IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 92-CA-00892-SCT

COLUMBUS PAPER & CHEMICAL, INC.

v.

JOHN A. CHAMBERLIN, JR.

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 5/14/92

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. LEE J. HOWARD

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LOWNDES COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: JOSEPH N. STUDDARD

FRANK B. WEBB

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: DEWITT T. HICKS

CYNTHIA E. DANIELS

JIM WAIDE

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND RENDERED - 5/30/96

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 6/21/96

MANDATE ISSUED: 1/8/97

EN BANC.

LEE, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The Appellee ("Chamberlin") filed suit against the Appellant ("Columbus Paper") under the Age

Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in the Lowndes County Circuit Court alleging that Columbus

Paper had impermissibly discharged him from employment because of his age. After all pre-trial matters

were resolved, the case was tried and the jury, after receiving instructions from the trial court, found for

Chamberlin and awarded damages in the amount of $85,500. The jury also determined that Columbus

Paper's violation of the ADEA was "willful" and, thus, awarded Chamberlin an additional $85,500 as

permitted by the act. Columbus Paper, aggrieved by the jury's verdict and award, appeals and assigns the

following as error:

I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION

FOR JUDGMENT N.O.V. OR ALTERNATIVELY, MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL AS A

RESULT OF PLAINTIFF'S FAILURE TO PROVE THAT AGE WAS A

DETERMINATIVE FACTOR RELATING TO HIS TERMINATION FROM

DEFENDANT'S EMPLOYMENT?
II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION

FOR JUDGMENT N.O.V. OR ALTERNATIVELY, MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL AS A

RESULT OF PLAINTIFF'S ADMITTED FAILURE TO MITIGATE DAMAGES?

III. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION

FOR JUDGMENT N.O.V. OR ALTERNATIVELY, MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

RELATING TO DAMAGES AWARDED FOR A WILLFUL VIOLATION OF THE AGE

DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT?

IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO GRANT DEFENDANT'S MOTION

FOR NEW TRIAL BASED UPON THE FOLLOWING ERRORS, ALL OF WHICH

TAKEN TOGETHER DENIED DEFENDANT ITS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO

TRIAL BY AN IMPARTIAL JURY PROPERLY INSTRUCTED AS TO THE LAW

A. THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO CLARIFY CONFUSION AMONG THE JURY,

WHEN PRESENTED A WRITTEN QUESTION FROM THE JURY AFTER THEIR

DELIBERATIONS HAD BEGUN.

B. THE RECEIPT AND EXTENDED USE DURING JURY DELIBERATIONS OF

PLAINTIFF'S UNAUTHORIZED DRAFT JURY INSTRUCTIONS MISTAKENLY

HANDED TO THE JURY, MANY OF WHICH CONTAINED ERRONEOUS LAW

REFUSED BY THE COURT AND ONE OF WHICH BEING A PEREMPTORY

INSTRUCTION FOR PLAINTIFF.

C. THE HIGHLY PREJUDICIAL, RACIALLY PROVOCATIVE AND EMOTIONALLY

INFLAMMATORY APPEAL TO THE PASSIONS OF THE JURY ELICITED BY

REFERENCE TO THE RODNEY KING VERDICT (RENDERED 14 DAYS EARLIER)

MADE IN CLOSING ARGUMENT BY PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL TO A RACIALLY

MIXED JURY.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

¶2. Chamberlin filed suit on August 24, 1990, in the Lowndes County Circuit Court against Columbus

Paper, Jimmie E. Nolen ("Nolen") and Clanton Johnson ("Johnson") alleging that he had been willfully

terminated from his job because of his age. In addition to the allegation that he was terminated because of

his age, Chamberlin claimed that Nolen and Johnson interfered with his employment relationship and that the

non-compete covenant contained in the Agreement Of Purchase And Sale was void and unenforceable.

Finally, Chamberlin's complaint sought a reformation of a lease between Columbus Paper and Chamberlin.

¶3. On May 11, 1992, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Nolen and Johnson individually

and also granted summary judgment in Columbus Paper's favor as to Chamberlin's claim that his lease with

Columbus Paper was invalid. On May 13, 1992, before the start of trial, Chamberlin dropped his claim that

the non-compete covenant was void.

