Page 1 of 19 OFFICE OF
CHEMICAL SAFETY AND
POLLUTION PREVENTION UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460

PC Code: 128008

D P Barcode : D 416697, D 416698, D 417193

Date: S eptember 2, 2014

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT: Drinking Water and Ecological Risk Assessment in Support of the Boscalid Section 3

New Use on Stone Fruit Group 12

- 12, Tree Nut Group 14

- 12, Herb Subgroup 19A , and

Dill Seed

TO: Heather Garvie, Risk Manager

Shaja Joyner , Product Manager Cynthia Giles

- Parker, Branch Chief Fungicide Branch Registration Division, 7505P

Andrew Ertman, Risk Manager Reviewer Barbara Madden, Minor Use Team Leader Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch Registration Division (7505P)

Stephen Funk, Dietary Assessor Barry O'Keefe, Risk Assessor Christine Olinger, Branch Chief

Risk Assessment Branch 3 Health Effects Division (7509P)

FROM: Katrina White, Ph.D.

, Environmental Toxicologist

Catherine Aubee

, Biologist

Environmental Risk Branch IV Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P )

REVIEWED

BY : James N. Carleton, Ph.D., Senior Scientist

Thomas Steeger, PhD., Senior Science Advisor

Environmental Risk Branch IV Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

THROUGH: Sarah Winfield

, Acting Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch IV (ERB4) Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)Page 2 of 19

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has completed its evaluation in support of the proposed Section 3 new use registratio n submitted by BASF Corporation and the Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR

- 4) for the use of the fungicide boscalid ( PC Code

128008 ; 2

- chloro

- N

- (4'

- chlorobiphenyl

- 2

- yl)nicotinamide ) . The proposed actions include broadening certain registered uses beyond individual crops to include entire crop groups, specifically for the stone frui t crop group 1 12

- 12 and the tree nuts crop group 14

- 12. Additionally, there is a proposed new use on herbs subgroup 19A 2 and dill seed . These updates are being proposed on supplements to the Pristine  Fungicide label (EPA registration number

7969

- 199) , which is a dual active ingredient (a.i.) fungicide ( 25.2% boscalid; 12.8% pyraclostrobin , by mass ) formulated as a water

- dispersible gra nule

. This assessment pertains only to the active ingredient boscalid

. The request proposes two applications per season of 0. 292

lbs boscalid a.i./A at a 7

- day interval

, for a seasonal maximum of 0. 584 lbs boscalid a.i./A.

T here is ambiguity in the proposed label language

, and EFED recommends the label be clarified to include a maximum yearly application rate or the maximum number of seasons that are allowed per year

. Beyond this issue, EFED has concluded that the potential for drinking water exposu re from the proposed new uses is no greater than that from previously

assessed uses ( USEPA, 2013, D409880 ) , and a new drinking water assessment is not needed. Similarly, e cological risk from the proposed new uses is within the scope of risk from registere d uses that were previously assessed (USEPA, 2003, D278387; USEPA, 2010, D363523; USEPA, 2013, D405817+) . The risks are characterized in detail in the cited assessments and are summarized here for quick reference.

Use Characterization

The proposed new u ses of boscalid include crop group conversions for stone fruit and tree nuts
and new uses on Subgroup 19A (herb subgroup) and dill seed

. Table 1 provides details on the proposed new uses and summarizes similar uses t hat have been reviewed

. Unless otherwi se specified, application rates in this document are presented in terms of lbs boscalid a.i./A.

Boscalid is already registered for use on stone fruit and tree nuts and the proposal is to broaden

the se use s for individual crops on the label to include their respective crop groups. The proposed use patterns for herb crop group 19A and dill seed are similar to those already approved on labels; however, because the labels provide the maximum number of applications and a maximum seasonal applicatio n rate, without a maximum annual application rate, it is possible that boscalid could be applied to the same field for multiple crop cycles ( i.e ., “seasons”) . In

1 Information on crop groups is available at: http://ir4.rutgers.edu/other/CropGroup.htm (accessed 6/23/2014).

2 Herb subgroup 19A contains: Angelica; balm; basil; borage; burnet; camomile; catnip; chervil (dried); chive; chive, Chinese; clary; coriander (leaf); costmary; cilantro (leaf); curry (leaf); dillweed; horehound; hyssop; lavender; lemongrass; lovage (leaf) ; marigold; marjoram; nasturtium; parsley (dried); pennyroyal; rosemary; rue; sage; savory, summer and winter; sweet bay; tansy; tarragon; thyme; wintergreen; woodruff; and wormwood.Page 3 of 19

south Florida, four crop cycles per year have the potential to occur (assuming 70

- 80 days to crop maturity and planting dates throughout the year) ( Huchmuth et al. , 1999 ; Mossler, 2005 )

. Assuming up to four crop cycles per year for herbs would allow for eight possible applications per year and a maximum rate similar to the maximum annual rate assumed for turf (0.29 lbs a.i./A × 8 = 2.2 lb a.i./A/year; turf maximum annual rate = 2.1 lbs a.i./A/season, where turf is assumed to have one season per year).

