IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

MARCH 2, 2005 Session

SUZAN DARVARMANESH v. MAHYAR GHARACHOLOU

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County

No. 02D-237 Muriel Robinson, Judge

No. M2004-00262-COA-R3-CV - Filed July 19, 2005

In 2002, Wife filed a complaint for divorce in the circuit court. Following a bench trial, the trial

court entered a final decree of divorce and incorporated the court’s permanent parenting plan. The

trial court ordered the husband to pay the wife transitional alimony for three years, awarded the

parents joint custody of their minor son, and ordered both parents to pay child support. The wife

filed an appeal to this Court contesting the trial court’s decision regarding joint custody. The

husband filed an appeal to this Court contesting the trial court’s decisions regarding alimony and

child support. We reverse the trial court’s decisions regarding alimony, child custody, and child

support, and we remand this case tot he trial court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and

Remanded

ALAN E.HIGHERS,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which W.FRANK CRAWFORD,P.J.,W.S.,

and DAVID R. FARMER, J., joined.

Thomas F. Bloom, Nashville, TN, for Appellant

Cynthia J. Bohn, Paul W. Moser, Nashville, TN, for Appellee
On February 12, 2002, Wife filed an amended complaint to change certain statistical information contained 1

in the original complaint. 

-2-

OPINION

I.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Suzan Darvarmanesh (“Wife” or “Appellant”) was born in the United States, but she was

raised primarily in Iran. Mahyar Gharacholou (“Husband” or “Appellee”) was born in Iran, and he

came to the United States with his parents at the age of twelve. In 1990, Wife returned to the United

States to pursue a college education. In May of 1993, Husband and Wife married in Nashville,

Tennessee. The parties were married in an Islamic marriage ceremony and signed an Islamic

marriage contract. Both parties are presently citizens of the United States. The parties have a minor

son of their marriage, Cameron, who was born in 2000. 

On January 29, 2002, Wife filed a complaint for divorce against Husband in the Circuit Court

of Davidson County alleging numerous grounds for divorce. Husband subsequentlyfiled an answer 1

which contained his counter-complaint for divorce. Therein, Husband asked the trial court to award

him the majority of the parenting time for Cameron. The trial court conducted a trial of the matter

on October 28, 2003.

During the proceeding, both parties presented their proposed parenting plans to the trial court.

Wife’s proposed parenting plan made her the primary residential parent of Cameron, with Husband

having liberal visitation, and it required Husband to pay child support. Husband presented two

proposed parenting plans. His first proposed parenting plan named him the primary residential

parent of Cameron and called for Mother to pay child support. Husband also submitted an

alternative proposed parenting plan which named Wife the primary residential parent of Cameron,

called for him to pay child support, and granted him additional visitation.

On December 23, 2003, the trial court entered a Final Decree of Divorce which incorporated

a Permanent Parenting Plan entered by the trial court that same day. The trial court’s decree

provided, in relevant part, as follows:

It is ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the

Husband shall pay to the Wife for a period of three years the sum of

$750.00 per month transitional alimony beginning November 1, 2003.

Said transitional alimony payments of the Husband shall cease if the

Wife remarries or the three years terminate whichever occurs first.

. . . .

It is ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the

Islamic marriage document of the parties is not a binding contract.

. . . .
-3-

It is ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the

parties shall have joint custody of the minor child. The Father will

have custody of the child from January 1 until June 30 . The st th

Mother will have custody of the child from July 1 until December

st

31 . The Court makes a finding that they are both appropriate st

parents, they both have appropriate parenting skills, and that is [sic]

in the best interest and welfare of this child that custody be joint with

parenting time equal.

It is ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that for the

purposes of public school zoning the Father’s residence shall be

designated as the primary residence. The Court finds that it is in the

best interest and welfare of the child that the Father’s residence be the

primary residence insofar as it pertains to the public school zoning.

This is no reflection on the Mother.

The Permanent Parenting Plan also designated which parent would have custody of Cameron

for school vacations and certain holidays. It also ordered the parties to pay child support as follows:

The Mother shall pay child support, in accordance with the

Tennessee Child Support Guidelines, in the amount of $220.00 per

month, beginning January 1, 2004 through June 30 each year for six

months each year. Plus a payment of $750.00 per month in

transitional alimony. Said amount of child support takes into

consideration Mother’s ability to earn $25,000.00 per year. 

The Father shall pay child support, in accordance with the

Tennessee Child Support Guidelines, in the amount of $660.00 per

month beginning November 1, 2003 through December 31 each year

for six months each year. Said amount of child support is based on

Father’s ability to earn $50,000.00 per year.

Regarding decision making, the plan provided that, while Cameron resided with one parent, that

parent would make decisions regarding his day-to-day care and control. As for major decisions, the

trial court ordered the parents to make such decisions jointly. 

Husband subsequently filed a post-trial motion pursuant to Rule 59 of the Tennessee Rules

of Civil Procedure asking the trial court to reconsider its award of alimony and child support. In the

interim, Wife filed a notice of appeal to this Court. The trial court ultimately denied Husband’s post-
Ordinarily, “the notice of appeal required by Rule 3 shall be filed with and received by the clerk of the trial 2

court within 30 days after the date of entry of the judgment appealed from.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a) (2003). However,

“[i]n a civil action, if a timely motion under the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure is filed in the trial court by any party

. . . under rule 59.04 to alter or amend the judgment . . . the time for appeal for all parties shall run from entry of the order

denying a new trial or granting or denying any such other motion.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(b) (2003). “A prematurely filed

notice of appeal shall be treated as filed after the entry of the judgment from which the appeal is taken and on the day

thereof.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(d) (2003). Accordingly, both parties have filed their notices of appeal to this Court in a

timely manner.

Wife changed counsel after filing her initial brief in this Court. By Order of the Court, we permitted Wife’s 3

new counsel to file a responsive brief. Wife raises this new argument in her reply brief, therefore, we will treat it as an

alternative argument raised on appeal.