¶4. Thereafter, the case proceeded to trial on the sole issue of whether Columbus Paper had unlawfully

fired Chamberlin because of his age. After a two-day trial, the jury returned a verdict for Chamberlin

against Columbus Paper in the amount of $171,000. Columbus Paper timely filed its post-trial motions and
these motions were denied on August 19, 1992. Columbus Paper timely filed its notice of appeal on August

31, 1992.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS

¶5. John Chamberlin started the forerunner to Columbus Paper in 1967 when, as a part-time job, he sold

cleaning supplies from his home and from the back of his station wagon. Chamberlin eventually

incorporated his cleaning supply business and took on two partners, Burlon Laird and Bob Ward. Initially,

Chamberlin, Laird and Ward each owned one-third of Columbus Paper's stock. Later, Ward sold his onethird share of Columbus Paper to Nolen, and later Burlon Laird sold his one-third share of the company to

Johnson. This left Chamberlin, Nolen and Johnson as the sole shareholders in Columbus Paper.

¶6. After Johnson bought into the company, the atmosphere between the three owners became strained and

on several occasions Nolen and Johnson outvoted Chamberlin on issues concerning Columbus Paper. This

led Chamberlin to feel as if he was being left out of the decision-making process.

¶7. In 1986 Chamberlin and Nolen decided that either Chamberlin would buy Nolen's share of the

company or Nolen would buy Chamberlin's share of the company. Chamberlin testified that, in light of the

fact that he was consistently outvoted on company matters, he decided to sell his share of the company and

get his "money out of it."

¶8. Nolen presented Chamberlin with a proposed agreement covering the sale of Chamberlin's share of the

company. This agreement contained a non-compete provision and a provision that provided that

Chamberlin could continue with the company as a "terminable at will" employee. Chamberlin took this

proposed agreement to his son-in-law (John Banahan), a lawyer in Pascagoula, and sought his advice.

Chamberlin's son-in-law suggested a few changes to the agreement which included changing the terms of

employment to the following: "Corporation and Seller hereby agree that Seller will continue in the

employment of Corporation, and that the Corporation may terminate the employment relationship

for cause at any time prior to January 27, 1990, and at will thereafter." Chamberlin presented the

proposed changes to Nolen and subsequently, the parties agreed to incorporate them into the May 27,

1987, Agreement Of Purchase And Sale.

¶9. Both parties agreed to the terms of the contract and the sale of Chamberlin's share of Columbus Paper

was consummated. As consideration for the purchase of Chamberlin's share of Columbus Paper, Nolen

paid Chamberlin $140,000 and relieved Chamberlin of an outstanding $60,000 obligation Chamberlin had

with a local bank.

¶10. Thereafter, Chamberlin worked for the company as a salesman until approximately January 22, 1990,

when Nolen notified Chamberlin as follows: "After carefully considering about [sic] your employment with

us. I have decided it would be best for you to finish up at the end of January according to our agreement."

At first, Chamberlin asked if he could stay on a couple of months to take someone around to show them his

routes. Nolen agreed to this arrangement, and then Chamberlin changed his mind, turned in his keys and

delivered a letter to the staff telling them where to forward his mail. From this point on the litigants' stories

differ.

¶11. At trial Nolen adamantly denied that Chamberlin was fired because of his age and testified that he

thought under the contract he did not have to have a reason to fire Chamberlin. Chamberlin, on the other
hand, testified that he must have been terminated because of his age since he was terminated on his sixtyfifth birthday (January 27, 1990, was Chamberlin's birthday).

¶12. After he was terminated, Chamberlin talked to other competing paper and chemical businesses about

working for them. However, as Chamberlin had signed a non-competition agreement when he sold his

share of Columbus Paper, the companies interested in hiring Chamberlin felt that he was not employable in

that field in the Columbus area for at least three years after his January 1990 termination date. After learning

that he could not work in Columbus in the cleaning supply business, Chamberlin testified that he did not feel

that he could work any other type of job because of his age and lack of experience in other areas.

¶13. At trial Nolen and Johnson testified that, pursuant to the May 27, 1987, contract, it was their

understanding that Chamberlin would leave the company after January 27, 1990. Chamberlin testified that it

was his understanding that he could stay with the company indefinitely.

