STATE OF VERMONT 

ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

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Ploof & Loney ZBA Application } Docket No. 104-5-06 Vtec 

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Ploof Notice of Violation } Docket No. 247-10-06 Vtec 

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Interim Decision on Partial Summary Judgment Motion

 Richard and Robin Ploof own a recreational vehicle that they maintain on property 

owned by William and Wanda Loney along the Georgia shore of Lake Champlain. They wish to 

replace their current recreational vehicle with a slightly larger one. Their request for a zoning 

permit for the larger recreational vehicle was denied, leading to the first appeal now pending 

before this Court. Appellants filed the second appeal with this Court after the Town Zoning 

Administrator gave notice that the Ploofs’ current recreational vehicle was impermissibly located 

within the side yard setback. Both appeals focus our attention upon a principal legal question: 

whether the current or proposed recreational vehicle is a “structure” as that term is used in the 

Town of Georgia Zoning Regulations (“Regulations”). We address that principal legal question 

in this Decision. 

In the first appeal, Docket No. 104-5-06 Vtec, Appellants Richard Ploof, Robin Ploof, 

William Loney, and Wanda Loney (hereinafter collectively referred to as “Appellants”) appealed 

from a decision of the Town of Georgia (“Town”) Zoning Board of Adjustment (“ZBA”) dated 

April 17, 2006, denying their application to replace an 8-foot wide by 28-foot long movable, 

wheeled recreational vehicle, consisting of 224 square feet of living space, with a 280 squarefoot recreational vehicle1

 on a tract of land located at 2869 Georgia Shore Road in the Lakeshore 

(“L-1”) zoning district. In the second appeal, Docket No. 247-10-06 Vtec, the same Appellants 

appealed from a decision of the ZBA dated September 28, 2006, denying Appellants’ appeal of a 

Notice of Violation (“NOV”) dated May 11, 2006, which concluded that the current recreational 

vehicle was unlawfully located within the side yard setback. 

                                                

1    Appellants’ application suggests four alternate dimensions for the replacement recreational vehicle: (1) 8-foot 

wide by 35-foot long; (2) 10-foot wide by 28-foot long; (3) 111⁄2-foot wide by 24-foot long; and (4) 12-foot wide by 

17-foot long. All proposals would sit on a concrete pad of similar dimensions, abutting the boundary line to the 

north. 
2

Appellants are represented by Marc E. Wiener, Esq.; the Town is represented by Will S. 

Baker, Esq.; and Interested Persons Richard E. Carroll, Judith J. Carroll, Laura J. Carroll, Esq., 

Mark Cyr, Kimberly Cyr, Gary Trivento, and Judith Trivento represent themselves. 

Docket Nos. 104-5-06 Vtec and 247-10-06 Vtec were consolidated on November 17, 

2006, pursuant to a stipulation of the parties. Now pending for the Court’s consideration is the 

Town’s motion for partial summary judgment on Question 1 of Appellants’ Statement of 

Questions in both dockets. Appellants filed memoranda and affidavits in opposition to the 

Town’s pending motion.2 Interested Person Laura J. Carroll filed a legal memorandum in 

support of the Town’s motion. The Town seeks an affirmative answer to the principal question 

of whether the current and proposed recreational vehicles, as used in the past and proposed to be 

used in the future, are “structures” as that term is defined in the Town of Georgia Zoning 

Regulations. For the reasons detailed below, we conclude that these recreational vehicles 

constitute “structures” under the Georgia Zoning Regulations. 

Factual Background

The following material facts are gleaned from the filings in both dockets. Where disputed, we 

have viewed the material facts in a light most favorable to Appellants. 

 1. William and Wanda Loney own a tract of land located at 2869 Georgia Shore 

Road in the Town’s L-1 Lakeshore zoning district. 

 2. The Loneys’ tract of land is bisected by the Georgia Shore Road, with an area of 

approximately 60′ by 60′ lying on each side (easterly and westerly) of the right-of-way.3

 

 3. The westerly portion of the Loneys’ tract is improved with a seasonal camp 

owned and used by the Loneys. 

