1

SYLLABUS

This syllabus is not part of the Court’s opinion. It has been prepared by the Office 

of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor 

approved by the Court and may not summarize all portions of the opinion.

State v. Marcus S. Mackroy-Davis (A-43-21) (086626)

Argued April 26, 2022 -- Decided June 27, 2022

RABNER, C.J., writing for a unanimous Court.

This appeal poses a narrow question: whether a particular defendant’s 

statutory right to a speedy trial was violated. The issue, though, raises broader 

concerns linked to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Defendant Marcus Mackroy-Davis was arrested on November 11, 2019 in 

connection with a drive-by shooting in which one person was killed. A complaint 

against Mackroy-Davis charged him with conspiracy to commit murder, and the 

State moved to detain him pending trial. After a hearing, the trial court found there 

was probable cause that defendant committed the charged offense and that he had 

failed to rebut the presumption of detention that offense carries. The court entered 

an order of detention on December 23, 2019. On February 13, 2020, a grand jury 

returned an indictment charging Mackroy-Davis with murder, conspiracy to commit 

murder, and obstruction. Defendant maintains his innocence and has stated he 

intends to go to trial. At the time of oral argument, his trial had not yet begun. 

Defendant asserts the delays violate his rights under the Criminal Justice Reform 

Act (CJRA), and he maintains he is entitled to be released from pretrial detention.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous effect on society since March 

2020 and has affected the justice system as well. For the criminal justice system in 

particular, the consequences of the pandemic have been substantial. Consistent with 

guidance from public health officials, the Judiciary for more than a year was unable 

to summon jurors, witnesses, lawyers, court staff, and the parties for in-person jury 

trials. As a result, the Court on its own entered fourteen omnibus orders that tolled 

the clock for the start of criminal trials for a total of 461 days. Those developments 

inevitably led to an increase in the number of pending cases. Today there are 

approximately 6,000 cases in which defendants are held in custody pursuant to an 

order of pretrial detention as they await trial.

The CJRA replaced New Jersey’s prior system of pretrial release, which relied 

heavily on cash bail, with a risk-based system that, for the first time, allowed judges 

to detain high-risk defendants pretrial. Since the Act went into effect on January 1, 
2

2017, most defendants have been released pending trial subject to monitoring by 

pretrial services officers. For higher-risk defendants, the State can move for pretrial 

detention. In recent years, approximately 19 percent of defendants charged by 

complaint have been ordered detained. In tandem with other reform efforts, the 

pretrial jail population dropped from 8,899 at the start of 2016 to 4,976 at the start of 

2020. That number has risen to approximately 6,700 because of the court system’s 

inability to conduct trials during the pandemic and on account of space limitations 

that stemmed from social distancing in courtrooms.

Significantly, the CJRA includes several time limits designed to move cases 

with detained defendants to trial more quickly. First, defendants must be released if 

they have not been indicted within 90 days of being detained. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-

22(a)(1)(a). The 90-day clock does not count “excludable time for reasonable delays 

. . . set forth in subsection b” of the statute. Ibid. Subsection b, in turn, lists thirteen 

categories of excludable time. The trial judge may extend the 90-day clock by up to 

45 days if, on motion of the prosecutor, the court finds that (1) the defendant 

presents a “substantial and unjustifiable risk” to public safety and no conditions of 

release “could reasonably address” the risk, and (2) the failure to indict “was not due 

to unreasonable delay by the prosecutor.” Ibid.; R. 3:25-4(b)(2).

Second, defendants must be released if their trial has not “commence[d]”

within 180 days of the return or unsealing of the indictment. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-

22(a)(2)(a). Under the Act, a trial “commence[s] when the court determines that the 

parties are present and directs them to proceed to voir dire or to opening argument, 

or the hearing of any motions that had been reserved for the time of trial.” Id.

at -22(a)(2)(b)(i). The 180-day clock contains provisions that mirror both 

exceptions to the 90-day clock. Id. at -22(a)(2)(a).

Finally, the CJRA contains a two-year cap. Defendants shall be released from 

jail, after a hearing to consider conditions of release, if “the prosecutor is not ready 

to proceed” two years after the court ordered the defendant detained. Ibid. 

(emphasis added). The Act considers the State ready if the prosecutor is prepared 

“to proceed to voir dire or to opening argument, or to the hearing of any motions 

that had been reserved for the time of trial.” Ibid. Only “delays attributable to the” 

defendant can be excluded from the two-year cap. Ibid.

Rule 3:25-4 echoes and complements the Act, identifying categories that 

qualify as excludable time attributable to the defendant, setting time limits to resolve 

certain motions, and directing that the provision to exclude time for good cause 

“shall be narrowly construed.”

A total of seventeen orders were entered in this case; they excluded time 

under the 180-day clock from March 6, 2020 through April 22, 2022. Three orders 
3

were entered by the trial court, excluding eleven days because defense counsel was 

not available and a total of 218 additional days. The Supreme Court’s fourteen

omnibus orders excluded a total of 461 days. In October 2021, the State obtained a 

superseding indictment that added three new charges against Mackroy-Davis 

stemming from information the State learned from a codefendant in May 2020.

The parties returned to court to arraign Mackroy-Davis on the superseding 

indictment on November 15, 2021. Over defendant’s objection, the court ordered 

excludable time “due to extenuating circumstances” -- the court’s “inability, 

essentially, to move cases more than one at a time,” the “backlog of defendants” 

since the start of the pandemic, and courtroom unavailability. The following day, 

the court entered two orders for excludable time, one for 59 days and a second for

159 days. The court also set a trial date of April 22, 2022.

At another status conference on January 3, 2022 -- the date that both parties 

agree marked the end of the two-year cap -- the court discussed the parties’ 

readiness to proceed to trial and confirmed the April 22 trial date. The State 

declared it was “trial ready.” Defendant moved for leave to appeal, which the 

Appellate Division denied. The Court granted leave to appeal. 250 N.J. 107 (2022).

HELD: *Defendants have the right to be released two years after a judge orders 

them detained, excluding delays attributable to the defendant, if the prosecutor is not 

ready to proceed to trial. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). The statute is silent about 

what happens if the parties are ready but there are not enough courtrooms or judges 

to try the case. In addressing that dilemma, the Court attempts to balance the 

relevant interests in a way that comports with defendants’ rights under the CJRA.

*In this case, defendant faces charges for murder, conspiracy, and 

aggravated assault. Despite multiple delays -- most of which resulted from the 

pandemic -- his trial has not yet begun. Because the prosecution announced it was 

ready to proceed to trial at the two-year mark, however, defendant’s statutory right 

to a speedy trial has not been violated. The Court therefore affirms the judgment of 

the trial court and remands the case for trial with additional instructions.

*The Court also offers guidance on various issues that relate to 

excludable time under the CJRA as well as the need to schedule more jury trials as 

soon as practicable.

