COURT OF CHANCERY

OF THE

STATE OF DELAWARE

 417 SOUTH STATE STREET

 JOHN W. NOBLE DOVER, DELAWARE 19901

VICE CHANCELLOR TELEPHONE: (302) 739-4397

 FACSIMILE: (302) 739-6179

June 30, 2014

Sean J. Bellew, Esquire Henry E. Gallagher, Jr., Esquire

Ballard Spahr LLP Connolly Gallagher LLP

919 North Market Street, 11th Floor 1000 West Street, Suite 1400

Wilmington, DE 19801 Wilmington, DE 19801

Re: Xcell Energy and Coal Company, LLC v.

Energy Investment Group, LLC

 C.A. No. 8652-VCN

Date Submitted: February 18, 2014

Dear Counsel:

Plaintiff Xcell Energy and Coal Company, LLC (“Xcell”), which owns a 

permit for a coal mine in eastern Kentucky, defaulted on its loan obligations to a

creditor, non-party Alpha Credit Resources, LLC (“Alpha”). After Alpha obtained 

a court-appointed receiver for the company, Xcell, by and through its receiver, now 

alleges that its past manager and member are liable for their mismanagement and 

misconduct that supposedly caused those defaults. Specifically, Xcell asserts 

claims for breach of fiduciary duty and waste against Defendants Energy 
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C.A. No. 8652-VCN

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Page 2

Investment Group, LLC (“EIG”) and Polo Investments, LLC (“Polo”) and for 

aiding and abetting, tortious interference with a contract, and waste against 

Defendant Edmond L. DiClemente (“DiClemente,” and together with EIG and 

Polo, the “Moving Defendants”).

1

 The Moving Defendants moved to dismiss the 

Complaint under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6). They contend that Xcell failed 

to allege the requisite elements—such as a fiduciary relationship or an intent to 

cause a contract breach—to state a claim.

2

The Court grants the Moving Defendants’ motion to dismiss for the reasons 

set forth below.

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Parties

Xcell, a Kentucky limited liability company (“LLC”),

3

is in the coal mining 

business. It owns one permit for one coal mine: Permit No. 877-0175 (the 

“Permit”) for the Grape Creek No. 1 mine (the “Grape Creek Mine”), located in 

 

1 Xcell also asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty, waste, and conversion against Defendants 

Gregg Steinhauser Family, LLC (“GSF”) and claims for aiding and abetting, tortious interference 

with a contract, waste, and conversion against Defendant Gregg Steinhauser (“Steinhauser”).

2

The Moving Defendants withdrew their arguments for dismissal under Rules 12(b)(2), 12(b)(3), 

and 12(b)(5). Stipulation and Order Amending Briefing Schedule (Dec. 2, 2013).

3 Verified Compl. (the “Complaint” or “Compl.”) ¶ 1. 
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Magoffin and Johnson Counties, Kentucky.4 The Kentucky Department of Natural 

Resources (the “Department”), the state agency charged with regulating surface 

mining, granted the Permit to Xcell in April 2008.5

Prior to the appointment of a receiver in June 2013, Xcell was managed by a 

manager appointed by its member.

6

 From 2009 until December 2012, Steinhauser 

managed Xcell.7 The Complaint implies, and the Moving Defendants do not 

dispute, that Polo was Xcell’s manager from December 2012 until June 2013.8 

Before January 2013, Xcell’s principal place of business was Paintsville, 

Kentucky; since then, its principal place of business is allegedly Burlington, 

Connecticut.9

 

4

Id. ¶ 7.

5

Id. ¶¶ 35-36.

6

Id. ¶ 1.

7

Id. ¶¶ 5, 7.

8 Compare id. ¶¶ 6, 45, 63, 70, with Opening Br. of Defs. Energy Investment Group, LLC, Polo 

Investments, LLC, and Edmond L. DiClemente in Support of their Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ 

Opening Br.”) 22 n.2 (“On or about December 28, 2012, Polo became Xcell’s manager.”).

