# Patent

## Title
Performance allocation method and apparatus

## Abstract

In accordance with some embodiments, a graphics process frame generation frame rate may be monitored in combination with a utilization or work load metric for the graphics process in order to allocate performance resources to the graphics process and in some cases, between the graphics process and a central processing unit.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/157,479 entitled “PERFORMANCE ALLOCATION METHOD AND APPARATUS” and filed Jun. 11, 2008. The entire contents of that application are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
The present invention relates generally to computing and in particular to allocating processing resources between core and graphics processing.
With today's and future computing systems such as desktop computers, mobile computers, portable devices such as phones and audio/video players, and the like, it is desirable to consume less power, regardless of whether or not the device is mobile or otherwise. Accordingly, with many devices that include more than one processing unit such as with a core processing unit (e.g., a core within a processor having one or more processing cores) and a graphics processor, performance budgets may be imposed on the processors (or processing units) to reduce overall power consumption. Unfortunately, such approaches can be inefficient and thus, improved solutions may be desired.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements.
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a computing system in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a portion of a computing system with a performance allocation engine in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a routine to implement a performance allocation engine in accordance with some embodiments.
FIGS. 4A-4D graphically show frame rendering performance as a function of CPU and GPU performance, progressively, as relatively increased performance resources are provided to the CPU.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In accordance with some embodiments, a graphics process frame generation frame rate may be monitored in combination with a utilization or work load metric for the graphics process in order to allocate performance resources to the graphics process and in some cases, between the graphics process and a central processing unit.
FIG. 1 shows a portion of an exemplary computing system. It comprises a processor 102 (or central processing unit “CPU”), a graphics/memory controller (GMC) 104, an input/output controller (IOC) 106, memory 108, peripheral devices/ports 110, and a display device 112, all coupled together as shown. The processor 102 may comprise one or more cores in one or more packages and functions to facilitate central processing tasks including executing one or more applications.
The GMC 104 controls access to memory 108 from both the processor 102 and IOC 106. It also comprises a graphics processing unit 105 to generate video frames for application(s) running in the processor 102 to be displayed on the display device 112.
The IOC 106 controls access between the peripheral devices/ports 110 and the other blocks in the system. The peripheral devices may include, for example, peripheral chip interconnect (PCI) and/or PCI Express ports, universal serial bus (USB) ports, network (e.g., wireless network) devices, user interface devices such as keypads, mice, and any other devices that may interface with the computing system.
In some embodiments, a performance allocation engine (PAE) 107 is included within the graphics processing unit 105 to allocate performance resources between the graphics processing unit and the processor 102. As will be discussed more below, the PAE monitors the rate at which frames are generated by the GPU, as well as a performance utilization metric (e.g., how busy is it?) to control performance resource allocation for the GPU or between the GPU and processor so as to reduce performance resource consumption by the GPU when less performance, e.g., frequency, is needed. (It should be appreciated that while in the depicted embodiment, a performance allocation engine 107 is included in the GPU, it may alternatively be included in any other or combination of GPU and other computing system blocks. Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the depicted embodiment, graphics, memory and I/O controller functionality are implemented in chips separate from the processor chip, but they may also be implemented in a common chip or common integrated circuit (IC) package with different combinations of each other and thus, the invention is not limited to any particular chip or chip combination.)
FIG. 2 shows a portion of a computing system, such as the computing system of FIG. 1, with a portion of a GPU 105 having a performance allocation engine 107. Shown in the GPU, apart from the PAE 107, is a frame rendering engine 205, memory 207, and a display engine 209. The GPU 105 receives frame data, e.g., all or in part generated by an application running in the processor 102. The frame rendering engine processes the frame data to generate rendered frames (e.g., files of digital pixel information corresponding to all or part of a video frame) that can be provided to the display device 112. The rendered frames are driven into the memory 207, which serves as a buffer, e.g., first-in-first-out frame buffer, to store the frames so that they can be fed into the display device 112 by the display engine 209.
(It should be appreciated that the frame rendering engine 205, memory 207, and display engine 209 represent functional blocks that may or may not comprise all or parts of other functional units within or external to the GPU 105. For example, the memory 207 may or may not be within the GPU.)
The PAE 107 comprises hardware and or software to allocate performance resources (e.g., frequency) between the GPU 105 and processor 102. For example, it may be implemented as an executable software routine, e.g., in a GPU driver, or it may wholly or partially be implemented with dedicated or shared arithmetic or other logic circuitry. it may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and/or software, implemented in and/or external to a GPU to monitor a rendered frame rate, e.g., instantaneous and/or a moving average frame rate, along with GPU processor utilization (e.g., a measure or indication of how hard the frame rendering engine 205 is working) to control, or otherwise indicate, performance resource allocation for the GPU and/or the processor.
FIG. 3 shows an exemplary flow diagram for implementing a performance allocation engine routine 107. However, before discussing it, the graphs of FIGS. 4A to 4D will be described to provide an overview for an understanding of the purposes of the routine of FIG. 3. These graphs show frame rendering performance as a function of CPU and GPU performance, progressively, as relatively increased performance resources are provided to the processor. Each graph includes exemplary average distributions of frame duration for the GPU and processor, i.e., the relative times taken by the processor and GPU to generate frame data and rendered frames, respectively. Thus, as the curves move to the left, and thus frame duration attributable to the GPU and/or processor decrease, the average rendered frame rate increases.
FIG. 4A represents a situation when the frame rate is completely limited by the processor. Moving from graph 4A to 4D, relatively higher performance resources (frequency in this example) are provided to the processor, thereby shifting the processor distribution curve to the left and thus making the overall frame generation rate less limited by the processor. So, it can be seen that if the overall rendered frame rate is processor limited, then it doesn't materially help to increase GPU performance and conversely, when the rendered frame rate is GPU limited, the frame rate is not materially improved by increasing processor performance.
Thus, when rendered frame generation is GPU limited, if the frame rate is not sufficient, GPU performance (and not necessarily processor performance) should be increased. If, however, the frame rate is sufficient, then performance resources can be reduced for the processor and thus, power consumption, for example, may be reduced. Likewise, if it is determined that the frame rate may be processor limited, then if the frame rate is not sufficient, it may be inferred that additional performance resources should be provided to the processor. If, however, the frame rate is deemed to be sufficient, then performance resources may be reduced from the GPU. With this in mind, the flow diagram of FIG. 3 will be discussed.
FIG. 3 shows a performance allocation engine routine 302 in accordance with some embodiments. At 304, the graphics render utilization is evaluated. This, for example, could be done by evaluating utilization in a frame rendering engine such as frame rendering utilization 205 in the GPU 105. Utilization is a measure of how hard the rendering engine is working It may be as simple as whether or not relevant processing units are active or idle, or it could be a more quantitative measure of the extent to which relevant GPU units are performing.
At 306, the rendered frame rate is evaluated (or monitored). This involves determining the rate at which rendered frames are being generated, e.g., by a frame rendering engine. For example, within the GPU (or even external to it), one or more signals indicative of whether a new frame is being provided to memory (e.g., memory 207) could be monitored to measure or estimate the times between generated frames.
The frame rate used in the routine may be an instantaneous estimate, an average, a moving average with a desired window size (number of frames), or a combination of such rates. In some embodiments, a weighted average may be used to filter out anomalies. For example, weight values adding up to one could be employed for different adjacent frame durations to calculate a running average. The number of weight values adding up to one would correspond to the number of frames in the moving window. Depending on the sampling rate used to measure frame durations, the values could be adjusted to achieve acceptable results.
As an example, with an assumed sampling rate of 200 samples-per-second and a desired moving average window width of 5 seconds with two frames in the window, a first weighting constant, a1, of 1/30000 and a second weighting constant, a2, of 2999/30000 could be used. The MOVING AVERAGE frame rate would then be calculated as:

FR=1/(a1*Fd[n−1]+a2*Fd)

where Fd[n−1] is the duration of the first frame in a window and Fd is the duration of the next frame in the window. Of course, any suitable or otherwise desired weighting scheme or numbers of frames per window could be utilized.

At 308, it is determined if GPU utilization is high. If it is not high (e.g., normal or low), then at 310, the routine determines if the rendered frame rate is sufficient. If the frame rate is not sufficient (implying that GPU performance is sufficient but processor performance is insufficient), then at 314, the processor performance may be increased. (Note that a dashed box is used here, and elsewhere in this figure, to indicate that control of the processor performance may not be available to the PAE, so it may either control or otherwise indicate that the processor performance should be increased.) On the other hand, if the frame rate at 310 is sufficient, then at 312, the GPU performance is decreased and additional performance is allocated to the processor. From either 312 or 314, the routine loops back to 304 and 306 as shown.
Returning to 308, if the GPU utilization is high, then the routine proceeds to 316 and determines if the rendered frame rate is sufficient (e.g., in the same way as at 310). If the frame rate is sufficient, then the routine loops back to 304 and 306 and proceeds as discussed. On the other hand, if the frame rate is not sufficient (implying that the frame rate is GPU limited), then at 318, the GPU performance is increased (e.g., frequency is increased), and the routine loops back to 304 and 306 and proceeds as discussed.
In the preceding description, numerous specific details have been set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques may have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of the description. With this in mind, references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “example embodiment”, “various embodiments”, etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) of the invention so described may include particular features, structures, or characteristics, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular features, structures, or characteristics. Further, some embodiments may have some, all, or none of the features described for other embodiments.
In the preceding description and following claims, the following terms should be construed as follows: The terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular embodiments, “connected” is used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. “Coupled” is used to indicate that two or more elements co-operate or interact with each other, but they may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it should be appreciated that the present invention is applicable for use with all types of semiconductor integrated circuit (“IC”) chips. Examples of these IC chips include but are not limited to processors, controllers, chip set components, programmable logic arrays (PLA), memory chips, network chips, and the like.
It should also be appreciated that in some of the drawings, signal conductor lines are represented with lines. Some may be thicker, to indicate more constituent signal paths, have a number label, to indicate a number of constituent signal paths, and/or have arrows at one or more ends, to indicate primary information flow direction. This, however, should not be construed in a limiting manner. Rather, such added detail may be used in connection with one or more exemplary embodiments to facilitate easier understanding of a circuit. Any represented signal lines, whether or not having additional information, may actually comprise one or more signals that may travel in multiple directions and may be implemented with any suitable type of signal scheme, e.g., digital or analog lines implemented with differential pairs, optical fiber lines, and/or single-ended lines.
It should be appreciated that example sizes/models/values/ranges may have been given, although the present invention is not limited to the same. As manufacturing techniques (e.g., photolithography) mature over time, it is expected that devices of smaller size could be manufactured. In addition, well known power/ground connections to IC chips and other components may or may not be shown within the FIGS, for simplicity of illustration and discussion, and so as not to obscure the invention. Further, arrangements may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention, and also in view of the fact that specifics with respect to implementation of such block diagram arrangements are highly dependent upon the platform within which the present invention is to be implemented, i.e., such specifics should be well within purview of one skilled in the art. Where specific details (e.g., circuits) are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced without, or with variation of, these specific details. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.