Table 1

. Summary of propo sed new uses for boscalid along with similar uses that have been reviewed previously Use Site/ Source Single App. Rate (lbs. ai/A) # of App. Seasonal App. Rate (lbs. ai/A) Retreatment Interval (days) PHI App. Type 6 Comment

Uses on Proposed Labels

Stone Fruit (12

- 12 0.229 5* 1.15 7

- 14 0 A**, C G, AB This use pattern was assessed in 2003

with an airblast application ( USEPA, 2002, D278418 , 2003, D278387+ )

. This use pattern is on the currently approved Pristine® label

. It is not registered in California.

Almond 0.229 4* 0.916 7

- 14 25 A**, C G, AB Tree nuts assessed in 2003 ( USEPA,

2003, D278387+ ) for an airblast application. This use pattern is on the currently approved Pristine® label. The use on pistachio is nationwide; other uses in this group are not registered in California. Filbert 7

- 14 14 A**, C G, AB

Pecan 7

- 21 14 A**, C G, AB

Pistachio 10

- 30 14 A**, C G, AB

Other tree

nut 7

- 28 14 A**, C G, AB Subgroup 19A (herb subgroup)

and dill

seed 0.292 2 0.584 7 NS A**, C G, AB See risk in 2013 assessment for globe

artichoke and turnip greens to understand risk to aquatic organisms ( USEPA, 2013, D405817+ )

. See also

2013 drinki ng water assessment

, which applies to this use pattern ( USEPA, 2013, D409880 )

. This use is not registered in California. Use Historically Resulting in the Highest EDWCs

Golf

Course

Turf 0.35 0 6 2.1 14 0 G

Other Use Patterns that Inform the Proposed New Use s
Globe

artichoke 0.360 3 1.08 7

- 14 0 Not specified ( USEPA, 2012a, D405064 , 2013,

D405817+ ) Turnip

greens 0.395 2 0.790 7

- 14 14 Not specified ( USEPA, 2012a, D405064 , 2013,

D405817+ )Page 4 of 19

Abbreviations: A=aerial; G=ground boom; C= chemig ation ; AB=airblast ; EDWC=estimated drinking water concentration; EEC=estimated environmental concentration *Do not make more than two (2) sequential applications of Pristine before alternating to a labeled fungicide with a

different mode of action.

**For aerial application to stone fruit trees, use no less than 10 gallons spray solution per acre.

Drinking Water Exposure

For drinking water, Estimated Drinking Water Concentrations ( EDWC ) were previously based

on the use of boscalid on turf ( USEPA, 2013, D409 880 ) . As shown in Appendix A , EDWCs for the proposed use on herbs are lower than those previously calculated for turf. This is true even when up to four crop cycles per year are assumed for herbs, given the label ambiguity with respect to maximum annu al application rate . Therefore, EFED recommends that the EDWCs for turf in the 2013 drinking water assessment (D409880) continue to be used in the Health Effects

Division ’s (HED) dietary assessment . The recommended EDWCs are summarized in Table 2

.

Table 2. Tier I EDWCs for residues of boscalid and unextracted residues based on use on turf 1

Source of Drinking Water (Model) Boscalid and unextracted residue concentration in drinking water ( μg/L)

Acute Annual Average or Post Breakthrough Average

Surface water (FIRST) 97.3 26.4 Groundwater (PRZM

GW) 773 697

1 These are the highest EDWCs for the proposed and relevant previously evaluated use scenarios ; see USEPA, 2013,

D409880 for additional information

.

Ecological Exposure

The proposed crop group conversions for stone fruit and tree nuts do not include any changes to the labeled application rates; therefore, new EECs were not calculated for either aquatic or

terrestrial ex posure

. Surface water and terrestrial EECs for stone fruit and tree nuts are taken

from the Section 3 new chemical assessment for boscalid (synonym: nicobifen) ( USEPA, 2003,

D 278387 ) . Peak surface water EECs for stone fruit and tree nuts ranged from 29.4 to 36.5 μ g a.i./L

, respectively; 21

- day and 60

- day EECs were only slightly l ower. In the new chemical assessment, terrestrial EECs for dietary exposure based on uses for stone fruit and tree nuts were determined conservatively using an application rate of 0.350 lbs a.i./A applied five times with a

retreatment interval of seven da ys, which was the maximum of all single application rates

assessed at that time. The dietary EECs ranged from 20.3 mg a.i./kg diet for animals feeding exclusively on fruits, pods, and large insects

, to 324 mg a.i./kg diet for animals feeding exclusively o n items like short grass.