1. If a defendant is detained beyond the CJRA’s two-year cap, not counting delays 

attributable to the defendant, that defendant is entitled to be released pending trial if 

the prosecutor is not ready to proceed. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). Because the 

State declared it was ready to proceed to trial at the relevant time, the Court does not 

find a statutory violation of the two-year cap. (pp. 20-21)
4

2. The Court nevertheless encourages trial judges to create a clearer record than was 

made in this case regarding the State’s readiness to proceed. First, trial courts 

should clarify before the date of the two-year cap whether the State will be ready 

then. The Court directs trial courts to schedule a hearing approximately 30 days 

before the two-year cap expires. At the hearing, the court should ask the State if it 

will be ready to proceed on the two-year cap date. Second, because a statement of 

readiness has significant consequences, a prosecutor’s brief comment on the record 

must convey a great deal: that discovery is complete at the time the representation is 

made; that no substantive motions remain to be filed; that the indictment is in final 

form and no superseding indictment is contemplated, based on information known to 

the State or that should have been known through the exercise of reasonable 

diligence; and that the State’s witnesses are generally available. Going forward, a 

prosecutor’s statement of readiness will be understood to encompass each of those 

elements. The prosecutor’s statement must be made in open court or in writing. R.

3:25-4(d)(3). Trial courts can rely on good faith representations from the State and 

need not inquire about each of the above points. In their discretion, judges can also 

require appropriate assurances to support a prosecutor’s statement of readiness. In 

addition, if a trial date is postponed after the statement of readiness, the trial court 

can revisit the issue and ask the State to declare once again whether it is ready to 

proceed. (pp. 21-23)

3. The prosecutor’s statement of readiness does not end all concerns about a 

defendant’s continued detention. The overall structure of the CJRA, and section 26 

in particular, make clear the Legislature was concerned about lengthy pretrial delays 

for detained defendants. Yet a statement of readiness can effectively extend the 

two-year cap, and a defendant’s pretrial detention, if the court is not able to proceed. 

Because the statute contemplates that trials of detained defendants should begin as 

soon as practicable, the Court relies on its supervisory authority to impose measures 

courts should follow when the parties announce they are ready to proceed on the 

two-year cap date but no courtroom or judge will be available at that time. First, the 

trial court should consult with a supervisory judge who should coordinate trials 

within a vicinage as directed in this opinion. Second, if the parties are ready but the 

trial cannot start before the two-year cap expires, trial judges must schedule 

conferences at monthly intervals rather than delay a trial for multiple months at a 

time. To be clear, this appeal addresses the need for additional time to commence 

trial because of the COVID-19 pandemic, not more generalized arguments about 

routine scheduling matters unrelated to a public health crisis. Third, the Court asks

for the cooperation of the attorneys in notifying their respective supervisors when a 

trial date is fixed to ensure that counsel will be present and the trial will commence 

as planned. Finally, if judicial vacancies remain at high levels, it may be necessary 

to reassign judges from their responsibilities elsewhere in the court system to try 

criminal cases. See N.J. Const. art. VI, § 7, ¶ 2. (pp. 23-26)
5

4. The Court offers guidance on several additional points. First, the Court rejects 

the argument that the trial court had no authority under the CJRA to issue sua sponte 

orders that excluded time from the speedy trial clock. Nothing in the statute or the 

court rules bars judges from issuing orders about the speedy trial clock on their own 

accord, and the statute logically empowers trial courts to act on their own in certain 

instances. The question is not who initiates an order of excludable time; it is 

whether the order rests on appropriate grounds. Before an order is entered, the 

parties should ordinarily have an opportunity to address the merits of the issue. In 

this case, the trial court afforded both sides that opportunity. (pp. 26-28)

5. As to superseding indictments, the Court notes that the trial court here relied on 

courtroom unavailability and the pandemic to extend the time to trial, not on the new 

charges. But the Court explains that a superseding indictment does not automatically 

reset the 180-day clock. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(b)(ii) provides that “[t]he return 

of a superseding indictment . . . shall extend the time for the trial to commence.” 

And Rule 3:25-4(f) directs trial courts to scrutinize both indictments with care and 

consider when the information underlying the new charges was available to 

determine how much additional time should be excluded. (pp. 28-31)

6. The Court declines defendant’s request to amend Rule 3:25-4(i) and eliminate 

exclusions of time for interlocutory review of orders excluding time. To do so 

would conflict with the CJRA, which states that “[t]he time from the filing to the 

final disposition of a motion made before trial by the prosecutor or the eligible 

defendant” “shall be excluded in computing time in which a case shall be indicted or 

tried.” N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(b)(1)(c) (emphasis added). But the Court adopts an 

expedited approach for motions for leave to appeal an order about speedy trial 

calculations. Going forward, the Appellate Division should decide the motion 

within 5 days. If the court grants the motion for leave to appeal, it should direct the 

parties to file briefs -- and transcripts, if necessary -- on an expedited basis, and 

render a decision within 5 days of getting those materials. Parties can ask the Court 

to review the Appellate Division’s judgment on an emergent basis. (pp. 31-33)

7. Finally, the Court considers defendant’s request that the Court “impose an outerlimit of detention” to “save the constitutionality of the CJRA.” That issue is not 

properly before the Court, and the Court has previously rejected a facial challenge to 

the CJRA on due process grounds. See In re Request to Release Certain Pretrial 

Detainees, 245 N.J. 218, 232 (2021). The Court explained that “[w]hether the length 

of detention violates due process . . . ‘requires assessment on a case-by-case basis’ 

because due process is a flexible concept that ‘does not necessarily set a bright line 

limit for length of pretrial confinement.’” Id. at 231. Defendants may bring 

individual due process challenges based on the length of their detention and must do 

so in the first instance before the trial court. Pretrial Detainees lists a number of 

relevant considerations to assess such a challenge. Id. at 232. (pp. 33-35)
6

The judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED, and the 

matter is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

JUSTICES ALBIN, PATTERSON, SOLOMON, and PIERRE-LOUIS join in 

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER’s opinion. JUDGE FUENTES (temporarily 

assigned) did not participate.
1

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

A-43 September Term 2021

086626

State of New Jersey,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

Marcus S. Mackroy-Davis,

Defendant-Appellant.

On appeal from the Superior Court, 

Appellate Division.

Argued

April 26, 2022

Decided

June 27, 2022

Robin Kay Lord argued the cause for appellant (Law 

Offices of Robin Kay Lord, attorneys; Robin Kay Lord 

and Monika Mastellone, on the briefs).

Jennifer B. Paszkiewicz, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the 

cause for respondent (Scott A. Coffina, Burlington 

County Prosecutor, attorney; Jennifer B. Paszkiewicz, of 

counsel and on the briefs).

Alexander Shalom argued the cause for amici curiae 

American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey and Public 

Defender of New Jersey (American Civil Liberties Union 

of New Jersey Foundation, and Joseph E. Krakora, Public 

Defender, attorneys; Alexander Shalom, Jeanne

LoCicero, and Elizabeth C. Jarit, Deputy Public 

Defender, on the brief).
2

David White argued the cause for amicus curiae 

Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers of New Jersey 

(Pashman Stein Walder Hayden, attorneys; David White, 

on the brief).

