S E W A G E S L U D G E I NC I N E RA T O R I N F O R M A T I O NA L M E ET I NG

W I T H T H E N A T I O NA L A S S O C I A T I O N O F C L E AN W A TE R A G E NC I ES A u g u s t 25 , 2009 8 : 30 a m

– 1 2 : 30 p m R oo m E 301 109 T

. W

. A l e xa nd e r D r i v e R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e P a r k , NC 27711

M EE T I N G A TT E N D E ES :

U

. S

. E PA NAC W A A m y H a m b r i c k R o b e r t D o mi n a k K e t a n Pa t e l C h r i s H o r n b ec k M a r t h a S mi t h M a r k F i l n e r t C h a r l e n e S p e l l s D o u g M cW ill i a m s L a r r y E l m o r e S u s mi t a D ub ey E RG R on M e y e

r s A m b e r A l l e n L y n L ub e n R o b i n D unk i n s R i c k S t e v e n s

S U M M A RY :

T h i s m e e t i n g s e

r v e d a s a n i n f o r m a ti o n s e s s i o n f

o r t h e b e n e f

i t o f b o t h N A C W A

a n d E P A

. A f

t e r b r i e f i n t r od

u c ti o n s , B o b D o m i n a k

, R e s i d u a l s & A i r E mi ss i o n s M a n a g e r o f t h e N o r t h e a s t O h i o R e g i o n a l S e w e

r D i s t r i c t g a v e

a p r e s e n t a ti o n o n s e w a g e s l udg e i n c i n e r a t i o n

. T h i s c o m

p r i s e d t h e bu l k o f t h e m ee t i n g a nd w a s f o ll o w e d b y a b r i e f p e

r i o d o f o p e n d i s c u ss i o n b e f o r e t h e m ee ti n g w a s

a d j o u r n e d

. T h e m ee t i ng a g e n d a a nd p r e s e n t a ti o n a r e a tt a c h e d

.
SSI P R E S E N T A T I O N O V E R V I EW : M r

. D o m i n a k b e g a n b y p r e s e n ti n g a c o m p r e h e n s i v e h i s t o r y o n b i o s o l i d s ( s e w a g e s l udg e )

m a n a g e m e n t a n d t h e e v e n t u a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s ( WW T P s )

. H e d e s c r i b e d t h e d i ff

e r e n t f a c t o r s t h a t c a n c on t r i bu t e t o t h e c o m p o s i ti o n o f s e w a g e s l u dg e , w h i c h i n t u r n a ff e c t e m i ss i o n s r e s u l t i n g f

r o m t h e i n c i n e

r a t i o n o f t h e s e w a g e s l u dg e

. T h e m a i n f a c t o r i s t h e i n f l u e n t i t s e l f

, bu t p r i m a r y w a s t e

c ond i ti on i n g m e t h od s , d e w a t e r i n g d e v i c e s , a nd p l a n t o p e r a ti o n s

a l s o m a k e a d i f f e r e n c e

.

M r

. D o m i n a k t h e n r e v i e w e d t h e c u rr e n t b i o s o li d s m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s i n u s e i n t h e U .S. H e

e m p h a s i z e d t h a t c ho o s i n g w h a t m a n a g e m e n t m e t h od i s b e s t s u i t e d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r l y t r e a t m e n t p l a n t i s a l o c a l d e c i s i o n ; w h a t w o r k s w e l l f o r o n e m u n i c i p a l i t y m i g h t n o t b e e c o n o m i c a l o r t e c hno l o g i c a l l y f

e a s i b l e f o r a no t h e r

. O t h e r a tt e nd e e s r e p r e s e n ti n g N A C W A a g r ee d a n d p r o v i d e d

e x a m p l e s o f s u c h s c e n a r i o s w i t h w h i c h t h e y h a d e x p e r i e n c e

.

A f t e r a d e t a il e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e t e c hn i c a l a s p ec t s o f SS I s , c o n t r o l m e t ho d s , a nd e n e r g y r e c o v e

r y t e c hn i q u e s , M r

. D o m i n a k e x p l a i n e d t h e c u rr e n t r e g u l a ti o n s i n e f f ec t f o r t h e s e i n c i n e

r a t o r s

. H e t h e n e xp l a i n e d

SS I e mi s s i o n s i n t h e

c o n t e x t o f t h e 10 S ec ti o n 129 p o l l u t a n t s . P M
, PM 2 .5 , o p a c i t y , a nd m e r c u r y a l r e a d y h a v e n a ti o n a l r e g u l a t o r y e mi s s i o n l i m it s f o r SS I s , a nd t h e

r e f o r e t h e r e a r e t e s t d a t a a v a il a b l e i n m a n y c a s e s f o r t h e s e po l l u t a n t s

. O n t h e o t h e r h a nd , SO 2 , H C l

, NO x , C O

, l e a d

,c a d mi u m , a n d d i o x i n s d o n o t h a v e n a t i o n a l r e g u l a t o r y e mi s s i o n li mi t s f o r SS I s , s o l e ss t e s t d a t a

e x i s t s f o r t h e s e po l l u t a n t s

. E P A

a nd N A C W A b o t h c on d

u c t e d d i o x i n s u r v e y s i n t h e m i d 1990 ’ s , ho w e v e r , o b t a i n i n g d i o x i n e mi s s i o n d a t a f o r 1 4 S S I s

.

F i n a ll y , M r

. D o m i n a k il l u s t r a t e d t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f M A C T s t a nd a r d s f o r t h e s e po l l u t a n t s f

o r SS I s , b o t h o n t h e i n d

u s t r y a nd o n t h e e nv i r on m e n t

.

D I S CU S S I ON : A f t e r M r

. D o mi n a k ’ s p r e s e n t a t i o n , t h e f l oo r w a s op e n e d f

o r d i s c u s s i o n

.

O f p r im a r y c o n c e r n w a s t h e i d ea o f h a v i n g s t a t i c lim it s s e t f o r t h e p o ll u t a n t s f

o r a l l SS I s , e v e n t h o ug h e mi ss i o n s f

r o m SS I s a r e h i g h l y d e p e nd e n t o n l o c a l c o n d it i o n s

. R e p ea t e d

e m p h a s i s w a s p l ace d o n t h e f ac t t h a t n o m a tt e r w h a t , a pub li c l y o w n e d t r ea t m e n t w o r k s ( P O T W ) m

u s t t r e a t w h a t e v e r i s r ec e i v e d . T h e p l a n t h a s l im it e d c o n t r o l o v e r t h e

c o m p o s it i o n o f t h e i n f

l u e n t , a s t h i s d e p e n d s o n t h e p e r ce n t o f r e s i d e n t i a l v e r s e s i ndu s t r i a l

e n t i t i e s s e r v e d b y t h e p l a n t

. I n a dd it i o n , i l l e g a l d i s c h a r g e r s , m e r c u r y f r o m d e n t a l

a m a l g a m s , r u n o f

f f r o m h i g h w a y s , a n d o t h e r f ac t o r s o v e r w h i c h a p l a n t h a s n o c o n t r o l w il l

c o n t r i b u t e t o h i g h v a r i a b il i t y i n e m i ss i o n s f o r a p l a n t

. I n s t ea d o f a s t a t i c l im it f o r p o ll u t a n t s , i t w a s s ugg e s t e d t h a t s t a n d a r d s f o r c o n t r o l e ff

i c i e n c i e s m i g h t b e m

o r e

a pp r o p r i a t e , s i n ce t h i s i s s o m e t h i ng a p l a n t c o u l d m

o r e ea s il y c o n t r o l

. I f a l im it m u s t b e d e t e r mi n e d

, i t w a s r e c o mm e n d e d t h a t t h e r e b e s e p a r a t e c a t e g o r i e s b a s e d o n i n c i n e r a t o r t y p e ( e

. g

. m

u l t i p l e h ea r t h v s

. f

l u i d i z e d b e d )

. I t w a s t h o ug h t t h e f a c il it i e s s h ou l d a l s o b e

ca t e g o r i ze d b y s i ze o r b y t h e t y p e s o f i n f l u e n t s o u r ce s (r e s i d e n t i a l v s

. i n du s t r i a l )

.

A T T AC H M E NT : I n c i n e r a t i o n o f B i o s o li d s ( S e w a g e S l udg e ) P r e s e n t a t i o n b y R o b e r t P

. D o mi n a k

## I ncine r a t ion o f B io s olid s (S e w age S ludge)

Rob e r t P

. Do m i n a k

R e s i du a l s & A i r E m i ss i o n s M a n ag er N o r t h e a s t O h i o R e g i o n a l S e w er D i s t r i ct

A u g u s t 25, 2009

### Pr ese nt a t i on O v e r v i ew

• His to r y of B i o s o li d s (s e w a g e s l u dg e) M a n a g eme n t

• I n c i n e r at i on o f B io s o li d s

• A ir P ol l u t i on Con t r ol D e v i ces

• E n e rg y R e c o v e r y M et hods

• Cur r e n t I n c i n e r a t i on R e gu l at i ons

### Pr ese nt a t i on O v e r v i ew

• A ir E m i ss i on s o f t h e 10 P ol l u ta n ts R e gu l ate d und e r Sect i on 129 f r o m b i o s ol i d s i n c i n e r at o rs

• P o ss i b l e I m p act o f P o te n t i a l M A CT Sta nd a r d s
on PO TW s t h at p r act i c e i n c i n e r a t i on

• E n v ir on me n ta l I m p act o f M A CT Sta nd a r ds

• S u mm a r y & A c t i on I tems

## P ubli c P erce p t ion o f B io s o l i ds

M r

. Do m i n ak

– W h y d o n ’ t y o u j u st st op
ma nu fact u ri ng t h at st u ff at y ou r p l a n ts? M a ’ a m d i d y o u ...? O h ! I t ’ s f r o m me?

Ye s ! G od g a v e u s...

## H i s t o r y o f B i o s olid s M a n a g eme nt

D e u te r ono m y 2 3 : 1 2-13


### Y ou s h a l l h a v e a p l a ce ou t s i d e t h e
ca m p

... w h e r e y ou s h a ll d i g a h o l e...
a nd c o v e r up y ou r B i o s o li d s.



