Cite as 2022 Ark. App. 470

ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISIONS I, III & IV

No. CV-21-573

CASSEY BASSETT

APPELLANT

V.

JEREMY EMERY; KENDRA EMERY; AND 

DUSTY EMERY

APPELLEES

Opinion Delivered November 16, 2022

APPEAL FROM THE GREENE

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. 28DR-21-70]

HONORABLE TONYA M. 

ALEXANDER, JUDGE

REVERSED AND REMANDED

LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge

Cassey Bassett appeals the decision of the Greene County Circuit Court denying her 

motion to modify custody and visitation of her three-year-old child, herein referred to as Minor 

Child 1. On appeal, Cassey has abandoned any claim regarding custody; she appeals only the 

court’s denial of her petition to establish visitation. Cassey argues that, in analyzing her request 

for visitation, the circuit court improperly considered the petition to adopt Minor Child 1, 

which appellees Kendra and Jeremy Emery1filed in a separate court. She contends that the 

circuit court erroneously applied the legal standards relevant to adoption rather than the law 

governing visitation. We reverse and remand.

 

1Dusty Emery is Minor Child 1’s biological father. Jeremy is Dusty’s brother. Jeremy and 

Kendra are married and have had custody of Minor Child 1 since 2018.
2

In October 2017, the Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS) removed Minor 

Child 1 from Cassey’s custody due to inadequate supervision and Cassey’s drug use.2 Minor 

Child 1 was then adjudicated dependent-neglected. A year later, a permanent-custody and 

closure order was entered awarding custody of Minor Child 1 to Jeremy and Kendra. The order 

was silent regarding visitation.

In the years following the entry of the permanent-custody order, Cassey worked to 

remedy the problems that caused her to lose custody of her children. At the time of the custody 

hearing that gave rise to this appeal, Cassey had stable employment, a clean and appropriate 

home, and safe and reliable transportation. She volunteered regularly with a faith-based 

women’s-recovery program, and she had started taking community-college courses to further her 

education. She had also regained custody of three of her other children, and she had no pending 

criminal charges. 

The evidence at the hearing revealed that, starting in 2020, Cassey began sending money 

to the Emerys for Minor Child 1’s support. Cassey testified that she tried, on numerous 

occasions, to ask the Emerys for an opportunity to visit with Minor Child 1, but they ignored 

her messages and calls. Cassey then filed a petition for modification of custody on February 26, 

2021. She sought full custody of Minor Child 1 or, alternatively, requested that a visitation 

schedule be set by the court. 

At the hearing, there was conflicting testimony regarding the last time Cassey had seen 

Minor Child 1, but the parties appear to agree that it was at least two years before Cassey filed

 

2Cassey also lost custody of four other children. Three of those children have been 

returned to her custody, and she exercises visitation with one child. None of Cassey’s other 

children are a party to this appeal. 
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the motion to change custody. The Emerys acknowledged that they had “decided that it was 

best” for Minor Child 1 not to have any contact with Cassey. Minor Child 1 calls the Emerys 

“mom and dad,” and the Emerys thought that visitation with Cassey would only confuse the 

child. Jeremy stated that Cassey hadn’t tried contacting them about seeing Minor Child 1 “unless 

it was a special day, a birthday or a holiday; that was it.”

A month after Cassey filed her petition for modification, the Emerys filed, in a different 

court, a petition to adopt Minor Child 1. The cases were not consolidated, and a hearing was 

held on Cassey’s petition to modify custody or establish visitation on July 19, 2021. At the 

hearing, the Emerys relied heavily on their pending adoption petition as a reason to deny 

Cassey’s requests for custody and visitation. They argued that it would be confusing to the child 

to establish a new relationship and routine only to drastically change the child’s life again with 

the adoption, which they argued was likely to be granted. The Emerys urged the court to find 

that, because there was a likelihood that the adoption would be granted, it would not be in 

Minor Child 1’s best interest to change custody or establish a visitation schedule. 

The circuit court agreed and, as a result, cited the legal standards governing petitions to 

adopt a child without the consent of the biological parent in its analysis of Cassey’s petition to 

change custody or establish visitation.3Following the hearing, the court denied the petition for 

 

3Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-9-207 (Repl. 2020) discusses when consent to an 

adoption by a biological parent is unnecessary. Pursuant to section 9-9-207(a)(2), a parent’s 

consent to adoption is not required of a parent of a child in the custody of another if the parent 

for a period of at least one year has failed significantly without justifiable cause to communicate 

with the child or to provide for the care and support of the child as required by law or judicial 

decree. Even when parental consent is unnecessary, the court must still determine if granting the 

adoption is in the best interest of the child. Racine v. Nelson, 2011 Ark. 50, at 16, 378 S.W.3d 93, 

102. 
4

custody, stating that Minor Child 1’s need for stability supports the finding that it is in the 

child’s best interest to remain in the Emery’s custody. The court noted that Arkansas law does 

not require a biological parent’s consent to the adoption of his or her child if more than a year 

has passed without the parent having meaningful contact with the child or providing meaningful 

support. Regarding visitation, the court stated that it was “following the law, considering the 

evidence presented, and considering the impressions of the court based on the testimony 

presented.” In the order, the court’s denial of Cassey’s request for visitation includes specific 

findings that directly relate to the elements necessary to grant an adoption in Arkansas without 

the consent of the biological parent, such as its finding that there had been periods of a year or 

more in which Cassey did not have meaningful contact with Minor Child 1 and did not provide 

meaningful support. 

