T.C. Memo. 1998-9

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

ANTONIO T. CROTEAU, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 814-96. Filed January 12, 1998.

Antonio T. Croteau, pro se.

Joan S. Dennett, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

CHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency of

$9,648 in, and an accuracy-related penalty of $1,930 on,

petitioner's Federal income tax for 1993. 

The issues for decision are:

(1) Are certain payments that petitioner Antonio T. Croteau

(Mr. Croteau) made during 1993 to or on behalf of Jeanne Anne
- 2 -

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the

Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year at issue. All Rule

references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

Marie Croteau (Ms. Croteau) deductible for that year as alimony

or separate maintenance payments under section 215(a)?1 We hold

that they are not.

(2) Is petitioner liable for 1993 for the accuracy-related

penalty under section 6662(a)? We hold that he is.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

Petitioner resided in Whitefish, Montana, at the time the

petition was filed. 

Petitioner married Ms. Croteau in May 1981. They separated

in November 1992.

On January 13, 1993, petitioner and Ms. Croteau executed a

marital settlement agreement (agreement) which petitioner had

prepared. In preparing the agreement, petitioner used as a model

a marital settlement agreement that had been entered into by his

son and the former wife of his son.

On January 15, 1993, Mr. Croteau filed a petition in the

Superior Court of California, county of Ventura, for dissolution

of his marriage to Ms. Croteau (petition for dissolution of

marriage). The petition for dissolution of marriage was a

preprinted form on which Mr. Croteau provided certain information

requested by the form. That preprinted form stated, inter alia: 
- 3 -

"Petitioner requests confirmation as separate assets and obligations the items listed". Mr. Croteau did not list any such items

in the petition for dissolution of marriage.

The agreement was attached to and filed with the petition

for dissolution of marriage. The agreement provided in pertinent

part as follows:

I, Antonio Theodore Croteau husband and I, Jeanne Anne

Marie Croteau wife agree as follows: 

I. GENERALLY: We are now husband and wife. * * * 

* * * * * * *

C. We now intend, by this agreement, to make a

final and complete settlement of all our rights and

obligations concerning division of property, and spousal support.

* * * * * * *

III. SUPPORT PAYMENTS TO SPOUSE: In consideration of

the other terms of this agreement, and whereas both

spouses are fully self-supporting, both parties waive

all right or claim which they may now have to receive

support or maintenance from the other. No court shall

have jurisdiction to award spousal support at any time

regardless of any circumstances that may arise.

IV. DIVISION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY AND DEBTS: The

parties warrant and declare under penalty of perjury

that the assets and liabilities divided in this agreement constitute all their community and quasi-community

assets and liabilities. In the event that the division

is unequal, the parties knowingly and intelligently

waive an equal distribution of the community property.

A. Husband is awarded and assigned the following

assets as his share of the community property:

* * * * * * *

B. Wife is awarded and assigned the following
- 4 -

assets as her share of the community property:

1. 1990 Chevrolet Pick Up, license no.

3Z23039.

2. 1986 Country Camper motorhome, license

no. 2EAE391.

3. 1986 Suzuki Samurai, license no.

1SDJ835.

4. U-Save Trailer, license no. 1AH6844.

5. Log cabin on Highway 2 at McGregor Lake,

Montana.

6. Household possessions including jewelry

collection.

7. Husband shall forthwith remove his name

from registration and registration shall

be solely in wife's name.

C. Debts:

1. Husband Antonio Theodore Croteau agrees

to deliver the aforementioned vehicles

free and clear of any liens, he also

shall make payments on the McGregor Lake

cabin until it is fully paid for.

2. Husband agrees to maintain insurance on

the aforementioned vehicles until January 1st, 1994.

* * * * * * *

V. EQUALIZATION PAYMENT:

In the interest of fairness, and in consideration of the

manner in which the property was divided, husband shall pay

to wife the following sums as a division of the community

property. Husband agrees to pay $1000.00 per month beginning on April 1st, 1993 and ending April lst, 1995. He also

shall pay wife $15,000.00 for moving expenses also due April

1st, 1993. Husband also agrees to pay health insurance for

wife and any auto repairs or maintenance on the aforementioned vehicles or other necessities from January 1st, 1993

through December 31, 1993, not to exceed $10,000.00 total.

