United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide and Toxic Substances 

# t"'·

# 0A [0 /."7r-O). Washington, DC 20460 

### 'I

_ ,-.J 

### P 10- ( .

j"., f l'

,-

\)

EPA 560/6-77-035 Office of Pesticide and Toxic SUbstances 

# Microeconomic Impacts of the Proposed "PCB Ban Regulation"**<":';·J-;(·:-r,~** " 1\btc,.iil1s Bc:onG 'To:

OPPT Lihrarv 40 1**~.1** Slreet,**~\V ("j"1~,~;_'r~)3)**  \Vashington, DC 2U'!G()"**,~**

.... ,.' -r,**~-**

### EPA 

### 560/6-77-035**I~I** 

## CROECOI'O·lICIVPA.CTS OF TIiE PROFffiED 'F{]l3J1n PEGULATIOtB'

FINAL TASK REPORT

SUb:n.it::e:i to: 

## u.s.**Environne..~tal** ProteCtion Age..ry:;y 

### Office of P Lan

..ni.ng a:r:x:l M.aI"..age:nent Washington, D.C. 

### Attention: Mr. 

### Steven B. 

### 'V..aL1<en.son Projact 

### Officer

COntract NJ. 

### 68-01-4771

SUb:n.it'"--e::i by:

_ VERSAR 

## m:::. 6621 Elec---ronic 

### Drive Springfield, VL.---ginia 22151 (703) 750-3000



### May 16, 1978 

# -' -.""t-.' •

This 

### dccurnent is 

### available in l.imite:l 

### quantities through the 

## a.S. 

### Environrne.'1tal Prot.-c:>ct';on Agency, 

### Office of Toxic Substal"'..ces (wl1-794) I 401

.. M Street, S.H., Wa.sh.ingt:on, D.C. 20460. 

### This dcct:ment will 

### subsequently l:e 

### available. th:z:::ough the National 

### TecbnicaJ. Infomation Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.

:.**~l_** ••

17'<,._



### This re;:c37,t bas been revie.-Ne:J. by t..'1e 

### Office of Planning and 

### (A.aI'.age

### me.T1t, (J.S,. 

### Environmental Protection Agen:::yI azd 

### approvei for**?Ublication~** Approva,.L dq:;;s 

### r:ot signify that ti'..e 

### corrcerrt.s necessarily reflect: 

# tr...e vieNS an:l**~lj,.c;i~** 

### of 

### ¢e**Env~nme.T1tal** 

### Prot""':ticn**P..g~i** I 

### r:or dces 

### mention.9£

. tr"...de r-..ames 0"1: 

### camercial prcduczs CJnsti.t:'..1te**a-r:rlors~'1t** 

### or r=c::mnen:::ati.on for 

### use,,k) 

### 'Uti..s re;:ort was 

### prepared by 

### Versar Inc. 

### for**t..~** 

### Office of Plar.ll"1.irlg and 

### Mar..agerre.l'1t of the G. 

### S. Envi..ronm::ntal ProteC"--ion Agency '!he ret:Ort 

### sUImE.rizes**Versar~s** 

### estimates 

### of the prcOable costs and inpac-..s of 

### canplying witb.**t..~** 

### prq::csed "PCB Ban 

### Regulations. If 

### 'Il".ese 

### regulations we.-re prepared by the 

### EPA 

### Office of Toxic Substances and**t.~** 

### Interagency PCB TM:lI:k. Group to 

### :i.!rp1erE..l'1t 

### t..--..e req:uirarents 

### of Sec---ions 6 (e) (2) 

### and 6 (e) (3) of 

### t..'1e Toxic Subsi:ances COntrol ll.ct A). '!his 

### eccncmrc analysis prcg:r:am 

### was sponsored by 

### the EPA, but t.t:e re

### sul

### ts !'ePJr-...ed 

### are those 

### of Versar Inc. 

### '!his repJrt 

### was prepared· 

### in par-...ia1 fulfi1.lrrent 

### of the requi.rerrents 

### of**Contract~.** 

### 68-\11-4771. '!he repJrt is 

### not a 

### statem:..'1,t of EPA fOliC'!. 

### H'cwever, 

### dri.s study does 

### meet

. 

### - the 

### ra:;:ui.re:rrents 

### of an econani.c irrpact 

### analysiS of**tfl~.** 

### prop:sed regula

### ticn. '!his repo.r.t. wasupz:epaz:ed.. 

### lmdertre 5lJP?rlri

### 5" on of Mr Ed:€''''''' West-:i

### n, .._-_., Principal I..'1vestigator.**~.aj** or cont."'"ibutors W8-re: Louis FOurt, 

### Ph.D. (econcmic l'lEtho<:b1cgy, waste 

### oil, ra.i.l.roads) Pol:e-""t**~..in,** P.E. 

### Ct...-ansfoz:m::rs, dzy I?igrrents) Da'Vid Ee.rkey (capacitors, 

### mining trachiries) Bruce Nxdc:c.lc (hydraulic 

### systerrs,**tu:r.bitl~)**

### Speci.a1ac."xcw.l~Im.JSt..J:a.given.**for.~-clcse.-s1JP;:~~~\.~--",,-**-,_..**L~** Mr."'S-teven**8'.'-~a!Xen.sort;'"·~A-'ProjeCt·Uffita'";~d4I!:t;-=erosepfi·F';\~1!a¥j";""""""'-'"** 

### EPA Fegulations-.**~lop!EIlt·** 

### Group--of-

### the-Officeur**'l'dxic'-Substarices:;:""-'~** 

### factua.l.streng--1'..s..af this·iemr-,-aIe. due.-..to...

### the..close**c:orera::t.i~~** ...._-- 

### - , >,
..**:,~**

### ..._._,.; ."/,. :' fran i.."'1d:'..:stry,**f'ar"'~cuJ.arly representati~~**  

### of the 

### t..-ansfo:z::nai' 

## andt**.~~~~!** 

### tor rranufactu:re.rs and the 

### elect......-:ic utili

### ties•

,- ,-.'

i'!his 

### re;:ort is being 

### released and 

### circulated Pri9r to the public. 

### hearing 

### on the prq;:osed 

### regulation,: It will be 

### conai.dared along

### with·-·th~· inforrration received 

### during**t.~e** 

### hearing in 

### establishing the final regula

### tions. 

### Prior to 

### final prcIIUJ.1gation 

### of the regulations, 

### this study 

### shall have 

### standing in 

### any EPA prcceeding or 

### court prcceeding 

### only to 

### tr.e extent

. that it 

### represents the vi6\lS 

### of Versar Inc. It canr.ot 

## ce cited, refere.."'lCed,

or represented 

### in arq 

### in 

### a.'7f such prt?o=edi-Tlg 

### as a statsrEnt of EPA's vieNS regarding 

### the iIrpact of 

### the pzq:csed regulations.

:.

.1,.'



### ii, 'TABLE'OF aJNTENIS



### 1 

### 1 2 4 5 

### 5 7· 

### 8 9



### .. 9 

### 10 

# . 

# . 

# . . . . . . 

# . 

# . . . 1.1 Purpose and 

### Scope • • • • • 0 • • 0 • 

### 1..2 

# P2:Es usage' in tile United 

### States • 0 0 0 • 

### 1.2.l Production of PCBs • • 0 0 0 ° 

### 1.2.2 IIrPorts 

### of PCBs ° • 0 • 0 0 • • 0 

### 1.2.3 

### HYdraulic System, 

## aeat Trar..sfer Systen, and, Ccrrpressor Use 0 • 0 0 0 ° 

### 1.2.4 TransfOl:m9r**·~~actur".:ng** 

### and**~..ai.ntenance'** 'MO" • 0 • 0 • 

### 1.2.5**ElecucIlagnets"'~.** 

### . • • 0 • ° 

### 1.2.6 

### capacitors ° •.•"',,"... • 0 • • ° 

### 1.3 FCB 

### Restrictions il"l

## ~.foric, substances Control )l..ct ° • 0 • • • e- • • 0 • _0. ° 1

..4 SUIIIrarY 

### of Prop:sed Ban 

### Regulations 1..5 Effects 

### of the Prcpcsed P.egulatians by f'<:3 TJse • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ." 12 ME'lEDI:O!.CGY FOR EOJNCMIC IMP1ICT ANALYSIS OF TEE 

### prorosm "PCB BAN REGUI.ATICNS" ° • • • Gene-."'"a1 AH'roach • 0 0 • • • Cefini

### tion of EcorxmUc InpaCt 

# . . . 

# . . . . . 14 . 

### 14 

### 16 3.0 IMP1CIS OF E)l..NS ON 'lEE DISTFJ:BtJTION OF PCB CAPJlCI'!OPS AND EQJ:J:m1ENT ° '0 • 

### 3.1 Effect of the Ban 

### Regulations .• ° 3•2 StIIrIt'a.i;{:' ;"**>~;** .• .' • • • •• • • • • • • 0 

### 17 17 18 4.0 Il1l??CIS CN 

## u"SERS OF ASKAREL TRANSFOR1ER3 • 

### 4.1 Fe::p.ri.rerre."1ts 

### of the Prq:osed 

### Regulations ° 

### 4.2 Corrpliance Costs • • • • • • ° 4°3 

### Econanic Inpact 

### of COst Increases 4. 4**S~l.** ...... .. • • .. • .. • .. .. .. .. .. 

### 19 19 19 22 22

ill..TABLE· OF t'CN!'ENIS 

### (cent'd. }



### -**~~** .. '

. 'Paae



# ----- 5.0 IMPACIS CN TPANSFORMER SERVICE CXMl?ANI.ES • • • • • 23 5.1 Itnpacts 

### of 

### the P:rq:osed 

### Regulations • • • • • •• 23 

### 5. 2 sumazy , • • • • e. • • • • •
.. • • • • • 

### 25



## 41 49 27



# . . 30 . 33 

### 33



### .. 36 

### 36
36 

# . 

# . . . 

# . . . 

# . . . . 

# . . . CC5t IIrpacts.

### of the 1'J:ol::Osed 

### ?egulations. 

### E:::onanic Itnpacts 

### of the 

### Prq;;csed**Pegul.atio~.** St:ll:l1'rlarj • • • •


### Requirerrents of the Prq:osed 

### Pegu.1ations EstiJn::ltion of the Extent 

### of 'I':rafI.s

### fo:crer Oil eont3mination by FCBs Costs 

### of Ccrrplying with. the 

### P:rq::osed :Reg'tJ.laticns • • • • • • • e. • • • .' • • SlJII'II'a.J::'i • • • • • • 

### 6.4 6

..5 6.6



### 7.3 6.

## a BAlLF!JAD 

### r.ca:MJttVE**~FMEPS** 

### • • , • • • • • 26 6.1 Requirerrents of the 

### Prof.:OSed Regulations • • •• 

### 26 6.2 P:rese,.TJ.t Cwner.ship and 

### Use • • • • • • • • '.. •• 27 

### 6.3 TeclJnical 

### Alter.natives for PCBs 

### in Rail.:r:oad 

### TransfoJ:!!er.s • • • •. • • • • • • •

7.

## a OIL flU.ED PCWER RID**~CN** 'TI?ANSFOPMEFS • 

### 7.1 

### 7.2

8. 0 

### MlNJ:NG MACi:INEFY 

# . . 

# . . . . . . Sl**~ts** 

### of the Pro!;:osed Regulations. • • • • CWnershi.p and Use 

### of FeB Mirllng Machinery •

, .CoII:pliance Costs ..'. •.. '. ••••**~ts** of the**~ed-Psgulation.s** 

### ••



### Con'pliance Ccsts •••• • • 

### Sl 51 S4 

### 59 60 60 

### 61 62 

# · . .

· . . · . . 

# . . .

. . . 

# · . . . . · .

· 

# . . .

. . . 

# . . .



# . . . " 

# . . Surmary . <**-.-'~** -- ". • 

### 8.3 

### 8.1 

### 8.2


### 8.4**9·.~·** 

### 9•.2 9.3 9.0



### iv'T,.n.l3I.E'OF OJNTENTS, (cent I d.)



### 64 64 

### 65 66 

### 73 

# · . · . . .

· 

# . . . 

# . . . StlIII'l'ar.l • • • •**~c** SY'Sm£ ••••••••••••••• 

### 10 .1**Requi..~ts** 

### of the Prq:csed 

### Regu1.aticns. • 10.2 Qme:rsftip and Use 

### of Contaminated 

### Hydraulic Syste!'rS •**~liance** Costs •• 

### 10.3 10.4 10.0



### 11

..0 BEAT TPANSFER SYS'IDS 

# . 

# . . · · · 75 11.1 RequirenE..'1i:s of the Prq:osed Regulations. 

# · · 

# · · 75 11..2 Cwnersh.i.p and Use of Contaminated Heat Trqnsfer Systans 

# · · · · · 

# · 7,6 '

,. 

### - 11.3 Canpliance Costs 

# · · · · 

# · · 76

,.

## -- 11.4**S~** 

# · • 

# . · · 

# · · · 

# · · 

# · 77 12.0 CCMPRESSOPS 

# . · 

# . . . · · 

# · · 78 12.1 PequL"t::I!Ents of**t.~** Prop::lSeC. P.egulatiCI"'.5. 

# · ·**ii.~** 

# · 78-' 12.2 ' O:m:pl.iance Costs



### .. 

# . . · 

# · · .. 78 12.3 SUIIITErY 

# · . . . . 

# · 

# · · 

# · ,7,9

. 

# _.**-~**



### 13.0 REX:J:.AIMED 

## on. . . .'

## -so 13.1 

### Pa:;,uiren:ents of t.ie Prq:osed 

### Regulations

. '. •. 84 13.2 Sol..II:'CeS and A:rcounts of 

### Cmtam:i.nated Waste Oil 84 

### 13.3 <:arpliance Costs • • • • e- • ,. " 

### 86 13•4 St.:lIIIIla.:tY. • • '. • • • • • 

### 91 14.0 FCBs AS -PFOtt.:'C1'**C:O~'\1INAN'lS.** '92 

### 14.1 PequL'""e!IEIlts 

### of the 

### Proposed Regulations. 92 14.2 

### CoIrpliance Ccsts • • • • • • • 

### 92 14 •3 Surr:trE.ry. . • • • • • • • • .. 95



### v

### T!mI.t

.OF

.c:r::N'l'D1!S 

### CCorit'd. 

### 1
Paqe· 

# ---

CCnpliance Costs • • • • • • • • • • 

### Pcqui.remsnts of the Prq:osed Fegulaticns••••**~c."** 

### tor Pr:::dl.:Jc""...ion. 

### and Sales. • • • • • • • • a;p.ACI'IOR M2"

..**M~Cn,j·RING** • • • • • • • 

### 96 

### 96 97 

### 98 108 

# . 

# . 

# .

. . . .. . 

# . . . 

# . .

. 

# . . . . 

# .**~~** 

# . 15.1 15.2 

### 15.3 15.4 15.0

16. O. '!PJ111SFO.FME:R**~.crtm!NG** • • • • • 

### 109 

### 16.1 Requi...""EII'eI1ts 

### of the Pmp:;sed 

### Pegulations. • • • 109 

### 16.2 Industrj 

### Structure, Prcdtrtion, and Sales 109 . 16.3 Substitutes 

### for PCB**T.ranstOJ::1IlarS~** • '•••••• 

### ill 

### 16.4 

### Relative Prices of Non-PCB T.ranstOr:rrE-'l'"S • • • • 

### 116



## - 16.5 canpJ..iance COsts • • • • • • 117 

### 16.6 Surr:ma.J:Y. • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • 118 17.0 '!OTAL 

### CCST AND Ea:NCMIC IMPACTS • • • • • • • •• 12

## a 17.1 Transitional Cost Irrpacts • • • • • • • • 

### 120 17.2 IDng Te.tm Cost 

### Impacts • • • • • ',' • • • • • 1;23 17.3 

### Ernployrrent:r.mpacts • • • • • • 123 

### 17•4 Other Ecar:oIILic IIrpact:s • .' • • • • • • • 

### 124
APPENDIX A

.- roxIe STJES'mN:ES CONTFOL :Per

-..,LIST OF TABLES Table Lb. 1.2-1 

### E.st.iIratas of C'urmliative PCBs**'PrcdUC'"~,** Usage, ar.d Gross Envi...-onrren:ta1 Distrib.ltian 

### in**t..~e** UnitEd States Over t..1.e

, Pericd 1930-1975 

### i."l**~i]** Jions of Pounds . . • . . . . • . .. 3 1.5-1

6.2-1 Effect of the ProPJse:l PCB Ban Regulations on Various Uses ofPC::Bs . " . "
.. . " " • . . ?ail.rcad PCB Transfo:r::r:e.rs 13 28 6.4-1

6.5-1 6.5-2 Cost of Precessing ?et..-ofille:i**BaiL~** Transfcme.r 

### Liquid to Reduce the Concentration of PCBs . . . . . . . • . . .. ,32 1976 Cpe.-rating Losses of Pail.roads Using PCB T:r""-r.sfo:one...rs 34 Lal::cJr and overnead Costs of Retrofill and Precessing Prcgram 

### for Pa.ilrc<3d 

### Trcinsfo.tmerS . . . . . . . . . " .. .. .. .. .. .. 

## ss

• • • • • - '3'8 7.2-1 7.2-2 Numte.r of Liquid COOled Transfom:ers 

## ManU£actlreC:: 1972 Annua.; 

### Sales of ''I'r'''-nsfo:r:rrer' Oil 

### in' the: U. S. 37



### - 

# .,

,

### -' 7.3-1 Prel.irnina..-y Cost Esti..rrate for a Chemical**~'Jast2** L"'1c.:L."".e.!."ator for Transfomer Oil Contaminated 'Hith I.o.:l. COncent...--ations" of.E=<:Bs
.. ,. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. •
.... 4-J 7.3-2 J..nnual OJ;:erating Costs for ContaIniI".at...od Oil 'Inc.ine.....-ator 44 7 . 3- 3 Testing and Di.sp:J.sal Costs 

### far TransIOr:rer 

### Oil 47 7.3-4 Testing and Di.sp:Jsal Costs for Transionrer Oil

. 48 8.2-1 Prcd.uction Statistics & Present Use Status of PC3-ecoled Mining Mac.t,ines • • • • • • • ., • • • . • • • • • • • • 52 8.3-1 Cost L-npact of For'"'--..od Ret.i.rere."1t of FC3 Continuous Miners 57 10.3-1 PreS€.."1t PCB Leve'1s' in Diecast::L.'1.'g Madline Hydraulic

. Syst.e'r1S

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 10.3-2 Ir.dust...-y EstiIrateS 'of. tb.e,Cost .of .orainit1gI-Fl1.lSt."ling-,,and. ',. Pefilling Die ca.sting..J.'13.ch.i..'1e Hydraulic Systems 68 10.3-3 Estim:ited Cost of I:econtaminated Hydraulic Systerrs 70 13 .0-1 New Oil Usage and waste Oil Availability for Pecycling .in. 1975 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . _.. . . 81 15 .

### 2-1 FeB capacitor ?rcduction 

### and Sales: 1972

vii 97LIST OF TABLES, CCN'I'nJ1JED 

### Table No. Pace"**"~** 

### 15.2-2 FeB 

### cap3citor Sales -by 

### Year 98 

### 15 •3-1 CUrre."ltly 

### Available tbn-1=CB 

### Pcwer Fac-...or COrrection**I"'",.,..~,...{~,",.,.."" ~w**  •••• • e . 

### 101 15.3-2**~JanufacttJrers** 

### of PCB Industrial capacitors 

### in 1976 102 15.3-3 Manufacturers of 

### small 

# Li.c:ruid Diele--_Liic AC capacitors 103 16.2-1 U.S. Transfomer Manufacturers rNhich 

### Use:i PCBs Aft-or 1.970 liD 16.4-1 "Relative Transfonoor Prices

. 17 .1-1 

### Transitianal Cost 

### Impac---s ••.•...•

viii. : • _ _ 0

# . . 

# . . . . 

# .

"

### . 

### 116 

## 121. UST OF FIGOBES 

### Figure No.
. Pace -""- 

### 7.3-1

13.0.-1 cecision Criteri.-.a for**.~lyzing** 

### TransfOJ:Jrer Oil for PCEs Eefore Disfosal • • • . . • . . • • . • 

### Distribution and**Uti~tion** 

### of l'iaste 

### Oil in the 

### United States During 1970-71

. . . . . . . .

ix 

# ... 46

821.0 INTFCDUCTICN
1.1 Purocse and Sccoe

: . 