### M o ses Who w a s t h e f ir s t B i o s ol i d s M a n a g e r?

## H i s t o r y o f B i o s olid s M a n a g eme nt

• 2100 BC : E g y pt

- W as t e f r o m E li t e & R e li g i ou s se n t t o r i v e rs



### • 1600 BC : C r ete

- Toilets and Se w er S y s t em fo r R o y a l ty



### • 300 BC : A t h e n s

- Waste h a ule d to l andfill C h arge d la n do w ners

## H i s t o r y o f B i o s olid s M a n a g eme nt

• 300 BC t o 40 0 A D : Ro me

- Public Toi l ets

- Waste t o R i v e rs



### F all of R ome

• 

### 500 t o 1700s :

- O p e n t r e n c h es

- Ch am b e r po ts

- O u t hou ses

- C ess poo ls

## H i s t o r y o f B i o s olid s M a n a g eme nt

• L ate 18t h C e n t u ry

- S e w e r s



### • 1860 s : Se p t i c T a n ks

• 1900 s : W ast e w at e r T r eatme n t P l a n ts

C l e v e l a nd Easte r l y - 1908 C l e v e l a nd W este r l y - 1914 C l e v e l a nd S ou t h e r l y - 1927

### O n e of th e f i r s t Bi o l og ical WW T P s i n th e U. S.

Easte r l y W as t e w a te r T r eatme n t P l a nt

1938

## H i s t o r y o f B i o s olid s M a n a g eme nt

B i o s o li d s M a n a g eme n t 1930s +

• L a nd f i l li ng

• I n c i n e r at i on

• L a nd a pp li cat i on

• G i v e i t a w a y t o r es i d e n ts

# C u y a hog a R i v e r F i re

J un e 22 , 1969J un e 2 , 1 949

M a r c h 1 4 , 1 9 51

N o v 3 , 1952

D ec 19 , 1 9 61 

# C u y ahoga R i v e r F i r es

N o v 4 , 1952

C l e v e l a n d S t a te U n i v e r s i t y A r c h i ves

## F e d era l W a t e r P ol l u t i o n C o n t r ol

A me nd me n t s o f 1972
O c t obe r 18

, 1972
Gi v es E P A t h e a u t ho r i t y t o i m p l e m e n t p o l l u t i on c on t r o l p r og r a m s s u c h a s w a s t e w a t e r t r ea t m e n t s t a nd a r d s

- S e c on d a r y T r ea t m e nt

- C on s t r u c t i on G r an t s up t o 7 5 % o f C o s t s f o r P O T W s i n c l ud i n g S S I s + 15 % a dd i t i on a l f und i n g f o r I n n o v a t i v e & A l t e r na t i v e T e c h no l o g i es

## U

. S

. E P A ’ s B io s olid s R e g ul a t ions

F e b r u a r y 19 , 19 93



### • 40 CFR P a r t 503 Sta nd a r d s f or t h e U se or D i s po sa l o f B i o s ol i ds

- E s t a b l i s h e s po ll u t a n t li m i t s , m a n a g e m e n t p r ac t i c e s , a nd o p e r a t i on a l s t a nd a r d s f o r B i o s o l i d s t h a t a r e:

a

. a pp l i e d t o t h e l a nd , b

. p l a c e d o n a s u r f ace d i s po s a l s i t e , o r
c

. f i r e d i n a n i n c i n e r a t o r

.

- L a nd f il l i ng c o v e r e d und e r 4 0 C F R P a r t 258

## 16 , 500 P ubli c l y O w n e d

T rea t me n t Wo rks (P OT W s ) in t h e U n i t e d St a t es

# S ou t h e r l y WW T C

- 240 a c r es

## S ou t h er l y WWT C P r o cess Fl o w D i a g ram

## D i ff ere n c e s in C o m po s i t i o n &

Qu a li t y o f B i o s olids

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

1

. P l a n t I n f l u e n t

- % R e si d enti al

- % Co m me r ci a l Busin e s s es

- % Ind u str i al ( ca dmium , l e ad, me r c u r y)

- I n dustr i al Pre-T r eat m ent Pro g ram s?

- Ground w ater c ontami n ants

- Infilt r ation/in f low

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

1

. P l a n t I n f l u e n t ( c on t ’ d )

- Sani t a r y & C o mbine d Se w er S y s t ems

- Illegal d i s char g es o r dum p s do w n se w ers

- I lle g al se w er ti e -ins

- M erc u r y

f r om d ental a m alg a ms

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

1

. P l a n t I n f l u e n t ( c on t ’ d )

- R u noff fro m h i gh w a ys

- C an’t stor e inf l uent

- n eed t o tr e at w hen rece i v ed

- C an’t cho o se o r re j ect w hat is co m ing in

o n a r ea l ti me bas is

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

2

. Cond i t i on i ng o f pr i m a r y a n d w as t e act i v ate d s o li d s t o i m p r o v e d e w a te ri ng

- c h e m i ca l s

- a l um

- fe rr i c

- l i me

- po l y me r

- t h e r m a l

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

3

. D e w at e ri ng D e v i ces

- v a cu u m filt e rs

- pla t e & f r am e pre s ses

- belt f i lter pr es ses

- cen t rifug es

- sc r e w and rot a r y

p r es s es

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

4

. P l a n t O p e r a t i on s

- act i v ated slud g e pr o ce ss

- t ri c kling f ilte r proc e ss

- p h y s i c al c he m ical pro c e s s

- sin g le o r t w o stage s of tr e at m ent

- nitrif i cati o n / d e-nitrif i catio n pr o c e ss

## D i ff ere n ce in B io s olid s D u e t o:

4

. P l a n t O p e r a t i on s (c on t ’ d )

- ratio of prim ar y so l ids and

w aste act i v a ted so l ids ( slud g e)

- sol i ds r em o v a l effic i en cy

- bio-nutr i ent re m o v a l r e quir e men ts

- re c y cl e flo w s from uni t tr e atmen t proc e s s es

## I m p r o v e me n t s in t h e

Qu a li t y o f B i o s olids

## I m p r o v e me n t s in t h e

Qu a li t y o f B i o s olids

S ub sta n t i a l r e du ct i on i n h ea v y meta l s i n t h e i n f l u e n t , eff l u e n t a nd b i o s o li d s du e t o:

1

. 4 0 CFR Pa r t 403

– Ge n e r a l P r e t r e a tme n t R e gu l at i on s f or Ex i s t i ng & N e w S ou r ces
o f P ol l u t i on

2

. 4 0 CFR Pa r t 503

– U se o r D i s po sa l o f S e w a g e S l udge

## R e du c t ion i n M e t a l C on ce n t ra t ions

C i t y o f L A H y p er ion W WTP

### A ve r a g e R e du c t i on s f r o m 1980

- 2 004 at t h e

N EO R S D ’ s t h r e e WWT Ps:

90

87 Z i nc 90

89 N i ckel 100

95 L ead 90

62 Cop p er 97

90 Ch r o m i um 99

99 C a d m i um % R e du ct i on i n Ef f l u e nt % R e du ct i on i n I n f l u e nt M et al 

## R e du c t ion i n M e t a l C on ce n t ra t ions

## R e du c t ion i n M e t a l C on ce n t ra t ions

S o u t h e r l y WW T C B i o s o li d

s - C a d m i um

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

1 9 80 1 9 81 1 9 82 1 9 83 1 9 84 1 9 85 1 9 86 1 9 87 1 9 88 1 9 89 1 9 90 1 9 91 1 9 92 1 9 93 1 9 94 1 9 95 1 9 96 1 9 97 1 9 98 1 9 99 2 0 00 2 0 01 2 0 02 2 0 03 2 0 04

Y e arConcentration,drymg/kg

A VG

P E AK N E O R S D P r e t r ea t m e nt Pr og r am

1 Ill e g a l d i sc h a r g er 1 Ill e g a l d i sc h a r g er

## C u rre n t B io s olid s

M a n a g eme n t P rac t i c e s in t h e U n i t e d St a t es

## A l k a lin e St a b i li z a t ion

L i me a dd e d t o B i o s o li ds

F i n a l P r odu ct

- s oi l a me nd me n t o r a g ri c u l t u r a l l i me

## C o m po s t ing

O r g a n i c M att e r i s d ec o m po s ed

F i n a l P r odu ct

- l a n d sca p i ng a nd

a g ri c u l t u r a l pu r po ses

## H ea t D r y ing

• W ate r e v a po r ated

• 50

- 6 5 %

r e d u ct i on i n v o l u me

F i n a l P r odu ct

- O rg a n i c F e r t il iz e r ( p e ll ets)

## In c in era t ion

• W ate r e v a po r ated

• Co m bu st i on o f

v o l at il e c on te nt

• 85

- 9 5 %

r e du ct i on i n
v o l u me

F i n a l P r odu ct

- A sh

## In c in era t ion o f B io s ol i d s (t y p.)

W ate r 7 5%

D r y s o li d s 2 5%

V o l at i l e ( bu r n a b l e) Con te nt

7 0 % I n e r t A s h C o n t e nt 30 % 

### 100 pound s o f B io s o li ds

75 l bs 25 l bs

17

. 5 l bs 7

. 5 l bs

92

. 5 % R e d u ct i on in V o l u me

### B i o s o li d s a ppl i e d t o :

- F a r m L a nd

- R ec l a mat i on S i t es 

## L a nd A ppli ca t ion

L o w C o st F e r t il iz er

### B i o s o li d s a ppl i e d t o d e d i cate d d i s po sa l s i te s



## S u r f ace D i s po sal

– Li m i t ed nu m ber o f c rop s gr o wn

– H igher appli c a t ion r a t e s t han allo w ed a t f a r ms

– A c c e ss t o s i t e re s t r i ct ed

L o w Co st F e r t i l i z er

### Dis po sal of b i o s o li d s a t :

1

. Co mm e r c i a ll y - o w n e d l a nd f il ls

2

. M un i c i p a li t y

/ D i st ri c t o w n e d l a nd f ill 

## L a nd f i l li ngDistribu t ed & M arketed 9% Landfil l ed 2 8%

Inci n era t ed 1 7 % Land A p p lied 4 5% Surf a ce Dispo s al 1% 

## B io s olid s M a n a g eme n t P ra c t i ces in t h e U n i t e d St a t es (Est .)

( 5

- 7 m i l l i on d r y m e t r i c t on s / yea r)