Cassey now appeals the court’s denial of her request to establish visitation. On appeal,

she argues that the circuit court improperly decided the visitation issue on the basis of an 

erroneous application of the legal standards applicable to adoption, not visitation. Cassey’s 

request for relief in her appellate brief does not seek reversal of the denial of her petition for 

custody; it only asks that we reverse the court’s order and remand the case to establish at least 

some minimal visitation. Because we hold that the court erroneously applied the wrong legal 

standard in this case, we reverse and remand for the court to decide the visitation issue using 

Arkansas law governing a biological parent’s right to visitation. 

Child-visitation cases are reviewed de novo on the record and will not be overturned 

unless clearly erroneous. Phillips v. Phillips, 2014 Ark. App. 486, at 2, 442 S.W.3d 901, 902. The 
5

permanent-custody and closure order, which was in place prior to Cassey’s petition, was silent 

as to visitation. Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-13-101(b)(1)(A)(vii) provides that:

(a) A parent who is not granted sole, primary, or joint custody of his or her child is 

entitled to reasonable parenting time with the child unless the court finds after a hearing 

that parenting time between the parent and the child would seriously endanger the 

physical, mental, or emotional health of the child.

(b) At the request of a party, a court shall issue a written order that:

(1) Is specific as to the frequency, timing, duration, condition, and method of 

scheduling parenting time with a parent who is not granted sole, primary, or joint custody 

of his or her child; and

(2) Takes into consideration the developmental age of the child.

Ark. Code Ann. § 9-13-101(b)(1)(A)(vii) (Supp. 2021). Here, Cassey was not given statutory

visitation rights, and the court never made a finding that visitation would endanger Minor Child 

1. While Cassey did not argue, either below or on appeal, that the circuit court’s order violates 

section 9-13-101, she did preserve the inverse argument: that the circuit court erroneously 

applied the wrong standard when it cited Arkansas law governing nonconsensual adoption. We 

cite section 9-13-101, therefore, to illustrate Cassey’s point that Arkansas law contains legal 

standards governing visitation but that the circuit court in this case erroneously applied the 

adoption-law elements instead.

We recognize that fixing visitation rights is a matter that lies within the sound discretion 

of the circuit court, and the main consideration in making judicial determinations concerning 

visitation is the best interest of the child. Hudson v. Kyle, 365 Ark. 341, 344, 229 S.W.3d 890, 

892–93 (2006). The Emerys argue—and the dissenting opinions would hold—that the circuit 

court properly considered the pending adoption petition as part of its best-interest analysis. We 
6

do not doubt that the circuit court was attempting to act in the child’s best interest. We note, 

however, that the United States Supreme Court has recognized that parents have a fundamental 

liberty interest in the care, control, and custody of their own children, Troxel v. Granville, 530 

U.S. 57, 66 (2000), and Arkansas has developed both statutory and case law governing the 

circumstances under which a biological parent can be denied visitation. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-13-

101(b)(1)(A)(vii); Buckley v. Buckley, 73 Ark. App. 410, 415–16, 43 S.W.3d 212, 215 (2001); 

Hawn v. Hawn, 8 Ark. App. 69, 73, 648 S.W.2d 819, 821 (1983); Lumpkin v. Gregory, 262 Ark. 

561, 564, 559 S.W.2d 151, 153 (1977). In Hawn, we explained that, 

[u]ndoubtedly, there are cases in which circumstances warrant the termination of a 

parent’s visitation rights. However, such action is a drastic one which our trial courts 

have cautiously employed and which our appellate courts have critically reviewed.

8 Ark. App. at 73, 648 S.W.2d at 821. By statute, Arkansas lawmakers have determined the 

threshold necessary for denying a biological parent the right to visit his or her own child: a 

finding by the circuit court that visitation between the parent and child “would seriously 

endanger the physical, mental, or emotional health of the child.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-13-

101(b)(1)(A)(vii)(a). 

In this case, the circuit court failed to apply that framework when evaluating Cassey’s 

request for visitation. Instead, under the broad umbrella “best interest,” it attempted to predict 

the outcome of the Emerys’ pending petition to adopt Minor Child 1. We reverse the circuit 

court’s denial of Cassey’s petition to establish visitation with Minor Child 1, and we remand the 

case for the circuit court to decide the visitation issue using the appropriate legal standards. 

