United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued July 5, 2018

Decided July 20, 2018

Before

DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge

MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge

AMY J. ST. EVE, Circuit Judge

No. 17‐2993

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

KARL L. MCKENZIE, SR.,

Defendant‐Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Western District of

Wisconsin.

No. 3:17‐cr‐00013‐jdp‐1

James D. Peterson,

Chief Judge.

O R D E R

Karl McKenzie gave an associate a locked box filled with nearly two pounds of

methamphetamine. McKenzie, however, had the associate’s key. Contending that the

associate never “possessed” the drugs, McKenzie argues on appeal that he was

erroneously convicted of “distributing” those drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).

The district judge denied his motion for acquittal and declined to instruct the jury that

“distribution” requires the recipient to “possess” the drugs. We affirm.

The parties agree on the relevant facts presented to the jury. McKenzie schemed

with a partner, Timothy Vaillancourt, to obtain methamphetamine for distribution from

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 17‐2993    Page 2

a supplier. McKenzie and Vaillancourt had worked together on previous

methamphetamine deals. By February 2017, however, when this deal occurred,

Vaillancourt was working as a confidential informant gathering evidence against

McKenzie.   

The deal began as planned. McKenzie met the supplier and returned to Ashland,

Wisconsin, to hand off the drugs to Vaillancourt. They met in their respective vehicles

in a parking lot outside of town. Before driving into town, McKenzie fretted that his

Florida vehicle plates might make it more likely that police would pull him over. He

gave the drugs to Vaillancourt—who had Wisconsin plates—in a locked box. The pair

had used this box to transfer drugs and money between themselves before. In fact,

Vaillancourt explained at trial that McKenzie had previously lost his key to the box and

so Vaillancourt lent McKenzie his key, which McKenzie never returned. When

Vaillancourt received the box, he expected that it contained drugs. He asked McKenzie

if “it” was in the box; McKenzie said it was.   

The scheme ended after McKenzie and Vaillancourt left the parking lot. They

drove off in separate cars, intending to weigh out the drugs at a clothing store

McKenzie owned. When they arrived, law enforcement was waiting to arrest McKenzie

and seize the drugs. Vaillancourt thought he had a key to the lockbox, and discussed

opening the box with the arresting officers. But they did not find a key on Vaillancourt;

instead, an officer checked McKenzie’s key ring and found the key to the box there.

McKenzie was charged with one count of distributing over 500 kilograms of

methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). At his jury trial, his defense was

that he did not “distribute” drugs to Vaillancourt. He used this syllogism: With no key

to the lockbox, Vaillancourt could not get the drugs; if Vaillancourt could not get to

them, he never “possessed” them; and if Vaillancourt never possessed them, McKenzie

never “distributed” them to him. The district judge denied counsel’s motion for a

directed verdict of acquittal based on this theory. See FED. R. CRIM. P. 29. The judge also

declined to instruct the jury on the defense’s theory of the necessity of “possession.”

The judge further ruled that defense counsel could not argue about the meaning of

“distribute” in closing. The jury returned a guilty verdict.   

On appeal, McKenzie challenges the denial of his motion for acquittal, insisting

that he cannot be guilty of “distributing” a controlled substance because that crime

requires the transfer of possession of the drugs to the recipient. In the alternative, he

argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the judge improperly refused to define
No. 17‐2993    Page 3

or give instructions regarding “possession” to the jury, to instruct the jury on his theory

of the defense, or to allow him to argue that theory in closing.   

We review both issues de novo. United States v. Armenta, 883 F.3d 1005, 1008 (7th

Cir. 2018); United States v. Jackson, 598 F.3d 340, 345 (7th Cir. 2010). McKenzie’s success

on appeal depends on two propositions: first, that a “distribution” requires the recipient

to take “possession” of the drugs; and second, that the jury did not hear sufficient

evidence that Vaillancourt possessed the drugs. Both propositions fail.   

A recipient’s “possession”—meaning “physical custody” or “dominion and

control,” United States v. Adams, 625 F.3d 371, 383 (7th Cir. 2010)—is not a requirement

of “distribution.” The Controlled Substances Act penalizes defendants who

“manufacture, distribute, or dispense ... a controlled substance.” 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).

The general definition provision of the Act, id. § 802, explains that to distribute is “to

deliver ... a controlled substance or a listed chemical.” Id. § 802(11). The term “deliver”

is defined in the Act as “the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer of a controlled

substance or a listed chemical, whether or not there exists an agency relationship.”

Id. § 802(8). But the term “transfer” is not defined, let alone defined as requiring

“transfer of possession.”   

A “transfer” may include transfers of interests in property less than

“possession.” Black’s Law Dictionary defines “transfer” to include “every

method—direct or indirect, absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary—of

disposing of or parting with property or with an interest in property.” Transfer, BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014) (emphasis added). This definition covers McKenzie’s

conduct. By giving Vaillancourt the box and getting in another car, he disposed of and

parted with the drugs.   

