# Patent

## Title
System, method, and apparatus for displaying pictures

## Abstract

Presented herein are systems, methods, and apparatus for displaying pictures. In one embodiment, there is presented a decoder system for decoding video data. The decoder system comprises a port and a transport processor. The port receives packets carrying encoded video data from a plurality of video streams. The transport processor adds a header to encoded video data from at least one of the packets. The header identifies a particular one of the plurality of video streams, wherein the at least one packet is from the particular one of the plurality of video stream.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/001,208 for “System, Method, And Apparatus For Displaying Pictures”, filed Nov. 30, 2004, by Qin-Fan Zhu, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, for all purposes.


FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[Not Applicable]
MICROFICHE/COPYRIGHT REFERENCE
[Not Applicable]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Video conferencing involves videos that are captured from multiple places. The video streams are then displayed on single displays. The video streams are usually transmitted to a video combiner at the display end over a communication network. The communication network can include, for example, the internet, a local area network, or wide area network.
Due to bandwidth considerations, the video is usually encoded as a video stream in accordance with a video compression standard, such as H.261, H.263, or H.264. The video streams are then packetized for transmission over a communication network.
The video combiner usually receives the video streams in a mixed order. To separate the video streams, the video combiner usually includes separate ports for each different video stream. The video combiner decodes the video stream and combines the pictures of the video stream for display onto a display device.
To keep the video streams separate, the video combiner includes separate video decoders for each video stream, for decoding the video stream. The decoded video streams are provided to a combiner over other multiple ports. As the number of video streams increases, the number of ports and video decoders also increases, thereby increasing costs.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with embodiments of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Presented herein are systems, methods, and apparatus for displaying pictures.
In one embodiment, there is presented a decoder system for decoding video data. The decoder system comprises a port and a transport processor. The port receives packets carrying encoded video data from a plurality of video streams. The transport processor adds an indicator to encoded video data from at least one of the packets. The indicator identifies a particular one of the plurality of video streams, where the at least one packet is from the particular one of the plurality of video streams.
In another embodiment, there is presented a decoder system for providing a plurality of decoded video streams. The decoder system comprises a video decoder and an output processor. The video decoder decodes pictures from a plurality of encoded video streams. The output processor adds at least one indicator to at least one picture. The at least one indicator identifies at least one particular video stream, wherein the at least one picture is from the at least one particular video stream.
In another embodiment, there is presented a method for decoding video data. The method comprises receiving packets carrying encoded video data from a plurality of video streams; and adding an indicator to encoded video data from at least one of the packets. The indicator identifies a particular one of the plurality of video streams, and the at least one packet is from the particular one of the plurality of video streams.
In another embodiment, there is presented a video conference processor for providing displaying a plurality of video streams. The video conference processor comprises a plurality of display queues and a picture demultiplexer.
The display queues correspond to the plurality of video streams. The picture demultiplexer determines a particular video stream for a picture, where the picture is from the particular video stream, and writes the picture to a particular one of the display queues corresponding to the particular video stream.
These and other advantages and novel features of the present invention, as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof, will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary video conferencing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram describing a transport stream;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram describing a multistream video decoder in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram describing the formatting of the compressed video data in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram describing the encoding of decompressed video data in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram describing the operation of the multistream video decoder in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary video conferencing processor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram for display multiple video streams in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a block diagram describing a video teleconferencing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The video teleconferencing system comprises a plurality of video encoders 105 for capturing, and encoding a corresponding plurality of video streams 107. The video encoders 105 can be placed at the different locations where the participants to the video teleconference are located.