Reversed and remanded. 

VIRDEN, GLADWIN, BARRETT, and WHITEAKER, JJ., agree.
7

KLAPPENBACH, GRUBER, MURPHY, and BROWN, JJ., dissent.

MIKE MURPHY, Judge, dissenting. I disagree with the majority that this case should be 

reversed and remanded. The majority declines to answer Cassey’s specific arguments as they are 

presented on appeal, and instead crafts a remedy for her, in derogation of the circuit court’s 

supported best-interest finding. I would affirm.

The majority cites the visitation statute, Ark. Code Ann. § 9-13-101(b)(1)(A)(vii), 

reasoning that the circuit court erred by not considering it in its denial of visitation. Cassey never 

once cited this statute to this court or to the court below. She is bound by the scope and nature 

of the arguments made at trial, Rudder v. Hurst, 2009 Ark. App. 577, at 13, 337 S.W.3d 565, 

574, and to say the court erred for failure to make a finding that visitation “would seriously 

endanger the physical, mental, or emotional health of the child” would be to make an argument 

for the appellant that she did not make for herself. We do not research or develop arguments 

for an appellant. Davis v. Davis, 2013 Ark. App. 180, at 6.

Furthermore, failure to make an explicit finding in this instance is not fatal, because 

unless the contrary can be shown, we presume that the circuit court acted properly and made 

such findings of fact as were necessary to support its judgment. Wyatt v. Wyatt, 2018 Ark. App. 

177, at 7, 545 S.W.3d 796, 802. So, while the circuit court never cited the visitation statute in 

its order, it also never cited the adoption statute. Instead, it discussed some elements from both 

in support of its determination—a determination that gets the benefit of the doctrine of implied 

presumption. The fixing of visitation rights is a matter that lies within the sound discretion of 

the trial court. Hudson v. Kyle, 365 Ark. 341, 344, 229 S.W.3d 890, 892–93 (2006). The main 

consideration in making judicial determinations concerning visitation is the best interest of the 
8

child. Id. On a de novo review, I would hold that the circuit court did not clearly err by 

considering elements of the contested adoption statute as part of its analysis in denying 

visitation. 

Cassey made two arguments to this court. First, that the circuit court improperly 

considered the upcoming adoption and factors pertaining to adoptions wherein parental 

consent is unnecessary in denying her petition for visitation. And second, that even if it were 

appropriate for the court to consider the adoption, the evidence demonstrates that her failure 

to communicate with or provide support for the child for more than a year would not be a 

significant failure without justifiable cause. 

Cassey never once objected below to evidence of, or arguments concerning, the adoption 

proceedings. Nor did she once argue below that the court may not consider the upcoming 

adoption in its visitation analysis. We will not review a matter on which the trial court has not 

ruled, and the burden of obtaining a ruling is on the movant; matters left unresolved are waived 

and may not be raised on appeal. Stell v. Stell, 2021 Ark. App. 478, at 2, 638 S.W.3d 855, 857. 

A circuit court is allowed to consider everything properly before it. This record supports the 

circuit court’s findings that some of the elements of an adoption under Arkansas Code 

Annotated section 9-9-207 are present. It was within the circuit court’s province to determine 

what weight to give that evidence, regardless of mitigating factors. Ford v. Ford, 347 Ark. 485, 65 

S.W.3d 432 (2002).1

 

1To be abundantly clear, the adoption case will be its own proceeding with its own evidence 

to be weighed by another court. For whatever this dissent is worth, it should absolutely not be 

read to support any particular outcome.
9

To reverse and remand here would be to ignore the circuit court’s concerns for the minor 

child’s well-being. The circuit court explained why it did not want to grant visitation at this time: 

[T]he Court doesn’t want to . . . start something when this child’s almost four years old. 

So [Cassey] will still be allowed to appear and defend in the adoption proceeding. But as 

for now, the Court will not be allowing visitation given the fact that the amount of time 

that has transpired[.]

The polestar in matters concerning children is what is in the best interest of the child. 

This record established that there were some elements that could support an adoption: the child 

was young, granting visitation would be confusing to the child, and the child had absolutely no 

relationship with her biological mother (regardless of fault). The court concluded that it would 

be in the best interest of the young child to maintain the status quo at least until a determination 

on the adoption petition could be considered. I would not say this was clear error, especially 

considering that Cassey made no argument that she was entitled to reasonable parenting time 

as a matter of right absent the specific findings set forth in Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-

13-101(a).

I would affirm.

Klappenbach, Gruber, and Brown, JJ., join. 

Scott Emerson, P.A., by: Scott Emerson, for appellant.

Benson Law Firm, P.A., by: S. King Benson; and Brett D. Watson, Attorney at Law, PLLC, by: 

Brett D. Watson, for appellee.