( 850 , 0 0 0

- 1

. 2 m i l li on)

## Lo ca l D ec i s ion Dr i v e n B y L o ca l

F ac t o rs & F e a rs ( N I MB Y s) 

## S e l ec t ion o f a B io s olid s M a n a g eme n t Op t i on i s a

## N E O R S D

Long

- T erm R e s idu a l s M a n a g eme n t P l an

A U niqu e C a s e St ud y

### • P o li t i c a l s ubd i v i s ion o f t h e State o f O h i o (1972)

• P r o v i d e w ast e w a t e r t r eatme n t s e r v i ces f or C l e v e l a nd a nd 60 s ubu r bs

- 1

. 1 M i lli o n r e s i d e n t s a nd b u s i n e sses



### • P r o cess a n a v e r a g e o f 230 m i l l i on g a ll on s o f w a st e w ate r p e r d ay

• 1972 - 2008 : i n v e ste d o v e r $2

. 2 bil l ion i n p r o j ects t o p r o tect publ i c h ea l t h & t h e e n v i ron me n t

• W i ll i n v est $8 bil l ion o ve r t h e n ext 2 5

- 3 0 y e a rs ( P l a n t s , C S O s , S S O s , S t

o rm w a t e r)

### S ou t h e r ly
( 100 M G D) 

### Easte r ly
( 100 M G D) 

### W este r ly
( 30 M G D) 

## N E O R S D W a s t e w a t er T rea t me n t P l a n ts

B i oso li ds Fo r ce M a in

## Fi v e Wa st e w a t e r R e s i d uals

• G r i t

• 

### S c r ee n i ng s

• 

### S ki mm i ngs

• 

### Bi o s o l i d s



## • Bi o s o li ds I n ci n e r a t o r A s h

## N E O R S D R es i du a l s

M a n a g eme n t P rac t i c es

• G r i t & S c r ee n i ng s - 10 0 % L a n d f i ll e d

• B i o s ol i ds

- 9 0 % I n c i n e r ate d / 1 0 % L a nd f ill ed

• B i o s o li d s I n c i n e r at o r A s h

- 10 0 % L a nd f ill ed

• S k i m m i ngs - 1 0 0 %

I n c i n e r ated

Fu ll c o m p li a n ce w i t h a l l a ppl i ca b l e Ru l es a nd R e gu l at i ons

### FAC E

D W I TH:



### • P ot e nt ial R e gu l a to r y C h a n g es ( B i o s o li d s , A i r E m i s s i on s , L a nd f i l li ng)



### +



### • P ot e nt ial I n c r e a ses i n Resi du als Dis p o sal C o s ts

Con d u ct a 

### Resi du als M a n a g eme n t St u dy

## N E O R S D B io s olid s

M a n a g eme n t P l an J anua r y 2005

## S ou t h er l y B io s olids

R e p l ace 4 ex i s t ing M u l t i p l e H ea r t h I n c i n e r at or s ( B u il t i n 1 96 4 wi t h m a j o r
u p g r a d e s i n t h e 19 7 0s)



### w i th 3 n e w F l u i d i z e d Be d I n ci n e r a t o rs

L a nd f i ll i ng as a b ack- up

## S ou t h er l y B io s olids

• D ec o mm i ss i on t h e ex i s t i ng S l udg e Th e r ma l Cond i t i on i ng ( Z i m p r o ) S y st e m

( M om & G r a ndm a ’ s o l d p r ess u r e c oo k e r)



### • I n sta ll a n e w c h e m i c a l c ond i t i on i n g s y stem

a nd 9- n e w h i gh s o li d s d e w at e ri ng c e n t ri f ug es

## E as t er l y B io s olids

C ont i nu e to p ump b i o s o li d s

f r om E as t e r l y t o S o u th e r l y

S ou t h e r ly E as t e r ly

B i oso li ds Fo r ce M a in

## W es t er l y B io s olids

• C o n t i nu e t o op e r a t e t h e 2 ex i s t i ng M Hs

- To ta l l y

r e n o v a t e d i n m i d 1990s

- I n c o m pl i a n ce w i t h a l l p e r m i t l i m i ts

- M ak e m i nor r e n o v at i on s on a n “ as n ee d e d ” b as is

- L a nd f i l li ng a s a b ack- up

## S ou t h er l y B io s olid s H a ndlin g & I n c in era t ion F ac ili ty

I nc i ne ra t i on

D e w a t e r ing T r u ck Lo a d i ng

## C hange s a t t he N E O R SD

( 2 0 07

– 2 00 8)

## C h a ng es a t t h e D i s t r i c t

• 

### N e w Se n i or Staff M e m b e rs

• N e w Bo a r d o f T r u stees M em b e rs

• M a j or R ate I n c r e a ses r e qui r e d t o f u nd i m p r o v eme n ts t o Co ll ect i on S y s t e ms a nd P l a n ts

Q u est i on - S hou l d t h e D i s t ri c t c on t inu e w i t h

t h e D es i gn a nd Con st r u ct i on of S ou t h e r l y ’ s B i o s o li d s H a nd li ng a nd I n c i n e r at i on P r o j ect?

### Re t ai n a W o r k g r oup o f I nd e p e nd e nt

Bi o s o li d s M a n a g e m e nt E x p e r t s to:

---------------------------------------------- - -- - -------------

- R e v i e w t h e F lu i d iz e d B e d I n c i n e r at i on
r ec o mme nd at i on

- I n v est i g ate n e w e r b i o s ol i d s ma n a g eme n t tec hno l o g y

- D ete r m i n e t h e ca r bon f oo t p ri n t o f t h e v a ri ou s b i o s ol i d s ma n a g eme n t op t i on s

- D ete r m i n e i f in c i n e r at i on i s s t i l l t h e m o st

v i a b l e a nd c o st-effect i v e op t i o n f or S ou t h e r ly

### V ali d a t i on W o r k s hop
A u gu s t 11

- 15 , 20 08

H a r d e r S c h a f e r W e l p Log a n Lu e - H i ng S t on e S h ea

## V a lid a t io n W o rk g r oup’ s F in dings

Th e P r opo se d I n c in e r at i on p r o j ect:

- I s t h e m o s t c o st-effect i v e op t i on

- Will s i gn i f i ca n t l y

r e du ce r e gu l ate d a i r
e m i s s i on s a nd g r ee nhou se g as em i s s i on s

- H as t h e l o w est o do r, no i s e , t r af f i c i m p acts

L a nd f i l l : 1 8 0

- 3 3 0 t

r u ck lo a d s p e r w eek

## Wo rk g r oup’ s R ec o m m e nd a t ions

• P r o cee d w i t h t h e p r o po se d F l u i d i z e d B e d I n c i n e r a t i on P r o j ec t

• C on s i d e r G r een e n e r g y p r odu c t i on

- B o il e r s s upp l y i ng s t ea m t o a s t ea m - p o w e r e d t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r t o p r o d u ce e l ec t r i c i ty

• A c ce l e r a t e c on s t r u c t i on o f t h e n e w F l u i d i z e d B e d I n c i n e r a t o rs ( C o s t S av i n g s ~ $ 7 , 2 0 0 / d a y o r $2

. 6 m illi

on / yea r)

Fluidized B e d In ci

nerati o n wit h gr e e n ene r gy producti

o n i s Sout h erly ’ s m ost via b le, costeffect i ve , and en v

i r onmen t all y fri e ndl y bioso l ids
mana g e m ent opt

io n.

## S ou t h er l y R e n e w a bl e

E n er g y P r oj e ct

Ste a m Tur b ine Gen e rator Bldg.



### N S ep t

. 2 008

## S ou t h er l y R e n e w a bl e

E n er g y P r oj e ct

• Obtai n P e rmi t s - Oct. 20 08

• A w ar d ed a Fl u idi ze d Bed Inci n erat o r E q uip m ent Pro c ure m ent C o nt r act

- No v

. 2 0 08

• Start C onstr u ction - 4 th Q 2 0 09

• Comp l ete Pro j ect - 4 th Q 2 0 12

Total P roj e ct C o st = $1 7 0 m illi on

More i n fo r mati o n t o f oll ow

## In c in era t ion o f B io s ol i ds

## In c in era t ion o f B io s ol i ds

231 I n ci n e r a to r s @ 124 P O T W s i n 25 s t a t es + P u e r to Rico

• 

### 167 M u l t i p l e H ea r t hs

• 63 F l u i di z e d B e ds

• 1 E l ect r i c A rc C i n c i nn a t i M il l C r eek W W TP

6 M H s 3 F Bs

## M ul t i p l e H ear t h In c i n era t or

## Flu i di z e d B e d In c in era t or

## E l ec t r i c A r c In c in era t or

## Wh y P OT W s I n c in era t e?

- A 85

- 9 5 % r e du c tion in soli d s, r es ul ting in

a non-h a zar do us, non-t o xi c , i n ert ash

- D e struc t ion of p athoge ns

- De g ra d ation o f p otentia l l y t o xi c or g anic com p ounds

- M ost c o st-eff e ct i v e b i oso l ids ma n a g ement option

- Don’t h a v e a c c e ss to land app l ica ti on sit e s
o r la n dfil l s

## Wh y P OT W s i n c in era t e?

- Ca n ’t l a nd a pp l y during w inter m o nths

- Don’ t h a v e t h e u nit pro c e s se s re q u i red to p rodu c e
c o mpost or a l and a p pli c ab l e pr o duct

- Su b stan t ial l y

re duced t ru c k traff ic

- Lo w air a n d od o r em i ss i ons

## Wh y P OT W s i n c in era t e?

- L i mite d hou r s o f opera t ion s at l an d fills and l and

a p pli c ation si t es - a dd i t i on a l on - s i t e s t o r a g e r e qu i r ed

- A l r ea d y h a v e a s ignifi c ant c api t al i n v e s t ment in inc i ne r atio n

- G r ea t er c o ntrol o v er bios o lid s m an age m ent c ost s

. N o n e ed to w or r y about i nc r ea se s in l andfi l ling cost s , tr a ns p ortation cos t s a n d l and a p pli c atio n cost s.

