each time the ontimer event is fired it makes uses the page( ) method to increment the counter.
    
    














<var id=“counter” type=“int”>0</var>


<timer name=“tickerTimer” period=“5000” ontimer=“pagegroup


(headline, $counter, headlineData)” />


<page main=“true” onload=“start(tickerTimer)”>


<group name=“headline” x=“100” y=“100”>


<text name=“myHeadline” x=“32” y=“44” width=“100” height=“50”


font=“myFont”


style=“4”></text>


</group>









<var> A<var> tag declares a variable to be used across the entire application, as all variables are global to an application. Variables are often used to store property values so that they may be passed from one template to another when properties need to be set on the target page by the referring page. <var> tags must be defined outside of the <page> tag.

    
    
        a Required properties: id, type
        b Used by: <mac>
        c Example 1: Simple variable declaration
        
            <var id=“myVar” type=“int”></var>
        
        
        d Example 2: Variable declaration with optional initialization for vars of type ‘int’<
        
            var id=“myVar” type=“int”>0</var>
        
        
        e Example 3: Variable declaration with separate initialization via set( ) for vars of type ‘string’. In order to initialize a var of type ‘string’ the set( ) method must be used in addition to the <var> declaration to set the var to an initial value.
    
    

















<var id=“myVar” type=“string”></var>



<page onload=’set($myVar, ‘Hello World’, string)”>










    
    
        f Example 4: Variable declaration with separate initialization via set( ) for vars specified in a datatable. In order to initialize a var of type ‘string’ the set( ) method must be used in addition to the <var> declaration to set the var to an initial value.
    
    

















<var id=“myVar” type=“string”></var>



<page onload=’set($myVar, $$myDataTable[0].headline, string)”>










    
    
        g Example 5: Variable Referencing. Vars are referenced with a $[varName] format.
        
            <text name=“header” x=“20” y=“20” width=“200” height=“20”>$myVar</text>
        
        
        h NOTE: The use of vars should be kept at a minimum to reduce variable object creation in client memory. It is advisable to reuse vars throughout the application if possible. For example, a variable used as a counter on various screens could be shared, since the counter will only be used for one screen at a given time.
    
    


<video> The <video> tag defines a region on the screen to display a scaled video feed of the broadcast channel. It is advised that the <video> object be sized at a width:height aspect ratio of 4:3. This feature is NOT supported on MAC-J Moto because the DCT set-top does not support video scaling. Only one <video> object per page is allowed.

    
    
        a Required properties: height, width, x, y
        b Optional properties: channel
        c Used by: <page>
        d Example:
        
            <video x=“0” y=“0” width=“320” height=“240” channel=“2”/>
        
        
    
    


4. Additional Client Tags
<arc> The <arc> tag renders an arc on screen. The (x1,y1)-(x2,y2) rectangle created defines the boundaries of the arc.

    
    
        a Properties: bevel, border, bordercolor, color, hidden, name, startangle, endangle, x1, x2, y1, y2, zorder
        b Used by: <page>, <group>
        c Example:
    
    














<arc name=“myArc” startangle=“10” endangle=“10” x1=“20” y1=“20”


x2=“100”


y2=“100”/>









<audio> The <audio> object activates an audio file for playing. It can be autoloaded via the on Load method for a given <page> object or by setting the state attribute to “play”. It can also be activated upon request (e.g. button on Click event), and looped or played only once.

    
    
        a Properties: cache, loop, name, src, state
        b methods: on Key
        c Used by: <mac>
        d EXAMPLE:
        
            <audio name=“audio—1” src=“audio1.mpg” loop=“true”/>
        
        
        e EVENT ACTIONS:
        
            1 If any audio asset on the current <page> has its STATE attribute set to “play” then the following will work:
            2 on Key(volumeUp)=setProperty(audio, volume, “up”): Increases the volume of the audio asset
            3 on Key(volumeDown)=setProperty(audio, volume, “down”): Decreases the volume of the audio asset
            4 Otherwise the same on Key events will control the volume of the TV object if it is included in the application.
        
        
    
    


<Ellipse> The <ellipse> tag renders an elliptical primitive on screen.

    
    
        a Properties: bevel, border, bordercolor, color, height, hidden, name, width, x, y, xradius, yradius, zorder
        b Used by: <page>, <group>
        c Example:
    
    














<ellipse name=“myEllipse” width=“30” height=“15” x=“20” y=“200”


xradius=“10” yradius=“1” />









<Font> The <font> tag is used to declare a particular font and its appearance for use by any element in the application. <font> templates are typically defined in a MAC application config file and referred to by the FONT attribute for a particular element. If a config file is not used, the <font> should be defined outside of the <page> declaration.

    
    
        a Properties: bold, cache, dropshadow, italic, name, size, src
        b Used by: <mac>
        c EXAMPLE:
        
            1 Fonts should be defined within the config file and then referred to by individual elements in the application through the FONT attribute. For example, a typical font declaration in a config file might look like:
            
                <font name=“myBoldFont” size=“20” style=“bold”/>
            
            
            2 An element in the application markup that desires a 20 point, bold font would simply refer to this font through the FONT attribute of the element:
            
                <button name=“myButton” font=“myBoldFont”/>
            
            
        
        
        d PLATFORM DETAILS: Some embodiments of the application client support only a limited number of font options, therefore those fonts are built into the client and can simply be referred to by their name. As a result, there is no need to declare a particular <font> for your application, simply have the element requiring a certain font type refer to its predefined name from the table below.
    
    









TABLE B.2.7







Font Types










Font Name
Style
Size
Notes





small
regular
12
Difficult to read on TV


medium
regular
16
Default font


large
regular
18
Good for large





text/headlines


small_bold
bold
12
Not advisable on some





set-tops, text runs





together.


medium_bold
bold
16
Default font


large_bold
bold
18
Appears very strong on





some set-tops


small_dropshadow
dropshadow
12
Too difficult to read on





some set-tops


medium_dropshadow
dropshadow
16
Most practical font for





dropshadow text on many





platforms


large_dropshadow
dropshadow
18









<form> The <form> tag is used to collect the values of a selected number of form elements so that their values can be submitted to a form target. A<form> can only contain <param> tags that are references to the desired elements in the markup whose values you wish to collect for the form submission. By separating the form from the elements that the form wishes to reference, it is possible to have multiple forms referencing a single element if so desired.

    
    
        a Properties: name, method, target
        b Methods: submit( )
        c Used by: <page>
        d EXAMPLE:
    
    














<form name=“entryForm” target=“processForm” method=“POST”>









<param idref=“checkbox1” />



<param idref=“checkbox2” />



<param idref=“zipcode” />







</form>









<Hidden> The <hidden> tag is a form element that has no visible features. It is used to handle extra data required by a form POST or GET.

    
    
        a Properties: name, value
        b Used by: <page>
        c EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<form name=“entryForm” target=“processForm”>









<textinput name=“zipcode”/>



<hidden name=“region” value=“West”>



<button name=“button1” src=“button.bmp”



onClick=“send(entryForm)”/>









</form>










<hotspot> The <hotspot> tag is used to create a rectangular selection box on screen. This tag is not supported by some embodiments of the application client.

    
    
        a Properties: disabled, height, hidden, name, navup, navdown, navleft, navright, width, x, y, zorder
        b Methods: on Focus, on Blur, on Click
        c Used by: <page>
        d EXAMPLE:
        <hotspot x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“20”/>
    
    


<line> The <line> tag renders a line primitive on screen.

    
    
        a Properties: color, hidden, name, width, x1, x2, y1, y2, zorder
        b Used by: <page>, <group>
        c Example:
    
    














<arc name=“myArc” startangle=“10” endangle=“10” x1=“20” y1=“20”


x2=“100”


y2=“100”/>









<option> The <option> tag is used to declare an individual option for a <select>, which can contain unlimited options. If the option is text, then the text string (label) should be wrapped within the <option> tag as in example 1above. If the option includes additional elements or other elements entirely, then those tags must be specified within the opening and closing <option> tags.

