IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-0168

Filed April 1, 2020

IN THE INTEREST OF S.E.,

Minor Child,

D.E., Mother,

Appellant,

J.E., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Barbara H. Liesveld, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother and father separately appeal the termination of their parental 

rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

John J. Bishop, Cedar Rapids, for appellant mother.

Robin L. Miller, Cedar Rapids, for appellant father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Julie F. Trachta of Linn County Advocate, Inc., Cedar Rapids, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and Schumacher, JJ.
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TABOR, Presiding Judge.

Mental-health needs, substance abuse, and domestic violence often 

prevent parents from reunifying with their children in cases of abuse or neglect. 

S.E.’s parents, Dina and Jerrod, faced all three of those major obstacles to 

resuming care of their now two-year-old son. The juvenile court terminated the 

parental rights of both Dina and Jerrod under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) 

(2019). Both parents challenge the State’s proof they cannot resume custody of 

S.E. without the risk of further harm. They also argue termination was not in their 

son’s best interests. After our independent review of the record, we draw the same 

conclusions from the evidence as did the juvenile court.1 Despite recent progress, 

the parents have not shown the ability to maintain “a safe, sober, violence-free 

home for their child.” We thus affirm the juvenile court’s termination decision. 

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

S.E. was born in August 2017. The next month, the Iowa Department of 

Human Services (DHS) completed a family assessment identifying domestic 

abuse by Jerrod against Dina. S.E. remained in the care of his parents for the next 

year. But in the fall of 2018, the DHS determined the parents were using 

methamphetamine while caring for S.E. The juvenile court adjudicated S.E. as a 

 

1 We review rulings terminating parental rights de novo. In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 

212, 219 (Iowa 2016). While not bound by the juvenile court’s fact findings, we 

give them weight, particularly on credibility claims. Id. The State must present 

clear and convincing evidence to support termination. In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 

110–11 (Iowa 2014). Evidence satisfies that standard if no serious or significant 

doubts exist about the correctness of conclusions of law drawn from the proof. In 

re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).
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child in need of assistance (CINA) and removed him from parental care in October 

2018.

At first, the DHS placed S.E. with his maternal grandmother. Because the 

grandmother struggled to limit Dina’s access to S.E., the DHS soon moved the 

child to the home of his paternal grandfather. S.E. remained in his grandfather’s 

care through much of the CINA case.

2

 The grandfather has qualified as a foster 

parent and is willing to adopt S.E.

As the juvenile court noted, both parents have “significant mental health 

needs” that affect their ability to parent. Dina was diagnosed with attention deficit 

disorder, anxiety with panic attacks, depression, mood disorder, and obsessive 

compulsive disorder. The DHS worker believed Dina depended emotionally on

Jerrod. Jerrod was diagnosed with mood disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and 

anxiety. Both parents sought medication management from the Abbe Mental 

Health Center but neither attended individual counseling. 

Jerrod’s behavior was especially concerning. He directed “angry outbursts” 

at the DHS workers and even threatened to kill the DHS case manager. The FSRP 

(family safety, risk, and permanency) providers stopped transporting him to 

interactions with S.E. in the summer of 2019 because they did not feel safe. An 

FSRP worker described his demeanor as “very unpredictable.”

Closely related to their mental-health challenges, substance-abuse issues 

hindered their ability to safely parent. Jerrod had long-term addictions to alcohol 

and methamphetamine. He said, as a teenager, he “would drink from sunrise to 

 

2 S.E. lived with a paternal aunt from December 2018 through April 2019.
4

sundown.” He sought treatment several times but continued to drink to intoxication 

during the CINA case. Both he and Dina downplayed his current alcohol 

consumption in their testimony at the termination hearing. Dina’s own 

methamphetamine use coincided with her relationship with Jerrod. She also lied 

to substance-abuse evaluators about the extent of her use during the CINA case. 

The district court was concerned they had simply substituted their addiction to 

methamphetamine to an addiction to alcohol. 

The record showed that in late September 2019, both Dina and Jerrod 

“drank liquor” and “got intoxicated pretty quickly.” Jerrod ended up calling 911 to 

say Dina assaulted him. He described the call as “a petty tactic to get her in 

trouble.” A similar incident occurred earlier that month. 

To complete their trifecta of troubles, domestic violence plagued the 

relationship between Jerrod and Dina. Jerrod was most often the aggressor, 

according to the record. Jerrod denied this history in his testimony. And Dina 

minimized the frequency of the violence, which also coincides with their drinking 

to excess. When confronted with the police report, Dina acknowledged Jerrod 

punched her while she was holding S.E. in February 2018. Social workers referred 

Dina to Waypoint, a nonprofit program offering domestic-violence victim 

counseling. But she did not follow through with that service. The parents’ 

relationship has been “on-again, off-again” but Dina testified she was committed

to their marriage. The parents had separate visits with S.E. until September 2019 

when they reconciled their relationship.