Lauren Bonfiglio, Deputy Attorney General, argued the 

cause for amicus curiae Attorney General of New Jersey 

(Matthew J. Platkin, Acting Attorney General, attorney; 

Lauren Bonfiglio, of counsel and on the brief).

John McNamara, Jr., Morris County Chief Assistant 

Prosecutor, argued the cause for amicus curiae County 

Prosecutors Association of New Jersey (Esther Suarez, 

President, County Prosecutors Association of New 

Jersey, attorney; John McNamara, Jr., of counsel and on 

the brief).

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER delivered the opinion of the Court.

This appeal poses a narrow question: whether a particular defendant’s 

statutory right to a speedy trial was violated. The issue, though, raises broader 

concerns linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Foremost among those considerations is that defendants in criminal 

cases have a right to a speedy trial and a corresponding right not to be held in 

jail pretrial for lengthy periods of time. For more than two years, however, 

there have been far fewer in-person trials because of COVID-19. Beginning in 

March 2020, the court system, like the rest of society, could not safely bring 

large groups of people together for court proceedings in close quarters. Even 

though restrictions have loosened and trials have resumed, relatively few 
3

courtrooms today can accommodate all the essential parties to a criminal trial 

with appropriate social distancing. 

Those limitations naturally led to an increase in pending cases, and 

thousands of criminal matters now await trial. To compound the problem, 

defendants in roughly 6,000 cases await their day in court while in custody. In 

each of those matters, a judge found the defendant posed a substantial risk of 

danger, flight, or obstruction and ordered the person detained pretrial. 

Defendants have the right to be released two years after a judge orders

them detained, excluding delays attributable to the defendant, if the prosecutor 

is not ready to proceed to trial. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). The statute is 

silent about what happens if the parties are ready but there are not enough 

courtrooms or judges to try the case. As we address that dilemma, we must 

attempt to balance the relevant interests in a way that comports with 

defendants’ rights under the Criminal Justice Reform Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:162-15 

to -26 (CJRA or Act). 

In this case, defendant faces charges for murder, conspiracy, and 

aggravated assault in connection with his alleged role in a fatal drive-by 

shooting. The trial court ordered him detained in December 2019. Despite 

multiple delays -- most of which resulted from the pandemic -- his trial has not 

yet begun. Because the prosecution announced it was ready to proceed to trial 
4

at the two-year mark, however, we find that defendant’s statutory right to a 

speedy trial has not been violated. We therefore affirm the judgment of the 

trial court and remand the case for trial with additional instructions. 

We also offer guidance on various issues that relate to excludable time 

under the CJRA as well as the need to schedule more jury trials as soon as 

practicable. 

I.

Defendant Marcus Mackroy-Davis was arrested on November 11, 2019

in connection with a drive-by shooting in Burlington City the day before. One 

person was killed as a result of the shooting. 

A complaint against Mackroy-Davis charged him with conspiracy to 

commit murder. The accompanying affidavit of probable cause summarized 

witness statements, information from surveillance cameras, and an Instagram 

clip associated with a codefendant’s account. The affidavit asserted that 

Mackroy-Davis drove a car with two passengers, one of whom fired three 

gunshots into the area where the victim and his friends were standing. 

The State moved to detain Mackroy-Davis pending trial. The charge 

against him -- first-degree conspiracy to commit murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a)(1) 

and 2C:11-3(a)(1) -- carried a presumption of detention. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-

19(b). After a hearing, the trial court found that there was probable cause 
5

defendant committed the charged offense and that he had failed to rebut the 

presumption. In addition to the nature and circumstances of the offense, the 

court relied on the weight of the evidence and defendant’s history. The court 

noted, in particular, three outstanding charges against defendant for which he 

had failed to appear on eight occasions. The court observed, “[i]f he does not 

appear . . . for [disorderly persons] charges, how likely is he to attend court for 

a first-degree offense.” Based on the unrebutted presumption of detention and 

the court’s finding that defendant posed a danger to the public and a risk of 

non-appearance, the court entered an order of detention on December 23, 2019. 

On February 13, 2020, a Burlington County grand jury returned a sevencount indictment against Mackroy-Davis and two others. Mackroy-Davis was 

charged in three of the counts with first-degree murder, N.J.S.A 2C:11-3(a)(1), 

-3(a)(2), first-degree conspiracy to commit murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a)(1), 

2C:11-3(a)(1), and fourth-degree obstruction, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-1(a).

Defendant maintains his innocence and has stated he intends to go to 

trial. At the time of oral argument, his trial had not yet begun. Defendant 

asserts the delays violate his rights under the CJRA, and he maintains he is 

entitled to be released from pretrial detention.
6

II.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous effect on society since 

March 2020. Across the globe, millions have died and taken ill from the virus. 

Coronavirus Resource Center, Johns Hopkins Univ. & Med., 

https://coronavirus.jhu.edu (last visited June 21, 2022). The pandemic has also 

upended the personal and professional lives of countless people.

COVID-19 has affected the justice system as well. Early on, the 

Judiciary pivoted to virtual proceedings in place of in-person gatherings. 

According to the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC), since mid-March 

2020, more than 381,000 virtual court events have taken place involving more 

than 6 million participants. Today, the court system operates with a mix of 

virtual and in-person proceedings, and certain changes will likely extend 

beyond the pandemic. See Sup. Ct. of N.J., Future of Court Operations --

Continuation of Both In-Person and Virtual Court Events, at 1 (Nov. 18, 2021

Order).1 

For the criminal justice system in particular, the consequences of the 

pandemic have been substantial. Consistent with guidance from public health 

officials, the Judiciary for more than a year was unable to summon jurors, 

1 Copies of Court orders, notices, and press releases related to COVID-19 are 

available on the Judiciary’s website at https://www.njcourts.gov/public/

covid19.html.
7

witnesses, lawyers, court staff, and the parties for in-person jury trials. As a 

result, the Court on its own entered fourteen omnibus orders that tolled the 

clock for the start of criminal trials for a total of 461 days. See COVID-19 

Updates, N.J. Cts., https://www.njcourts.gov/public/covid19.html (listing all 

fourteen omnibus orders); see also N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). 

Those developments inevitably led to an increase in the number of 

pending cases. In March 2020, a large group of defendants already awaited 

trial on pending charges. With each passing day, more people were arrested 

and charged with crimes, but for an extended period, most could not be 

assigned a trial date and have a jury hear their case. Today, according to the 

AOC, there are approximately 6,000 cases in which defendants are held in 

custody pursuant to an order of pretrial detention as they await trial. On any 

given day, hundreds more are in custody as they wait for an initial appearance 

or detention hearing.

III.

A.