    
    
        a Properties: None
        b Used by: <form>
        c EXAMPLE: The following example illustrates a vertical select list that includes checkboxes and text strings in each option, allowing the author the select type navigation for making multiple selections using checkboxes. The x:y positions for the nested <checkbox> and text> tags are relative positions to the top, left pixel of the option rectangle which is determined by the <select> layout.
    
    

















<select name=“myChecklist” focustype“movable” plane=“vertical”



x=“100” y=“20”



rows=“3”>









<option>









<checkbox name=“check1” x=“2 y=“2” />



<text name=“option1” x=“20” y=“2” />









</option>



<option>









<checkbox name=“check2” x=“2 y=“2” />



<text name=“option2” x=“20” y=“2” />









</option>



<option>









<checkbox name=“check2” x=“2 y=“2” />



<text name=“option2” x=“20” y=“2” />









</option>









</select>










<param> The <param> tag is used to reference or point to another element in the markup for a single <page>, in order to collect the element's value for submission to a form target.

    
    
        a Properties: idref
        b Methods: submit( )
    
    


Used by: <form>

    
    
        a EXAMPLE:
    
    














<form name=“entryForm” target=“processForm” method=“POST”>









<param idref=“checkbox1” />



<param idref=“checkbox2” />



<param idref=“zipcode” />







</form>









<select> The <select> object is a complex navigation structure that can be used to display a list of <option> objects (text or images) within a confined space. The advantage of the <select> is that there can be an unlimited number of <option> objects available, but the interface only displays a few of them at any one time, allowing the user to scroll through them.
Behavior:

    
    
        1 Plane: A<select> can take three forms in its plane representation: vertical, horizontal, or both. The vertical form of the <select> is similar to a typical HTML select object. Once the <select> receives focus, the user can navigate up and down to view all of the options within the array. The horizontal form behaves the same way except the options are presented horizontally and the user navigates left to right to see more options in the list.
        2 Focustype: A<select> can take two forms in navigation behavior (moveable or fixed) through the fixed property. By default, a <select> uses movable focus allowing the user to actually move the focus up/down, or left/right over the viewable options. If the user gets to the last viewable option at either end of the <select> (e.g., sub item number seven), but there are still additional options that are not currently viewable (e.g., sub item number eight, etc.), then the options behind the focus and in the entire list continue to change until the user reaches the last option in the array. This behavior is akin to a typical HTML select control.
        3 In order to create a <select> with a fixed area of focus, the author must set the fixed attribute to true (e.g., <select fixed=“true”>. This automatically positions the focus area to the middle option in the list, when the user navigates to the <select>. Navigating up/down, left/right does not move the focus box as it is anchored, but rather rewrites the options in the viewable array so that the user may move the options in and out of the single, fixed focus window. By design, fixed focus select lists will loop through the available options, therefore never revealing any empty options as the user continues to navigate in one single direction through the <select>.
        a Properties: bgcolor, border, bordercolor, cols, disabled, optioncolor, optioncolorfocus, optioncolorselected, optionpad, overlay, overselector, fixed, font, height, hidden, textcolor, textcolorfocus, textcolorselected, name, navup, navdown, navleft, navright, plane, rows, template, underselector, width, x, y, xpad, ypad, zorder
        b Methods: on SelectFocus, on SelectBlur, on SelectClick, on SelectEnd, on End, on Begin
        c Used by: <page>, <group>
        d EXAMPLE: The following is an example of defining a horizontal <select> using a fixed focustype that displays 3 items in its interface. There are a total of 5 text items (options) that can be viewed in the select list by navigating left and right with the remote.
    
    

















<select name=“mainmenu” fixed=“true” plane=“horizontal”



x=“100” y=“20”



cols=“3” optioncolorfocus=“#FFCC00” textcolorfocus=“FFFFFF”



optioncolorselected=“#000000” textcolorselected=“#CCCCCC”>



<option>









<text name=“option1”>Item 1</text>









</option>



<option>









<text name=“option2”>Item 2</text>









</option>



<option>









<text name=“option3”>Item 3</text>









</option>



<option>









<text name=“option4”>Item 4</text>









</option>



<option>









<text name=“option5”>Item 5</text>









</option>



</select>










    
    
         The following is an example of defining a vertical <select> using a movable focustype that displays 3 items in its interface. There are a total of 5 items (options) that can be viewed in the select list by navigating up and down with the remote.
    
    














<select name=“mainmenu” plane=“vertical” x=“100” y=“20” rows=“3”>


<option>









<image src=“icon_a.bmp” />







</option>


<option>









<image src=“icon_b.bmp” />







</option>


<option>









<image src=“icon_c.bmp” />







</option>


<option>









<image src=“icon_d.bmp” />







</option>


<option>









<image src=“icon_e.bmp” />







</option>


</select>









<textlnput> A<textinput> object is a single-line region that accepts user text input via remote or keyboard. A<textinput> can support multiple lines of text input by specifying the multiline attribute. The <textinput> can have three states: idle, focused, and selected (once it is clicked). To indicate the different states, the application author can set bordercolor and bgcolor values for the states.

    
    
        a Properties: bgcolor, bgcolorfocus, bgcolorselected, border, bordercolor, bordercolorfocus, bordercolorselected, cursorcolor, disabled, font, height, hidden, textcolor, maxlength, multiline, name, navup, navdown, navleft, navright, password, template, width, x, y, zorder
        b Methods: on Focus, on Blur, on Click
        c Used by: <page>, <group>
        d EXAMPLE:
    
    














<text name=“ziptext” x=“10” y=“44”>Enter your zip:</text>


<textinput name=“zipcode” x=“32” y=“44” maxlength=“5” border=“1”


bgcolor=“#000000” border=“#FFFFFF” bgcolorfocus=“#CCCCCC”


bordercolorfocus=“#FFCC00” />









<transition> A transition is a process that is triggered by an action on a specified target object or group of objects. It moves the target object from its starting position to the new position specified by the <transition> tag.

    
    
        a Properties: clipx1, clipx2, clipy1, clipy2, duration, interval, endx, endy, name, state, type
        b Methods: on Finish
        c Used by: <page>
        d EXAMPLE: The following transition would be defined, ideally in the MAC.config file,
        
            for use by an element or group of elements.
            <transition name=“movemenu” endx=“0” endy=“320” type=“out” interval=“20”/>
            The XML markup for the application, a group of buttons comprising a menu panel is created:
        
        
    
    

















<group name=“menu” x=“0” y=“480”>









<button name=“button1” />



<button name=“button2” />









</group>










    
    
        
        
            Elsewhere in the XML markup, a button click fires an event to execute the movemenu transition upon the menu group by setting the value of the state attribute to play:
        
        
    
    














<button name=“showmenu” onClick=“setProperty(movemenu, state,


‘play’)”>Animate the menu</button>









5. Object Properties
Adtype: Indicates the type of ad to be displayed by the ad object: text, image or bitmap.

    
    
        1 EXAMPLE: adtype=“text”
        2 VALUE: String: text|image|bitmap
        3 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Align: Sets the horizontal alignment of text for a <text> object, <button> object, and within the options of a <select>.

    
    
        1 EXAMPLE: align=“center”
        2 VALUE: String: left|center|right
        3 DEFAULT: left
    
    


Avoid: The name of the object that should be avoided when displaying <text> that may overlap or run into that object. It is often used to control text wrapping around an image.

    
    
        1 EXAMPLE: avoid=“storylmage”
        2 VALUE: String
        3 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Background: The asset or video channel to display as the page background. A background can either be a graphic asset (.gif or jpg) or a TV video channel.