VI. RESERVATION OF JURISDICTION:

The parties agree that the court shall have jurisdiction to make whatever orders may be necessary or desir-
- 5 -

able to carry out this agreement and to divide equally

between the parties any community assets or liabilities

omitted from division under this agreement.

VII. ADVICE OF COUNSEL:

The parties recognize that the termination of the

marriage, division of marital property, and payment

agreement will be determined by this instrument. We

recognize that we each have a right to seek advice from

independent counsel of our own choosing and that we

knowingly and with due regard for the importance of

same have elected to proceed with this agreement.

* * * * * * *

IX. PRESENTATION TO COURT:

This agreement shall be presented to the court in any

divorce proceeding between the parties, it shall be

incorporated in the Judgement therein, the parties

shall be ordered to comply with all its provisions, and

all warranties and remedies provided in this agreement

shall be preserved.

X. DISCLOSURES:

Each party has made a full and honest disclosure to the

other of all current finances and assets, and each

enters into this agreement in reliance thereon. Each

warrants to the other and declares under penalty of

perjury that the assets and liabilities divided in this

agreement constitute all of their community assets and

liabilities. 

XI. BINDING EFFECT:

This agreement, and each provision thereof, is expressly made binding upon heirs, assigns, executors,

administrators, representatives, and successors in

interest of each party.

During 1993, petitioner made payments by check to or on

behalf of Ms. Croteau that totaled $33,368. Of that total

amount, $10,642 was paid pursuant to that portion of the agree-
- 6 -

2 Respondent's disallowance of the alimony deduction claimed by

petitioner in his 1993 return resulted in an increase in petitioner's adjusted gross income. Consequently, respondent also

made adjustments in the notice totaling $688 to the itemized

deductions that petitioner claimed in his 1993 return.

ment entitled "DIVISION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY AND DEBTS" and

approximately $22,250 was paid pursuant to that portion of the

agreement entitled "EQUALIZATION PAYMENT".

Petitioner filed a U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (return) for 1993, in which he claimed a deduction for alimony in

the amount of $34,368.

 In the notice of deficiency (notice) issued to petitioner

with respect to his taxable year 1993, respondent determined that

petitioner is not entitled to the alimony deduction that he

claimed in his 1993 return and that he is liable for the

accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a).2

OPINION

Petitioner has the burden of proving error in respondent's

determinations. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111,

115 (1933). 

Claimed Alimony Deduction

Section 215(a) allows an individual to deduct alimony or

separate maintenance payments made by such individual during his

or her taxable year. Section 215(b) defines the term "alimony or

separate maintenance payment" to mean any alimony or separate

maintenance payment as defined in section 71(b) that is
- 7 -

3 Although petitioner claimed a total alimony deduction of

$34,368 in his 1993 return, he conceded at trial that he is not

entitled to $476 of that amount.

includible in the gross income of the recipient under section 71. 

Neither section 215 nor section 71 applies if the spouses file a

joint return. Sec. 71(e). 

Section 71(b)(1) defines the term "alimony or separate maintenance payment" to mean any cash payment if--

(A) such payment is received by (or on behalf of)

a spouse under a divorce or separation instrument,

(B) the divorce or separation instrument does not

designate such payment as a payment which is not

includible in gross income under this section and not

allowable as a deduction under section 215,

(C) in the case of an individual legally separated

from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance, the payee spouse and the payor spouse

are not members of the same household at the time such

payment is made, and

(D) there is no liability to make any such payment

for any period after the death of the payee spouse and

there is no liability to make any payment (in cash or

property) as a substitute for such payments after the

death of the payee spouse.