9 Compl. ¶ 1. This newer address is allegedly the same as that of DiClemente’s accounting firm. 

Id.
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When the Complaint was filed, Xcell had one member: EIG, a Delaware 

LLC.10 EIG, likewise, had only one member: Polo, a Connecticut LLC.11 Polo, in 

turn, had two members: DiClemente and non-party Nathan Capital Holdings, LP.12 

DiClemente has allegedly represented that he is a manager of Polo.13

B. Xcell Borrows Money from Alpha

In October 2009, Xcell borrowed $4 million (the “Loan”) from Alpha 

pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement and a corresponding Promissory 

Note.14 The Loan was set to mature on February 21, 2010.15 In the Loan and 

Security Agreement, Xcell agreed to maintain material compliance with the

Kentucky laws and regulations applicable to its business—namely, the Grape 

Creek Mine.16

 

10 Id. ¶ 2.

11 Id. ¶ 3. Until December 2012, GSF owned approximately 30% of EIG. Id. ¶ 4.

12 Id. ¶ 3. The Moving Defendants contest that DiClemente is a member of Polo. See Defs.’ 

Opening Br. 5 n.1 (“DiClemente is not a member of Polo.”); see also DiClemente Aff. ¶ 4 (“I am 

not now, and never have been, the manager of Polo in my individual capacity.”). DiClemente’s 

relationship with Polo is immaterial to the Court’s analysis.

13 Compl. ¶ 6. (“DiClemente has represented that he is a manager of Polo and, as a result, 

purportedly authorized to manage both EIG and Xcell since at least December 2012.”).

14 Id. ¶ 8.

15 Id. ¶ 17.

16 Id. ¶ 16.
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Pursuant to the contemporaneous Pledge Agreement, EIG pledged its 

membership interest in Xcell to Alpha as collateral to secure Xcell’s obligations 

for the Loan.17 Xcell and EIG also provided confessions of judgment, and EIG 

further provided its written consent for the Loan.18

During its due diligence on Xcell, Alpha commissioned an expert opinion on 

the value of the Grape Creek Mine’s coal reserves. Alpha’s expert noted that the 

Grape Creek Mine “had between 4.295 million tons and 66.1 million tons of 

permitted and non-permitted coal reserves (respectively) with an estimated value 

between $12.9 million and $33.1 million (respectively).”19

Xcell was to use the proceeds of the Loan for specified business purposes, 

including purchasing an excavator and preparing the Grape Creek Mine for mining 

operations.20 At a deposition in another proceeding, DiClemente allegedly testified 

that he was unable to identify how Xcell used the Loan proceeds.21

 

17 Id. ¶¶ 9-10.

18 Id. ¶¶ 11-12.

19 Id. ¶ 13.

20 Id. ¶ 14.

21 Id. ¶ 15.
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C. Xcell Defaults on the Loan

Xcell failed to repay the Loan when it matured in February 2010.22 The 

parties to the Loan and Security Agreement then agreed to modify Xcell’s 

obligations through the Omnibus Loan Document Modification and Reaffirmation 

Agreement (the “Modification Agreement”) in April 2010.23 

Under the Modification Agreement, the new Loan balance was 

approximately $4,743,000, with a maturity date of May 27, 2010.24 Xcell also 

agreed to pay a modification fee of $225,000 by May 3, 2010.25 As part of the 

Modification Agreement, EIG reaffirmed its obligations under the Pledge 

Agreement.

26

D. Xcell Defaults on the Modification Agreement

Xcell failed to pay the $225,000 due under the Modification Agreement on 

May 3. Instead, it made a $100,000 payment on May 6. Consequently, Alpha 

declared an event of default.27

 

22 Id. ¶ 17.

23 Id. ¶ 18.

24 Id. ¶ 20.

25 Id. ¶ 21.

26 Id. ¶ 22.

27 Id. ¶ 23.
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The parties to the Modification Agreement next agreed to the First 

Amendment to Omnibus Loan Modification and Reaffirmation Agreement (the 

“First Amendment”) in early May. Xcell was now required to make a $125,000 

payment to Alpha by May 13.28 As part of the First Amendment, EIG again 

reaffirmed its obligations under the Pledge Agreement.29

E. Xcell Defaults on the First Amendment

Once again, Xcell defaulted on its obligations to Alpha, this time under the 

First Amendment. At the time, the outstanding Loan principal was $4,743,900.30

After this default, the parties agreed to the Forbearance Agreement in late

May 2010.