    
    
        1 To display an image (.gif or jpg) located in a directory within the same MAC channel as the referring template:
        2 background=“my_bkgjpg”
        3 To display an image (.gif or jpg) located in a directory within a different MAC channel as the referring template:
        4 background=“../otherChannelName/my_bkgjpg”
        5 To display an image (.gif or .jpg) located in a datatable within the same MAC channel as the referring template:
        6 <datatable name=“newsdata” src=“package://news.dat”/>
        7 <page main=“true” background=“$$newsData[0].image”>
        8 To display the previously tuned video channel as the background, use the tv: protocol:
        
            background=“tv:”
        
        
        9 To display a specific channel as the background video channel, include a channel paramater with the tv: protocol:
        
            background=“tv:36”
        
        
        10 NOTE: When using a background image or tv video for a page, do not also specify a bgcolor for the page. Bgcolor should only be used if no background image or tv video is desired, as bgcolor will be displayed and the background image/video will not.
        11 EXAMPLE: background=“bg_home.jpg”
        12 VALUE: String
        13 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Bgcolor

    
    
        1 Background color of the element.
        2 EXAMPLE: bgcolor=“black”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)
    
    


Border

    
    
        1 Pixel thickness of a border drawn around the element.
        2 EXAMPLE: border=“1”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Bordercolor

    
    
        1 Color of the element's border.
        2 EXAMPLE: bordercolor=“black”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: black (121212)
    
    


Bottomcolor

    
    
        1 The color used for the bottom edge of a button object.
        2 EXAMPLE: bottomcolor=“grey”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)
    
    


Hotspot

    
    
        1 Pixel thickness of a border drawn along the inside edge of a <button> to indicate focus and selection when a hotspot type of selection box is desired. By default, hotpsots will not be rendered since the default size is 0. If a hotpsot is desired, the suggested size is 4 pixels.
        2 EXAMPLE: hotspot=“4”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Hotspotfocus

    
    
        1 Color of the hotspot to be drawn around the defined area of a <button> when the button receives focus.
        2 EXAMPLE: hotspotfocus=“gold”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: gold (B5971D)
    
    


Hotspotselected

    
    
        1 Color of the hotspot to be drawn around the defined area of a <button> when the button is selected.
        2 EXAMPLE: hotspotselected=“grey”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: grey (999999)
    
    


Channel

    
    
        1 The number of the channel to display in the scaled <video> window.
        2 EXAMPLE: channel=“4”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Color

    
    
        1 When used with <rect> or <button> it is the fill color to use.
        2 EXAMPLE: color=“black”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: black (121212)
    
    


Datasrc

    
    
        1 The name of the datatable and data column within that table that should be used to dynamically populate the options in a select list. This must be formatted using the same syntax used to refer to data pieces elsewhere. The format follows: $$tableName[rowNumber].columnName.
        2 When using datasrc, the rowNumber is omitted and the format is simply: $$tableName.columnName
        3 EXAMPLE: datasrc=“$$weather.city”
        4 VALUE: String
        5 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Defaultfocus

    
    
        1 The name of the <button> or other focusable element that receives default focus when the page loads. This is only required in the outermost, main page and should not be specified in pages that are includes, unless those includes are called directly from a load( ) method.
        2 To reference an object within the current page document, only the object name needs to be specified.
        3 EXAMPLE: <page main=“true” defaultfocus=“go_button”>
        4 To reference an object within an included file, the included page name followed by the object name must be specified.
        5 EXAMPLE: <page main=“true” defaultfocus=“@story_include.next_button”>
        6 VALUE: String
        7 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Disabled

    
    
        1 Determines whether the element can be navigated to or not. An element may be disabled if other parameters need to be met in order to access the element. It is often used to make the downstate of a button in a navigation menu unselectable since it is the current location.
        2 EXAMPLE: disabled=“true”
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


Displayindex

    
    
        1 Defines which position in a <select> should receive initial focus when the user navigates to the select list.
        2 EXAMPLE: displayindex=“2”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT:0
    
    


Ellipsis

    
    
        1 Appends an ellipsis ‘ . . . ’ to the end of the text string displayed in a <text>, when the text string exceeds the available space allocated in the <text>
        2 EXAMPLE: ellipsis=“true”
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: false
    
    


Height

    
    
        1 Height (in pixels) of the element.
        2 EXAMPLE: height=“22”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Hidden

    
    
        1 Sets the visibility property of the element. All elements are visible by default.
        2 EXAMPLE: hidden=“true”
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


Hlheight

    
    
        1 The height of the highlight bar that is used in a <select> on MAC-J.
        2 EXAMPLE: hlheight=“25”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Hlwidth

    
    
        1 The width of the highlight bar that is used in a <select> on MAC-J.
        2 EXAMPLE: hlwidth=“200”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Id

    
    
        1 The name of the declared <var>
        2 EXAMPLE: <var id=“myVar”>
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Index

    
    
        1 When used with <select>:
        2 The index value of the option in the array of options for a <select>. It is used to store the index value of the option which currently has focus. This value is automatically updated as the user navigates through the select.
        3 EXAMPLE: index=“4”
        4 VALUE: Integer
        5 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Key

    
    
        1 The reference to the ad schedule entry in the location-list.xml file generated by Ad Server.
        2 EXAMPLE: .key=“42”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Layer

    
    
        1 The layer property indicates how the <image> should be rendered on the client. All images are defaulted to be merged into their background I-Frame. When layer=“middle” the image will be rendered as a P-Frame by the Liberate Server. When layer=“foreground” the .bmp image will be converted to a VQ bitmap for display in the 16 color foreground layer with <button> assets and text objects.
        2 EXAMPLE: layer=“middle”
        3 VALUE: String: background|middle|foreground
        4 DEFAULT: background
    
    


Leftcolor

    
    
        1 The color used for the left edge of a button object.
        2 EXAMPLE: leftcolor=“grey”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)
    
    


Link

    
    
        1 The element that is responsible for executing the action defined for an<ad>. An example of this would be having a separate <button> responsible for executing the action related to a text based <ad> which is not itself selectable.
        2 EXAMPLE: link=“goButton”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Loop

    
    
        1 Exectues the ontimer events for a <timer> the specified number of times. By default, the loop property is set to 0, which means it will loop indefinitely.
        2 EXAMPLE: loop=“3”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Main

    
    
        1 Indicates whether a <page> is a wrapper template and has the ability to refer to included files via the <include> tag.
        2 EXAMPLE: main=“true”
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


Maxcount

    
    
        1 The maximum number of options to display in a <select>.
        2 EXAMPLE: maxcount=“3”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Morenext

    
    
        1 The name of the object to hide if there are no more options off of the visible bottom or right-hand side of the <select> list. This object is visible as long as there are more options available that are not currently appearing on screen in the <select>. On some AC platforms, it may be more efficient to use of one of the built-in DCT special characters to display a text character solid arrow to indicate scroll direction. Using a vq image will require more memory and load latency.
        2 EXAMPLE: morenext=“forward_arrow”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Moreprev

    
    
        1 The name of the object to hide if there are no more options off of the visible top or left-hand side of the <select> list. This object is visible as long as there are more options available that are not currently appearing on screen in the <select>. On some AC platforms, it may be more efficient to use of one of the built-in DCT special characters to display a text character solid arrow to indicate scroll direction. Using a vq image will require more memory and load latency.
        2 EXAMPLE: moreprev=“back arrow”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Name

    
    
        1 The identifier associated with the element. Each object within a single page must have a unique name.
        2 When used with the <datatable> tag, it is the name of the datatable that is being referenced with the specified .dat file.
        3 EXAMPLE: name=“head txt”
        4 VALUE: String
        5 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navleft

    
    
        1 The identifier of the page and element on that page that should be given focus when the user selects the LEFT directional arrow on either the remote or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only used when the application author needs to specifically override the focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot notation: @pageName.objectName
        2 EXAMPLE: navleft=“@myPage.button1”
        3 VALUE: string
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navright

    
    
        1 The identifier of the element that should be given focus when the user selects the RIGHT directional arrow on either the remote or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only used when the application author needs to specifically override the focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot notation: @pageName.objectName
        2 EXAMPLE: navright=“@myPage.button1”
        3 VALUE: string
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navup

    
    
        1 The identifier of the element that should be given focus when the user selects the UP directional arrow on either the remote or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only used when the application author needs to specifically override the focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot notation: @pageName.objectName
        2 EXAMPLE: navup=“@myPage.button1”
        3 VALUE: string
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navdown

    
    