The video encoders 105 provide the encoded video streams 107 to a video conference combiner 110 via a network 115. The video conference combiner 110 receives the video streams 107 and creates a video conference display stream. The video conference display stream combines the video streams 107.
The video conference combiner 110 comprises a decoder system 120 and a video conferencing processor 125. The decoder system 120 decodes each of the encoded video streams 107. The video conference processor 125 combines the decoded video streams.
The video encoders 105 provide the encoded video streams in series of what are known as transport packets. A transport packet includes a header and a portion of the video stream 107.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated a block diagram describing a video stream 107 carried in a series of transport packets 205. Video data 211 comprises a series of pictures 215. The video stream 107 represents encoded video data. The video data 211 can be encoded by compressing the video data in accordance with a variety of compressions standards, such as, but not limited to, H.261, H.263, H.264, VC-9, to name a few.
The video stream 107 is broken into encoded video data portions 107′. Each portion of the video stream 107 forms the payload of what is known as a transport packet 205. The transport packet 205 also includes a header 210. The header 210 includes certain information relating to the transmission of the transport packet 205. The information can include, for example, a network address associated with the video encoder 105, such as, but not limited to, an IP address or an ISDN number.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a block diagram describing an exemplary decoder system 300 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The decoder system comprises a port 302, a transport processor 305, a packet demultiplexer 310, a first plurality of buffers 315, a video decoder 320, a second plurality of buffers 325, a output processor 330, and a video output port 335.
The port 302 receives the transport packets carrying encoded video data from a plurality of video streams. The transport processor 305 processes and removes the transport headers 210 and can determine which video stream 107 the packet 205 is from by examining the address in the transport header 210. The transport processor 305 then adds another header to the encoded video data portion 107′ carried by the transport packet 205. The header identifies the video stream 107 to which the packet is from, in addition to other information described below.
The first plurality of buffers 315 corresponds to the plurality of video streams 107. The demultiplexer 310 writes the encoded video data 107′ to the particular buffer from the first plurality of buffers 315 that corresponds to the video streams 105 from which the encoded video data 107′ is from.
A video decoder 320 decodes the encoded video data stored in the first plurality of buffers 315. The decoding can include decompressing the encoded video data. The video decoder 320 can determine which encoded video data to decode by the state of the first plurality of buffers 315. For example, the video decoder 320 can decode the encoded video data from the buffer 315 storing the most video data.
The second plurality of buffers 325 corresponds to the plurality of video streams. The video decoder 320 writes the decoded video data to the second plurality of buffers 325. As the video decoder 320 decodes the encoded video data, pictures 215 from video data 211 are generated.
The output processor 330 adds headers to the decoded pictures 215. The headers indicate the video streams 107 that encoded the pictures 215, and accordingly, the particular video encoder 105 from which the picture 215 was captured. The video output port 335 transmits the pictures to the video conferencing processor 125.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated an exemplary header added by the transport processor 305 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The 3-byte pattern start code (00 00 01) serves as the packet delimiter. The three-byte packet end delimiter can also serve as the starting of the next packet. The field, stream_id is 8 bits and identifies the stream which the packet belongs to. In an exemplary case, the range of stream_id shall be between 224 and 232. The field Packet Length has 16 bits, and signals the packet payload length counting from the field s_type. The start code is excluded from this counting.
The field M, is the marker bit, which signals that the current packet is the end of a picture. The field L is 2 bits, and is used for error recovery and is defined as follows:
0: normal packet with previous packet undamaged
1: one or more packets are lost before the current packet
2: the current packet is damaged.
The field s_type is 5 bits and identifies the stream type and is defined as following:
1: H.261
2: MPEG2/H.262
3: H.263
4: H.264
The field time_stamp is 32 bits and contains 4 bytes for presentation time stamps. This field is used for audio-video synchronization. This value will be passed along with the corresponding decoded video frame for presentation. The field header_data is variable length and is used for error recovery. The field video_data is variable length.
Data between two start codes can be contained in an individual packet. In the last byte of the video_data, all unused bits can be filled with 0's.
An H.261 header can be as follows:




The fields in the H.261 header have the following meaning:
Start Bit Position (SBIT): 3 Bits
Number of most significant bits that are ignored in the first data octet.
End Bit Position (EBIT): 3 Bits
Number of least significant bits that are ignored in the last data octet.
INTRA-Frame Encoded Data (I): 1 Bit
Set to 1 if this packet contains only INTRA-frame coded blocks.
Set to 0 if this packet may or may not contain INTRA-frame coded blocks.
Motion Vector Flag (V): 1 Bit
Set to 0 if motion vectors are not used in this packet.
Set to 1 if motion vectors may or may not be used in this packet.
GOB Number (GOBN): 4 Bits
Encodes the GOB number in effect at the start of the packet. Set to 0 if the packet begins with a GOB header.
Macroblock Address Predictor (MBAP): 5 Bits
Encodes the macroblock address predictor (i.e. the last MBA encoded in the previous packet). This predictor ranges from 0-32 (to predict the valid MBAs 1-33), but because the bit stream cannot be fragmented between a GOB header and MB 1, the predictor at the start of the packet can never be 0. Therefore, the range is 1-32, which is biased by −1 to fit in 5 bits. For example, if MBAP is 0, the value of the MBA predictor is 1. Set to 0 if the packet begins with a GOB header.
Quantizer (QUANT): 5 Bits
Quantizer value (MQUANT or GQUANT) in effect prior to the start of this packet.
Horizontal Motion Vector Data (HMVD): 5 Bits
Reference horizontal motion vector data (MVD). Set to 0 if V flag is 0 or if the packet begins with a GOB header, or when the MTYPE of the last MB encoded in the previous packet was not MC. HMVD is encoded as a 2's complement number, and ‘10000’ corresponding to the value −16 is forbidden (motion vector fields range from +/−15).
Vertical Motion Vector Data (VMVD): 5 Bits
Reference vertical motion vector data (MVD). Set to 0 if V flag is 0 or if the packet begins with a GOB header, or when the MTYPE of the last MB encoded in the previous packet was not MC. VMVD is encoded as a 2's complement number, and ‘10000’ corresponding to the value −16 is forbidden (motion vector fields range from +/−15).
H.263 Header
There are 2 types of headers for H.263: Mode A and Mode B. The start of Mode A packet is aligned with Picture or GOB start.
H.263 Mode A Header Format:




F: 1 bit, is 0.
P: 1 bit, is 0.
SBIT: 3 Bits
Number of most significant bits that can be ignored in the first data octet.
EBIT: 3 Bits
End bit position specifies number of least significant bits that shall be ignored in the last data byte.
SRC: 3 Bits
Source format, bit 6,7 and 8 in PTYPE defined by H.263, specifies the resolution of the current picture.
I: 1 Bit.
Picture coding type, bit 9 in PTYPE defined by H.263, “0” is intra-coded, “1” is inter-coded.
H.263 Mode B Header Format:




F: 1 bit, equals 1 to signal Mode B packet.
The following fields are defined the same as in H.263 Mode A header format: P, R, EBIT, SRC, I.
Start Bit Position (SBIT): 3 Bits
Number of most significant bits that should be ignored in the first data octet.
QUANT: 5 Bits
Quantization value for the first MB coded at the starting of the packet.
GOBN: 5 Bits
GOB number in effect at the start of the packet. GOB number is specified differently for different resolutions.
MBA: 9 Bits
The address within the GOB of the first MB in the packet, counting from zero in scan order. For example, the third MB in any GOB is given MBA=2.
HMV, VMV: 7 Bits Each.
Horizontal and vertical motion vector predictors for the first MB in this packet. Each 7 bits field encodes a motion vector predictor in half pixel resolution as a 2's complement number.
H.264:
Two packetization schemes are supported. In the first scheme, a single NAL unit is transported in a single packet. In this case, there is no payload header. In the second scheme, a NAL unit is fragmented into several packets. The video payload header is defined as following:




F: 1 bit=0.

