1 ... S eeT EX . R. A PP . P. 47. 4. 

## COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOFTEXAS FORT WORTH
NO . 2- 06- 185- CR
E VE R I T THA NS E LHOW AR D J R . AP P E L L ANT A/ K/A EVERE TT H. HO W ARD J R. V . TH E STA TE O F TEXA S STA TE

----- ----- -- FR O M THE 213TH DI STRI CT CO URT O F TARRA NT CO UN TY

----- ----- -- 

### M E M ORANDU M OP I NI ON 1

----- ----- -- A p p e lla n tE v e r it tH a n s e l H o w a r d J r . a /k /a E v e r e t tH . H o w a r d J r . a p p e a ls f r o m h i s c o n v i c t i o n a n d s i x t y - y e a rs e n t e n c e f o rr o b b e r yb yt h r e a t . I n t wo p o i n ts , h e a rg u e s th a t th e tri a l c o u rt e rre d b y b e g i n n i n g v o i r d i re w h e n o n e j u ry p a n e lis t w a s m is s in g a n d t h a t t h e e v id e n c e is le g a llyin s u f f ic ie n tt o s u p p o rth is
c o n v i c t i o n . We a f f i r m.2 F a c tu a la n d P ro c e d u ra lH i s to ry Lar r y C l i ne t est i f i ed t hatatt he t i m e oft he r obb er y i n q u est i on, he w as an assi st antm anagerofa Radi o S hack st or e i n FortW ort h. H e t est i f i e d t hat
o n D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 2 0 0 5 , a t a b o u t 2 :0 0 p .m ., a m a n w a l k e d i n to th e s to re
w ea r i ng a s kim as k, gl ove s, an d a r ed sw ea t sh i rtan d t ol d C l i n e t o ope n t he
c a s h re g i s te r. T h e m a n m o ti o n e d u n d e r n e a th h i s s h i rt a s th o u g h h e w e re
r ea chi ng f ors om et hi ng; C l i ne sa i d, “ I di dn’ tw antt o pr es s i t , di dn’ tw antt o f i nd
o u tw h e t h e ritw a s a g u n .” C lin e t e s t if ie d t h a th e f e ltt h r e a t e n e d a n d w a s in f e a ro f im m in e n t b o d ily in ju r y . C lin e o p e n e d t h e re g is t e r , a n d t h e m a n t o o ka ll oft he m oney an d w al ked out of t he st or e. H e t est i f i ed t hata cust om ercheck pay abl e t o Radi o Shac k i n t he am ountof$60. 52 w asal so m i ss i ng a f t ert he
r obb er y. Lat er , pol i ce br oug ht t he check back t o t he st or e, al ong w i t h al m ost th e e x a c t a m o u n t o f c a s h ta k e n i n th e ro b b e ry . M yr a San che z t es t i f i ed t hats he w as w or ki ng a tt he sa m e Rad i o Shac k o n th e d a yo f th e ro b b e ry . W h e n th e ro b b e r a p p ro a c h e d t h e c a s h re g i s te r, S a n c h e z fl e d to th e b a c ko ffice , p re s s e d th e “ re c o rd ” b u tto n o n th e s to re ’s
se c u ri ty c a m e ra, an d w a tch e d t h e r o b b e ry o n a v i d e o m o n i to r. T h e se c u ri ty vi deo w as adm i t t ed i nt o evi dence and pl ayed f ort he j ur y. S he sai d t hatw hen t he r obbe ren t er ed t he st or e, hi s l eft ar m “w as j us t han gi ng” but hi s r i ghtha nd3