¶14. Columbus Paper representatives testified as to various "problems" they had with Chamberlin during the

approximately three years he worked for Columbus Paper after selling his ownership interest, i.e.,

Chamberlin monopolized the front desk area, he "snooped" in the files, he was opposed to upgrading

equipment, and he would not use the order forms provided by the company. In turn, Chamberlin testified to

certain problems he had with Nolen and Johnson, i.e., they outvoted him on moving into the Tupelo market,

they outvoted him on his insurance policy, they went to look at a paper mill without telling him, they

outvoted him on serving as president of Columbus Paper, etc. Columbus Paper admitted that the reasons

stated above were not the reasons they fired Chamberlin and Chamberlin admitted that none of his

problems with Columbus Paper or with Nolen and Johnson were a result of his age.

¶15. At trial Chamberlin testified that he was entitled to $85,500 in compensatory damages and an

additional $85,500 because Columbus Paper had wilfully violated the ADEA when it terminated

Chamberlin because of his age. After the close of all the testimony, the jury returned a verdict for

Chamberlin in the amount of $171,000.

DISCUSSION

¶16. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., was enacted by

congress in 1967 in an attempt to eradicate age discrimination in the workplace. McKennon v. Nashville

Banner Pub. Co., 115 S. Ct. 879, 884 (1995). The ADEA generally protects employees between the

ages 40 and 70, 29 U.S.C. § 631(a), and makes it unlawful for any employer:

to discharge any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his

compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's age.

29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). ADEA suits may be brought in either state court or federal court. 29 U.S.C. §

626(c)(1). See, e.g., Gilder v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 21 (1991). This Court,

when enforcing rights created under federal law, must follow the interpretations of those rights provided by

federal courts. Saunders v. Mullins, 412 So. 2d 245 (Miss. 1985); Illinois Central Railroad Co. v.

Coussens, 223 Miss. 103, 113, 77 So. 2d 818, 821 (1955).

¶17. When evaluating an ADEA claim, the Supreme Court frequently looks to the substantive law of Title

VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston,

469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985).(1) In fact, the United States Supreme Court recently stated:
The ADEA is but part of a wider statutory scheme to protect employees in the workplace nationwide.

The ADEA incorporates some features of both Title VII and the Fair Labor Standards Act, which

has led us to describe it as "something of a hybrid." The substantive, antidiscrimination provisions of

the ADEA are modeled upon the prohibitions of Title VII.

McKennon, 115 S. Ct. at 884 (citations omitted). "The ADEA and Title VII share common substantive

features and also a common purpose: 'the elimination of discrimination in the workplace.'" Id. at 884

(quoting Oscar Mayer & Co. v. Evans, 441 U.S. 750, 756 (1979)).

¶18. If found guilty of violating the ADEA, the defendant can be ordered to reinstate the plaintiff or provide

back pay. Lorilland v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 584 (1978). In the case of a willful violation of the Act, the

ADEA authorizes an award of liquidated damages equal to the back pay award. McKennon, 115 S. Ct. at

882.

¶19. On appeal, we find that Columbus Paper's first assignment of error is dispositive and warrants reversal

of the jury's verdict. Accordingly, this opinion will not address assignments of error II through IV.

I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION

FOR JUDGMENT N.O.V. OR ALTERNATIVELY, MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL AS A

RESULT OF PLAINTIFF'S FAILURE TO PROVE THAT AGE WAS A

DETERMINATIVE FACTOR RELATING TO HIS TERMINATION FROM

DEFENDANT'S EMPLOYMENT?

¶20. On appeal, Columbus Paper concedes that Chamberlin met his burden of establishing a prima facie

case of age discrimination, but contends that the trial judge should have granted its request for a judgment

notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, motion for a new trial because Columbus Paper rebutted

Chamberlin's prima facie case with "age neutral" reasons for terminating Chamberlin. Having rebutted

Chamberlin's prima facie case, Columbus Paper argues that it was then Chamberlin's burden to establish

that age was a "determinative factor" in his discharge. See Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 113 S. Ct. 1701,

1706 (1993); Normand v. Research Institute of America, Inc., 927 F.2d 857, 864 (5th Cir. 1991).

¶21. Chamberlin argues that Columbus Paper's age-neutral reasons for terminating him were not credible

and were "pretextual." Because Columbus Paper gave pretextual reasons for his termination, Chamberlin

contends, the jury could infer that these pretextual reasons constituted evidence of an improper age-based

animus. Burns v. Texas City Refining, Inc., 890 F.2d 747 (5th Cir. 1989), reh'g denied, 896 F.2d 549

(1990).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶22. Columbus Paper moved for a judgment as a matter of law both before and after the verdict.