-4-

trial motion, and he also filed a notice of appeal to this Court. On appeal, Wife has presented this 2

Court with the following issues for our review:

I. Whether the trial court erred in awarding the parties joint custody of their minor son when

the preponderance of the evidence did not support such a finding; and 

II. Whether Wife is entitled to her attorney’s fees on appeal.

In turn, Husband has presented this Court with the following additional issues for our review:

III. Whether the trial court erred in setting the parties’ child support obligations;

IV. Whether the trial court erred in awarding Wife transitional alimony; and

V. Whether Husband is entitled to his attorney’s fees on appeal.

For the reasonsset forth more fully herein, we reverse the decision of the trial court and remand this

case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

II.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

A.

Child Custody

On appeal, Wife Argues that the trial court erred in awarding the parties joint custody of 

Cameron. She contends that the record demonstrates that a level of animosity exists between the

parents which prevents joint custody from being an option in this case. Furthermore, she contends

that there was insufficient evidence introduced at trial to enable the trial court to conduct a

comparative fitness evaluation of each parent before making its custody determination.

Alternatively, Wife asserts that the record reveals that a majority of the relevant statutory factors to

be considered in making a custody determination weigh in her favor. Conversely, Husband argues 3

that the record contains ample proof to support the trial court’s determination of custody in this case.
-5-

In reviewing a trial court’s decision regarding child custody, we examine the trial court’s

findings of fact “de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of the

correctness of the finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R. App.

P. 13(d) (2003); Hass v. Knighton, 676 S.W.2d 554, 555 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984); Bah v.

Bah, 668 S.W.2d 663, 665 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983).

“No hard and fast rules exist for determining which custody and visitation arrangement will

best serve a child’s needs.” Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 630 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (citing

Taylor v. Taylor, 849 S.W.2d 319, 327 (Tenn. 1993); Dantzler v. Dantzler, 665 S.W.2d 385, 387

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)). Determinations of this nature are factually driven and require a trial court

to consider numerous factors. Nichols v. Nichols, 792 S.W.2d 713, 716 (Tenn. 1990). “Where a

divorce case is tried upon oral testimony and issues of fact depend largely upon the comparative

credibility of the parties, the findings of the Trial Judge are entitled to great weight on appeal and

are not to be lightly overturned.” Edwards v. Edwards, 501 S.W.2d 283, 288 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973)

(citations omitted); see also Nelson v. Nelson, 66 S.W.3d 896, 902-03 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001);

Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 631. Despite a trial court’s broad discretionary powers in making a custody

determination, Herrera v. Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379, 385-86 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996), its decision must

still be based upon the proof presented at trial and the applicable law. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 631.

In reaching a custody determination, the courts of this state must evaluate the comparative

fitness of both parents by considering numerous relevant factors. Bah, 668 S.W.2d at 666; see also

Adelsperger v. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The legislature has

codified many of the factors a court should consider in making a custody decision. Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-6-106(a) (2003); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b) (2003); see also Shofner v. Shofner, No.

M2003-01550-COA-R3-CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 865, at *32 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 23, 2004);

Cummings v. Cummings, No. M2003-00086-COA-R3-CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 676, at *24

(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2004). Out of all of the factors which may be relevant in a given case, the

welfare and best interest of the child must be the court’s paramount concerns. Luke v. Luke, 651

S.W.2d 219, 221 (Tenn. 1983); In re Parsons, 914 S.W.2d 889, 893 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995); Bah, 668

S.W.2d at 665. In an initial custody determination, the trial court’s consideration of the relevant

factors when evaluating each parent’s comparative fitness to parent the minor child culminates in

the creation of a permanent parenting plan. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(a) (2003); see also

Cummings, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 676, at *13-14. 

As in many divorce cases which come before this Court, the record in this case contains

abundant evidence regarding property division and very little evidence focusing upon the welfare

of the child. See DeVault v. DeVault, No. 01-A-01-9601-CV-00012, 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 536,

at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 28, 1996); Garner v. Garner, 773 S.W.2d 245, 246 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1989). Our review is further complicated by the fact that, other than stating that both parents were

fit and that joint custody was in Cameron’s best interests, the trial court made no specific factual

findings regarding the proof related to custody of Cameron. When issuing its judgment, a trial court

is not required to list every applicable factor along with a discussion of how that particular factor

impacted the court’s custody determination. See Mueller v. Mueller, No. W2004-00482-COA-R3-
-6-

CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 770, at *16 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 17, 2004); Burnett v. Burnett, No.

E2002-01614-COA-R3-CV, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 508, at *16. (Tenn. Ct. App. July 23, 2003).

However, when the trial court fails to make specific findings of fact, we must review the record de

novo to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d

566, 570 (Tenn. 2002). As we have previously stated,

In this case, our ability to attach the presumption of

correctness to the trial court’s decision has been hampered by the

absence of any findings of fact and conclusions of law by the trial

judge or any other explanation of the rationale used to achieve the

final result. Other than a transcript of the proceedings, we are

presented with a memorandum opinion and order which, without

elaboration or explanation, grants the divorce . . ., awards custody of

the child . . ., and divides the jointly held property. In a record

containing material evidence adverse to the positions taken by each

spouse, we will not make our decision by attempting to discern the

reasons for the trial court’s decision. Rather we will proceed to

review the record de novo. Since the trial court made no findings of

fact, there is nothing in this record upon which the presumption of

correctness contained in Tenn.R.App.P. 13(d) can attach.

Kelly v. Kelly, 679 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984).

The record reveals that both parents demonstrate love, affection, and a strong emotional tie

to Cameron. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(1) (2003); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(7) (2003).

Another relevant factor to consider is each parent’s ability to provide for Cameron’s physical,

medical, and educational needs, as well as the extent to which a parent has been the primary

caregiver. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(2) (2003); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(2), (5) (2003).