        1 The identifier of the element that should be given focus when the user selects the DOWN directional arrow on either the remote or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only used when the application author needs to specifically override the focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot notation: @pageName.objectName
        2 EXAMPLE: navdown=“@myPage.button1”
        3 VALUE: string
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navtemplate

    
    
        1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when in its idle state.
        2 EXAMPLE: navtemplate=“myTextTempate”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navtemplatedisabled

    
    
        1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when the disabled property is set to “true”.
        2 EXAMPLE: navtemplatedisabled=“myTextTempate”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navtemplatefocus

    
    
        1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when in its focused state.
        2 EXAMPLE: navtemplatefocus=“myTextTempate”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Navtemplateselected

    
    
        1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when in its selected state.
        2 EXAMPLE: navtemplateselected=“myTextTempate”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Nextbutton

    
    
        1 The identifier of the <button> element that is responsible for paging forward or incrementing through a pageable <text>. When specified within a text, it is implied that the text is a pageable text. It is also implied that this button will be hidden when the user is at the last page of text. This button must be used in combination with the page( ) method to execute the paging function. It is advised to not specify a bgcolor for a button being used as a nextbutton as it causes odd rendering when its visibility is toggled.
        2 EXAMPLE: nextbutton=“btn_next”
        3 VALUE: string
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Object

    
    
        1 The dot notation representation of the object on a page that is being defined for a <navitem>. The format must follow the defined syntax for all object references. It must be preceded with the ‘@’ symbol. It must also include the page name followed by the object name.
        2 EXAMPLE: object=“@myPage.myButton
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Offsetx

    
    
        1 The relative X position for rendering text associated with a <button>. It is relative to the top, left coordinate of the button when align=“left” (default). It is relative to the top, right coordinate of the <button> when align=“right”. It provides the author with pixel precise positioning of the text string as it appears on a <button>.
        2 EXAMPLE: offsetx=“5”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Offsety

    
    
        1 The relative Y position for rendering text associated with a <button>. It is relative to the top, left coordinate of the <button> when valign=“top” (default). >. It is relative to the bottom, left coordinate of the <button> when valign=“bottom”. It provides the author with pixel precise positioning of the text string as it appears on a <button>.
        2 EXAMPLE: offsety=“5”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Optionpad

    
    
        1 The number of pixels for spacing between options in a <select>
        2 EXAMPLE: optionpad=“3”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Padding

    
    
        1 The number of pixels for spacing between the text and the object it is avoiding, when avoid=true.
        2 EXAMPLE: padding=“4”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


Paging

    
    
        1 Indicates whether the <text> is pageable. This is used when the contents of the <text>exceed the defined area and multiple screens are needed to ‘page’ through the text using the page( ) method.
        2 When used with <group> it defines the group as pageable so that the page( ) method can be used to increment through the array of objects defined within the <group>. Only one object within the group can be displayed at a time. This is handy for creating animations that are comprised of multiple image objects representing the frames of the animation.
        3 EXAMPLE: paging=“true”
        4 VALUE: Boolean
        5 DEFAULT: False
    
    


Plane

    
    
        1 The plane or graphical representation of the <select> list, either vertical or horizontal
        2 EXAMPLE: plane=“horizontal”
        3 VALUE: String: vertical|horizontal
        4 DEFAULT: vertical
    
    


Period

    
    
        1 Period of time in milliseconds before the next action is to be exectued.
        2 When used with <transition> it is the period of time before the next frame in the transition.
        3 When used with <timer> it is the period of time before the next ontimer event is executed.
        4 EXAMPLE: period=“20”
        5 VALUE: Integer
        6 DEFAULT: 40
    
    


Prevbutton

    
    
        1 The identifier of the <button> element that is responsible for paging backwards or decrementing through a pageable <text>. When specified within a text, it is implied that the text is a pageable text. It is also implied that this button will be hidden when the user is at the last page of text. This button must be used in combination with the page( ) method to execute the paging function. It is advised to not specify a bgcolor for a button being used as a prevbutton as it causes odd rendering when its visibility is toggled.
        2 EXAMPLE: prevbutton=“btn_back”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Prevpage

    
    
        1 The name of the template that is used as the page 1 layout in a two-template paging system. This is typically used where page 1 has a different layout than all the other pages: 2 through [N]. It allows the template for page 2 through [N] to know which template to use when paging back to page 1. The startindex property must be used in conjunction with prevpage.
        2 EXAMPLE: prevpage=“pageOneTemplate”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Rightcolor

    
    
        1 The color used for the right edge of a button object.
        2 EXAMPLE: rightcolor=“grey”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)
    
    


Round

    
    
        1 Creates a rounded corner on all 4 corners of a <rect>.
        2 EXAMPLE: round=“true”
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: FALSE
    
    


Selectedbutton

    
    
        1 The current button in a menu of buttons that should automatically have its src set to the ‘select’ state asset when clicked. The selectedbutton property must be set to a defined variable, and the value stored in the variable will reflect which button in the menu should have its src in the ‘select’ state.
        2 EXAMPLE: selectedbutton=“$sportsButton”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Src

    
    
        1 When used with <image> it is the source graphic asset file to be used and must be either a .jpg or .bmp file.
        2 When used with <datatable> it is the .dat file containing the data table being used.
        3 EXAMPLE: src=“mylmage.bmp”
        4 VALUE: String
        5 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Startindex

    
    
        1 When used with <select>:
        2 Defines which data element to display in the first visible row/column of the select. The displayindex property should be used to define which element in the select should receive default focus when navigating to the select.
        3 When used with a paging <group>: The initial value to assign to the counter variable that is being used for paging through the group.
        
            i EXAMPLE: startindex=“3”
            ii VALUE: Integer
            iii DEFAULT: NONE
        
        
        4 When used with <text>: The startindex is used on page 2 of a 2 template paging system where page 1 has a different layout than all the other pages 2 through n. Startindex should be used on the page 2 through n template and refer to a variable which gets passed in by the referring template. It is used in conjunction with the prevpage property.
        
            i EXAMPLE: <text startindex=“$myStartIndexVar” prevpage=“templatePageOne”/>
            ii VALUE: Integer
            iii DEFAULT: 0
        
        
    
    


Style

    
    
        1 The style of text to display for a <text>or <navtemplate> that is referenced by a <button>. See Table 5 for font styles.
        2 EXAMPLE: style=“5”
        3 VALUE: Integer: 1|2|3|4|5|6
        4 DEFAULT: 3
    
    


Table

    
    
        1 The name of the table within a data file that is referenced via the <datatable> tag.
        2 EXAMPLE: table=“sports_articles”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Textcolor

    
    
        1 The color of the text string that is displayed as part of the element
        2 EXAMPLE: textcolor=“white”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: black (121212)
    
    


Topcolor

    
    
        1 The color used for the top edge of a button object.
        2 EXAMPLE: topcolor=“grey”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)
    
    


Type

    
    
        1 The type of variable being declared. Accepted values include: int|string
        2 EXAMPLE: type=“int”
        3 VALUE: int|string
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Valign

    
    
        1 Sets the vertical alignment of text for a <text> object, <button> object, or within the options of a <select>.
        2 EXAMPLE: align=“top”
        3 VALUE: String: top|middle|bottom
        4 DEFAULT: middle
    
    


Value

    
    
        1 Stores the hex value for a color defined in the <palette>
        2 EXAMPLE: value=“121212”
        3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as specified in palette.xml
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Width

    
    
        1 Width (in pixels) of the element.
        2 EXAMPLE: width=“90”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


X

    
    
        1 The X coordinate pixel indicating the absolute horizontal location of the element. In conjunction with y, x specifies the top-left pixel for the display of the element. When X is used with an element that is contained within a <group>then the X value is a relative position from the X position of the group. See <group>for an example.
        2 EXAMPLE: x=“320”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Xradius

    
    
        1 Number of pixels from the left and right edges of a <rect> to paint a curved edge
        2 EXAMPLE: xradius=“3”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 5
    
    


Y

    
    