31

 In the Forbearance Agreement, Alpha agreed not to exercise its 

default rights and remedies until June 15, 2010, in exchange for an agreement by 

Xcell, EIG, GSF, and Steinhauser to make two additional payments to Alpha: 

(i) 730,000 shares of Clean Coal Technologies, Inc. common stock and $10,000 by 

May 26; and (ii) $59,300 in cash or securities by June 4. After these two 

 

28 Id. ¶ 25.

29 Id. ¶ 26.

30 Id. ¶¶ 27-28.

31 Id. ¶ 28.
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payments, the outstanding Loan principal (after accrued interest) would be 

modified to $4,943,900.32

As part of the Forbearance Agreement, EIG once again reaffirmed its 

obligations under the Pledge Agreement. Along with GSF and Steinhauser, EIG

also agreed to use its best efforts to liquidate Xcell’s assets to repay Alpha.33

As of the filing of the Complaint, Xcell’s assets had not been sold, and the 

Loan had not been repaid.

34

F. Xcell Receives Notices of Noncompliance Regarding the Grape Creek Mine

Since Xcell received the Loan proceeds in October 2009, the Department 

has issued to Xcell nine notices of noncompliance regarding the Permit.

35

 Because 

of continued noncompliance, the Department subsequently issued a failure to abate 

cessation order and a failure to abate compliance order.36 In one case, the 

Department also assessed a $112,500 penalty against Xcell.37

 

32 Id. ¶ 30.

33 Id. ¶¶ 31-32.

34 Id. ¶ 33.

35 Id. ¶ 37.

36 Id. ¶¶ 40-41.

37 Id. ¶ 42.
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Xcell alleges that the failure of its managers and member to operate the 

Grape Creek Mine properly has put the Permit at risk of being forfeited or not 

renewed.38 Specifically, Xcell claims that, under Kentucky law, the Department 

may deny permit renewals, revoke a permit, or terminate a mining operation for 

failure to comply with a notice of noncompliance. Moreover, the Department’s 

determination purportedly may affect anyone who owns or controls the entity that 

received the permit.

39

G. Alpha Seeks Relief against Xcell

Alpha has attempted to work with Xcell to address the issues identified by 

the Department, but, allegedly, “Xcell stonewalled all such efforts and refused to 

work cooperatively with Alpha to rectify the issues.”40 DiClemente also made 

less-than-pleasant comments to Alpha’s representatives and allegedly threatened 

legal action.41 In January 2013, Alpha sought the appointment of a receiver for 

 

38 Id. ¶ 47.

39 Id. ¶¶ 43-44.

40 Id. ¶ 39. This allegation, among several others, strongly suggests that the entity directing this 

litigation is not Xcell but rather Alpha.

41 Id. ¶¶ 45-46.
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Xcell in Kentucky state court.

42

 At the same time, Alpha exercised its foreclosure 

rights on EIG’s membership interest in Xcell.43 

H. Xcell and EIG File for, and then Withdraw from, Chapter 11 Bankruptcy

Soon after receiving notice of the foreclosure proceedings, DiClemente 

allegedly caused Xcell and EIG to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 

February 14, 2013. The petitions were jointly administered by the United States 

Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky (the “Bankruptcy Court”).44 

In the bankruptcy filings, DiClemente certified that Xcell had unliquidated claims 

against GSF, Steinhauser, and a non-party bank “regarding potential fraudulent 

transfer and related claims” in an amount exceeding $3 million.45

Alpha filed a motion in the Bankruptcy Court seeking relief from the 

automatic stay to continue the foreclosure proceeding for EIG’s membership 

interest in Xcell. Alpha alternatively sought dismissal of the bankruptcy petitions

or conversion to a Chapter 7 proceeding.46

 

42 Id. ¶¶ 51-52.

43 Id. ¶ 53.

44 Id. ¶ 54. As of January 2013, Xcell was allegedly insolvent because it did not own sufficient 

assets to cover its debts, including the Loan. Id. ¶¶ 49-50. 

45 Id. ¶ 56.

46 Id. ¶ 57.
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Xcell and EIG consented to dismiss their bankruptcy petitions voluntarily on 

May 30, 2013. After finding that “[g]ood cause exists,” the Bankruptcy Court 

dismissed the petitions and enjoined Xcell and EIG, “[u]nder the current ownership 

and/or management, . . . from filing for bankruptcy relief for a period of 180 

days.”

