*

 The Honorable Thomas M. Rose, United States District Court for the Southern District of

Ohio, sitting by designation.

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0142n.06

Filed: February 24, 2006

No. 04-2078

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JAMIE FOX, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MICHIGAN STATE POLICE

DEPARTMENT, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF

MICHIGAN

Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; GIBBONS, Circuit Judge; and ROSE, District Judge.*

JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-appellant Jamie Fox brought suit

under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, alleging that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated when

Michigan State Police officers searched and arrested Fox and searched his vehicle. Fox also brought

selective prosecution and several state law claims. The United States District Court for the Western

District of Michigan dismissed each of Fox’s claims and, alternatively, granted summary judgment

to the defendant police officers with regard to his § 1983 claim. For the following reasons, we

affirm the district court’s decision.

I.
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On July 3, 2001, Michigan State Police officers went to Fox’s home, in response to an

alleged violation of a Michigan state court personal protection order. Lynn Fox, the appellant’s

wife, had obtained the personal protection order against Fox in favor of herself and her children

following an alleged incident of domestic assault. Upon arrival at the Fox home, officers Nate

McGuire and Mark Hagerman found Jamie Fox outside the home. McGuire and Hagerman noticed

that Fox was carrying a knife on his side. They searched Fox and his vehicle and arrested Fox. Fox

was charged with one count each of domestic violence, absconding, possession of a mechanical

contrivance (switchblade), possession of an unregistered firearm, and carrying a concealed weapon.

Fox reached a plea agreement with the prosecutor in which he agreed to plead guilty to domestic

violence and possession of a mechanical contrivance (switchblade) in exchange for the dismissal

of all other charges. Fox entered his guilty plea on August 22, 2001. 

Fox filed a complaint on July 2, 2003, against the Michigan State Police and three John and

Jane Doe defendants, asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1988 based on alleged

violations of the Fourth Amendment, as well as a selective prosecution claim and several state law

claims. Fox later filed an amended complaint that named the Michigan State Police and officers

Ruth McGehee, Nate McGuire, and Mark Hagerman as defendants. The Michigan State Police

moved to dismiss the claims asserted against it, and the district court granted its motion on February

18, 2004.

Defendants McGehee, McGuire, and Hagerman then moved to dismiss the claims asserted

against them or, alternatively, for summary judgment (“defendants’ dispositive motion”). Officers

McGehee, McGuire, and Hagerman attached as exhibits to their motion uncertified copies of court

records and the police reports. Fox moved to strike these exhibits under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f) when
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he responded to defendants’ dispositive motion. Fox attached a personal affidavit to his response.

The defendants filed an answer to Fox’s motion to strike, claiming that the exhibits were properly

authenticated under Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(7) and that Fox’s own admissions in his response and

accompanying affidavit demonstrated the documents’ authenticity.

On August 3, 2004, the district court ruled on each of these motions. The district court

denied Fox’s motion to strike on the basis that defendants’ exhibits were not pleadings within the

meaning of Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f) and, therefore, could not be the subject of a motion to strike.

Although the motion to strike was denied, the district court stated that it would not consider

defendants’ unauthenticated exhibits in reaching its decision, because to do so over plaintiff’s

objection would be error. Turning to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the district court held that

Fox’s amended complaint failed to state a claim against McGehee because it merely named

McGehee in the caption but did not assert any facts supporting a cause of action against her. With

regard to defendants McGuire and Hagerman, the district court dismissed Fox’s § 1983 and § 1985

claims because Fox failed to allege facts that would established a violation of Fox’s Fourth

Amendment rights. The district court dismissed Fox’s § 1988 claim because § 1988 does not create

an independent cause of action. Fox’s selective prosecution claim was dismissed for his failure to

allege specific facts. The district court also dismissed Fox’s state law claims because they were

barred by Michigan’s statute of limitations. Finally, the district court considered the defendants’

motion for summary judgment and granted it. Fox filed a timely notice of appeal.

II.

On appeal, Fox challenges the denial of his motion to strike and the disposition of his

§§ 1983 and 1985 claims asserted against defendants McGuire and Hagerman. Fox does not
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challenge the dismissal of those claims asserted against defendants Michigan State Police and

McGehee, the dismissal of his state law claims as barred by the statute of limitations, or the

dismissal of his selective prosecution claim.

Fox first challenges the denial of his motion to strike. We review a decision to grant or deny

a motion to strike for an abuse of discretion. Seay v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 339 F.3d 454, 480 (6th

Cir. 2003). The district court correctly decided not to strike the exhibits attached to defendants’

dispositive motion. Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f), a court may strike only material that is contained

in the pleadings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a) defines pleadings as “a complaint and an answer; a reply to

a counterclaim denominated as such; an answer to a cross-claim, if the answer contains a

cross-claim; a third-party complaint, if a person who was not an original party is summoned under

the provisions of Rule 14; and a third-party answer, if a third-party complaint is served.” Exhibits

attached to a dispositive motion are not “pleadings” within the meaning of Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a) and

are therefore not subject to a motion to strike under Rule 12(f).

The district court did not to rely on the documents, however, when deciding defendants’

dispositive motion. This decision was appropriate because the court records and police reports,

which were neither sworn nor certified, were not properly authenticated and were therefore

inadmissible in evidence. As a result, the documents failed to meet the requirements of Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(e). This decision took into account Fox’s pro se status and the fact that he alluded to Rule

56(e) in his motion. In essence, the district court gave Fox the benefit of his “motion to strike” by

specifically declining to consider these materials under Rule 56(e). Fox nevertheless argues on

appeal that it was error for the district court to leave the unauthenticated documents in the record

prior to the district court’s ruling on defendants’ dispositive motion. Fox cites no case in support
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of this proposition. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not require the district court to remove

documents other than pleadings from the record in a case. The district court appropriately dealt with

the documents on grounds of admissibility and resolved the issue correctly.

We turn next to the district court’s grant of the defendants’ motion to dismiss Fox’s claims

that were based on §§ 1983 and 1985. The district court concluded that Fox’s “bare allegation of

the legal conclusion that he was arrested without probable cause” does not suffice to support a viable

Fourth Amendment claim.

This court reviews a district court’s dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) de novo.

Roberson v. Tennessee, 399 F.3d 792, 794 (6th Cir. 2005). A complaint may be dismissed pursuant

to Rule 12(b)(6) only if it is clear that no relief can be granted under any set of facts that could be

proven consistent with the allegations of the complaint. Montgomery v. Huntington Bank, 346 F.3d

693, 698 (6th Cir. 2003); Ludwig v. Bd. of Trustees of Ferris St. Univ., 123 F.3d 404, 408 (6th Cir.

1997). Although a complaint need only provide “‘fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the

grounds upon which it rests,’” Lawler v. Marshall, 898 F.2d 1196, 1199 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting

Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)), the district court does not need to accept as true “legal

conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences.” Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10,

12 (6th Cir. 1987). “In practice, a . . . complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations

respecting all the material elements to sustain a recovery under some viable legal theory.” In re

DeLorean Motor Co., 991 F.2d 1236, 1240 (6th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted) (emphasis and alterations in original). While complaints of pro se litigants are held to a

less stringent standard than licensed attorneys, this leniency does not abrogate those basic pleading
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requirements that ensure that the court does “not have to guess at the nature of the claim asserted.”

Wells v. Brown, 891 F.2d 591, 594 (6th Cir. 1989).

To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege that he was deprived by a person acting

under the color of state law of a right secured by the Constitution or a federal statute. Barrett v.

Steubenville City Schools, 388 F.3d 967, 971 (6th Cir. 2004). Excluding legal conclusions, the

following factual allegations can be culled from Fox’s amended complaint: Fox was outside his

home in Hillsdale County; Fox was there to see his children; a personal protection order was in

effect, but Fox was outside of the restricted area; Michigan State Police officers McGuire and

Hagerman responded to an allegation that there had been a violation of the personal protection order;

the officers arrived and searched Fox and his vehicle and arrested Fox. Fox’s complaint makes clear

that his claim is based upon a violation of the Fourth Amendment. We do not find anything in Fox’s

complaint that disposes of his claim that he was at all times acting in accordance with the law but

was nevertheless unreasonably searched and arrested by the defendants. In short, it is not clear

beyond doubt that Fox, a pro se litigant, could not prove a Fourth Amendment violation in

accordance with the allegations in his complaint. Accordingly, Fox’s complaint did not fail to state

a claim under § 1983.

We agree with the district court’s decision, however, to dismiss those claims asserted under

§ 1985. Fox has never articulated under which provision of § 1985 he purses relief, but his

complaint fails to state a claim under any of its provisions. Section 1985(1), which prohibits

conspiracies to interfere with federal officers in the performance of their duties, and the first clause

of § 1985(2), which prohibits conspiracies to influence parties, witness, or jurors in federal court

proceedings, are not applicable to this case. Under both the second clause of § 1985(2), which
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prohibits conspiracies to interfere with due process in state courts with the intent to deprive persons

of their equal protection rights, and § 1985(3), which prohibits conspiracies to deprive persons of

their equal protection rights, a plaintiff must allege that there was “some racial, or perhaps otherwise

class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ action.” Kush v. Rutledge,

460 U.S. 719, 726 (1983); see also Collyer v. Darling, 98 F.3d 211, 233 (6th Cir. 1996). Fox’s

complaint does not state a claim under § 1985 because there are no allegations, conclusory or

otherwise, of either a conspiracy or any class-based motivation with regard to defendants’ actions.

See Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580, 599 (6th Cir. 2004) (“Claims of [civil] conspiracy must be pled

with some specificity: vague and conclusory allegations that are unsupported by material facts are

not sufficient to state a § 1983 claim.”).

Having concluded that Fox’s complaint stated a claim only under § 1983 and only with

regard to defendants McGuire and Hagerman, we turn to the award of summary judgment for those

defendants. Although the district court refused to consider the exhibits attached to defendants’

dispositive motion, it nevertheless awarded summary judgment to defendants McGuire and

Hagerman based on its conclusion that the affidavits that Fox filed in response to defendants’

dispositive motion made it clear that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that

defendants were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Specifically, Fox admits in his affidavits

that the defendants, during their investigation of the incident, observed a knife belted to Fox’s right

side. Fox’s affidavits also make clear that, as a result of the incident, Fox was charged with and pled

guilty to possession of a switchblade and domestic violence.

This court reviews a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo. See Terry

Barr Sales Agency, Inc. v. All-Lock Co., Inc., 96 F.3d 174, 178 (6th Cir. 1996). Summary judgment
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is appropriate where the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We view

the facts and any inferences reasonably drawn from them in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). 

Fox’s affidavit establishes that officers McGuire and Hagerman could see the knife on Fox’s

belt. “It has been long settled that objects falling in the plain view of an officer who has a right to

be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure . . . .” Harris v. United States, 390 U.S.

234, 236 (1968). Because the officers could see the illegal switchblade in plain view, they had

probable cause to search and arrest Fox. With regard to Fox’s claim that his vehicle was unlawfully

searched, we agree with the district court that any search of Fox’s vehicle was reasonable. Taking

all evidence in the light most favorable to Fox, the vehicle search was either a search incident to a

lawful arrest, see New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 460 (1981), or a necessary protective search in

light of the officers’ discovery that Fox possessed a switchblade, see Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S.

1032, 1049-50 (1983). We therefore conclude that, based on the evidence in Fox’s affidavit, the

district court’s decision to grant summary judgment was correct.

In addition, Fox’s claim that he was unlawfully searched was barred by Heck v. Humphrey,

512 U.S. 477 (1994). Despite the district court’s reliance on Heck, Fox does not mention Heck in

his appellate briefs. Any argument that the district court incorrectly relied on Heck is therefore

abandoned. Dixon v. Ashcroft, 392 F.3d 212, 217 (6th Cir. 2004); Robinson v. Jones, 142 F.3d 905,

906 (6th Cir. 1998). Even if we reviewed the district court’s ruling based on Heck, however, we

would conclude that Heck bars Fox’s claim that he was unlawfully searched. In Heck, the Supreme
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Court held that “in order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional . . . harm caused by

actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must

prove that the conviction or sentence has been reversed . . . .” Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-87. In this case,

a finding in favor of Fox on his claim that defendants unlawfully searched his person would

“necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction” for possession of a switchblade. Heck, 512 U.S.

at 487. The search of Fox yielded the switchblade, which became the subject of a criminal charge

of which Fox was convicted. Cf. Brindley v. Best, 192 F.3d 525, 530-31 (6th Cir. 1999) (finding that

items that a § 1983 plaintiff claimed were unlawfully seized “were never the subject of criminal

charges” filed against plaintiff and therefore the “alleged unlawful seizures . . . would not invalidate

the plaintiffs’ convictions.”); Schilling v. White, 58 F.3d 1081, 1086 (6th Cir. 1995) (“The language

of Heck plainly refutes the argument that Fourth Amendment claims are exempted from the

requirement that a conviction must be set aside as a precondition for this type of § 1983 suit.”). Fox

may not maintain a claim, therefore, based on the search of his person until his conviction for

possession of a switchblade has been invalidated.

Fox is estopped, moreover, from arguing that his arrest was made without probable cause

because he pled guilty to the resulting offenses. See Walker v. Schaeffer, 854 F.2d 138, 142-43 (6th

Cir. 1999) (holding that the defendants’ guilty pleas bar them from later alleging that police lacked

probable cause to detain them); Hemphill v. Haglund, 45 F. App’x 519, 520 (6th Cir. 2002) (holding

that a defendant’s guilty plea to a charge that results from a search bars the defendant from later

alleging that police lacked probable cause to conduct the search). In general, a state court judgment

is given the same preclusive effect that it receives under the law of the state in which it was

rendered. Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984). In Michigan, it is
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“well established that a conviction, unless procured by fraud or unfair means, is conclusive evidence

of probable cause.” Blase v. Appicelli, 489 N.W.2d 129, 131 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992) (citing Moore

v. Michigan Nat'l Bank, 117 N.W.2d 105, 106 (Mich. 1962); Piechowiak v. Bissell, 9 N.W.2d 685,

689 (Mich. 1943)). We must therefore acknowledge that defendants McGuire and Hagerman had

probable cause to search and arrest Fox for possession of a switchblade and domestic violence. Any

claim based on his arrest is therefore barred by estoppel. As with the Heck ruling, Fox offers no

argument that the district court incorrectly barred his claims based on estoppel.

III.

The district court’s decision to dismiss or grant summary judgment on all of the claims in

Fox’s amended complaint is affirmed.