For the new use on herbs, peak surface water EECs ranged from 32.7 to 152 μ g a.i./L , depending

on the number of crop cycles ( i.e. , one to four) assumed per year ( Appendix A ) ; the 21

- day and

60

- day EECs were only slightly lower

. Overall, t he aquatic EECs for herbs w ere similar to th ose most recently calculated for globe artichoke (peak EEC = 101 μ g a.i./L) and turnip greens (peak

EEC = 261 μ g a.i./L) ( USEPA, 2013, D405817+ )

. Terrestrial EECs for globe artichoke andPage 5 of 19

turnip greens ranged from 70 to 227 mg a.i./kg diet; dose

- adjusted values ranged from <1 to 259 mg a.i./kg bw. As with stone fruit and tree nuts, the proposed applica tion scenario for herbs (two applications at 0.292 lbs a.i./A with a minimum seven day retreatment interval) is within the range of application scenarios assessed in the original new chemical assessment (USEPA, 2003, D278387) ; therefore, the terrestrial EE Cs from that assessment may also be used as a conservative reference

.

Exposure to terrestrial non

- target plants may occur via spray drift and runoff from the proposed new uses of boscalid. Based on the previously described assessments ( USEPA, 2013,

D405817+ ) , the screening

- level EECs for nontarget terrestrial and semi

- aquatic plants would range from <0.01 lbs a.i./A to no more than 0.05 lbs a.i./A.

Ecological Risk

T he risk s from the proposed new uses on stone fruits, tree nuts, and herbs are expected to be within the scope of risk s from previously assessed uses ( USEPA, 2013, D405817+ )

. These risks

are summarized in Table 3

. Most notably,

 When four crop cycles per year are considered, t he proposed new use on herbs results in

risk to freshwater fish (and by proxy to aquatic

- phase amphibians). Spec ifically, risk quotient (RQ) values exceed the level of concern (LOC) for acute risk to federally listed threatened and endangered (“ listed ”) species and for chronic risk to both listed and non

listed species. R Q values from three or fewer crop cycles per year is below all LOC s

.

 Chronic toxicity data are not available for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates ; therefore

, chronic risk s to these taxa are uncertain.

 Risk from all proposed uses exceeds the acute risk L OC for estuarine/marine molluscs, and this risk is presumed to extend to freshwater molluscs.

 Acute risk to freshwater crustaceans is uncertain because a definitive toxicity endpoint is

not available ; available data suggest that the LD 50 may be near the water solubility limit of the compound. C hronic risk is not expected.

 All proposed uses have risk that exceeds the chronic risk LOC for mammals. Effects seen in laboratory toxicity studies at these dietary concentrations included reductions in body weight (absolute and weight gain) in second generation (F2), male rat pups

.

 All proposed uses may result in risk to listed species of terrestrial plants in adjacent areas,

based on EECs and reductions in plant growth parameters ( i.e ., shoot length, dry weight)

in a greenhouse phytotoxicity study (Tier II vegetative vigor). Risk to dicotyledonous (dicot) plants may extend to certain non

- listed species ; dicots generally appear to be more sensitive to boscalid exposure than monocotyledonous (monocot) species

.

 This assessment evaluates hazard to honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) as a surrogate for terrestrial invertebrates. Reports of adverse ef fects on honey bees associated with nearby

uses of boscalid co

- formulated with pyraclostrobin (Pristine ® ) have not been

substantiated by a growing body of higher

- tiered experimental data with Pristine ® andPage 6 of 19

with laboratory

- based studies of individual adult and larval bees with each constituent of

Pristine ®

.

Table 3. Screening level risk conclusions for proposed uses of boscalid on stone fruit, tree nuts, and herbs

Taxonomic groups Type of Risk Uses with Risk Quotients that Exceed the

Level of Concern are shaded

Acute Chronic Freshwater fish and aquatic

phase amphibians Listed species Herbs 1 Herbs 2

N onlisted species None Herbs 2

Estuarine/marine fish Listed species None 3 Not determined

N onlisted species None 3 Not determined

Freshwater invertebrates Listed species Not determined None

N onlisted species Not determined None

Molluscs Listed species Stone fruit

Tree nuts

Herbs Not determined

N onlisted species None Not determined

Benthic invertebrates Listed species Not determined None

N onlisted species Not determined None

Aquatic vascular plants Listed species None

N onlisted species None

Aquatic nonvascular plants Listed species None

N onlisted species None

Mammals Listed species None Stone fruit

Tree nuts

Herbs 4

N onlisted species None Stone fruit

Tree nuts

Herbs 4
Birds, reptiles, and terrestrial

phase amphibians Listed species Unlikely 5 None

N onlisted species None None

Terrestrial plants Listed species Monocots 6 and dicots 7 : Stone fruit

Tree nuts

Herbs

N onlisted species Di cots 7 only:

Stone fruit

Tree nuts

Herbs

1 RQ = EEC 152 ug a.i./L (four crop cycles)  LC 50 2,700 ug a.i./L = 0.06; acute risk to listed species LOC = 0.05.

2 RQ = EEC 15 0 ug a.i./L (four crop cycles)  NOAEC 116 ug a.i./L = 1.29; chronic risk LO C = 1.

3 A comparison of the highest peak EEC for the proposed new uses (152 ug a.i./L for herbs with four crop cycles) to the nondefinitive endpoint for acute toxicity to estuarine/marine fish (LC 50 > 3,860 ug a.i./L) indicates that acute risk is unlikely to exceed the LOCs for this taxon.