### '!he pu.rpose of 

### this study 

### was to evaluate t.l1e 

### economic 

### irrpac+-...s of the prq:osed tfFCS Ban 

### Fegu1atior..s. It 

### 'Ihese regulations were prepared by 

### the Office of Toxic Substances**o~** 

### the U. S. Envi..ronIrental 

### Protec"'..icn AgenC'.l with to"1£: 

### technical 

# :suppJrt of to"1£: 

### Inte...-r-agency PCB Work 

### Group. 'Ihese 

### regulati.cns ilr;J1.eJn:nt**t.~e** 

### bars on vari-Ous PCB a.c+-..ivities whicb. 'tle.-""'e 

### established by Congress 

### in 

### Section 6Ce) 

### of the 'Ibxi.c Substances Control Act

- 

### Public Law 94-469 

### (see Ag:endix A) • '!he economic casts rep:Jr-..ed herean are those**di.iec-~y** and· 

### indirectly 

### att:ributab.le to 

### those changes 

### in· future PCB 

### activities which 

### would be 

### caused by 

### inplerreni:.a:ticn of t.l1e proposed 

### dens. Frcm 

### the**~~g** 

### of Section 6 Cel, 

### it is clear 

### tr180t ti'..e 

### intent

# of COnt=ess 

### waS to ban tb.e· 

### manufacture of FCBs after J:ecerrf::er 

### 31,

.

### 1.978, and

### to·~ 

### tr.e dist....-ibution of

. . . 

### .s:olychlori-nai:.-=d biphenyls**~)** after 

### June 30, 1979. Tha.""'efore, ti"..e 

### long teJ:m 

### costs-of ming--substitutes**fur~** 

### 'W"iJ:l.·be--a-.ccnseqt:e..'1ce-cf t:ri:s**~...,.** _ ..- .-**--~.** . 

### legislated Can 

### on**t.~** 

### rranufacture of PCEs and 

### rot a consequence of 

## oi s-

. . 

### cretionarJ regulatory actions taken' by the 

### EnvironriEntal**~ction** 

### Agencj. '!he effect 

### of**to~e** autf'1..orizati.cns 

### in sectacn 761.31 

### of the pro-
.**-------'pesed~ns** 

### will, in 

### eac:.'1 case, be 

### to reclt.;ce 

### the**eGGr.GmiG-i.lmH:..I<:a"",et:;;~---** 

### which.. 

### could have....resu.lted from 

### the irnredi

### ate applica.tion of the.

### bans

....set...
.

...._forth...in 

### tbe-.act.-to..'pCB-eqnipmmt and ar H 

### c1

### es. . 'The 

### cosns**wbjch-5tl~-.e.s~.**

__**~.-** -**t:i.na~~** as**.r~L1l~ ;t.a~-th~~~iza?-or:s~_et.~::.~en~'1tai** **co~t:s _.bas:ed..an.-th.e-p~l.9.1J_~**  and rotJ:ha..cbanges frr:rn J:b.e...b.igher

. 

### .c:sts- ._ whic:h 

### would result 

### in**t.~** 

### .absence of these authorizations. Hewever, the assunpticns behind the 

### analysis of the individually ide.'1tified irrpacts are explicitly 

### ic.entified, and the 

### analysis should the evaluation of al

### te.mative regulatory apprcaches,

-1-

### '!his analysis of the 

### prq:X:sed regulations ccr.sidered l:oth. the direct 

### costs of canplying wit.;..

.. tfI..e 

### r;qui..rerrE."1ts and 

### t.:....e indirect 

### effects of these requiren:e..TJ.ts on 

### Pr".:.ce levels, 

### capital needs , 

### employrre.TJ.t, ene..'1'i3Y 

### c:onsuII;lticn, and tile 

### a:va.i.lability.of 

### strategic**rrate..~als.** '!he 

### calculated eccnomic in:pacts were 

### the i.nc::en:entaJ. 

## iJrpaets of 

### tr.e prq:osed regulations"


### on a base of 1376 

### practices as 

### m:d;f;

### ed by the 

### previously**prcmulga~** PeE 

### effl1.:e."1t standarCs and the rrzr::::d.ng and 

### disposal regulations.. 

### "'!he costs of these 

### otb.er PCB regulations were considered 

### Curing their developr:ent 

### and are not con.sidorecl, to be a 

### result 

### of these prcposedban 

### regulations.
1

..2" 

### FCEsO'sage 

### in the· O'nited 

### States
PCBs have 

### t:een used in**t.~** United**~-States** 

### since 1929. Major' uses of this 

### chemical have included transfoJ:!!Er' 

### cco1ing "1.iqu.ids; 

### capacitor di.- 

### electric liquids;" heat 

### transfer and hydraulic liquids; 

### as a dye carrier in 

### carl:x:nless OOPY Pat:eri 

# as a plasticizer 

### in 

### paints, adhesives and 

### cauDd.ng c:::npounds; 

### and as a filler in 

### i.nvestrrent· casting"

## "Wax. A

### prelio~ EPA 

### cant:=actOr rep:lrt (1) 

### est.irrE.ted the 

### usage and 

### "distr...budcn of PCBs to be 

### as shewn 

### in 

### Table. 1.2-1.

(1) Versar 

### Ir.c. PCBs 

### in the United 

### State.s: Irrlustrial Use ar:d 

### 2nvircnm:ntal 

### Distribution. Springfield, Va.: National 

### TedmicaJ. InfOJ:::IIE.- " tion Service (Nl'IS PB 252 402/3WP). FebJ:uaJ::"lj 1976.



### -2- 

# - ..l, 

### Table 1.2-1
:

## Es~tes of Cumulative PCBs Product.ion, Usage, and'Gross Environrrenta1 Distrihution 

### in the 

### United 

### Stgtes Over the 

### Period 1930-]975 

### in Milljoo;a 

### of Pounds

' • I;

" 

### I " 

## I' 

# , 

# I , l

" j 

## • I

.. , 

## l

,- 

## , , r 

### , 

## . ,

, 'J f I'stlm1to<1 en....ercl

..l Collrerc1d ' lfilu"trhl I'Clls CUrrent}y l'CDs CUnently I"'CDs l\aIIM,I IIty , ProdoctJocl Sales rurdw5es of 1'CD In 5ervlru in f:)Wi.tui"""ll DestlOYO<1 of \'.lhle9 , I , U.S. PC» P;<OOuctloo 1,400 i- S\

-**~O\** low1 u. s PC» IIIp:>rla 1 1 )01



## . , I U.S. reB**no,~stlc US~ge**  1,2S3 5' 

## • : - 20, '1\)1.41 U,Sf rca**I:Xpor~:!** 150 t 20' l'CB by**Utl~** c.te<JO(y I'

fetroleltn 1I<1Jltlw 1 1 51)1 Ileill Transfec 20 t }O, ' 111sc. J,;'.Jwstdal 21 15\ Calboi,IJu Copy 1'

..

### ;-.er H 1 5' lIydl'aul\C6 Alii} J.uL !cants 00 t 10' Ot.he r l'lpsLldzer f"es liS II 15\ Cailolc1t&a , lilO 450 t 20' l"1"ansfo(lllcu ))5 lOa t 20' I ' - .-_. Uses**OU'~** U

...n f:14dC41 

## . 8 t 60'
" i- a4e.J "

l'CD De<Jra

_ oc**Incl~e.-atC>.!1** 

## , )0 1 70\ t:nvItOUt,ntallY**Oe9l-"'''-~)** lHeiner t(.'>1 -, - 25 t 101

. . 

### .. Uul<lfHis

### ~bOO 1'C139

### :L~!'Il'>S' '.

cap. 

## "'1 1"1""'".. 1", uCtiOCl, 110 I 20' hOiist,:! : ('tlsolet, Ele. (;cJUiJ

....'flt 8O t H\ Olhcr 1r,allCr, pi,,",.Uc, et.c.} I 100 1 401 } i**t'rt.~** 1019 -In UWl f:)wlrurw,cnt (SOH,1"ter. -oir.! f>ooiJl"'llt! ,**I~O** t 10' , I TotAl i1 

### \ l,40l 1,40) 1,25) ,758 440 5S 

### •
I. i , 1 w 11.2.1**Prod~~of** PCBs 'I11e :n:ajor TJ.SoO ITEnUfactu:rer of PCBs has been MJn.san to• 

### Since 1.972,**~to** has limited 

### sales' of 

## PCBS to 

### mmuiact:tlrers of 

### transfOJ::IJ:I::rS and 

### capacitors. M:msanto ceased 

### rranu£act'..Ir':'ng PeEs 

### in rnid-1977, and 

### SA.tUf1?€d the last 

### remi.ni.ng inventozy by October 31, 1977. A 

### previous EPA 

### spcnsored 

### si:l.:lC:y(11 

### indicated

## ~i.at af:ou1: 

### 'one millicn pcunds of FCEs were also 

### rnanuiactu..."""ed Ely 

### a small chemical c:::::Il'paI1Y from 1972 tfu:ot..'gh 1974 

### for use as 

### a heat 

### transfer liquid.. FCEs may 

### also 

## te made 

### as 

### unintEntional by-p:rcdt.J.c+'...s of other ch.enical precesses. For ws-...ance, the 

### mmuiacture

-of the d:ty 

### pig

### ment phthalccyan.ine 

### blue by 

### reaction of 

### precursors**dis~lve:l** 

### in- trichloro

### benzene 

### may result 

### in tile, 

### fomation of 

### Pc.Es frornreacticns inv"Ol v:L.'1.g the

• • - + .... 

### tri.ch.lorotenze."1e. 'I'f1..ese PCQs. 

### rra.y contaminate the 

### pigItEI'lt at PCB concen-

-**~.** 

### trations from 

### parts pez 

### rnilli.on to as rrnrilas 0.1 pezcenti, 

### Prcdtlction of 

### cUaIY'lid.e yellcw- pigrr:ents also 

## remlts in t.f-J.e 

### fo:z:mation of dichJ.orcbiFhonyl due to 

### a side ro-ac+---ion involving the 

### pigrre.'1t precursor**diSflloroI:enz~di.'1.eoO,** 'llri.s resu.lts 

### in PCB 

### c:oncent.-..-ations 

### in the 

### yellcw pigrre."1.t of 

### up to 

### several 

### hundred parts 

### r;:er rnillion. Chlor.iriation of, water'**~.ic.~** 

### ccntains appreciable concentrations of 

### biphenyl (which is 

### used as a dye carrier 

### in ey-;...ng 

### 801yesi:er f.i1:ers and which 

### is a counon 

### 1=O1lutant of 'Hater discharged 

### L""a!l dying plants) 

### can result in t."l.e uninten.tional 

### fOI1!'aticn of fC3s to a ooncentra

### tion of several parts per 

### million. No natural (non-industrial) sources of FCSs 

### have. ceen ice.nti.£ied.

(1) Versar Inc. Usase of PCBs 

### in Cpen and Semi-CJ.csed Systerrs and the 

### Pesulting r.csses 

### of PCBs to 

### the**~....ronrrent..** EPA 

### 560/6-ii009 (unpublished Draft .Re;;ort) Septeni:€r 

## 1, 1976.



### -4-



## ---_._--- ._-

## -_._,-_._-

## -



## _ ..**_._,._---~----** 

## --

### 1.2•2 In;:or"---s 

### of PCEs ' PeEs have been 

### i.rt;:ort

.

## .e.o. for t..J.Se 

### in invesi:::ro::.."'lt castL'1g 

### wax, for rraintenance 

### of**c~--ain** 

### mining rnadri.."'lE:-"Y, 

### and as the 

### ocolant in 

### elec-

__

zi.cal, 

### transfonn::rs.' (1I 

### re<:acb 1orcbipheny'l r..ro.,s i.:rq;orted fran 

### Italy 

### for several yea.:rs 

### for use as a fi 'ler 

### in 

### inves-t::rent ca.s----.ing wax; 

### t.ili use was 

### ended i.'1 rnid-1976. (1)

### S~le-~ rranufaet1:lJ:'=>-rs of i.mrestrrent casting 

### wax are presentily using 

### iJIFortEd t:elycfil.orinatorl terpfJ..eny

### Is (FCIS)' 

### in tfI...eir 

### produces, 'Ire 

### O. S. 

### disti.::::fjutor of FCI's has 

### given 

### assurances tflat FCEs 

### are present; only 

### at c:l..'1cen:tratiQI"ls ce.lcw 0:005 

### pe...""'Cent, 

### (21 

## m.."'t zo data 

### are a:vai.lable 

### on t-;"e ac+"'.....Ja1 

### c:::ncent:::ation of PCEs found 

### in tfiese. PeTs. Over 700,

## ooa pounds- of FC8s 

### have Ceo-Il in:pJrted 

### 5.L'1C8 1972 to rnairrcain

## ce..~'1**~g** TIE.chines wfiiC1.. use:, PCBs 

### as a rrotor ccol.errc,

## ~31 No 

### additicnal 

## pc:a.s will l:e irrported 

### for 

### t.1lls use as e:-'<isting 

### u.S. 

### i.'1ven- .'

## - torie:sare re;::orted to 

### I::e sufficient 

### to rreet mairrcenence rEqUi..re:re..'1ts 

### for

and capacitors. present. PCBs 

### have also teen irrported 

### as o:::mp:JneI1ts·of transf01::r.e_rS '!his source 

### of PeEs 

### aces net 

### seem to be 

### sigr...i.£icant 

### at**---~-------t-;-2-;:3-ayd:rat1ttc-s:rst:efu,**

### Heat 'I'rai'i.sxer System, and 

### Ccrrpressor Use
PCBs**ha~'** 

### rot been 

### cerrnercially a\7ailable 

### for open 

### sys

### cern uses since 1974. Leakage**of=-~~hydrau1.ic** 

### fluid was 

### replaced by PCBs 

### taken

.. ._**~-_.** A 

### ain--tena.iniIlg**-n:arnte.~ar:ce ~supplies**  

# and**~.a.ft:er t.~e**  

## ·ftl€.t=e**'a~~;'~d,-** 

# -bY

'0 .-



### (3) (1) 

### (2) Versar L'1c. 

### P..ssessrr:e...'1t of the EnvL"l'"'Q!'lII'Ental 

### and Eocnanic Lrroacts 

### of ",'**.,_.~_~,..** t..."'leEan**on~~~~-o:6=Fe3s,~"''''EPA'''"'566-f§ii1?:;:;jb1';'**

### "crta

## y, -:1§7**T~** 

### -.'-Z._L , Pe-'l'"SOI1al 

### ccrrrrn.mication, 

### Mr. L. M. Argueso (M.**.~eso** 

### and CO., 

### Mamaroneck, N.Y.), August 30, 1977. Versar Inc. Assessrrent of t."le Env'''':'-'rcnrr:ental 

### and Ecor:ornic 

### L'TOaets of 

### t1:e Ban. 

### on 

## :nn;:or--.s of FCBs. EP.!I. 

### 560/6-77=507, JUly, 1977, 

# s:P 9, 10.

-5-· .. 

### car:patible non-?CB fluids

... As 

### a 

## re5u1.t,- t..:....e PCBs 

### in se-rvice 

### L"1 t..t:e5e 

### rr.achines in tf1.e 

### early 1.970' s have been

### diluted. 

### Infomaticn obtained dur:-i

......

"1g the course 

### of 

### t.i.is sttrly through a phone 

### suzvey of users 

### of ti".ese systen'S 

### indicates 

### that t."le fluid presently 

### LTl the 

### nachines may contain from 60 

### to 50 p=rcent FCSs, 

### Cep;."ldi.."1g en t..'1e 

### am::ront of 

### leakage and 

### raplac.:e!IEI1t over the 

### past five. 

### years. When 

### M.:msanto discontim:ed the 

### rcanufac;tl..J:re of PCB 

### based heat 

### t=ansfer , iquid 

### in 1972, t:heyrec::::mrended .that 

### existing systems l:e 

### drained and 

### flushed and the liquid 

### replaced wit.."l a nan-PCB 

### liquid. A number 

### of sysi:ers were 

### rraintained 

### throush 1974 with FeEs manufactarred .by a
. 

### small 

### c.:r..emical a::::n:pany 1 but 00 PCB 

### f'I..eat transfer fluids were 

### rranufactured or.in:ported 

### after 1974, and 

### it 

### is believed**t..~t** all systems have been drained and c:onver'"--ed 

### to nan-PCB 

### fluid. 'Ihe effec-...iver.ess 

### of the 

### Wt.ial flushing prccedure 

### is kn::wn 

### for only 

### one system whicipNaS 

### flushed in 1972 and 

### presently 

### is 

### using a fluid 

### which. 

### is contami.nat-od by p9-1'"CSlt PeEs. PC:8s we.-re used as a M:l:r::k.ing 

### fluid in a 

### nurrbe.r of t'u:t:bi.."1e CCItpre5Sors on natural gas 

### pi;;elineS in t."le 

### early i970 'so**Alt..~ugh** 

### ehe

. PCB 

### oil has since Ce:=>-I1 drained 

### and the ttD:bines flushed 

### and refilled, residual- PCBs---a;re**·pro...senrttrcr~tion** 

### of up 

### to several**thousan~~** 

### ------ p=..r million in 

### the 

### oil. ;>..nother use 

### of PCBs 'N'aS as a 

### rn.ir.or adell

### tive to 

### cer+---:cin autcrrobile 

### tr.an.srnission fluids 

### to cause 

### c:m.t....-oUed swe.l.ling of r..±:l::er seals. 

### Alt..ftough. this use stepped in the 

### early 1970's , 'NaSte 

### lubricating oils**[-I.a~** been**~rted** 

### to. contain FCBs 

### in 

### ccnoa."lt-"""atiQI"l..s of par-...s per million. '1':l::'aI'..srnissicn 

### fluid 

### fran older autcm::biles. 

### ITErf ce the source of bis

-6-unirrcentdcnaf 

### ccnt3mination of 

### wasts 

### oil, but 

### ro in£onnation 

### is -available_
an the extent

-of PC3s 

### in t::::a.nsm:i.ssicn fluids. Contaminat-:::>d 

### oils have zot; teen segregated 

### fran the flew of 

### oil collect-od for 

### ree'arration. -As a 

### result, 

### rnu:.'1 of 

### the oil 

### prasentily handled by the waste 

### oil oollectors, prccessors, and re-re.fine-rs appea...""S to f:e contaminatEd 

### witil leM" le:vels 

### of FCE.s.

}bst- large. elect:ical**~_** .. 

### nsfczrezs are designed to cpe......-ate 

### 'rit.'1. the**Cllr.:'e.~t-can:ying** coils irrm=:rsed 

### L'1 a dielect...""ic 

### I..ic;:ui.d. This liquid provides elect:tical i..'1SUlaticn eetwee.."1 the '.vindings by filling i.Jl any pinholes i.."1 tile enarre.l, or pa;,:er insulation. '!he 

### li.qui.d alsc pe.r:fOI::rrS


### as a 

### heat; transie= m:dia 

### &.r al:sooing r.eat 

# f:rc:rn t..n.e coils and 

### conducting i.t to 

### the outer 

### shell 9r heat transfer surfac;esby natural or forced cen- _. veeti.cn. (obst li.cuid-filled transiomers are ccoled with rrrir.ev....l 

### oil. 'fui..s



# -

..

### -" oil 

### can present a significant fire 

### hazard**L~** 

### tl-..e 

### event cf a sr..ort c:i=c'..ut withi.n the transfonrer. 'lhE:r"-!ore., oil-filled 

### t:I:'ansfo.J::IrE.rs are rot**all~d** to I:e 

### used in hazardous lccaticr.s 5UC."J. 

### as buildi.."1g5**e..~t_** when instal1edL'1- 

### a firs 

### resist3nt ccncrata vzul,

### t. _In t.'e 

### past, rrcst t:...--an.sfo:t:ree...""S used in hazardous locations

_____have been.**fill~~_non-flamrable** c:olant liqui.ds**~.:~~:1i"·1g Pc:3?_.A~** __<i

__

· ._.