### S outh e r l y Bi o s o li d s M a n a g e m e nt

U n i t C o s t s ( 2008 E s t

. )

Mu l t i p l e H ea r t h I n c i n e r at o r s burn i ng t h e r ma l l y
c ond i t i on e d , c e n t ri f ug e d ewate r e d b i o s o li ds



### $ 63 L a nd f il l i ng ( $ / w e t ton)



### $ 80 $ 25 O & M C o s ts L a nd A pp

. ( $ / w e t ton) I n c i n e r a t i on ( $ / w e t ton)



### W este r l y WWT P In c i n e r at i on O & M Co sts

= $42 / w et t on

### S outh e r l y B i o s o li d s M a n a g e m e nt

U n i t C o s t s ( 20 1 4 E s t .)

$ 93 $ 86 L a nd f il l i ng ( $ / w e t ton)



### $ 100 $ 46 To t a l C o s t s O & M + a m o r t i z e d

ca p i t a l c o s ts 

### $ 80

$ 31 O & M C o s ts L a nd A pp

. ( $ / w e t ton) I n c i n e r a t i on ( $ / w e t ton)



### I n c i n e r a t i on i s S o u t h e r l y ’ s m o st Co st Effect i v e B i o s o li d s M a n a g eme n t O p t i on

## Wh y I s n’ t L a n d A ppli ca t ion

C o s t Eff ec t i v e f o r S ou t h er ly 

# ?

• N ee d t o c on st r u c t a s l udge sta bili z at i on p r o cess ( d i g est i on , l i m e a dd ., et c .)

• N ee d t o c on st r u ct B i o s ol i d s St o r a g e F ac i l i t i es (14 0 d a y s)

• Long D i sta n ces t o L a nd A p p li cat i on S i tes

### • F l u i d iz e d B e d s i n l i e u o f L a nd f i l li ng
180 tru c ks/

w eek x 52 w eeks /

y ea r x 1 3 0 mi l es = 1

. 2 m illi o n v e hi c le m i le s / y e ar (
~ 245 , 00 0 g a l o f f u e l o i l/ y ea r)



### • F l u i d iz e d B e d s i n l i e u o f L a nd A p p l i cat i on

240 t ru c ks/

w eek x 5 2 w eeks /

y e a r x 15 0 mil es

= 1 .9 mil l ion v e h i cle mil e s / y ea r ( m i n .) (
~ 380 , 000 g a l o f f u e l o i l/ y ea r) 

## R e du ce d T r u ck

T ra ff ic S ou t h er l y WWTC

### L o w E m i ss i ons Est i mate d S ou t h e r l y 2014 A ir Em i s s i on s ( Ton s)



### 84 56 60 Tot als 0 0 0 L ea d ( P b) 4 3 1 O r g a n i c C ompound s (O C) 2 1 6 P a r t i c u l a te M a tt e r ( P M) 6 4 6 S u l fur Di o x i d e ( SO 2 ) 65 44 44 N it r ogen O x i des ( N O x) 6 4 3 C a r bon M ono x i d e ( C O) T r u cks t o L a nd A p p

. S i t es T r u cks to L a nd f ill Th r ee F l u i d i z e d B ed I n c i n e r a t o rs P o ll u t a nt

## A i r P ollu t i o n C on tr ol D e v ice s

## A i r P ollu t i o n C on tr ol D e v ice s

• Ve n t ur i (196 ) / I m p i ng eme n t T r a y S c r ubb e r s(
~ 200)

• A d v a n ce d Ve n t u ri Sc r ubb e r s (
~ 31)

- V e n t u r i P ak o r R i ng J et

## A i r P ollu t i o n C on tr ol D e v ice s

• W e t E l e c t r o stat i c P r e c i p i t a t o r s (
~ 29)

• A fte r bu r n e r s - i n t e r n a l a nd exte r n a l (
~ 78)

• A ct i v a t e d C a r bo n I n j ect i on f or Hg c on t r o l (3)

## A i r P ollu t i o n C on tr ol D e v ice s

• B a g Hou se (3)

• A ct i v a t e C a r bon A d s o r p t i on (1)

• Ch em i ca l I n j ec t i on f o r N O x Con t r ol (3)

## E ne r g y R e c o v e ry M e t h o d s

## E ne r g y R e c o v e ry M e t h o d s

• C e n te r S h af t A ir R ec ir c u l a t i on

• R ec up e r at o r ( pri ma r y h eat exc h a n g e r)

• H eat Exc h a ng er

• R e g e n e r at i v e Th e r m a l Ox i d iz er

• Bo il er

• Stea m Tu r b i n e G e n e r at or

## E ne r g y R e c o v e ry M e t h o d s

• Th e u se o f t h e v a ri ou s e n e rg y r ec o v e r y met hod s i s b ase d on t h e n ee d t o f u r t h e r r e du ce
e m i ss i on s a nd lo ca l ec ono m i c c o nd i t i on s:

- Con se n t D ec r ees

- M eet i ng m o r e st r i ng e n t em i s s i o n sta nd a r ds

- Life C y cl e C os ts

- C o st & Sou r ce of Ene r gy

- c oal , natu r al gas, nuc l ea r , h y d r o , oil, etc.

- C o st-Eff e ct i v en ess

- $ p e r ton o f pollutan t re mo v ed

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## E xhau st Ga s S yst em s

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e N E O R S D S ou t h er l y WWT C

- M Hs
( s i t e - s p ec i f i c)• 

### 1973

- D ec i s i on ma d e t o i n st a l l a n e w a
n e w S l udg e Th e r m a l Cond i t i on i n g ( Z i m p r o ) S y stem at S ou t h e r ly ( p r e s s u r e c oo ke r)

• 

### Th e r m a l Cond i t i o n i ng ( Z i m p r o )

+ Vac uu m Fi l t e r s

= C ake @ 40

- 4 5 % s o li ds

• P o l y me r + Vac uu m Fi l e r s

= C ake @ 17

- 2 1 % s o li d s 

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e S ou t h er l y WWT C

- M Hs

### • Z i m p r o r e qui r e s l a r g e

qu a n t i t i e s o f h i g h p r ess u r e stea m - $$$

• Con ve r t h eat i n t h e i n c i n e r at o r ex h a u st g ases t o h i gh pr ess u r e steam u s i ng boi l e rs 

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e S ou t h er l y WWT C

- M Hs

### O p e r at i on o f W aste H eat Bo il e rs ( 1 98 2

– 2007)

- 

### Stea m P r odu ct i on = 2

. 5 bill i on po u nd s

- N at u r a l Ga s Sa v e d = 3

. 1 bill i on c ub i c feet

- N at u r a l Ga s Co st Sa v i ng s = $14 m i ll i on 

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e S ou t h er l y WWT C

- M Hs

### R e du ct i on i n C a r bon Foo t p ri n t (19 8 2

– 2007)

( e qu i v a l e n t m e t r i c t o n s o f CO 2 )

- 

### CO 2 

### = 19 1 , 000 t on s x 1 = 191 , 00 0 m et ri c t ons

- CH 4 

### = 3

. 2 t on s x 21 = 70 m et ri c t on s

- N 2 

### O = 3

. 0 t on s x 3 10 = 93 0 m et ri c t on s

---------------------- - -- - ---------------------- - -- - ------------------ To ta l R e du ct i on = 19 2 , 000 met r i c t ons

A n nu a l R e d u ct i on = 8 , 000 met r i c t on s / yr 

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e S ou t h er l y WWT C

- M Hs

### Four M u l t i p l e H ea r t h I n c i n e r at ors Th r e e F l u i di z e d B e d I n c i n e r at o rs 

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e N E O R S D S ou t h er l y WWT C

- F Bs

( s i t e - s p ec i f i c)

### Dec o m m issi on S outh e r l y ’s B i o s o li d s Th e r m al C ond i t i on i ng (Z i m p r o) S y s t em

- R e du ct i on i n N at u r a l Gas U sa g e

~ 1 0 0 m i l l i on C F

/ y r ( V a po r C o m bu s t i o n U n i t s)

~ 15 0 m i lli o n C F

/ y r ( P r o cess S t ea m)

~ 25 0 m i lli o n C F

/ y r ( $3

. 2 5 m i l li o n /

y r)



### - R e du ct i on i n E l ect ri c a l U sa g e

~ 5 M i l li o n k W h /

y ea r ( $3 5 0 , 0 00 /

y r) 

## B e n e f i t s o f E n er g y R ec o v er y a t t h e N E O R S D S ou t h er l y WWT C

- F Bs

## E ne r g y S a v ings

R eu s e of e ne r g y i n i nc i ne r a t o r e x ha u s t g a s es

70 ° F 900 ° F - 12 50 ° F 15 00 ° F

100 ° F 300 ° F



### Sa v i ng s : ~ 80 M il l ion CF N at

. Ga s / y r = ~ $1 M i l l i on /

y ear 10 00 ° F 650 ° F

## Flu i di z e d B e d In c in era t ion w i t h

E n er g y R ec o v e ry

## St eam Tu r bi n e G e n era t or

- P r odu ce 2

. 6

- 3

. 6 M W o f e l ect r i c i t y S ou t h e r l y ’ s C u rr e n t & Fu t u r e u sa g e ~ 1 3 MW



### - U se t h e e l ec t ri c i t y

i n t h e n e w R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y F ac ili ty

## C ar bon Foo t p r in t A n a l y s es

A nn u a l G H G e m i ss i on s f r o m b i o s o li d s p r o cess i ng op e r at i on ca l c u l ate d u s i ng:

a

. C l i mate R e g i s t r y Ge n e r a l R e por t i ng P r o t o c o l a nd

b. I n te r go v e r n me n ta l Pa n e l on Cli mate Ch a ng e ( I P CC ) I n v e n t o r y M et hodo l og i es

### Ca r bon F ootp r i nt A n a l y ses - S outh e r l y WW TC

( Di r ec t + E lec t r i c P o w e r)

* I n c l u de s r

edu c e d e m i

ss i o n s f r om pu r c ha s ed p o w

e r ( i

. e ., r edu c ed P o w

e r P l a n t E m i ss i o n s ). 