4 The chronic risk LOC is exceeded for all size classes of mammals foraging on vegetation, e.g ., broadleaf plants and grasses.

5 Acute risk of mortality in birds i s considered unlikely based on the absence of mortality at the highest dose tested, although sublethal effects were observed in one study.

6 Risk to listed species of monocots exceeds the LOC based on EECs up to 0.05 lbs a.i./A and reductions in shoot

len gth in the Tier II vegetative vigor test (NOAEC = 0.035 lbs a.i./A, corn)

.Page 7 of 19 7 Risk to listed and non

- listed species of dicots is concluded because EECs (up to 0.05 lbs a.i./A) exceed the lowest treatment rate (0.035 lbs a.i./A) in the vegetative vigor test , where significant reductions (p<0.05, >25%) in cabbage dry weight were observed.

Recent Incident Data

Reported incidents associated with boscalid exposure consist primarily of beekeeper reports of honey bee mortality and adverse effects on honey bee br ood (larval) development. These incidents are described in detail in prior assessments (USEPA, 2010, D363523; USEPA, 2013,
D405817+) and generally identify the end

- use product, Pristine  , or tank mixes of boscalid

containing products with other pesticides.

In 2014, an anonymous beekeeper reported a new incident of adverse effects on honey bee colonies, potentially associated with exposure to Pristine  in almond orchards (Incident No.

I 026240

‐ 001 ). The exposure was reported as a tank mix of Pristine  with the insect growth regulator, Intrepid ® ( a.i.: methoxyfenozide)

. The pesticide application was reported to have occurred both during the day and at night in February 2014 when almond o rchards were in full

bloom. Physical injury from airblast exposure was cited as a potential contributing factor to the injury and mortality observed. The beekeeper reported that 80% of the colonies had noticeable

brood and adult loss ; up to 7,800 colonie s were reportedly on contract in area almond orchards at

the time

.

Considerations for Listed Species

In November 2013, the EPA, along with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (collectively, the Services) , and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) released a summary of their joint Interim Approaches for assessing risks to listed species from pesticides. The Interim Approaches were developed jointly by the agencies in response to the National Academy o f Sciences’ (NAS) recommendations and reflect a common approach to risk assessment shared by the agencies as a way of addressing scientific differences between the EPA and the Services. The NAS report (National Research Council, 2013) outlines recommendat ions on specific scientific and technical issues related to the development of pesticide risk assessments that EPA and the Services must conduct in connection with their obligations under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungic ide, and Rotenticide Act ( FIFRA )

.

The joint Interim Approaches were released prior to a stakeholder workshop held on November 15, 2013. In addition, the EPA presented the joint Interim Approaches at the December 2013 Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC) and State

- FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group (SFIREG) meetings, and held a stakeholder workshop in April 2014, allowing additional opportunities for stakeholders to comment on the Interim Approaches. As part of a phased, iterative process for developing the Interim Approaches, the agencies will also consider public comments on the Interim Approaches in connection with the development of upcoming Registration Review decisions. The details of the joint Interim Approaches are contained in th ePage 8 of 19

white paper “Interim Approaches for National

- Level Pesticide Endangered Species Act Assessments Based on the Recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences April 2013 Report,” dated November 1, 2013 (NRC, 2013)

.

Given that the agencies are conti nuing to develop and work toward implementation of the Interim Approaches to assess the potential risks of pesticides to listed species and their

d esignated critical habitat, the risk assessment for boscalid does not contain a complete ESA analysis that in cludes individual species effects determinations for particular listed species or designated critical habitat. Although EPA has not yet completed effects determinations for particular species or habitats, EPA conducted a screening

- level assessment for all taxa of non

target wildlife and plants that assumes ( for the purpose of the assessment ) that listed species and designated critical habitats may be present in the vicinity of the application of boscalid . This screening

- level assessment will allow EPA to focus its future evaluations on the types of species where the potential for effects exists once the scientific methods being developed by the agencies have been fully vetted. This screening

- level risk assessment for bos calid indicates potential risks

of direct effects to listed fish, molluscs, mammals, and terrestrial plants i n all of boscalid’s proposed use sites. Listed species in other taxonomic groups may also be affected through indirect effects because of the pote ntial for direct effects on listed and non

- listed species upon which such species may rely. Further, p otential direct effects on listed fish, molluscs, mammals

, and terrestrial plants from the use of boscalid may be associated with modification of Primary Constituent Elements (PCEs) of designated critical habitats, where such designations have been made. Once the agencies have fully developed and implemented the scientific methods necessary to complete risk assessments for listed species and their designa ted critical habitats, these methods will be applied to subsequent analyses for boscalid

.