_ ------·rrajoz:: 

### CCIllfOIlerrt.**~e** ECB c.1..dhBfo.t:!Il2:.!:' 1.:Lqw.cs are 

## :<:r::om bY tlie 

### SE-"1e..n.C**-~-l'askar--P~ve** been 

### :L.1. o:n:uton use**si:rlc~;:r-tire-l:9""3o-'-s-in h:a:zarCo"'"""'cs"....--·----~** 

.- t::::'afis

### fomer----a;:plicat.±ons-;---M-i±.ot.lsh

.t:hE:: Pe;B- f±:lied--t::::2nsfoJ::rers**-h.aVEr~0:)5t-··** - ..**_~ 20..B.~....ot)i:r.::l~J:ban**  __

### oi.L fj 11eo.. 

### 1mits, _the¥**baJre-.fcund-..r..riC.e-USe~~e.~e..--..,...--**

.. -- ---non-flanmab1e·**a.~:rore-re.l±ab±e-than---o±l-fti:1ed··t:ransfonle:rs·.-.----_·-** 

### ..-...... - .
facr..rrl-ng !?C3 

### transfo:z::I!'ErS

- 

### -cy·tl-.e end of 

### 1977.

- ''n1ere 

### are r;;resentl

### y {n USe approxirrately 140 ,000 PCB 

### t::::cnsfol::!'O:rS t,<;frich ccrrcain 

### an a-verage of 300 galJ.cn.s 

### of liqui.d (2,150 .1b PCB). 'If'..e ave..rage service life of these

-j-pezfozrred, . .. '!he elect::ical pr::perti:=s of askarel 

### are signi£icantly degraded by t..f;.e 

### presence of rroisture. 'If'..e:t:rral' 

### cycling of the' 

### t=ansfo:t:n'er duri.ng normal, use can d...-aw 

### ai...r:' L11i:o t.fie 

### t::::'ar'.smI::rer t..tu:cugh minor leaks 

### L?'J. busfUn.gs, and**tf~** askare.l • 

# ..n.u aDsorb rroistura f:rom this 

### air. It is 

### routine practice to**c.~** the elect::ri.ca:l 

### pi:cperties of the askarel pe.....-icdically 

### at intervals 

### from 1 to 

### 5 years depending on ameie.'1t air rroistt1.re. I£ 

### nDist'l..Ir8 

### is detect:Ed., i:f'.e askazal, 

### is dzai.ned 

### and f;]tored (to 

### rerr:ove the 

### rroist..:rel , and tf'.e busfli.ngs are repaired. 'If'l.i.s mairrcenance, usually p:rfo:z:::rrcd 

### in**t.~e** field, 

### is 

### necessary 

### to assure ccnti.n1..:ed safe q;:eratim of, th,e t--ransfonrer as severe d.egr"'-.Caticn 

### 'of tbe. 

### asRarel can 

### cause rrajor arci."1g 

## witb.i.ri**_t.~, t:l::ansfo~**  

### • -, 

## S.i.milar rraintenance has been 

### routi.."1ely perfoJ:!!'ed 

## en t.l1e s<::Vera1 

### million oil-filled trar..sfo:r:rrers. 'Ite oil 

### iri"many of 

### t1-J.ese uni,ts 

### IIE.Y be 

### a::mtamined with PC3s 

### to a 

### c:oncentraticn of several hundred f2,rtS p:r million due to past use 

### of the 

### sane equiprent to 

### service l:oth oil-filled 

### and askare1 

### trans:;o:t:rrerS. It is also FCSsible 

### that 

### PCB ccn:tarrri-naticii of 

### tr.e oil may have occuzred 

### in the TIEnUfacturingprccess where plants'rrade roth oil-fiJ.led and 

### ask.are1 tzansfcrrrers, Disp:saJ. of ·t--rans£ome.r oil has been through. 

### ccmrr:ercial waste 0;] rel.l] ers.,.-Wb.ic..l-:l.-has-apparentlY-·d.further 

### -increa.secl levels of FCB contamination of reprocessed and zecl.airred oils.
1.2.5 Elect=emagnets

-"N_=

__.,

## ··several-**~-e!:ec** t::OIagr..ets-"bave-i:::eerrmanufact..med-w±t:r'

.. .PCB 

### oil as a ccolant. 'Ihese 

### magnets are used 

### as rragnetic separators 

### over coal**corrw!~iOr** 

### Celts. The· 

### magr..ets are similar 

### in const='l:C""'--ion

### .zc,**tra.ns~** fOJ:J"rerS. 

### Tr..e......-e is ro present; use 

### of PCBs by t...1ll.s. i.r.Cust..ry 

### for either' rranufac-<--lring 

### or rnaizrcenanca,

-8-L 2 • 6 

### Capacitors :w PCBs have teen used as the liquid dielec+'...r.ic in a.1..ro::lst all AC (alte.t:r.ating 

### a.u:...

### errc) capacitors trade 

### L'1 

### tne. United States 

### sance the mid1930's , PC3s are**une..~)** Jed in their prc:perti.es 

### of chemical stability, fire resistance, and high diele-

### Lic**strengt.~.** Alti:ough no other die1ec

### tr.ic liquids 

### equivalent in 

### p:rfoI:l'I'.2.Ilce to FC3S 

### have Ce.e..11 

### c.evelq:ed, ot."ler J.i.qui.ds are 

### C€in.g used S'1.1C02Ssfully 

### in capacitors wfii.ch per:::orm the sane 

### func--i.crl as PCB 

### ca:pacitors. All 

### of the manuractnrrezs of. la1:\;:e p::wer factor capacitors ·have switched to 

### non-PCB substitL.'tes. M:Jst 

### of 

### tr.:e manufaceirrers of small capacitors have 

### either stepp:d 

### using fCEs 

### or 

### enrcunced t.;"e;'" i.ntention to 

### switc.."l to**ot.~** 

### l.iqui.ds 

### early in 1978.

1.3· PCB Re.st::'ic-...i.c:ns 

### in t.;".e Toxic Substa'1ces C-.rntrol Act Prior to the enactIren.t 

### of the Toxic sucstances COntrol F..ct, the 

### only authority' of tile EPA

### wit.l). resp€ct 

### to PC3s de:alt 

### -..ri.th discha....--ge of 

### ccntzrninated wato .,... frcm indust::ial po.irrc sources, 

### en Febn:ary 2, 1977, t..l:.e EPA pronulgated regulatiof'ls undez Sec-J.oo 307 (a) of**the?ede-~** Wat2r

### Polltrdcn COntrol Act wnich banned the d.i=ect**dis~.ax':le** of 'Hat"".,... corrtzmi,« nator1**'..ri.t.~** PC3s by eled::i.cal t:-"'CIlsfo:z::::rer and capacitor rranufactnrrezs after Fe.bruarj 1, 1978. (1) 'U'e enactrrerrc 

### of the Toxic Substances 

### COnt::cl Act (in Cctol::er, 1976} 

### pl.aced additional 

### requi.rerrents on 

# tr.e use of PCBs and required 

### tf'..at certain 

### ac---ions CeHtaken.by ±he EEA..

__Secti

### on 5,(e-).·CU. 

### o£

..ti'..e..Act required

.. that the EPA: prorrclgate'U'.ar:dIJl:;r**~a:l-~tcns:-fur: ~~-_**  ..

### ·""_A

....' regulaticns 

### were.

### pramI1gated··o~ February-J:-r,1918. (2,

..,'U1e regu1·ations re-

_.. - -. quire. that speci.al, 

## wa:ori;ig 1ate) s 

## :ce**appl.ied-.b.EC3-e;uip:rent,.....c.ontai.r~---** .. _-_.

__.


# n: EPA "Final C€cisicrl lt 

### Feea.-ral Register, Feb. 2, 1977, 99. 6331-6555. 

### (2) EPA, l'Polychlorinated 

### BiI;heny1.s (FeES): 

### Dis;:osal and Ma.1:king

## ,It FeC.eral Pegister, February 17, 1978, pp. 7149-7164.



### -9-ar.d 

### storage ar=s. T.l:'..e 

### re;ula+';or.s also 

### 'recuire**t..~t** d.i.s'pJsal 

### of PC:S 

### liquiCs, r::'aterials and 

### eq:ui.prent 

### bj by 

### approve:i 

### met."'.cCs

.(gene-T"3.llY high**~ra-r're** 

### in:.ine--ration....or chemica1' ;...as""."a 

### lar..d.fill) and esnacl ; 

### shapproval,

. 

### criteria for the d.ispJsal 

### facilities.
'!he Tcxic SLli::stana:s centrol ll.ct also esi-?bli..shed 

### coJtoff cates 

### for**cer-~** FC8 

### activities as foJ..l.o'.vs: 

### January 

### 1, 1978: All !l'EIlufact'..1:ri..11.g, 

### precessing I distributic:n 

### and use must 

## :ce in 

### a totally 

### enclosed rrannez, January 1, 1979: 

### No 

### fu:rtf1er mmufactur':''1g 

### or irrForting 

### of PCBs allewed. 

### July 1, 1979: No further processizlg 

### or distr...bution In can

### merce of P<:::3s 

### allcwed. 'It'..e 

### pzopcsed PCB Ban 

### Fsgulatior.s 

### Lrrplerrent these 

### l-e::ruiie:n:nts of the Act and also 

### authczi.ze the 

### ccntinuaticn

# of si:ectiic activities wheze**t.~** EPA has deteJ::mined that 

### such activities will 

### rot present an 

### unreasonable r'..:..sk of injm::y to health 

### or t.11e 

### envi.rormEnt.

1.

### 4 Surrrr.ary of P:rq:osed Ban 

### Regu.latior.s '!he 

### continued tmnufacturing, processing I distri....bt..-t.ion in 

### ccmrezce I and use 

### of PCBs has 

### teen regulated by Congress. Section 

### 6(e) of tbe Tox;ic. Substana:s COntrol Act: (?..Jblic L. 94-469, 90 STAT 2025), 

### establishe:i various ro..strictions on FCB activities 

### and the dates 

### on which 

### these restrictior.s l::€o::rr:e effective. 

### EPA is required by Section 

### 6 (e) to**es+-~blish** by 

### rule sevezal, technical

.findings regarding PCB ac'"--i 

### vi

### ties• 'Ihese find

### ings must establish: (1) 

### 'Ir..e 1eve.l of e.."'<:pJsure of hurran beings and 

### t..J:e envi

.. _

..·.·cnn:e!'lt to PCBs that rray be 

### considered ir..significant [S€cticn 

### 6 (e) 

### C2} 

# ee,]. 'If'...is level of exposure is the basis 

### for j1.rlging 

### whether any activity 

### or' use is in "a totally erxilosed rranner."

. -10-(2} M1.ei:f'..er 

### ce..rtain uses preserrc an urrraascnabfe**r'~** to health. or the envi..rcnrre.'r'lt. 'This. criterion is 

### to be used as the basis 

### for al.."t.::,.orizations of-activities that are.-'.'1Ot concuc+':....ed 

### L'1- a 

### totally encl.esed nanner, 

### and in 

### eval.uatrinq E=etitions 

### for one year 

### e:erpticns from 

### t.."J.e rrandatied 

### Oa:ns on tfie manufacturi."1g, proa:ssing, 

### and dJ'5

### L.d.butien in 

### c::mre..rce of FC3s. 

### (Sectien· 6 (e) 

### C3I (BI] • (31 'Those ac---.ivities 

### which, although not conducted in a totally 

### enclosed TIEI".I'.£:r, 

### neve.......-e-eless will rjJt present 

### an unreascnebl,e ri-Sk 

### of 

### injury to health 

### or the 

### envi.ronIrent. (Section 6 (ej (2J (B} ] • The prcpcsed ''PC3 Ban**Regu.lati~.s"** 

### state these' findi.TJ.gs, 

### Inccr-- ?Jrate the mandatory 

### re:rui--::.m:mts 

### establ.isi1ed by Congro-ss, and would grant 

### authorizations .for conti..TJ.uaticn 

### of cartain**acti~Jities** based 

### on t.l:e fi."1di.'1gs •. 

### 'Ihese regulations 

### vexe prepared by the 

### EPA Office of Toxic Substances in

, ' ' 

### o:operaticn with t."J.e IIlta."'d.ge.'r'lCY FeB 1fk):r:f<. Group. 'The 

### basis 

### for**t.~** prcposed regulations is**t.~** finding tb.at there is no identifiable 

### level of PCB re

### lease to tl"'d: errvirorun:nt that 

### can be 

### cons.idared insigrJ.ficant. 

### 'Ihe.re.fore, only 

### totally encl.osed ac-....ivitie.ssuch as ccntdrroed usage of existing tr"J.sfoJ::I!'e.."l'"S 

### and capacii::::lrs-.'.!li 11 :reet j-hp= 

### c:it""r1"'- re:;nj red- '-aft°"'" 

### recente.,... 31, 1977. 'Ihe Toxic Substances Ccnt..""Ul Act grants t,.1;.e EPA at...tl-:ority t:J pezmi.t; othez' PCB ac-...ivities after**t.~** end of 1977 if the ac'"'--ivities co r.et

1 . thi

### s**aut.~ri** ty,**t.~** EPA int.1;.e proposed Can regulations 

### WOlld t trie follcwing FC3 ac---ivities in other than 

### a totally 

### enclose:l manner. (a) COntinue:l mizoz mai.rrcenance 

### of PCB 

### transfoJ::!l"erS to

-**-~_. ~.-:-~'** **~-'!l1in.irnize·'t::!"'..:e-::e::on:::utic 1D!t:a~~t**  ,.;:**I'o:tt'"_:-~---~,--···r~'.~** 

### pra:ratJre -retirerent ard-Lack

### of replacar.ent un;ts
. _Conti nne: 

## 'u.se

..and.zschedul Ed ;;;base

....out of 

### .use.....cf._EC3...._, . ra.ilrccd 

### lcc:::m:::ltive PCW'er tzanszccroezs
.

. -11-. " 

### (c} Ccntinu;d 

### use end 

### scaeduked phase-out; 

### of use of PCS

### filled notcrs used. 

## on co-r'"'-'3i..1'J. mining equi.pn:e..T'lt.

. 

### Cdl Contint:ed" 

### use of 

### ce..rt:ain""hydraulic systierra CJIltarni

### nated with FCEs 

### if 

### efforts are pe.ricC.ically made 

### to dea:Intaminate the 

### sys-u=ms. eel USe of waste oils CC'ltaminat-od with PCBs t:elcw a 

### con

### centration of 50 

### ppn,**e.~** 

### as a 

### sealant, coating or dl.:tst 

### c:mtrol agent. This 

### could ban t.l-J.e 

### use of oil 

### contaminated with CIN rreasurahle 

### arrount of PCB 

### for 

### oiling roads 

### or as a-pes""...iclde 

### carrier.

.
1..5· Effects 

### of 

### the Prcp:Jsed 

## Re;uLa:ticns by PCB Use '!he 

### eccnonri.c i.nP.acts resulting 

### fran the proposed 

### regulations wa-e deteI!n.ir.ed by 

### evaluating

## rth~ ef£ects of 

### the regulaticns on" 

### eacrr identifiable

J ,," 

### PCB use. The 

### re;:ort of 

## t:.r:e:**~ysis** 

### also addresses' each-use L"1 a separate dlapter, and tr.e 

### fOJ:!IE.t of 'd1£i';''e;:ort, tf1.er:::>-fore, cCes not parallel.

### tr.e

. 

### .. , ' .:. - 

### fo:z:mat 

### of the 

### regulation. A 

### guide to the 

### discussion

### _9f the v.arious**sec-~cr...s** 

### of the 

### proposed regulations is 

### presen:ted in Table L 5-1. 'frI.e 

### various cost and ecc::n:mri.c inpacts are**~zed** in Olapter 

## 17

.

. -12-"

I' i



# 1 x xxxxxx I -tr--------,-,-------'--1 I ' , x xx xx 1 I, 

# 'I rf' ' 0 0 Q)**~f?~~~-** (j 

## I**~t~ ~E~** **~J E~**  E

### ~~~a!~ 

# i

# ~'g~UJ~**f~!I' ~u~l!i~j[[~i** **IH~iQ~ :'U~** **~.** [5'S

# i**~r** [!i

....

# ~Q!}~ s:B 

## B"<: III 

## 9 

# t:E n

### ~i~~**Ill!~ CllrA~~** **~~** fjl 

# g jil

### .~**U\l!"~ ~.** **,~' ~.**  . 

# r- l- i

# i.,l'.ijt.'i~**~4 g~!**  0g 0i:\ 

# ! [ \

# I h**[~~** 

# .' 

# f·

". I 

# ,

x x**~x** X 

# 1 x x x'i x x I' 

# rl iii

o HI 

## g: Cll

G ill 

### 11-3 {J) P, [} 

## m**~,** 

## !D

. o bJ ' 

# i**,~** 

# ,g. g 9

1-1· 

# g 

# I

10. Hydraulic SySt.em3

12. CcxIPresSOrs

14. thin

### rentiona! Product CcntiIlninancs 11. lIeat Transfer**System~**

13. fuclained Oil

### ~&

# ~fi**i~** 

# [{

3. Ban en copacltor dilltrlbutien in CX:lTlllerce 4. Users of Askarel Transtor:rneUJ 5. Transl;oorer.Service Ccxlpdnie:i 6. Rai Lroad I..ocx:m:Jt.ive 'l"ransfOmeL'li I 7.**~il** F{lled**~rana** rorneca 6. Mining Machines 9. Elect.ranagr.= xx x x

xx x xx
x x

x x

x x x.

x x x

x x x

__

x" x x



## f f, x

" t

r.

"

! 

# I':

1 

# 1 jx 

# 1

x I I I-' W I



# t r f 

# -r 15. Capacitor Manufacturing 16. 'lransfonrer Hdnu**fdGt:ui:~g** ;,1.'. 2.

## a**~lE'mOCOI..CGY** FOR ECCNCMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TEE PFOrosED "FC;B

. .BAN REG.J'IATIONS" 

### 2. 1 Ge..'1e..-ral APordach = = 

### Tl"..e apprcach used in developing the 

### econanic impact ?I'.alysis of t.lJ:e 

### proposed "FCS Ban 

### .Regulations" 

### is sun:xrarized tela,.;: (1) Each 

### .indu..s'-w:y significantly af"fecte::l by t."le draft regulations is considered 

### separately.' 

## The ar.alyticaJ. methcdo1cq{ used is t."le
sarre for each indust:ry, and the results are prese.'1.ted in 

### a fo:onat penni

### tting 

### aggregation. (2) Analysis is l..irni.ted to. impac'-l-S**e.~..ed** 

### to result :f:r-'..m 

### the proposed ban regulations. 

### The impacts 

### are t."le 

### L"lc:rernental cP.anges. ' fran a base 

### conditiOI'l assured 

### to be the indust::;Y practices in 1.975
as m::dified by 

### tr...e FCS efflue.'1.t standards, arrl t."le P:B Di.st=:Qsal ar.d

:. Marki.'1.g regulations.

........ (3) 

### Increased.i..rJdu.s"'w:y costs due 

### to the use of substitutes for PC3s ar:d t..'1e result.ir:g prcduct developrent costs or 

### t.he costs of dis

### continuing certain prcducts are t.he casd.s of 

## cr.e. ca1.cuJ.ation of " 

### cost ·impacts. 

### Tr..e resulting 

### price ar:d 

### prcduct; qualitY. 

### effects are. used to calculate expec+-....ed chances in demand and market shifts arrong o:::IIlP=ting prcduct.s. The.impact of tbese market 

### effec-...s 

### on i.ndivi...dual 

### ir..dus'-..ries is used 

### to calculate enployrre..'1.t chanqes, (4) Each ir.dust...ry is regarded as a 

### link in an inp..lt-output 

### cnaan or web. Thus, chances in outt;:ut affect cust.em=r ir.d.ustries and, lcgically,-:-'CtlS'"'...ar.e.rs"'" eLlSt:aTeLS• .'l.!rrrDst;'""t::a:.SeSf the' -s::oI"..an:i.c '-

-. ar.alysis is extended 

### only to t.'1e first tier C'U.Starers,· and second

### ary i.mpac+-...s 

### ,Neia-asSUIred.-.to-.l:e. negligible

..



### -14-

### (5) The chain 

### effec-...s are also traced backward at least one s-...age to 

### suppliers; price, quality and 

### delive...ry 

### ef£ec+...s are ccnsadezed as-

........ 