Husband testified that, prior to separating from Wife, he was the one primarily responsible for taking

Cameron to the doctor. Husband also testified that he was capable of cooking nutritious meals for

Cameron. Conversely, Wife testified that she has been Cameron’s primary caregiver since birth, and

Husband did little to help. While she has acknowledged that Husband occasionally changed

Cameron’s diapers, Wife testified that Husband never bathed their son and never cooked. Wife

stated that, prior to going to work on the second shift, she would pre-cook meals for Cameron to eat.

Regarding Cameron’s educational needs, Husband expressed his concerns that Cameron

cannot speak English and only speaks Farsi, their native language. According to Husband, Wife,

who was living with her parents at the time of the trial, only permits Cameron to speak English on

Tuesdays. Husband testified that Wife’s mother is the one who insists that Cameron speak Farsi.

Husband also stated that, if awarded primary custody, he would place Cameron in a preschool to

better acclimate him to American culture and the English language. In support of Husband’s

position, his sister testified that Cameron does not speak English well. Wife admitted that Farsi is

the primary language spoken in her parents’ home, and she previously only spoke English to

Cameron on Tuesdays. She also testified that it is not a rule in her parents’ home that Cameron
-7-

could only speak English one day a week. To the contrary, Wife testified that she is working with

Cameron on learning the English language. Wife stated that, at the time of trial, she was in the

process of enrolling Cameron in preschool for three days per week, she takes him to the library, and

she plays games to further develop his language abilities. Wife admitted that Cameron is fluent in

Farsi and spoke little English at the time of the hearing, but she expressed her desire that Cameron

learn both languages. At trial, Husband introduced a videotape of his sister playing with Cameron

in order to demonstrate Cameron’s language abilities. After viewing the videotape, we agree with

the trial court in that the videotape is not very intelligible. 

We also consider Cameron’s emotional needs and developmental level by noting that

Cameron was three years old at the time of trial. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(8) (2003).

Regarding each parent’s ability to instruct and parent Cameron, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(10)

(2003); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(1) (2003), we also note that both parents have college

educations. Each parent’s employment schedule is also a factor in custody determinations. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(15) (2003). At the time of trial, Mother was working part-time on second

shift three days per week, and she anticipated subsequently moving to first shift. In turn, Husband

is employed full time. 

We also consider the importance of continuity in Cameron’s life, and the length of time

he has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(3) (2003); Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(11) (2003). During the pendency of the proceedings below, the trial court

ordered that Cameron primarily reside with Wife and granted Husband visitation on

Wednesday nights and every other weekend. Regarding the stability of each

parent’s family unit, Wife resided with her parents at the time of trial while Husband was in the

process of moving into an apartment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(4) (2003). The record also

demonstrates that Cameron interacts well with the extended family of both parents. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(9) (2003); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(13) (2003). The evidence

regarding each parent’s willingness to encourage a close and continuing relationship between

 Cameron and the other parent is in dispute. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(10) (2003); Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)(3) (2003). Wife testified that she encourages Husband to take an active

role in Cameron’s life. Husband disagreed, stating that Wife does not encourage his relationship with

Cameron. Husband testified that shortly after September 11, 2001, Wife took Cameron to Iran to

visit family and did not communicate with him while they were gone. He was only able to reach

them after he called several numbers to locate them. Wife testified that she has no intention of

returning to Iran permanently. Husband’s sister testified that Wife does not encourage a relationship

between Husband and son. 

In custody disputes, as this case demonstrates, a review of the record typically reveals that

the evidence does not clearly preponderate in favor of one party but contains contradictory testimony

by the witness. See Barrett v. Barrett, M2000-00380-COA-R3-CV, 2001 Tenn. App. LEXIS 765,

at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2001). Unlike appellate courts, the trial courts are able to observe

the witnesses and assess their demeanor as they testify, therefore, they are in the more favorable

position to resolve factual disputes hinging on the credibility of the witnesses. Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of
-8-

Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999). Thus, when the proof is close, as it is in this case, we rely

heavily upon the determinations of credibility made by the trial court. See Beck v. Beck, No. 03A01-

9601-CV-00023, 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 134, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Massengale v.

Massengale, 915 S.W.2d 818, 819 (Ten. Ct. App. 1995); Williams v. Williams, No. 89-63-II, 1989

Tenn. App. LEXIS 768, at *6-7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 17, 1989). However, when a trial court fails

to make findings of fact or determinations of credibility, our task on appeal is complicated.

In any event, based upon our review of the record and applicable law, we believe the

evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding that joint custody is in the best interest of

the child in this case. First, the relevant statutory factors weigh in favor of granting Wife primary

custody of Cameron. It was undisputed at trial that she has been the child’s primary caregiver since

birth. Wife is working part-time and has more time to devote to Cameron’s needs, whereas Husband

is working full time. Additionally, when she is working, Wife’s parents are able to care for and

supervise Cameron. Since the parties’ separation, Cameron has lived primarily with Wife, and

Husband has exercised visitation. Due to Cameron’s young age, his need for stability and continuity

is of great concern, and maintaining the arrangement which has existed since the parties’ separation

promotes this interest. See Cummings v. Cummings, No. M2003-00086-COA-R3-CV, 2004, Tenn.

App. LEXIS 676, at *27 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2004).

Second, even if we were to conclude that the evidence presented at trial did not preponderate

against a finding that both parents were equally fit, such a finding would not invariably lead to the

conclusion that a joint custody arrangement is in the child’s best interest. See id. at *26-27. The

legislature does not forbid a court of this state from awarding the parties joint custody of a minor

child in appropriate circumstances. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(1) (2003). To the contrary, the

legislature simply provides that “neither a preference nor a presumption for or against joint legal

custody, joint physical custody or sole custody is established, but the court shall have the widest

discretion to order a custody arrangement that is in the best interest of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-6-101(a)(2)(A) (2003).

Joint custody arrangements are appropriate in certain limited circumstances. See Zabaski

v. Zabaski, No. M2001-02013-COA-R3-CV, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 867, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Dec. 11, 2002); Martin v. Martin, No. 03A01-9708-GS-00323, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 218, at *15-

17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 26, 1998); Gray v. Gray, 885 S.W.2d 353, 355 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994);

Barnhill v. Barnhill, 826 S.W.2d 443, 454 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). However, while authorized by

statute, joint custody arrangements are generally disfavored by the courts of this state due to the

realization that such rarely serves the best interest of the child. See Shelbourne v. Shelbourne, No.