                                                

2

 The Town first moved only in Docket No. 104-5-06 Vtec for summary judgment on all disputed issues. See 

Town’s Mot. for Summ. J. filed September 29, 2006. On November 21, 2006, the Town moved to alter and convert 

its previous motion to a motion for partial summary judgment in both of the consolidated dockets, on the sole 

question of whether the existing or proposed recreational vehicles constitute a “structure” as that term is defined in 

the Regulations. While the caption in Appellants’ responsive filings only references Docket No. 104-5-06 Vtec, we 

have considered Appellants’ filings as being in opposition to the Town’s motion for partial summary judgment in 

both of the consolidated dockets. 

3

  Whether the tract constitutes one lot, or whether instead the right-of-way subdivides the tract into two lots, is a 

matter of dispute we are not asked to address in the pending motion. Even if the tract is held to be one lot, it does 

not meet the one-acre minimum lot size requirement for the L-1 zoning district. 
3

 4. The easterly portion of the tract is improved with a concrete pad or slab that abuts 

the northerly side boundary, upon which sits a movable, wheeled recreational vehicle (“RV”) 

owned by the Loneys’ daughter and son-in-law, Robin and Richard Ploof. 

 5. The existing RV is eight feet wide and twenty-eight feet long, with an additional 

two-foot hitch extension. The concrete pad is slightly larger in area than the RV. 

 6. Appellants have installed utility hook-ups near the concrete pad. The RV is 

connected by a flexible hose to an underground concrete septic tank. It is connected by a garden 

hose to a water supply, and is also connected to a propane tank and to electric service through the 

nearby hook-ups. 

7. While it is possible to disconnect the utilities connections and move the trailer 

with the aid of a truck, the RV has not been moved significantly since it was first placed on the 

land in 1993.4

 

 7. The current RV was first placed on the land in 1993, replacing a smaller trailer 

that had been on the land since 1977. It is unclear whether another trailer was on the land prior 

to 1977. 

 8. The concrete pad and utility hook-ups were constructed and installed on the land 

sometime between 2001 and 2003. 

 9. The Ploofs occupy the RV on weekends during summer and early fall (May 1 

through November 30). In the past, the Ploofs have disconnected the utilities and stored the RV 

on the property during the winter months. While the current RV was moved on one or more 

occasions, including being moved to a neighbor’s property while the concrete pad was 

constructed, there was no evidence presented that the current RV has left the property, other than 

for the concrete pad construction, in the last 13 years. 

 10. The current RV was registered with the Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles 

(“DMV”) when it was first placed on the land in 1993. The Ploofs subsequently allowed the 

registration to lapse, but renewed the registration after the ZBA issued its denial of their appeal 

in 2006. The RV remains currently registered with DMV. 

                                                

4

 While Appellants appear to concede that the RV “has remained in its present location since placed on the lot in 

1993,” Appellants’ Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. at 2, Appellants note in their supplemental memorandum, 

filed with the Court on December 7, 2006, that the RV was moved at least once to allow for the installation of the 

concrete pad upon which it now rests. 
4

 11. In the first appeal, Appellants sought zoning approval to replace the current RV 

with a slightly larger RV. While their application does not expressly state it, the hand-drawn 

diagrams evidence that, depending upon the dimensions of their new RV, they would install a 

new concrete pad abutting the northerly boundary that would be of dimensions similar to the new 

RV. 

 12. There is no representation as to whether the new RV would remain on the Loney 

property, as had the current RV, or would only be located on the property on a seasonal basis. 

The concrete pad and utility hook-ups would remain on the property. 

 13. While there is no explicit representation in any parties’ statement of undisputed 

material facts, the Court infers from their representations that the current and proposed RV’s 

have living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation facilities within them. 

Discussion

 The Georgia Zoning Regulations establish where a “structure” may be located on a parcel 

of land. In the L-1 zoning district, structures on a parcel of less than one acre must respect a 10-

foot side-yard setback. Regulations § 3140.4. Since it is undisputed that the concrete pad and 

RV’s siting on it abut the northerly boundary, Appellants cannot comply with this zoning 

requirement. They have chosen not to seek a variance from this requirement. Rather, Appellants 

assert that their current and proposed RV’s are not governed by § 3140.4. 

The Town does not dispute that § 3140.4 only governs allowed structures and their 

permitted uses.5

 But the Town disputes Appellants’ assertion and seeks an affirmative answer to 

the question of whether the Ploofs’ current and proposed RV’s constitute “structures” as that 

term is defined in Regulations § 2010.99.1. That provision defines a “structure” as: 

An assembly of materials for occupancy or use constructed or erected with a fixed 

location on, above, or below the ground or water. Examples of structures include 

but are not limited to: buildings, swimming pools, mobile homes, signs, fences, 

and retaining walls. Commercial satellite dishes and telecommunications 

facilities are also structures. 