Uncertainties

The following uncertainties have been identified regarding the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of boscalid. These are continuing uncertainties which have been discussed in detail in previous assessments ( e.g ., USEPA, 2010, D363523 ). Submission of appropriate data would

reduce these uncertainties

, and such data may be required as part of the upcoming Registration Review process.

With respect to the environmental fate of boscalid, EFED continues to recommend submission of the following:

 Anaerobic a quatic m etabolism d ata: data on anaerobic aquatic metabolism (OCSPP guideline 835.4400) in two sediments are recommended in the guideline; however, data

are currently only available for one sediment. This data gap could result in

underestimation or overestimation of typical half

- lives in such media. To account for this uncertainty, standard EFED procedure is to multiply a single anaerobic aquatic

metabolism half

- life by three to derive a representative benthic half

- life for use as a model input.Page 9 of 19

 Identificatio n of u nextracted r esidues in a erobic s oil and a naerobic a quatic m etabolism

s tudies: the identity of unextracted residues is unknown in a number of submitted fate studies in which unextracted residues made up greater than 10% of applied radioactivity (<1 to 63%). This creates significant uncertainty in the risk assessment. Due to the uncertainty in the identity of the unextracted residues, past assessments of boscalid have conservatively assumed that the unidentified residues are of toxicological concern w hen estimating half

- lives for use in aquatic modeling. Additionally, past assessments of boscalid have conservatively assumed that they (the unextracted residues) exhibit the same toxicity to aquatic organisms as the parent compound.

If aquatic EECs and the associated RQ values were to be less conservatively based only on extracted boscalid residues in environmental fate studies ( i.e

., nondefinitive RQ values, or NRQs), and not on the combination of extracted and unextracted residues, RQ values would be

r educed by approximately one

- half. In this case, the RQ values for the proposed new use on herbs (four crop cycles per year) would no longer exceed the LOCs for risk to freshwater fish and amphibians. However, RQ values would generally still approach or e xceed the acute risk to listed species LOC for molluscs.

With respect to ecotoxicity, u ncertainties discussed in previous assessments also carry forward

into this risk assessment and include the following:

 Acute toxicity to the waterflea ( Daphnia magna ) ;

 Acute toxicity to estuarine/marine invertebrates (crustaceans);

 Chronic toxicity to estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates;

 Sediment toxicity data for aquatic invertebrates; and,

 Tier II terrestrial plant vegetative vigor data given the nondefinitive endp oint for cabbage.

Summary

Boscalid has the potential to reach surface water and groundwater, and to be transported in air either in vapor phase or on particles 3

. Boscalid has been measured in all of these matrices , and in

other matrices such as sediment and bees’ wax, through ambient monitoring

. Boscalid is also persistent to very persistent and residues are expected to remain in the environment for months to

years.

The proposed new uses of boscalid include crop group conversions for stone fruit and tree nuts and new uses on herbs (subgroup 19a) and dill seed. These use patterns are expected to result in

acute RQ values that exceed the LOC acute risk to listed specie s of freshwater fish and aquatic

-

3 Although boscalid is classified as non

- volatile under field condition s (according to the classification system in Guideline 835.6100) ( USEPA, 2008 ) , based on monitoring data it still has the potential to be transported in air or on particles in air. Boscalid was measured in air monitoring studies in air and associated with particles in air ( Schumer

et al. , 2010 )

. Based on results of the Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk model, exposure through inhalation is not a potential pathway of concern for either avian or mamm alian species on an acute basis.Page 10 of 19

phase amphibians (herb use only) and listed species of molluscs. Chronic risk is anticipated for

freshwater fish and aquatic

- phase amphibians (herb use only) and for mammals. R Q values from exposure through offsite transp ort exceeds LOCs for risk to listed terrestrial and semi

- aquatic plants and for certain nonlisted species of plants (dicots) . Adverse effects seen in chronic exposure studies with animals a nd with terrestrial plants generally reflect reductions in growth parameters following exposure to boscalid.

The potential for human exposure through drinking water and the ecological risks identified for the proposed new uses of boscalid are consistent with conclusions of previous assessments for

uses that were subsequently registered. Similarly, uncertainties about the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of boscalid have been discussed in prior assessments. While these uncertainties are not specific to the proposed new uses, EFED continues to recommend the subm ission of appropriate data to support a more accurate and comprehensive risk assessment.

Specific to this assessment, EFED notes that there is ambiguity in the proposed label language and recommends that the label be clarified to include a maximum yearly application rate or the

maximum number of seasons that are allow able for boscalid use per year. Clarification of the label language would support a more accurate risk assessment and may result in certain risks ( e.g ., risk to freshwater fish and aquatic

- ph ase amphibians from use on herbs ) being identified as

below LOCs

.

