# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for producing triangular waveform with low audio band content

## Abstract

A triangular waveform generator includes a square waveform clock circuit and an integrating circuit. The integration circuit receives input from the square waveform clock circuit and generates a triangular waveform output. A feedback circuit is operatively connected to the integrating circuit to reduce the audio band noise content in the triangular waveform output. The feedback circuit acts as a DC balance without significant sacrifice in the linearity of the triangular waveform output.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/091,021, filed on Apr. 20, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/019,264, filed on Jan. 24, 2008, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,948,281 on May 4, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/886,643, filed on Jan. 25, 2007, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to class D amplifier circuits. More particularly, the invention relates to apparatus and method for producing triangular waveform with low audio band noise content.
BACKGROUND
A Class D audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier in which the active devices in the output stage are operated in on/off mode, i.e. as switches. The audio input signal is converted to a sequence of pulses whose average value is directly proportional to the amplitude of the signal. These types of amplifiers may use PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), pulse frequency modulation or sigma delta modulation. The frequency of the pulses is preferably much higher than the highest frequency of interest in the input signal. The switching output includes pulse trains whose width is a function of the amplitude and frequency of the signal being amplified. The output, however, typically contains undesirable spectral components (the pulse frequency and its harmonics) that may lead to distortion.
A typical Class D audio amplifier generates a PWM output signal by feeding a comparator 10 (FIG. 1) with an analog audio input 12 (FIG. 1) and an oscillator ramp input 14 from a triangular wave generator (not shown). Audio band noise present in the triangle wave is reproduced in the square waveform PWM output signal 16 (FIG. 1). Conventional negative feedback techniques attempt to reduce the noise introduced in this stage. However, the loop gain of a class D amplifier is typically low at the high end of the audio bandwidth, thereby limiting the effectiveness of these techniques. The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by reducing audio noise that is present on oscillator ramp input 14 (FIG. 1) instead.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Some embodiments disclosed herein are generally directed to an apparatus and method for generating triangular waveform with low audio band noise content for use in Class D amplifier circuits and for other applications.
In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a triangular waveform generating apparatus includes a square waveform clock circuit and an active integrator. The active integrator receives input from the square waveform clock circuit and generates a triangular waveform output. An active feedback network is operatively added to the active integrator to reduce the audio band noise content in the triangular waveform output. The feedback network acts as a DC balance without significant sacrifice in the linearity of the triangular waveform output.
In one or more embodiments, the triangular waveform generating method of the invention includes the steps of:
(a) utilizing a square waveform clock circuit;
(b) providing an active integrator which receives input from the square waveform clock circuit;
(c) configuring the active integrator to generate a triangular waveform output;
(d) operatively coupling an active feedback network to the active integrator; and
(e) adapting the operatively coupled active feedback network to help reduce the audio band noise content in the triangular waveform output.
These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from a review of the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a typical Class D amplifier design of the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a conventional triangular waveform generator of the prior art.
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the output signal produced by the triangular waveform generator of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 depicts a Bode magnitude plot of the active integrator gain of the triangular waveform generator of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a triangular waveform generator constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a triangular waveform generator constructed in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a Bode magnitude plot of the active integrator gain of the triangular waveform generator of FIG. 5.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of illustrated exemplary embodiments and is not intended to represent the only forms in which these embodiments may be constructed and/or utilized. The description sets forth the functions and sequence of steps for constructing and operating the present invention in connection with the illustrated embodiments. However, it is to be understood that the same or equivalent functions and/or sequences may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Some embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to an apparatus and method for producing triangular waveform with low audio band noise content, as generally depicted in reference to FIGS. 5-7. Additional embodiments, features and/or advantages of the invention will become apparent from the ensuing description or may be learned by practicing the invention. In the attached figures, the various drawings are not to scale with like numerals referring to like features throughout both the drawings and the description.