We begin with a brief overview of some basic points related to the 

CJRA. Under the prior system of pretrial release, New Jersey, like most states, 

relied heavily on cash bail. State v. Robinson, 229 N.J. 44, 52 (2017). The 

CJRA replaced that approach with a risk-based system that, for the first time, 
8

allowed judges to detain high-risk defendants pretrial. Id. at 54. The Act also 

provided speedy trial deadlines for detained defendants. Ibid.

Since the Act went into effect on January 1, 2017, most defendants have 

been released pending trial subject to monitoring by pretrial services officers. 

N.J.S.A. 2A:162-17, -25(d). For higher-risk defendants, the State can move 

for pretrial detention. Id. at -19(a). After a hearing, if the court finds by clear 

and convincing evidence that no combination of conditions of release would 

reasonably guard against the risk of danger, flight, or obstruction that a

defendant poses, the person is held in custody pretrial. Id. at -18(a)(1).

In recent years, approximately 19 percent of defendants charged by 

complaint have been ordered detained. Annual Report to the Governor and the 

Legislature 2020 at 32 (20.1 percent); Annual Report to the Governor and the 

Legislature 2019 at 29 (17.6 percent); Annual Report to the Governor and the 

Legislature 2018 at 36 (19.5 percent).

2

 In tandem with other reform efforts, 

the pretrial jail population dropped from 8,899 at the start of 2016 to 4,976 at 

the start of 2020. Criminal Justice Reform Statistics: Jan 1 -- Dec. 31, 2020, 

Chart C, https://www.njcourts.gov/courts/assets/criminal/cjrreport2020.pdf.

2

 Copies of the reports can be found at https://www.njcourts.gov/courts/criminal/

reform.html.
9

According to the AOC, that number has risen to approximately 6,700 because 

of the court system’s inability to conduct trials during the pandemic. 

Space limitations have also played a significant role. Twenty or more 

individuals must be present in the courtroom to conduct a single-defendant 

trial. When the Judiciary restarted in-person trials in June 2021, with six feet 

of social distancing in place, few courtrooms throughout the State were large 

enough to house a criminal trial. See Sup. Ct. of N.J., Resumption of Certain 

In-Person Jury Trials Effective June 15, 2021; Prioritization of Criminal Trials 

That Involve Detained Defendants, at 1 (May 11, 2021 Order); Notice --

COVID-19 -- Criminal and Civil Jury Trials -- Public Information and 

Guidance Pursuant to the Supreme Court’s May 11, 2021 Order, at 7 (May 19, 

2021). Even with social distancing relaxed to three feet in March 2022, Sup. 

Ct. of N.J., Conclusion of Masking and Social Distancing Requirements in 

Judiciary Facilities; Adjustments to Jury and Grand Jury Proceedings (Mar. 9, 

2022 Order), many courtrooms still cannot accommodate a criminal trial.

B.

We turn next to the CJRA’s timing provisions, which are at the center of 

this appeal. 

The Act includes several time limits designed to move cases with 

detained defendants to trial more quickly. First, defendants must be released if 
10

they have not been indicted within 90 days of being detained. N.J.S.A. 

2A:162-22(a)(1)(a). The 90-day clock does not count “excludable time for 

reasonable delays . . . set forth in subsection b” of the statute. Ibid. 

Subsection b, in turn, lists thirteen categories of excludable time. They 

include (1) “[t]he time from the filing to the final disposition of a motion made 

before trial by the prosecutor or the eligible defendant,” id. at -22(b)(1)(c); (2) 

“[t]he time resulting from exceptional circumstances including, but not limited 

to, a natural disaster,” id. at -22(b)(1)(f); and (3) “[t]he time for other periods 

of delay not specifically enumerated if the court finds good cause for the 

delay,” id. at -22(b)(1)(l). 

Other bases for excludable time include the time for a competency 

examination, id. at -22(b)(1)(a); for disposition of an application for pretrial 

treatment or a supervisory program, id. at -22(b)(1)(b); for a continuance that 

either the defendant or both parties requested, id. at -22(b)(1)(d); for detention 

in another jurisdiction, id. at -22(b)(1)(e); for cases designated complex, id. at 

-22(b)(1)(g); for severance of codefendants, id. at -22(b)(1)(h); for the 

defendant’s failure to appear in court, id. at -22(b)(1)(i); for disqualification or 

recusal of a judge, id. at -22(b)(1)(j); for defendant’s failure to provide 

discovery, id. at -22(b)(1)(k); and for “[a]ny other time otherwise required by 

statute, id. at -22(b)(1)(m). 
11

The trial judge may extend the 90-day clock by up to 45 days if, on 

motion of the prosecutor, the court finds that (1) the defendant presents a 

“substantial and unjustifiable risk” to public safety and no conditions of 

release “could reasonably address” the risk, and (2) the failure to indict “was 

not due to unreasonable delay by the prosecutor.” Id. at -22(a)(1)(a); R. 3:25-

4(b)(2). 

Second, defendants must be released if their trial has not “commence[d]” 

within 180 days of the return or unsealing of the indictment. N.J.S.A. 2A:162-

22(a)(2)(a). Under the Act, a trial “commence[s] when the court determines 

that the parties are present and directs them to proceed to voir dire or to 

opening argument, or the hearing of any motions that had been reserved for the 

time of trial.” Id. at -22(a)(2)(b)(i).

The 180-day clock contains provisions that mirror both exceptions to the 

90-day clock. Excludable time for reasonable delays under subsection b is not 

counted, and the court may extend the time to trial beyond 180 days if it finds 

a substantial risk to public safety and if the failure to start trial was not 

because of unreasonable delay by the prosecutor. Id. at -22(a)(2)(a). In the 

latter situation, the court may allocate up to 60 days of additional time. R.

3:25-4(c)(4)(B). 
12

Finally, the CJRA contains a two-year cap. Defendants shall be released 

from jail, after a hearing to consider conditions of release, if “the prosecutor is 

not ready to proceed” two years after the court ordered the defendant detained. 

N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(a) (emphasis added). The Act considers the State 

ready if the prosecutor is prepared “to proceed to voir dire or to opening 

argument, or to the hearing of any motions that had been reserved for the time 

of trial.” Ibid. Only “delays attributable to the” defendant can be excluded 

from the two-year cap. Ibid.

Rule 3:25-4 echoes and complements the Act. It identifies eight of 

thirteen categories that qualify as excludable time attributable to the defendant. 

Id. at -4(d)(2). They include motions filed by a defendant, “unless the motion 

was filed in response to unreasonable actions of the prosecutor,” id. at -

4(d)(2)(C), and good cause for delay, “but only if the delay resulted from 

unreasonable acts or omissions of the defendant,” id. at -4(d)(2)(H).3 

The Rule sets time limits to resolve certain motions. See, e.g., R. 3:25-

4(b)(2) to (4), -4(c)(2) to (4). It also directs that the provision to exclude time 

for good cause “shall be narrowly construed.” Id. at -4(i)(12). 