M1999-02557-COA-R3-CV, 2000 Tenn. App. LEXIS 561, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2000);

Dix v. Carson, No.02A01-9704-CV-00093, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 840, at *29-30 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Dec. 17, 1998); DeVault v. DeVault, No. 01-A-01-9601-CV-00012, 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 536,

at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 28, 1996); Jackson v. Jackson, No. 01A01-9504-CV-00132, 1995

Tenn. App. LEXIS 762, at *4-5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 29, 1995); Malone v. Malone, 842 S.W.2d

621, 623 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Lewis v. Lewis, No. 89-287-II, 1990 Tenn. App. LEXIS 103, at *12

(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 16, 1990); Garner v. Garner, 773 S.W.2d 245, 245 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989);
-9-

Dodd v. Dodd, 737 S.W.2d 286, 289-90 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987); Bloom v. Bloom, No. 85-198-II,

1986 Tenn. App. LEXIS 2855, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 12, 1986); Dunavant v. Dunavant, 219

S.W.2d 910, 916 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1949); Logan v. Logan, 176 S.W.2d 601, 603-04 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1943).

The statute does not require that joint custody be awarded only when the parents are on

friendly terms, DeVault, 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS 536, at *8, however, in order for a joint custody

arrangement to serve the best interest of the child, it requires a “harmonious and cooperative

relationship between both parents.” Dodd, 737 S.W.2d at 290; see also Shelbourne, 2000 Tenn.

App. LEXIS 561, at *6; Dix, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 840, at *30; Jackson, 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS

762, at *5. “While we have stopped short of rejecting this type of custody arrangement outright,

divided or split custody should only be ordered when there is specific, direct proof that the child’s

interest will be served best by dividing custody between the parents.” Garner, 773 S.W.2d at 248

(Koch, J., dissenting) (emphasis added); see also Zabaski v. Zabaski, No. M2001-02013-COA-R3-

CV, 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS 867, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 11, 2002) (finding joint custody

appropriate where the record revealed the parents were able to communicate effectively regarding

their son, they shared parenting and household duties while married, and one of the parties suggested

a joint custody arrangement); Martin v. Martin, No. 03A01-9708-GS-00323, 1998 Tenn. App.

LEXIS 218, at *15-17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 26, 1998) (affirming the trial court’s award of joint

custody due to the fact that the parents had previously agreed to a joint custody arrangement); Gray

v. Gray, 885 S.W.2d 353, 354-55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994) (finding that the evidence demonstrated that

both parents were very active in the child’s life and there was no apparent animosity between the

parties).

The record in this case reveals a heightened level of animosity between the parties and an

inability to communicate regarding Cameron, thereby making a joint custody arrangement

undesirable. Husband testified concerning his animosity toward Wife’s family, expressing his belief

that they are too controlling. Wife testified that her parents traveled with her to drop off Cameron

at the Husband’s residence, and, in an apparent effort to avoid confrontation, she parked next door

and walked Cameron over to the Husband’s house. The testimony from both parents reveals that

they have difficulty agreeing on the best way to educate Cameron and assimilate him into American

culture. Husband testified that, since their separation, Wife has not communicated with him

concerning Cameron’s medical needs. He also testified about his difficulty in contacting his Wife

when she took Cameron to Iran to visit family. Furthermore, neither parent’s proposed parenting

plans suggested a joint custody arrangement. To the contrary, throughout the proceedings below,

each parent has fought to receive primary custody of Cameron. Cf. Martin v. Martin, No. 03A01-

9708-GS-00323, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 218, at *15-16 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 26, 1998) (noting that

prior agreements between the parties regarding custody may be considered by the trial court as

evidence of the appropriate custody arrangement in a given case).

Accordingly, a joint custody arrangement is not in Cameron’s best interest, and we reverse

the trial court’s award of joint custody to the parents. As we have previously stated, 
It is entirely permissible for the trial court on remand to allow the parties to attempt ot reach an agreement

4

regarding custody of Cameron consistent with this opinion. Cummings, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 676, at *29-30. In the

event they are unable to do so, the trial court shall implement a parenting plan consistent with this opinion.

-10-

The experience of this Court has been that joint custody rarely, if

ever, works — for the children. There needs to be one residence, one

haven in all the storms of life, including those storms whipped up by

the winds of divorce. There needs to be one parent with primary

control and responsibility for the upbringing of the parties' children,

whenever possible. Custody, in reality, means responsibility for the

care, nurture and development of the mental, emotional and physical

needs of the child. The custodial parent should expect and receive

cooperation and assistance from the non-custodial parent in every

respect to serve the best interests of their child or children.

Dodd, 737 S.W.2d at 289-90. Thus, it is necessary that we remand this case to the trial court with

instructions on fashioning a new permanency plan. See First Tenn. Bank Nat’l Assoc. v. Hurd Lock

& Mfg. Co., 816 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (discussing Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) and noting

our discretion in entering a judgment when a reversal is necessary); see also Cummings v.

Cummings, M2003-00086-COA-R3-CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 676, at *28-29 n. 6 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Oct. 15, 2004). On remand, the trial court is instructed to create a new parenting plan naming

Wife the primary residential parent of Cameron and granting Father liberal visitation. In the 4

interim, we reinstate the custody arrangement ordered by the trial court during the pendency of the

divorce proceedings.

B.

Child Support

On appeal, Husband argues the trial court erred in setting his child support obligation by

failing to calculate the child support obligation using his current income. Regarding Wife’s child

support obligation, Husband argues the trial court erred in not calculating her child support

obligation based on the potential salary she could earn byworking full-time. In addition, he contends

that the trial court erred by not including his alimony payments in the amount of $750.00 per month

in the calculation of Wife’s child support obligation.