Petitioner contends that during 1993 he made payments

totaling $33,8923 to or on behalf of Ms. Croteau, which constitute alimony or separate maintenance payments as defined in

section 215(b). All but $1,000 of the total payments claimed by

petitioner were made by checks that are part of the record in

this case. Petitioner contends that he made the remaining $1,000

payment in cash. Except for his uncorroborated, self-serving
- 8 -

testimony on which we are unwilling to rely, there is no evidence

in the record to support petitioner's claim as to that $1,000

payment. Consequently, in the event that the Court were to

decide that petitioner is entitled to deduct under section 215(a)

all or a portion of the payments that he made to or on behalf of

Ms. Croteau during 1993, the maximum amount of such a deduction

would be $32,892. 

We shall now address whether petitioner has established that

his liability to make the payments at issue terminated upon the

death of Ms. Croteau because resolution of that question will be

dispositive of the issue presented under section 215(a). The

agreement is silent as to whether petitioner was liable to make

the payments at issue after the death of Ms. Croteau. Consequently, we must look to the effect of State law on that question. See Hoover v. Commissioner, 102 F.3d 842, 846-847 (6th

Cir. 1996), affg. T.C. Memo. 1995-183; Sampson v. Commissioner,

81 T.C. 614, 618 (1983), affd. without published opinion 829 F.2d

39 (6th Cir. 1987).

Cal. Civ. Code sec. 4801(b) (West 1983), repealed by 1992

Cal. Stat. 162, sec. 3 (effective Jan. 1, 1994), provides:

(b) Effect of Death or Remarriage. Except as

otherwise agreed by the parties in writing, the obligation of any party under any order or judgment for the

support and maintenance of the other party shall terminate upon the death of either party or the remarriage

of the other party.

If the payments at issue were for the support and maintenance of
- 9 -

4 The agreement stated in pertinent part:

SUPPORT PAYMENTS TO SPOUSE. In consideration of the other

terms of this agreement, and whereas both spouses are fully

self-supporting, both parties waive all right or claim

which they may now have to receive support or maintenance

from the other. No court shall have jurisdiction to award

spousal support at any time regardless of any circumstances

that may arise.

5 Indeed, petitioner conceded at trial that the payments at

issue were made either under the portion of the agreement entitled "DIVISION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY AND DEBTS" or the portion of

the agreement entitled "EQUALIZATION PAYMENT". The portion of

the agreement entitled "DIVISION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY AND DEBTS"

provided in pertinent part:

(continued...)

Ms. Croteau within the meaning of Cal. Civ. Code sec. 4801(b),

they would terminate at the death of Ms. Croteau, Cal. Civ. Code

sec. 4801(b), and would comply with the definitional requirement

for alimony or separate maintenance payments that is set forth in

section 71(b)(1)(D). If the payments at issue were for the

division of community property, they would not terminate at the

death of Ms. Croteau, cf. Lipka v. Lipka, 386 P.2d 671, 674 (Cal.

1963); Cal. Civ. Code sec. 4801(b), and would not comply with

that definitional requirement.

We find the terms of the agreement to be unequivocal in

providing (1) that petitioner and Ms. Croteau waived all right or

claim that they may have had to receive support or maintenance

from the other4 and (2) that all payments which petitioner was to

make to or on behalf of Ms. Croteau were for the division of

their community property.5 On the instant record, we find that
- 10 -

5(...continued)

The parties warrant and declare under penalty of perjury

that the assets and liabilities divided in this agreement

constitute all their community and quasi-community assets

and liabilities. In the event that the division is unequal, the parties knowingly and intelligently waive an

equal distribution of the community property.

The portion of the agreement entitled "EQUALIZATION PAYMENT"

stated:

In the interest of fairness, and in consideration of the

manner in which the property was divided, husband shall pay

to wife the following sums as a division of the community

property. Husband agrees to pay $1000.00 per month beginning on April 1st, 1993 and ending on April 1st, 1995. He

also shall pay wife $15,000.00 for moving expenses also due

April 1st, 1993. Husband also agrees to pay health insurance for wife and any auto repairs or maintenance on the

aforementioned vehicles or other necessities from January

1st, 1993 through December 31, 1993, not to exceed

$10,000.00 total.

6 Under California law, the agreement is a contract which is

governed by the same principles applicable to contracts generally. See In re Marriage of Hasso, 280 Cal. Rptr. 919, 922 (Cal.