47

I. The Kentucky State Court Appoints a Receiver for Xcell

After certain developments not alleged in the Complaint,48 the Kentucky 

state court appointed Jonathan Lasko (“Lasko”) as Xcell’s statutory receiver on 

June 7, 2013.49 Ten days later, Xcell, by and through Lasko, filed the Complaint.

Since the filing of the Complaint, Alpha apparently completed the 

foreclosure proceeding and owns 100% of the membership interests in Xcell.50

II. CONTENTIONS

Xcell asserts four causes of action against the Moving Defendants. First, 

Xcell claims that Polo, as its manager, breached its fiduciary duties through 

 

47 Id. ¶ 58.

48 Tr. of Oral Arg. Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Tr. of Oral Arg.”) 45-46, 48.

49 Compl. ¶¶ 59-60.

50 Pl.’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Defs. Energy Investment Group, LLC, Polo Investments, LLC 

and Edmond L. DiClemente’s Amended Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Answering Br.”) 3.
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improper conduct, including grossly mismanaging Xcell’s business and causing 

Xcell to file an improper bankruptcy petition. It also claims that EIG, as its 

member, breached its fiduciary duties by failing to run Xcell for the benefit of its 

creditors when the company was insolvent.51

Second, Xcell asserts that DiClemente, who “represented that he was Polo’s 

manager,” is liable for aiding and abetting Polo’s breaches of fiduciary duty.52 

Third, Xcell alleges that DiClemente tortiously inferred with various agreements 

between Xcell and Alpha, including the Loan and Security Agreement, the 

Promissory Note, the Pledge Agreement, the Modification Agreement, the First 

Amendment, and the Forbearance Agreement.53 Fourth, Xcell asserts that the 

Moving Defendants “caused or contributed to a waste of Xcell’s assets and 

revenue streams.”54

The primary relief that Xcell seeks is damages.

 

51 Compl. ¶¶ 62-68.

52 Id. ¶¶ 70-72.

53 Id. ¶¶ 73-75.

54 Id. ¶¶ 76-77.
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III. ANALYSIS

A. The Procedural Standard of Review

When considering the Moving Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court 

is tasked with determining whether the well-pled allegations of the Complaint meet 

a minimal pleading threshold—conventionally, whether they state a claim—to 

justify Xcell’s continued pursuit of this action against the Moving Defendants. 

The procedural standard of review for a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is familiar:

[The Court] should accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the 

Complaint as true, accept even vague allegations in the Complaint as 

“well-pleaded” if they provide the defendant notice of the claim, draw 

all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and deny the motion 

unless the plaintiff could not recover under any reasonably 

conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.

55

The Court’s analysis is typically limited to the “universe of facts” alleged in the 

Complaint56 and any documents attached to it.

57 For limited purposes, however,

the Court may consider a document extrinsic to the Complaint if it is (i) integral to 

Xcell’s claims and thereby incorporated into the Complaint, (ii) not being relied 

 

55 Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 

2011).

56 See Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1082 (Del. 2001).

57 See Alliance Data Sys. Corp. v. Blackstone Capital P’rs V L.P., 963 A.2d 746, 752 (Del. Ch. 

2009), aff’d, 976 A.2d 170 (Del. 2009) (TABLE); see also Ct. Ch. R. 10(c).
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upon for the truth of its contents, or (iii) subject to judicial notice.58 That said, that 

the Court may consider certain extrinsic documents does not mean that it must

consider them.59

B. The Governing Law

1. The Breach of Fiduciary Duty, Aiding and Abetting, and Waste Claims

In deciding disputes between and among corporate actors, Delaware 

subscribes to the internal affairs doctrine, a conflict of laws principle under which 

the internal affairs of a corporate entity are governed by the laws of the state of 

incorporation or, for an LLC such as Xcell, the state of formation.60 Claims 

implicating an entity’s internal affairs include breach of fiduciary duty, aiding and

 

58 See In re Gardner Denver, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2014 WL 715705, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 21, 

2014) (identifying the three exceptions recognized by the Delaware Supreme Court).

