If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

JEFF PAYNE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

FOR PUBLICATION

July 29, 2021

9:20 a.m.

v No. 354057

Alpena Circuit Court

DAVID PAYNE, LC No. 2016-007043-NI

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: MARKEY, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SWARTZLE, JJ.

SWARTZLE, J.

Hunting injuries are not new to the courts of Michigan. Hunting has a long, rich tradition 

in the state, but as with any sport or recreational activity, injuries will happen, sometimes with 

devastating consequences. To encourage participation in sports and recreational activities and 

provide certainty in the law, our Supreme Court adopted a framework governing the standard of 

care that a participant owes to a coparticipant. Where a risk of injury is inherent to the sport or 

recreational activity, the standard of care is reckless misconduct; where a risk is not inherent, the 

standard of care is ordinary negligence.

In this case, we conclude that there remains a question of fact on whether there was an 

inherent risk that a hunter would be shot by a fellow hunter in the same blind during a Europeanstyle pheasant hunt. Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part, and we remand the matter 

back to the trial court for further proceedings.

I. BACKGROUND

European-Style Pheasant Hunt. Defendant is plaintiff’s father. According to plaintiff, 

both he and his father are active, experienced outdoorsmen. The two frequently hunt together, 

approximately 20 times a year. 

In the fall of 2015, the two men participated in a European-style pheasant hunt (sometimes 

called a “pheasant shoot”). This type of hunt involves several two-person blinds arranged in a 

circle around a tower from which pheasants are released into the air. Each blind is approximately 

four feet front to back and eight feet in width. A blind is designed to accommodate two hunters, 
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standing side-by-side. The following diagram and photograph were included in the trial-court 

record to illustrate the layout of the hunt:

 

 

Once the hunters are in their respective blinds, a horn signals, pheasants are released from the 

tower, and hunters shoot at the wildfowl. After a set time limit, a second horn signals, the hunters

cease fire, and they rotate to another blind.

Before beginning the hunt, the organizer instructed the hunters on the applicable rules. 

These included: (1) no shooting while walking from blind to blind; (2) no shooting until the horn 

sounds; (3) stop shooting when the horn sounds a second time; (4) no loading of shotguns until 

arriving at a blind; (5) hunters must wear “hunter orange” clothing; (6) no shooting directly to the 

left or right; and (7) no low shooting—a hunter must see sky around the pheasant before shooting 

at it.

According to plaintiff, his father did not have any problems handling his shotgun during 

the first circuit around the tower. Weather conditions were good, and the ground was not slippery.

At some point during the second circuit, plaintiff and defendant were standing next to each other 

in a blind; plaintiff was to the left of defendant as the two faced the tower. When the first horn 

sounded, the men raised their shotguns to shoot at a pheasant that was heading toward them at “12 

o’clock.” Plaintiff took just a single shot because, by the time he tracked the pheasant, the bird

was directly above him, and he believed that it would not be safe to take a second shot. Defendant 

took three shots at the pheasant, but did not hit the bird. After the third shot, defendant lowered 

his shotgun; he did not engage the safety or take his finger off the trigger. Defendant’s shotgun 

suddenly discharged, and the birdshot struck plaintiff’s hand, resulting in the loss of two of 

plaintiff’s fingers.

The Lawsuit. Plaintiff sued defendant, alleging ordinary negligence, gross negligence, and 

reckless misconduct. Defendant answered, denying many of plaintiff’s allegations and asserting

that plaintiff’s ordinary-negligence claim was barred by the standard-of-care framework set forth

in Ritchie-Gamester v Berkley, 461 Mich 73; 597 NW2d 517 (1999). 

During discovery, a key issue explored by the parties was defendant’s state of mind and 

physical condition during the pheasant hunt. Defendant testified during his deposition that he has 

hunted for decades, and he knows the basic safety rules of hunting and firearms. On the day of 
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the hunt, he had forgotten his regular hunting gloves, and instead he had to use thicker gloves that 

had less “feel” to them. Defendant testified that he suffers from Raynaud syndrome, a condition 

that causes temporary discoloration, tingling, and numbness in his hands, and he further has 

difficulty gripping with his right hand because of a partially missing middle finger. Defendant 

admitted that, when his shotgun discharged and the birdshot hit his son’s hand, his shotgun was 

not pointed in a safe direction, his finger should not have been on the trigger, and he did not have 

control of the firearm, all of which violated the basic hunting and firearm safety rules.