REFERENCES

Huchmuth, G. J., Maynard, D. N., Vavrina, C. S., Stall, W. M., Kucharek, T. A., Stansley, P. A.,

et al. 1999. Parsley Production in Florida . HS731. February 1999. University of Florida. Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Available at http://university.uog.edu/cals/people/PUBS/Parsley/CV1290 0.pdf (Accessed June 23, 2014). Mathur, S. 2002.D285692. Secondary Product Chemistry Review of MP . D. B. 3285692. October 31, 2002. Registration Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mossler, M. 2005. Crop Profile for Herbs in Florida (Basil, Cilantro, Dill, Mint, Parsley, Rosemary, Sage, Thyme) . July 2005. Pesticide Information Office. University of Florida. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Available at http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLherbs.pdf (Accessed June 23, 2014). Schumer, C., Mothiron, E., Appenzeller, B. M. R., Rizet, A., Wennig, R., & Millet, M. 2010. Temporal variations of concentrations of cu rrently used pesticides in the atmosphere of Strasbourg, France. Environmental Pollution, 158 , 576

- 584.

USEPA. 2002.D278418. BAS 510 F: Tier 1 Drinking Water EECs for Use in the Human Health

Risk Assessment . D278418. September 16, 2002. Environmental F ate and Effects Division. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Page 11 of 19

USEPA. 2003.D278387+. EFED Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration of BAS 510 F (Nicobifen) . D. D278387, D278389, D278390, D2784 18. May 28, 2003. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 2008. Fate, Transport, and Transformation Guidelines. OPPTS 835.6100 Terrestrial Field Dissip ation . EPA 712

- C

- 08

- 020. October 2008. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available at http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publication s/835_6100.pdf (Accessed July 30, 2009).

USEPA. 2012a.D405064. Tier I Drinking Water Exposure Assessment for the Section 3 New Use of Boscalid on Various Agricultural Crops Including Cranberries . D405064. Memorandum From K. White to S. Funk, B. O'Keefe, A . Ertman & B. Madden. November 27, 2012. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 2012b.D405064. Tier I Drinking Water Exp osure Assessment for the Section 3 New Use of Boscalid on Various Agricultural Crops Including Cranberries . D405064. November 27, 2012. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 2013.D405817+. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Proposed New Uses of Boscalid for Various Agricultural Crops, Ornamentals, and Residential

Gardens . D405817+. August 13, 2013. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office

of Pe sticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 2013.D409880. Tier I Drinking Water Exposure Assessment for the Section 3 New Use of Boscalid on Various Agricultural Crops and Homeowner Uses . D409880. April 30,

2013. Environmental Fate a nd Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Page 12 of 19

Appendix A. Aquatic Modeling for Herb Use Assuming Four Seasons Per Year

Table A 1

. Estimated Concentrations of Boscalid and Unextracted Residues in Surface Water (Version 1.106) and Groundwater Source Drinking Water (PRZM

- GW Version 1.07)

.

Use Site Single

App.

Rate

lbs. ai/A a (kg a.i./ha) # of

Ap

p Ret. Int. days App.

Type 6 EDWC for parent and unextracted residues in μg/L EDWC for parent alone in μg/L*

Surface Water Ground Water

SCI

GROW PRZM

- GW

Acute Annual

Average Peak Scenario Highest Daily Peak Post

Breakthrough Average Average Simulation

Breakthrough Time for

PRZM

- GW (Days) Proposed Use on Herb Crop Group 19A and Dill Seed

Herb 4

crop cycles 0.292

(0.327) 8 7 Air 34.7 26.4 1.98 WISand 736 672 12704

Previous Results From 2013 Drinking Water Assessment 1

Turf 0.35

(0.39) 6 14 G 97.33

93.56*

26.45∞ 26.35

25.36*

0.27∞ 1.8 NJ/DE 328 269 6602

FL Citrus 347 335 6528

FL Potato 123 118 16467 α

NC 407 370 7292

WI 773

423* 697

389* 13295 α

13295*

GA 201 187 13529 α

1 USEPA. 2013.D409880. Tier I Drinking Water Exposure Assessment for the Section 3 New Use of Boscalid on Various Agricultural Crops and Homeowner U ses . D409880. April 30, 2013. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Page 13 of 19

Table A 2 . Summary of EECs for Residues of Boscalid and Unextracted Residues for Proposed Use on Herb Crop Group 19A and Dill Seed (0.327 kg a.i.kg/ha) and Comparison to EECs evaluated in 2013

Eco logical Risk Assessment

Scenario 1

- in

- 10 year EECs for EPA Pond (μg/L) 1

- in

- 10 Year EDWC (μg/L)

Peak 21

- day 60

- day Acute Annual Average EECs in 2013 Ecological Risk Assessment 2, 3

Globe

Artichoke 101 99.8 99.8

-- --
Turnip Greens 261 260 260

-- -- Turf 93.4 93.2 93.0 97.3 26.4 EECs Estimated for Proposed Use on Herb Crop Group 19A 1
Herb 4 crop cycles, Aerial

app 152 151 150 34.7 26.4

Herb 3 crop cycles 113 112 111 27.0 20.1

Herb 2 crop cycles 77.4 76.7 75.9 21.8 14.0

Herb 1 crop cycles 32.7 32.1 31.5 6.37 4.02

1 Eight applications every 3 mo nths were assumed for four crop cycles, 6 applications were assumed for 3 crop cycles, 4 applications were assumed for 2 crop cycles, and 2 applications (on April 15 and April 22) were assumed for 1 crop cycle. The OR mint scenario was developed with the crop on the field from April 15 to August 1. Applications occurring outside of that date were assumed to be surface applied instead of applied to the crop.