3

 Neither the CJRA nor the Rule provides that a natural disaster can extend the 

two-year cap. See N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(b)(1)(f); R. 3:25-4(d)(2), -4(i)(6). At 

the time the law and the rule were drafted in 2014 and 2016, respectively, very 

few contemplated the enormity of the current pandemic. 
13

IV.

Against that backdrop, we return to the procedural history of defendant’s 

case.

A total of seventeen orders were entered in this case; they excluded time 

under the 180-day clock from March 6, 2020 through April 22, 2022. The first 

order, which the trial court entered on March 11, 2020, excluded eleven days 

because defense counsel was not available. 

In response to the pandemic, the Supreme Court issued fourteen omnibus 

orders that applied to all criminal cases. In accordance with general guidance 

and recommendations from the New Jersey Department of Health and the 

Centers for Disease Control, the orders restricted in-person proceedings 

throughout the court system. The orders specifically suspended criminal jury 

trials.

For purposes of the 180-day clock, the omnibus orders excluded the time 

to commence trial for a total of 461 days -- from March 12, 2020 through June 

15, 2021.4 The orders relied on two bases: “exceptional circumstances,” 

N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(b)(1)(f), and “good cause for delay,” id. at -22(b)(1)(l). 

4

 The orders also addressed periods of excludable time for the return of an 

indictment, which encompassed somewhat different dates. See, e.g., Sup. Ct. 

of N.J., at 1 (Mar. 19, 2020 Order); Sup. Ct. of N.J., COVID-19 -- Eleventh 

COVID-19 Omnibus Order, at 3-5 (Mar. 23, 2021 Order).
14

As to the first ground, no party disputes that the COVID-19 pandemic qualifies 

as a “natural disaster” and thus an “exceptional circumstance” under the 

CJRA. See id. at -22(b)(1)(f); see also In re Request to Release Certain 

Pretrial Detainees, 245 N.J. 218, 231 (2021) (discussing the Act’s excludable 

time provisions in the context of a challenge related to COVID-19); N.J. 

Republican State Comm. v. Murphy, 243 N.J. 574, 580-81 (2020) (finding 

“that COVID-19 is a true disaster” within the meaning of the N.J. Const. art. 

VIII, § 2, ¶ 3(e)). As to the second basis -- “good cause for delay” -- the 

orders at different times rested on the statewide suspension of or limited 

capacity for jury trials. 

The trial court conducted several conferences and entered two additional 

orders that excluded 218 days. At a case management conference on 

September 17, 2021, the State asked to extend the period of excludable time 

through November 15, 2021. The State claimed additional time was needed 

because the vicinage was conducting “only one trial [at a] time,” and both 

counsel had other trial commitments. Defense counsel argued the State should 

file a formal application to create a better record from which it might appeal.

The court acknowledged the “exceptional, extraordinary circumstances” 

that existed and the vicinage’s inability “to move as many cases as we might 
15

have otherwise.” The judge noted the vicinage was attempting “to get to the 

point of” trying “up to two cases at a time.” 

Because of the “unfortunate backlog of detained defendants” and 

understandable concerns about the length of detention, the court instructed the 

parties to return in two months to address excludable time and for defendant to 

consider applying for release then. In the interim, the court asked the State to 

file an application for excludable time. The court also noted that defendant’s 

trial date was then set for January 25, 2022. 

The State did not file a motion. On October 21, 2021, it sought and 

obtained a superseding indictment from a Burlington County grand jury. The 

indictment added three new charges against Mackroy-Davis -- two counts of 

second-degree aggravated assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(1), and one count of 

conspiracy to commit aggravated assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a)(1). 

The charges stemmed from information the State learned from a 

codefendant in May 2020. The County Prosecutor, though, elected not to 

“present murder and other sensitive first-degree cases” to a virtual grand jury 

and waited to submit the charges to a grand jury in person. In-person grand 

jury proceedings were able to resume on June 15, 2021. Sup. Ct. of N.J., at 2

(May 11, 2021 Order).
16

The parties returned to court to arraign Mackroy-Davis on the 

superseding indictment on November 15, 2021. We discuss the balance of the 

hearing in greater detail later but note a few points here. Over defendant’s 

objection, the court ordered excludable time “due to extenuating 

circumstances” -- the court’s “inability, essentially, to move cases more than 

one at a time,” the “backlog of defendants” since the start of the pandemic, and 

courtroom unavailability. 

The following day, the court entered two orders for excludable time 

which stated, “The court has determined that there are exceptional 

circumstances due to courtroom unavailability and on account of good cause 

for the delay, for a public health emergency -- Covid-19.” (citing N.J.S.A. 

2A:162-22(b)(1)(f)). The first order excluded the period from September 17 

through November 14, 2021 -- a total of 59 days; the second order excluded 

the period from November 15, 2021 through April 22, 2022 -- 159 days. The 

court also set a trial date of April 22, 2022.5 

5

 Defendant’s trial did not start on that date. At oral argument before this 

Court on April 26, 2022, defense counsel explained that she was on trial 

elsewhere and had recently filed a motion to sever. Those delays are 

attributable to defendant and do not count toward the two-year cap. N.J.S.A.

2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). 
17

At another status conference on January 3, 2022, the court discussed the 

parties’ readiness to proceed to trial. As detailed further below, the State 

declared it was “trial ready.”

Defendant sought to appeal the trial court’s orders. He filed an 

application for permission to file an emergent motion on November 16, 2021, 

which the Appellate Division denied the following day. It noted defendant 

could file a motion in the ordinary course, which would be expedited. He then 

filed a motion for leave to appeal on December 6, 2021, which the Appellate 

Division denied on December 21, 2021. 

We granted defendant’s motion for leave to appeal on February 8, 2022. 

250 N.J. 107 (2022). We also granted leave to appear as amicus curiae to the 

Attorney General, the County Prosecutor’s Association of New Jersey (CPA), 

the Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers of New Jersey (ACDL), and the 

Public Defender and American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey (ACLU), 

who submitted a joint brief. 

V.

Defendant contends that trial courts are granting “excessive and 

unwarranted” amounts of excludable time “in the wake of the COVID-19 

pandemic,” contrary to the language, purpose, and intent of the CJRA. He 

argues that the trial court here abused its discretion when it ordered 218 days 
18

of excludable time on its own. Defendant claims the court excluded time 

because of the superseding indictment but conducted no analysis and made no 

findings to support its ruling. He therefore seeks immediate release from 

detention. 

Defendant maintains that trial courts must strictly and narrowly construe 

excludable time exceptions, and must not permit indefinite detention beyond 

the two-year cap. He submits that prosecutors should be required to make a 

greater showing of readiness to extend the cap by demonstrating that discovery 

and pretrial motions are complete and that witnesses are available. He also 

argues that a defendant’s appeal of an order of excludable time should not 

result in more excludable time. 

The Public Defender and ACLU echo the concerns defendant has raised. 

They submit that trial courts “routinely grant excludable time in violation of 

the CJRA, gutting the time limits of the statute,” and that Mackroy-Davis’s 

case exemplifies that problem. 