w a s “ c le n c h e d t o w a r d s t h e s id e o fh is b o d y .” S a n c h e z s a id t h a ts h e w a s a f r a id th a t th e ro b b e r m i g h t c a u s e h e r b o d i l yh a rm o r k i l l h e r. Dwa y n e M o d o s e t twa s t h e s t o r e ma n a g e ro n t h e d a yo ft h e r o b b e r y . He
sa w t he r obbe ren t ert he st or e, ap pr oac h Cl i ne, an d t ak e t he m one y ou toft he
ca sh r egi st er . T h e robbe rw asw ea r i ng a da r k r ed orm ar oon s w ea t sh i rtor sw eat er , gl oves, and a skim ask. M odo set t t est i f i ed t hat t he r obb ercl ut ched hi s han d t o hi s si de, w hi c h m a d e M odos ettt hi nk he had a gun. W hen t he
r obbe rl eftt he st or e, M odos etts aw hi m cu tac r os s a par ki ng l ot and r em ove t he
s k i m a s k . H e fo l l o w e d th e ro b b e r fo r a c o u p l e o f b l o c k s , b yw h i c h ti m e “ th e re
w e re a l rea d yco p s a ll o v e r t h e are a ,” so h e retu rne d to th e sto re. M o d o se tt
sa i d t he pol i ce l at err et ur ned w i t h a bout $2, 200 . W hen t he pol i ce r et ur ned t he
m o n e y , t h e yh a d a p e r s o n in t h e b a c ks e a to ft h e irs q u a d c a r ; M o d o s e t ts a id it “l ooked pr et t y m uch l i ke t he sam e guy. ” M ar vi n R ober son t est i f i ed t hatatabout t he t i m e of t he r obb er y, he saw
a m an w ear i ng a burg u n d y p u ll over - t ype shi rtw al ki ng do w n t he st r eetnear R o b e rso n ’s h o u se . T h e m a n b rok e i n to a ru n an d p u l l e d o ff th e b u rgu n d ysh i rt , r eve al i ng a w hi t e s l ee vel es s t - sh i rt unde r nea t h. Rober so n w at che d t he m an cut b e tw e e n tw o n e a rbyh o u se s. A p o l i c e ca r d rov e p a st, a n d R o b e rso n g o t i n to hi s t r uck, f ol l ow ed t he pol i ce car , and w ai ved i tdow n. The off i cert ol d hi m t hat4

he w as ch a s i n g a ma n i n v o l v e d i n a r o b b e r y , a n d R o b e r s o n t o l d t h e o f f i cer
w h e re h e h a d s e e n th e m a n ru n . FortW ort h pol i ce of f i ce rB. A . G ent r y i s t he po l i c e of f i ce rt o w hom R ober son m ade hi s r eport . G ent r y dr ove t o t he hou se w her e Ro ber son had l ast
s e e n th e m a n a n d c a l l e d fo r b a c k u p . A n o ffice r a b o a rd a p o l i c e h e l i c o p te r,
w hi ch w ashov er i ng ov er hea d, t ol d Gent r y vi a r adi o t hat a m a n w ea r i ng bl ue j eans and a w hi t e t - shi rtw as r unn i ng f r om t he back of t he hou se. G ent r y r an t o t he backyar d and saw a m an j um pi ng over t he back f ence. G ent r y chased and capt ur ed t he m an, w hom he i denti f i ed as A ppel l ant . H e h a n dcuff ed Ap p e l l a n t , p a t t e d h i m d o wn f o r we a p o n s , a n d p u t h i m i n t h e b a c k s e atof
o ffice r P a tri c kC o n a w a y ’s p a tro l c a r. C onaw ay dr ove A ppel l antback t o t he r esi dence, and G ent r y w al ked back. G ent r y t hen r em ove d A ppe l l ant f r om C ona w ay’ s ca r and ch ec ke d t he cus hi ons o f t h e se a t w h e re A p p e l l a n t ha d b e e n si tti n g . H e e x p l a i n e d tha t Fo rtW o rt h pat r ol car s have padd ed seat s, r at hert han m ol ded seat s, and t hat“m any t i m es
w h e n y o u arres t so m e b o d y , th e y stu ff n a rco ti c s, the ystu ff m o n e y , th e ystu ff anyki nd ofev i den ce , guns , unde r nea t h t he b a c k . . . s e a t ; ” t her ef or e, he al w ays checks f or c o n tr a b and i n t he back seatofa pat r ol caraf t eri tt r ansport s a su sp ec t . W hen he l i f t ed up t he se atw her e Appel l antha d be en si t t i ng, he f ound a l ar ge am oun tofcash and a check f r om Rad i o S hack. G ent r y t hen ar r est ed5