2 USEPA. 2013.D409880. Tier I Drinking Wate r Exposure Assessment for the Section 3 New Use of Boscalid on Various Agricultural Crops and Homeowner Uses . D409880. April 30, 2013. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

3 USEPA. 2013. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Proposed New Uses of Boscalid for Various Agricultural Crops, Ornamentals, and Residential Gardens . D405817+. August 13, 2013. Environmental

Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Page 14 of 19

TableA 3

. Input Values Used for Boscalid Tier II Surface Water Modeling with SWCC Inputs were the same as those used in the most recently completed ecological risk assessment ( USEPA, 2013,

D405817+ ) Parameter (units) Value (s) Source Comments

Chemical Tab Organic

- carbon

Normalized Soil

- water
Distribution Coefficient (K OC (L/kg

- OC )) 772 MRID 45405216,

45405217 Mean of six K FOC values.

Water Half

- life or Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half

life (days) and Reference Temperature Stable (0) at 21 o C MRID 45405214 84% remained at end of study

with 12

- 13% unextracted

residues in tw o pond systems.

Studies were conducted at 19

-

21 o C.

Benthic Half

- life or Anaerobic Aquatic

Metabolism Half

- life (days) and Reference Temperature Parent Only: 1155

Parent+Unextracted Residues: Stable (0)

At 20 o C MRID 45405213 Parent: single value (385)×3

Parent+Unextracted Residues: No significant degradation

Aqueous Photolysis Half

life @ pH 7 (days) and

Reference Latitude Stable (0) at 40 o

Latitude MRID 45405206

--

Hydrolysis Half

- life @ pH 4, 7, 9 (days) Stable (0) MRID 45405205

--

Soil Half

- life or Aerobic

Soil Metabolism Half

- life (days) and Reference Temperature Parent Only: 503

Parent+Unextracted

Residues: 2136

At 27 o C MRID 45643802 The 90 th percent upper
confidence bound on the mean of

four half

- life values. Half

- life values were not adjusted for temperature of 27 o C. Foliar Degradation Rate 0 d

- 1 Default

-- Molecular weight (g/mol) 343.21

-- -- Vapor Pressure (Torr) at

25 o C 2×10

- 8 ( Mathur, 2002,

D285692 ) Solubility in Water @ 20

O C, pH not reported (mg/L) 4.64 ( Mathur, 2002,

D285692 ) −

Applications Tab

Day Month Amount (kg/ha) App

Method Depth Efficiency (Reservoir, Pond) Drift

(Reservoir, Pond)

1 1 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125

8 1 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125

1 4 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125

8 4 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95

1 7 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125

8 7 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125

1 10 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125

8 10 0.327 Foliar 0 0.95 0.135, 0.125 Crop/Land Tab

Scenario ID ORmintSTD

Post

- Harvest Foliage Surface AppliedPage 15 of 19 1 Source data are in Appendix A of the 2012 drinking water assessment ( USEPA, 2012b, D405064 )

.

Table A4. SCI

- GROW (v2.3) Input Parameter Values for Boscalid 1

Parameter Value Source Comments

Application Rate (lbs a.i./acre) 0.292 Proposed label See Section titled “Proposed Use” for full explanation. Number of applications 8 Proposed label

K
oc (mL/g) 716 MRID 45405216 Median of six K FOC values. There is not

a three

- fold difference in observed

values.

Aerobic soil metabolism t 1⁄2 (days) Parent Only: 349

Parent+Unextracted

Residues: 1305 MRIDs 45643802 Median of four values. There was not a

five

- fold difference in values.

1 Source data are in Appendix A of the 2012 drinking water assessment ( USEPA, 2012b, D405064 )

.

Table A5. Tier I PRZM

- GW (Version 1.07) Input Parameters for Boscalid

Parameter (units) Input Value Data

Source Comments

Application Rate

See Table A2

Labels --
Number of Applications --

-- Annual Application Retreatment

--
Application Method Above canopy (2) Soil (1) for in furrow --

Date of first Application 10 days after crop

emergence

14 days before crop emergence for furrow application -- --

Hydrolysis (half

- life (days) Stable (0) MRID

45405205 --

Soil Metabolism half

- life at 25 o C (days) Parent Only: 578

Parent+Unextracted

Residues: 2454 MRID

45643802 The 90 th percent upper confidence

bound on the mean of four half

- life

values. Half

- life values adjusted from

27 o C to 25 o C according to input parameter guidance.