The parents didn’t have their own housing until September 2019. At that 

point, they pooled their monthly resources (hers from Social Security disability and 
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his from the East Central Region Mental Health and Disability Services) to rent a 

two-bedroom house. The location was suitable for visits with S.E. The DHS 

allowed the parents three, six-hour unsupervised visits with drop-ins. By all 

accounts, the interactions were positive and the parents met their child’s needs. 

In late November 2019, the DHS offered the parents a fourth visit that would 

require them to schedule and transport S.E. to his speech therapy appointments. 

By the time of the termination proceedings in early to mid-December, they had not 

followed through with those appointments.

The juvenile court drafted a thorough history of the case and concisely 

explained its reasons for granting the State’s petition for termination of parental 

rights. The parents filed separate petitions on appeal.

II. Analysis

We examine termination cases in three steps. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 

40 (Iowa 2010). First, we decide whether the State proved a ground for termination 

in section 232.116(1). Id. After finding that proof by clear and convincing evidence, 

we consider whether termination is in the best interests of the child by applying the 

factors in section 232.116(2). Id. If the best-interests test is met, we turn to the 

permissive factors listed in section 232.116(3) to see if any stand in the way of

terminating. Id.

A. Statutory Basis for Termination

Both Dina and Jerrod contend the State failed to offer clear and convincing 

evidence to support termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h).

3

 They 

 

3 Paragraph (h) allows for termination if:

The court finds that all the following have occurred:
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focus on the fourth element—proof that S.E. could not be returned to their care at 

the time of the termination hearing. See M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 223–24.

Contrary to the parents’ position, the State offered strong evidence neither 

is ready to resume the role of full-time parent. The record shows after a year of 

services, the parents still could not care for S.E. without ongoing DHS involvement. 

See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 111. Despite their progress in securing long

unsupervised visits, S.E. had never stayed overnight with them or had a trial home 

stay. The service providers were on the cusp of recommending the next step, 

when the September 2019 police calls renewed their fear of maltreatment based 

on substance abuse and domestic violence.

Significantly, none of the professionals involved with the case felt 

comfortable recommending reunification. See id. (noting DHS caseworker, all 

service providers, and guardian ad litem (GAL) recommended termination); In re 

D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (same). Those professionals expressed 

concern the parents had not adequately addressed their violent history—or the 

effect of substance use and mental-health challenges on their ability to raise S.E. 

One of the FSRP workers opined the parents had not seized the opportunity during 

 

(1) The child is three years of age or younger.

(2) The child has been adjudicated [CINA under] section 

232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months, 

or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided 

in section 232.102 at the present time.

Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h).
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the open CINA case to address their unresolved mental-health issues, noting “the 

ball hasn’t been rolling the whole time.” The GAL acknowledged the parents made 

“some positive steps” in the last thirty days, but did not see the kind of “long-term 

change” necessary to avoid placing S.E. at risk. Giving due respect to their expert 

views, we find clear and convincing evidence in the record to support termination 

for both parents under section 232.116(1)(h).

B. Best Interests/Permissive Factors

Both Dina and Jerrod argue termination is not in S.E.’s best interests. But 

neither of them actually discuss the factors in section 232.116(2). Instead, they 

conflate the best-interests argument with the permissive factor weighing against 

termination in section 232.116(3)(c) (allowing juvenile court to deny petition when 

“[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental 

to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship”). 

Both parents argue their relationship with S.E. is so close that termination 

would damage his well-being. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). Indeed, the record 

shows a loving connection between S.E. and his parents. The FSRP worker 

described the child as “well-bonded” and “happy to see his parents” during their 

interactions. The juvenile court also “acknowledge[d] that there is an existing 

bond.” But that said, we must decide whether the disadvantage of termination 

overcomes the parents’ continuing inability to provide S.E. with a safe, stable, and 

substance-free environment. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. 

The burden is on the parents resisting termination to prove the permissive 

factors under section 232.116(3). In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 476–77 (Iowa 

2018). Like the juvenile court, we find the parents fail to meet that burden. S.E. 
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shows signs of trauma from the removal and continuing upheaval in his life. His 

grandfather has sought play therapy for S.E because the two-year-old is often 

unable to regulate his emotions—thrashing his head and crying uncontrollably. 

The parents have not shown a similar commitment to securing therapy for S.E. 

Despite their loving intentions, the parents have not made enough progress to 

delay permanency for S.E. Section 232.116(3)(c) did not compel a different 

outcome under these circumstances.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.