### de:teDni.nants .Qf. 

### quantity:deranded. (6) 

### At each 

### szaqe (supplier, 

### direc-....ly i.Irlt;acted 

### prcducez, custarer), impa.c+"...s 

### on the various**fa~...crs** 

### of 

### prcductricn w-ere considered. Physical factors of pJ:cduction at each 

### stage include lal::or, rraterials , equi.prerrt, 

### fao-.-ary space and 

### land. There 

### may also be impa.c+"...s 

### on fixe:i and 

### '...cr5dng capital requirsr.e.'1ts end 

### capital markets, incltrii..'1g re."'1t.al-or 

### leasing azranqerentis , (7) Significant 

### exte-""Ila1..ities are considered in the 

### analysis. (8) The 

### analysis considers only t.."1e 

### costs irc.Jrred by the 

### regulations. No 

### estimates 

### are made of the 

### l:enefi

### ts to 

### health or the 

### envircnrr.ent acai.eved by baIming the use 

### of FCBs.

-, 

### (9) oist.i.'1ction is made**ret"~'1** tzana;tional and 

### lcng term 

### effec---s. T.ransiticnal effects 

### Inc.lude

- the costs of**~renat'.Jre** 

### cbsokescence of prcduction 

### facilities and equi;:.rr.ent,. 

### retooli11.g, research and deve±eprent-; -and LelifOlatj Ul

...BUployt.EllCcacr.sal by**~tillket:** ;:,.,.'11fts: 

### Lor.g 

### t-e....r:n effec-...s 

### include Increased prices and 

### chances in aggregate market de:na.r..d.

----- 

### ---------------_
..

### _---------- Variable pr;i.ce of cutput

. q;ianti

## ty-proouced

-

laJ:or 

### employed Tran.si

### tional Irrlpact



### -15- Long Term**L~ct**

### Secondary eccncnuc 

### effec-o-S whic.:" 

### are d.iscussed '..mere relevant Inc.lude wages paid, 

### rrat=rials used; 

### pzcduct; redesign, netl 

### .L"lVestment, space require
### rrerrcs, servicing COs'"'o-S,_...prcduct 

### reliability, fire saf.ety, and' 

## analr<-.icaJ.' '



# . testir..g 

### costs. 2.2 ce£.inition 

### of 

### Ecor..anic L"l'lOaCt

, Impact is defined 

### as the chances resulting fran ti'.e 

### irnp1erentation 

### of the regulation. Calculation 

### of the impact, 

### requires that 

### the i:ase 

### condition .l:e 

### care:fully defined 

### to exclude the effects 

### of the 

### prcposed regulation b..lt to 

### include the: 

### e£f=Ct:s of szardard industry 

### praC"'"....ices and 

### ot.'1.er relevant regulations ar.d 

### law-s. In the 

### present case, t.J,e 

### base pericd used to de:fi.l1e industry 

### prac+-...ices 

### is assured 

### to be 1975. T.l"1us, 

### the 

### e£fec-o-S of tf'I..e vo.Lurrtazy ban on open systen uses 

### of fCBs that 

### was taken 

### by M::Jn.Santo 

## iri 197i is 

### fully reflected in the 

### base cood.ition, but 

### other- 

### actiens taken' by


### , in::lust..ry in 

### anticipatior;l of the requirerents**~f** t.l1e 

### Toxic Substances.Control Act do 

### not affect 

### t.."lis base 

### condition. 

### Tr..e :impact analYSis 

### then 

### distinguishes the 

### .impacns of the proFOsed l::an 

### regulations fran t.'1e 

### effects of**t.~** feB 

### Effluent Discharge Regulations,' the 

### PCB DisFOsal and 

### Marking Regulations, ar.d 

### the l::an 

### provisions of the Act rNhich 

### caused M::Jnsanto to 

### ceaseFeB .' prcduction 

### in 1977. 

### Versar used 

### major data 

### resources 

### to establish the l:::ase cercitier..: (1) Test.im::my at 

### the public hearings in 

### washington (July 

### 15, 1977) and in Qlicago (July 19, 1977); and (2), Inter'l.ne'NS_w:l.thaftort'e;1 p3r:ti 

### es+_corrlucted**m:::Js:.l;t.by_.tel~b.or..e-,-c-"_--­** with 

### info:t:rrationccntactsestablished by 

### Versar during:**pr~lious** FCBs sttrly tasks



### -16-3. 0 IMPACIS OF Bll.NS CNTRE DISTRI:2U""TION OF ?:3**C.~.P.~I'I'ORS** AND 

### E:C.UIPMENl' The 

### proposed Can**:r:~t.ions** 

### !MJU.ld 

### require t..h..at 

## PCB capacitors 

### not;' be 

### installed 

### in l"1..&1l1y rranufactaized prc:ducts af+e"-' ce:C!I1i:er 

### 31, 1978, and 

### t..L:at nell 

### equi;:rre.'1t o:mtai.ning FeB 

### capacitors not be dist::frute:l 

### in**~erce** 

### after June 30, 

### 1979. The ban 

### on rnanufaet'.Jring apply not 

### only to the i..TlStal

### lation of a capacitor in 

### a piece of electrical apparatrus, but 

### also to t..':.e installaticn of any t?:B Equipnent I. 

### in a**larg~** 

### assenbly. For 

### instance, t..'1e 

### cecsnl:er 31 ban 'MJU1d 

### apply 

### to the 

### assanbly of a FeB 

### capacitor into a lighting b3 11

### ast, the assenbly of 

### a FeB ba]] 

### ast 

### into 

### a lighting 

### f.ixt:'..1re, and to 

### the asse:nbly of a PC8 lighting 

### fixture into 

### a sutway 

### car. 811i] d 

### r:gs containing FCB 

### capacitors, r.DM:Ver, 

### are spe=ifically define:l 

### as not 1::e.i.ng 'PCB 

### Equi.;ment I. The ban 

### on distribution 

### of newly manufactured gcx:ds' 

### iri ccnmerce v.auld 

### also apply to all 

### of the varieties of '?:B 

### Eqiripre."lt'

. 3.1 Effect 

### of the Ban 

### Regulations fbst 

### manufacturers of de 

### capacitors switche::i 

### to substitutes for t.."J.e FeB 

### dielectric liquids by 

### early 197.8. 

### No I?CB 

### capacitors are expecced to ce 

### manufactured after August, 

### 1978, r,.;ben 

### Aerovox Cor;;oration expectis to exhaust; 

### its 

### Irrverrccry of I?CB liquids. 

### iYE.nu£acturers who 

### use FCB 

### <:aFacitors 

### as canpcnentis of 'FCB 

### Equipne."1t' ",:ill 

### ge.'1erally be 

### able 

### to 

### use up t..l-Jei.r invem:ories of FeB 

### capacitors by 

### the end 

### of the year, and 

### little invenmry 

### loss is



### -.---- exp=cte:j. .--..----------" The 

### greatest impact 

### of this of 

### the ban 

### regulations may C€



### _

cn.zeeai.L i 

### nventories of app] j ancos SllCh...as 

### air mndj t j 

### oners and t Q]**ev~** 

### s; on**'-~'---=O<~:'** sets;**_~** tln:its**rnam:tfaet:J::t:r:er±"t:e:foz:~1::e::elll:er::::.'"3±7""'".1:S78:.!ri** Lit'· FCB.**caf?:!Ci'~ms.;t::** , ""

.."'

........... 

### not" all**l:e~** 

### sold to the-uitilllate 

### use by" Jane**3o--,~9_wrr.errt~er·----"-** Idist=ib.l.tion.in"**c:emrerG~",M:lUld.,**'ce. h

### c m pe4

....... /Dha.pract; 

### caJ effeet. 

### of,

. .tb.is."ban...._-

_ 

### is not exp=c+'-2d 

### to be 

### great s"ince such 

### appliances '...auld 

### not be 

### lateled as PCB equipnent (since t.'1.e ]ab:1 j ng requirement dces rot l:€care effec-...ive until January 

### 1, 19791, and the 

### appliances '...culd be 

### widely distributed. 

### Ln 

### retailer I 

### s

-17-

### inven.",r;ries. The 

### limited numi:er 

### of FCE items stilJ.. 

### In 

### inventory could I"'.ot

- 

### easily be ide."'lti£ie1, ar.d the, prac:tical diffieJ.1v.! of enforcerent. W'OUld .' 

### . 

## . . 

### limit**t..~** 

### real. :impact 

### of the regulap,on. Should any special 

### sit'..laticn.s:.,.·**~-** . 

# - result 

### in large rmmters of rel'l 

### l?CS appliances in 'Nbolesaler Is or 

### retailer I s 

### inve.'1.tories on June 30, 1979, the O'WnerS of 

### t.."le units cculd apply 

### to the EP.l\ for a 

### ta:n;;:orary exemption fIcm**t.~e** provision 

### of 

### t."1e ban regulations similar 

### to t..1;.at 

### which. is dLc::cussed in the preamble 

### to the 

### proposed regulation for the 

### contL'1ued use of FeE 

### capacitors in**J;..~** 

### repair of electrical equipr.ent.
3.2 Sunzrary T.he 

### only Impactis 

### of the proposed bans 

### on I

### distribution in 

### c:mnerce I 

### may be 

### t.1:e 

### cbsctescence of certain retailer inve.Tltories of ?:B 

### appliances. Options available to 

### such 

### :i.rn;:acted parties include the repiacsrer;.t of FC3 capacitors with l"'.on-FCB units, or the 

### application to 

### the..EPA for an exception 

### to t.lj,e Can 

### regulation. Total costs' are un.J..ikely to 

### exceed a tf?1'l hur..dre1 

### dollars p:.r affected 

### establishment, and would**:'lL~y** total 

### less than-one million 

### dollars. The prac-..ical difficulty iIi en£orcJ..:ng this of the 

### regulation 'Nill 

### probably result in 

### real impacts 

### cbnsiCerably lower than these est..irra.ted 

### aIrOUIlts.



### -18-4.

## a IMPACTS ON USERS OF·**A.SZA.~** TRANSFORMERS Versar 

### es-..J.mates t..1at'**t..~** are al:out 140,000 askare.l, tzansfozrezs in·

.**~.** .' 

### use. l\J:::c;ut 1,000 of these 

### are l:ei.ng used on**r~** lccan:rtives and 

### ccmrout""

... 

### cars; the i.Inp3.ct of t..'1e draft 

### regulat-icns on these 

### rai.Ircad loo:m:rtives is discussed In detail 

### in C.l'1apter 6. Of the rsna.in.i.ng 

### units, rrost are 

### Fad nx:mnted 

### distribution and 

## r:cwer t..--ansfDJ::!rJ2rs located in 

### b J

### i J

### df

### ngs and 

### elec-.=ic ge.'1eratL'1g stations, '.rith 

### a substantial num1:er 

### at askare.l 

### preci;?itatcr 

### trans.,..

. 

# . facners l:ei.ng rrount:ed en stacks.' The distribition of ownershi.;? of**t..~ese** 

### transfa:z::rr.ers is simnarazed in Table 4.0-1. 

### With an estimated 

### averace of 2, 500 pounds 

### at PCBs 

### in each· transfarrr.er, the total 

### in-service inventory of FCBs in**t.."'C..!'..sfo~s** is 

### approximatie.Iy 300,000,000 

### f:OUI1ds. Tr..e t.."'CI1SfoJ::::ners
are cwned 

### and_.maintained by either the utility or the user, depe..rrlip.g on the

'J'"**~Il** business ar=c:ngsrents made at 

### i:hS time 

### of each**ins-~tion** 

### •

.' '.. Table 4.0-1 Es-..J.mate:::l Numter 

### of FeB 

### Transfo:rmers 

### in..Se="lice cat::gory 

### of User Utilities Lrriustrial and 

### eatma.-rcial Railroad Numl:er 

### of Units. 42,000 97,000

1,000 .140,000 FeB 

### Content-Pourns 105,000,000 

### 191,000, 000 4,000,000 300,000,000

.**-~lts-of-t.he-P~Oe?se:l** F:B:jaiatiOl"IS"""" The proposed ban regulations forbid the major rebuilding 

### of askarel 

### t..-ransfoJ::!rers. Therefore, failed askarel 

### transfo:r:mers**~uld** have to. be**:'"'~ ·--"='t"'""'r'€place::i-'-w:i~'··suit:abj;e~~~~~ce::rnen1;':~-=~-t:'ei..~lr-'I:ti;l;'t.:.'!':"~",.,·.",,,···c:;.**  Lrcrea.sed costswill'l:e ir.curred at the ti..rne of failure of all-14fJ,

## eoo exist-

____... i.ng .askarel**t..-ransfQ:rmers':~·**

### .. ' _, . . .__ .... _ 4 . 2 C::mPliarx:e Costs 

### Forecone**S~Jincs** 

### from**Reoui~inq** 

### 1£ 

### it is 

### assurre::l t.."J.at 

### a replacEm2..'1t tzansfcrmer 

### of a satisfactory high 

### fire po.irrt; 

### liquid ccole:i design''...auld 

### cost t..'1e 

### same as t.l:.e historical

-19-

### price for an askarel t...""3I1Sfonrer (see C1apter 16) I an:i 

### t..1;at re.build.i..r.g ftiCUld 

### cost 70% 

### of

### t..~ cost of the nell

### t:ransf~er if 

### allo;.;e:i·, (1) 

### then t.J:le foregone savings fro:n banni."'lg 

### re.bui.idir:g of askarel tranSfonnerswculd be 30% 

### of" the

• _ '"1.' • 

### cost of the units. 

### Base3. 

### on an 

### ave......-age Cost 

### of $20 I 000 per 

### t...""a!'l.StoI:mer, foregone 

### savings will te $6,000 per 

### askarel ttansfonrer. Total 

### foregone savings TNill depecd on' 

### the propor-...icn· of askarel**transforrre-~** 

### -which are scrapped because 

### of non-rer.airable failures or cb.sc

### Iescence rat.."1er 

### t..1an because 

### of rer-:::d

### rable failures. An acti'J'e 

### rrar.k.et in used. askarel**t...-a.nsfo~** existed .in 

### t.-:,e past, 

### but't..l.ris rra.r!<.et 

### has l::eccIre**I!'D..:lC.~** 

### less 

### ac-..i ve 

### eves: the s:..st year Ce:"''llSe 

### the provisions of 

### ti"...e wato"'" E=Ollution 

### control regulations and 

### the OSHA 

### regulations 

### onworxer exposure 

## to PCBs"

### have increased the 

### risk of using a.skarel transfomers. No data 

### is available on che 

### pro;::orr--i.on of a..skarel 

### t...-a.nsfoI:!!'erS that are rerroved fIo:n service 

### orior to 

### failure, and

. 

## .. . '." . . even if 

### historical 

## cata were 

### available it 

### GOUld te 

### misleading because rrost;

. .' . '..

. askarel 

### transfo:r:rrers have nee 

### been .in service 

### long enough for. aging of t.."1e iI1sulation to 

### increase the 

### risk of failure- of:·the units. 

### It is 

### likely I"'based

. on 

### Versar's est.imatos 

### rather t..:"a.n on hard data, that· 

### one-third to t'tJO-thirds 

### of the 

### existing askarel 

### transfoz:rners wi.1.l be 

### ret.i.red due to obsolescence prior to 

### failure. The total 

### foregOne 

### savi

....",lgs f...-ould**t.~efore** l:e $6,000 ?=-t" 

### unit 

### x 1/3 to 2/3 

### of the 140,000 units .in 

### service, or a total 

### of $280" 

### million to $560 

### million. Timing 

### of these foregone 

### savings will depend 

### on t.."le 

### rate at**wi1iC.:~** "".-.._--

_ ....**-a.sRa.re.r-eansib~·fa:rr:-'PreSen1:::.-·ftjjTure** 

### ra't:es-are lcwcecaliSe'6f" t1"..e ralatively 

### young age of rrost existing units. A previous EPA 

### sponsored study (2) es-<-.irnated 

### t.."1at approximately 80,000 

### gallons of fCBs w"ere used .in 

# -------------------------_

.. 

## --_

..**~-"** .. '."' - (1) 

### Based 

### on a consensus of i.ndustry 

### estimates obtained by 

### Versar duri.'"lg a telephone 

### survey of transfo:r:rrer 

### manufacturers and re.l:ui.lders.

. (2) 

### Versar IIlc:., PCBs .in -the United 

### States: Ir.dustrial Use ar.d Envtrornre..'1.tal DistribJ.tion. Springi'ield., VA: National 

### Technical InfoJ:!t'latlon service, (m'IS PB 252 402/3WP), Fe.brJarY I 1.976. p , 114.

.

-20-the 

### repair of askarel 

### transfoz:rr.ers 

### in 1974. As.sum.ir:g an 

### average transfonr.er capacity of 240 gallons, of FC8s (300 gallons of 'askarel' rnixt'..rre) 

### t...1U..s ", i.mplies that a 

### total of

### ,]~5 askaral 

### t..-ransfonners were repaired 

### duri.--:g

### ~..at 

### 'year. 'Ibis '...culd have 

### to be 

### considere:i a**1~** tcun:.i 

### estl.rnate of the future irn;:ac-....s of 

### t.'1e 

### can on rebui.ld.ing as t.lJ.e 

### rate of failure of askarel 

### transfoz:m.ers is expecced to 

### .irx:rease as the 

### average age 

### increases. An**u~** 

### J:ourrl estirrate might reasonably be cased 

### on an 

### ave.-rage expecte::i 

### rerraini..-:g 

### service life. If 

### it 

### is assurred, for example, that, cne-bal.f of tb..e existi.-:g askarel 

### t..--ar.sfoz:mers 

### will be 

### rarove::i fran 

### service over the next 

### bJenty y=rs due 

### to failure or 

### ccso.l.escence, an average 

### rate of rem:va.l fran 

### service of. 3.4% 

### of e:dst:L'"!q units is 

### i.rrtplie1. If 

### the probability of failure or re:roval '.-lere .irxieperderrt 

### of**t.~** 

### age of the 

### unit, it<MJUld be expecte::i**t.~t** 3.4% 

### of the 140,000 

### e."ti.sting units 'M:luld be 

### retired in 

### 1979, or a 

### total of 4,760 units reroved, 

### 'of which ' 

### 1/3 to 2/3 

### (1,587 

### to 3,173) lM:Juld have 

### failed. ·'I1"'..e'range of expeCted 

### failures'**~d** therefore be 

### al:out 335 

### to 3,173 

### t...""aIlSfo.I:rrers 

### per 

### year, resulting 

### Ln annua.L



### . .. -".- 

### costs due to 

### foregcne savanqs 

### of $2 

### million to $19 

### million r:er 

### year duri.."lg trie 

### next; ferll years. At 

### an ave.-rage failure rate of 4760 units 

### pez year and 

### an average rebuilding ratio of 50%, 

### foregor..e savings"...ould be ;;14,280,000 in 

### 1979. 

### Lost**Se~)ice** 

### Time TransfoI:!!1&s 

## Can be 

### rel:uilt and 

### ret.urne:i .to 

### servace in. 

### three to 

### four 'I-I-eeks, canpared to 

### a de.Livezy time 

### of 12 

### to 16 

### weeks for nell units. In

____**,._~Q..L.m;;ny** sna]] 

### rnanufae::t::.Jring eemra i nes, fa i ltJrc of rOe si ngJ e t-rans-**--!O~·** 

### whicB.- supplies all**of-t.Se-~** 

### for che 

### facili"fTcan" stop all**o~:-·_·** 

## ._ __. ations until a satisfac-...ory replacer.ent Unit is 

### obtai.tl.ed. It is li.t<ely that



### ____.**g,_'fre.q~_~EP~;t** 

### .. Qf-t:;;tllaC.e:r:enLunits 'Hj].].

.

### te:are avai' abJ A i.n-res;:onse..-±:o-ca_-**._=~~~.:2-den3r~tien;:n:f:.:SPT1z±c="'·"~~CTE~vertt~...;..-:.::::.:'::-·,:**

--- '" ·-spare· un..its- w;jJ**.J-resu±t-in-·±.nc.-~t!l-to-t:he-o:::rnpan±e~-~-"** -**.~** __ '**~j.lnj,:t:.s** ..and,J..'1Cre.a.sei.pr;cos 

### to. fr...s users.."wto...w:i]. 1.,.be .w:i 1.J i

### ng .'toO**~rrore·-ctQ..** ..-......

_",""'" 

### avoid pro-lor:ged-loss 'of electric-service. -There is no infa:r:nation available
as to the 

### costs of renting replacement tzansformers , but 

### assuming a reasonable m:Jnt..."1ly re.'1tal of 2% of the cost of the unit, total costs due to 

### t.."1.elonger



### .-21-lead 

### times 

### for replacere..11.t t...-ansfom..ers could 

### in::==;:a**~e** by t..;"e cost 

### of t"...o

. 

### tot."u:'ee rront.:"'s rental of an**av~ge** $20,000 unit 

### or $800 to**$1~.20Q** 

### per faile::i 

### t.ransfo.one.r. 

## Ea.se::i on" the assurre:l nurrJ:er and 

### f:'eque..r.cy 

### of askarel
: - - ' . 

### transfo:D!'er failures, 

### tOtal costs. due 

## to lost seryice time TMJuld l::e ($800 x 140,000/3 

# = $37 

### million) to ($1,200 

### x 140,000 

### x 2/3 

# = $112 

### million), and annual, 

### costs of ($800 

### x 335 units 

### = $268,000)' to ($120 

### x 3,173 units =' $3 ,800, 000) v.;ould Qe exp=cte::i, 

### Wit..:" 

### an ave-rage cost of (•

### 5 

### x 4760 units 

### x $1000 

### rental p;r unit 

### = $2,380,000)**e..~...ed** in 1979. '


### 4.3 

### Ecor..anic I:moact 

### of Cost Ir..creases



### . The 

### .i.r'..c::::eased 

### costs to 

### users of askarel 

### t...---ansfol:I!'Srs will be' berne by tb,e 

### ewners of the units. 

### Approximately or.e-half of t...l-J.e units 

### are cwned by 

### utilities, and 

### thei.r 

### increased costs are exp=cte::i 

### to be**fact.or~** 

### int:a**t.~** 

### rate base 

### ar..d passed along 

### to**t.~e** 

### users of electricity. The ot.l:er half 

### of the units are cwned by 

### major office an:i 

### apartment blli Jdi

### ngs and by 

### shoppi...",:g centers

## r fac+-...ories, 

### ard: other estabJ..ishne.'1ts. z. Increased 

### facility miinte..'1ar.ce'

- COS-<-S fNOU..1.d be 

### incurre.d by 

### a large I1U111b:r 

### of facilities. 

### Significant miceeconcmic i.rnpac'"<-S 

### are not anticipated, ar..d no changes 

### Ln i::.l"e 

### level of employ

### ment fran 

### micrceconanic**eff~..s** is exp=cte::i. 4• 4 Sumn3xy Corrrolienee Cos -!;s 

### Foregone savancs fran rebuild.i..1"1g 

### Lost service t..iIre
Total 1979 $2,000,000 to $19,000,000 ($14,280,-000 

### t:est-estimater $268,000 to $3,800,000 ($2;380,000 

### best estimate) $2.3 million to $23 'million Total $280 million 'to $560 million $37 million to $112 million $317 million 

### to $672 million '"

Errro loument eftects: 

### sane s"l:ort te.J::m lay-offs 

### fX)ssible due to lack of 

### reck up 

### transfo:oners. Impact 

### may be limited to 

### small manufacturing firms.

-22-5. 0 IMP;..crs CN T.RANSFORMER SERVICE CCMPANIES Mainte.T'l3I1ce 

### of askare.L t.....:.an.sfcJ:IJ:1ers is 

### usual.Iy contracted out to 

### spec.tal.ized servace shops or to 

# the manUfacturer of 

### the unit. Major' 

### rebuilding is 

### usually per:fo.z:rre:i by t...1-J.e manufaccnrer, 

### There are as;prO"..<.i.rr.ate.ly 250 srra.ll 

### service canpan.ies whic."l 

### can p:r.form routine 

### tzansfcrmer ·se=-vici:J.g 

### such
as gasket 

### r'epl.acement; and tes'"...ing of the liquid. Eased 

### en a telephone canvass of .indeperderrc canpan.ies wrii.ch 

### servi.ce and repa.ir 

### transfo.r:rr.ers and 

### on infor::r.ation cbtaine:l during 

### visits to 

### GE and 

### Wes-.-L71ghcuse service shops, 

### it is app.a.ro-nt t...1-Et 

### e.."d.si

... ·1g FC:S 

### t-ra..'1Sfa:or.er requiring in-shop 

### repair IMJrk are l:eing 

### serviced only by 

### the GE and itlesting

### house service 

### opezat.icns, These two 

### canpan.ies bave reduced. the number of shops presently penritted to 

### service PCB 

### craasrorrrers tolS' and 8,'

### respectively, for a total 

### of 2J 

### shops naticnwide. (1) . These shops are-f.er.for:ming the 

### rna j 

### or warancee maintenance 

### for l:oth 

### GE and ftlestinghouse 

### and 

### for. the 

### ctb.er tran.sfo.z::rrer marnifactnrrez's, There are approx.irrately 250 srall electric appezatais service SJ.1DpS 

### which repair transfa:or.ers. (2)' These shops no longer work on askarel transfm:ners because of the risks of majcr cleanup costs and 

### wcrker exposure t:..'1at would 

## ::e Incurxed by 

### any acc.iderrta.L spill. 5.1 :rmpacts 

### of the PropJse:i 

### 8.egulatior

.... s

.The effect 

### of t..."le proposed requlations 'NOuld l:e 

### to erxi tl:-e prict.::.ce 

### of reb); Jding._transfOI:l"e.rS, bIt tbere 'ttl:)uJd Ce CO constr.ai.nts cn conti Dlled 

### minor field 

### maintenance. The effects would therefore be limited to 

### a 

## c.e- ._.crease::L.demar:d for-.tb.e_rrajor-.Send cos_perfomed by

...t..t-.e.... sezvi.ce. shops cwne::J b;..L

the 

### manu.facturers. These same canpan.ies ....ouldl:e faced 'rith 

### an increased

_ ..**~..,~** • . ...

_ ' .. u

__ .•

- --**-~** - '(1)-**versar--L'1C,/-FCB·".~..i":fity=AI'lalysis-PaferS·;~ '~'''''EPNmS-,** 

### ----- July 

### 11, 1977.**~-** 

### ..**-~-t2r-- Electr±dd~~ss:vi'CE:Assccia~...,--:&7'r~~~~··'----_··**  

### St. Louis, i!!): 

### 1977.

.

-2.3-

### deroan:i for nell 

### t=ansfo.t:ne..rs.

. 

### .z:..ssuming**~.a** t**rt'.ar..ufac:'~...ng** and. 

### rebuild.ir..g are equally 

### la1:or intsnsive,**t.~e** 

### 'MJuld J:e 

### a chanqe of enployment 

### frcm t.'"le service &"':ops to 

### the central manufaet.u:'ing plants, but rto 

### net change in employmeI!.t. '. 

### - . ,. A 

### rough estirrate of ti".e 

### employrre.'1t effects rray J:e 

### cal.cul.aned fran t.ie total 

### of 

### the transfomer re.bli1ding bus.iness, It was 

### est.irrated 

### in Chapter 4 

### ti"..at 

### a rni.ninu.:Im of 335.

### askarel transfor:ners are retuil

### t each 

### yea:c at
an es-...iIrate:1 

### cost of $14,000 each 

### (70% 

### of an 

### ave-rage**~20,** 

### 000 

### ur.it replacem:nt cost). Assuming that OI"..e 

### half. of tf'1..e 

### cost 'HaS 

### due to direct ani 

### i.r.direct 

### 1al:or, t.lJ.e annual 

### p;3.yroll resulting fran 

### t.rus ac--...ivitj v.olld J:e equal to 

### (335

.. . 

### x $14,000 / 2 = 

### $2,345,000). 

### .l\ssuming an 

### ave-...-age burdened 

### lal:or rate of $30,

## ooa I 

## r:er year, t.'1is 

### p;3.yroll is 

### equivtiant to 

### 78 

### full time 

### jobs. Sin::e the est..irrates of perce.'1t lal:or and 

### annual wages are rough**e~--irnates,** 

### the employment irnpac---s 

### might be bettor 

### stated as ranging fran 

### 50 to 

### 100 

### jobs. It' 

### sh:JUld be 

### r.ot-e.:i**t.~t** 

### ir..creasa:l employment at**t.~** 

### rranu£acturing plants 'tlill 

### offS€t**t.~e** 

### job 

### Lcsses, so any 

### structural ur..employrrent must J:e 

### considered. to l:e 

### a t..-1'Q.IlSitional
:: 

### cost of 

### the regulation. The FCB dist=osal 

### regulations require**t.~t** units J:e Q.r:I-ir:ed 

### and 

### flushed prior to di.sI;::osal. Survey 

### of a nt..JIn1::er 

### of users has in:licated t..r,at this will 

### usually be 

### contracted. out to 

### e:-q;:erier.ced reliable tzansformer service organizations. This increased demard for**t.~..e** 

### services of the larger (usually 

### manufacturer cwned) 

### service shops tray 

### offset rrost 

### of the business lost by**t.~** ban 

### on .rebilldi.'1.g of askarel trar...sfoJ:::ners. Therefore,**t.~e** draft ban 

### regulations_qr.e**rP:t~:t.e:L..:t:QJ;.a.~e_a...**significant

### .ecorcanc. i.mp3..c:t. 

### on. .the, t....--ans£OJ::Irer service and rrainte:nanee i.n::lustry. c ,



### The only'directly' 

### identifiable-impact. 

### of-the'draft- 

### regulations 

### orr'**t....--ans£or:r~.waint.e.narx;.a, ~n**  j es 

### .i.s.-tbe_l:eqtJj**n::rrent._t..~t** 

### .a...spill. pI:'.aYent.icn

..._ .. an:i 

### contzol plans l:e 

### prepared." Preparation'of these plans an:i 

### t.l-...e requi=ed professional engine<=>-r:i.ng 

### reviel'l tray require four man-days 

### of effort an::i result in 

### a cost of $1000 

### per_finn for firms haniling 

### askarel t..-'O.I1S£or:rers. 'Ihi.s r,.,:ou1d te.-rrl 

### to bar the snall opeza

### tor, resulting 

### :L" nuror rrazket; shifts. 

### COst of the required plan 

### could equal 

### $1000 for each 

### of 

### aJ:out 100 fi.1:rns, or a



### -24-• j rnax:ilnt::m 

### total cost of 

### $100, 000. If profozrra plans TNere pre;:a.red 

### undez the

- s;:onsorship of 

### a. t=adeasscciation or made 

### available by 

### a rr.ajor marnifactairer, the 

### only costs to 

### a**~}. ~tor**  TM::ul4 be 

### one day of

.services Lana.<
.. 

### regist'ored 

### prcfessior..al eI1gil"\..eer to adapt, 

### revier.v" ani 

### approve**t.~** 

### plans. 'n1e 

### cost of this 

### service 

### s.h:luld run 

### al::cut 

### $250, reducing t..'1e total 

### ccs

### cs to. 

### a range 

### of 

### $25,000 to 

### $100,000 for 

### spill cont.-ol plans

. 5 • 2 Surrrrary



### Lost 'Na-ges (t.ernJ;or:>.....rI



### st.-uctural unenploytre.T'lt) Spill prevention ar.d



### c:ont.-ol plans Total Annual 

### Costs (1979) 

### $0 to 

### $2,345,000
$25,000 to 

### S100,OOO $25,000 to 

### $2,500,000

-25- 'Ibtal Cost 

### -$0 to 

### $2,345,000
$25,000 to 

### S100,000 $25,000 to 

### $2,500,000.:-, .'

. 

### 'Ihe rai.Lrcads ·±n 

### the**I".ort.~tem.** 

### Chit.ed 

### States 

### fran Wash.L."1gron, D.C. 

### to New 

### York and nearby areas are**elec+-~die::i.** 

### 'Ihe;::ewer to 

### the lcccrrotives and 

### self-p:;wered cars is carr-i-ed to ti"..eequiptE."lt 

### through high 

### voltage 

### ac catenaries. Trar..sfo:t:rre.-""S on 

### t."le lccaroti

### ves and 

### cars reduce the voltage to that required by 

### the**t..-ac'"~cn** 

### rrocozs , It {1.a5 

### been stanCard practice to 

### use eskaral, (FCB 

### based) liqUid in these transfo.rme.rs dt:e to· 

### the risks 

### that would 

### result fran 

### spills of fJ..aImable liquid 

### follewing an aced,- 

### Ce.T'J.t in 

### a turmel. 'Ihe transfo:z::m:::..'>"'S in the rai.1.rca.C.**lcccm:::ti~v"eS** 

### and 

### t:ransit 

### cars are kr..cwn 

### to be 

### a rrai-"1te.nance prcblem because of the design 

### limitaticns. i.rrp::sed by 

### space requi..re!re."1ts and 

### because of ti'..e 

### severe .sbcc.1<:.,. 

### vi.?ration, .and 

### rrechanical ilrpacts 

### encountered in 

### servi.ce, Leakage 

### of PCBs is 

### not; an unusual cecur:rer:.ce, and 

### cont...-ol 'and di.sp:sal 

### of this 

### leakage is 

### i..'1'pJssible 

# as- it is -' usually sprayed 

### on a well-drained road bed, 

### 'Iherefore', 1:.'1.e rai.L.""Oad trans

### fOI:!Ie-""S 

### present a 

### significantly rrore severe risk 

### of loss of FC3s to the 

### enviI: ClD:IEnt t.l-Jan do 

### stationaiy tranSfo:cr.ers.


### 6.1 Requirem:nts of the 

### Prcp:sed Regu1aticns '!he prop:sed FeB ban 

### regulaticns will allcw cont.i.nued use and. rraiJltenance 

### of railroad 

### loc:::rrotive and 

### car'transfcm:re.-'rS for fiVB 

### years, but 'Hith be 

### follcwi

....

"'lg lirni

### tatiors : 1. Each cwne.r 

### of 

### a FeB railrcad 

### t::rar..sfol:I'rf::r 

### must rEFOrt t.'1.e l.iqu.id 

### voltJI'O:: of each trans

### fonre.r to 

### t..'1.e EPA within 90 days aftor ti'..e effective 

### date of t.."le 

### regulation. 2. Each. 

### person who-

### uses..a- FCS-..raiJ..rcad.**t::i3.r'.sfo~t** de-.

.. _ 

### velap and**~e:IEIlt** 

### a foJ::I!E.l spill preventicn and o:mt...-ol 

### plan. 3. 'fue ccncerrczatzicn of PCBs in 

### the dielect:::ic liquid in 

### PCB rai.1.rca.C. 

### transfoJ:::rre.rS 

### must be 

### reduced 

### to belcw four

-26-pezcent; witbJ..n 

### 15 rrcntt...s 

### a.....-=ter t..t.:e e£=ecti'Je 

## eats of the regulation. 'Ihis will recui.re that the t:::r2.nsfoJ:!IE.r 

### .!:e drained- and flushed- to -:rerrOve t..t:e FC3 Liquid and

-**r~** 

### filled with a non-FeB liquid.- 4. 'Transfo:wrer liquid 

### ITa.1St be analyzed .irrrre 4 ....iately after the transfoz::.rer 

### is retrofilled or the liquid is 

### processed to 

### decrease the concerrcratrion of FC3s. 

### 'D1i..s analysis mu.st .l:e repeated :E::€twee.l1 12 and 

### 24 rronths after each such ser

### vicing to deteIrnine 

### whether FC3s 

### leaching out of tt:e wir.dings have increased the ccncerrcratacn to greater than tb.e 

### IIEXirm.Jm allcwed 

### b¥'

__ the, 

### regulaticn._

- -- --
s. 'Ihe 

### concerrcratii.on of FC3s .i.11 

### the dielect:::'ic liquid mist; be reduced to less than 0.1 percent within t..lu"ee years of the e.--Ffective date of t'1e regulation.
6.2 Prese.'1t Cwn6-.""'Ship and USe '!he cwr..ership and use of PCB**t-'CI1Sforrr.e.-~** installed .in raiLroad lCCCItI:Jti

.. ;es and 

## CCImn.lter cars is 

### st:rrn'la.rized 

## i.r1 Table 6.2-1.' 

### Present

-p.lans


### are to 

### convert the elec-..:=ic 

### FCWer on 

### tt.:e N:lrtheast COr.n.eor £::em Wash.i.l'lgton, D. C. 

### to NeH York City to 60 hz 25 F:V by the rnid-:l980s. '!he N:tl'l Haven li.r.e r:ortIl 

### of Nel'l Yor:k TIEY-be-c:cnvel.**~41** l.o.L:::n: 

### .L.l the 19805. As a resu:it--of th:±s change, 

### neN tzansforrrers will 

### be re:qu.ired in 

### serre of the- cars, and tbe oldest cars and lCCCIIDtives rtlill be

....ei i=ei fran sezvi.ce,

- 'Jhe effects of this 

### \701-· tage ch.ange 

### en the**transfo:r:re....~** in 

### each tyj;:e of car 

### is Lndi.catied in Table 

### ·-----4.-2=1

....------- -------- .-----------'-'-'--.----.- -----.-------

______ ..
_ ..
__ . ..E:CBs have, teen us.ed.-jn rai 1 mad t=ansforrers to decrease -Fj !:a-

. ::--' :·''C'·b..azarC.s-.. "'rtacd..cettl**5-:-':"-~~ce=h:es~adirionatJ.:r'~i:o:'~~:"~'~~--:--·**

. - ,. . l.'

....l....:

- 1- •• ...:1_

........ .;**---.;:~** .......**~~'t** 

### . ------ . rrune.r=··-ou- L"l.'-U.w..:::>---app;l;:1cat:±en;---a:nl;.4"l:.i:u.;::,**r..ot~** w..r-l,.

# = l.W.**'~1;!'l'-drl** -- •.. - .,- -



### ____**~.JJru:::~-asonabl:l_l'..a.zQrCcUS-**

### robe;**:tion.....-.~e..llati** 

### ana' Raj 1

### mac '.:S.t::af''; 11 eC . _**antlIl1ter-o£-loo::notive-t::::ansfo~--with** sil±coneflu±d-and has O'f:€--ratee--. 

### them successfully for several years. il.MI'PAK has recently 

### ceen testing an**e.~...m=ntal** lccorrotive on 

### t..t.:e &:irtheast 

### COrrieor (built in SweC.e.l1 by ASEA)



### -27-'I'ABlE 6.2-1 Railroad Pen '!'ransfoulx::rs

'l'cdnafoll'ICC 1ltTp1"Ct.'I\Cnt (but S 5,000 50tOOO

5,000 114,OOO 5,000

### 6~,OOO 5,000 6i,OOO 5,000 65,000 5,000 ..6), (l00 5,(01) 61,000 ' 5,000 6

## 1, 000 5,000 65,000 15,000 lll5,OOO 5,000 52,000 5,000 .52,000 14,000 160,000 15,000 1115,000 10,000 151,000 10,000 H2,IlOO 15,000 lll5,OOO 14,000 160,000

5,000 110,000 r' 'l'i'arltlfonller ilctroflll (bat

710 'J'nuUifocuk:e

Capacity,

Cwli Lon

J't},,.; 54 46 ticcal) itl mid aOg

5 SCl'ap or ecplJiCa tl'aJl9, in IIdd 190/):1 

### n 1lJ.:p1aco leallS mid 1900a

11) tbild 1) sccap in alld 19l10g 121 Ilcl'l<>eu Uanli Iat.e in 19110 

### m 11<=[11 Lll'-O trans lata in 19110 II »hI"; 110 5) SG,'''I} tn**llLl~** 1900a 10 Ilcp1acu**teall~** in. 500 mitt 1900a (;6**1~;1'1** ace lCbllti ill 500 Illid 1900,. i 4tl :iCn'l) j II mit}' 19UO" '20 llepI=a tLUllti 11I1,1 19lWa IlO U,J<1d 

### ,n 11.1110 104 tl.ll\U**]~** ....."10 Eftect of wl- "hILe1'· 

### 1:",,0**(,.I~~**

1.0 11<=11I,.eu

. lc"nJ> 255 hy mitl 1**~1I0;;l,** eciil ok '·I'itrCll\.l**CiHI~t'-I'''J':'',IH>I,** mid'de**!~!!::!E!~~!L~~L!!"l<~II,.t1ve**O:lllv<\,'sloH tor: n
.."ol WIl!l.I'N

- flliitl**l;'COil'IO(~;Y** (\lCl'LltlOI!L Ill'at'l Ilel'0l'" /tor t"th NE O::odd.)[' P,'ojcct),**ScC'I:"'I~ler,** 1971

.

0.111<;;1'* I=¥lull',**lltcull!!~t** 1011***fjrl1~(~&** ::;1:1"11\ Ii ali. S';:1"I1\ tlllVl:;['lIndt' 1 ali.
5U"I1\ Si.lvcdin£:c :l ali.
51:1"11\ tHlvcdhlj..:C 1 aft,

St::l....l·A**$Hvcd!r~C'** 4 LXfl.

M (IledtHII'J) fi11verl lllut" :2 ali.

M (Itddd1rIlJ) Sllvcrlhli:e

.. Cn1. I HI 001'**~enji.j'i** At:ro." 1 Uti. IV 00 , I NJ lXII' ,ltl.';;oy Anow 2 LX

..... HI ror 

# rli 1 lli.:D I HI'1\ H 2 aM. I ; Cllun. 001' 

## tt 2 I ai-I.

, t'lJ. 001' 60 1l:X:D O}orall 

# rl; 1 un} O)lIr"ll i; ]) Ill))
L'Um:ail 

## lu liX)} I hllltrak**~l** G 1 Ii 0) JIIulCJik**~bO** 110) /IlutcJik ii.:lJOLI,\(;C' CUi.



### .

### '

... hich. uses silic::::ne 

### as a 

### t....ar...s:::cnn=r ccolant;**t.~e** tests 

### have nee revealed a:ITj 

### prcblens due 

### to b.1.e 

### use of silicone. 'I11e FeCe.ral Ra..iL.-::ad 

### p..d:ninistration has 

### sponsored research by 

### Westinghouse (1) and c:z.e.'1eral

### ElecL:.~c (2) 

### to deteJ:m.ine the 

### feasibility 

### of retrofilling existing PCB rai..lroa.d 

### traI'...sfol:!!l:IS wi.th 

### silicone. 'The 

### W'Or:< fer

### fozrred under 

### these contzacts Incl.uded 

### the 

### p:r:fomance cbaracterizati.cn 

### of a 418 FYA 

### t.."l'Ql"...sit car transfo.tnE.r 

### wmch contained 168 

### galloI"'...s of askarel; draining, 

### flushing, and 

### recrofilling the 

### trcnsfor.rr:er with 

### silicone; and c::ha.xa.ctc""';-zaticn 

### of the transfOI:!!'E!:" 

### p:r:fom.anc:e when filled 

### '..nth. silicone.' 'The tests conducted 

### under these prcg:ram3 indicated b.J..at d..."'"aini.ng 

### and flushing cculd reduce the errcurrt; 

### of residual FeB 

### in a transfor.rr:er 

### to a levl:1 lew 

### enough to 

### assure that 

### the 

### concerrtzatii.on of FCB 

### in 

### 1:.1.e siliCone liquid would 

### rerain belcw 

### four pez'cerrt., 'lhe 

### use of s i.Li.cone ras 

### a replacsrrent for PCB results 

### .L"1 a 

### t::=a.!'...sfonrer that 

### runs hot'-...er by 

### perhaps five 

### to ten degrees C. 'Jhis 

### increase in 

### te:r.:t;:e..-rat".:rre will rot necessarily decrease tb.e 

### service J ; -'=e 

### of a transforrtEr, as the solid insulation used L'1 t..--ansfol:::!EIS 

### may Cegrae.e 

### less rapidly in silicone than 

### in PCBs. PCBs 

### and 

### tric:h1.orc.be.."zene are selec-..ivaly 

### adsczzed- f=ern 

### silicone

. liquid by a.c-..ivated carl::on. Corning recently derrons'tzaced t.J:1at t=; 1**t..~­** tim 

### of silicone fran a retrofilledFCB 

### transfo.tnE.r t.'1at had been ;

### n sezvi.ce 

### for ten 

### rrorrths reduced 

### the ccno:nt=aticn of FCB.s 

### fran 2.53% to 

### 472 par""--.s

---.

### -~-mil-:L'-en. (3)

### E'~~~~-th--a-~t--rray--b~e,...------- (1) Walsh, E.J.; Vcytik, D.E.; Peazce, H.A. (Westingr.ouse Elect.:::ic CoQ.) Eval

### oation" of

### "Si±icone' 'Fluid-**for-cP.eplacerrent-ot-~Cr::oldl.** t:s
..

### ±rr-PaXlwav'·---

_. Indust:-'rYf-'.-'Or.a:£t.'p;-i- •••**Da:l..::Ee1"'Y"\tt;~** ..**i?erott:~-:-:129-4. i---,Jtl1\tpLQ,1~~·",** **_.~; :~'''''''.'** **~~'** ..**..;.;;;.;.=~,.;.,;.** - - (2) Foss,...StEphen**D"';~·~rJolm-s...;......Jdm.s::tGn;..:.D::m.al~.~er..Jam=s.** ...**..:........-._~** M. (General**Electric;:CO~2** 

### ,.:Retrofill.ing.of_Railroad**~..nsfo:z:rre-rs** I Draft._. Fir.a:l?e;:ort;

..c..'T.rt=:act**-~e--.l;:293=r~J1:U:y}-i9-~** ---..," .-,- ". '" ".' 

### (3) CCw Coming 

### Cor;orati.cn, -RemJval 

### of PCB frem CCw Corning 

### 561 (R)

### ~ansfamer Liquid by Qi.arccal 

### Filtration,**_~ted.**



### -29-

### sossible to 

### irs..all a car-...ridge filter corrcafn.inq ac::ivate-i carton :L'1 

### tl-..e liquid cLre'-llation pipi.."1g.

.The 

### filter v.-cW.d 

### contiinual.Ly scavenge residual FC3s fran 

### t.b.e silicone after mst of t.:;e. 

### FCBs ii.ad already 

### teen replace:l when 

# t.-:e t.."CIlSfoIIt'er was 

### retrofilled. 'Ihis 

### procedure might assure**t..~t** the 

### concerrcratien of FC3s in 

### t.l-u= silico1"".e v.ou.ld 

### rot Lr:crease to cor:ce..'1t..-ationS 

### acove t!".e 

### 1000 p;:m required by the proposed regulation. 

### 'nle decontamination of silicone t....-ansfo.r:rrer liqui.ds is 

### still in 

### ti'.e e::q:e.r-i....:m=ntal testing 

### stage. W'estingh:::nlSe Electric Cort;Oration has 

### rep::;r---edly applied. for a patent on t.l-:le 

### precess of using activated. cazcon to


### rerove FCBs f=orn 

### silicor..e. No 

### results have 

## ceen made 

### ?J.blic on tccJmi.qu.es to 

### rerrove FCSs £rem hydrccarb:m 

### transfoI:rer liquids, al,

### t.lxJugh RTS 

### Co.q:oration is 

### ret=Ortedly doing research in this 

### area. 6. 4 

### Cost Irnpac+-...s 

### of the. ProfOsed 

### Regulations It is 

### oot at this time 

### wr.ethe: t."le liquid used to 

### ree1a,?s t.'1e EC8s 

### will be 

### silicone or a high fire 

### FOint**h~J:on** 

### liquid. B::wever, silicone bas been extensively tested an:i is 

### ti'..e m:::lst expensd.ve 

### of t.l-u= alt°?"'- natives; 

### accordingly, costs based 

### on the use 

### of silicone provide an 

### tl1?Fer l:oun::l est..i.nE.te 

### of the 

### costs of retrofilling. Silicor.e li.quid prices range**~$ll.OO** 

### $14.50 per.gallon. Re

### cent charges 

### for field 

### ret..--ofilling of t=ansforrrers have 

### run from $20 to $40 per 

### insi-aJled. gallon, 

### incl1.:ding di.sposa.l, 

### of**t.~** FCBs and corrcamiriaced flusb..ing

----_.- -liqu±d--

### aIIcrana:lysis---of the-ret!:ofi:1:±ed'i±quid-**-for--FCBs~-Since---t..'1.e--ret..~f±·2;l±.-::g--·---­** 

### of locarotive transfor:rers will 1:e 

### done only in 

### a fe'H 

### ttiell-equil?P2d shops, t.'1e installed 

### costs should 

### not 

### exceed $20 

### per gallon of 

### si.Licone,**cePe.~'-t.~::'~;:e:::l:f.fC'des±~~r:ar:rl-:use** I**--~~** 

### :average-seri±cel:±-7-'--

--- of raiLroad transioD:IErs-is·f:rarr four-t:J:j·**3"o-~s** ..·- Failed· Eari.sfc5:rrre..?"',S- are 

### presently**rebui.lt...by~,_te"1e.-~~..approxi.-rna:tely-** -,25%**of~tbe:~t..:Q£-,.>** - ..s-z a**~H** tra.!"'.sfoI:r'€r. Re.build..ing-requires approxnranal.y 4-6 w-eeks while 

### deliveries of n€!/'l replace:r:ent t..-ansfom.ers require 12 to 

### 18 rrorrehs ,



### -30-The 

### rrajor cost :i.Irlp:lct is**,e.~ted** t::: 

### result 

### ':"c:m t.he rettofilling ard 

### dec:mtarnination of**t..~** 

### t..-an.sfor:rrers. Thecor..centtation of FCEs can be 

### reduced to't.he required limit of 4%'by 

### 'drai.'1i..--:g the askaz'el., 

### flus...Ur:.g**t...~e** 

### t=aI"..s£(;nrrers, a.rrl 

### replaci..'1g the liquid,with 

### a suitable rJ.gh fire po.irrt; 

### trans£o:orer liquid such as 

### silicone. Based on 

### the ret..rofill costs presented 

### in Table 6.2-1, 

### tl"'..e costs i."1C'JIred by 

### tr..e raiLroads in the 

### first 

### 15 rrorrths 

### follcwing**t..~** 

### effi:::c'-...ive date 

### of ti'..e 

### regulation will total $7,043, 

### 000. Pe:iuetion of 

### t.1..e cor:centration of FCBs to 1000 PEJTI by 

### three years after the 

### e£fec"'"....ive date 

### of the re;w.ation**~d** 

### require**t..~t** 

### a t..ra.ns£o:t:::!'er 

### l:e retrofilled 

### an aC.di.tional bo times 

### or**t.~t** the liquid J:e 

### precessed**~t** 

### least c,·lice to 

### rarove FC3s. i:b 

### estimates have J:een made by tzansforrrez canparues as to the 

### cost of precessing 

### to rs:rove FCBs. The cost should J:e 

### similar to the cost of ret....-ofill. less perhaps 90% 

### of tr..e 

### cost of the replace:nent liquid. The 

### cost of precessing 

### as calculate:l in 

### Table 6.4-1 

### \'iOU1d,.t..
... 

### ere£ore J:e 

### atout 37% 

### of 

### t.1..e cost of ret..---ofilling. ll.dditional analyses ',.;ould J:e 

### required 12 to 24 rrorrchs aft-o ,... 

### each**ret..~filling** 

### or prccess

### inq at a cost ofal:out $75 

### ;;ex analysis. The total 

### cost of reducing the FC3 

### ccncerrczataon in the retrofilled tzanafozmezs 'MJuld 

### the.z:efore Lnc.Iude roth 

### t.l:e cost. of t.":€ prccessi..r:g and**t.~e** addi**tionaLcos:t-·..::O£.~he** J i! lil j,1 a:-! 2 [ t:lLa t: -l:S C' or,! Ii**('j.:s::rzt:tL..~o=-=** - 

### service. The 

### additional cost to 

### the rail.rcads of achi.evi

.....

"1g 

### this lew 

### level of FCBs is calculator:. in Table**6~** 4-1 

### to be $5, 46D, 

### 000.**,~.ese** 

### costs '..:ill J:e 1."1-

. curzed duri.."1g the 

### yea=s 1980 and 1981. Sp:i::tJ:-preve

. '

. , ..
_.=_' z: .**~~~.~.~ntror E~**  w.j 

### IT**J'\~VEL::t;p_~_~.e~S::Lb¥-** 

### __

# ::=-,

_ each of the seven owners. Because of t.l.:e,cornple.xity 

### of railroad operations r 

### tbese plans will cost seve-ral thousar.d 

### dollars to 

### prepare an::i 

### i..'1lpleITe-'1t for 

### a total 

### indust..""'Y ex;:ense. 

### o£--p:rhaps "$20-,--000

..·-, '--- 

### Fir.ally,_ .the initial**..r~ing-G~"1e-·iderlti-ty-0i: -t.b.~**  Ee3 -equip-- rr.ent and 

### the liquid capacity 

### of each 

### transfoJ::!I1er will cost sever.al dollars 'ter'-unit, 

### for 

# an addifT6r.ai cost of 

## pehaps-S5, 000.



### -31-

### Cost of Processing Re I , •,0

### filled 

### Pailroac T:=an.s£ome:' 

### Licuid- 

### to Reduce

.the 

### eonce.'1tration of FCBs



### COst of ret..""'Ofill less cost of silicone less cost of 

### flu.shi.."1g liquid 

### less cost of 

### incineration of 2 

### gillons Lai:or, ovezneed , ar.d analysis coscs 

### $ 20.00 p:r gallon 

### 12.00 

### " " .42 

### " 

## " 3.00 

### " 

### " 4.58 p:?I' 

### gallon plus, .1 gal 

### silicone gal 

### of transfom.eL" capacity 

### .1 

### x 12.00 

## = 1.20 plus 

### 2 lb 

### carton fer 

### gal @ •

### 60/Ib 1.20 plus dispJsal of 3 lb 

### wet carl:on 

## r:er gal @ 

### .lS/lb '.45 

### $ '-7.43 

### per gallon

COst of precessing as a' fraction of cost; of ret..-ofilJ.,.ing 

## = 7.43/20.00 

# = 37%

COst of orccessina retrofilled transforrrers: Analysis 

### for 

### PCBs

## * 1,009 1.IDi

### ts @ 

### $75 Processing 

### $7,043,000 x 

### .37 Ar'..a.lysis

### * Second procesaizq**Analysis-~--** ----.... 

### Total cost of precessing to 

### rreet 

### 1,000 ppn li.rrri.t 

### on PCBs**~Ana.lysis** conducted 12'to-24 rrcrrehs fol:lewing

### previous retrofill or precessing

..



### -32- 

# s 75,675- 2,616,000 75,675 2,616,000 75,675 $5,460,000The 

### proposed resulation aut.'"1orizes continued use of ;:.J:e ret..."Vfille::l transfOl::rners for 

### only five years fran t.Se ef=e-.:7-1ve**ca~** 

### of t.J:e registration. It 

### is assumed 

### t.:"at a**re~lie:v** 

### of**t.~e** 

### envi

.... rormerrca.L**i.~et** 

### of losses .:".:.cm the-



## - 

## .. retrofilled units r.cill.z:esult 

### in t.riis ablt.'"1orization beL'1.g e.x:tenced .:..r.definitely. 

### 6.5 Econanic Irrn::xlets 

### of the Procosed Reau.la

### tio:ns

< 

### The required retrofill- and 

### precessing prcqz'am srould 

### cost less**t.~an** 20% 

### of a c:.mparable prcgram 

### to replace all 

### of cr..e 

### transforrrers 'Nit.'1.:L.'1.**t.~e** next 

### several, 

### years, and 

### the ret-"Vf.il1 prcqzam should avoid any sic;nific3Ilt dis**rL~ons** 

### of r'" ; 1 :cad 

### service on t.1.e Nort.'least Corridor. All of the affe&-e:i cwners 

### of FeB 

### railroad t.ranSfo:rmers are sove..r:1- 

### rrental or sen.i-qov6!:llm:.!1ta1 corpcratiions 

### which are runniriq**o~atL'1.g** 

### deficits
as 

### summarized in Table 6.5-1. 

### T.hese 

### de£icits, 

### of over $300 

### million ?=-!" 

### year,_
are presently Ceing covered by 

### subsidies f....--an tax 

### revenues. Tl"'..e 

### reLofill and 

### precessing prcgr=....m is 

### not e.xp:cted 

### to result 

### in significant service disruptior...s, and no effect on railroad' 

### OperatL'1g- err;,loy**rre..~t** 

### is anticipate:!. The retrofill and prccass.inq prcgrams are ex;eC""_oC. 

### to generate a considerable demand 

### for Lacor

. 

### calculated total latoi:' aI".d- over::ead 

### costs are surrIIE.rized in--Table 6-;3-2. This 'MJaid Le. t:.:re eqaiVaIE!'!t o.c 165 ,tEn 

### years of ernplci1Tent, assumiriq a burdened 

### lal::or rate 

### of $30,000 ?=r' man year. Mdi

### tional ernployrr.ent TMJuld result fzrm 

### the' Increased prcducaion of 

### t."ie -s.i.Li.ccne - liquid and 

### ac--..ivated. carzon arxi, inc::ease:i 

### diSpJsal i..'1.cineration services.

Cost Impactie :

. Arrount 

### Timing

-COst-of'·**'re~ri12** 

### program-----'$7;**04r;·OTJU--_~· ~·T9-jg'---**  

### -----.- -:---**.~.** -v--r-**'':-.~_--**

-Cost- 

### of**precess~.....m----** 5;-460-,800---" -1980-19-&1--

---------- ..-

PePJr-Jng 5, 000 1979 'Spi:l:l 

### pre7etl't::::on-plans

...__... ---10"';000-
r -**A..·"-19'7~·** 

### --

_....**~" ~~.~-.**  

### -,_.- $12,528,000

-33-TABI.E 

### 6.5-1 1976 Ci;!erating I..csses of Rai.L.""Cads 

### Using PC 

### Trcnsfo:r:ra.rs

1976 Cperating Results 

### Sm:illions Total loss 1976 $ 

### millions



### 38.5 478.5 (Est.), 

### cnm ror(l)
SEPTA (2)
NJ cor(3) .;MD?AK

### (4 ,

### 51

CCNPAlL (6) 

### 19.1 Otre-..-ating 

### Ce£icit 

### 3.2 MIA depreciatiOn 

### 1.25**QPe-~ting** 

### Loss 6•.38 

### depreciation 

### 38.5 subsidy

441 total 

### loss other than NE 

### corridor maine, 

### 37.5 1/2 of $75 million Loss 

### for NE 

### Cor.r.i.Cor oceration

, 

## . 205.5 losses for 9 

### mqpths, 

## Apr...l-cec. 1976

Total 

### I.csses 

### 22.3
7.6

280

$ 

### 826.9 (Est.**~,**

(1) 

### MetropJlitan 'I':ransit Authority,' Annual 

### Berort,'1976, p. 44•. 

### (2) SEP'I:.A., Re;xJrt 

### to 

### the Public and Financia.l Staterret'1ts for 1974 and 

### 1975

- Statem=nt of CPeratioI"'s (3) NJ**~t** of 

### Tra:r1sp::JrtatiOn, Highlic:hts of AC---ivities, 

### 1976, p, 14. (4) 1lmt:rak, 1976 Annual 

### BeFOrt, 

### pp. 6, 7, 

### 28. (5) Amt..-ak, Five-Year 

### Corporate Plan, 

### 1977, 

### p, 

### ,158. (6) Consolidated·**Pai:1::-~rpnra±:±ori~·'-8W1ta1FE'l'.:Cr't" ;l9-]6;rPP~l:.·".** **14,_,18·.,>,~.** r:',



### -34-TABLE 6.5-2 LaJ:or and ovarnead**-Cos~** of Ret..""'Ofill end Prccessii1q- Prcqrarn. 

### for RaiLroad 

### TraTlSfo.r:rers

Total capacity of transfor:m.ers:- $7,043,000 ret..""'Ofill cost/$20 

### per gallon 

# = Lai:ar and oveznead cost 

### of- eachret..:....afill 

### or . precessing @ 4.58 pez 

### gallon 

## = 352,150 

### x 4.58 

## = Total la1:or costs for one retrofill and CflO 

### precessing of each t..--ransfo:r:rr:er 

### 352,150 gallons
$1,613,000

4,839,000 Lal::or and overhead costs 

### of 3 additional analyses F€-t: t.."-anSfomer**(~** 

### 50%. of $75 

### test 

### price: 1,009 units x 3 tests 

## s:er unit x $75 per te.."<t x, 

### 50% 

### = 113,000

'ICTAL IAEOR .;N) OVERHEAD COSTS

---$4, 952, 000

'ICTAL I.AroR DF'MAND -'(l $30 ,..Q.QO-EER.-.

_ :s:.mDENED MA.,"i YEAR 165 mari years Economic Imoactie : Increased. o:s

### ts 

### are e.x;:ec""....ed 

### to be paid f:::cm goverrnrent ---subsi-ci.:i:eesg.,-,"----.,----- ErrrD

### wtfment: An increased: errpl.cym::nt**totalL~g** at_least 161 man years



### -35-7. 0 OIL FI:ILED AND DISTltCSUTICN TPJl.NSFOFMEPS

PCB-based**as~-l** 

### J.i.c;:uid.S have**histori~y** 

### been oi=ered 

### as 0- 

### higt"...er price:l altenlative 

### to tl'..e 

### pst----oleum based. trar.siorrrer oil used 

### Ln 

### rrost l.i.quid 

### c:oled transfo:cr.ers.. '!he FC8 

### and oil filled transiorrrers were nEIlufaetured in 

### the sa:rr:e 

### facilities, and nm:ty Opp:lrttmi

### ties were pzeserrc 

### for the 

### contamination of transfo:tIIEr oil with PCSs. In 

### addition, field 

### servicing of FC3 and 

### oil filled 

### t::::ansfomers has l:een 

### pe.rfo.Dl'Ed using 

### the sarre equip

### rIEI'lt providing additional 

### FOtential 

### for contamination of the 

### oil by FCEs 

### resiCh.:.al Ln the eg:ui.;:rrent fran previ.ous 

### uses.. '!here are 1"'..0 

### reT;Orted incidents 

### where PCBs 

### have been 

### inte.'1tionally added to 

### oil filled transfo:z:rrers, and such 

### an cccuzrence would be lJI'llikely 

### because of the 

### higher cost ofFCEs 

### relative to 

### .oil_**~er** I anal.ys.i.s 

### of oil taken £rem 

### transfonrers has 

### indicate:i that 

### a significant 

### nurrt:e.r are· contaminat-od 'Hith PCBs 

### at·a ccncentraticn above 

### '50 ppn. '!hesS" 

### ccrrcamariaced transfOIlrErS woul.d be subject 

### to o=.r-...ai.n requi.re!tEnts undez ti"'..e 

### provisions of ti't..e prcposed regulations

.. 

### 7.1 

### Req1.lirerrents of t.b.e 

### Prccosed. Regulations T:ransfo:tIIEr oil contaminated with- PC:3s in 

### ccncerrtzaci.cns 

## acove 50 ppm 

### will 

### have to be di.sposed 

### of by 

### high t.e:rpe.-""a.t:ure che:nical 

### waste in**cineraticn-~p** 

### transfonrers cnntaminated '..rim PC3S in 

### .the.ranga.ofo

__ ", 

### 5d to-Soo-Hmi Will r.ot'have

### -b--J::e**riE.iXed~** 

### rorwill 

### the-.reee 

## any rest-"'"ict.icnS

- on se.-rvici.ng, rebuilding, 

### or di..sp:lsal of t,.:"e 

### drained transfo:t'!IErS.
7.2 

### Estimation of the

### ·'Extent of TraIis:fol:::!-er-Oil 

### ··'COntamination 

### by "PCBs"

. ... -.-=...

IV'WlIiJ

### era

### f Tr-::t.rr.s

### forme rs 

### Avai;lable data 

### on OS -trans:foJ:IrE1:-

### p:rcduction...and.-sales....eo

### .m.t..- di£ferentiate between 

### oil filled and askarel 

### transfOJ::n:ers, but ir..dicate 

### only the t..,,--t.al 

### prcduction of liquid filled units 

### of various sizes and types. '!he



### -36-rrost zecerrc 

### data, for 1972, are surmari.zed 

### in Table 7.2-1, 1:elcw:.

Class Dist..-:i.buticn**Trans£o.I:II'e-~** GveJ::head and Pole**~tlIlted** Pad M:rt.mted Small**Transfo.I:II'e-~** (less than 10,000 KV'A.) SeconCary 

### 'Chit Substation Trans£o:mers .Large TransfoI:r.erS (al:ove 10,000 KilA) Total :. Quantitv



## . 1,253,400 231,600

13 ,000'

. 3,400

3,400 1,504,800

'The nurrt:er of overlJ.ead and pol,e rrourrted t.....-ansfoJ:!'lE:1:Sc't._

....e."1tly 

### Ln

... service is 

### r.ot 

### ac:::urately kncwn , but. 

### an estirrate of. 30,000,000 unit:s is usually accepted 

### :1.'1 ti'...e 

### L'1dustr.l. 'These transfo:r:rrer:s contain an average of al:out 16 gallons 

### of oil each. Veri feN 

### of

.these 

### transfonr.e=s have ever been**trl1~;,.i[thE?ES;·andrranyo£t.h~1=** 

### -in**~ae';;~-wf1i~-----_··_-··- _~**  __**maQ;L9nlY.~** of t:=ansfoprer and De:v"E r bandJed ask.a.rel.**'Ih~:roi-T,---** 

### it is un.J..;L.J<.e.lY-...J::h?.t.-.these.....!:J:jmsfourers were motam; Dated with**~en** ..marn....'"""-· -"-'. faetu..'red, and--t.l-J.e- 

### 1mits -are--selO::m- 

### se..'l'"'Il±c=cf-in the f±e.J:d.-

- -'lbe 

### i'ailure-rate -. --

### o_f.~tfieSe-**t:Ole~iPun~' ~omersjs-**  a1X,utO .5% 

# per:**:.¥ffir,l2l.~~~Si:i** 

## ;".aj'i-;;a---**:==-:~.** units 

### are rebuilt. NJ daca 

### have been 

### found conceming the 

### e."<tent of 

### FCB 

### .-.-_._._-_. 

# ------------------ (1) Bureau of the. Census, Elect...--icaJ.**~t** and Distribution EquiD-**~,** Report No. M:72 

### (2)

### -36A, Table 6A. (2) 

### Consensus of coWens 

### of transfomer manufacturers contacted by 

### Versar by 

### Fhore, 1978:



### -37-contarn:i.r..ation 

### of 

### t.ili typ:. of

.transfo.r:m:::z:• 'J1le rerrEi.n.L."1g.-250,000 liquid 

### c::oled 

### transfo.J:rrerS rranuziactnrrad 

### in 1972 

### included a1:out 5,000 

### askarel 

### units. F-..ssuming that 

### the-re are 140,000 

### askarel units 

### in sezvi.ce and**t.~t** the 

### ratio 

### of oil a:coled to 

### askarel**t-~­** 

### fOI:IIE.rS has always been 40 to 1, as 'HaS tb.e case 

### in 1972, tf'I • .en**t.~** 

### calculated. ' nurrber 

### of oil o:;oled 

### transfo:r!I'e--rs otb..e.r than FOle rrourrtad TM:)uld 

### J::e 6,850,000. Ali:e1:r..ativ-ely, it could be argued tf..at since the 

### ratio of the 

### totaJ. nurrber 

### of pol.e n:r.mn:ted 

### t:::cnsfoI:rrerS 

### to tf'I...e 1972 prcCilJc+...i.cn 

### of 

# th.:i-S tTI2e 

### of unit is 30,000,000 

### to 1,253,000, tf1at 

### this ratio 

## i:i.rreS the 1972 prcC:t::.c'-.-ion 

### of oth.ei' 

## t:.lE=€S of liquid filled 

### transfo:t!I'erS would give the nurd:er 

### of 

### ot.;.er "." 

### transfonrers 

### pr='-sentlyin use. By 

### this**rrEt.b..o;i~ o:f,~**  

### calculation,the-ry: are· 

### 6, 000 , 000 non-pole I'lPmted liquid filled 

### transfoIJ' 0;0rs 

### in use, minus the

. : 

### '. 140,000 as.karel units, 

### or a 

### totaJ. of 5,850,000 

### oil_**n"a~** 

### lJI'lits. Another 

### rr.et."Jcd of 

### de.."'iving 

### tr...e total nurrber of oil-filled

### ~.sfoJ:IIErS is to calculate 

### tb...e prcduction of t.."'QIlSfo:z::re.-..:-5 frcm available Cata


### on sales 

### of transfoirrer 

### oil. '!he 

### annual sales 

### of'transfct:rrer oil frcm 1968 th.ro1..."gh 1977 

### are sunrrazi.zed 

### in Table 7.2-2, l::elcw:

TABlE 7. 2-

### 2 

### (1) Annual Sales 

### of Transfom:er Oil 

### in the U. S. e .." T··-··--· 

## -'


# -

Year 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 

### 1974 1975 1976 

### 1977, Sales: 

### Million G3.llons 70 72 

### 75 76 82 94 96 70 7S 78 (est.) (1) Fouse, T.; Raab, E. (Ge.."lera1 

### Electric CO.), U. S. 

### Transfo:r.:rrer Oil S1.1!;?P1y and Denand, 1975-1985, Inter-m Feprt, Palo Alto,

.

## cali£. : Elec+.-n.c Pssea.."""C.'1 Inst::.t'.J.te (FEp:lrt No. Err303), Nov. 1976.

-38-

### '1hese 

### data suggest**t.~t** 

### the sales of cr-aI'.sfoDl'E.!" oil have i.1'1creased 

### ge:met:d.cally at a rate of'5•4% 

### r;:er

## Xear (ave.."'aSe Increase) £rem

### ~96 8 

### t.lu't:JUgn 1974. 

### Assumi.11g that

### thisgrcwt.~ rata c.es¢..J:es 

### oil sales prior to 1968, 

### total oil sales th....-ough 1974 would 

### have been 

### 1. 8 

### billion gallcns, or a total sale 

### of 

### t...-o bj 11;

### on gallons up 

### to t:-.e 

### pro...sent. Since f&t/ 

### tzanszcrrrars have
ever been. scrapped and 

### since 

### tIarlsfo:o:r.er oil has Cee.1'1 

### routinely 

### reclairned 

### for reuse,**t.~** total 

### arrotmt of oil 

### in servia: is 

### 9robably al:out 90% 

### of 

### t.t:e total

, 

### . aIIOtIIlt 

### prcducecl, or 

### 1. 8 

### billion gallcns. 

### Assuming**t.~t** the 

### pole rrourrced t.rcnsfoz:rr.e..'l""S**~e.i1Jj** 

### ra an ave-rage of 16 

### gallcns of oil 

### .;:er unit, the 1972 

### tzanarcznar prcduction required 20 

### mi J]j

### on gal.lons of oil for the 

### pole rrounted t....-ansfor.rrE.rS and 60 to 62 million gaJ.lcns (dep=nding on**t.~** 

### cm:mnt of oil used in 

### transtc,1:l'rEr**rra.intenance~** 

### to 

### fill the remaining 245,000 

### oil filled 

### t..'1'QIlSfo:t::!!la-'l""S. '.**~:i** "s, give.s 

### an ave...rage oil

.**~-~** ,... 

### capacity for non-col.e rrount..od 

### transfo:z::rrers of 250 

### gaJ.lons' ,:;e1; 

### unit 't.,-hich is not 

### significantly different tban**t.~e** 300 

### gallons pez**ask~--l t...~forir.ei**  

### TJSed in 

### pravicus calculations. '!he t..'ri.rty 

### million' pole 

### rrounted tran.sfoI:I!EIS con

### ta.irl al:out 500 

### million gallons of oil at 16 

### gallOP.s per 

### unit. '!he 

### ra:rE.i.z"l

..i:1g 1.3 

### billion gallons of. 

### oil-would fill 5;200,Oaa t....-ansfo:mers**l;avi.~g** 

### an ave.tage

. .. 

### capacity of 250 gallons. Since improved 

### t..'TQI1Sfonrer designs "have 

### reduCed 

## the quantity of oil'requi...'red p:=!:' 

### transforrer over the years, t.lll.s 

### figure pezhaps oversta'bes**t.~** 

### n1..JI!1i::e.r of transform::.rs 

### Ln service, but. 

### an estilnate 

### of 5" 000 f000 .

_

_ _ _ _**~,.,"",::r"'I7"'l1"I:::l1""<::** r"'It::p"" ""'" 

### rv=:.J e rz:::m;t;=::7

.. !;pjts i 5-r'.arba::;s",**reij!.BGna~d-ii0t4** .. ·iit4a

.......

_-'_---



# _



# ..**-~.~~- ~~**  """'..........



### ..... -------fue-avafJaOle·ea.ta:'--------·----

..,· --------,--'-

.._--.-.- --- -----_.. Oumerelrit: 0

# t. Tra:r.sformers**~,-,.,** ,,-- . -- .. M:::lst 

### of the 

### anfl**~ta.tion** 

### t..---ansfoI:'!'tEO.ar:**_~n=d..** end.rrai.ne.

..
_

_ .._

... -- _tainedrby_uti 1j ties.-

.**'!bs...;.CWPE'rshjp...~~,-:trans_fe~afld'"tfue---r-~;;....** ..··;;,.·- 

### padrrotmted distribution transfOJ::lI'E..rS deoends 

### on the policies of individual 

### :----·-Uffr,ties,-

# and -t.l-..ere

# o:esnot_appeai- to 

### l:e'ai1y

## "standard r;:oli'cy

### t.~t-·a:FPiies

. across 

### tT...e courrcry, .Al:nDst all the 

### la.r;e dist....-i.bution t::rar'...sfoI:lTS-""S are

cwned 

### by utili

### ties i 

### these cwned by 

### iI".dust..-ri.al plants 

### and 1a--rse buildings 

### are



### -39-ger.erally 

### 'smaller units•. 

### E.stirrates by 

### kncwlec.geable industry representatives a:ntacted by 

### Versar**su~t** that**~.s** 

### 80% of the total**v~l1JIl"e** 

### 'of oil" 'in transfO:.t:!l'E-TS 

### other 

### t.f1an pol.e n:ounted units 

### is in 

### 1m.its cwned by 

### utilities. flumber of 

### Con:tarrrinated Gil-Filled Trv.:rns{orme'I'S '!he 

### cnly available infcmation on the extent 

### of PCB contamination of oil-filled t:!::anSfO.:r.:n:E-TS is 

### t.l-J.e resul.es obtaaned by me major t..-zmsfoI:!!Er 

### I!E:rJ.ufacturer r..mich 

### analyzed the'oil frcm 

### 55 

### Units. 'IhLs oil was 

### taken 

### frt::m di.st:r'1.:.bution tr"...nsfo:rm::r:s 

### and p:::;wer transfCJ::It'e-TS, and 

### in a**f~** _ 

### cases 

# ;.rcm bushings en transfo:t:rrErS. Based 

### en the results 

### of quantitative analysis fer PCSs 

## iri the oil, 25 of the 

### 55 transfoI::I'EIS W'ere contaminated with FC3s 

### in
excess of 50 pp:n 

### in the 

### oil. 'Ir.e 

### c::ncentration of PCBs in

_ t.J:.e

_ 

### sarrples

_- varied 

### from 5 

### ppn to 

### 155 ppm.. 'Ibis 

### semple wastake.T'l 

### on

__**t.~** 

### basis of 

### convenience, and 

### probably dces not repre-sent 

### an unbiased. 

### sarrple of all 

### oil filled t::r:msfOJ::!!e-TS 

### presently'in use. In addition, 'it 

### is 

### not k:ncwn hew-

# arrt' biaseS' 

### may affect 

### the 

### accuracy of e.."d:rap:Jlating the a1:ove daea to all oil 

### filled units. 

### If this 

### saIIJ;?le were unbiased, 

### it would indicate t.i-Jat 45t of all 

### oil filled transfo!:!!E....TS 

### were c::ontarnina:L=d with-PCBs in 

### excess of SO ppm, 'Il".e 95% c::cnfic.e!lce interval 

### for**t.~** 

### esti

..rate is 

### from 32% to 59% 

### of**t.~** 

### t=cns**fo~""S** 

### prese."tly c::::ntaminate.d 

### with- PCBs al::ove 

### 50 ppn. No 

## eata is available on r:ossible c::ontarnination of the 30 millionp::;le top't.-"'"aI1Sfo:z:::rrE.rS"l'-al"!C:i:"i:t-j:s not 

### ?JSSitrle-**t!T<:al~..I1~t.I-..e'** -effect 

### of**t.~** 

### PCB ban regulations on**t.~e** units 

### until this 

### L?1fO:maticn is 

### available. Eased 

### on the results of the 

### SIIE.11 and t:QSSibly biased 

### sarrpl,e c.esc:ri-1:e::1 acove, it woul.d ag:ear that 

### p:ssibly as 

### many as 2,,200,{)OO 

### oil filled transfo:z:::r.e-TS ' cculd**f:econbiInin.ate.:l-~ ~s'-**  

### "at**.:canceliL::dtE:cll:s~,-~nor:e----** 

### -, - of these t:ransfonrers- 

### are' c::ontaminated at levels_ aJ:ove 500 

### ppn, and that the**transfo~ con~.~-..r1eve;1s....~~o-~conta:.im--a±.::o'trt;-·-€O-~**  tG0Q rl""- gallons 

### of oil. At an avera9=: conce."'rtration of 80 

### ppn PCBs, this 

### would suggest that the. 

### rraterial .affec-...ed by 

### the requlaticns 

### ccnsists of 384,000 pounds 

### of PCBs dissolved in 

### 4.8 billion pounds of oil.



### -40-'I'he proposed**J.:"egUla:ticn.~.** Co not; affect**t..~** c::Tl'tinued use and**mai.:,'1~'** t.er'

...