NRI: 2 Bits

Nal_ref_idc.
Type1: 5 Bits=0x1C (Decimal 28)
S: 1 Bit
The Start bit, when one, indicates the start of a fragmented NAL unit. Otherwise, when the following FU payload is not the start of a fragmented NAL unit payload, the Start bit is set to zero.
E: 1 Bit
The End bit, when one, indicates the end of a fragmented NAL unit, i.e., the last byte of the payload is also the last byte of the fragmented NAL unit. Otherwise, when the following FU payload is not the last fragment of a fragmented NAL unit, the End bit is set to zero.
R: 1 Bit=0.
Type2: 5 Bits
nal_unit_type as specified in H.264.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a block diagram describing an exemplary header added by the output processor 330. Each video line can be transferred with a start code, pixel data and end code. Before the start code, a video parameter packet (VPP) 500 can be transferred to carry side information. The definition of the last row of the video parameter packet is as follows:














Field
Description









F
0 = top field, 1 = bottom field



P
0 = pixel data, 1 = VPP



E
0 = Start Code, 1 = End Code



P3
P XOR E



P2
F XOR E



P1
P XOR F



P0
P XOR F XOR E










The VPP has the following format:

















Length




Field
(bytes)
Definition









Stream
1 byte
The stream id of the picture



Id



Packet
1 byte
Number of bytes of the VPP excluding



Length

the start code and encode code but





count the stream Id



Picture
1 byte
Bit 3: 0 for progressive, 1 for



Format

interlaced





Bit 2: 1 for Repeat_First_Field





Bit 1: 1 for Top_Field_First





Bit 0: 0 for normal, 1 for damaged





picture





Bits 4-7: Reserved



X Size
1 byte
Luminance X Size/16



Y Size
1 byte
Luminance Y Size/16



Time
4 bytes
Context dependent. For video decoding,



Stamp

this is the time stamp originally





associated with the compressed picture










Bit 0 of the Picture Format byte is meant for use for a decoder. When set to 1, it implied that part of the picture is damaged due to transmission/storage error or decoder internal error. The treatment for such pictures is dependent on the external device.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is a flow diagram for decoding multiple video streams in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At 605, the port 302 receives transport packet 205 carrying encoded video data 107′. At 610, the transport processor 305 adds a header to the encoded video data 107′ carried in the transport packet 205. The header identifies the video stream 107 from which the encoded video data 107′ came.
At 615, the packet demultiplexer 310 writes the encoded video data 107′ from the packets to particular ones of the first plurality of buffers 315. The packet demultiplexer 310 writes the packets to the particular buffer 315 that corresponds to the video stream 107 identified in the packet header added to the packet during 610. At 620, the video decoder 320 decodes the encoded video data and writes the decoded video data to the particular one of the plurality of buffers 325 to which the decoded video data is from. At 625, the output processor 330 adds headers to decoded pictures indicating the video stream 107 to which the picture is from. At 630, the video output port 335 transmits the pictures to the video conferencing processor 125.
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is illustrated a block diagram of the video conferencing processor 125. The video conferencing processor 125 comprises an input port 705, a picture demultiplexer 710, a plurality of display queues 720, and a video combiner 725.
The input port 705 receives the pictures from the video output port 335. The picture demultiplexer 710 examines the field stream_id in the header added to the picture by the output processor 330 to determine which video stream 107 that the picture belongs to. Each of the display queues 720 corresponds to a particular one of the video streams 107. The picture demultiplexer 710 writes the pictures to the display queue 720 corresponding to the video stream indicated by the field stream_id. The video combiner 725 combines the pictures from the display queues 720 for display on a single display.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is illustrated a flow diagram for displaying multiple video streams. At 805, the input port 705 receives the pictures from the video output port 335. At 810, the picture demultiplexer 710 examines the field stream_id in the header added to the picture by the output processor 330 to determine to which video stream 107 the picture belongs. The picture demultiplexer 710 writes (815) the pictures to the display queue 720 corresponding to the video stream indicated by the field stream_id. The video combiner 725 combines (820) the pictures from the display queues 720 for display on a single display.
The embodiments described herein may be implemented as a board level product, as a single chip, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or with varying levels of the decoder system, video conference processor, or video combiner integrated with other portions of the system as separate components. The degree of integration will primarily be determined by the speed and cost considerations. Because of the sophisticated nature of modern processor, it is possible to utilize a commercially available processor, which may be implemented external to an ASIC implementation. Alternatively, if the processor is available as an ASIC core or logic block, then the commercially available processor can be implemented as part of an ASIC device wherein certain functions can be implemented in firmware. In one embodiment, a deinterlacer can be incorporated into a single integrated circuit.
Although the embodiments described herein are described with a degree of particularity, it should be noted that changes, substitutions, and modifications can be made with respected to the embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Accordingly, the present application is only limited by the following claims and equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A decoder system for decoding video data, said decoder system comprising:
a port for receiving packets carrying encoded video data from a plurality of video streams; and
a transport processor of the decoder system for adding an indicator to encoded video data from at least one of the packets, the indicator identifying a particular one of the plurality of video streams, wherein the at least one packet is from the particular one of the plurality of video streams.