Accordingly, this Court will review the trial court's denial of Columbus Paper's motion for judgment as a

matter of law using the following standard:

Under Boeing, judgment as a matter of law is appropriate if the facts and inferences point so strongly

and overwhelmingly in favor of one party that a reasonable jury could not have concluded that the

ADEA was violated. A mere scintilla of evidence is insufficient to present a question for the jury.

There must be a conflict in substantial evidence to create a jury question. Applying Boeing to this
case, the district court's judgment should be reversed only if the facts and accompanying inferences

would not permit reasonable people to conclude that Pinkerton discharged Armendariz because of his

age.

Armendariz v. Pinkerton Tobacco Co., 58 F.3d 144, 148 (5th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted) (citing

Boeing Company v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 374-75 (5th Cir. 1969)). See also Binder v. Long Island

Lighting Co., 57 F.3d 193, 199 (2nd Cir. 1995); Sir Speedy, Inc. v. L & P Graphics, Inc., 957 F.2d

1033 1038-39 (2d Cir. 1992) (quoting Simblest v. Maynard, 427 F.2d 1, 4 (2d Cir. 1970)).

ELEMENTS OF PROOF UNDER ADEA

¶23. The ADEA makes it illegal for an employer to terminate any employee because of the employee's age.

29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). To prove a violation of the ADEA, the plaintiff must prove intentional

discrimination. Armendariz, 58 F.3d at 149. If the plaintiff does not have direct proof of age-based animus,

as in the case sub judice, the plaintiff can create a rebuttable presumption of discrimination by establishing a

prima facie case. Armendariz, 58 F.3d at 149; Molnar v. Ebasco Constructors, Inc., 986 F.2d 115,

117-18 (5th Cir. 1993). A plaintiff demonstrates a prima facie case by showing that: (1) he was

discharged; (2) he was qualified for the position; (3) he was within the protected class; and (4) he was

either (i) replaced by someone outside the protected class, (ii) replaced by someone younger, or (iii)

otherwise discharged because of his age. Bodenheimer v. PPG Indus, Inc., 5 F.3d 955, 957 (5th Cir.

1993); Bohrer v. Hanes Corp., 715 F.2d 213, 218 (5th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1026 (1984).

¶24. Once the plaintiff presents a prima facie case of age discrimination, the burden of production shifts to

the defendant to establish a nondiscriminatory reason for its decision. Bodenheimer, 5 F.3d at 957. In St.

Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 2748-49 (1993), the United States Supreme Court

explained the application of burden shifting in cases such as this one at bar. The Court held:

In the nature of things, the determination that a defendant has met its burden of production (and has

thus rebutted any legal presumption of intentional discrimination) can involve no credibility assessment.

For the burden-of-production determination necessarily precedes the credibility-assessment stage. At

the close of the defendant's case, the court is asked to decide whether an issue of fact remains for the

trier of fact to determine. None does if, on the evidence presented, (1) any rational person would

have to find the existence of facts constituting a prima facie case, and (2) the defendant has failed to

meet its burden of production-i.e., has failed to introduce evidence, which, taken as true, would

permit the conclusion that there was a nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action. In that event,

the court must award judgment to the plaintiff as a matter of law under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 50(a)(1) (in the case of jury trial) or Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(c) (in the case of

bench trials). If the defendant has failed to sustain its burden but reasonable minds could differ as to

whether a preponderance of the evidence establishes the facts of a prima facie case, then a question

of fact does remain, which the trier of fact will be called upon to answer.

If, on the other hand, the defendant has succeeded in carrying its burden of production, the

McDonnell Douglas framework-with its presumptions and burdens-is no longer relevant. To

resurrect it later, after the trier of fact has determined that what was "produced" to meet the burden of

production is not credible, flies in the face of our holding in Burdine that to rebut the presumption "[t]

he defendant need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons."

450 U.S. at 254, 101 S. Ct. 1094. The presumption, having fulfilled its role of forcing the defendant
to come forward with some response, simply drops out of the picture.

(citations omitted).

¶25. The St. Mary's Court held that once the defendant gives non-discriminatory reasons to rebut the

employee's prima facie case, the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

employer's proffered reason was false and that discrimination was the real reason for the termination. St.