## Claims

1. A method associated with a central processor generating frame data and a graphics processor receiving the frame data and generating rendered frames based on the frame data, comprising:
determining, by a performance allocation engine, a frame rate value associated with a rate at which the graphics processor is rendering frames;
determining, by the performance allocation engine, a workload value associated with an activity level of the graphics processor;
when (i) the workload value is above a threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is below a threshold rate, adding, by the performance allocation engine, power consumption capability to the graphics processor; and
when (i) the workload value is below the threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is below the threshold rate, adding, by the performance allocation engine, power consumption capability to the central processor without adding power consumption capability to the graphics processor.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the frame rate value is calculated as a moving average based on weighted time-between-frame values associated with a plurality of frames.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the performance allocation engine is implemented as executable instructions in a graphics processor driver.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the central processor includes multiple cores, one or more of which is to generate the frame data.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the workload value comprises determining if frame rendering units in the graphics processor are active for a substantial amount of time.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising determining if a sufficient number of frame rendering units are substantially active.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining the workload value comprises monitoring whether or not the graphics processor is idle.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising determining an idle duty cycle for the graphics processor.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein
adding power consumption capability to the graphics processor comprises increasing operating frequency of the graphics processor, and
adding power consumption capability to the central processor comprises increasing operating frequency of the central processor.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
when (i) the workload value is below the threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is above the threshold rate, removing power consumption capability from the graphics processor and adding power consumption capability to the central processor without adding power consumption capability to the graphics processor.

11. At least one non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored therein, the instructions when executed on a machine to cause the machine to:
determine a frame rate value associated with a rate at which the graphics processor is rendering frames;
determine a workload value associated with an activity level of the graphics processor;
when (i) the workload value is above a threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is below a threshold rate, add power consumption capability to the graphics processor; and
when (i) the workload value is below the threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is below the threshold rate, add power consumption capability to the central processor without addition of power consumption capability to the graphics processor.

12. The medium of claim 11, wherein the frame rate value is calculated as a moving average based on weighted time-between-frame values associated with a plurality of frames.

13. The medium of claim 11, wherein the medium is associated with a graphics processor driver.

14. The medium of claim 11, wherein the central processor includes multiple cores, one or more of which is to generate the frame data.

15. The medium of claim 11, wherein determining the workload value comprises determining if frame rendering units in the graphics processor are active for a substantial amount of time.

16. The medium of claim 15, further comprising determining if a sufficient number of frame rendering units are substantially active.

17. The medium of claim 11, in which determining the workload value comprises monitoring whether or not the graphics processor is idle.

18. The medium of claim 17, further comprising determining an idle duty cycle for the graphics processor.

19. The medium of claim 11, wherein
adding power consumption capability to the graphics processor comprises cause an increase in operating frequency of the graphics processor, and
adding power consumption capability to the central processor comprises cause an increase in operating frequency of the central processor.

20. The medium of claim 11, further comprising instructions stored therein, the instructions when executed on a machine to cause the machine to:
when (i) the workload value is below the threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is above the threshold rate, remove power consumption capability from the graphics processor and add power consumption capability to the central processor without addition of power consumption capability to the graphics processor.

21. A system, comprising:
a display device;
a central processor to generate frame data;
a graphics processor to receive the frame data from the central processor and to generate rendered frames based on the frame data, wherein the rendered frames are to be provided to the display device; and
a performance allocation engine (PAE) to:
determine a frame rate value associated with a rate at which the graphics processor is rendering frames,
determine a workload value associated with an activity level of the graphics processor,
when (i) the workload value is above a threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is below a threshold rate, add power consumption capability to the graphics processor,
when (i) the workload value is below the threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is below the threshold rate, add power consumption capability to the central processor, and
when (i) the workload value is below the threshold value and (ii) the frame rate is above the threshold rate, remove power consumption capability from the graphics processor and add power consumption capability to the central processor without addition of power consumption capability to the graphics processor.

22. The system of claim 21, wherein:
to add power consumption capability to the graphics processor, the PAE is to cause an increase in operating frequency of the graphics processor, and
to remove power consumption capability from the graphics processor, the PAE is to cause a reduction in operating frequency of the graphics processor.