NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 13a0717n.06

No. 12-1214

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

WILLIAM TATE, ET AL.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

GENERAL MOTORS LLC,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF

MICHIGAN

Before: SILER, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

SILER, Circuit Judge. Appellants, executive retirees (“Retirees”) of General Motors LLC

(“GM”), brought suit against GM pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act

(“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B), challenging an adverse determination of their entitlement

to benefits under GM’s Executive Retirement Plan (“ERP” or the “Plan”). Forthe reasons explained

below, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of GM’s motion to dismiss.

I.

The Retirees are participants in and/or beneficiaries of GM’s ERP. The ERP is an unfunded,

non-qualified, retirement benefit plan that provides deferred compensation for a select group of

management or highly compensated employees. In 2008, as a condition of its bankruptcy and its

subsequent purchase by the United States Treasury, GM was required to cut certain retirement

benefits, including two-thirds of particular ERP benefits exceeding $100,000. The calculation of the
No. 12-1214

Tate v. General Motors

ERP reduction is the source of controversy in this lawsuit. The key provision, Article IV Section 

II (g) of the Plan, reads:

[F]or executive retirees who have a combined tax-qualified SRP plus non-qualified

benefit under this Plan in excess of $100,000 per annum on a life annuity basis, the

amount of benefits under this Plan over the combined $100,000 per annum threshold

shall be reduced by 2/3rds. 

In 2010, in accordance with the ERP’s Claim and Denial procedures, Retirees sought a

redetermination of their benefits received under the ERP. They treated GM’s subsequent failure to

respond within 60 days as a denial and filed an appeal with the Executive Compensation Committee

(“ECC”) for the Board of Directors in 2011. GM responded, denying the claims. In its response,

GM misquoted the ERP terms and omitted from the key provision the second appearances of the

phrase “under this plan,” and the word “threshold.” A few months later, when the ECC also

responded denying the appeals, it too omitted these same terms and misquoted the provision. 

Following these denials, Retirees filed suit against GM in the United States District Court. 

They asserted in Count 1 that GM failed to properly calculate their benefits in violation of ERISA §

502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). They argued that GM incorrectly interpreted the key

provision of Article IV Section II (g), which led to an erroneous calculation of their ERP benefits. 

In Count 2, Retirees asserted that GM, as plan administrator, failed to provide them with required plan

information within 30 days of their request, as required under ERISA § 501(c)(1), 29 U.S.C. §

1132(c)(1). Retirees insisted that GM, as the plan administrator, is subject to a penalty for this

procedural error. 

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Tate v. General Motors

GM moved to dismiss the amended complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6), arguing that the key provision is unambiguous and that GM’s interpretation is the only

plausible and reasonable interpretation. To its motion, GM attached several documents supporting

its interpretation of the provision. The district court granted GM’s motion, finding that Retirees’

interpretation of the provision was implausible. 

II.

We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. Orton v. Johnny’s Lunch

Franchise, LLC, 668 F.3d 843, 846 (6th Cir. 2012). Where, as here, a policy grants a plan

administrator discretion to interpret the policy, our decision is limited to a determination of whether

the denial of benefits was arbitrary and capricious. Davis v. Ky. Fin. Cos. Ret. Plan, 887 F.2d 689,

694 (6th Cir. 1989). This standard is not altered by the existence of GM’s inherent conflict of interest

created by acting as both the administrator and issuer of the Plan, but we consider it “a factor in

determining whether the [plan administrator’s] decision was arbitrary and capricious.” Id. at 694.

A.

In order to survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662, 678 (2009). Count 1 of the amended complaint alleges that GM wrongfully denied Retirees

additional benefits in violation of ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). Retirees claim

they are entitled to these benefits under Article IV Section II of the Plan. GM argues that the key

provision at issue is unambiguous because it is only open to one reasonable interpretation–that ERP

benefits under the Plan are subject to a two-thirds reduction when a combination of SRP benefits and

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Tate v. General Motors

ERP benefits together exceed a $100,000 threshold. Retirees counter that the provision should be

read as comprising two distinct parts, separated by the comma approximately midway through the

paragraph. They contend that the first part is the condition precedent which renders the provision

applicable to only employees who have (1) an SRP and (2) an annual ERP benefit in excess of

$100,000. Thus, the $100,000 threshold applies only to ERP benefits, not SRP benefits. 

AfterreviewingRetirees’ position, the plan administrator denied their claims, concluding that

their “proposed interpretation of the Plan language [was] inconsistent with both the Plan language and

its intended application.” The primary issue before us is whether Retirees have shown that the plan

administrator’s interpretation is arbitrary and capricious. The crux of the parties’ disagreement on

this issue is the effect of the word “combined” in the provision. 

ERISA plan provisions are interpreted “according to their plain meaning, in an ordinary and

popular sense.” Perez v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 150 F.3d 550, 556 (6th Cir. 1998). As defined by the

Oxford English Dictionary, the term “combined,” as referenced by both parties, means “possess[ed]

or exhibit[ed] in union,” “coupled,” “united,” and “[r]esulting from, or produced by, combination.” 

515-16 (2d ed., 1989). Thus, the provision’s first clause referring to “executive retirees who have a

combined tax-qualified SRP plus non-qualified benefit under this Plan in excess of $100,000 per 

annum on a life annuity basis,” must indicate the union or sum of more than one part. The parties

agree that these two parts are the “tax-qualified SRP” and “non-qualified benefit under this Plan,”

and their dispute turns on whether the final phrase “in excess of $100,000” refers to only the latter

non-qualified benefit or a combination of both the tax-qualified SRP and non-qualified benefit. 