Mary's at 2752. See also Marcantel v. Dep't of Transp. and Dev., 37 F.3d 197, 200 (5th Cir. 1994)

(St. Mary's settled the issue that "the 'pretext-only' doctrine is not enough; even if the employee proves that

the employer's nondiscriminatory reason is pretextual, the plaintiff must prove that an unlawful

discriminatory intent motivated the employer's action"); Anderson v. Baxter Health Care Corporation,

13 F.3d 1120, 1125-26 (7th Cir. 1994) (ADEA plaintiff is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law

simply because she proves her prima facie case and then shows that the employers proffered reasons for

her discharge are false); Tim D. Gray, Employment Discrimination: Summary Judgment And Rule 301

After St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks, 15 Miss. C. L. Rev. 217, 222 (1994) (discussing plaintiff's

burden after defendant offers non-discriminatory reason for termination). "In an ADEA case, the critical test

is that the plaintiff must prove that age 'actually played a role in' and 'had a determinative influence on' the

employer's decision-making process." Armendariz, 58 F.3d at 149 (quoting Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins,

113 S. Ct. 1701, 1706 (1993)).

THE EVIDENCE

¶26. In the case sub judice, Columbus Paper concedes that Chamberlin established a prima facie case of

age discrimination. Chamberlin established that he was sixty-five years old at the time he was terminated

from his job. Also, the evidence adduced at trial indicated that Chamberlin was qualified to do the job for

which he was employed, and that Chamberlin was replaced by two younger men. Accordingly, we find that

Chamberlin did establish a prima facie case of age discrimination. Bodenheimer, 5 F.3d at 957.

¶27. Next we look to the record to determine if Columbus Paper rebutted Chamberlin's prima facie case

of discrimination. At trial Jimmie Nolen, the owner who terminated Chamberlin, testified to several

"problems" the company had with Chamberlin. Nolen stated that he had problems with Chamberlin

"snooping" through the company files, and that Chamberlin opposed the company's attempts to

"modernize." Nolen also testified that Chamberlin suffered from poor health and that this affected his job

performance. On cross-examination, Nolen admitted that he did not fire Chamberlin for these age-neutral

reasons.

¶28. This still leaves Columbus Paper's final age-neutral reason for Chamberlin's termination. Throughout

Nolen's testimony (as well as Johnson's), he referred to the May 27, 1987, Agreement Of Purchase And

Sale and stated that he thought that this agreement between himself and Chamberlin allowed him to

terminate Chamberlin's employment on January 27, 1990, as the parties had agreed. In fact, Nolen's letter

of January 22, 1990, informing Chamberlin that he was to wrap up his business with Columbus Paper by

the end of the month referred to an "agreement" between Nolen and Chamberlin. Chamberlin testified that

he did not understand the contract to mean that he would retire after January 27, 1990, but did not dispute

that under the contract that he could be terminated after January 27, 1990, for no reason at all.

Nevertheless, Chamberlin claimed that he was fired by Columbus Paper on January 22, 1990, because he

was approaching his sixty-fifth birthday.
¶29. When we view the record in the light most favorable to the judgment, Boeing v. Shipman, 411 F.2d

365, 374-375 (5th Cir. 1969), we hold that Chamberlin failed to rebut all of Columbus Paper's age-neutral

reasons. The record indicates that the May 27, 1987, contract was entered into knowingly by both parties

and Chamberlin had counsel look over the proposed agreement. It was at Chamberlin's behest that the

January 27, 1990, termination "at will" date be placed in the contract. Nothing within the four corners of the

contract indicates that this date, January 27, 1990, is Chamberlin's sixty-fifth birthday. Likewise, nothing in

the record indicates that Columbus Paper sought the contractual authority to terminate Chamberlin on his

sixty-fifth birthday. The May 27, 1987, contract clearly allows for the termination of Chamberlin "at will"

after January 27, 1990, and Chamberlin does not dispute that the contract allows for his termination after

this date.

¶30. Even if we were to assume that Chamberlin successfully rebutted all of Columbus Paper's age-neutral

reasons, Chamberlin was also required to prove that discrimination was the real cause for his termination.

St. Mary's, 113 S. Ct. at 2752. The Fifth Circuit, when faced with whether an employer was entitled to a

j.n.o.v. after a jury returned a verdict in favor of the terminated employee, held:

The record in this case establishes that the plaintiff-appellees were in the ADEA's protected age

group, that most were qualified, and that they were terminated and (except for one) replaced by

younger employees. It carries the plaintiff no further. Group Hospital offered an adequate ground

other than age for the discharge of each. In rebuttal, each appellee advanced little if anything more

than his belief that age caused his discharge rather than the reason given by the employer. We are not

prepared to hold that a subjective belief of discrimination, however genuine, can be the basis of

judicial relief. See Houser v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 627 F.2d 756 (5th Cir. 1980). Nor are we

prepared to lay it down that because an employee is performing his job adequately, an employer is

prohibited from replacing him with one whom he subjectively believes will do a better job. Were we

to do so, we would go far to insure that an employer could do nothing to correct unsatisfactory

performance in senior management, most of which will always be within the ADEA's protection. Even

had the reasons articulated here been frivolous or capricious, had they been the genuine causes of

these discharges they would have defeated liability under the ADEA. We reiterate: that statute

proscribes only one reason for discharge-age. One who offers a frivolous or capricious reason,

however, does so at a heavy risk that it will be discounted. Conversely, where, as here, the reasons

articulated are rational ones, the objective truth of which is not seriously disputed, the burden of

establishing them as pretextual is a heavy one indeed. As we have heretofore held in Houser, supra, it

is not discharged by the general avowals of belief, however sincere that age-rather than an established

adequate reason-was the real reason for the termination. More is required, perhaps a successful

statistical demonstration by expert testimony, perhaps proof that others similarly situated were not

discharged. Such proof is lacking here; and as to this, the verdict lacks rational support in the record.

Since it does, and since the element of pretext was critical, the verdict cannot stand.

Elliot v. Group Medical & Surgical Service, 714 F.2d 556, 567 (5th Cir. 1983) (emphasis added).

¶31. Once Columbus Paper offered a non-discriminatory reason for Chamberlin's termination, whether

credible or not, Chamberlin then had to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his age played a

determinative factor in Columbus Paper's decision to terminate him. St. Mary's, 113 S. Ct. at 2755-56.

Chamberlin may show that Columbus Paper "relied upon a formal, facially discriminatory policy requiring

adverse treatment of employees with that trait." Hazen Paper, 113 S. Ct. at 1706 (citing Trans World
Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 121 (1985), and Los Angeles Dept. of Water & Power v.

Manhart, 435 U.S. 702, 704-718 (1978)). Or Chamberlin may prove that the "employer [Columbus

Paper] may have been motivated by the protected trait on an ad hoc, informal basis." Id. (citing Anderson

v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564 (1985)). "Whatever the employer's decisionmaking process, a disparate

treatment claim cannot succeed unless the employee's protected trait (age) actually played a role in that

process and had a determinative influence on the outcome." Hazen Paper, 113 S. Ct. at 1706.

¶32. At trial Chamberlin testified that none of Columbus Paper's owners or employees commented about

his age as a decisionmaking factor. Likewise, there is no testimony from any fellow employee, past or

present, that Columbus Paper talked about Chamberlin's age or generally made comments that could be

taken as evidence of the company's discriminatory actions toward Chamberlin. Likewise, there is no

evidence to indicate that Columbus Paper employed an age-based animus when hiring, promoting or

compensating Chamberlin, or that Columbus Paper refused to hire specific older employees. See Normand

v. Research Institute of America, Inc., 927 F.2d 857, 862 (5th Cir. 1991). The documentary evidence

offered at trial does not indicate that age entered into the decision-making process. Certainly, there was no

evidence offered to show that Columbus Paper had a pattern or practice of terminating employees based

upon their age. Columbus Paper's cross-examination of Chamberlin indicates that none of the problems

Chamberlin had with Nolen and Johnson were age motivated, i.e., Chamberlin outvoted by Johnson and

Nolen on move into Tupelo market, Chamberlin outvoted on purchase of insurance, Chamberlin outvoted

on serving as president of company.

¶33. Chamberlin's sole piece of evidence buttressing his claim that Columbus Paper impermissibly relied

upon his age in its decision-making process is the fact that he received his termination letter a few days prior

to his sixty-fifth birthday. On cross-examination, Chamberlin testified to the following:

Q. Okay. Now I want you to tell the jury again, I know they've heard this several times, but how did

that--your birthday get in that agreement?

A. Well two months before I had written the company telling them that, uh, the lease on the building

that I owned that they occupied at that time would be up and that I would be sixty-five shortly after

that on, uh, January the--the twenty-seventh, and I gave them some choices that I would like to have.

I had told them if they would, uh, buy the building at the price that I gave them that I would, uh, quit if

they wanted me to, and that I would help train somebody else or else if they would lease the building

for another five years that I would like to stay on and work for them as long as I was able.

¶34. Chamberlin has failed to offer any evidence which would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that age

played a determinative role in his termination. See Little v. Republic Refining Co., 924 F.2d 93, 96 (5th

Cir. 1991) (federal courts cautious about "self-serving and conclusory testimony" based on a subjective

belief that age discrimination occurred). On appeal, Chamberlin relies heavily on Wilhelm v. Blue Bell, Inc.,

773 F.2d 1429 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1016 (1986), for the proposition that direct

evidence of age discrimination is not necessary when the plaintiff shows that the employer's nondiscriminatory reason is pretext. Chamberlin's reliance upon Wilhelm is misplaced. Wilhelm was a "pretext"

case. If under Wilhelm and other such "pretext" cases the plaintiff could show that the defendant's ageneutral reasons were pretextual, the jury should infer illegal age-based animus from the termination.

¶35. We find that the United States Supreme Court rejected these "pretext"cases in St. Mary's and held

that the plaintiff had to show "pretext" and that age was the basis for the employer's termination. As
previously discussed, the employee in ADEA cases must show that the age-neutral reasons given by the

employer were pretextual and that the employment decision-making process was based upon a

discriminatory ground. St. Mary's at 2752. Chamberlin clearly failed to carry this burden, and his subjective

belief that he was terminated because of his age is alone insufficient to raise a jury issue. Elliot, 714 F.2d at

567.

¶36. Furthermore, Chamberlin's reliance on Bienkowski v. American Airlines, Inc., 851 F.2d 1503 (5th

Cir. 1988), is misplaced. In Bienkowski, the plaintiff , appealing from the grant of summary judgment,

offered affidavits to rebut his employer's age-neutral reasons for termination and offered statements made

by his former employer that would tend to allow the fact-finder to determine that age might have been a

factor in American's decision to terminate Bienkowski. Id. at 1507. In reversing the trial court's grant of

summary judgment, the Fifth Circuit made it clear that it was not deciding whether the evidence was

sufficient to support a finding of discrimination. In the case at bar, we are not confronted with any such

concrete evidence of improper age-based animus.

¶37. Chamberlin failed at trial to rebut Columbus Paper's age-neutral reasons and prove by a

preponderance of the evidence that Columbus Paper impermissibly considered Chamberlin's age when it

terminated him. Hazen Paper, 113 S. Ct. at 1706. Therefore, when we look at the record and the

inferences drawn from the evidence therein, we cannot say that a reasonable jury could have found that

Chamberlin's conclusory statement that he was fired because of his sixty-fifth birthday, absent more, is

legally sufficient to create a jury issue as to whether Columbus Paper violated the ADEA. Accordingly, the

jury verdict in Chamberlin's favor should be reversed and rendered.

CONCLUSION

¶38. At trial, Chamberlin was charged with proving a prima facie case of age discrimination, rebutting all

age-neutral reasons offered by Columbus Paper, and proving by a preponderance of the evidence that

Columbus Paper terminated him from his employment because of his age. Even when we look at the

evidence in a light most favorable to Chamberlin, we are forced to conclude that Chamberlin failed to rebut

all of Columbus Paper's age-neutral reasons for Chamberlin's termination and prove by a preponderance of

the evidence that age impermissibly played a role in Columbus Paper's decision to terminate him.

Accordingly, Chamberlin failed to satisfy the burden of proof placed upon him by 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.,

and Hazen Paper, supra. Therefore, the judgment for John A. Chamberlin, Jr., in the total sum of $171,

000 against Columbus Paper & Chemical Inc., is reversed and judgment rendered here for Columbus

Paper & Chemical Inc.

¶39. REVERSED AND RENDERED.

PITTMAN, ROBERTS AND SMITH, JJ., CONCUR. BANKS, J., DISSENTS WITH

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SULLIVAN, P.J., AND McRAE, J.

PRATHER, P.J., AND MILLS, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

BANKS, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶40. Because I believe that the majority misstates and misapplies the law, in derogation of the role of the

finder of fact and our standards for review of such findings, I dissent.

I.

¶41. The majority concedes that the reasons offered by Columbus Paper for discharging Chamberlin were

shown to have been pretextual. It then goes on to suggest that, in essence, Chamberlin's at-will status is a

sufficient non-age-related "reason" for discharge and that, in any event, showing the reason given to be

pretextual is insufficient to support a jury verdict of discrimination. Neither suggestion comports with

established law.