For his part, plaintiff admitted during his deposition that, over the years, he would 

sometimes be concerned about how defendant handled his firearm. Defendant would, for example, 

occasionally swing his firearm in such a way that the muzzle would cross plaintiff’s body. This 

might happen when defendant entered or exited a vehicle or at the shooting range, but not out in 

the field, according to plaintiff.

Both parties moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Defendant argued

that Ritchie-Gamester limited his liability to injuries caused by reckless misconduct and the record 

was clear that he did not act recklessly. Plaintiff argued to the contrary that there was no genuine 

issue of material fact that defendant had breached the standard of care for an ordinary-negligence 

claim.

The trial court denied both motions. With respect to the applicable standard of care, the 

trial court held that the pheasant hunt fell within the scope of recreational activities contemplated 

by Ritchie-Gamester, and, as a result, defendant’s conduct was measured by the standard of 

recklessness, not ordinary negligence. The trial court further concluded that reasonable minds 

could differ on whether defendant’s conduct amounted to reckless misconduct. 

First Application for Leave to Appeal. Plaintiff filed a delayed application for leave to 

appeal from the trial court’s ruling, arguing that the trial court erred in finding that the pheasant 

hunt was within the scope of Ritchie-Gamester. This Court denied plaintiff’s application “for 

failure to persuade the Court of the need for immediate appellate review.” Payne v Payne, 

unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered March 10, 2017 (Docket No. 335952). Plaintiff

then sought leave to appeal to our Supreme Court, which also denied leave to appeal. Payne v 

Payne, 501 Mich 863; 900 NW2d 648 (2017).

After plaintiff’s unsuccessful appeal, the trial court entered a stipulated order staying 

proceedings, pending the Supreme Court’s decision in Bertin v Mann, 502 Mich 603; 918 NW2d 

707 (2018). After the Court decided Bertin, plaintiff moved for relief from judgment, arguing that 

the trial court’s denial of summary disposition essentially dismissed plaintiff’s ordinarynegligence claim and that its ruling should be reversed under Bertin.

The trial court denied plaintiff’s motion, stating that it was “not persuaded that 

extraordinary circumstances exist that would require setting aside the judgment to achieve justice.” 

The trial court recognized the distinction made in Bertin “that coparticipants in a recreational 

activity owe each other a duty not to act recklessly, but that the standard only applies to injuries 

that arise from risk inherent to the activity.” Analyzing plaintiff’s claim under Bertin, the trial 

court concluded:
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In this European Shoot, 18 two-person shooting blinds were situated in a circle. 

Pheasants were then released from a central point to be shot. A horn signaled 

shooters to cease firing and rotate to the next blind. At some point, defendant fired 

his shotgun at a pheasant. As he lowered his gun, it discharged, and plaintiff was 

shot in the left hand. A reasonable person would have foreseen this inherent risk 

while participating in such an activity.

Second Application for Leave to Appeal. Plaintiff filed a second delayed application for 

leave to appeal, arguing that Ritchie-Gamester did not apply to his claim. This Court denied the 

second application, Payne v Payne, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 8, 

2019 (Docket No. 346694), as did the Supreme Court, Payne v Payne, 505 Mich 974; 937 NW2d 

653 (2020).

Back in the trial court, defendant filed a renewed motion for summary disposition, arguing 

that there was not sufficient evidence to show that he acted recklessly. The trial court denied the 

motion, explaining:

Although all the testimony indicates that the gun discharged suddenly and 

accidentally, this same testimony could support a finding of reckless misconduct. 

There is evidence that defendant wore thick gloves, kept his finger on the trigger 

without being ready to shoot, and pointed his loaded gun directly at the plaintiff’s 

hand. Reasonable minds could differ as to whether this amounted to reckless 

misconduct. Accordingly this question should go to a jury. 