2. The decoder system for claim 1, further comprising: a first plurality of buffers, wherein the first plurality of buffers corresponds to the plurality of video streams.

3. The decoder system of claim 2, further comprising: a demultiplexer for writing the encoded video data from the at least one packet to a particular one of the first plurality of buffers, the particular one of the first plurality of buffers corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of video streams.

4. The decoder system of claim 1, further comprising: a video decoder for decoding the encoded video data, thereby resulting in decoded video data.

5. The decoder system of claim 1, further comprising: a second plurality of buffers, wherein the second plurality of buffers corresponds to the plurality of video streams.

6. The decoder system of claim 5, wherein the video decoder writes the decoded video data to a particular one of the second plurality of buffers corresponding to the particular video stream.

7. The decoder system of claim 6, wherein the video decoder decodes at least one picture, and further comprising: an output processor for adding indicators to the at least one picture.

8. A decoder system for providing a plurality of decoded video streams, said decoder system comprising:
a video decoder for decoding pictures from a plurality of encoded video streams; and
an output processor of the decoder system for adding at least one indicator to at least one of the decoded pictures, said at least one indicator identifying at least one particular video stream, wherein the at least one decoded picture is from the at least one particular video stream.

9. The decoder system of claim 8, further comprising: a plurality of buffers corresponding to the plurality of video streams.

10. The decoder system of claim 9, wherein the video decoder writes the at least one picture to at least one of the plurality of buffers, the at least one of the plurality of buffers corresponding to the at least one particular video stream.

11. A method for decoding video data, said method comprising:
receiving transport packets carrying encoded video data from a plurality of video streams;
determining from a transport header of one of the transport packets which video stream to which the transport packet belongs; and
adding an indicator to encoded video data from the transport packet, the indicator identifying a particular one of the plurality of video streams, wherein the transport packet is from the particular one of the plurality of video streams.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: writing the encoded video data from the transport packet to a particular one of a first plurality of buffers, the particular one of the first plurality of buffers corresponding to the particular one of the plurality of video streams.

13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: decoding the encoded video data, thereby resulting in decoded video data.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: writing the decoded video data to a particular one of a second plurality of buffers, wherein the second plurality of buffers corresponds to the plurality of video streams, and wherein the particular one of the second plurality of buffers corresponds to the particular video stream.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: adding headers to at least one picture.

16. A method for providing a plurality of decoded video streams, said method comprising:
decoding pictures from a plurality of encoded video streams; and
adding at least one indicator to at least one of the decoded pictures, said at least one indicator identifying at least one particular video stream, wherein the at least one decoded picture is from the at least one particular video stream.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: writing the at least one decoded picture to at least one of a plurality of buffers, the at least one of the plurality of buffers corresponding to the at least one particular video stream.

18. A video conference processor for providing displaying a plurality of video streams, said video conference processor comprising:
a plurality of display queues corresponding to the plurality of video streams; and
a picture demultiplexer for determining a particular video stream for a decoded picture, wherein the picture is from the particular video stream and writing the decoded picture to a particular one of the display queues corresponding to the particular video stream.

19. The video conference processor of claim 18, wherein the picture demultiplexer determines the particular video stream for the decoded picture by examining an indicator associated with the decoded picture.