The ACDL contends that trial courts may not grant excludable time sua 

sponte under the CJRA. To do so, they argue, deprives defendants of a 

meaningful opportunity to object and violates their due process rights.

The State argues that defendant’s and amici’s broad-based arguments 

about excludable time ignore “the highly unfortunate but unavoidable issues 
19

created by the COVID-19 pandemic.” The State maintains the trial court 

entered orders of excludable time in response to the extraordinary 

circumstances the pandemic produced. In particular, the State argues the trial 

court appropriately based its orders on “exceptional circumstances” and “good 

cause” within the meaning of the Act -- that is, on courtroom unavailability

prompted by COVID-19, and not on the return of a superseding indictment. 

The State also emphasizes that it stated on the record it was ready to proceed 

to trial at the two-year mark, as the CJRA requires. In addition, the State 

maintains that motions for leave to appeal trigger excludable time under the 

language of the Act. 

The Attorney General similarly argues that the trial court properly 

adjusted the 180-day clock because of exceptional circumstances and good 

cause; that the two-year clock ends when the prosecution states its readiness 

for trial; that no enhanced showing of readiness is required; and that a 

defendant’s interlocutory appeal triggers excludable time under the text of the 

CJRA. 

The CPA likewise supports the State’s position. It urges the Court to 

find that “delays of criminal trials were rendered necessary by concerns for the 

spread of the novel coronavirus,” and that “[d]elays engendered by the 

pandemic are properly considered to be excludable time” under the CJRA. 
20

The CPA also submits that prosecutors satisfy their obligation relating to the 

two-year cap with a good faith declaration that the State is ready for trial. 

VI.

The pivotal issue in this appeal is whether defendant’s statutory right to 

a speedy trial has been violated. We therefore begin our analysis there. 

A.

To repeat, if a defendant is detained beyond the statute’s two-year cap, 

not counting delays attributable to the defendant, that defendant is entitled to 

be released pending trial if the prosecutor is not ready to proceed. N.J.S.A. 

2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). Because the State declared it was ready to proceed to trial 

at the relevant time, we do not find a violation under the Act.

Both parties agree that January 3, 2022, marked the end of the two-year 

cap. At a brief conference that day, the trial court confirmed that defendant’s 

trial was set to start on April 22, 2022. 

During the conference, the State twice stated it was ready to proceed. 

The first time, the court asked, “Is the State ready? The 22nd, that’s of April.” 

The State responded, “The April date, yes, the State’s trial ready.” Shortly 

after, the court posed the question more generally: “The State’s ready to 

proceed?” The prosecutor answered, “Yes, your Honor.” 
21

The hearing ended immediately afterward. Defense counsel did not ask 

the State to clarify whether it was ready to proceed to trial on the day of the 

conference -- the actual date of the two-year cap. And the trial court asked no 

further questions. 

We encourage trial judges to create a clearer record -- consistent with 

the following guidance -- for the benefit of the parties and to facilitate 

appellate review. A fair reading of the transcript in this case, however, does 

not suggest the State declared it would not be prepared until April 22, 2022. 

Because the State represented it was ready to proceed at the relevant time, we 

find no statutory violation of the two-year cap.

B.

We add the following relating to the prosecution’s statement of readiness 

under N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(a). 

First, trial courts should clarify before the date of the two-year cap 

whether the State will be ready then. Relying on the Court’s supervisory 

authority, N.J. Const. art. VI, § 2, ¶ 3, we direct trial courts to schedule a 

hearing approximately 30 days before the two-year cap expires. At the 

hearing, the court should ask the State if it will be ready to proceed on the twoyear cap date. 
22

Second, a statement of readiness has significant consequences. It can 

deprive a defendant of liberty beyond the two-year mark, at a time the 

individual is presumed innocent. To sustain such an outcome, a prosecutor’s 

brief comment on the record must convey a great deal: that discovery is 

complete at the time the representation is made;6that no substantive motions 

remain to be filed; that the indictment is in final form and no superseding 

indictment is contemplated, based on information known to the State or that 

should have been known through the exercise of reasonable diligence; and that 

the State’s witnesses are generally available.

Going forward, a prosecutor’s statement of readiness will be understood 

to encompass each of those elements. The prosecutor’s statement must be 

made in open court or in writing. R. 3:25-4(d)(3). Trial courts can rely on 

good faith representations from the State and need not inquire about each of 

the above points. In their discretion, judges can also “require appropriate 

assurances to support a prosecutor’s statement of readiness.” State v. D.F.W., 

468 N.J. Super. 422, 443 (App. Div. 2021). In addition, if a trial date is 

6

 We recognize the State has “a continuing duty to provide discovery” and 

may develop and disclose additional discovery after stating it is ready to 

proceed. R. 3:13-3(f); State in Int. of N.H., 226 N.J. 242, 257 (2016) (noting 

“the State’s continuing discovery obligation” under Rule 3:13-3(f)). Such 

disclosures do not conflict with a statement of readiness. 
23

postponed after the statement of readiness, the trial court can revisit the issue 

and ask the State to declare once again whether it is ready to proceed. Ibid.

C.

The prosecutor’s statement of readiness does not end all concerns about 

a defendant’s continued detention. The overall structure of the CJRA, and 

section 26 in particular, make clear the Legislature was concerned about 

lengthy pretrial delays for detained defendants. Yet a statement of readiness 

can effectively extend the two-year cap, and a defendant’s pretrial detention, if 

the court is not able to proceed. See id. at 427. 

As noted earlier, the law does not specifically address what should 

happen if the parties are ready to proceed but there are not enough courtrooms 

or judges to start the trial. Indeed, the plain language of the statute “conditions 

relief on a prosecutor’s lack of readiness to proceed (and not the availability of 

the court to try the case).” Id. at 441. In this appeal, the trial court explained 

in November 2021 that, on account of the pandemic, it was unable “to move 

cases more than one at a time” because of the backlog of cases and the 

unavailability of courtrooms. The court then set a trial date five months into 

the future. 

Because the statute contemplates that trials of detained defendants 

should begin as soon as practicable, we further rely on our supervisory 

------
24

authority to impose the following measures when the parties announce they are 

ready to proceed on the two-year cap date but no courtroom or judge will be 

available at that time. 

First, we recognize there are not enough available courtrooms today to 

address the substantial number of pending criminal cases because of COVID19 and its continuing effects on the justice system. It is also unlikely that a 

single trial judge will have a full understanding of the overall situation in a 

vicinage.

Therefore, if the State announces at the hearing described in the previous 

section that it is ready to proceed on the two-year cap date, and the defendant 

is also prepared but no courtroom or judge will be available for reasons related 

to the pandemic, the trial court must consult with a supervisory judge. In each 

vicinage, either the Assignment Judge or Criminal Presiding Judge should 

serve as the point person to coordinate trial dates from a vicinage-wide 

perspective and help schedule individual trials as soon as practicable. In 

scheduling trial dates, the supervisory judge and trial judges should take into 

account the age of a case, the seriousness of the charge, and the availability of 

counsel, among other relevant considerations. To be clear, cases with detained 

defendants are to receive priority.
25

Second, if the parties are ready but the trial cannot start before the twoyear cap expires, trial judges should schedule conferences at monthly intervals 

rather than delay a trial for multiple months at a time. They should consult 

with the supervisory judge about courtroom availability before those periodic 

conferences and make an appropriate record about the need for any further 

delays at the hearing. As noted earlier, trial judges may but are not required to 

inquire again about the State’s readiness at later conferences. See id. at 443.