        1 The Y coordinate pixel indicating the absolute vertical location of the element. In conjunction with x, y specifies the top-left pixel for the display of the element. When Y is used with an element that is contained within a <group>then the Y value is a relative position from the Y position of the group. See <group>for an example.
        2 EXAMPLE: y=“100”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


Yradius

    
    
        1 Number of pixels from the top and bottom edges of a <rect> to paint a curved edge
        2 EXAMPLE: yradius=“3”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 5
    
    


6. More Object Properties
A. bevel

    
    
        1 Specified the appearance of a bevel on a primitive object
        2 EXAMPLE: myEllipse.bevel=“up”
        3 VALUE: String—any of the following values: up|down|none
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


B. bold

    
    
        1 Boolean condition for declaring a font to be bold or not.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.font.bold=true
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


C. bordercolorfocus

    
    
        1 Color of the element's border when it receives focus. If this attribute is not specified, then it receives the same value as is specified for the bordercolor attribute.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.bordercolorfocus=#000000
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #000000
    
    


D. bordercolorselected

    
    
        1 Color of the element's border after it has been selected. If this attribute is not specified, then it receives the same value as what is specified for the bordercolor attribute.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.bordercolorselected=#000000
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #000000 (black)
    
    


E. cache

    
    
        1 Boolean value specifying whether the object should be cached or not. This attribute is not supported by some embodiments of the AC.
        2 EXAMPLE: mylmage.cache=true
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


F. campaign

    
    
        1 The ID for the ad campaign to be used by the <ad> tag.
        2 EXAMPLE: myAd.campaign=“42”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


G. checked

    
    
        1 The true/false state of whether a checkbox is checked or not. A Checkbox can be checked by default on page load by setting it to true.
        2 EXAMPLE: checkbox1.checked=true
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: false
    
    


H. cols

    
    
        1 Number of columns in the <select>. This can only be set to a value greater than 1 when the PLANE property is set to HORIZONTAL.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.cols=5
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 1
    
    


I. config

    
    
        1 The name of the config file to be used by the MAC application.
        2 EXAMPLE: <mac config=“virtualchannel.cfg”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: 1
    
    


J. cursorcolor

    
    
        1 The color of the cursor used in a <textinput>
        2 EXAMPLE: myTextlnput.cursorcolor=“#FFFFFF”
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #000000
    
    


K. Dropshadow

    
    
        1 Boolean condition for declaring a font to be dropshadow or not.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.font.dropshadow=true
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


L. Duration

    
    
        1 Total number of frames allowed in the execution of a <transition>.
        2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.duration=“500”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


M. endangle

    
    
        1 The angle (in degrees) to end the arc at. Must be greater than 0.
        2 EXAMPLE: myArc.endangle=20
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: NONE
    
    


N. EndX

    
    
        1 The absolute position of the destination X position for a <transition>.
        2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.endX=“420”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


O. EndY

    
    
        1 The absolute position of the destination Y position for a <transition>.
        2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.endY=“420”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


P. fixed

    
    
        1 Boolean indicating whether the <select>contains a fixed focus box or not. By definition, if a <select>has a fixed focus, then the options will loop in their display.
        2 EXAMPLE: myselect.fixed=“true
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: false
    
    


Q. focustype

    
    
        1 The type of navigation allowed by the <select>, either movable or fixed.
        2 EXAMPLE: myselect.focustype=‘fixed’
        3 VALUE: string: possible values include ‘movable’ or ‘fixed’
        4 DEFAULT: movable
    
    


R. FONT

    
    
        1 The font template to be used by the element.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.font=‘font5’
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


S. idref

    
    
        1 The name of the element to which a <param> tag is referring to in order to obtain its value.
        2 EXAMPLE: myForm.param[0]=“checbox1”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


T. Interval

    
    
        1 Period of time in milliseconds before the next action is to be exectued. When used with <transition> it is the period of time before the next frame in the transition. When used with <timer> it is the period of time before the next on Timer event is executed.
        2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.interval=“20”
        3 VALUE: Integer
    
    


default: None
U. Italic

    
    
        1 Boolean condition for declaring a font to be italic or not.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.font.italic=true
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


V. maxlength

    
    
        1 Number of characters that the text input can accept when accepting keyboard/remote input from the user.
        2 EXAMPLE: myTextlnput.maxlength=5.
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: none
    
    


W. Method

    
    
        1 Specifies the method, either POST or GET, for submitting a form.
        2 EXAMPLE:
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: POST
    
    


X. multiline

    
    
        1 Boolean condition indicating whether the <text>or <textinput>supports multiple lines of text.
        2 EXAMPLE: myTextlnput.multiline=true.
        3 VALUE: Boolean
        4 DEFAULT: False
    
    


Y. Optioncolor

    
    
        1 The background color of the <option>in a <select>when it is in its idle, non-focused state. If optioncolor is not defined, then the bgcolor of the <select>is used.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.optioncolor=‘#F0F0F0’
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #FFCC00 (yellow)
    
    


Z. Optioncolorfocus

    
    
        1 The background color of the <option> in a <select> when it receives focus. This property is used in tandem with the textcolorfocus property so that the item receiving focus can have a different background color and text color. When focustype=fixed, the optioncolorfocus attribute is permanently set on the middle option in its display since focus within the select list does not change.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.optioncolorfocus=‘#FFCC00’
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #FFCC00 (yellow)
    
    


AA. Optioncolorselected

    
    
        1 The background color of the <option> in a <select> when it is selected. This property is used in tandem with the textcolorfocus property so that the item receiving focus can have a different background color and text color. Oftentimes, when a selection in a <select>is made, focus will be applied to another element on the screen or the <page>will change.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.optioncolorselected=‘#F0F0F0’
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #FFCC00 (yellow)
    
    


BB. overlay

    
    
        1 The name of the object that will obscure the active drawing area for a <select>. A <select>using scrolling transitions needs this to properly overlay while animating. This attribute is not supported by some embodiments of the AC.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.overlay=myOverlay
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


CC. overselector

    
    
        1 The name of the object that the <select>will draw centered OVER the top of the selected item. This attribute is not supported by some embodiments of the AC.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.overselector=“select_cover”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


DD. Pageback

    
    
        1 The name of the element which executes a getPrevious( ) method upon a paging <group>.
        2 EXAMPLE:
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


EE. Pagenext 1 The name of the element which executes a getNext( ) method upon a paging <group>.

    
    
        2 EXAMPLE:
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


FF. password

    
    
        1 When set to true, all input is presented as asterisks (*).
        2 EXAMPLE: myTextlnput.password=true
        3 VALUE: boolean
        4 DEFAULT: false
    
    


GG. rows

    
    
        1 Number of rows in a <select>list object. This value can only be set to a value greater than 1 when the PLANE property is set to VERTICAL.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.rows=3
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 1
    
    


HH. size

    
    
        1 Used with <group>, it indicates the number of elements that are contained within the specfic group.
        2 EXAMPLE: myGroup.size=5
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
        5 Used with <font>, it indicates the point size of the font to be rendered:
        6 EXAMPLE: myFont.size=18
        7 VALUE: Integer
        8 DEFAULT: None
    
    


II. srcfocus

    
    
        1 The source asset file to be used by the element when it receives focus.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcfocus=mybutton_over.bmp
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: NONE
    
    


JJ. srcselected

    
    
        1 The source asset file to be used by the element after it has been selected
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcselected=mybutton_on.bmp
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: NONE
    
    


KK. srcfocusselected

    
    
        1 Used with <checkbox>and <radio>it is the source asset file to be used by the element when it receives focus and has already been checked
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcfocusselected=mycheckbox_checkedfocus.bmp
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: NONE
    
    


LL. srcref

    
    
        1 The name or ID of the element that should be used to display the particular <button>
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcref=button_template
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: NONE
    
    


MM. startangle 1 The angle (in degrees) to start the arc at. Must be greater than 0.

    
    
        2 EXAMPLE: myArc.startangle=20
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: NONE
    
    


NN. state

    
    
        1 Can be used with <audio>, <video>, <transition, or <timer>to indicate the current state of the action. The three accepted values are: stop, play, pause. The state attribute is always set to STOP by default.
        2 EXAMPLE: myAudio.state=“play”
        3 VALUE: String (stop|play|pause)
        4 DEFAULT: “STOP”
    
    


OO. target

    
    
        1 The filename of the target page to post form data to
        2 EXAMPLE:
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


PP. template

    
    
        1 The element template to be used by the current template for behaviors such as x,y text offsets, font formats, colors, etc.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.template=“myTextTempate”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


QQ. textx

    
    
        1 The X position of the text label associated with its element. This X value is a relative position to the elements X value. This is typically only used to override the position as defined by the element's align attribute or the position defined by the element template being used.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.textx=“5”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


RR. texty

    
    
        1 The Y position of the text label associated with its element. This Y value is a relative position to the elements Y value. This is typically only used to override the position as defined by the element's valign attribute or the position defined by the element template being used.
        2 EXAMPLE: button3.texty=“5”
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


SS. textcolorfocus

    
    
        1 The color of the text string that is displayed when the element receives focus. If the attribute is not specified, it inherits its value from the TEXTCOLOR attribute.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.textcolorfocus=#FFFFFF
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #000000 or inherits value from TEXTCOLOR
    
    


TT. textcolorselected

    
    
        1 The color of the text string that is displayed when the element has been selected. If the attribute is not specified, it inherits its value from the TEXTCOLOR attribute.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.textcolorselected=#CCCCCC
        3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0
        4 DEFAULT: #000000 or inherits value from TEXTCOLOR
    
    


UU. underselector

    
    
        1 The name of the object that the <select>will draw centered UNDER the top of the selected item. This attribute is not supported by some embodiments of the AC.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.underselector=“select_backdrop”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


VV. value

    
    
        1 The value of the element that is passed to the form target when a form referencing the element is submitted.
        2 EXAMPLE: myForm.hidden_l.value=“Secret Code 5”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


WW. Version

    
    
        1 The version number of the MAC XML being used.
        2 EXAMPLE: <mac version=“1.0”
        3 VALUE: String
        4 DEFAULT: 1
    
    


XX. volume

    
    
        1 Determines the volume of the audio or video asset.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySoundclip.volume=60
        3 VALUE: integer, range 1 to 100
        4 DEFAULT: 50
    
    


YY. x1

    
    
        1 The relative X screen position of the top left corner for a primitive.
        2 EXAMPLE: myArc.x1=320
        3 VALUE: Integer
        b DEFAULT: None
    
    


ZZ. x2

    
    
        1 The relative X screen position of the bottom right corner for a primitive.
        2 EXAMPLE: myArc.x2=320
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


AAA. Y1

    
    
        1 The relative Y screen position of the top left corner for a primitive.
        2 EXAMPLE: myArc.y1=320
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


BBB. Y2

    
    
        1 The relative Y screen position of the bottom rightcorner for a primitive.
        2 EXAMPLE: myArc.y1=320
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


CCC. Xpad

    
    
        1 The horizontal distance that options are drawn from the left edge of the <select>.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.xpad=3
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


DDD. ypad

    
    
        1 The vertical distance that options are drawn from the bottom edge of the <select>.
        2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.ypad=3
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: None
    
    


EEE. zorder

    
    
        1 The stacking order relative to other elements within the same parent <page>container. Higher numbers are drawn first, and lower numbers last. This attribute is not supported by some embodiments of the AC.
        2 EXAMPLE: myButton.zorder=3
        3 VALUE: Integer
        4 DEFAULT: 0
    
    


7. Object Methods
back( ). The back( ) method is used to return the user to the last page visited in the previous application. It cannot be used to return to the previous page within the current application. It is typically used with ad minisite pages, which are typically contained in a separate application so they can be accessible to all other applications. Upon visiting an ad minisite, a loadapp( ) is called to launch the minisite. To return back to the previous screen, the back( ) method is used to return back to the previous app and restore the specific page and state of that application.

    
    
        a FORMAT: back( )
        b EXAMPLE:
        
            <button name=“backBtn” x=“5” y=“5” onclick=“back( )”>Return to Portal</button>
        
        
    
    


iskey( ). The iskey( ) method is used to detect the remote control key that was pressed and execute a certain event based upon that selection. It accepts one parameter, the name of the key. The following are accepted string values:
0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9

    
    
        a FORMAT: iskey(keyName)
        b EXAMPLE:
        
            <event onkey=“iskey(3);load(sports.xml)”/>
        
        
    
    


load( ). The load( ) method is used to display a new page within the current application. It accepts one required parameter: the filename for the <page>to be loaded.

    
    
        a FORMAT: load(target)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5”



onclick=“load(newshome.xml)”>NEWS</button>










loadapp( ). The loadapp( ) method is used to launch an entirely different AC application from the current AC application. Upon doing so, the current application is completely dumped from memory and will need to be reloaded again if desired. It accepts two required parameters: the name of the application to load and the filename within that application that should be loaded. A single application can easily be broken up into several smaller applications. This would require using the loadapp( ) method to switch between apps, rather than the load( ) method which only switches pages within a single app.

    
    
        a FORMAT: loadapp(appName, fileName)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onclick=“loadapp(golf,



standings.xml)”>Launch the Golf Channel</button>










    
    
        page( ). The page( ) method is used to navigate through multiple screens of text content, one screen worth at a time. The method accepts two parameters, the name of the text object to perform the action upon, and the +1/−1 value for incrementing/decrementing. Typically page( ) is used with a single <text>to page forward and back. When used with <text>, the page( ) method only supports incrementing or decrementing by the value of 1. This is specified by indicating +1, or −1 as the value to page( ). Since a pageable <text>is usually populated by a dynamic data source, the client does not know in advance how many screens worth of content will be displayed. Therefore incrementing/decrementing by more than 1 is not supported, nor is jumping to a specific page number.
        a FORMAT: page(target, +1), page(target, −1)
    
    


EXAMPLE
Paging Text















<text name=“txt_story” x=“250” y=“113” width=“640”



height=“270”



textcolor=“e6e6e6” paging=“true” prevbutton=“btn_back”



nextbutton=“btn_next”>$$news[$index].story</text>



<!—PAGING BUTTONS - MUST APPEAR AFTER THE PAGING



TEXT IN THE



MAX MARKUP →



<button name=“btn_back” x=“100” y=“440” width=“100”



height=“100”



onclick=“page(txt_story, −1)”>BACK</button>







<button name=“btn_next” x=“400” y=“440” width=“100”


height=“100”


onclick=“page(txt_story, +1)”> NEXT</button>









Pagegroup( ). The pagegroup( ) method is used for incrementing through an array of data for one or more objects in a <group>. It is typically used for three types of behaviors:

    
    
        1 Looping forward through an array of data rows, one row at a time
        2 Paging, non-looping, using paging buttons, through an array, one row at a time—either forward or back to the beginning or end of the array.
        3 Paging, non-looping, using paging buttons, through an array by N number of rows at a time—either forward or back to the beginning or end of the array.

The method accepts 3 required paramaters, and one optional paramater which is only used when a non-looping paging group with buttons is desired.

        a FORMAT: pagegroup(groupName, $counterVar, datatableName, incr/decr value[optional])
        b EXAMPLE 1—LOOPING TICKER: The following example illustrates using a timer and the pagegroup( ) method to populate a looping sports scores ticker, where sports data is coming from a datatable called ‘scores’. The pagegroup( ) method increments by one each time it is called, iterating and looping through all of the rows in the datatable.
    
    














<page onload=“start(tickTmr)” >


<timer name=“tickTmr” period=“4000” ontimer=“pagegroup(tickGrp,


$counter, scores);” />









<group name=“tickGrp” x=“200” y=“100” width=“180”



height=“50”>



<text name=“team1” x=“0” y=“0” width=“180” height=“20”>



$$scores[$counter].t1</text>









<text name=“team2” x=“0” y=“25” width=“180”



height=“20”>



$$scores[$counter].t2</text>



<text name=“team3” x=“200” y=“0” width=“180”



height=“20”>



$$scores[$counter].t3</text>



<text name=“team4” x=“200” y=“25” width=“180”



height=“20”>



$$scores[$counter].t4</text>









</group>










    
    
        c EXAMPLE 2—NON-LOOPING PAGING GROUP WITH PAGING BUTTONS: The following example illustrates using the pagegroup( ) method to populate a group of text objects for a display that contains two sports scores per screen. Paging buttons are needed so that the user can page through the total array of scores, two at a time. This requires that the group be defined as a ‘paging’ group and prevbutton/nextbutton properties are defined. It is similar to a paging text where the prevbutton does not appear at the beginning of the array, and the nextbutton does not appear at the end of the array.
        
            1 Two <vars>for the counters must be defined and initialized to the 0, 1 positions of the data array:
        
        
    
    

















<var id=”ctr1” type=”int”>0</var>



<var id=”ctr2” type=”int”>1</var>










    
    
        
        
            2 Elsewhere in the page, a single group is defined, containing the layouts for two scores blocks. This group will be paged through by the buttons below. NOTE: It is important to only use a single group here to keep page drawing fast.
        
        
    
    














<group name=“tickGrp_1” x=“200” y=“100” width=“180” height=“50”


paging=“true”


prevbutton=“btn_back” nextbutton=“btn_next”>









<text name=“tm1” x=“0” y=“0” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].t1</text>



<text name=“tm2” x=“0” y=“25” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].t2</text>



<text name=“sc1” x=“200” y=“0” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].s1</text>



<text name=“sc2” x=“200” y=“25” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].s2</text>



<text name=“tm3” x=“0” y=“50” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].t1</text>



<text name=“tm4” x=“0” y=“75” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].t2</text>



<text name=“sc3” x=“200” y=“50” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].s1</text>



<text name=“sc4” x=“200” y=“75” width=“180”



height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].s2</text>







</group>









    
    
        d Using paging buttons, each click calls two pagegroup( ) methods, one for each counter variable that needs to be updated. Notice that the value to increment is +/−2 since we want each group to increment by 2 items in the data array, because there are two scores displayed per screen. Also notice that a redraw( ) is explicitly called after the pagegroup( ) to force a redraw of the group and all its child elements.
    
    














<!—PAGING BUTTONS - MUST APPEAR AFTER THE PAGING


GROUP IN THE MAX MARKUP →


<button name=“btn_back” x=“100” y=“440” width=“100”


height=“100” onclick=“


pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr1, scores_data, +2);


pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr2, scores_data, +2);


redraw(tickGrp1)”>BACK</button>


<button name=“btn_next” x=“400” y=“440” width=“100”


height=“100” onclick=“


pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr1, scores_data, −2);


pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr2, scores_data, −2);


redraw(tickGrp1)”>NEXT</button>









redraw( ). The redraw( ) method is used to specifically define an object that must be re-rendered on screen in order to reflect an action or change that may have been performed upon it. It accepts one required parameter: the name of the object you wish to redraw. The redraw behavior is implicit in the set( ) method, but sometimes it is necessary to explicitly call the redraw( ) method for the change to render on screen. The redraw( ) method is typically used following a set( ) method, for example when an image src is set to a new value and that new image needs to be drawn to the screen.

    
    
        a FORMAT: redraw(target)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” src =“button_off.bmp”



textcolor=“000000”



onclick=“set(@myImage.src,



‘newimage.bmp’);redraw(myImage)”>Change image</button>










set( ). The set( ) method is used to change the value of a variable and/or assign a new value to an object property. The set( ) method also performs a redraw( ) on the screen after it is executed. The set( ) method accepts three parameters:

    
    
        1 The object property or variable that is being modified
        2 The value being assinged to the object property or variable
        3 The type (string or int) of the value.

The set( ) method can be used to set an object property within the current MAX page using the following syntax:

        a Format: set(@objectName.objectProperty, newPropertyValue)
        b Example: set(@myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)

The set( ) method can also be used to set an object property on another MAX page using the following syntax:

        a Format: set(@pageName.@objectName.objectProperty, newPropertyValue)
        b Example: set(@index.myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)

The following defines the various combinations that can be authored using the set( ) method:

        1 Set an object property on the current page to a string (type value is not needed)
        
            set(@myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)
        
        
        2 Set an object property on another page to a string
        
            set(@newsHome.myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)
        
        
        3 Set an object property to an integer
        
            set(@myTimer.period, 500, int)
        
        
        4 Set a var to a string or integer
        
            set($myVar, ‘Hello World’, string)
            set($myVar, 420, int)
        
        
        5 Set a var to the hold the value of an object property.
        
            set($myVar, @myText.text, string)
            set($backURL, @weatherPage.name, int)
        
        
        6 Set a var to a datatable reference
        
            set($myStory, $$news[$counter].article)
        
        
        7 Set the a var back to its original value as defined in the <var> tag (only first param is needed)
    
    


set($myVar)

    
    
        a FORMAT: set(objProp or var, value, type)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“100”



onclick=“set(@myText.textcolor, ‘grey’);redraw(myText)”>Change



text







color</button>
















TABLE B.2.8







Object Properties that can be modifed via set( ):









Object
Property
Example





<button>
disabled
set(@myButton.disabled, true)



hidden
set(@myButton.hidden, true)



text
set(@myButton.text, ‘New Button Text’)



offsetx
set(@button_object.offsetx,’15’)



offsety
set(@button_object.offsety,‘15’)


<group>
hidden
set(@myGroup.hidden, true)


<page>
background
set(@myPage.background,




$$newsdata[$counter].bkg)


<rect>
border
set(@myRect.border, 4)



bordercolor
set(@myRect.bordercolor, ‘green’)



color
set(@myRect.color, ‘black’)



hidden
set(@myRect.hidden, true)



round
set(@rect_object.round, true)



xradius
set(@rect_object.xradius, 15)



yradius
set(@rect_object.yradius, 15)


<select>
index
set(@mySelect.index, 0)


<text>
bgcolor
set(@myText.bgcolor, ‘green’)



border
set(@myText.border, 4)



bordercolor
set(@myText.bordercolor, ‘white’)



hidden
set(@myText.hidden, true)



text
set(@myText.text, ‘This is new text’)



textcolor
set(@myText.textcolor, ‘black’)



style
set(@myText.style, 4)









setfocus( ). The setfocus( ) method allows you to specify the name of a <button>or other focusable object that the focus should be applied. It accepts one parameter: the name of the object to apply focus. Setfocus( ) should not be used to apply default focus when loading a page. Rather, the defaultfocus property of the <page>should be defined for this behavior.

    
    
        a FORMAT: setfocus(target)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    














<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“100”


onclick=“setfocus(home_button)”>Apply focus to Home button</button>









settimedate( ). The settimedate( ) method is used to query the set-top for the current time/date and set the retrieved string value to a defined text string in the application representing the time/date in one of many available formats. The method accepts two parameters, the type of format for display, and the text object property to set.

    
    
        a FORMAT: settimedate(format, @textObjectName.text)
        b ACCEPTED VALUES:
    
    









TABLE B.2.9







Accepted values for setimmediate( )









FORMAT
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE





full
Full date and time
Apr 11, 2002 10:25pm


date1
Full date
Apr 11, 2002


date2
Numeric format of date
4/11/2002


date_s
Abbreviated month, day
Apr 11


time1
Regular time
10:25pm


time2
Military time
22:25


year
Year
2002


month
Numeric value of month
5


month_s
Abbreviated string of month name
Apr


month_l
Full string of month name
April


mday
Numeric day of the month
11


wday
Abbreviated string of day of the week
Thur


hour
Numeric value of hour
22


min
Numeric value of minute
25


sec
Numeric value of second
30


ampm
Indicates am or pm
pm









    
    
        c EXAMPLE: The following example, on page load, sets the text property of myDateText to the string that is obtained through the settimedate( ) call and displays it in the ‘full’ format. A separate <timer> object would need to be defined to continually update the text string on screen as the time changes.
        
            <page onload=“settimedate(full, @myDateText.text)”>
        
        
    
    


start( ). The start( ) method is used to begin running a <timer> or <transition>. It accepts two parameters: the name of the object to ‘start’ and an optional target attribute. The optional target attribute is used only with <transition>, where the target is the name of the object that the timer should be performed upon.