                                                

5  Section 3140 speaks primarily to permitted uses, two of which are a “seasonal dwelling” and a “single family 

dwelling.” The term “structure” in only used in § 3140.6, which speaks to the “special provisions” that must be 

followed in the L-1 district. However, the term “structure” resurfaces when one seeks out the definition of 

“dwelling,” which is defined as a “structure [or portion thereof] designed to be used . . . as a residence [whether for 

7 months or longer] by a single family and having sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation facilities.” Regulations 

§§ 2010.10 and 2010.24. 
5

 We conclude that each RV is an “assembly of materials for occupancy or use.” Our 

determination of whether either constitutes a structure depends on whether it has a “fixed 

location.” 

While Appellants contend that the current RV is movable, they do not dispute that it has 

not left the Loney parcel, other than for the construction of its concrete pad, for any significant 

period of time in the last 13 years. The Ploofs use it during the summer and fall and store it at 

the same site during the off season. The Town notes that the Ploofs come to the Loneys’ property 

to stay in their RV, “which has been fixed in its current position for many years.” Town’s Mot. 

for Summ. J. at 4. Appellants dispute this point only in noting that the RV was moved when the 

concrete pad was installed. The concrete pad and utility hook-ups have remained on the property 

since their construction and installation. 

Even after we view this set of disputed facts wholly in a light most favorable to 

Appellants, see Christman v. Davis, 2005 VT 119, ¶5, we do not believe that an occasional 

moving of the RV over a span of thirteen years has a material impact upon our legal analysis. 

The undisputed facts remain that the RV is not moved for any significant amount of time and is 

used as a seasonal dwelling exclusively at the Loney property. The concrete pad and utility 

hook-ups have been constructed and installed in a fixed location, in the side yard setback 

established by Regulations § 3140.4. The RV, with its concrete pad and utility hook-ups, has 

been consistently used by the Ploofs as a seasonal dwelling for the past several years. These 

facts are undisputed and material to our legal conclusion that the RV and its support structures 

must comply with the Georgia Zoning regulations. 

 We also do not find compelling Appellants’ representations, undisputed by the Town, 

that the RV has wheels, and that the septic, water, and propane connections can be disconnected 

“within a few minutes,” Aff. of Richard Ploof at ¶3, so that the trailer could be moved with the 

aid of a truck to a different location. Appellants argue that because the trailer can be moved, it 

cannot be considered to have a fixed location, regardless of how long it may have remained in 

one place. The fact that Appellants have established a fixed location for the RV, by constructing 

a concrete pad and installing utilities hook-ups, has assisted us in reaching the conclusion that the 

RV and its support structures are used as a seasonal dwelling governed by Regulations § 3140.4. 

Appellants also note that Regulations § 5020 deals specifically with “recreational 

vehicles,” and that Regulations § 5020.2 allows a “legally registered travel or camper trailer or 
6

coach . . . [to be] placed upon an undeveloped lot and used for limited seasonal occupancy” 

provided it meets certain requirements, including the requirement that it “shall not be 

permanently attached to the land.” Appellants point out that “[n]owhere in this section does a 

recreational vehicle become a ‘structure,’ nor does the ordinance require such vehicles to [] 

periodically be moved from [their] location.” Appellants’ Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. for Summ. J. 

at 2. Furthermore, Appellants explain the inclusion of “mobile homes” in the non-exhaustive list 

of structures, and distinguish them from their recreational vehicle, by noting that the term 

“mobile home” is defined in Regulations § 2010.54 as a “residential dwelling . . . designed to be 

a permanent residence.” 

 While it is indisputable that the Ploofs’ RV is a “recreational vehicle” as that term is 

defined in § 5020, its classification does not exempt it from complying with the other applicable 

provisions of the Regulations. In fact, §§ 5020.1, 5020.2 and 5020.3 all contain an identical 

mandate: that the use of the “legally registered travel or camper trailer . . . shall not conflict with 

any [other] provisions of” the Regulations. Thus, having concluded that the current and 

proposed RVs are at a fixed location, their use must be in conformance with Regulations § 3140. 