K
oc (L/kg

- OC) 772 MRID

45405216 Mean of six K FOC values. See text.

1 Source data are in Appendix A of the 2012 drinking water assessment ( USEPA, 2012b, D405064 )

.Page 16 of 19



## Summary of Water Modeling of BoscalidUN and the USEPA

Standard Pond

Estimated Environmental Concentrations for BoscalidUN are presented in Table 1 for the USEPA standard pond with the ORmintSTD field scenario. A graphical presentation of the year

to

- year peaks is presented in Figure 1. These values were generated with the Surface Water Concentration Calculator (SWCC Version 1.106). Critical input values for the model are

summarized in Tables 2 and 3. This model estimates that about 1.6% of BoscalidUN applied to the field eventually re aches the water body. The main mechanism of transport from the field to the water body is by spray drift (75.8% of the total transport), followed by runoff (24.1%) and erosion (0.09%). In the water body, pesticide dissipates with an effective water column half

- life of 145707.8 days. (This value does not include dissipation by transport to the benthic region; it includes only processes that result in removal of pesticide from the complete system.) The main source of dissipation in the water column is volatil ization (effective average half

- life = 145707.8 days). In the benthic region, pesticide dissipation is negligible (1990.2 days). The main source of dissipation in the benthic region is metabolism (effective average half

- life = 1990.2 days). The vast majori ty of the pesticide in the benthic region (98.81%) is sorbed to sediment rather than in the pore water.

Table 1. Estimated Environmental Concentrations (ppb) for BoscalidUN.

Peak (1

- in

- 10 yr) 139.

4

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 139.

21

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 138.

60

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 137.

365

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 135.

Entire Simulation Mean 91.5

Table 2. Summary of Model Inputs for BoscalidUN.

Scenario ORmintSTD

Cropped Area Fraction 1

Koc (ml/g) 772

Water Half

- Life (days) @ 21 °C 0

Benthic Half

- Life (days) @ 20 °C 1155

Photolysis Half

- Life (days) @ 40

°Lat 0Page 17 of 19

Hydrolysis Half

- Life (days) 0

Soil Half

- Life (days) @ 27 °C 2136

Foliar Half

- Life (days) 0

Molecular Wt 343.21

Vapor Pressure (torr) 2E

- 8

Solubility (mg/l) 4.64

Table 3. Application Schedule for BoscalidUN.

Date (Mon/Day) Type Amount (kg/ha) Eff. Drift

4/15 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

4/22 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

4/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

4/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

7/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

7/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

10/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

10/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.125

Figure 1. Yearly Peak ConcentrationsPage 18 of 19



## Summary of Water Modeling of BoscalidUN and the USEPA

Standard Reservoir

Estimated Environmental Concentrations for BoscalidUN are presented in Table 1 for the USEPA standard reservoir with the ORmintSTD field scenario. A graphical presentation of the

year

- to

- year peaks is presented in Figure 1. These values were generated with the Surface Water Concentration Calculator (SWCC Version 1.106). Critical input values for the model are

summarized in Tables 2 and 3. This model estimates that about 0.98% of BoscalidUN applied to the field eventually reaches the water body. The main mechanism of transport from the field to the water body is by runoff (57.9% of the total t ransport), followed by spray drift (41.9%) and erosion (0.23%). In the water body, pesticide dissipates with an effective water column half

- life of 204.3 days. (This value does not include dissipation by transport to the benthic region; it includes only

pr ocesses that result in removal of pesticide from the complete system.) The main source of dissipation in the water column is washout (effective average half

- life = 204.5 days) followed by volatilization (199619.6 days). In the benthic region, pesticide dis sipation is negligible (1990.2 days). The main source of dissipation in the benthic region is metabolism (effective average half

- life = 1990.2 days). The vast majority of the pesticide in the benthic region (98.81%) is sorbed to sediment rather than in

the pore water.

Table 1. Estimated Environmental Concentrations (ppb) for BoscalidUN.

Peak (1

- in

- 10 yr) 34.7

4

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 34.4

21

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 33.8

60

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 31.9

365

- day Avg (1

- in

- 10 yr) 26.4

Entire Simulation Mean 22.0

Table 2. Summary of Model Inputs for BoscalidUN.

Scenario ORmintSTD

Cropped Area Fraction 1.0

Koc (ml/g) 772

Water Half

- Life (days) @ 21 °C 0

Benthic Half

- Life (days) @ 20 °C 1155Page 19 of 19

Photolysis Half

- Life (days) @ 40

°Lat 0

Hydrolysis Half

- Life (days) 0

Soil Half

- Life (days) @ 27 °C 2136

Foliar Half

- Life (days) 0

Molecular Wt 343.21

Vapor Pressure (torr) 2E

- 8

Solubility (mg/l) 4.64

Table 3. Application Schedule for BoscalidUN.

Date (Mon/Day) Type Amount (kg/ha) Eff. Drift

1/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

1/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

4/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

4/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

7/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

7/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

10/1 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

10/8 Foliar 0.327 0.95 0.135

Figure 1. Yearly Peak Concentrations