### 2 5 , 000 Landfil l ing (t r a n s po r t f u e l + d e ca y) 

### 1 1 , 500 M ultiple H e arth I n c i nerati o n 

### 5 , 7 00 Fluidi z ed B ed I n ci n eratio n w ith out en e r g y re co v ery 

### - 10,500* Fluidi z ed B ed I n ci n eratio n w ith Ener g y R e c o v e r y

& Ste a m Turbin e G e ne r ator 

### G H G Em i ss i ons (M e t r i c Ton s CO 2 )/

yr 

### B i o s o li d s P r o cess

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

40 CFR Pa r t 503 Use o r Di

s po s al of Se w

age Slud

ge



### • S i te s p ec i f i c e m i ss i on l i m i ts:

- A r se n ic

- C a d m i um

- C h r o m i um

- L ead

- N i ckel

R i sk B ase d

– P r o t ec t i v e o f P ub li c H e a l th ( H E I

- 7 0

- y ea r s o f c on t i nuou s e x po s u r e)

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

40 CFR Pa r t 503 ( Con t ’ d)

• D em on st r ate c o m p li a n ce w i t h N ES H A P f o r:

- B e r y lli u m : 1 0 g r a m s / 24

- hou rs

- M e r c u r y : 3 , 20 0 g r a m s / 24

- hou rs



### • To ta l H y d r o ca r bon ( THC )

- s u rr o g a t e f o r e m i ss i on s o f po t e n t i a l l y t o x i c o r g a n i c
c o m p ounds

1 0 0 pp m , a s p r op a n e , c o r r ec t e d t o 7 % o x y g e n & 0 %

m o i s t u r e on a m o n t h l y a v e r a g e b as i s - T ec hno l og y B ase d

- C a r bon M on o x i d e m on i t o r i n g a s a n a l t e r n a t i ve



### • Pa r t 503 R e gu l at ion ’ s R i sk A sses s me n t R e po rt

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

40 CFR Pa r t 60 , S ubp a r t O :
Stand a rds of P erfo r

man c e S t

and a rds f or Se w age Tr e atmen t Plan t

s
I m p ac t s SS I s t h a t w e r e bu i l t a ft e r J un e 1 3

, 1972

- M on i t o r i ng o f s l ud g e f ee d

- S i t e s p e c i f i c a i r po l l u t i on c on t r o l e qu i p m e n t p r ess u r e d r o p s l i m i ts

- C o m p li a n c e w i t h a P M e m i s s i on li m i t o f 1

. 3 l b s / d r y t on i n c i n e r a t e d ( 9 9

. 9 % r e m o v a l)

- S i t e s p e c i f i c o x y g e n i n i n c i n e r a t o r ex h a u s t g ase s
c on c e n t r a t i on li m i ts

- O t h e rs

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

C l ea n A ir A ct A m e nd me n ts o f 1990

• T i t l e V

• S y n t h e t i c M i no r ( F ES O P)

• N on - T i t l e V ( N a t u r a l M i no r)

• 112 ( k)

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

L i m i te d State a nd Lo ca l R e gu l at i ons

• C O l i m i t o f 10 0 pp m

• A f t e r bu r n i ng

• L i m i t e d H ou r s o f O p e r a t i on

• C on t i nuou s M on i t o r i ng o f E x h a u s t G ase s

- e

. g

. , N O x , O p a c i t y , C O , SO 2

• L o w e r E m i s s i o n L i m i ts

• M i n i m u m T e m p e r a t u r e & R es i d e n t t i m e

• B es t A v a il a b l e T e c h no l o gy

• N O x R A C T

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

Pa r t 503 - S ou t h e r l y WWTC
B i o s o li d s Con ce n t r at i on s (m g / d r y k g)

* M on t h l y B a s is ** M

a x i m u m m on t

h 83 379 , 4 29 N i ckel 132

12 , 5 08 L ead 191

18 , 0 71 C h r o m i um 16 272 C a d m i um 16

1 , 290 A r se n ic A c t u a l 2008 C on ce n t r a t i on s ** R i sk B ase d L i m i t* P o ll u t a nt

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

Pa r t 503 - W este rl y W W TC
B i o s o li d s Con ce n t r at i on s (m g / d r y k g)

* B i -M on t h l y B a s is ** M

a x i m u m 2 m on t

h p e r i od 53 168 , 9 95 N i ckel 240

2 , 678 L ead 553

50 , 4 73 C h r o m i um 18 450 C a d m i um 18 511 A r se n ic A c t u a l 2008 C on ce n t r a t i on s ** R i sk B ase d L i m i t* P o ll u t a nt

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

Pa r t 503 - S ou t h e r l y WWTC
A ir Em i s s i ons

39 ( > 10 no r

m a l ) 100 T HC ( ppm , mon t

h l y a v e r a ge )* 80 3 , 200 M e r c u r y (

g / 2 4

- h r s) 0

. 07

10 B e r y lli u m (

g / 24

- h r s) A c t u a l 2008 E m i s s i ons R i sk B ase d L i m i t ** P o ll u t a nt

## C u rre n t In c in era t o r R e gul a t ions

Pa r t 503 - W este rl y W W TP
A ir Em i s s i ons

7 100 T HC ( ppm , mon t

h l y a v e r a ge )* 12 3 , 200 M e r c u r y (

g / 2 4

- h r s) < 0

. 04

10 B e r y lli u m (

g / 24

- h r s) A c t u a l 2008 E m i s s i ons R i sk B ase d L i m i t ** P o ll u t a nt

## E m i ss ion s o f t h e 10 P ollu t a n t s R e gul a t e d u n d er S ec t ion 129 f r o m B io s olid s In c i n era t o rs

## F ac t o rs I m p a c t ing E m i ss i ons Em i s s i on s w ill v a r y f r o m i n c i n e r at or t o i n c i n e r at or du e t o t h e:

1. M etal con c entra ti ons a n d c o ntrol eff i cie n ci es

2. A i r pollu t ion c on t rol eq u ip m ent

3. U s e of afterb u rn e rs

4. F e ed R ates

5. % sol i ds

6. % v o l atil e so l ids

## F ac t o rs I m p a c t ing E m i ss i ons

7. C a rbon, H y dr o g e n, Nitro g en, O x y ge n and S ulfur con c ent ra tions i n fe e d

8. BTU con t ent

9. Q u anti t y & t y p e o f aux

. fuel

10. Ex c e s s O x y g en

11. Ex h aust g a s a n d free b oar d tem p e r atur es

## F ac t o rs I m p a c t ing E m i ss i ons

12. N ee d to c o mp l y

w ith more strin g en t site

- sp e cif i c r e gulatio ns

13. Effic i en c y of t he scr u bbing s y s tem

14. 

### R e po r te d em i ss i on s ca n a l s o v a r y f r o m s i te t o
s i t e du e t o t h e u se o f d i ff e r e n t t est met hods



### T es t r e s u l t s f r om d i f f e r e nt P O T W s a r e n ot a l w a y s a n
a pp les -to- a pp l es c omp a r is on

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

(PM & PM 2 .5 

## )

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

(PM & PM 2 .5 

## )

N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i t:

N SP S = 1

. 3 l b s / dr y t on P M f o r S S I s
c on st r u cte d afte r J un e 1 3 , 1 972

P M a nd PM 2.5 

### e m i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e:

- a ir po ll u t i on c on t r ol t r a i ns

- p r ess u r e d r op a c r o ss t h e sc r ubb i n g s y stem

- ex h a u st g as tem p e r at u r es

- u se o f a n aft e r bu r n i ng z on e , et c

.

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

A P

- 42

M u l t i p l e H ea r t hs F l u i di z e d B e d ( E r at i ng)

## PM 2 .5 

## ( A P- 42)

N o ce r t i f i e d test met hod s f o r PM 2 .5

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

0

. 50 0

. 43 0

. 42 0

. 64 P M ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 0

. 99 0

. 77 0

. 88 1

. 28 P M ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

S ou t h er l y WWTC

S o u t h e r l y WW

T C

- P M E m

i s s i o n R a

t es ( 199 3

- 2 007)

0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1

1 2 3 4567 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 16lbs/dryton 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

S ou t h er l y WWTC

9

- 3

- 04 0

. 65 3 10

- 23

- 03

0

. 43 2 12

- 18

- 07

0

. 40 2 12

- 18

- 01

0

. 88 3 12

- 18

- 01

0

. 55 4 11

- 18

- 03

0

. 91 2 4

- 2

- 03

0

. 86 3 5

- 24

- 01

0

. 45 1 11

- 13

- 01

0

. 71 4 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

S ou t h er l y WWTC

7

- 27

- 07

0

. 65 3 9

- 11

- 02

0

. 51 4 9

- 10

- 02

0

. 53 2 9

- 9

- 02

0

. 26 1 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

## P ar t i c ul a t e M a tt er

N e w es t F Bs

• C i n c i n n a t i L i tt l e M i a m i ( v e n t u r i/i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y)

= 0

. 1 1 l b s / d r y t on

• Y p s il a n t i ( a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i + w e t E SP)

= 0

. 0 4 7 l b s / d r y t on

• S t

. P a u l M e t r o ( b a g h ou se , a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i, w e t E SP)

= 0

. 0 1 3 l b s / d r y t on

• S t

. P a u l M e t r o PM 10 = 0

. 1 6 l b s / d r y t on ( r ange 0

. 0093

– 0

. 98 ) (f il t e r a b l e + c ond e n sa b l e)

N o i n c r e a ses i n P M o r PM 10 wi t

hou t t h e b a g hou s e a nd t

h e
w e t E S P i n s e r v i c e - R e qu es t

i ng c h a ng e i

n p e rm i t!

