[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-10108

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

MONISHA S. MOHAMMED,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

GHX GLOBAL HEALTHCARE EXCHANGE INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-00029-CC

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 21-10108

Before NEWSOM, LAGOA, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Monishia Mohammed1 appeals following the grant of 

summary judgment to GHX Global Healthcare Exchange, Inc. 

(“GHX”), in her suit raising retaliation claims under Title VII of 

the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), 

and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and a battery claim under Georgia state 

law.2 Procedurally, the district court granted GHX’s motion after 

excluding evidence Mohammed offered in opposition, including a 

LinkedIn page, an audio recording, and text messages. On appeal, 

Mohammed contends that the LinkedIn page should have been 

admitted because it was relevant, not hearsay, and properly authenticated; she argues that her audio recording with a security 

1 Although the case caption identifies Mohammed’s first name as “Monisha,” 

both parties refer to her as “Monishia.” 

2 Mohammed also raised two other state tort law claims—for negligent supervision and retention, and intentional infliction of emotional distress—

which the district court rejected when granting summary judgment. She 

has abandoned the former ruling by not challenging it on appeal. See Access 

Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004). She has 

abandoned the latter because, although she mentions it on appeal, she does 

not challenge the district court’s dispositive finding that the conduct she alleged did not rise to the level required to show an intentional infliction of 

emotional distress. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 

680 (11th Cir. 2014). Thus, we will not discuss these claims. 

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21-10108 Opinion of the Court 3

guard was authenticated by GHX’s counsel; and she contends that 

the text messages were properly authenticated. Next, Mohammed argues that the district court erred when it granted summary 

judgment on her federal retaliation claims because her supervisors’ knowledge about her protected activity, i.e., filing an internal complaint in June 2018, could be inferred. Finally, Mohammed argues that her state law battery claim is not barred by respondeat superior because her supervisor was acting within the 

scope of employment when touching her.

For ease of reference, we will address each point in turn.

I. 

We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for an 

abuse of discretion. Proctor v. Fluor Enters., Inc., 494 F.3d 1337, 

1349 n.7 (11th Cir. 2007). An appellant, however, has the burden 

“to ensure the record on appeal is complete, and where a failure 

to discharge that burden prevents us from reviewing the district 

court’s decision we ordinarily will affirm the judgment.” Selman 

v. Cobb Cnty. Sch. Dist., 449 F.3d 1320, 1333 (11th Cir. 2006); see 

also Pensacola Motor Sales Inc. v. E. Shore Toyota, LLC, 684 F.3d 

1211, 1224 (11th Cir. 2012).

Several evidentiary rules are relevant to this appeal. Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a material fact 

more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. 

Fed. R. Evid. 401. Relevant evidence is generally admissible, 

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4 Opinion of the Court 21-10108

whereas irrelevant evidence is never admissible. See Fed. R. Evid. 

402. 

Evidence is properly authenticated when there is “evidence 

sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the proponent 

claims it is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a). The proponent of the evidence 

has the burden of authentication. See United States v. Mar. Life 

Caribbean Ltd., 913 F.3d 1027, 1033 (11th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 

140 S. Ct. 858 (2020). Among other ways, the proponent can authenticate evidence with the testimony of a witness with 

knowledge. Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1). Additionally, “[a] witness 

may testify to a matter only if evidence is introduced sufficient to 

support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the 

matter,” and “[e]vidence to prove personal knowledge may consist of the witness’s own testimony.” Fed. R. Evid. 602. 

Generally, hearsay is not admissible. See Fed. R. Evid. 802. 

“The general rule is that inadmissible hearsay ‘cannot be considered on a motion for summary judgment.’” Macuba v. Deboer, 

193 F.3d 1316, 1322 (11th Cir. 1999) (footnote omitted) (quoting 

Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 895 F.2d 46, 50 (1st Cir. 1990)). Hearsay is “a statement that: (1) the declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing; and (2) a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” 

Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). However, certain public records are not subject to the rule against hearsay. Fed. R. Evid. 803(8). And Rule 

803(23) provides an exception for judgments that are “admitted to 

prove a matter of personal, family, or general history, or boundaUSCA11 Case: 21-10108 Date Filed: 05/23/2022 Page: 4 of 9
21-10108 Opinion of the Court 5

ries, if the matter: (A) was essential to the judgment; and (B) 

could be proved by evidence of reputation.”

Here, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded the LinkedIn page, the recording, or the 

text messages. First, the LinkedIn page of a manager hired by 

GHX after Mohammed left the company was unauthenticated 

because she provided no testimony or affidavit proving that the 

page was what she claimed it was. Moreover, the page contained 

inadmissible hearsay because it was an out of court statement that 

Mohammed offered for the truth of the matter asserted and did 

not fall within any hearsay exceptions. Second, any challenge by 

Mohammed to the exclusion of the audio recording fails because 

it is not contained in the record on appeal. Third, the text messages were not authenticated and were inadmissible because Mohammed did not meet her burden of authentication and provide 

an affidavit or testimony explaining who the sender was or what 

the sender meant by “stomached.” Accordingly, we affirm in 

these respects.

II. 

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment and apply the same standard used by the district court. 