The evidence in the record regarding the issue of child support is minimal. Husband has a

master’s degree in computer science. At trial, Husband testified that he is currently working for

N&S, Inc., a Nashville parts distribution company, as a computer programmer systems analyst. At

his present job, Husband earns $600.00 per week, or approximately $31,000.00 per year. Prior to his

present job, Husband worked for Service Merchandise Company (“Service Merchandise”) as a

computer programmer systems analyst making approximately $52,000.00 per year. He worked for

Service Merchandise for approximately nine years before the company terminated his position and

filed for bankruptcy in 2002. Husband testified that the last time he interviewed for other
-11-

employment was in the summer of 2002, and he stated that he has not applied for any other

employment. 

Shortly into Husband’s testimony on direct examination, the trial court made the

following statement:

THE COURT: Mr. Gharacholou, you’re capable of making

$50,000, and that’s what the child support is going to be set on, if

you are not awarded custody. So quit Mickey Mousing around up

here. You’ve got the ability to earn. You’ve got to go back to work.

You’ve got a master’s degree in Computer Science. Go get a job in

your field. Got it?

. . . .

THE COURT: Don’t delay my court time here. We have

 established that point. And Ms. Bohn knows that he’s going to have

to get a job. If he doesn’t get a job, if he doesn’t get custody of this

child, he’s going to have to pay the support, anyway, so don’t belabor

my time here. 

At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court stated orally on the record that it found Husband to be

underemployed.

Wife obtained her bachelor’s degree shortly after coming to the United States. Wife testified

that she is a medical technologist working at the Veteran’s Administration Hospital where she has

been employed for the past six years. At the time of trial, Wife testified that she was working parttime at the hospital on the second shift, approximately three days per week for a total of twenty-four

hours, making almost $20.00 per hour. She testified that she was getting ready to move to a first

shift position. Wife admitted that she could work full-time if she wanted to, but only on second

shift. If she were to work full-time, she estimated that she could potentially make approximately

$41,000.00 in income each year. Regarding Wife, the trial court provided the following statement

at the conclusion of the trial: “When her salary goes up, then her child support will go up. And you

can’t exist on what you are doing now. You’ve got to go to work full-time.”

Since setting child support is a discretionary matter, we review a trial court’s child support

award to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion. Tallent v. Cates, 45 S.W.3d 556,

560 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); State ex. rel. Vaughn v. Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2000). Under this standard of review, we are required to consider the following:

(1) whether the decision has a sufficient evidentiary foundation, (2)

whether the court correctly identified and properly applied the

appropriate legal principles, and (3) whether the decision is within the

range of acceptable alternatives. . . While we will set aside a

discretionary decision if it rests on an inadequate evidentiary
The new “income shares” model of the Guidelines adopted by the Tennessee Department of Human Services

5

did not take effect until January of 2005. The trial in this case was conducted in 2003. Thus, the new “income shares”

model of the Guidelines is inapplicable to the present case.

-12-

foundation or if it is contrary to the governing law, we will not

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court merely because we

might have chosen another alternative.

Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d at 248 (citations omitted). On appeal, neither parent takes issue with the

legality of the trial court’s decision to require both parents to pay child support in this case. After

evaluating the record in this case, however, it is apparent that the trial court’s decision regarding the

parties’ child support obligation is in contravention of the governing law applicable in this case.

The Tennessee Child Support Guidelines (“Guidelines”) in effect at the time this case

was decided by the trial court provide: 5

These guidelines are designed to apply to situations where children

are living primarily with one parent but stay overnight with the other

parent at least as often as every other weekend from Friday to Sunday,

two weeks in the summer and two weeks during holidays throughout

the year. These guidelines are designed to consider the actual

physical custody of the child(ren), regardless of whether custody is

awarded to one parent and visitation to the other or such an

arrangement is ordered to be joint custody or split custody. In

situation where overnight time is divided more equally between the

parents, the courts will have to make a case-by-case determination as

to the appropriate amount of support. (reference 1240-2-4-.04).

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.02(6) (2003) (emphasis added). The Guidelines further provide

that “the parent with whom the child(ren) live primarily will be referred to as the obligee and the

parent with whom the child(ren) do not primarily live will be referred to as the obligor.”

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.03(1) (2003). Our supreme court has stated that “the Child

Support Guidelines contemplate that child support may be awarded only to the primary residential

parent.” Gray v. Gray, 78 S.W.3d 881, 884 (Tenn. 2002) (emphasis added). The legislature defines

the “primary residential parent” as “parent with whom the child resides more than fifty percent

(50%) of the time.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-402(4) (2003).

Additionally, “the child support award is based on a flat percentage of the obligor’s net

income.” Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.03(2) (2003) (emphasis added). Thus, an award of

child support to an obligee parent is to be calculated based solely upon the net income of the obligor

parent, and the obligee parent’s income should not enter into the calculation. Gallaher v. Elam, 104

S.W.3d 455, 462 (Tenn. 2003); Gray, 78 S.W.3d at 883-84. The Permanent Parenting Plan entered

by the trial court in this case merely states that Husband “is designated the primary residence for
-13-

purpose of determining school zoning.” Thus, it is not entirely clear that the trial court designated

a primary residential parent, as that term is used in the Tennessee Code and Guidelines, in this case.

At the outset, we note that the trial in this matter occurred on October 23, 2003, and the trial

court entered a final decree on December 23, 2003. Thus, at the time of adjudicating this case, our

supreme court had instructed that only the primary residential parent was entitled to receive child

support. Gray, 78 S.W.3d at 884. This Court had also held on two occasions prior to the hearing

in this case that, should neither parent be designated a primary residential parent and a parenting plan

grants the parents equal parenting time, then neither parent is entitled to child support. Davis v.

Davis, No. M2003-02312-COA-R3-CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 664, at *13-14 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Oct. 12, 2004) (citing Cox v. Cox, No. E2002-02034-COA-R3-CV, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 257,

at *8-10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2003); Bailey v. Capps, No. M1999-02300-COA-R3-CV, 2001

Tenn. App. LEXIS 214, at *11-12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 2, 2001)).