To be clear, this appeal addresses the need for additional time to 

commence trial because of the COVID-19 pandemic, not more generalized 

arguments about routine scheduling matters unrelated to a public health crisis. 

In addition, the above requirements -- to consult with a supervisory judge and 

schedule monthly conferences -- may be relaxed as the public health situation 

continues to evolve. But coordination within each vicinage will still be needed 

for a period of time even when three feet of social distancing is no longer 

necessary for jury trials. The backlog the pandemic created over the course of 

two years cannot be resolved in a matter of months. 

Third, we ask assistant prosecutors and public defenders to notify their 

respective supervisors when a trial date is fixed to ensure that counsel will be 

present and the trial will commence as planned. We identify the Public 

Defender’s Office because it is responsible for the defense in a large majority

------
26

of criminal cases. The pending situation will depend on the cooperation of the 

private bar as well.

Trial judges and lawyers alike know that realistic trial dates help resolve 

cases. Knowing that a trial will begin soon causes parties to reexamine the 

strengths and weaknesses of their case and consider alternatives to trial. To 

effectively address the existing backlog, it is essential that trial teams be given 

more realistic trial dates -- and that they be able to proceed to trial on those 

dates. Once again, that will require coordination across the criminal justice 

system.

Finally, when a trial cannot start at the two-year cap, a detained 

defendant’s liberty is at stake. As a result, if judicial vacancies remain at high 

levels, it may be necessary to reassign judges from their responsibilities 

elsewhere in the court system to try criminal cases. See N.J. Const. art. VI, 

§ 7, ¶ 2.

VII.

The proceedings in this case raise a number of other issues. Although 

we find no statutory speedy trial violation, we address several points to offer

additional guidance.
27

A.

Sua sponte orders. Defendant argues that the trial court had no authority 

under the CJRA to issue sua sponte orders that excluded time from the speedy 

trial clock. Nothing in the statute or the court rules, however, bars judges from 

issuing orders about the speedy trial clock on their own accord.

This Court, for example, entered fourteen orders that excluded time from 

the 180-day clock because of COVID-19 and its consequences. As noted 

earlier, the orders were based on “exceptional circumstances,” which expressly 

encompass “natural disaster[s],” see N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(b)(1)(f), and “good 

cause for the delay,” in light of the suspension of and limited capacity for jury 

trials statewide, see id. at -22(b)(1)(l). Defendant does not challenge the 

validity of those orders, which the Court entered on its own.

The statute logically empowers trial courts to act on their own in certain 

instances. To be sure, a few provisions condition excludable time on a party 

making an application. See, e.g., id. at -22(b)(1)(c) (the filing of pretrial 

motions); id. at -22(b)(1)(d) (a request for a continuance); id. at -22(b)(1)(g) (a 

request to designate a case as a complex matter). But other sections of the law 

do not depend on a party’s motion or request. See, e.g., id. at -22(b)(1)(a) 

(competency examination and hearing); id. at -22(b)(1)(e) (detention in 

another jurisdiction); id. at -22(b)(1)(h) (severance of codefendants that 
28

permits only one trial to commence); id. at -22(b)(1)(i) (failure to appear); id.

at -22(b)(i)(j) (disqualification or recusal of a judge); id. at -22(b)(1)(k) 

(failure to provide discovery). Exceptional circumstances and good cause --

the bases the trial court relied on here -- fall in the latter category. See id. at 

-22(b)(1)(f) & (l).

The question is not who initiates an order of excludable time; it is 

whether the order rests on appropriate grounds. Before an order is entered, the 

parties should ordinarily have an opportunity to address the merits of the issue. 

In this case, the trial court afforded both sides that opportunity. 7

B.

Superseding indictments. As noted earlier, at the November 15, 2021 

conference, the trial court relied on courtroom unavailability and the pandemic 

to exclude time from the 180-day clock. At the hearing, the parties also 

discussed the superseding indictment returned on October 21, 2021 -- twenty 

months after the original indictment.

7

 The ACDL, as amicus, claims the trial court’s sua sponte exclusion of time 

violated defendant’s due process rights by denying him notice and an 

opportunity to be heard -- an argument defendant has not made. The Court 

ordinarily declines to consider arguments raised only by amici. State v. J.L.G., 

234 N.J. 265, 280 (2018); State v. J.R., 227 N.J. 393, 421 (2017). In any 

event, the trial court announced its intention on the record and allowed the 

parties to comment before it entered two orders the following day.
29

At the time, the State submitted that the CJRA “does allow for 

superseding indictments to get basically 180 days to restart the clock.” 

Defendant objected, asked the State to make a formal application, and 

observed that the new charges were based on a statement a codefendant made 

in May 2020. In response, the assistant prosecutor explained the Burlington 

County Prosecutor’s Office took the position that it would not present “murder 

cases or first-degree cases” to a virtual grand jury.8

Multiple pages in the hearing transcript address the effect of the 

superseding indictment, but the trial court’s ruling neither referred to nor 

relied on the new charges. The court instead relied on courtroom 

unavailability and the pandemic to extend the time to trial.

9

 Once again, a 

clear record of the specific grounds for excludable time -- at the hearing and in 

written orders -- will best serve the parties and enable appellate review. 

8

 Because of the pandemic, the Court temporarily suspended the use of inperson grand juries in March 2020 and authorized the use of virtual grand 

juries two months later. See Sup. Ct. of N.J., at 1 (Mar. 19, 2020 Order); Sup. 

Ct. of N.J., at 2-3 (May 14, 2020 Order).

9

 Defendant properly points out that the court was not permitted to extend the 

two-year clock beyond his January 3, 2022 release date for reasons not 

attributable to the defendant. To the extent the trial court’s second November 

2021 order incorrectly extended the two-year date in that manner, any error 

was cured by the prosecutor’s statement of readiness. 
30

Defendant here correctly argued that a superseding indictment does not 

automatically reset the 180-day clock. The CJRA provides that “[t]he return 

of a superseding indictment against the eligible defendant shall extend the time 

for the trial to commence.” N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(a)(2)(b)(ii). Rule 3:25-4(f) 

provides additional guidance. It directs the court to 

schedule the trial to commence as soon as reasonably 

practicable taking into consideration the nature and 

extent of differences between the superseded and 

superseding indictments, including the degree to which 

the superseding indictment is based on information that 

was available at the time of the original indictment or 

that could have been obtained through reasonably 

diligent efforts at the time of the original indictment.