## Op ac i ty

( as a ppli ca bl e)

## Op ac i t y

( as a ppli ca bl e)

N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i t:

2 0 % on a s i x- m i nu te a v e r a ge

## S ul f u r D io x i d e

(SO 2 

## )

### S u l fu r Di o x i de

No N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i ts

SO 2 

### e m i s s i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e:

- s u l f ur c on te n t o f t h e b i o s ol i d s,

- qu a n t i t y a nd t y p e o f a u x i li a r y f u e l u sed

## S ul f u r D io x i de S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

1 .3 0

. 36 1 .2 3 .7 SO 2 ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 2 .5 0

. 65 2 .6 7

. 47 SO 2 ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## S ul f u r D io x i d e

S ou t h er l y WWTC

S ou t h e r l y W

W T P

- S O 2 E m i s s i on R a t e s ( 19 9 3 & 20 0 2)

0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7lbs/dryton 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## S ul f u r D io x i d e

S ou t h er l y WWTC

9

- 11

- 02

0

. 26 4 9

- 10

- 02

0

. 98 2 9

- 9

- 02

0

. 26 1 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

## S u l f u r Di o x i de

N e w e s t F Bs

• C i n c i n n a t i L i tt l e M i a m i ( v e n t u r i/i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y)

= 0

. 1 1 l b s / d r y t on

• Y p s il a n t i ( a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i + w e t E SP)

= D i d n ’ t t est

• S t

. P a u l M e t r o ( b a g h ou se , a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i, w e t E SP)

= D i d n ’ t t est

## H y d r og e n C h l o r id e

( HC l)

## H y d r og e n C h l o r ide

No N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i ts
HC l e m i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e
c h l o ri d e c on te n t o f t h e b i o s ol i ds

## H y d r og e n C h l o r id e S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

0

. 003 0

. 007 0

. 008 0

. 027 HCl ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 0

. 007 0

. 01 32 0

. 017 0

. 055 HC l ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## H y d r og e n C h l o r id e S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

So u t h e r l y WW

T C - H C l E m

i ss i o n R a

t es 1993

0 0

. 0 05 0

. 01 0

. 0 15 0

. 02 0

. 0 25 0

. 03

1 2 3 4lbs/dryton

## H y d r og e n C h l o r ide

N e w es t F Bs

• C i n c i n n a t i L i tt l e M i a m i ( v e n t u r i/i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y)

= D i d n ’ t t es t

• Y p s il a n t i ( a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i + w e t E SP)

= 0

. 0 0 7 l b s / d r y t on

• S t

. P a u l M e t r o ( b a g h ou se , a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i, w e t E SP)

= 0

. 0 0 6 l b s / d r y t on

### O xi d es of Ni t r o g e n ( N O x)

## O x i d e s o f Ni t r o gen

N o N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i ts

N Ox e m i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e:

- n i t r og e n c on te n t o f t h e s l udg e

- a m oun t o f a u x i li a r y f u e l u t i l iz ed

- % s o li d s o f t h e f ee d

- l o ca l iz e d tem p e r at u r e w i t h i n t h e bu r n i ng z on e.

# O x i d es o f N i t rog e n S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

7 .6 5 .7 7 .8 10 .1 N Ox ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 15 .1 10 .2 16 .4 20 .2 N O x ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## O x id es o f N i t r og e n

S ou t h er l y WWTC

S ou t h e r l y WW

T C

- N O x E m

i ss i on R a

t e s ( 1993

- 2004)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8lbs/dryton 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## O x id es o f N i t r og e n

S ou t h er l y WWTC

7

- 27

- 04

7

. 15 3 9

- 11

- 02

4

. 54 4 9

- 10

- 02

9

. 62 2 9

- 9

- 02

3

. 37 1 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

## O x id es o f N i t r og en

N e w es t F Bs

• C i n c i n n a t i L i tt l e M i a m i ( v e n t u r i/i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y)

= 0

. 8 5 l b s / d r y t on

• Y p s il a n t i ( a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i + w e t E SP)

= D i d n ’ t t est

• S t

. P a u l M e t r o ( b a g h ou se , a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i, w e t E SP)

= D i d n ’ t t est

## O x id es o f N i t r og en

W E R F St udy

• N Ox e m i s s i on s f ro m m u l t i p l e h ea r t h i n c i n e r at o r s l o cate d i n S t

. Lou i s , C i n c i nn at i, I nd i a n a po li s v a ri e d f r o m 2

- 2 0 l b s / d r y t on

• N Ox a nd C O e m i s s i on s a r e i n v e r se l y p ro po r t i on al



### N O x CO

## C ar bon M on o x id e

( C O)

## C ar bon M on o x id e

N o N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i ts

C O e m i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e tem p e r at u r e , r es i d e n t t i m e a nd o x y g e n i n i n c i n e r at or

## C ar bon M on o x id e S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

0

. 02 0

. 73 0

. 20 0

. 12 CO ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 0

. 035 1

. 32 0

. 43 0

. 23 CO ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## C ar bon M on o x id e

S ou t h er l y WWT C

4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

S ou t h e r l y W

W T P

- C O E m

i ss i on R a

t es ( 1993 - 2009)

0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8lbs/dryton

## C a r b o n M on o x i de

S ou t he r l y WW TC

7

- 27

- 09

0

. 95 3 9

- 11

- 02

2

. 75 4 9

- 10

- 02

0

. 105 2 9

- 9

- 02

0

. 051 1 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

## C ar bon M on o x ide

N e w es t F Bs

• C i n c i n n a t i L i tt l e M i a m i ( v e n t u r i/i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y)

= 0

. 0 4 6 l b s / d r y t on

• Y p s il a n t i ( a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i + w e t E SP)

= 0

. 8 8 l b s / d r y t on

• S t

. P a u l M e t r o ( b a g h ou se , a d v a n ce d v e n t u r i, w e t E SP)

= D i d n ’ t t est

## L ea d (P b)

## L ea d

No N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i t

P b e m i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e:

- c on ce n t r at i on o f l ea d i n fee d ,

- bu r n i ng z on e t e m p e r at u r es , a nd

- t h e c on t r o l ef f i c i e n c y o f t h e a i r pol l u t i on
c on t r o l t r a i n.

## L ead S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

0

. 001 0

. 00 06 0

. 002 0

. 068 Pb ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 0

. 003 0

. 001 0

. 005 0

. 136 Pb ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## L ead

S ou t h er l y WWTC

4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

S o u t h e r l y WW

T C

- L e a d E m

i s s i o n R a

t e s ( 1 9 9 3

- 2 0 0 9)

0

. 0 001 0

. 001 0

. 01 0 .1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8lbs/dryton

## L ead

S ou t h er l y WWTC

7

- 27

- 09

0

. 00 83 3 9

- 11

- 02

0

. 00 32 4 9

- 10

- 02

0

. 00 25 2 9

- 9

- 02

0

. 00 0 25 1 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

## L ea d (P b)

S o u t h e r l y W W T C B i o s o li d s - L e ad

0 5 00 10 00 15 00 20 00

1 9 80 1 9 81 1 9 82 1 9 83 1 9 84 1 9 85 1 9 86 1 9 87 1 9 88 1 9 89 1 9 90 1 9 91 1 9 92 1 9 93 1 9 94 1 9 95 1 9 96 1 9 97 1 9 98 1 9 99 2 0 00 2 0 01 2 0 02 2 0 03 2 0 04

Y e arConcentration,mg/kg

A VG

P E AK N E O R S D P r e t r ea t m e nt Pr og r am

## L ea d (P b)

N A C W A

- 16 P OT Ws

N A C W A 2 00 2 S u r v e y - L

e a d i n B i o s o l i ds

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0 20 40 60 80 1 00 120 140mg/drykg

## L ea d (P b)

N A C W A

- 16 P OT Ws

L e a d C on t r o l E f

f i c i e n c i es

8 6 .0 8 8 .0 9 0 .0 9 2 .0 9 4 .0 9 6 .0 9 8 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14%

87 .9 92 .5 96 .3 97 .0 97 .4 97 .6 98 .5 98 .7 99 .2 99 .3 99 .6 99 .8

4 p a r t i c i p a nt s d i d not r e p o r t th e i r c ont r o l e ff i c i e n c i es

## L ea d (P b)

N A C W A

- 16 P OT Ws

N A C W A 2002 S u r ve y - L e a d E m i ss i o n R a

t es

1

. 0 0 E

- 04 1

. 0 0 E

- 03 1

. 0 0 E

- 02 1

. 0 0 E

- 01 1

. 0 0 E + 00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 16lbs/dryton

## C a d m iu m ( C d)

## C a d m iu m

No N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i t

Cd em i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e:

- c on ce n t r at i on o f ca d m i u m i n fee d,

- bu r n i ng z on e t e m p e r at u r es , a nd

- t h e ca d m i u m c on t r o l ef f i c i e n c y o f t h e
a i r pol l u t i on c on t r o l t r a in

## C a d m ium S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

0

. 004 0

. 002 0

. 005 0

. 023 Cd ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 0

. 008 0

. 004 0

. 010 0

. 045 Cd ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

## C a d m ium

S ou t h er l y WWTC

S ou t h e r l y W

W T C

- C a d m i u m

i n B i o s o li ds

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

199 4 1 9 9 5 199 6 199 7 199 8 199 9 2 00 0 2 00 1 200 2 200 3 2 0 0 5 200 5 200 6 200 7 2008

Y e armg/drykg A v e r age P eak

## C a d m iu m E m i ss ions

S ou t h er l y WWT C

- C a l c ul a t ed

S o u t h e r l y WW

T C

- C a d m i u m E m is s i o n

0

. 0 000 0

. 0 020 0

. 0 040 0

. 0 060 0

. 0 080 0

. 0 100 0

. 0 120

199 4 199 5 1 99 6 199 7 199 8 199 9 2 00 0 2 00 1 2 00 2 2 00 3 2 00 5 2 00 5 2 00 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 08

Y e arlbs/drytonincinerated

## C a d m iu m

N A C W A

- 21 P OT Ws

C a d mi u m C on c e n t r

a t i o n s in B i o s o l id s 1 9 9 4

- 2 0 00

0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 0 .0 10 0 .0 12 0 .0 14 0 .0

0 20 40 60 80 1 00 1 20 1 40 160mg/drykg

## C a d m iu m C on t r ol Eff i c i e n c i es

N A C W A

- 21 P OT Ws

91

. 8% 92

. 3% 92

. 6% 92

. 8% 92

. 9% 94

. 0% 94

. 1% 94

. 6% 95

. 5% 97

. 0% 99

. 9%

65

. 6%

72

. 7% 76

. 7% 81

. 5% 83

. 5% 84

. 7% 85

. 8% 88

. 0% 90

. 4% 91

. 1%

C a d m i u m C o n t r o l E ff i c i e n c i es

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 5 10 15 20 25%

## C a d m iu m E m i ss ion s

N A C W A

- 21 P OT Ws 425 , 000 d r y met ri c t on s i n c i n e r ate d in 2000

N A C W A C a d m i u m E m i s s i ons S u r vey

1

. 0 0 E

- 05 1

. 0 0 E

- 04 1

. 0 0 E

- 03 1

. 0 0 E

- 02 1

. 0 0 E

- 01 1

. 00 E + 00
1 9 94 1 9 95 1 9 96 1 9 97 1 998 1 9 99 2 0 00lbs/dryton M ax A vg M in

## C a d m iu m E m i ss ion s ( lb s /d t)

N A C W A

- 21 P OT Ws

8

. 2 9 E

- 05

1

. 6 4 E

- 03 4

. 7 9 E

- 03 A v e r a ge 2

. 9 4 E

- 05 1

. 1 8 E

- 03 2

. 8 3 E

- 03 2000 2

. 2 5 E

- 05 1

. 3 1 E

- 03 3

. 2 2 E

- 03 1999 1

. 7 8 E

- 05 1

. 3 6 E

- 03 3

. 3 2 E

- 03 1998 1

. 8 1 E

- 05 1

. 2 9 E

- 03 3

. 5 6 E

- 03 1997 2

. 0 3 E

- 04 1

. 5 7 E

- 03 4

. 9 6 E

- 03 1996 1

. 6 3 E

- 04 1

. 7 6 E

- 03 4

. 6 3 E

- 03 1995 1

. 7 1 E

- 04 2

. 9 9 E

- 03 1

. 2 5 E

- 02 1994 

### M i n i m um

A v e r a ge M ax i m um Y e ar 425 , 000 d r y met ri c t on s i n c i n e r ate d in 2000

## C a d m iu m

N A C W A

- 21 P OT Ws

C a d m i u m E m i ss i o n R a t e s 1994

- 2 000

0 0

. 0 02 0

. 0 04 0

. 0 06 0

. 0 08 0

. 01 0

. 0 12 0

. 0 14

0 50 1 00 1 50lbs/dryton

## M erc u r y ( H g)

## M erc u r y

N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i t

N ES H A Ps = 3 , 200 g r ams / 24- hou r s f ro m a ll

s o u r ces l o cate d a t a s i te

M e r c u r y em i ss i on s a r e a f un ct i on o f t h e
me r c u r y c on c e n t r at i on i n t h e fee d

## M erc u ry S ou t h er l y WWT C (J un e 9

- 1 2 , 1993)

0

. 00 0 03 0

. 00 0 01 0

. 00 0 08 0

. 00 08 Hg ( l b s / d r y t on) 2 1 .8 2 .1 2 F ee d R a t e s (t on s / h r) 0

. 00 0 07 0

. 00 0 02 0

. 00 02 0

. 00 16 Hg ( l b s / h r) N o . 4 N o . 3 N o . 2 N o . 1 4 I d e n t i ca l M H s w i t h i n t e r n a l a ft e r bu r n e r s &

v e n t u r i / i m p i ng e m e n t t r a y sc r ubb e rs

### M e r c u ry

S outh e r l y WW TC

S ou t h e r l y W

W T C

- M e r c u r y E m i ss i on R a t es

0

. 00001 0

. 0001 0

. 001 0

. 01 0 .1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8lbs/dryton

## M erc u ry

S ou t h er l y WWTC

7

- 27

- 04

0

. 00 29 3 9

- 11

- 02

0

. 00 18 4 9

- 10

- 02

0

. 00 26 2 9

- 9

- 02

0

. 00 25 1 D a te

Lb s / d r y t on I n c i n e r a t o r N o.

### M e r c u ry

S ou t h e r l y WWTC

S o u t h e r l y B i o s o li d s M e r c u r y C o n ce n t r a t i on

0 .0 2 .0 4 .0 6 .0 8 .0 1 0 .0

1 / 1 / 2 0 00 1 / 1 /

2 0 02 1 / 1 /

2 004 1 / 1 /

2 0 06 1 / 1 /

2 008 1 / 1 /

2 0 10mg/kg

### Calc u la t e d M e r c u r y E m issi on s

N A C W A 2002 S u r v e y - 11 P O T W s ( A ss u m es 0 % c on t r o l e ff i c i e n c y)

N A C W A S t ud y - M e r c u r y E m i ss ion R a t es

1

. 00 E

- 06 1

. 00 E

- 05 1

. 00 E

- 04 1

. 00 E

- 03 1

. 00 E

- 02 1

. 00 E

- 01 1

. 00 E + 00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11lbs/dryton

## A c t u a l M erc u r y E m i s s ion s f r o m SS I s

• 200 3 E P A r e qu es t s a c t u a l m e r c u r y e m i ss i on s f r o m S S Is

• N A C W A aske d f o r m e r c u r y c on t r o l e ff i c i e n c i e s f r o m i t s
m e m b e r s t h a t i n c i n e r a t e a n d a i r e m i ss i on s t es t d a t a.

• R e po r t e d C on t r o l E f f i c i e n c i e s : 0

- 80 % ???

• L i m i t e d a m oun t o f r e li a b l e t es t d a ta

• Gi v e n t h e l a ck o f r e l i a b l e C E s a n d ac t u a l a i r e m i s s i on s t e s t d a t a , N A C W A c o u l d no t d e t e r m i n e ac t u a l e m i s s i on s

.

## W E R F M erc u r y St u dy

• I n 200 6 , W E R F r e t a i n e d F r on t i e r G e o sc i e n ces t o c ondu c t a
s t u d y t o d e t e rm i n e w a y s t o m i n i m i z e m e r c u r y e m i ss i on s f r o m b i o s o li d s i n c i n e r a t o r s.

F i nd i ng s:

• N o c on f i d e n ce i n t h e r e po r t e d C E s o r r e p o r t e d a i r
e m i s s i on s du e t o d i ff e r i ng t es t m e t ho d s

.

• D i ff e r e n t t es t m e t h o d s u se d t o d e t e rm i n e m e r c u r y i n t h e p l a n t ’ s i n f l u e n t , e ff l u e n t , b i o s o li d s , sc r ubb e r w a t e r i n f l u e n t & e ff l u e n t , ex h a u s t s t ac k g a se s a nd as h

.

## W E R F M erc u r y St u dy

• F i n a l R e po r t t o b e r e l eas e d t h i s F a l l

.

- W i l l i n c l u d e d r e c o mm e nd e d t es t m e t h o d s

- W i l l s t a t e t h a t t h e m o s t e ff ec t i v e m e t hod s f o r m i n i m i z i n g
m e r c u r y e m i ss i o n s f r o m b i o s o li d s i n c i n e r a t o r i s t h r ough s ou r c e c on t r o l.

- D e n t a l A m a l g a m S e p a r a t o r s a t D e n t i s t O ff i c es

## D io x in s

## D io x in s

N o N at i on a l R e gu l at o r y L i m i t

Fun ct i on o f c on c e n t r at i on i n fee d o f

a

. D i o x i n
b

. D i b e n z o f u r a n s

c

. Co

- P l a n e r P CB s

D i o x i n s = D i o x i n + D i o x i n - li k e Co m poun ds

## D io x ins

• 1994 E P A Est i mate d D i o x i n s Em i ss ions

To t a l = 9 , 2 0 0 g r a m s ( T E Q )

S S I s = 23 g r a m s ( T E Q ) ( 0

. 2 5 % o f t

o t a l)



### • E P A T est i ng o f S S I i n 1987

E m i s s i on R a t e = 0

. 027 μ g ( T E Q ) / d r y kg

u s i ng 1989 I

n t e r n a t i o n a l T E F S ys t em

B i o s o li d s I n c i n e r a t e d = 0

. 86 5 m i l li o n m

. t ons

= 23 g r a m s ( T E Q)M un i c i p a l W as t e
a nd M e d i a l W a s t e i n c i n e r a t o r s a r e
r es pon s i b l e f o r

~ 90 % o f t h e D i o x i n e m i s s i ons

## D io x ins

• E P A a nn o un ces t h at i t w ill i n v est i g ate t h e po ss i bi li t y o f r e gu l at i ng D i o x i n s e m i s s i on s f r o m S S I s & D i o x i n i n l a nd a pp li e d s e w a g e
s l udg e und e r R ound II o f t h e P a r t 503 R e gu l at i on

• N A C W A c o n d u c t s s u r v e y o f d i o x i n s i n s e w a g e
s l udg e a nd em i tte d f r o m S S Is

## D io x in s - SS Is

• N A C W A 1994 SS I S u r v e y ( C o s t ~ $35

, 000 / t es t)

– 11 S S Is

## D io x in s - SS Is

• N A C W A 1994 SS I S u r v ey

N A C W A S u r v e y

- Di ox i ns E m i ss i ons ( 1 99 5)

1

. 00 E

- 04 1

. 00 E

- 03 1

. 00 E

- 02 1

. 00 E

- 01 1

. 00 E + 00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11lbs/dryton

## D io x in s - SSI

1995 N A C W A D a t a f r o m 11 S S Is

E m i ss i o n R a t e = 0

. 0 0536 μ g ( T E Q ) / d r y kg

u s i ng 1989 I

n t e r n a t i o n a l T E F S ys t em



### N A C W A + E P A

D a ta f r o m 14 S S Is

E m i ss i o n R a t e = 0

. 0 0873 μ g ( T E Q ) / d r y kg

u s i ng 1989 I

n t e r n a t i o n a l T E F S ys t em

## D io x in s - SS Is

Ge n e Ri l e y o f U

. S

. E P A c on d u cte d a dd i t i on a l D i o x i n s test i ng o f SS I s i n 1999

S ou r c e Ch a r acte r iz a t i on f or S S I Em i ss i ons Con t r act No

. 68- D -99-009 ( B atte ll e) N A C W A + E P A

D a ta f r o m 14 S S Is

E m i ss i o n s f r o m S S I s

= 0

. 0 087 3 μ g ( T E Q ) /

d r y k g x 0

. 8 65 m e t r i c t ons



### = 8 g r am s ( T EQ )

/ y e a r (0

. 08 7 % o f t

o ta l)

### Di o xi n s - SS Is

D ecem b e r 21 , 2001 F e d e r a l R e g i ste r:

E P A a n no u n ce d t h a t:

“

... nu m e r i c s t a nd a r d s o r m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i ce s a r e n o t

w a rr a n t ed f o r d i o x i n a nd d i o x i n - l i ke c o m p ound s i n
s e w a g e s l udg e t h a t i s i n c i n e r a t e d i n a s e w a g e s l ud g e i n c i n e r a t o r ."



### C a n ce r R i s k t o t h e H E I < 2

. 1 x 10 -6

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

D ecem b e r 23 , 1999 F e d e r a l R e g i ste r:

E P A P r opo ses a D i o x i n s l i m i t o f 300 pp t ( T EQ) f or
s e w a g e s l udg e t h at i s l a nd a ppl i ed

N A C W A c o ndu ct s a no t h e r s u r v e y o f D i o x i n s i n B i o s ol i d s t o c o m p l eme n t E P A ’ s s u r v ey

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

• 1994

- 1995 N A CW A S u r v ey

- 1 04 B i o s o l i d s S a m p l es f r o m 75 P O T W s



### • 2000 E P A S u r v ey

- 1 12 B i o s o l i d s S a m p l es f r o m 99 P O T W s



### • 2001 E P A S u r v ey

- 2 00 B i o s o l i d s S a m p l es f r o m 17 1 P O T W s

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

N A C W A 1994

- 1995 S u r v ey

D i o x i n s Con ce n t r at i on s = 5

. 7

- 368 pp t- T EQ



### N on - D e t e c ts @ D e t

. L i m i ts @ Z e ro A v e r a g e 113 pp t

- T E Q 9 5 pp t

- T EQ

M e d i a n 7 8 pp t

- T E Q 5 7 pp t

- T E Q

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

N A C W A 2001 S u r v ey

D i o x i n s Con ce n t r at i on s = 7

. 1

- 256 pp t- T EQ

p l u s on e ou t li e r o f 3 , 5 9 0 pp t- T EQ

* ** * ** * *** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * *** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** * ** A ve r a g e = 48

. 5 pp t- T EQ

M e d i a n = 21

. 7 pp t- T EQ

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

E P A 2 0 00 N A C W A 2001
A ve r a g e 4 9

. 3 4 8 .5

M e d i a n 24

. 2 21 .7

( pp t- T EQ)

1 2 P O TW s p a r t i c i p ate d i n bo t h s ur v e ys

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0

- 1 0 1 0

- 30 3 0-

100 100- 2 00 2 00- 3 00 > 300

D i o x i n s C on c e n t r a t i on s ( pp t

- T E Q)PercentofSamples

EPA

A M SA

### Di o xi n s - S e w a g e S l udg e

1 12

75

37

0 20 40 60 80 1 00 1 20

19 94 19 98 20 00

Y earDioxinsConcentrations(ppt-TEQ)

124

56 48

0 50 1 00 1 50

1 994 19 98 2 0 00

Y e arDioxinsConcentrations(ppt-TEQ) 

### N EO R S D S ou t h e r l y WWTC

N EO R S D W este r l y WWTP

### Di o xi n s

M a y 6 , 2005 F e d e r a l R e g i st e r :

E P A r ec on f i rm s 12

- 21

- 2001 a nnoun c e m e n t a nd s t a t e s t h a t t h e r e w o u l d no t b e nu m e r i ca l s t a nd a r d s f o r s e w a g e
s l udg e t h a t i s l a n d a p p li e d.

## P o ss ibl e I m p a c t o f P o t e n t i a l M A C T St a nd ar d s on P OT W s t h a t I n c in era te

### • I n sta ll a dd i t i on a l a nd se p a r ate s y s t ems t o
r e du ce N Ox , p a r t i c u l at e a nd C O em i ss i ons

• Ex p a n s i on o f ex i st i ng fac i li t i es

- n o r oo m t o a d d e qu i p m e nt



### • Cu r ta il or a b a nd o n me n t o f i n c i n e r at i on

- s ub s t a n t i a l i n c r e ases i n b i o s o li d s m a n a g e m e n t c o s ts



### • O b ta i n n e w P e r m i ts i f b i o s ol i d s i s r ec l ass i f i e d

as a s ol i d w a ste 

## P o ss ibl e I m p a c t o f M A C T St a nd ar d s

## P o ss ibl e I m p a c t M A C T St a n d ar ds

• S ou t h e r l y WW T C

– A nnu a l P r o j ec t e d B i o s o li d s O & M C o s t s ( 2014)

$16

. 8 m i lli on $80 210 , 0 00 L a nd A p p li ca t i on $18

. 1 m i lli on $86 210 , 0 00 L a nd f il l i ng $6

. 5 m i l li on $31 210 , 0 00 I n c i n e r a t i on To t a l C o st C o st p e r w e t t on W e t U

. S

. t on s B i o s o li ds

## C o s t o f R e du c ing S ou t h er l y ’ s

A i r E m i s s ions P o ss ibl e I m p a c t M A C T St a n d ar ds

### C o s t of Re du ci n g S outh e r l y ’s

A i r E m issi o n s a ft e r 2013

I n c i n e r at o r s: Pa r t i c u l ate M atte r - 6 Ton s / y r

W et E l ect r o stat i c P r e c i p i tat o rs
C a p i ta l Co st : ~ $10 m ill i on
O & M Co sts : ~ $0

. 25 m i l l i on / yr

P M R e du ct i o n : ~ 3 t on s / yr

### C o s t of Re du ci n g S outh e r l y ’s

A i r E m issi o n s a ft e r 2013

I n c i n e r at o r s : SO 2 

### - 6 t py

N Ox

- 44 t py

S od i u m H y d ro x i d e a dd e d t o Sc r ubb e rs
C a p i ta l Co sts : $0

. 5 m i ll i on
O & M Co sts : $ 0

. 7 m i l l i on / yr
R e du ct i on s :

~ 3 t p y SO 2 

### ; ~ 4 t p y N O x ?

### C o s t of Re du ci n g S outh e r l y ’s

A i r E m issi o n s a ft e r 2013?

I n c i n e r at o r s: N i t r og e n Ox i d e s - 44 Ton s / yr

U r ea a dd e d t o Ex h a u st Gases

C a p i ta l Co sts : $ 5 M il li on
O & M Co sts : $500
, 000/ yr

N Ox R e du ct i o n : 4

- 1 2 t on s /

y ea r 

### U r ea c o n v e r t s N O x to N 2 

### 0

### Co st Effect i v e n ess o f t h e A dd i t i on a l Con t r o ls

($ p e r t on o f pol l u ta n t r em o v e d )

> $60
, 000

- - U r ea $90
, 000*

$120
, 000*

- S od i um H y d r o x i de - - $250
, 000 W et ESP N Ox SO 2 

### PM

* C a p i t a l a nd O & M C o s t s s p li t b e t w ee n th e t wo 

### C o s t of r e du ci n g S outh e r l y ’s A i r E m issi o n s a ft e r 2013?18

- 3 6% 8

- 16 $20

. 7 m illi on Oxi d es of Nitrogen 5 0% 3 $5. 7 mi l lion Sulfur Dioxi de 5 0% 3 $ 1 5 mi l lion Part i cula te M atter % Reduct i on Emi s sio ns Reduct i on (ton / y r) Total C o st (cap + O& M) 

### Fu r th e r r e d u ci n g S outh e r l y ’s A i r E m issi o n s 2014

- 2033

## E n v i r on me n t a l I m p ac t s o f

M A C T St a nd a r d s f o r SS Is

## E n v i r on me n t a l I m p ac t o f

M A C T St a nd a r ds

• I n s i gn i f i ca n t R e d u ct i on i n A ir E m i s s i ons

- S S I s a r e a lr ea d y a d e q u ate l y r e g ul ate d und e r :

- 40 C F R P a r t 50 3

- 4 0 C F R P a r t 6 0

- S ubp a r t 0

- C l ea n A i r A c t ( T i t l e V , F ES O P , e t c )

- v a r i ou s S t a t e & Lo ca l R e g u l a t i o n s



### • E l i m i n at i on o f nu me r ou s S S Is

- I n c r e a se i n l a nd f i l li ng

- I n c r eas e i n t r u ck i ng

- I n c r eas e i n G r e e n hou se G as E m i s s i o ns

## S u mma ry

# S u mm a ry

1

. Incineration is a n techn i c a l l y soun d , e n v i r onm e ntal l y re s pon s ibl e , a n d cost

- effect i v e bi o soli d s ma n ag e ment o ption uti l ized b y 1 2 4 P O TWs

2. 8 50 , 0 0 0

- 1 .2 mill i on d r y t ons ( 3

- 5 millio n w et tons) of bi o soli d s a r e inci n era t ed a nnu a l l y in t h e Unite d Sta t es

3. P OTWs mus t tr e at w hat th e y r e ce i ve

4. P art 4 03 and 5 0 3 Regula t ion s dr o v e POTW s to contr o l u p str ea m sou r c e s to t h e ex tent fe a sib le

# S u mm a r y

5

. Th e r e i s s i gn i f i c a n t v a ri a b i l i t y i n s e w a g e r ece i v e d b y d i ffe r e n t P O TW s t h at r es u l ts i n t h e s i te-s p ec i f i c c o m po s i t i on a nd qu a li t y o f b i o s oli d s.

6

. Th e r e i s v a ri a bi li t y i n em i ss i on s f r o m i d e n t i ca l i n c i n e r at o r s l o cate d a t t h e same P O TW.

A ir e m i ss i on t e st r es u l t s ca n s ub sta n t i a l l y v a r y f r o m test t o test on t h e same i n c i n e r at or.

# S u mm a r y

7. B i oso l ids ar e to t al l y diffe r ent fr o m med i cal
w aste, mu n ici p al s o lid w aste a nd hazar d ous w aste

- S S Is shoul d n ot be r egu l ated w ith med i c a l w aste, mun i ci p al s olid w aste an d ha za rdous w aste inc i ne r ator s.

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Du e to diff e rent e mis s ion p r ofil es

# S u mm a ry

9

. Con t r ol M eas ur es:

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- Li m ited abili t y to contr o l u p str ea m di s ch a rge r s is m ore eff ec t i v e fo r tar g eted H A P
com p ound s ( les s eff e ct i v e for ni t rogen, sulfu r , c arb o n)

# N ex t S t e ps

# N ex t S t e ps

1. E P A t o r e v ie w N A C W A info r mati o n and identi f y da t a g aps

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2. O t he rs

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