After denying defendant’s motion, the trial court entered a consent order that dismissed plaintiff’s 

“gross negligence claim with prejudice, which will free [p]laintiff to pursue an appeal challenging 

the [c]ourt’s dismissal of his ordinary negligence claim.”

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by holding that (a) the European-style 

pheasant hunt was a recreational activity under Ritchie-Gamester, and (b) plaintiff’s injury was a 

reasonably foreseeable risk of the pheasant hunt, which subjected plaintiff’s claim to a recklessmisconduct standard of care. For the following reasons, we reject plaintiff’s first claim but 

conclude that there is a genuine issue of material fact on the second one.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition under 

MCR 2.116(C)(10). Ritchie-Gamester, 461 Mich at 76-77. When deciding a motion for summary 

disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we consider the evidence submitted in a light most favorable 

to the nonmoving party. Id. at 75. Summary disposition is appropriate when “there is no genuine 

issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003).
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B. RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY

Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in concluding that a European-style pheasant 

hunt is a recreational activity subject to the framework first set forth by our Supreme Court in 

Ritchie-Gamester and subsequently developed by the Court in Bertin. Plaintiff concedes that 

hunting is, broadly speaking, a recreational activity, but he argues that our Supreme Court did not 

intend to subject hunting to the Ritchie-Gamester/Bertin framework. We begin by analyzing the 

framework generally, and then take up the question of hunting specifically.

The Ritchie-Gamester Court Adopts the Reckless-Misconduct Standard. Under the 

common law of tort, many interpersonal interactions are governed by the ordinary negligence

standard of care. If the common law provides that a person owes a duty to another person, then

that duty is usually to exercise ordinary care commensurate with the particular circumstances of 

the situation. Up through the 1970s and 1980s, courts of this state imposed an ordinary-negligence 

standard on hunters when they interacted with members of their own hunting party, Nagy v 

McEachern, 28 Mich App 439; 184 NW2d 556 (1970), members of another hunting party, Clark 

v Braham, 386 Mich 53; 191 NW2d 352 (1971), and non-hunters generally, Walters v Sargent, 46 

Mich App 379; 208 NW2d 207 (1973), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 390 Mich 775 (1973). But in 

1999, our Supreme Court pivoted away from the ordinary-negligence standard in a narrow 

category of cases—those cases involving coparticipants who are engaged in a sport or recreational 

activity.

In Ritchie-Gamester, an ice skater collided with another skater. The plaintiff asked the 

Court to apply the standard of ordinary negligence to her common-law claim, while the defendant 

argued that a reckless-misconduct standard should apply. Ritchie-Gamester, 461 Mich at 75-76.

The Court started its analysis by reviewing the then-current state of the common law for 

sports and recreational activities. Id. at 77-85. The first and second published opinions it analyzed

involved parties who were fishing and duck hunting, respectively. Id. at 77-78 (discussing 

Williams v Wood, 260 Mich 322; 244 NW 490 (1932) (fishing), and Felgner v Anderson, 375 Mich 

23; 133 NW2d 136 (1965) (duck hunting)). In both of the earlier cases, the courts applied the 

standard of ordinary negligence to the plaintiffs’ claims, and in Felgner, the assumption-of-risk 

doctrine was abolished in cases involving sports and recreational activities. Id. at 78.

The Court then observed that, post-Felgner, courts of this state “began to move away from 

the ‘ordinary care’ standard” in sports and recreational-activity cases. Id. This movement reflected 

the presumption that coparticipants in a sport or recreational activity voluntarily consent to the risk 

of injury inherent in that activity, and in the absence of the assumption-of-risk doctrine, the 

standard itself needed to adjust to reflect this presumption. The movement was uneven, however, 

as some courts continued to apply a straight ordinary-negligence standard, see, e.g., Schmidt v 

Youngs, 215 Mich App 222; 544 NW2d 743 (1996), while others applied less-stringent standards

of various description, see, e.g., Higgins v Pfeiffer, 215 Mich App 423; 546 NW2d 645 (1996).

