NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GARY RONNELL PERKINS, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

C. ANGULO, Correctional Counselor at

Centinela State Prison; T. RAYBON,

Correctional Counselor II at Centinela

State Prison; J. BERNAL, Captain at

Centinela State Prison, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 22-55114

D.C. No. 

3:18-cv-00850-DMS-KSC

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of California

Dana M. Sabraw, Chief District Judge, Presiding

Submitted March 8, 2024** 

San Francisco, California

Before: O’SCANNLAIN, FERNANDEZ, and SILVERMAN, Circuit Judges.

FILED

MAR 8 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

*

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without

oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
California prisoner Gary Perkins appeals pro se from the district court’s

judgment following a jury trial in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 retaliation action against

Defendants Carlos Angulo, Tracy Raybon, and Juan Bernal (collectively,

Defendants). See U.S. Const. amend. I. Perkins argues that the district court

should not have admitted a 1996 prison Rules Violation Report (RVR) into

evidence. We review for abuse of discretion,1 and we affirm. 

The district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the RVR

was authentic. See Fed. R. Evid. 901(a); Vatyan v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 1179, 1184

(9th Cir. 2007). The Defendants each testified that the RVR was an accurate

representation of a document that he or she personally viewed in Perkins’

electronic prison file and relied upon in denying his family visit application. See

Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(1). That amounted to sufficient evidence that the document

was what it claimed to be,

2

 particularly when Perkins did not point to any evidence

1 United States v. Alvirez, 831 F.3d 1115, 1120 (9th Cir. 2016); see also

United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261–63 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).

2

See United States v. Estrada-Eliverio, 583 F.3d 669, 673 (9th Cir. 2009);

see also United States v. Smith, 609 F.2d 1294, 1301–02 (9th Cir. 1979).

2
supporting his speculative theory that the RVR had been fabricated. Cf. United

States v. Bonallo, 858 F.2d 1427, 1436 (9th Cir. 1988).3

Likewise, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the RVR

into evidence. See Alvirez, 831 F.3d at 1120. The RVR satisfied the best evidence

rule because the record showed that it was a printout of information stored in a

computer database, and thus is deemed to be an original. United States v. Bennett,

363 F.3d 947, 953 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Fed. R. Evid. 1001(d)–(e), 1002; cf.

United States v. Diaz-Lopez, 625 F.3d 1198, 1202 (9th Cir. 2010). The RVR was

not hearsay because it was not admitted for its truth,4

 so the hearsay exceptions

were irrelevant.5 Nor was the RVR unduly prejudicial to Perkins. See Fed. R.

Evid. 403. Rather, it was significant probative evidence bearing upon the

Defendants’ motivation for denying Perkins’ family visit application, which was a

key element6 of Perkins’ retaliation claim. Perkins has not explained any improper

or unfair influence that evidence could have had upon the jury, apart from the usual

3

 Because the Defendants’ testimony was sufficient to authenticate the RVR

under Rule 901, we need not and do not consider Perkins’ assorted challenges to

the E. Vang declaration. See Vatyan, 508 F.3d at 1184; see also Hinkson, 585 F.3d

at 1261–63. 

4

See Fed. R. Evid. 801(c)(2). 

5

See United States v. Arteaga, 117 F.3d 388, 396 & n.14 (9th Cir. 1997). 

6

See Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567–68 (9th Cir. 2005). 

3
prejudice that inheres in all relevant evidence. See United States v. Hankey, 203

F.3d 1160, 1172 (9th Cir. 2000).7

Finally, nothing in the record indicates that the district judge harbored any

impermissible bias against Perkins. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540,

555–56, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 1157–58, 127 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1994); United States v.

Sibla, 624 F.2d 864, 868 (9th Cir. 1980). 

We do not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal or matters

not specifically and distinctly raised and argued in the opening brief. See Padgett

v. Wright, 587 F.3d 983, 985 & n.2 (9th Cir. 2009) (per curiam). 

AFFIRMED.

7

 For the same reason, we reject Perkins’ Rule 403 challenge to parts of

Defendants’ testimony regarding their reasons for rejecting his application. 

4