In Hopkins v. Hopkins, 152 S.W.3d 447 (Tenn. 2004), our supreme court dealt with a

situation where a trial court awarded the parents equal parenting time. Hopkins, 152 S.W.3d at 448.

In interpreting the Guidelines, the supreme court stated:

We decline to adopt a bright-line rule that no child support is owed

when a child’s residential time is divided equally between the parents.

The Child Support Guidelines do not expressly provide for an

equal division of residential time. Instead, the Guidelines address

situations in which a child resides primarily with one parent. . . .

However, we do not interpret [the definition of primary residential

parent] as precluding a child’s residential schedule from being 

divided equally between the parents. While silent on this precise

issue, the Guidelines “are designed to consider the actual physical

custody ofthe child(ren), regardless of whether custody is awarded to

one parent and visitation to the other or such an arrangement is

ordered to be joint custody orsplit custody.” Tenn. Comp.R. & Regs.

1240-2-4.02(6).

Having decided that an equal division of time is permissible

under the Guidelines, we must address the manner in which child

support is to be calculated in such a situation. In situations in which

overnight time is divided more equally between the parents, courts

should make a case-by-case determination as to the appropriate

amount of support.

Id. at 449-50 (citation omitted). The supreme court remanded the case to the trial court for a

designation of the primary residential parent and a determination of the child support obligation

owed by the non-primary residential parent. Id. at 450; see also Davis, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 664,

at *13-20 (discussing the effect of the Hopkins decision on joint custody cases).
We assume that the trial court was attempting to use the Guidelines to set child support in this case because

6

the Permanent Parenting Plan provides that the parties’ child support obligations were set “in accordance with the

Tennessee Child Support Guidelines.” In addition, the amount of child support the court ordered each party to pay based

on the court’s determination of each party’s net income corresponds to the amounts arrived at by using the Guidelines.

-14-

Although the trial court did not have the benefit of the supreme court’s decision in Hopkins

when it decided this case, its decision was still in contravention of then existing law. The supreme

court had already stated in Gray that only the primary residential parent may be awarded child

support. Gray, 78 S.W.3d at 884. Therefore, even it we were to assume that the trial court’s

permanent parenting plan named Husband the primary residential parent, it would only be proper to

award child support to Husband, not Wife. Conversely, if we assume the trial court’s permanent

parenting plan did not name a primary residential parent and awarded the parent’s equal parenting

time, then neither parent would be entitled to child support. Davis, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 664,

at *13-14. In addition, assuming the trial court was using the Guidelines to render its decision

regarding child support, the court also erred in considering both parent’s income and ordering both 6

parents to pay child support. See Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-2-4-.03(2) (2003) (“the child

support award is based on a flat percentage of the obligor’s net income”); see also Gallaher, 104

S.W.3d at 462; Gray, 78 S.W.3d at 883-84.

Furthermore, even if it were permissible for a trial court to deviate from the Guidelines and

order both parent’s to pay child support in this case, the Guidelines provide a specific procedure for

doing so, stating:

These guidelines shall be applied as a rebuttable presumption in all

child support cases. If the court finds that the evidence is sufficient

to rebut the presumption that the application of the guidelines is the

correct amount to be awarded, then the court must make a written or

specific finding that the application of the child support guidelines

would be unjust or inappropriate in that particular case. Findings that

rebut these guidelines must state the amount that would have been

required under the guidelines and include a justification for deviation

from guidelines which takes into consideration the best interest of the

child.

Tenn. Comp. R. & Reg. 1240-2-4-.02(7) (2003) (emphasis added); see also Gallaher, 104 S.W.3d

at 462; State ex. rel. Wrzesniewski v. Miller, 77 S.W.3d 195, 197 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); Rubin v.

Kirshner, 948 S.W.2d 742, 747 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Thus, in the event that the trial court

attempted to deviate from the Guidelines, it erred by failing to enter specific or written findings

including a justification for its deviation.

We have previously determined that Wife should be the primary residential parent for

Cameron with Husband having liberal visitation. Accordingly, in creating a permanent parenting
-15-

plan on remand, the trial court is instructed to recalculate the amount of child support that Husband,

as the obligor parent, owes to Wife, as the obligee parent, consistent with the Guidelines and this

opinion. However, we cannot end our analysis of this issue at this point. At the conclusion of the

hearing below, the trial court stated that it found Husband to be underemployed. Husband takes

issue with this finding on appeal, arguing that the trial court should have calculated his child support

obligation based on his current income. 

The Guidelines provide that, “[i]f an obligor is willfully and voluntarily unemployed or

underemployed, child support shall be calculated based on a determination of potential income, as

evidenced by educational level and/or previous work experience.” Tenn. Comp. R. & Reg. 1240-2-

4-.03(d) (2003). “To calculate a child support award based on earning capacity rather than actual

net income, there must be a threshold finding that the obligor is willfully and voluntarily

underemployed or unemployed.” Marcus v. Marcus, No. 02A01-9611-CV-00286, 1998 Tenn. App.

LEXIS 55, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 28, 1998). “Whether a party is willfully and voluntarily

underemployed is a fact question, and the trial court has considerable discretion in its determination.”

Willis v. Willis, 62 S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). Due to the factual nature of this

determination, a finding of underemployment must be supported by the evidence in the record.

Lacey v. Lacey, No. W2002-02813-COA-R3-CV, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 790, at *8 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Oct. 31, 2003); Marcus, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 55, at *8.

The courts of this state are more apt to find that an obligor parent is willfully and voluntarily

underemployed when he or she voluntarily leaves that employment to accept employment providing

significantly less income. See Lacey, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 790, at *8; State ex. rel. Ledbetter

v. Godsey, No. M1998-00958-COA-R3-CV, 2000 Tenn. App. LEXIS 406, at *13-15 (Tenn. Ct. App.