A ppe l l antan d c onduc t ed a s ea r ch i nci den tt o a rre s t. He f ound ano t herl ar ge am oun t o f c a s h i n A ppel l ant ’ s r i ght f r ont pocket. G ent r y sai d t hi s w as si gni f i ca nt bec aus e t he Radi o Shack se cur i t y vi deo sh ow ed t he r obbe rr em ovi ng
m oney fr om t he r egi st erand putt i ng i ti n hi s r i ght f r ont pocket. Th e vi deo al so sh ow ed t hat t he r obbe r w asw ea r i ng s hoe s l i ke t hos e Appel l antw asw ea r i ng att he t i m e ofhi s ar r est . G ent r y sai d t hat onl y f i ve m i nutesel apsed bet w een t he t i m e h e h ea r d t he r obbe r y r epo rt ed on t he di sp at ch r adi o a t2: 07 p. m . an d t he t i m e he had A ppel l ant i n cust ody. O n cr oss- exam i nat i on, G ent r y expl ai ned t hati n hi s i ni t i al pat - dow n of A ppe l l ant , he w asonl y l ook i ng f orw ea ponsan d th a t th e s e a rc h i n c i d e n t to A p p e l l a n t’s a rre s t w a s m u c h m o re th o ro u g h . O ff ic e r C onaw ay t est i f i ed t hat , i n accor dance w i t h FortW ort h Po l i ce D epa rt m entpr ac t i ce , he ha d s ea r che d hi s pat r ol ve hi cl e t hor oughl y w hen he
we n to n d u t yo n t he d a yo ft h e r o b b e r ya n d f o u n d n o c o n t r a b a n d i n s i d e . He
sa i d t hathe di d nots ee A ppe l l antputt he m one y un dert he ca rs ea t , but exp l ai ned t hata m et al pa rt i t i on bl ock ed partofhi s vi ew an d t hathe ha d a l i m i te d v i e w o f A p p e l l a n t i n h i s re a r-v i e w m i rro r. O f f i ce rM art i n Chaz ar ett a t es t i f i ed t hat he w ast he f i r stof f i ce rt o c ount t he cash f oun d i n C onaw ay’ s c a r a nd on A ppel l ant ’ s per son. H e counted $ 2 ,2 2 9 ; th e s to re re p o rte d th a t $ 2 ,2 2 8 .0 4 w a s m i s s i n g i n th e ro b b e ry .6

The gr and j ur y i ndi ct ed A p p e l l a n tf orr obbe r y byt hr ea t eni ng Cl i ne and Sanch ezorpl ac i ng t hem i n f ea rofi m m i n e n t b o d i l y i nj ur y orde at h, an d t he i n d i c tm e n t a l l e g e d a p ri o r c o n v i c ti o n fo r ro b b e ryc a u s i n g b o d i l yi n j u ry . A j u ry c o n v i c ted A p p e l l a n t an d as se ss e d h i s p u n i sh m e n t a t sixty y e a rs’ co n fi n e m e n t,
a n d th e tri a l c o u rt s e n te n c e d A p p e l l a n t a c c o rd i n g l y . D i sc us si on 1 . V o i r d i re I n hi s f i r stpoi nt , A ppe l l antar gue s t hat t he t r i al cou rtab us ed i t s di sc r et i on by st art i ng voi r di r e w hen one panel i st w as not pr esent . Th e Stat e r epl i es t hat A ppe l l antw ai ved hi s com pl ai ntby f ai l i ng t o obj ec t t o t he t r i al co urt ’ s dec i si on to p roc e e d w i th v o i r di re w i th o u t t h e m i ss i n g p a n e l i st. T o p res e rve a c o m p l a i n t f o r ou r rev i e w , a p a rt ym u st h a v e p res e n ted to t h e t r ia l c o u rta t im e lyr e q u e s t , o bje c t io n , o rm o t io n t h a ts t a t e s t h e s p e c if ic gr oundsf ort he des i r ed r ul i ng i f t hey ar e not app ar ent f r om t he con t extoft he
re q u e s t, o bj e c ti o n , o r m o ti o n . T EX . R. A PP . P . 3 3 .1 (a )(1 ); Mo sleyv. S tate , 983 S .W .2 d 2 4 9 , 2 6 5 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 8 ) (o p . o n re h ’g ), c ert. den i e d , 526 U. S. 107 0 ( 199 9) . Furt her , t he t r i al cou rt m us t hav e r ul ed on t he r equ es t , obj ec t i on, orm ot i on, ei t herex pr es sl y ori m pl i ci t l y, ort he c o m p l a i n i ng pa rt y m us tha ve o bj e c te d to th e tri a l c o u rt’s re fu s a l to ru l e . T EX . R. A PP . P . 3 3 .1 (a )(2 ); Mendez
v. S tate , 1 3 8 S .W .3 d 3 3 4 , 3 4 1 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 4 ).7