59 Xcell submitted several documents extrinsic to the Complaint less than two hours before the 

previously-scheduled oral argument on the motion to dismiss. In doing so, Xcell halfheartedly 

requested that the Court take judicial notice of those documents. See Letter from Sean J. Bellew, 

Esq. (Feb. 18, 2014). Because Xcell’s belated submission is procedurally improper under at least 

Court of Chancery Rule 171(a), the Court declines to consider these materials. Even were it to 

consider them, the Court is not convinced that they would change any of its conclusions.

60 See generally Edgar v. MITE Corp., 457 U.S. 624, 645 (1982); see also McDermott Inc. v. 

Lewis, 531 A.2d 206, 215 (Del. 1987).
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abetting,61 and waste.62 Because Xcell is a Kentucky LLC, Kentucky law governs 

Xcell’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty against Polo and EIG, aiding and 

abetting against DiClemente, and waste against all three Moving Defendants.

2. The Tortious Interference with a Contract Claim

To determine the governing law for a claim for tortious interference with a 

contract, Delaware follows the choice of law principles of the Restatement and 

applies the laws of the jurisdiction with the “most significant relationship.”

63

 In 

doing so, the Court should weigh four factors:

1) the place where the injury occurred; 2) the place where the conduct 

causing the injury occurred; 3) the domicile, residence, nationality, 

place of incorporation and place of business of the parties; and 4) the 

place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered.64

DiClemente’s allegedly tortious conduct involves various financing contracts for 

Xcell, which was, until January 2013, based in Kentucky, the same jurisdiction 

where Xcell and Alpha’s relationship was centered. Based on these and other 

 

61 See, e.g., Hamilton P’rs, L.P. v. Highland Capital Mgmt., L.P., 2014 WL 1813340, at *9 (Del. 

Ch. May 7, 2014) (discussing the general contours of the internal affairs doctrine).

62 See, e.g., Sample v. Morgan, 914 A.2d 647, 669-70 (Del. Ch. 2007) (applying Delaware law, 

implicitly pursuant to the internal affairs doctrine, to a stockholder’s derivative claim of waste 

against corporation’s board of directors).

63 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145(1) (1971).

64 See UbiquiTel Inc. v. Sprint Corp., 2005 WL 3533697, at *3 (Del. Ch. Dec. 14, 2005) (citing 

Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145(2) (1971)).
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allegations of the Complaint, the Court concludes, as the parties argued,65 that 

Kentucky law governs Xcell’s claim for tortious interference with a contract

against DiClemente.

C. The Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claim

1. The Claim against Polo as Xcell’s Manager

Xcell claims that Polo breached the fiduciary duties that it owed the 

company by virtue of its position as Xcell’s manager. The Moving Defendants 

contend that, because Xcell’s Operating Agreement provides that “[t]he Manager 

shall have no fiduciary duties to the Company,”66 Polo did not owe any fiduciary 

duties to Xcell.67 In response, Xcell effectively conceded this point and agreed to 

 

65 Reply Br. of Defs. Energy Investment Group, LLC, Polo Investments, LLC, and Edmond L. 

DiClemente in Supp. of their Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply Br.”) 14-17; Pl.’s Answering Br. 

23-24; Defs.’ Opening Br. 28-30.

66 Compl. Ex. 5, Operating Agreement § 4.9.

67 Defs.’ Opening Br. 21-22.
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dismiss this breach of fiduciary duty claim against Polo.68 These statements by 

counsel are binding on Xcell.69

Accordingly, this claim against Polo will be dismissed as abandoned.

70

2. The Claim against EIG as Xcell’s Member

Next, Xcell asserts that EIG, through its alleged misconduct, breached its 

fiduciary duties as Xcell’s member. The Moving Defendants submit that, because 

Xcell’s Articles of Organization provide that “[t]he Company is to be managed by 

a manager,”71 EIG did not owe any fiduciary duties as its member.72 Xcell, in 

opposition, asserts that EIG owed it fiduciary duties under Kentucky law, even as a 

member in a manager-managed LLC.

73

 

68 Pl.’s Answering Br. 14 n.1 (“Based on this provision, Xcell will agree to dismiss Count I 

against . . . Polo.”); id. 28 (“Defendants’ Amended Motion to Dismiss should be denied, with the 

exception of Count I (breach of fiduciary duties) against . . . Polo, which Xcell will agree to 

dismiss.”).