Looking outside of Michigan, the Supreme Court observed that other jurisdictions were 

basically split into two camps. A minority of jurisdictions applied an ordinary-negligence 

standard, while a majority of jurisdictions applied “a ‘reckless or intentional conduct’ or a ‘willful 

and wanton or intentional misconduct’ standard.” Ritchie-Gamester, 461 Mich at 81-82. For those
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courts that applied a less-stringent standard, some justified the standard on the risk assumed or 

consented to by coparticipants, and almost every court “recognized that a fear of litigation could 

alter the nature of recreational activities and sports.” Id. at 84. As the Court observed, “Fear of 

civil liability stemming from negligent acts occurring in an athletic event could curtail the proper 

fervor with which the game should be played and discourage individual participation.” Id.

(cleaned up).

With this background in mind, the Court took as a basic premise that “[w]hen people 

engage in a recreational activity, they have voluntarily subjected themselves to certain risks 

inherent in that activity. When one of those risks results in injury, the participant has no ground 

for complaint.” Id. at 87. In light of this understanding, the Court joined the majority of other 

jurisdictions in adopting “reckless misconduct as the minimum standard of care for coparticipants 

in recreational activities.” Id. at 89.

The adoption of the reckless-misconduct standard did not mean, however, that ordinary 

negligence had no place in recreational activities. The Supreme Court made clear that the recklessmisconduct standard applied only to risks that were inherent in the recreational activity, not those

risks that exceeded “the normal bounds” of the activity. Id. at 94. Moreover, the recklessmisconduct standard applied only in the context where one participant injured another

coparticipant, not where a participant injured a nonparticipant. In footnote 9 of its opinion, the 

Court explained that its holding was both broad and narrow: “We recognize that we have stated 

this standard broadly as applying to all ‘recreational activities.’ However, the precise scope of this 

rule is best established by allowing it to emerge on a case-by-case basis, so that we might carefully 

consider the application of the recklessness standard in various factual contexts.” Id. at 89, n 9.

The Bertin Court Clarifies How to Identify an “Inherent” Risk. Two decades later, the

Supreme Court considered a question that had come up repeatedly in sports and recreation lawsuits

after Ritchie-Gamester, namely, how to identify whether a particular risk was “inherent” to a 

particular activity. In Bertin, the parties had been golfing, and the defendant hit the plaintiff with 

a golf cart. Bertin, 502 Mich at 606-607. The Court had to resolve whether the risk of being hit 

by a golf cart during a round of golf was an inherent risk of the sport. Id. at 605. If so, then the 

defendant “owed a duty only to refrain from reckless misconduct,” but if not, then the defendant 

would “be held to the negligence standard of conduct.” Id. at 605-606.

The Bertin Court concluded that the issue came down to one of foreseeability. Specifically, 

the Court held “that ‘inherent risks’ under Ritchie-Gamester are those that are reasonably

foreseeable under the circumstances of the case. When an injury arises from such a risk, the 

reckless-misconduct standard applies.” Id. at 622. In determining whether a risk is reasonably 

foreseeable, the Court stressed several aspects. First, “[t]he foreseeability of the risk is a question 

of fact.” Id. at 619. Second, “it is the risk of harm that must be reasonably foreseeable,” not just 

the foreseeability of a particular use or act within the recreational activity. Id. at 620. Third, the 

test is an objective one, and it “focuses on what risks a reasonable participant, under the 

circumstances, would have foreseen.” Id. Fourth, “[t]he risk must be defined by the factual 

circumstances of the case—it is not enough that the participant could foresee being injured in 

general; the participant must have been able to foresee that the injury could arise through the 

‘mechanism’ it resulted from.” Id. at 620-621. And fifth, the Court identified several factual 

circumstances that could be relevant, including: (a) “the general characteristics of the participants, 
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such as their relationship to each other and to the activity and their experience with the sport”; (b) 

“[t]he general rules of the activity”; (c) “any regular departures from the rules or other practices 

not accounted for by the rules”; and (d) “any regulations prescribed by the venue at which the 

activity is taking place.” Id. at 621-622. As the Court summarized, courts should apply “the usual 

approach to reasonable foreseeability” when determining whether a risk is inherent to a sport or 

recreational activity. Id. at 622.