Under the plain language of the Rule, to determine how much additional 

time should be excluded, trial courts should scrutinize both indictments with 

care and consider when the information underlying the new charges was 

available. Beyond that, courts may require the State to explain how the new 

charges affect its ability to prepare for trial and present its case. See D.F.W., 

468 N.J. Super. at 436; see also United States v. Andrews, 790 F.2d 803, 808-

09 (10th Cir. 1986) (noting that superseding charges that “merely . . . ‘gild[]’ 

the initial charge” do not provide a basis for additional time under the federal 

Speedy Trial Act). A prosecutor’s decision not to present an indictment to a 

virtual grand jury is not a basis to extend the time for a trial to start under the 
31

CJRA. See State v. Vega-Larregui, 246 N.J. 94, 104, 134 (2021) (rejecting 

challenges to the use of virtual grand juries).

C.

Motions for Leave to Appeal. Defendant also argues that an appeal of a 

trial court’s order excluding time should not result in yet more excludable 

time. We recognize the dilemma defendants face: to challenge an arguably 

flawed ruling that a defendant has not gotten a speedy trial can itself delay the 

trial date. Defendant therefore asks the Court to amend Rule 3:25-4(i) and 

eliminate exclusions of time for interlocutory review of orders excluding time. 

The CJRA states that “[t]he time from the filing to the final disposition 

of a motion made before trial by the prosecutor or the eligible defendant” 

“shall be excluded in computing time in which a case shall be indicted or 

tried.” N.J.S.A. 2A:162-22(b)(1)(c) (emphasis added). Motions for leave to 

appeal an order excluding time qualify as “motions” under the CJRA, and the 

statute provides no exception for them. State v. Washington, 453 N.J. Super. 

164, 203 (App. Div. 2018) (citing the statute and a recommendation contained 

in the 2014 report of the Supreme Court’s Joint Committee on Criminal 

Justice). We therefore decline defendant’s request to craft a rule that would 

conflict with the statute. 
32

To avoid delays, we note that existing rules place limits on how much 

time can be excluded under the CJRA to resolve a motion before the trial 

court. See R. 3:25-4(i)(3)(A) to (C); R. 3:10-2(f). Briefing, argument, and any 

evidentiary hearing must “be completed promptly but in no event later than 60 

days after the filing of the notice of motion, unless the court finds good cause 

to extend the time . . . to complete the record.” R. 3:10-2(f); see also R. 3:25-

4(i)(3)(A). In addition, “[u]nless the court reserves its decision until the time 

of trial,” it must “decide the motion within 30 days after the record is 

complete” absent “extraordinary circumstances.” R. 3:25-4(i)(3)(B). “[N]o 

more than an additional 30 days shall be excluded.” Ibid. 

We adopt a similar but more expedited approach for motions for leave to 

appeal an order about speedy trial calculations. Relying on our supervisory 

authority, N.J. Const. art. VI, § 2, ¶ 3, we call on the Appellate Division to 

address motions for leave to appeal such orders on an expedited basis.10 To 

that end, the Appellate Division should decide the motion within 5 days. If the 

court grants the motion for leave to appeal, it should direct the parties to file 

10

 We recognize that the Appellate Division, in its order denying defendant’s 

application to file an emergent motion, noted that motions for leave to appeal 

related to pretrial detention “are already expedited.” 
33

briefs -- and transcripts, if necessary -- on an expedited basis, and render a 

decision within 5 days of getting those materials.11

Parties can ask this Court to review the Appellate Division’s judgment

on an emergent basis. 

VIII.

Finally, defendant argues that indefinite detention beyond the two-year 

cap because of the pandemic violates due process. He urges the Court to 

“impose an outer-limit of detention” to “save the constitutionality of the 

CJRA.” He proposes the following bright-line rule: Defendants must be 

released on electronic monitoring or home detention 30 days after their twoyear release date if they are charged with first- or second-degree non-violent 

offenses; after 60 days if they are charged with first- or second-degree violent 

offenses; and at the two-year mark in all other cases. 

Defendant did not raise that argument before the trial court or in his 

motion for leave to appeal. It is therefore not properly before the Court. See

11

 If a litigant abuses the above process by filing repetitive motions that 

demonstrate “a pattern of frivolous litigation,” the Presiding Judge for 

Administration of the Appellate Division can enter an order consistent with 

Rosenblum v. Borough of Closter to control the practice and curtail “harassing 

and vexatious” motions. 333 N.J. Super. 385, 387, 391 (App. Div. 2000). 

Such orders must be entered with caution to avoid impinging on a defendant’s 

“fundamental right of . . . access to the courts.” D’Amore v. D’Amore, 186 

N.J. Super. 525, 530 (App. Div. 1982); see also Zehl v. City of Elizabeth Bd. 

of Educ., 426 N.J. Super. 129, 139-40 (App. Div. 2012).
34

State v. Lawless, 214 N.J. 594, 605 n.2 (2013); see also State v. Cabbell, 207 

N.J. 311, 327 n.10 (2011) (declining to consider an argument first raised in a 

supplemental brief to the Court); Hirsch v. State Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 128 

N.J. 160, 161 (1992) (declining to address a claim presented after the Court 

granted a petition for certification).

In addition, we previously rejected a facial challenge to the CJRA on 

due process grounds in Pretrial Detainees. 245 N.J. at 232. Defendants argued 

that prolonged pretrial detention during the pandemic “would render the Act 

punitive, rather than regulatory.” Id. at 230. The Court disagreed and found 

“that the pandemic, along with the accompanying suspension of in-person 

criminal jury trials,” had not “transformed the CJRA’s overall approach to 

pretrial detention into a punitive scheme.” Id. at 232. 

Contrary to defendant’s position here, the Court explained that 

“[w]hether the length of detention violates due process . . . ‘requires 

assessment on a case-by-case basis’ because due process is a flexible concept 

that ‘does not necessarily set a bright line limit for length of pretrial 

confinement.’” Id. at 231 (quoting United States v. Orena, 986 F.2d 628, 630 

(2d Cir. 1993)); see also United States v. Accetturo, 783 F.2d 382, 388 (3d Cir. 

1986) (“Because due process is a flexible concept, arbitrary lines should not be 
35

drawn regarding precisely when defendants adjudged to be flight risks or 

dangers to the community should be released pending trial.”). 

Defendants may bring individual due process challenges based on the 

length of their detention. Pretrial Detainees, 245 N.J. at 232. They “must do 

so in the first instance before the trial court.” D.F.W., 468 N.J. Super. at 445. 

Pretrial Detainees lists a number of relevant considerations to assess such a 

challenge. 245 N.J. at 232 (discussing Accetturo, 783 F.2d at 388). 

IX.

For those reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court as modified. 

We also remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings in 

accordance with the procedures outlined in section VI.C.

JUSTICES ALBIN, PATTERSON, SOLOMON, and PIERRE-LOUIS 

join in CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER’s opinion. JUDGE FUENTES 

(temporarily assigned) did not participate.