69 See, e.g., Ravenswood Inv. Co., L.P. v. Winmill & Co. Inc., 2014 WL 2445776, at *2 (Del. Ch. 

May 30, 2014).

70 Based on this conclusion, the Court need not address whether Xcell’s Operating Agreement is 

consistent with Kentucky law or the Moving Defendants’ alternative arguments about the 

insufficiency of specific allegations regarding Polo’s improper conduct or about the Operating 

Agreement’s indemnification provisions. See Defs.’ Reply Br. 8; Defs.’ Opening Br. 23-25.

71 Compl. Ex. 5, Articles of Organization, Art. VI.

72 Defs.’ Reply Br. 2-3; Defs.’ Opening Br. 21-22.

73 Pl.’s Answering Br. 13-14.
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A Kentucky LLC can be managed by its members or by its managers.74 

Under Kentucky law, fiduciary duties are generally concomitant with the 

responsibility for management of the LLC. Unless provided otherwise in the 

LLC’s operating agreement, if a Kentucky LLC is managed by its managers, then, 

by Kentucky statute, its members do not manage the LLC and thus do not owe 

fiduciary duties to the LLC.75 Here, Xcell’s Operating Agreement does not 

expressly provide that its members owe fiduciary duties. EIG, as the member of 

Xcell, a manager-managed LLC, thus did not owe fiduciary duties to Xcell under 

Kentucky law.

76

 The sole case on which Xcell relies—which discusses whether a 

managing, majority member in an LLC owed certain fiduciary duties to the non-

 

74 See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 275.025(1)(d) (West 2011).

75 See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 275.165(2) (West 2011); Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 275.170(4) (West 

2011) (“Unless otherwise provided in a written operating agreement: . . . (4) A member of a 

limited liability company in which management is vested in managers under [Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. 

§] 275.165(2) and who is not a manager shall have no duties to the limited liability company or 

the other members solely by reason of acting in his or her capacity as a member.”); see also

Thomas E. Rutledge, Shareholders Are Not Fiduciaries: A Positive and Normative Analysis of 

Kentucky Law, 51 U. Louisville L. Rev. 535, 547 (2013) (“This absence of fiduciary obligations 

upon the members in a manager-managed LLC [under Kentucky law] applies even as the 

members retain the authority to approve organic transactions such as amendment of the operating 

agreement or a merger.”).

76 The Court also notes that Xcell did not raise whether this claim may implicate any implied 

covenant of good faith and fair dealing under Xcell’s Operating Agreement. See, e.g., Gerber v. 

Enter. Prods. Hldgs., LLC, 67 A.3d 400, 418-19 (Del. 2013).
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managing, minority members77—does not change the Court’s interpretation or 

application of Kentucky law.

Thus, this claim against EIG is dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6).78

D. The Aiding and Abetting Claim

In the Complaint, Xcell alleged that DiClemente is liable for aiding and 

abetting Polo’s breaches of fiduciary duty.79 Xcell sought to recast its allegations

in its briefing and at oral argument, suggesting instead that DiClemente is liable for 

aiding and abetting EIG’s breaches of fiduciary duty.80

The Moving Defendants argue that because Xcell abandoned the underlying 

breach of fiduciary duty claim against Polo and because Xcell did not allege that 

DiClemente aided and abetted EIG’s improper conduct, DiClemente cannot be 

 

77 See Patmon v. Hobbs, 280 S.W.3d 589, 593-97 (Ky. Ct. App. 2009).

78 Again, based on this conclusion, the Court need not address the Moving Defendants’ 

alternative arguments about the insufficiency of specific allegations regarding EIG’s improper 

conduct or about the Operating Agreement’s indemnification provisions. See Defs.’ Reply Br. 8; 

Defs.’ Opening Br. 23-24.

79 Compl. ¶ 71 (“Through the actions set forth herein, . . . DiClemente aided and abetted . . . 

Polo’s breaches of [its] fiduciary duties to Xcell.”).

80 See, e.g., Pl.’s Answering Br. 18-20 (“The Complaint adequately pleads that DiClemente aided 

and abetted EIG’s breach of fiduciary duties.”); Tr. of Oral Arg. 54 (“He aided and abetted EIG’s 

[breach of fiduciary duty] . . . That’s not in our complaint.”).
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liable for aiding and abetting.81 Xcell contends that it has sufficiently stated a 

claim against DiClemente for his aiding and abetting EIG’s misconduct by failing 

to operate the Grape Creek Mine properly, making unpleasant comments to Alpha, 

threatening legal action, and filing an improper Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition.82

Under Kentucky law, to state a claim for aiding and abetting against 

DiClemente, Xcell must sufficiently allege: (1) an underlying breach of fiduciary 

duty; (2) “substantial assistance or encouragement” by DiClemente in effecting the 

breach of fiduciary duty; and (3) that DiClemente “knew” that the underlying 

conduct constituted a breach of fiduciary duty.83 Xcell has failed to allege an 

underlying breach. First, it abandoned its fiduciary duty claim against Polo. 

Second, its attempt to rewrite the Complaint to assert that DiClemente aided and 

abetted EIG’s breaches of fiduciary duty is procedurally improper.84

 

81 Defs.’ Reply. Br. 11-13; Defs.’ Opening Br. 26-28.

82 Answering Br. 19 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 15, 44-47, 54, 56).

83 See Miles Farm Supply, LLC v. Helena Chem. Co., 595 F.3d 663, 666 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing 

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 876 (1979)) (noting that Kentucky subscribes to the 

Restatement’s definition of an aiding and abetting claim); see also Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel 

Serv. Ctr., Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 485 (Ky. 1991) (“[A] person who knowingly joins with or aids 

and abets a fiduciary in an enterprise constituting a breach of the fiduciary relationship becomes 

jointly and severally liable with the fiduciary for any profits that may accrue.”).

84 See Morgan v. Cash, 2010 WL 2803746, at *8 n.64 (Del. Ch. July 16, 2010) (“[A] plaintiff 

cannot use her briefing to rewrite her complaint.”); see also McGowan v. Ferro, 2002 WL 
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Thus, because there is no underlying breach of fiduciary duty by Polo, Xcell 

has failed to state a claim for aiding and abetting against DiClemente.85

E. The Tortious Interference with a Contract Claim

Xcell alleges that DiClemente tortiously interfered with no less than six of 

its contracts with Alpha. To state a claim for tortious interference with a contract

against DiClemente under Kentucky law, Xcell must allege six elements:

(1) the existence of a contract; (2) [DiClemente’s] knowledge of the 

contract; (3) that [DiClemente] intended to cause a breach of that 

contract; (4) that [DiClemente’s] actions did indeed cause a breach; 

(5) that damages resulted to [Xcell]; and (6) that [DiClemente] had no 

privilege or justification to excuse [his] conduct.86

The Moving Defendants argue that Xcell has failed to allege the requisite elements

of this claim, particularly that DiClemente knew of the contracts and that he 

 

77712, at *4 n.27 (Del. Ch. Jan. 11, 2002) (“Arguments contained in a brief, however, cannot 

cure a defect caused [by] the failure to allege critical facts in the complaint.”). In any event, 

even were the Court permitted to consider the merits of Xcell’s argument that DiClemente aided 

and abetted EIG’s misconduct, the Court would nonetheless conclude that Xcell has failed to 

state an aiding and abetting claim against DiClemente because EIG did not owe fiduciary duties 

to Xcell.

85 Based on these conclusions, the Court need not consider whether Xcell’s well-pled allegations, 

to the extent there are any, satisfy the other elements required to state a claim.

86 Snow Pallet, Inc. v. Monticello Banking Co., 367 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Ky. Ct. App. 2012); see also

Hunt Enters., Inc. v. John Deere Indus. Equip. Co., 18 F. Supp. 2d 697, 702-03 (W.D. Ky. 1997)

(“In order to prove a claim for tortious interference, [the plaintiff] must demonstrate that ‘a 

wrongdoer intentionally meddle[d] with an agreement without justification or invade[d] 

contractual relations by engaging in significantly wrongful conduct.’”) (citation omitted), aff’d, 

162 F.3d 1161 (6th Cir. 1998).
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intended, and did, cause a breach.

87

 Xcell contends that it has satisfied the 

pleading requirements here, insisting that “DiClemente intentionally caused these 