The r ec or d s how s th a t a t t he st artofvoi rdi r e, t he t r i al co urtnot ed,

“ W e ’ r e . . . ha vi ng som e tr ou bl e fi nd i ng [ pa ne l i st] N o. 37 . . . . H e’s pr ob a b ly j us tr unni ng l at e. So w e ca n st art w i t hout hi m , an d i fI ca n qua l i f y hi m w i t hout hol di ng t hi ngsup t oo m uch , I w i l l do i t . ” Bot h cou ns el f or A ppe l l antan d f ort he St a t e r e s po nd e d, “ O k a y. ” Th e rec o r d do e s n otm e nt i on p a ne l i s tn um be r37 aga i n. B yfa i l i n g to o bj e c t to th e tri a l c o u rt’s d e c i s i o n to p ro c e e d w i th v o i r d i re
w i th o u t p a n e l i s t n u m b e r 3 7 , A p p e l l a n t fo rfe i te d h i s c o m p l a i n t. T h e re fo re , w e o v e rr u l e h i s fi rst po i n t. 2. Legalsuff i ci ency In hi s sec on d p oi nt, A pp el l an targue s t ha tt he ev i de nc e i s le g a lly i ns uf f i ci entt o s upporthi s con vi ct i on. Speci f i ca l l y, A ppe l l ant con t end s t hatt he evi den ce i s i ns uf f i ci entt o i den t i f y hi m ast he r obbe ran d i ns uf f i ci entt o pr ove th a t th e ro b b e r i n te n ti o n a l l yo r k n o w i n g l yth r e a te n e d th e R a d i o S h a c ks to re p e r s o n n e l. W h e n rev i e w i n g the l e g a l su ffi c i e n c y o f t h e ev i d e n c e to s u p p o rta con vi c t i o n , we v i e w a l l t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t mo s t f a v o r a b l e t o t he pr os ec ut i on i n or dert o de t er m i ne w het her any r at i ona l t r i eroff ac tco ul d ha ve fo u n d th e e s s e n ti a l e l e m e n ts o f th e c ri m e b e y o n d a re a s o n a b l e d o u b t. Jacks on8