Burton v. Tampa Hous. Auth., 271 F.3d 1274, 1276–77 (11th Cir. 

2001). But we will not consider “an issue not raised in the district 

court and raised for the first time in an appeal.” Access Now, Inc. 

v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004). Moreover, an appellant abandons a claim when she raises it for the first 

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6 Opinion of the Court 21-10108

time in her reply brief. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 

F.3d 678, 683 (11th Cir. 2014). Likewise, to reverse a district court 

order that is based on multiple, independent grounds, a party 

must convince us “that every stated ground for the judgment 

against him is incorrect.” Id. at 680. 

Title VII prohibits private employers from discriminating 

against an employee because of their race. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a). 

It also prohibits employers from retaliating against an employee 

because she has opposed an act made unlawful by Title VII. 

Chapter 7 Tr. v. Gate Gourmet, Inc., 683 F.3d 1249, 1257–58 (11th 

Cir. 2012); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a). In turn, 42 U.S.C. § 1981 prohibits discriminating on the basis of race during the course of a 

contractual relationship, such as one involving employment, and 

likewise encompasses retaliation claims. See CBOCS W., Inc. v. 

Humphries, 553 U.S. 442, 446, 452 (2008).

Absent direct evidence that an employer has retaliated, we 

employ the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework when 

analyzing claims for retaliation. See Brown v. Ala. Dep’t of 

Transp., 597 F.3d 1160, 1181 (11th Cir. 2010). The first step under 

the McDonnell Douglas framework is for the plaintiff to establish 

a prima facie case of retaliation. Id. For a retaliatory refusal to 

promote, a plaintiff must show that: “(1) she ‘engaged in a statutorily protected activity’; (2) she ‘suffered a materially adverse action’; and (3) ‘there was a causal connection between her protected activity and the adverse action.’” See Gate Gourmet, 683 F.3d 

at 1258 (quoting Howard v. Walgreen Co., 605 F.3d 1239, 1244 

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21-10108 Opinion of the Court 7

(11th Cir. 2010)). To establish a retaliatory hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must show, among other things, that 

she was subjected to unwelcome harassment “based on” her engaging in the protected activity. See Monaghan v. Worldpay US, 

Inc., 955 F.3d 855, 861 (11th Cir. 2020). To establish a constructive discharge claim, the employee must demonstrate that her 

employer deliberately made working conditions intolerable, 

thereby forcing her to quit her job. Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 

1281, 1298 (11th Cir. 2009). 

To prove causation for purposes of making out a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must first show that “the decision-maker[s] [were] aware of the protected conduct” and then 

establish that the protected activity and the adverse action “were 

not wholly unrelated.” McCann v. Tillman, 526 F.3d 1370, 1376 

(11th Cir. 2008) (alterations in original) (quoting Gupta v. Fla. Bd. 

of Regents, 212 F.3d 571, 590 (11th Cir. 2000)). The “plaintiff 

must, at minimum, generally establish that the employer was actually aware of the protected expression at the time [it] took the 

adverse action.” Raney v. Vinson Guard Serv., Inc., 120 F.3d 

1192, 1197 (11th Cir. 1997).

With respect to Mohammed’s June 2018 complaint,3 the 

record shows that the district court properly granted summary 

3 Although Mohammed identifies a February 2019 complaint to human resources as a second protected activity, she did not rely on that before the district court. Accordingly, we will not consider it. In any event, to the extent 

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8 Opinion of the Court 21-10108

judgment against Mohammed on her federal retaliation claims. 

Because Mohammed did not establish that her supervisors actually knew about that complaint, she did not establish that her protected expression caused her to suffer an adverse action. We conclude that Mohammed’s argument that her supervisors’ 

knowledge could be inferred unavailing because actual, not constructive, knowledge is required for a retaliation claim. See id. 

And to the extent Mohammed relied on conclusory allegations or 

speculation, that was insufficient to show knowledge. We therefore reject this argument and affirm the summary judgment in 

favor of GHX as to Mohammed’s federal retaliation claims.

III. 

Under Georgia law, a person commits the tort of battery 

when one person unlawfully touches another with intent to harm 

or insult. Hendricks v. S. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 387 S.E.2d 593, 

594–95 (1989). Under respondeat superior, a principal is liable for 

the tortious acts of its agent, but only where the agent is acting 

within the scope of, and in furtherance of, the principal’s business. 

Piedmont Hosp., Inc. v. Palladino, 580 S.E.2d 215, 217 (Ga. 2003). 

If the agent commits a tort for reasons unconnected to or outside 

the latter complaint only alleged unfair treatment, not discrimination on the 

basis of race, sex, or national origin, it would not have constituted protected 

activity. See Coutu v. Martin Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 47 F.3d 1068, 

1074 (11th Cir. 1995).

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the scope of his employment, the principal is not liable for that 

conduct. Id. at 217–18. 

Here, the district court did not err in granting summary 

judgment on Mohammed’s state law battery claim against GHX. 

Her claim was precluded, in part, by respondeat superior, because 

the undisputed evidence showed that GHX had no business purpose for her supervisor to touch Mohammed in the allegedly unlawful manner she complained of. We therefore also affirm the 

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of GHX on 

Mohammed’s Georgia tort claim. 

AFFIRMED.

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