[contract] breaches by his gross mismanagement of Xcell’s affairs.”88

The Court concludes that Xcell has failed to allege the six elements 

necessary to state a claim for tortious interference with a contract. Even assuming 

that Xcell has alleged damages caused by DiClemente’s supposedly improper 

conduct, there is no well-pled allegation that, through his mismanagement or 

otherwise, DiClemente intended to, and did, cause Xcell to breach any of its 

agreements with Alpha. Xcell’s vague and generalized arguments in its brief and 

at oral argument failed to identify any well-pled allegations in the Complaint 

regarding DiClemente’s intent—likely because there are no such well-pled

allegations. In sum, there is no basis for the Court reasonably to infer that 

DiClemente intended for or caused Xcell to breach any of the identified contracts.

 

87 Defs.’ Reply Br. 14-15; Defs.’ Opening Br. 28-29.

88 Pl.’s Answering Br. 23-24 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 34-50).
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Thus, the claim for tortious interference with a contract against DiClemente 

is dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6).89

F. The Waste Claim

The Moving Defendants contend that since Xcell has not established that 

Polo, EIG, or DiClemente owed it fiduciary duties, neither can they be held liable 

for waste.90 Xcell disputes that contention. It maintains that because DiClemente 

was allegedly unable to identify how Xcell used the Loan proceeds, the Loan 

proceeds could not have been used for any valid corporate purpose such that the 

Moving Defendants must have improperly wasted Xcell’s assets.

91

Courts applying Kentucky law have often looked to Delaware for guidance 

on novel issues of corporate law.92 This Court treats a claim for waste arising 

 

89 Based on this conclusion, the Court need not address whether DiClemente, as an agent, can be 

liable for tortious interference with the contracts of Xcell, EIG, or Polo, as the principals, under 

Kentucky law. See Defs.’ Reply Br. 15-17; Defs.’ Opening Br. 29-30.

90 Defs.’ Reply Br. 17-21; Defs.’ Opening Br. 31-33.

91 Pl.’s Answering Br. 26-28.

92 See, e.g., Bacigalupo v. Kohlhepp, 240 S.W.3d 155, 157 (Ky. Ct. App. 2007) (“[T]his court 

has previously adopted Delaware case law when examining corporate statutes . . . .”); see also 

Allied Ready Mix Co., Inc. ex rel. Mattingly v. Allen, 994 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Ky. Ct. App. 1998) 

(finding Delaware case law persuasive where there was no Kentucky case law “addressing the 

standard of review to apply to a corporate committee’s decision regarding a derivative suit after a 

demand has been made”).
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under Delaware law as a species of a breach of fiduciary duty claim.93 In other 

words, if there is no fiduciary relationship, then there cannot be liability under a 

fiduciary-duty-based theory of waste. Xcell did not argue, nor is the Court 

convinced from its independent review, that Kentucky would depart from this 

general corporate law principle.

The Court thus concludes that a fiduciary relationship is a necessary element 

for a waste claim under Kentucky law. Based on the well-pled allegations of the 

Complaint and Xcell’s concession, none of Polo, EIG, or DiClemente owed 

fiduciary duties under Kentucky law to Xcell. Accordingly, Xcell’s claim for

waste against Polo will be dismissed as abandoned, and its claims for waste against 

EIG and DiClemente must be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6).

 

93 See, e.g., Hampshire Gp., Ltd. v. Kuttner, 2010 WL 2739995, at *35 (Del. Ch. July 12, 2010) 

(“The waste test is just another way to examine whether a fiduciary breach has been 

committed.”); Sample, 914 A.2d at 669 (citing In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 906 A.2d 27, 

74 (Del. 2006)) (“Claims of waste are sometimes misunderstood as being founded on something 

other than a breach of fiduciary duty. Conceived more realistically, the doctrine of waste is a 

residual protection for stockholders that polices the outer boundaries of the broad field of 

discretion afforded directors by the business judgment rule.”).
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IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Xcell has failed to state a claim against the 

Moving Defendants. Therefore, the Moving Defendants’ motion to dismiss the 

Complaint against them under Rule 12(b)(6) is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Very truly yours,

/s/ John W. Noble

JWN/cap

cc: Mr. Gregg Steinhauser

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