(continued...)

the payments at issue were not for the support and maintenance of

Ms. Croteau within the meaning of Cal. Civ. Code sec. 4801(b),

but were for the division of the community property of petitioner

and Ms. Croteau.

Petitioner attempts to disavow the agreement. He claims

that he and Ms. Croteau intended that the payments at issue were

to be for the support of Ms. Croteau and that they did not intend

that such payments were to be for the division of their community

property. On the record before us, we shall not allow petitioner

to disavow the agreement into which he and Ms. Croteau entered.6
- 11 -

6(...continued)

App. 1st 1991). Under California contract law, extrinsic evidence concerning the facts and circumstances surrounding the

execution of a property settlement agreement is not admissible to

vary or alter that agreement if the terms of the contract are

susceptible of only one reasonable interpretation. See Cal. Civ.

Proc. Code sec. 1856 (West 1983); In re Marriage of Iberti, 64

Cal. Rptr. 2d 766, 768-769 (Cal. App. 2d 1997); see also Cal.

Civ. Code sec. 1638 (West 1985). We conclude that the terms of

the agreement are susceptible to only one reasonable interpretation. Consequently, we shall disregard the extrinsic evidence

offered by petitioner concerning the alleged terms of the agreement, which conflict with the actual terms of the agreement.

See Palo Alto Town & Country Village, Inc. v. Commissioner, 565

F.2d 1388, 1390 (9th Cir. 1977), remanding T.C. Memo. 1973-223;

Baxter v. Commissioner, 433 F.2d 757, 759 (9th Cir. 1970), affg.

T.C. Memo. 1969-87; Meredith Corp. v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 406,

438 (1994).

Based on our examination of the entire record before us, we

find (1)(a) that petitioner has failed to persuade us that the

payments at issue were for the support and maintenance of Ms.

Croteau within the meaning of Cal. Civ. Code sec. 4801(b) and 

(b) that, consequently, Cal. Civ. Code sec. 4801(b), which

requires the obligation of a party under an order or judgment for

the support and maintenance of the other party to terminate upon

the death of either party, does not apply to those payments and

(2) that petitioner has failed to establish that the payments at

issue satisfy the definitional requirement for alimony or separate maintenance payments that is set forth in section

71(b)(1)(D). Accordingly, petitioner has failed to show that
- 12 -

those payments are alimony or separate maintenance payments

within the meaning of section 215(b). Therefore, respondent's

determination disallowing the alimony deduction claimed by

petitioner for 1993 is sustained. 

Section 6662(a)

Section 6662(a) imposes an addition to tax equal to 20

percent of the underpayment of tax attributable to, inter alia,

negligence or disregard of rules or regulations under section

6662(b)(1). For purposes of section 6662(a), the term "negligence" includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to

comply with the Internal Revenue Code, and "disregard" includes

any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard. Sec. 6662(c). 

Negligence has also been defined as a lack of due care or failure

to do what a reasonable person would do under the circumstances. 

Leuhsler v. Commissioner, 963 F.2d 907, 910 (6th Cir. 1992),

affg. T.C. Memo. 1991-179; Antonides v. Commissioner, 91 T.C.

686, 699 (1988), affd. 893 F.2d 656 (4th Cir. 1990).

The accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) does not

apply to any portion of an underpayment if it is shown that there

was reasonable cause for, and that the taxpayer acted in good

faith with respect to, such portion. Sec. 6664(c)(1). The

determination of whether a taxpayer acted with reasonable cause

and in good faith depends upon the pertinent facts and circumstances, including the taxpayer's efforts to assess his or her
- 13 -

proper tax liability and the knowledge and experience of the

taxpayer. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioner makes no argument concerning respondent's determination under section 6662(a) except for his claim, which we

have rejected, that he and Ms. Croteau did not intend that the

terms of the agreement control the payments at issue. Based on

our examination of the entire record before us, we find that

petitioner has failed to show that he acted with reasonable cause

and in good faith, or that he otherwise exercised due care or

made a reasonable attempt to comply with the Internal Revenue

Code, when he claimed the alimony deduction at issue. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's determination imposing the

accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) for 1993.

To reflect the foregoing, 

Decision will be entered

for respondent.