June 22, 2000); Willis, 62 S.W.3d at 738; Ralston v. Ralston, No. 01A01-9804-CV-00222, 1999

Tenn. App. LEXIS 529, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 3, 1999). Husband’s undisputed testimony

establishes that he did not voluntarily leave his job at Service Merchandise, but the company

terminated his position when it filed for bankruptcy. In support of her argument that Husband is

willfully and voluntarily underemployed, Wife points to her testimony that Husband threatened to

quit his job and lower his income. Even assuming Husband did make this statement, it does not

change the fact that his employment with Service Merchandise was involuntarily ended.

“While the initial loss of employment may have been involuntary, an obligor’s course of

action and decision-making after termination can demonstrate willful and voluntary

underemployment.” Godsey, 2000 Tenn. App. LEXIS 406, at *15. However, there is no proof in the

record indicating that Husband’s actions after losing his job rise to the level of willful and voluntary

underemployment. As we have previously stated, “[a]lthough there is no requirement that a parent

intended to avoid their child support obligations by their actions, we do think that willful or

voluntary unemployment or underemployment must result from an intent on the part of the parent

to reduce or terminate his or her income.” Wilson v. Wilson, 43 S.W.3d 495, 497 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2000). Since the record is devoid of any evidence showing such an intention, the trial court erred

in finding Husband to be willfully and voluntarily underemployment. See Lacey, 2003 Tenn. App.

LEXIS 790, at *9-10 (affirming a trial court’sfinding that a parent was not willfully and voluntarily
-16-

underemployed where the undisputed evidence presented at trial showed the loss of her prior job was

involuntary and unforseen); Beem v. Beem, No. 02A01-9511-CV-00252, 1996 Tenn. App. LEXIS

717, at *7-8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 1996) (noting that a trial court erred in finding that the husband

was willfully and voluntarily unemployed when his undisputed testimony showed that he lost his job

because his position was terminated and did everything possible to secure other employment).

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in determining Husband to be underemployed, and

the trial court is instructed on remand to calculate Husband’s child support obligation based upon

his current income.

C.

Alimony

The trial court ordered Husband to pay Wife transitional alimony in the amount of $750.00

per month for three years. On appeal, Husband argues that the trial court heard no evidence

regardingWife’s need, her economic disadvantage, or his abilityto pay. In addition, Husband points

to the fact that Wife did not request alimony in her complaint for divorce. While admitting that the

trial court did not make specific findings regarding her economic disadvantage or need, Wife argues

that, by granting an award of transitional alimony, the trial court implicitly made both findings.

Likewise, Wife also argues that the trial court made an implicit finding that Wife did not need

rehabilitation, which Wife asserts is correct. 

“There are no hard and fast rules for spousal support decisions.” Anderton v. Anderton, 988

S.W.2d 675, 682 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). “Whether an alimony award is appropriate is dependent

on the facts and circumstances of each case.” Sullivan v. Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d 507, 510 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2002). Due to the factually driven nature of the decision, courts must weigh numerous factors,

including those set forth by the legislature in section 36-5-101(d)(1)(E) of the Tennessee Code.

Cranford v. Cranford, 772 S.W.2d 48, 50 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). “The trial court has broad

discretion in determining the type, amount, and duration of alimony based upon the particular facts

of each case.” Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d at 511 (citing Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1998)); see also Nelson v. Nelson, 106 S.W.3d 20, 23 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

Recognizing that trial courts have broad discretion in determining whether alimony is

appropriate in a given case, Nelson, 106 S.W.3d at 23; Anderton, 988 S.W.2d at 682, we employ the

following standard of review in evaluating such decisions:

We review matters of alimony under an abuse of discretion standard.

If the discretionary decision is within a range of acceptable

alternatives, appellate courts will not substitute their decision for that

of the trial court simply because the appellate court would have

chosen a different alternative. White v. Vanderbilt Univ., 21 S.W.3d

215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). We review the trial court’s

discretionary decisions to determine: (1) whether the decisions are

supported by the facts in evidence; (2) whether the trial court
We are somewhat puzzled by the trial court’s oral findings at the conclusion of the trial in this case, providing

7

as follows: “Taking into consideration support obligations, the pleadingsasked for temporary alimony, but I think there

should be some transitional alimony here.” (emphasis added.) After reviewing Wife’s complaint for divorce, we find

no specific references to alimony in any form.

-17-

identified and applied the applicable legal principles; (3) whether the

trial court's decisions are within the range of acceptable alternatives.

Id.

Sullivan, 107 S.W.3d at 510. “Appellate courts are generally disinclined to second-guess a trial

court’s spousal support decision unless it is not supported by the evidence or is contrary to the public

policies reflected in the applicable statutes.” Anderton, 988 S.W.2d at 682. 

We begin with Husband’s assertion that Wife did not request alimony in her complaint. “In

this State a divorce may be granted without alimony, and alimonymay be granted without decreeing

a divorce, there being no necessary or absolute connection between divorce and alimony under the

statute.” Qualls v. Qualls, 589 S.W.2d 906, 909 (Tenn. 1979). When a party files a complaint for

divorce, “[t]he complaint for divorce shall set forth the grounds for divorce in substantially the

language of the [applicable statutes], and pray for a divorce from the defendant, or for a divorce and

such other and further relief to which the complainant may think to be entitled.” Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-4-106(a)(1) (2003) (emphasis added). In Qualls, our supreme court held that “a prayer for

general relief is not sufficient to support an award of alimony in a case which the judgment is taken

upon default of the defendant.” Qualls, 589 S.W.2d at 909 (emphasis added). The subsequent

decisions of this Court have interpreted the decision in Qualls as being limited to the default

judgment context. See West v. West, No. M1998-00725-COA-R3-CV, 2000 Tenn. App. LEXIS 37,

at *11-12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 27, 2000); Bulla v. Bulla, No. 01-A-01-9004-CV-00133, 1990 Tenn.

App. LEXIS 774, at *9 (Tenn.Ct. App. Oct. 24, 1990); Allen v. Allen, No. 89-288-II, 1990 Tenn.