    
    
        a FORMAT: start(timer name, target object)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    














<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“100”


onclick=“start(animTimer)”>Start the timer</button>









stop( ). The stop( ) method is used to stop running a <timer>. It accepts one parameters: the name of the <timer>to ‘stop’.

    
    
        a FORMAT: stop(timer name)
        b EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100”



height=“100”onclick=“stop(animTimer)”>Stop the timer</button>










    
    
        submit( ). The submit( ) method is used to submit form data via the protocol specified by the form's method property, either Post or Get.
        a EXAMPLE:
    
    

















<form name=“myForm” method=“POST”>



</form>



<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” src =“button_off.bmp”



onClick=“submit(myForm)”>Submit</button>










vod( ). The vod( ) method is used to establish a session with a Seachange VOD server through the Liberate VOD Gateway. This method accepts three parameters:

    
    
        1 Asset_ID—The 10 digit asset ID provided by the Liberate VOD Gateway
        2 Title—The text string title to be displayed in the VOD Trick Mode bar
        3 Duration—The text string for the length of the video asset to be displayed in the VOD Trick Mode bar

All paramaters passed through the vod( ) method must be obtained form a datatable residing in a separate .dat file.

        b EXAMPLE:
    
    














<button name=“video” x=“20” y=“20” width=“100” height=“25”


onclick=“vod($$video[0].id, $$video[0].title, $$video[0].duration)”>


Watch a


video</button>









    
    
        1 NOTE: All vod related data must be contained in a defined datatable format, with defined tag names. The following table structure, tag names, and tag order must be used:
    
    

















<video>









<row number=“n”>



<title> string </title>



<id> 10 digit VOD Gateway ID </id>



<summary> string </summary>



<duration> string </duration>



</row>









</video>










watchtv( ). The watchtv( ) method is used to exit the application and return to fullscreen broadcast television. It replicates the same behavior as pressing the EXIT button on the remote control, completely exiting the current application.

    
    
        a FORMAT: watchtv( )
        b EXAMPLE: The following example would return the user to the previously viewed
    
    

















broadcast channel at fullscreen via a button click



<button name=“exit” x=“20” y=“20” width=“100” height=“25”



onclick=“watchtv( )”>TV</button>










8. Object Event Handlers
Onblur. The onblur handler fires an event when focus is removed from the current element.

    
    
        a example:
    
    














<button name=“myButton” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“20”


onblur=“set(@myText.text, ‘Default text string again’)” />









Onclick. The onclick handler fires an event when the current element is selected.

    
    
        a example:
    
    














<button name=“myButton” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“20”


onclick=“load(newPage.xml)”/>









Onfocus. The onfocus handler fires an event when focus is given to the current element.

    
    
        a example:
    
    














<button name=“myButton” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“20”


onfocus=“set(@myText.text, ‘A new text string’)” />









Onfocusoption. The onfocusoption handler fires an each time any option in a <select>receives focus.

    
    
        a example:
    
    














<select name=“mod_select” hlwidth=“330” hlheight=“25” x=“65”


y=“155” width=“330”


height=“175” plane=“vertical” align=“left” valign=“middle”


navtemplate=“tt_idle”


navtemplatefocus=“tt_foc” navtemplateselected=“tt_sel”


startindex=“0” maxcount=“7”


datasrc=“$$mod_newreleases.title” moreprev=“uparrow”


morenext=“downarrow”


onfocusoption=“set($counter, @mod_select.index, int);redraw(jacket)”


onclick=“load(newreleases_detail.xml)” />









Onkey. The onkey handler fires an event when a specified button is pressed on the remote control.

    
    
        a example: The onkey handler can only be used within a <page> tag. The first method the onkey event handler MUST have is iskey(KEY_ID); If the key pressed by the user matches the specified KEY_ID, then every action following iskey( ) is executed; otherwise, nothing happens. Onkey events allow the application author to create shortcuts for desired functionality. For instance, rather than navigating to the eighth button in a navigation menu, the interface could have an “8” next to the button, indicating to the user that pressing the “8” button on the remote will achieve the same functionality as navigating to the “8” button in the interface and pressing ‘Select’ on the remote. The following example checks to see if the user pressed the ‘8’ key on the remote. If so, then it performs the specified page load.
        
            <event onkey=“iskey(8);load(sports.xml)”/>
        
        
    
    


Onload. The onload handler fires an event when a page is loaded.

    
    
        a example:
        
            <page main=“true” onload=“start(myContentTicker)”>
        
        
    
    


Ontimer. An ontimer event is used to fire one or more events after the specified period of the timer has expired.

    
    
        a example:
    
    

















<timer name=“myTimer” loop=“false” period=“1000”



ontimer=“set(@myText.text, ‘The timer is complete!’)” />










Part 2: A Further Example.
FIGS. 4A-4OO illustrate an example of an XML schema that is supported by the application client, executing on a network terminal or set-top box, which enables application definitions to conform to a common application framework deployable over multiple network configurations such as that described herein. The embodiment depicted in these illustrations demonstrates the unification of ad campaigns and commerce products across networks and applications. In another embodiment, the XML schema elements can also refer to business rules objects managed by the client system.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
generating, at an application server, an interactive television (iTV) application which includes an application template, programming rules, and a dynamic data file, wherein the application template specifies layout and behavior of the iTV application and refers to the programming rules for selecting content from the dynamic data file to be placed at a location within the layout of the iTV application, wherein the selection of the content from the dynamic data file is based on multiple selection criteria in the programming rules, and wherein the programming rules include additional criteria for selecting a device, chosen among the application server and one or more client devices, to evaluate the multiple selection criteria to perform the selection of the content from the dynamic data file;
storing the application template, programming rules, and the dynamic data file as separate files in a centralized application management system;
optimizing the iTV application for delivery from the centralized application management system by converting the content in the dynamic data file to a specific format displayable by a particular client device of the one or more client devices; and
delivering the optimized iTV application including the application template, the programming rules, and the converted dynamic data file as separate files to the particular client device over a distribution network.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the iTV application comprises one or more of interactive program guides, television menus, content services, virtual channels, video on demand applications, personal video recorder applications, broadcast on demand applications, enhanced television services applications, help, customer support, self service, games, and data service applications.

3. The method of claim 2 further comprising delivering the optimized iTV application to the one or more client devices in response to requests from the one or more client devices, respectively.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the iTV application conforms to an extensible markup language (XML) authoring specification.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein presentation of the content by the one or more client devices is accomplished through interpreting the application template according to the XML authoring specification.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the programming rules comprise rules for automating the selection of product offerings, promotions, advertising campaigns, video-on-demand, broadcast-on-demand, transactional opportunities, or other types of content across disparate television services.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple selection criteria include one or more of location, current channel, current channel family, current channel category, time of day, offering category, current program, current program genre, current iTV application, current content type, and subscriber profile.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the programming rules include subscriber-specific rules according to a subscriber profile associated with the particular client device.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the iTV application is configured to respond in a subscriber-specific manner to user interactions with the iTV application at the one or more client devices.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the programming rules are selected dynamically at the time of execution of the iTV application.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the iTV application accommodates the programming rules, so as to permit a selection and use of a specific programming rule at a time of execution of the iTV application.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the iTV application conforms to an authoring specification, which provides a common model for provisioning, managing, deploying, advertising, commerce, layout, animation, events and navigation, dynamic data insertion, and optimization of the iTV application across different iTV operating environments.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the generating of the iTV application is performed by one or more servers located at a data center;
the optimizing is performed at a distribution center; and
the centralized application management system is located remotely from the data center and the distribution center.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
delivering the generated iTV application from the data center to the centralized application management system;
delivering the stored iTV application from the centralized application management system to the distribution center; and
delivering the optimized iTV application from the distribution center to the particular client device over the distribution network.

15. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
generating updated programming rules;
replacing the programming rules stored on the centralized application management system with the updated programming rules; and
delivering the updated programming rules to the particular client device over the distribution network.