Moreover, the definition of “deliver” is broader than completed transfers; it also

includes attempted or constructive transfers. 21 U.S.C. § 802(8). As the government

points out, this definition focuses on what the distributor has done—endeavoring to

expand control over the drugs to others—not on whether the intended recipient

actually acquired control. Applying that definition, some courts have concluded that a

“distribution” can occur even if the transaction is interrupted before the drugs change

hands. See United States v. Tobin, 676 F.3d 1264, 1289 (11th Cir. 2012), abrogation on other

grounds recognized by United States v. Castro, 736 F.3d 1308, 1313 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding

that evidence of drugs’ shipment without proof of delivery sufficed to sustain a

§ 841(a)(1) conviction); United States v. Brunty, 701 F.2d 1375, 1381–82 (11th Cir. 1983)
No. 17‐2993    Page 4

(concluding that distribution occurred in charging district even though drugs were

transferred in neighboring judicial district); United States v. Oropeza, 564 F.2d 316, 322

(9th Cir. 1977) (deciding that intercepted transaction was “distribution” because

“attempted transfer constitutes ... a delivery”). Here, even if the distribution was not to

be completed until McKenzie and Vaillancourt arrived at the store, it still was

chargeable as a delivery because it was an “attempted” transfer under § 802(8).

McKenzie replies that we should read “attempted transfer” out of the Act’s

definition of “deliver.” He observes that an “attempt to distribute” is criminalized by 21

U.S.C. § 846, the general “attempt” statute, yet he was charged with “distribution”

under § 841, not “attempted distribution” under § 846. His argument might have some

traction if the two statutes conflicted, but McKenzie does not argue that they have

different meanings. The plain text of the statute governs, and it defines “distribution” as

“delivery” and “delivery” as “attempted transfer.” Accordingly, the text of the Act

defeats McKenzie’s argument.

The two cases that McKenzie cites—United States v. Bailey, 510 F.3d 726, 735 (7th

Cir. 2007) and United States v. Johnson, 127 F.3d 625, 628 (7th Cir. 1997)—do not heighten

the definition of “distribution.” In both cases we used the phrase “transfer of

possession” to typify “distribution” under § 841(a)(1), but in neither case did we hold

that “transfer of possession” is a requirement of “distribution.” Indeed, neither Bailey

nor Johnson addressed whether the recipient had to take possession. They instead

decided only whether sufficient evidence showed that the named defendant had been

involved in a drug sale. These cases therefore do not control the meaning of the terms

“distribute,” “deliver,” or “transfer.” See Bailey, 510 F.3d at 735–36; Johnson, 127 F.3d at

628. McKenzie’s reliance on the jury instructions is similarly misplaced. Those

instructions did not define “distribution” as requiring a “transfer of possession.” They

merely stated that a defendant may distribute drugs if he “delivers ... the controlled

substance” or “transfers possession of the controlled substance.” See Pattern Criminal

Jury Instructions of the Seventh Circuit 640 (2012 ed.) (revised Feb. 2013).

That brings us to the second proposition. Although we have concluded that a

conviction under § 841(a)(1) does not require “possession” of the drugs by the intended

recipient, the jury could reasonably have found that Vaillancourt did take possession. At

this stage we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.

See United States v. Fouse, 578 F.3d 643, 649 (7th Cir. 2009). McKenzie argues that the

evidence suggests that Vaillancourt was bound by their past practice to take the drugs

to McKenzie’s store and await his permission to take a share of them. Viewing the
No. 17‐2993    Page 5

evidence in the light most favorable to the government, however, it supports a finding

that McKenzie expected Vaillancourt to have access to the drugs in the box.

Vaillancourt testified that the lockbox key McKenzie held was originally his key; he

simply gave it to McKenzie because McKenzie had lost his own. In fact, Vaillancourt

apparently had forgotten that he gave McKenzie his key and, when law enforcement

seized the box, he believed that he still had it. No evidence shows that Vaillancourt was

prohibited from accessing the drugs. A reasonable jury could find that Vaillancourt had

“dominion” over the drugs, Adams, 625 F.3d at 383, and could have opened the lockbox

to access them but for the temporary separation from his key.   

McKenzie relies on three cases in arguing that Vaillancourt did not possess the

drugs, but they are inapposite. In United States v. Kitchen, 57 F.3d 516 (7th Cir. 1995), we

held that a defendant who briefly held drugs to inspect them had not possessed them

because he had not assented to the transaction. The evidence in this case suggests the

opposite: Vaillancourt had assented to take the drugs, he just needed to weigh them for

his and McKenzie’s mutual protection (lest their supplier later feel short‐changed). In

United States v. Manzella, 791 F.2d 1263 (7th Cir. 1986), we held that a drug broker had

not possessed drugs with which he had no actual contact. Vaillancourt was a far cry

from a physically removed broker. He was a mid‐tier distributor with the drugs in his

car. In United States v. Ortega, 44 F.3d 505 (7th Cir. 1995), we noted that possession

“implies a right ... recognized by the relevant community, which may be an illegal

community ... to control.” Id. at 507. The facts here support a finding that

Vaillancourt—whose only separation from the drugs sitting in his car was the

happenstance of having previously lent his key to his associate—had such a right.

Accord United States v. Lawrence, 788 F.3d 234, 240 (7th Cir. 2015) (“Not only

can possession be actual or constructive it can also be exclusive or joint.”). The district

court therefore properly denied McKenzie’s motion for a judgment of acquittal.   

Finally, McKenzie was not entitled to instruct the jury of his theory of the

defense—that “possession” was required—because that instruction would have

misstated the law, for reasons we have explained. See United States v. Prude, 489 F.3d

873, 882 (7th Cir. 2007). As such, we will not disturb the judgment.

AFFIRMED