App. LEXIS 61, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 2, 1990); Moore v. Moore, No. 87-92-II, 1988 Tenn.

App. LEXIS 424, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 24, 1988).

While it is advisable for parties to include a specific prayer for alimony in their complaints,

See Moore, 1988 Tenn. App. LEXIS 424, at *5, Wife’s failure to do so in this case is not fatal to the

trial court’s award of alimony. When a complaint contains no indication that a party is seeking 7

alimony in a divorce proceeding or the party expressly negates a request for alimony during the

course of the proceedings, an award of alimony by a trial court may very well be improper. See

Allen, 1990 Tenn. App. LEXIS 61, at *8-9 (noting that the issue of alimony must be tried, and the

obligor spouse must be given an opportunity to demonstrate that alimony is not needed in a given

case.) However, Wife’s complaint does contain a general prayer for relief, thereby placing Husband

on notice that she sought maintenance and support. See Bulla, 1990 Tenn. App. LEXIS 774, at *9-

10.

We now turn to the trial court’s decision to award Wife alimony in this case. “The purpose

of spousal support is to aid the disadvantaged spouse to become and remain self-sufficient and, when
Wife argues that, pursuant to section 36-5-101(d)(1)(B) of the Tennessee Code, the courts of this state are

8

required to award spousal support to allow the economically disadvantaged spouse’s standard of living post-divorce to

remain comparable to the standard of living enjoyed during the marriage or to the post-divorce standard of living enjoyed

by the other spouse. In support of this position, Wife points to the disparity in income imputed to the parties by the trial

court. In reversing the trial court’s decision regarding child support, we noted that the trial court erred by imputing

income to the Father instead of considering his current income. Thus, the gap in earnings between the parties is not as

wide as Wife suggests.

-18-

economic rehabilitation is not feasible, to mitigate the harsh economic realities of divorce.”

Anderton, 988 S.W.2d at 682 (citing Shackleford v. Shackleford, 611 S.W.2d 598, 601 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1980)). Our legislature has defined transitional alimony asfollows:

Transitional alimony means a sum of money payable by one (1) party

to, or on behalf of, the other party for a determined period of time. .

. . Transitional alimony is awarded when the court finds that

rehabilitation is not necessary, but the economically disadvantaged

spouse needs assistance to adjust to the economic consequences of

a divorce, legal separation or other proceeding where spousal support

may be awarded, such as a petition for an order of protection.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d)(1)(D) (2003) (emphasis added). The recipient spouse’s need and

the obligor spouse’s ability to pay are the primary considerations in determining whether alimony

is warranted in a given case, Bratton v. Bratton, 136 S.W.3d 595, 604 (Tenn. 2004), with the

recipient spouse’s need being the “cornerstone for the award of alimony.” Lancaster v. Lancaster,

671 S.W.2d 501, 503 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984).

As with the other issues raised by the parties on appeal, our task is complicated somewhat

by the fact that the trial court made no findings of fact regarding the alimony award. The record

contains no findings by the trial court to the effect that Wife was economically disadvantaged or

not in need of rehabilitation. Upon reviewing the record, we find no evidence regarding Wife’s need

for alimony. Although Wife’s complaint was sufficient to place Husband on notice that alimony 8

would be sought in this case, “there must be some evidence in the record from which alimony may

be granted.” Allen, 1990 Tenn. App. LEXIS 61, at *9; see also Cranford v. Cranford, 772 S.W.2d

48, 50 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). Finding none, we must conclude that the trial court’s award of

alimony in this case was an abuse of the trial court’s discretion and reverse that decision.

D.

Attorney’s Fees

Both parties have requested that this Court award them their respective attorney’s fees on

appeal. This state follows the firmly established American rule which provides that litigants are

responsible for their own attorney’s fees absent a statute or agreement between the parties providing

otherwise. State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 194 (Tenn. 2000). In

divorce proceedings, the recovery of attorney’s fees by a litigant is provided for by statute which
-19-

provides that a spouse seeking enforcement of an alimony or custody award in a decree may be

granted attorney’s fees in the discretion of the court before whom the action is pending. Tenn. Code.

Ann. 36-5-103(c) (2003).

The discretion to award attorney’s fees on appeal in a proceeding of this nature rests within

the discretion of the Court. Archer v. Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412, 419 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). When

considering a request for attorney’s fees on appeal, we also consider the requesting party’s ability

to pay such fees, the requesting party’s success on appeal, whether the requesting party sought the

appeal in good faith, and any other equitable factors relevant in a given case. Dulin v. Dulin, No.

W2001-02969-COA-R3-CV, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 628, at *26-27 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 3, 2003)

(citing Folk v. Folk, 357 S.W.2d 828, 829 (Tenn. 1962)); see also Shofner v. Shofner, No. M2003-

01550-COA-R3-CV, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 865, at *41 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 23, 2004).

Regarding Wife’srequest for attorney’s fees, we note that, on appeal, Wife is not seeking to

enforce the custody arrangement ordered by the trial court. Rather, she is seeking to have the

custody arrangement overturned on appeal. Thus, since she is not seeking to enforce the decree,

therefore, we deny her request for attorney’s fees. Husband’s request for attorney’s fees is likewise

denied because he is not seeking to enforce the final decree on appeal but, instead, seeks to have it

declared invalid by this Court. See Parchman v. Parchman, No. W2003-01204-COA-R3-CV, 2004

Tenn. App. LEXIS 768, at *15-16 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 17, 2004). Additionally, since both parties

have prevailed regarding their respective issues raised on appeal, we decline to grant either party’s

request for attorney’s fees in this case. See Baggett v. Baggett, 512 S.W.2d 292, 294 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1973).

III.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth herein, we reverse the decisions of the trial court regarding child

custody, child support, and alimony. We remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are to be taxed equally between the Appellant,

Suzan Darvarmanesh and her surety, and the Appellee, Mahyar Gharacholou, for which execution

my issue if necessary.

___________________________________ 

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE