1-i CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 LEGAL AUTHORITY ....................................................................................................... 1 -1 1.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITION ................................................. 1 -21-1 CHAPTER 1
. INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) conducted an analysis to determine the potential e nergy savings for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. This analysis will provide a basis for the Sec retary of Energy to make a determination if mandatory energy conservation standards are technologically feasible and economically justified, and would result in significant energy savings. This technical support document contains the market assessment; technology assessment; e ngineering analysis; life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analysis; and national energy savings (NES) and net present value (NPV) analyses. Each of these sections addresses que stions such as:
Market assessment – How large is the HID lighting market? How are HID lamps specified ( i.e. , which products will service a particular application)? What are the distri bution channels for HID lamps? What product applications will DOE consider in this analysis? Technology assessment – What are the HID lamp technologies and their performance c haracteristics? What are the ballasts that operate them? Engineering analysis – If energy conservation standards remove certain HID lamps from the ma rket, which technologies might consumers choose instead ? W hich high-volume HID markets should DOE consider in its LCC analysis? LCC and PBP analysis – What LCC and PBP calculation methods does DOE ’ s LCC model for HID lamps use? What are the inputs to the model? How did DOE gather pricing and other input data for the model? What are the LCC and PBP results? NES and NPV analyses – What NES and NPV calculation methods does DOE use for HID lamps? What are the inputs to the NES and NPV model? How did DOE gather i nput data for this model? What are the NES and NPV results?

1.1 LEGAL AUTHORITY
DOE conducted this analysis of potential energy savings under the authority of Section 346 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) (42 U.S.C. 6317), which states:
Sec. 346. Energy conservation standards for high-intensity discharge lamps,

distribution transformers, and small electric motors a. High-intensity discharge lamps (and distribution transformers) 1. The Secretary shall, within 30 months after October 24, 1992, prescribe testing requirements for those high-intensity discharge lamps (and distribution transformers) for which the Secretary make s a determination that energy conservation standards would be technologically feasible and economically justified, and would result in significant energy savings.1-2 2. The Secretary shall, within 18 months after the date on which te sting requirements are prescribed by the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (1), prescribe, by rule, energy conservation standards for those high-intensity discharge lamps (and distribution transformers) for which the Secretary prescribed testing re quirements under paragraph (1). 3. Any standard prescribed under paragraph (2) with respect to high-intensity discharge lamps shall apply to such lamps manufactured 36 months after the date such rule is published. Thus, the Secretary of Energy will make a determination whether energy conservation standa rds for HID lamps are technologically feasible and economically justified, and would result in significant energy savings. If the Secretary finds that energy conservation standards are warranted, DOE will begin work on a test procedure. After the test procedure is issued, DOE will conduct a standards rulemaking process to establish energy conservation standards for HID lamps, ba sed on DOE ’s annual priority setting process.

1.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP DEFINITION The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) currently defines HID (10 CFR 431.282), mer cury vapor (10 CFR 431.282), and metal halide (10 CFR 431.322) lamps as follows:

High intensity discharge lamp means an electric-discharge lamp in which

-- The light-producing arc is stabilized by the arc tube wall temperature; and The arc tube wall loading is in excess of 3 Watts/cm 2 , including such lamps that are mercury vapor, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium lamps. Mercury vapor lamp means a high intensity discharge lamp, including clear, phosphor-coated, and self-ballasted screw base lamps, in which the major portion of the light is produced by radiation from mercury typically operating at a partial vapor pressure in excess of 100,000 Pa (approximately 1 atm). Metal halide lamp means a high intensity discharge lamp in which the major portion of the light is produced by radiation of metal halides and their products of dissociation, possibly in combination with metallic vapors. The CFR does not define high -pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Therefore, DOE reviewed the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) definitions for HPS lamps.
AN SI C82.9-1996 defines HPS lamp as “a high-intensity-discharge lamp in which the major portion of the light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of about 6.67 x 10 3 pascals (50 torr) or greater.”1-3

The IESNA LIGHTING HANDBOOK: Reference and Application , 9 th Edition, defines HPS lamp as “a high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp in which light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of about 1.33 x 10 4 Pa (100 Torr). Includes clear and diffuse-coated lamps.” Low-p ressure sodium (LPS) lamps are often considered HID lamps, but this distinction is incorrect.
AN SI defines LPS lamps as “a discharge lamp in which light is produced by radiation fr om sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of 0.13 to 1.3 pascals (10 -3 to 10 -2 torr).” IESNA defines LPS lamps as “a discharge lamp in which light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor operating at a partial pressure of 0.1 to 1.5 Pa (approximately 10 -3 to 10 -2 Torr).” Due to the lower pressure, the arc tube wall loading for LPS lamps is lower than the three watts per square centimeter defined in the CFR for HID lamps. The full title of ANSI C82.9- 1996, American National Standard for High-Intensity Discharge and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps, Ballasts and Transformers –Definitions , highlights that LPS lamps are not HID lamps. Therefore, this analysis does not incorporate LPS lamps. However, it is still important to note that many within the lighting industry generally treat LPS lamps as HID lamps.