¶42. Nolen was called as an adverse witness in plaintiff's case-in-chief. Nolen stated that Chamberlin had

health problems, that Chamberlin was snooping through company files, and that Chamberlin opposed the

company's attempts to modernize. Nolen testified that these were reasons that Chamberlin was dismissed.

After Chamberlin's attorney pointed out that Nolen did not claim these reasons in his answer to the

complaint, or mention them in his deposition, Nolen recanted and stated that these were not the reasons for

Chamberlin's termination. Nolen mentioned that he thought that the contract terminated Chamberlin's

employment and that he did not think Chamberlin was being fired. Nolen made that contention only after

admitting that the previous reasons he had given were not the cause of the termination.

¶43. As I understand the majority, it suggests that the fact that Chamberlin had become an employee-at-will

is a "reason" for his discharge. The logic of this suggestion escapes me. The fact that one can discharge an

employee does not present a reason for so doing, at least where a statement of reason is required to rebut a

prima facie case of discrimination. On the other hand, if Nolen made a mistake, and believed that the

contract had been terminated, this mistake could be considered a nondiscriminatory reason. Russell v.

Acme-Evans Co., 51 F.3d 64, 68 (7th Cir. 1995). The plain wording of the contract suggests that such a

mistake is improbable. The jury is not required to believe that a mistake was made. It clearly could have

found that any contention of mistaken interpretation was also pretextual, because the contract on its face

simply changes the status of the employment from contractual to at-will. The impact of Nolen's earlier

recantation upon his credibility was also a matter for the jury's consideration. We are duty-bound to accept

the jury's resolution of these issues.

¶44. The majority is also mistaken in its analysis as to what occurs when a case has been proven pretextual.

St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks, 113 S.CT. 2742 (1993), stands only for the proposition only that a

plaintiff is not entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law once pretext is proven. On the other hand the

Supreme Court also observed that :

The factfinder's disbelief of the reasons put forward by the defendant (particularly if disbelief

is accompanied by a suspicion of mendacity) may, together with the elements of the prima

facie case, suffice to show intentional discrimination. Thus, rejection of the defendant's proffered

reasons, will permit the trier of fact to infer the ultimate fact of intentional discrimination, and the Court

of Appeals was correct when it noted that, upon such rejection, "[n]o additional proof of

discrimination is required," 970 F.2d at 493 (emphasis added).

St. Mary's, 113 S.Ct. at 2749. In other words, while judgment for the plaintiff is not compelled by the

prima facie case once proffered reasons are shown as pretextual, a finding for the plaintiff is sustained by

that circumstance. While discounting intent has to be proven, it can be inferred from the employer's lack of
a credible explanation and a prima facie case. Rhodes v. Guberson Oil Tools, 75 F. 3d 989 (5th Cir.

1996); Mills v. First Federal Savings & Loan Association of Belvidere, No. 95-2105, slip op. (7th

Cir. 1996); See also Manzer v. Diamon Shamrock Chemicals Co., 29 F.3d 1078 (3rd Cir. 1994) (to

make a submissible case on the credibility of his employer's explanation, plaintiff is "required to show by a

preponderance of the evidence either (1) that the proffered reasons had no basis in fact, (2) that the

proffered reasons did not actually motivate his discharge, or (3) that they were insufficient to motivate

discharge"); McNabola v. Chicago Transit Authority, 10 F. 3d 501, 513 (7th Cir. 1993). See also

Kralman v. Illinois Department of Veterans' Affairs, 23 F.3d 150, 153 (7th Cir. 1994) ("A plaintiff

may prove age discrimination by either of two methods: (1) by presenting direct or circumstantial evidence

that age was the determining factor in the employment decision; or (2) by utilizing the indirect, burdenshifting method of proof . . . "); Torre v. Casio, 42 F.3d 825, 829 (3rd. Cir. 1994) (stating "a plaintiff may

demonstrate age discrimination under this portion of the ADEA by either direct or indirect evidence.").

Mooney v. Aramco, 54 F.3d 1207, 1216 (5th Cir. 1995) ("[i]n general, a plaintiff can prove age

discrimination in two ways. A plaintiff can prove discriminatory animus by direct evidence or by an indirect

or inferential method of proof . . . . ").

¶45. The majority is incorrect in finding that Chamberlin has failed to offer any evidence which would allow

a reasonable jury to find for him. I would affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

SULLIVAN, P.J., AND McRAE, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

1. Oftentimes an ADEA case will cite a Title VII case (race, sex, religion, national origin) as primary

authority and vice-versa.