FIG. 2 shows a conventional triangular waveform generator 18 with limited DC gain which receives input from a square wave clock 20 and outputs a triangular waveform 22. A person skilled in the art would readily appreciate that one disadvantage of triangular waveform generator 18 is that the DC gain limit must be low enough to provide acceptable DC offset of triangular waveform output 22. This, however, compromises the linearity of the triangle wave produced by triangular waveform generator 18, as generally depicted in reference to FIG. 3. Another disadvantage of using this type of design is the high gain in the audio bandwidth which causes any noise present on square wave clock 20 to be amplified, as shown in the Bode plot of FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a triangular waveform generator 24 constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Particularly, triangular waveform generator 24 incorporates an active feedback network 26 (FIG. 5) to advantageously produce a triangular waveform output 28 (FIG. 5) with low audio band noise. Triangular waveform generator 24 receives input from a square wave clock 25 (FIG. 5) which introduces noise into the system. Triangular waveform generator 24 also includes an active integrator 27 which is operatively coupled to feedback network 26.
Active feedback network 26 (FIG. 5) is configured to have high gain at audio frequencies and low gain at the switching frequency to avoid the output nonlinearity of FIG. 3. The feedback signal includes a region of nearly flat gain in order to satisfy system stability needs. A Bode plot showing the forward gain and the feedback gain, respectively is depicted in FIG. 7.
FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a triangular waveform generator 30 constructed in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Particularly, triangular waveform generator 30 incorporates an active feedback network 32 (FIG. 6) which helps reduce the audio band noise in triangular waveform output 34 (FIG. 6). Triangular waveform generator 30 receives input from a square wave clock 36 (FIG. 6) which introduces noise into the system. Triangular waveform generator 30 also includes an active integrator 31 which is operatively coupled to feedback network 32.
Active feedback network 32 is configured to have high gain at audio frequencies and low gain at the switching frequency to avoid the output nonlinearity of FIG. 3. The feedback signal has a region of nearly flat gain to satisfy system stability needs.
A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the addition of an active feedback network (such as the one shown in reference to FIG. 5 or FIG. 6) with one or more poles below the crossover frequency and one or more poles above the crossover frequency to a triangular waveform generator results in substantial reduction of the audio band noise of the output signal. This in turn reduces the audio band noise of the pulse width modulator and therefore the audio band noise of the entire Class D amplifier.
A person skilled in the art would also appreciate that the incorporation of an active feedback network in accordance with the general principles of the present invention carries the added benefit of acting as a DC (Direct Current) balance without significant sacrifice in triangular waveform output linearity.
The low-audio triangular waveform generator of the present invention is suited for use as the comparator input of a Class D amplifier, as well as for other applications where a low-audio noise triangular waveform is desired.
The exemplary embodiments described hereinabove are merely illustrative of the general principles of the present invention. Various design modifications may be employed that would reside within the scope of the invention. For example, a person skilled in the art would appreciate that the triangular waveform generator of the present invention may be implemented by various other configurations with off-the-shelf components. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, various alternative configurations may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the drawings and description are illustrative and not meant to be a limitation thereof. Thus, it is intended that the invention cover all embodiments and variations thereof as long as such embodiments and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

## Claims

1. A method for generating a triangle wave signal using an electronic circuit, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving from a square wave generation circuit a square wave signal having a pulse frequency higher than an audio frequency band and comprising a first level of noise in said audio frequency band;
integrating said square wave signal using an integrating circuit to produce a triangle wave signal having a second level of noise in said audio frequency band;
generating a feedback signal from said triangle wave signal by applying a transfer function comprising a plurality of poles to said triangle wave signal, wherein said transfer function has a first gain in said audio frequency band and a second gain at said pulse frequency, said first gain being greater than said second gain;
combining said feedback signal with said square wave signal prior to integrating said square wave signal so as to reduce said second level of noise in said audio frequency band in said triangle wave signal.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said transfer function has a crossover frequency and wherein at least one of said plurality of poles is below said crossover frequency.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein at least one of said plurality of poles is above said crossover frequency.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein a plurality of said plurality of poles is above said crossover frequency.

5. The method of claim 2 wherein a plurality of said plurality of poles is below said crossover frequency.

6. The method of claim 2 wherein said transfer function comprises a region of nearly flat gain.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said square wave generation circuit comprises a square wave clock circuit.