 We note that recreational vehicles, camper trailers, and the like are neither inherently 

mobile nor inherently fixed, but may be either fixed or mobile depending upon “the type of 

construction . . ., the foundation on which they rest, connections to necessary utilities, and the 

use made of them.” City of Rutland v. Keiffer, 124 Vt. 357, 362 (1964). We conclude that 

based on these factors, the Ploofs’ RV has a fixed location and thus is a “structure” as that term 

is defined in Regulations § 2010.99.1. 

Our holding here so closely follows the reasoning of our Supreme Court in In Re Willey, 

120 Vt. 359 (1958) that the following lengthy quotation from that case seems appropriate: 

 There can be no doubt that while being drawn upon a highway a trailer 

coach would be personal property as would any other vehicle. As such it would 

not be subject to the provisions of the Montpelier Zoning Ordinance. Here, 

however, we have a trailer coach, removed from the highway, situated upon land 

leased by the trailer's owner, connected to the land by various utilities, used as a 

home by the owner and his family, and which has not been mobile during such 

period of use on the land. Does the trailer then, under the facts in the instant case, 

undergo such a transmutation as to alter it in character from personalty to realty so 

as to become a single family house under the terms of the Montpelier Zoning 

Ordinance. 

. . . . 
7

 Mr. Willey's house trailer was mobile when it was brought to the lot he 

had leased. But the essential facts are that it was built for human habitation, has 

all the attributes of a dwelling, was used as such, and became fixed to the realty 

by various connections. The possibility of its future mobility might have been 

reduced by the use of a different foundation. But the question before us is not one 

of possible future use, but its actual use at the time the application was granted by 

the Board of Adjustment, and Mr. Slayton's appeal was taken. 

 In the case of Corning v. Town of Ontario, 204 Misc. 38, 121 N.Y.S.2d 

288, 291, the facts differ from the case at hand in that in the New York case the 

trailer owner was appealing from having his trailer classified as a building, while 

in the case we are considering the trailer owner is seeking that classification. But 

the words of the New York court apply to both situations: ‘Plaintiffs claim that 

the trailer is not a building because it is something mobile. Mobile it was when 

used upon the highway, but mobility ceased when it was removed from the 

highway, attached to the soil and used as living quarters. A metamorphosis has 

occurred; the mobile vehicle has become a fixed residence. When traveling upon 

the highway it obviously was not subject to zoning regulations, but that does not 

mean that it may not become subject to such regulations when occupied as a 

residence at a fixed location. A hydro-plane when flying through the air is not a 

vessel subject to admiralty jurisdiction. But when floating upon navigable waters 

it becomes a vessel subject to such jurisdiction . . .. House trailers when located 

in a camp, still resting on their wheels, with only temporary utility connections 

and owned by others than the owners of the land, have been held not taxable as 

real property . . .. But where they are affixed to the land by means of electric 

wires, water pipes or wooden supports, and there is evidence that they are to be 

left permanently at the location they may be assessed and taxed as part of the real 

property.' 

Id. at 363–365. 

 The Ploofs’ use of their RV on the Loneys’ property and their establishment of a fixed 

location for it caused the “transmutation” of their RV from a mobile vehicle to a fixed structure, 

used as a seasonal dwelling. It thus must comply with Regulations § 3140. Due to its past use, 

the fact that the RV once was and is again now registered with the DMV does not negate this 

transmutation. Nor does the possibility that it could be moved in the future. Assuming that the 

Ploofs intend to use the replacement RV in a similar manner, we also classify it as a “structure” 

that must conform to the Regulations. 

 Accordingly, based on the foregoing, we hereby GRANT the Town’s Motion for Partial 

Summary Judgment in both pending dockets. In doing so, we specifically find that the Ploofs’ 

current and proposed recreational vehicles have been and will be at a fixed location on the land, 

and thus constitute “structures” as that term is defined in the Regulations. 
8

 Both pending appeals shall now be set for trial. The Court will conduct a pre-trial 

conference pursuant to the Notice of Hearing that accompanies this Decision. The parties should 

be prepared at that conference to discuss the issues that remain to be tried in each appeal, the 

needed length of trial and the available dates on their and their witnesses’ calendars during the 

months of March and April, 2007. 

 Done at Berlin, Vermont this 13th day of December, 2006. 

 ____________________________________ 

 Thomas S. Durkin, Environmental Judge