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Tate v. General Motors

If this were the only challenged portion of the provision, Retirees’ insistence that the former

interpretation be adopted might be plausible. However, the provision goes on to state in the second

clause that for retirees to meet this requirement, “the amount of benefits under this Plan over the

combined $100,000 per annum threshold shall be reduced by 2/3rds.” The word “combined,” as it

appears in the second clause must, again, in keeping with its ordinary meaning, refer to a union or

combination of multiple parts. Thus, the threshold, as determined bythe provision’s first clause, must

comprise two items which, in sum, exceed $100,000. GM’s interpretation is wholly consistent with

this conclusion, while Retirees’ interpretation renders the second appearance of “combined”

meaningless because it eliminates the necessity of having two parts which, when added together,

exceed $100,000.

Retirees attempt to save their argument by relying on the last antecedent rule, a principle of

contract interpretation which provides that “a limiting clause or phrase . . . should ordinarily be read

as modifying only the noun or phrase that it immediately follows.” Cracker Barrel Old Country

Store, Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 499 F. App’x 559, 564 (6th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). Under

this rule, Retirees insist that the clause “in excess of $100,000” applies only to non-qualified benefits,

since this item appears just before the modification. However, they overlook that “[l]ike all canons

of interpretation, the rule of the last antecedent can be overcome by textual indication of contrary

meaning.” Decker v. Nw. Envtl. Def. Ctr., 133 S. Ct. 1326, 1343-44 (2013). Here, the appearance

of “combined” twice in the provision indicates that the $100,000 threshold comprises more than one

item, which can only be read to reference tax-qualified SRP benefits and non-qualified ERP benefits

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Tate v. General Motors

because these are the only two items referenced in the provision. This textual indication supersedes

a contrary reading under the last antecedent rule. 

B.

Retirees next argue that the provision is ambiguous because the term “SRP” is not defined

within the Plan. However, this does not create a material ambiguitywithin the provision. See Witmer

v. Acument Global Techs., Inc., 694 F.3d 774, 778 (6th Cir. 2012). The definition of “SRP” does not

implicate Retirees’ interpretation of the Plan and they do not explain how a failure to define “SRP”

affects their claimed benefits. For this reason, the Plan’s failure to define “SRP” does not save

Retirees’ argument or deem the provision ambiguous.

C.

The ERP falls into a categoryof retirement benefit plans commonlyknown as “top hat” plans. 

While “top hat” plans are governed by ERISA, they are not subject to many of the substantive

standards required of other retirement plans, such as participation, vesting, accrual, funding, fiduciary

responsibility, disclosure, and reporting. Simpson v. Mead Corp., 187 F. App’x 481, 483-84 (6th Cir.

2006) (citations omitted). These exceptions are made in recognition of the ability of high level

employees to influence or negotiate elements of their compensation packages, eliminating the need

for protections afforded other employees under ERISA. Bakri v. Venture Mfg. Co., 473 F.3d 677, 678

(6th Cir. 2007).

Retirees argue that because this case involves a top-hat plan, the district court applied an

erroneous “plausibility” standard and should have allowed more factual development of the record

or extrinsic evidence before ruling on GM’s motion to dismiss. Although top-hat plans are largely

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exempted from ERISA, we have not extended the exemption so far as to demand that district courts

admit extrinsic evidence before dismissing a plaintiff’s claims. “When interpreting ERISA plan

provisions, general principles of contract law apply . . . .” Lipker v. AK Steel Corp., 698 F.3d 923,

928 (6th Cir. 2012). We have consistently stated that extrinsic evidence should only be admitted after

a provision has been found to be ambiguous. See Pollet v. Rinker Materials Corp., 477 F.3d 376, 380

(6th Cir. 2007). Thus, Retirees’ argument that extrinsic evidence is needed at this stage of litigation

fails because, as explained above, they have not first established that the provision is ambiguous. 

While Retirees insist that extrinsic evidence should be admitted at this stage of litigation, they

argue in the same breath that the district court erred in permitting GM to attach documents outside

the administrative record to its motion to dismiss. Although GM did attach extrinsic evidence in

support of its interpretation of the Plan, the district court found Retirees’ interpretation implausible

and the provision unambiguous. Therefore, the district court never considered the documents

submitted by defendant on this issue. The challenge to GM’s submission of extrinsic evidence fails

because the evidence did not affect the district court’s ruling. Even assuming it did, however, we

affirm because, after our independent review of only the amended complaint and its attachments, it

is clear that Retirees failed to state a plausible claim for relief. 

D.

As a final matter, Retirees contend they allege facts showing procedural shortcomings in

GM’s review process which warrant substantive remedies. They note specifically that the plan

administrator was untimely in issuing its interpretive ruling and in presenting the issue to the ECC

for review, and that both the plan administrator and the ECC blatantly misquoted the Plan language. 

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Tate v. General Motors

What Retirees do not offer is how a slight misquoting of the provision affects either the quality of

review given to their claims or their entitlement to benefits. Procedural violations warrant substantive

remedies “only when some useful purpose would be served.” Kent v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co.,

96 F.3d 803, 807 (6th Cir. 1996) (citations omitted). Accordingly, determinations of benefits will still

be upheld where plan administrators substantially comply with ERISA, even where mere technical

or procedural defects are present. Id. at 808. Because Retirees do not show that the procedural errors

they allege affect the substance of their claims, they are not entitled to substantive remedies from the

court.

AFFIRMED.

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