v. V ir gin ia , 4 4 3 U .S . 3 0 7 , 3 1 9 , 9 9 S . C t. 2 7 8 1 , 2 7 8 9 (1 9 7 9 ); Cl a y to nv. S tate , 2 3 5 S .W .3 d 7 7 2 , 7 7 8 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ). U nde rpe nal co de se ct i on 29. 02, a per so n com m i t s an of f ens e i f , i n t he
cou r seofco m m i t t i ng a t heft , an d w i t h i nt ent t o obt ai n orm ai nt ai n c ont r ol of t he pr opert y, he i nt ent i onal l y orknow i ngl y t hr eat ens orpl aces anot heri n f ear o f i m m i n e n t b o d i l yi n j u ryo r d e a th . T EX . P EN AL C ODE A NN . § 29. 02 ( V er non 2 0 0 3 ). W e hol d t hat t he evi den ce w oul d pe r m i ta r at i ona l t r i eroff ac tt o c onc l ude beyon d a r easonabl e doub tt hat A ppel l ant w as t he r obb er . The eyew i t nesses sa i d t he r obbe rw asw ea r i ng a r ed orm ar oon s w ea t sh i rt . I m m edi at el y a f t ert he rob b e ry, R o b e rso n sa w a m a n run fr o m the sto re’s d i rec ti o n , ri p o ff a red sh i rt , and r un betw een t w o hou ses. O f f i cerG ent r y chased A ppel l antw hen he f l ed f r o m o n e o ft h e h o u s e s . A f t e rO f f ic e rC o n a w a yt r a n s p o rt e d A p p e l l a n tin h is squad car , G ent r y f oun d m oney an d t he st ol en R adi o S hack check i n t he back
se a t. H e fo u n d m o re m o n e yi n A p p e l l a n t’ s p o c k e t, an d ad d e d tog e th e r, the tw o sum s of c a s h e q u a l ed t he sum t he st or e r eport ed m i ssi ng. A ppel l antw as
w e a ri n g s h o e s s i m i l a r to th o s e w o rn b yth e ro b b e r. A ppe l l antco nt end s t hatt he f ac tt hatG ent r y f ai l ed t o f i n d a n y c a s h on A ppe l l antw hen he patt ed A ppe l l antdow n w hen he f i r stap pr ehe nde d hi m an d t he f actt hat he w as handcuff ed and i n C onaw ay’ s pr esence f ort he shortcar9

r i de back t o t he hou se cr eat e a r easonabl e dou bt t hatA ppel l anthad t he cash
o n h is p e r s o n a n d s e c r e t e d itin C o n a w a y ’s c a r . B u tG e n t r yt e s t if ie d t h a th is i ni t i al patdow n w as cur sor y and t hathe w a s onl y l ooki ng f orw eapon s, as oppos ed t o t he su bs equ entan d m or e t hor ough se ar ch i nci den tt o a r r es t . And C ona w ay t es t i f i ed t hat he di d notha ve a g ood v i ew ofA ppe l l antashe dr ove hi m ba ckt o t he hous e. Vi ew ed i n t he l i ght m os t f avo r abl e t o t he pr os ec ut i on, th e e v i d e n c e i s l e g a l l ys u fficie n t to i d e n ti fyA p p e l l a n t a s th e ro b b e r. I n a si ngl e sent ence— w i t h no r ef er ence t o any author i t y— A ppel l antal so ar gue s t hatt he evi den ce i s i ns uf f i ci entt o s upportt he j ur y’ s f i ndi ng tha the t hr ea t ene d Cl i ne orSanc hezorpl ac ed t hem i n f ea rofi m m i nen tbodi l y i n j u r y. A l t hou gh po l i ce of f i cer s f oun d no w eapon s on A ppel l ant w h e n t hey app r ehe nde d hi m , bot h C l i ne and Sanc hezt es t i f i ed t hatA ppe l l anthe l d hi s han d i n a w ay t hat m ade t hem t hi nk he had a gun and t hat t heyf el tt hr ea t ene d a nd f ea r ed i m m i nen tbodi l y i nj ur y. M or eov er , A ppe l l ant w as w ea r i ng gl ove s and a skim a s k a n d dem anded t hatC l i ne open t he r egi st er . U nderot her ci r cum st ances, hi s hand gest ur es m i ght hav e been am bi guo us; butcom bi ned
w i t h hi s app ea r anc e a nd a ct i ons , t heyar e e nough t o a l l ow a r at i ona l t r i erof f ac tt o c onc l ude be yond a r ea so nab l e d oubtt hatA ppe l l anti nt ent i ona l l y or kno w i ngl y t hr ea t ene d Cl i ne and Sanc he z o r p l ac ed t hem i n f ea rofi m m i nen t b o d i l yi n j u ry. W e o v e rr u l e A p p e l l a n t’ s s e c o n d p o i n t.10 C onc l us i on H a v i n g o v e rru l e d b o th o f A p p e l l a n t’s p o i n ts , w e a ffir m th e tri a l c o u r t ’s j u d g m e n t.

A N N E GA RD N ER J U S T I C E PA N EL A : C A YC E, C. J. ; D A U PH I N O T and G A RD N ER, JJ. DO NO T P UBLI SH T EX . R. A PP . P. 47. 2( b) DEL I VERE D: Apr i l 3, 2008