Does the Ritchie-Gamester/Bertin Framework Apply to Hunting? Given this framework, 

the first question to consider is whether the framework even applies here. More specifically, 

plaintiff acknowledges that a European-style pheasant hunt is a “recreational activity,” but he 

argues on appeal that his claim remains subject to pre-Ritchie-Gamester/Bertin case law that

applied the ordinary-negligence standard to hunting. Plaintiff maintains that this is justified on 

policy grounds because a firearm is a dangerous instrumentality and its use should be subject to a 

stricter standard than mere reckless misconduct.

Plaintiff is correct that hunting is a recreational activity. While a European-style pheasant 

hunt is a specialized form of hunting, broadly speaking, hunting is a physical activity performed 

outdoors for enjoyment, relaxation, and exercise. (This is not to ignore the fact that hunting is 

much more than a recreational activity, as hunting can also serve as a vital source of sustenance 

for people and as a natural-resource management tool for the state.) Hunting is subject to extensive 

official rules and unofficial practices, see, e.g., MCL 324.43501 to MCL 324.43561, and it can be 

performed alone or with other hunters. Not surprisingly, hunting has long been recognized by our

Legislature and courts as a recreational activity. See, e.g., MCL 324.73105 (classifying hunting, 

fishing, and trapping as recreational activities); DiFranco v Pickard, 427 Mich 32, 86; 398 NW2d 

896 (1986) (categorizing hunting as a recreational activity).1

Despite this, plaintiff argues that the Ritchie-Gamester Court did not intend to include 

hunting within its new analytical framework, but a review of the decision belies this argument. As 

noted earlier, the majority began its analysis by reviewing the then-current “state of Michigan law 

regarding the appropriate standard of care in the recreational activity context.” Ritchie-Gamester, 

461 Mich at 77 (emphasis added). The first two cases that the majority considered involved fishing 

and hunting, id. at 77-78, and, as it subsequently summarized the law of this state, the majority

described the activities it reviewed collectively as “recreational,” id. at 81. At no point did the 

majority exempt hunting from its framework or otherwise suggest that its framework did not 

encompass the activity.

In fact, in his separate concurring opinion in Ritchie-Gamester, Justice BRICKLEY made 

clear that he believed that the majority’s analysis applied to hunting. For instance, Justice 

BRICKLEY described the Felgner duck-hunting case as a “sports injury case,” and later he cited 

hunting and fishing statistics to support his belief that “recreational sports in Michigan” showed 

“no sign of any wane” that might justify a change in the standard of care. Id. at 96, 98 & n 3 

(BRICKLEY, J, concurring). The majority offered a lengthy response to various points made by 

 

1 DiFranco was superseded by statute on other grounds, as stated in McCormick v Carrier, 487 

Mich 180, 190-191; 795 NW2d 517 (2010).
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Justice BRICKLEY, id. at 90-95 (opinion of the Court), but at no point did the majority suggest that 

Justice BRICKLEY was mistaken with regard to whether hunting was a recreational activity subject 

to the majority’s reckless-misconduct analytical framework.

Plaintiff insists to the contrary that the majority did, in fact, intend to limit significantly the 

reach of its framework. This can be seen, according to plaintiff, by considering footnote 9 of the 

majority’s opinion. Based on this footnote, plaintiff concludes that the majority exempted hunting 

from the reckless-misconduct framework.

This is, however, a misreading of footnote 9. The majority recognized in this footnote that 

the standard it developed was broadly worded to apply to “all ‘recreational activities.’ ” Id. at 89 

n 9. At the same time, the majority observed that the “precise scope” of the standard was best left 

to emerge on a case-by-case basis. Id. We understand the majority to mean with this footnote

that, when a participant injures a coparticipant in a sport or recreational activity, a court will apply 

the analytical framework set forth in Ritchie-Gamester (as subsequently developed in Bertin). The 

law will then develop on a case-by-case basis, as each court determines whether, in the context of 

the particular activity, it was a reasonably foreseeable risk that a participant could be injured by a

coparticipant in a particular manner. A contrary reading of footnote 9 would suggest that the 

Ritchie-Gamester majority violated the old adage that one should not hide an elephant in a mousehole.

In his reply brief, plaintiff further points this Court to MCL 752.861, which criminalizes 

the careless, reckless, or negligent use of a firearm that kills or injures a person. While violation 

of a statute can be, under certain circumstances, used to support a common-law claim, see Randall 

v Mich High Sch Athletic Ass’n, __ Mich App __; __ NW2d __ (2020) (Docket No. 346476), 

plaintiff does not argue that defendant violated the criminal statute or, even if defendant did, that 

this would support plaintiff’s common-law claim. The statute provides little support here, as it 

does not itself create a statutory civil cause of action and, moreover, “recklessness” and

“negligence” in the criminal context are separate and distinct from “recklessness” and

“negligence” in the civil context. See Farmer v Brennan, 51 US 825, 836-837; 114 S Ct 1970; 

128 L Ed 2d 811 (1994) (addressing recklessness in both the criminal and civil contexts); People 

v Schaefer, 471 Mich 418, 438; 703 NW2d 774 (2005) (addressing gross negligence in the 

criminal-law context); Cichewicz v Salesin, 306 Mich App 14, 28-29; 854 NW2d 901 (2014) 

(addressing gross negligence in the civil-law context); People v Williams, 244 Mich App 249, 

254; 625 NW2d 132 (2001) (“[A] civil action is completely separate and independent from a 

criminal action.”); Aetna Cas & Surety Co v Collins, 143 Mich App 661, 663; 373 NW2d 177 

(1985) (“Criminal and civil liability are not synonymous.”).

Lastly, plaintiff argues that public policy favors rejection of the Ritchie-Gamester/Bertin

framework in the hunting context because, if the reckless-misconduct standard is applied to 

firearm-related recreational activities, participants would be permitted to ignore certain rules of 

firearm safety without the fear of litigation. This argument is similar to one made by Justice 

BRICKLEY in his separate opinion in Ritchie-Gamester. In response to the majority’s position that 

an ordinary-negligence standard would be insufficient to “encourage[] vigorous participation in 

recreational activities,” Ritchie-Gamester, 461 Mich at 89 (opinion of the Court), Justice 

BRICKLEY countered, “[I]t is just as likely that many would choose not to participate in these 

activities because the recklessness standard might encourage dangerous behavior or make it too 
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difficult for participants to recover in the event they are injured,” id. at 99-100 (BRICKLEY, J, 

concurring). Although both the majority and Justice BRICKLEY made valid points on the question 

of which standard best encourages participation in recreational activities, the majority’s position 

ultimately won the day. 

And regardless, plaintiff’s specific argument is too sweeping in its scope. If the use of a 

dangerous instrumentality was alone sufficient to justify carving out hunting from the RitchieGamester/Bertin framework, then this logic would presumably apply to several other sports and

recreational activities as well, including fencing, archery, javelin throw, and competitive firearm 

shooting. Adoption of plaintiff’s position would result in the very “bowdlerization” of the law for 

sports and recreational activities against which the majority expressly warned in Ritchie-Gamester, 

461 Mich at 91. Cf Konrad v Morant, 89 Ohio App 3d 803, 806; 627 NE2d 1007 (1993) 

(explaining that “the focus in determining whether an activity is recreational is not on the 

instrument used in the activity but on the expectations of the participants” and holding that a game 

of “BB Gun War” was a recreational activity subject to a recklessness standard of care).

With that said, courts cannot ignore the dangerousness of an instrumentality used in a sport 

or recreational activity. The instrumentalities used in bowling and basketball, for example, present 

much different risks than those used in golf and hunting. Each instrumentality, as it is used in a 

specific activity, will present risks that differ in degree and in kind from an instrumentality used 

in another activity. The risks posed by an instrumentality in a particular activity are too factspecific to make sweeping exemptions from the Ritchie-Gamester/Bertin framework. Instead, the 

risks are best considered at the next stage of the analysis—i.e., whether a particular risk of injury 

was reasonably foreseeable under the circumstances. 

It is to this question that we now turn.

C. QUESTION OF FACT ON REASONABLE FORESEEABILITY

Although the Ritchie-Gamester/Bertin framework applies, we must consider whether the 

particular risk that gave rise to plaintiff’s injury was inherent to the recreational activity. Father 

and son were experienced hunters, well-versed in hunter-safety rules, standing shoulder-toshoulder in the same blind, and shooting away from each other. Plaintiff concedes that there was 

an inherent risk that he could have been shot by a hunter in a blind directly across from him, but

he argues that being shot by defendant did not present the same type of risk.

As the Bertin Court made clear, whether a particular risk of harm was inherent to a 

recreational activity is a question of fact. The test is an objective one, i.e., it is based on “what 

risks a reasonable participant, under the circumstances, would have foreseen,” Bertin, 502 Mich 

at 621, so a party’s subjective evaluation of the circumstances and tolerance for risk are irrelevant. 

This does not mean, however, that the parties’ observations are likewise irrelevant and can be 

ignored—rather, the observations must be considered from the viewpoint of the common law’s

“reasonable participant.”

Like other sports and recreational activities, hunting in general poses known risks to the 

participants. While it would be unexpected in everyday life for a person to discharge a firearm 
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near another person, a hunter that is participating in a pheasant hunt with other hunters is on notice 

that firearm activity is taking place in close physical proximity. 

And yet, on review of this record, we conclude that there remains a genuine issue of 

material fact on whether the risk of being shot by defendant was reasonably foreseeable to someone 

in plaintiff’s position. On the one hand, it is well known that, ceteris paribus, the use of a firearm 

during hunting poses some risk of harm; it is, after all, a dangerous instrumentality. Hunting in 

general and the pheasant hunt in particular had extensive rules in place to reduce the risk of harm

from a firearm. Plaintiff knew that his father could be careless with a firearm, and it can also be 

presumed that plaintiff knew that his father had several medical conditions that could affect the

handling of a firearm. This evidence points to a foreseeable risk.

On the other hand, the two men had hunted together regularly over many years, and neither 

testified about a prior similar incident. Defendant was well-versed in the rules of hunting, 

including this particular style of hunting, and plaintiff knew this. Weather conditions were good, 

and there is nothing in the record to suggest that defendant had tingling in his hands at the time of 

the incident.

It is also important to consider the specific way in which plaintiff was shot. He was not, 

for example, shot by another hunter across the perimeter in another blind. It might very well have 

been reasonably foreseeable that plaintiff was at risk of being shot by a hunter from another blind. 

We need not decide the issue, however, because that was not the specific risk that unfortunately 

became a reality here. Rather, plaintiff was hit by an experienced, knowledgeable hunter, who 

plaintiff knew very well, and who stood shoulder to shoulder with plaintiff while they shot outward 

from a blind at pheasants flying overhead. On this record, it remains a question of fact whether it 

was reasonably foreseeable to plaintiff that there was a risk that defendant would discharge his 

shotgun and injure plaintiff.

Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part the trial court’s orders with respect to 

the applicable standard of care. On remand, if the finder of fact concludes that the risk was 

reasonably foreseeable, then defendant owed a duty only to refrain from reckless misconduct. If 

the finder of fact concludes otherwise, then defendant owed a duty to exercise ordinary care.

III. CONCLUSION

Hunting is a recreational activity subject to the standard-of-care framework set forth by our 

Supreme Court in Ritchie-Gamester and Bertin. If a particular risk of injury is reasonably 

foreseeable (i.e., the risk is “inherent” to hunting), then a hunter will be held to a recklessmisconduct standard of care when dealing with another hunter in the party; if not, then the hunter 

will be held to the ordinary-negligence standard. The inquiry is a factual one, and, on this record, 

we conclude that there remains a genuine issue of fact on whether it was reasonably foreseeable 

that defendant would shoot and injure plaintiff.
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Affirmed in part and reversed in part. The matter is remanded to the trial court for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Brock A. Swartzle

/s/ Jane E. Markey

/s/ Michael J. Kelly