### anca of oil filled**·ti.i-r1sfo~'l'"S t;,.~t.**  ccrreaminated wi

### t,'J. PCBs 

### in 

### conce."1t::a:ti..c;n,s belcw 500 pp!l", Di.s'p:.:Jsal 

### of oil ccrrearrdriatad wi.th. PCSs 

### in excess 

### of 50 pr;:m 'N.ill be**alJ~d** 

### only by a;:proved cherrd.cal, waste 

### ir..ciTI.eration.. ccmpliarJce wit.'J. these regulaticns would requi.re that c::cntarninated 

### t..-ansformers be 

### ide:ntified 

### by analyzing the 

### oil**~or** PC:3s f and 

### t..tat the oil f:.:c.m these 

### transforrrers be 

### di.sposed of in 

### a incirierator. Costs will be 

### incur:red for' satr;:Jling f analysis F 

### and**~SaJ.4** '!he 

### oo."5t of di.sposal, of FeB liquids 

### was inv'12Stigated in an EPA sponsored study of the economic irrpacts 

### of the PCB Mark.ing and Disposal 

### Regulations. (l

### J The

## fol~owing ceses fur 

### disi;:osfugot con:t.arninated 'trans';" fo::r:rr:P..r 

### oil are Cevelq:ed from t:i1ese previously rep:;rted ccsts,**:cetp~ticn** 

### of tbe PCB 

### content of transfonrer oil rec;ruires that
a sarrp.Le of the oUb: analyzed by an**a~e.nced.** 

### laboratory using a 

### gas d'1:rc1:ra'f'..ogxaph equipped. 

### ',rim 411'1-**elect~'On..:.c'aptw:e~r.--l!bs.t** .liqt-tid

.._ 

### filled 

### transfcmrars have a provi.s

### i.on for obta.i.n.i.."1g a sarnple6f t.lJ.e 

### oil. Assumi.:ng t."1at a transfo.:m:E:C has a drain cock which can be used 

### to obtain_a 

### sarrp.le of**t..~** 

### oil, the 

### cost; of cbtain.i.'1g**t.~** sarrple should be 

### 1it"".J.e**cli.ff~....nt** t..lj"an 

### the cost of

## ap'?lyir~ga 19l::el 

### calculated_for. the.lT'.a:c.ti.ng

## regulations~! __.__ P:resent**~ci.al** charqes for**t.~** required analysis are $60 per sarrp.le for 

### quantity orders 

### of six to 

### eleven sanpIes 

### analyzed at one C'1E. (2) Order**p~Sil,g** and shipping costs of $50 per**O~..er** of 

### ten samples would l:e 

### ineuzzed**by.,.t..~- ~:c;?S:r;.~.~to+3**  J**mst..g£_.anal.1:Si.s...aL·~_<,-,~~·",** $67 to $80 

## r::er**~i:l1:mE!.r·in::-~::samrrling:.and'?"Palys:i::;,;-~.::;.:.::..:.:_** ..**~_.** -
(1)



### (2) Versar Inc. Micrce;;;;ol";cmic. IJ:rn:::acts of.-t"J:e. Procosed MarkinG' ar.d DiSl:Csal

### ~at~ for ?03s p (ZP.'\

### ~!?Ort i:b. 560/6-77=01.3) I Spr:Lng-Cield,'va.: Nat..ional 

### rrechnical Information service (NI'!S N:l. PB-267 833/2'"tlP), 

### APril 26p 

### 1977. V&sa:b 

### lr.c., Price SChedule = Quantitative 

### Analysis of PCBs in 

### 10-< :rransforner**Orr=-~r~ ~heet** **lOO)~ing:J::"Ield,** Va.:**~.ay** .1, 1978,

### Di.svosal

to 

### several, h!.D:rlred :-Cl:t"*"...s .;et' mil.1iOl1 rMOUld 

### rot**::~e** 

### any afidiitiona.l fuel, but t.J.:le 

### ccszs of facility 

### atrOrtization, maizrcenazce, 

### o!?",,_1"3.tia.'1, 'a.n:5, 

### capital would be tl't.e 

### same as for a unit buxning pure 

### PCEls. The 

### cost of fr..cL'1e..""at:.."lg the oil depe.,YJds 

### critically on t.l.:le 

### value of t.J.:e ma:te;:::ial 

### as fuel. in an**ir£in~tcr** fl..an.dling fuel=p:::Cl.'t' 

### rrai:.eria.1s such 

### as ptl'J:e PCBs'

### or**shr~** 

### cap ..**~ci** 

### tors. ?re= sent practice 

### is to fuel 

### S'l.1.C."l 

### .incir.erators**f.vit.~** c..lJ.enical YJaStes 'I!hic,,"l have a high fuel 

### val.ue, Present**c..~es** 

### for t.'lJ.e inc.i:!:le-ration of '!?CS 

### solids ruri 

### atout

### $O.15/lb~ I 

### (1) 

### wmc..'J. reflec"-..s t."le avai hbilit:.l 

### of 

### esser.rt:Lilly f.=ee fuel. There= fore, under 

### prese."1t ccnditions, tr..ere is little demand 

### for 

### t.'J.e PO 

### corrtami.natied , oil as a fuel 

### for F'CS 

### incinerators I and ti'.s. 

### oil has 

### m eccr.anic valUe 

### as a fuel 

### in such**u:n.its~ I~**  

### is s:cssible t"l:at 

### the dema.rrl 

### for 

### incinera:tion of 

### ca;:acitors f,vi...JJ. 

### increa.se to such 

### an,**ex'"~"1t t.~t**  

### t.."le fuel 

### rs:;:ujxenents caneoc be tnetby

-- was-""....e 

### solvents; t."le c:rntamir..ate:i t:ransfo:t:rrler 

### oil may then have scme eccncmi.c value as a :fuel, and,the 

### i:..cine.:ration ccscs '.vculd 

### ce e.xpectaj to 

### deczease to reflect t."lis VCllUS4 '!he use 

### of t...'1e 

### contaminated oil in 

### any cb..e.11!ical 

### was"t'..e Lncdnezatoz ot."ler 

### than one which is 

### burning PCBs w'OUld zesul,t in 

### additional analyt'..ica;L costs and 

### zecozd keepi."'lg requL""'e.'l:en:ts. 

### Secaooe of the 

### li.\1uted m ..moer of PCS 

### incinerators t..t:at
..... 

### '"ill be 

### L'1 use, 

### it is. 

### not 

### likely t.lJ.ata 

### o::rrpetitive rna.:C'\:et 

### for contaJ:ni.I1.ated oil for use as f\.;e1 

### in 1?C.J3 

### incina"'ators will 

### develcp and the c..'1arges for :L'1CU1e;rating 

### ronta:minated.· oil would 

### then be 

### cent;
.... "\Jlled by 

### the price that 

### could .be 

### caareed by 

### a speci.al, 

### puzpcse oil i..ncL"1e..."'Cltic:n uni,**t~** 

### A ccse 

### anal.ysis

..ior

.

### .such...a...**~cial. ~se,** **~ci.:ns:C'l.tc:J::.** ..i:$:<.

### :::n.1!t'ro.arizro"Li'J.-; co .-.....**~~~** '--

-**~--­** 

### Tables 7.**~l** 

### and 1.J=2.

.... 

### '11lis':':

### tIDlt is 

### aLa.sf.zee;"Uivale..'1t ,to.t.ne- 

### inc:i.o"1erat.'?r used 

### to evaluate the disposal 

### costs for Pt:::Bs 

### and capaci.ccrs resulti:lg f:::crn


### (1) ENSCO r Gene.....-al 

### l'nforrt1atian**ENSc(}=~{)Ol** Rev. 3=78r 

## zi COraCop**~:** M:u::'c:1.,**I978~** u - -- n

### 3-1**Prelimi."1a..~** 

### c.,"'St 

### 2stimata fCJ: 

### a**~~.** 

### J:ncir:.e.rator fer**~te:r~** 

### oil c'''::Xlt;;;minat,ed 

### w.ith. Lew 

### e:cncenttat:i.ons of**~~~.a: ;r'Jl<">'"'rr"'~~**  = .. 

### Pl.an:t**~-ity~** 

### 4,000 lb 

### oil;hr.o (SaO 

### gal/hr.)**~"rt:ir.J::J. ~~,**  aftEr**b~** r**~~"tsd ~--inq**  

### -**S~** p :E"0lJr9..cat:i.cr.s r**Si;~** 

### am Sire**P:'e~-a:t.icn** 

### s 1,000/000'

-, 

### 500,000

150,000 250,000

piping 

### azd val:v'eS**.~** 

### 2S%

a::r.rtinr;ency @ 20% _..".,..;;;.lQ2,OOO 

### $ 2,000,000 500,000 $ 

### 2,500,000 175,000 $ 

### 2,675,000 535,000

--- '7

.. - 

### S 3,210,000

.

## ------ ----.. .

Plant**~t'.!:** 50Q. 

### gal/h.r. (4,000 

### lb/h-=.1**Cpa...~;** ng Fac""..m:: 7 r.300**bctIr:'s/~ ll~**  

### capacit"l:**3f6~O,aOO gal~**  ( 30,000,000 lb 

### oil/yeaJ:)**Capital~;:** 

### $3,210,000



### Oi--ect; Ofe..,-.=at:i:ng 

### Laf:or, :2**neVsh.L,~** @ 

### SlOjhr.**SUpe..~...sicn** 

## s**.~ticn** @ 50% 

### of**~ct ~i:i..,"lq**  laror 

### .AC'"....i 

### C?:t±en System (1.)**Ma.irit:e:l~** @ 20% 

## o£ capital**in~t ~:**  

### 100,000 KWH 

### @3¢/KWE**~ling** 

### and'il.nalysis

Ret.u....-::.l. 

### on Invest.e:i Capital (10%). Ca;lit""lJ**P.ec:::v~.l** (10 y;ears @ 10%) Taxe.s Insurar£e; (4%. 

### of cap.i

### t;."l cost)



### Tota1 J...rn:ro.al Ccsts**CoS""../1...l:l~.,rri7"~·~.-~=.",:",",-",P<_=-..·**",

..**_-~.'** - 

### Ccst/sal<> c::nta1l'1inated 

### oil :_, $ 115,000

. 87,000**~pOOO'** 640,000 

### 3,000 _J.E9,OOO $1,.121 pOOO


### 321,000 321,000 128,000 

# s 770,000 

### $1,897,000 $ 

### .06:32 $ 

### .51

(1) 

### 1his 

### itlclu:ies**~pl~-!lt** 

### of 43,000 

### lli/yr. 

### of**s~t** 

### activ,;):ted ar.d 

### ir.:lcineIaticn of 

### t.<-:e spent by 

### a**pu.,.~se C~.** **~~ i."'l~""ati.cn~** 

### the "P<:'S 

### Disposal**Regulati::m~** Q. Ii I!'h-e 

### L"1d.ne:ratian ccsz of S"0632 

### per pound

-**b~';. .&..~...:l**  

### il'

.. 1 b, 1-'

. . 

### or ccnearmnarec 0.. 1S**S~aJ:** 

### to**t~::e** 

### ..C!!1eI bcund esti1ret2.s· of**p~:1ble ~\:ket**  

### prices**ref?:drt~** 

### irtfc:r::roally by 

### presently**c~-ating** chemica; 

### ',..aste L"1= cinerat'4"on o:rrpanies.**~.ksr,.A,)rtaticn** 

### costs 

### i.."lcu......-:red in deli**~...ng** 

### t."1e 

### oil to t.,."'le 

### incinerator woul.d be ab;:m't $ 0 

### 02 s::omd based 

### on COs-"'<..S 

### ?:r:evi.cusly cal.cuLated for askazal.s 0 (li

Tf..e effect 

### of 

### the prcpesed 

### regulations 'y,ri-U l.::e to 

### require**t.~ L~**  cinE".J:'ation of oil**con:t~Ja'Lod** 

### wit.'1. l?C2s. Cont..'Y"Ql 

### of t."le disl=Csitim and use 

### of used 

### t.."'OIlSfo:r:rrEr oil 

### will requi.re t.'J.e analysis of oil 

### for PCSs. 

### Analysis 

### of oil for PC8s 

### will only 

### be econcmi.ca.Ll.y justified if the 

### expe....--t.-od,. value of t..Se 

### savings in di.s1;:osal 

### costs ift.lJ.e aU is 

### r.Ot

.. cont:zm.i.."'"Jated e..,<cee:is the 

### cost of enalysi.s, 

### For 

### instmce, it would 

### cost $75 

### to sarrple and analyze**t.~** 

### oil. In 

### a**t.."'"'af\.sfo:rme~** that has 

### a 45% 

### e.x;:eetaticn of bei....'1g**ccntami..-1ai:-~** wit.., PCBs 

### at a concentration in 

### excess of**50~1JITl.** The 

### value of o,li to 

### t.lJ.e t.1::ar.sfo.!:IT'P..I c::wr..er is 

### zero if t.l-:1e concerrtzatdcn of' PCBs is 

### less t..n.an 

### 50 ppm (ioa. f 

### a ccmrercial c:Jllector will be w-:il.Lbg to 

### pick. it up and 

### haul if a:way 

### for free) 0 Disp::sal 

### would 

### cost $0.0832 F€.:J:' pound 

### for tzanspor-catricn and 

### L.,- cineraticn if 

### the oil is 

### coIrtarnird::'rtecl above 

### 50 s:PID.' 'Ihe expectied 

### savings 

### to be 

### obt-""ined by 

### analyzing the oil would be equal to 

### (O.0832/lb x :1urri::er 

### of pounds 

### of oil x prcba.bility, t::he 

### oil is 

### not contamina:ted v.r:itb.rrore. than 

### SO ppn PCBs) m:L'1tlS the cost 

### of the 

### analysis. .zmalysis is the..."Cfore a geed 

### investment for large transfo:t:.m:".J:'.S and tt'.cse 

### ttw.sfo:r.::rreIS less Uk.ely 

### to be corrtzrrririatied 

### wit..t;. PCBs. 1:hi.s 

### relatiCI"Stl-:tip.is presented Ll1 

### gra:;::.ZUcal fOJ:m in**Fig'~** 7 03-1.

(1) Ve-.1PSaI I.nc., l1ic:roec:Jwmic IJroaces of t

..**~e** P:ro;:osed**~.arking** and**Di.~al ?ecrula:tions=ror=kBs~**  (EPA 

### RerortUNO. 560/6-77-oIJ), 

### spr.Jlgi'4""**cl~** Va.: 

### National 

### Tectnical- Iniox:rraticn Service (NTIS No" l?B-267 833/2wr} April 26 p 1977, Pi? 3-19.100

oc eu <i w oc 

### o 80

300 250 200 150 DO NOT ANALVZE

i H}O 50 - 

### . 

### .••.....••.•.......•...•.•.........• 

# .. .......•..... ...•.•..•..•.•..•.•.•••...•.•••..•.•

.

.

### bI5~\"\.-**~1**

ij o 40 59 60

-

45 

# 322.-1·····**=:~.:~~.~** 

# ,.. U) 2: 

### «'" l-llfl 

### :z0 oc.. oE

### ~8: 00**~e.n** <l(Z x<l! il- I 

# fi-

..J III <l! a:l 

### o IX: Q.. I

GAllONS Of Oil IN THANSfOAMEfi @ IU ib/oai.

"--<.
;' I fiGURE 1_3-] DECISION CRITERIA fOR ANALYZING TRANSFORMER 

### illLEQA 

### PCBL!iffllilE·pISrOSAh-L --.
E.

### Although**t~ av~~ge.**  a:rrount of 

### oil transfoJ::::IT:e.r 1"'025 been cal.cu**lat~** to be about 250 gallons, no irJ.fo:r:rraticn 

### is available on t.l1.e-di,st:ributicn of 

### t=an.sfo:nrers by 

### oil capaci.ty, ]l,..s 

### a raasonabl,e guess,**t.~** 

### roedi.an t.-ans**fo~.I** capacity might :tie 150 gal1r:;ns", A J.cwe.r beund estimats ofti'.e fraction of t/:'Gl;nSfO:t:J:l:EIS c::mt:zm1in.ateci is 

### 32%. .i\t th.is 

### level, tes""...i..."1g 'NO'Uld l::e justified 

### fer**app~""ately** 

### one-half of**t.~** 

### oil fiJ..led tJ:ar'..sforrre...;-s**ot.~** t.:.um 

### pc.Le trcurrced units", 

### 'J1'1..ese J..arger 

### trar,sfo:r:rexs would 

### accourre for**F~** 

### 75% of t.!;.e tot.al oiL 

## !nc

..

'1eraticn would**t~e.:l.:'e:fare** be 

### t.r,e**requi...,~** disposal
l1Jet'

... hcd 

### for all of 

## oe 2.5% of 

### t..l1.e oil 

### in 

### tre small transio:t:!l"le-1'"S end 

### 45%.of tb.a rest of**t.~e** oLl. 'Ihe. resul,eng analr...ica1 and di.spcsaL ccscs would 

### w....e."1 be cal.culaced as shewn 

### in Table 7•.3-3, belcw:**Assum~~** 32% of 

### ill.**~J1Sfo:J:ITEIS** contain. rrcze than 50 

### H?ffi PC3s.
Size· of Transformer 

### >TIO gaL < 150 gal..
Analyt:ical COsts @ $75 

### Oil in**t.-an.sfcn::J.'!1e-~** Oil requL.""ing incineration L'1ci.'1e.I.'aticn cost @ $.0832 2,500,000 $187.5 

### million 7. 9 billicn lb. 

### 2 . 5 billion lb'" 

### $210 

### million 2,500,000 

### o 2", 6 billion lb", 2'"6 billion lb. $215 :rri.llion

'I't'oe bound estJJi;ate of the fracdcn of t.:raI'.stonrers t..."1at are ccneaminaced 'Mas caLct

..llated 

### to be 59% e At t.ili level of ccrrtzmi.natri.cn, testing woul.d be**j1.:~stifieci.** only fer**txansfo~** 

### corrcairrinc rrcze than 270



### =47=

### gallons of oiL 

### This cxit""ria 

### may result in 

### t±'.,e**~t,i;,":.g** 

### of**pe....~** 20% 

### of aU**ttansfo~-rs** 

### c::mtai..1'li.."'l.g 50% of all 

### of t,1.E! oil. 'TI1E! c.alC'..,l.lz:tic1'1 

### of t.:.:lE! 

### z:csulting afl..alytica.l and**~-al** o::;s-ts**a...~** surnrazi.zed in crable 

### "7.3-4:

.Assurre: 59% of all**t...~J.Sfonl'JP...:rs** 

### c.:en=' Wn than SO l?C8s.•

Analytical Ccsts @ $75 

### Oil in 

### t:;:rar1..sionre...rs Oil requirir;.g 

### inciI"J.E"..ration Incineration**o:Jst;~** $.0832**l~OOOpOOO** " S7S n'lilliC'J1 5 •2S 

### billion lb. 

### 3.1 billionib. $257 l1Jillion 

### 4,000,000 

## o 5.25 billion lb. 5. 2S billion lb.

By 

### a:mpa.r4....son, ar.bitra:r:ily inc:i..i.erating 

### all 10.5 

### billi.on ?JunCs of FOssibly ccntarf1i.LJatecl**t.~o~** oil "HOUld cost S880**ntillion~** 

### ..**~S1.JTI!lr'~g** that 

### no additional contamination of 

### t:ra:nsfor::rer oil by PCBs 

### will occur f 

### ::e.-**p~nt** of 

### the oil in aY'fj c::mtaroinated oil filled 

### t:':anSfor:rer would 

### l:::e**~...ed** 

### to reduce 

### t,1.e**conc:en:trat:icm-of",:casidua.l-~.to.we,L1~tmd.e:r:.-.50--?"Fffii"** - ' '!he :rats at. 

### whic.."J. these disr;:::osalccst:s will ba incl,J.:r:!:'ad c:e;::e..'1Cs" 

### en t1.e rate of dis;:osal of 

### contaminated**.:t.,.~fo~.r.** 

### oiL·

. T!:'..s 

### regul..a"tions do 

### rot prdribit tIle**p~sing** 

### of

.. conta:mir',ateC, oil so long as it is 

### ret:u:ned to 

### t.l-:te same**~dJ1Sfo:J:l'"!'er** 

### it 'HaS taken f..."""Cm. 

### Processing losses are**e..x;:~~** to be lew p 

### so rrest of t!"'.e 

### ccrrcaminaced oil 'AiOuld rot be di.sposed of 

### un:til t.b;,e



### -48-

### contaxni.r,aU;ri**t::':aI".sio~s** 'Ai'ill be 

### scrapped or refilled wit"l red 

### oil '.vit.:un the :1e.."ct, 

### t',,;e.nty ysars , 

## am "'::'_":e rat.e of such 

## C2U clis;:osal does rot c.eper:d on the age of**t.~e L"Cll1s=o~s,**  

### t.':e rate of disp:Jsal woul.d t.e 

### 3.4% :;>er year 

### (i. e., a failure rate of 304%;;er 

### year izrplies a 20=year h.ll£ l;.,;'e). 

### sased on**t.~ese** ass1JITl;"Yticns, an
..nua.l, eJlalytica1 and ci.';"'1=Osal costs' '","CUld be fzcrn $21.4 million 

### to s26.]. mi.lliw'TI in 1979, and**decrea~"5e** L'1 tt,:rt."'..JI:'e years 

### by 3. 4% 

### ;;:er**YE'~::U:::** 

### as the mJIr.ber of ccrrtzminaced 

### tzansfozrezs i."1 

### sezvi.ce decreases by 'ellis f::::aC"'"...ion.



### 1979 $21..4 million 

### to 526.1 million**St:1.ce~Ci.""q** 

### "irs

- 3 0 4% 

### less eaca year 

### Total $612 rnillioo" to 

### $769 million

Analytical services

- .i:I5suming**t.~t** 

### 50% of-

## t.:.:e cost of t.':e-- 

### i'!nalysis is for Lacer and**t.~t** 

### the burdened 

### later rate is $30 p000 

### year f the**analyt~** cal, costs of $75 

### :nillicn to $187 :::nilLicn 

### l...1';)ly a total 

### Laber derrand of 1250 to 

### 3lli 

### man 

### years.**LJ.it-;Zl..1_den'laUd-'NQuld_-be_l...4~** __

of**_t:.b.is,_.c~~-­** 

### creased errployrre."1t: LJ. 1979 

### of 42 

### to 106 

### jccs,**L~--**

Di..sI;;osal

- The disposal cost enal.ysd.s pzeserrted in Table 7.3-2 ·CSSl.M"'t"Ed t,.:"at**-dL.-ect,-h::tbcr-~.d-~so::r:--':tai:Nr-ccsts--­ ~-re**  14%·**cf-~~~cost-:C£ -'~sal-;---i\~** **-'l~'ra** 

### t.ss---
..-:--_.- .- .- . assumed in the cabl.e, di.sposa.L demandof $425 mill.i6fi. 

### to

-- $694**Ini.llicn'-'M:l1.lld;--,in~a--,**laro;:;- 4e."nanchatiID"-ave-wage"r-2te-e-=·**--;.-~** -s: -; of $30,000 

### ;e.r year of ($435 ;I1i.llicn x .14/S30,OOO/rr21'1 ye;r =: 

### 20301 to 

### ($694 

### million x ,14/$30,OOO/rr21'l year =: 

### 3239) 

### man

### years ot labor.. .D..t 

### a**~...and** 

### ratE of J. 4% dur:! '1g**~'1e f~**  :'S\: 

### year? 

### t.h.is 

### implies an Inczeased errplcyrrent 

### of 69 t:J 

### llO jof:s 

### L'1 tf"I..edisp::sal ir:dusu-y 

### .L.'1 1.9i9.

### '!'he only kncwn 

### 1.:I£e of PCBs 

### Ln**el~cic** 

### rrotors was by 

### Reliance EleC"

.. .d',,"i,c**~y** 

### of Cleve1

### ande 

### Chio f 'Nmc.l.: 

### used PCBs 

### as a cco.Lant; in 

### cert-"'in specialized rrotors. r.!:t'..ese m:rt::::l:l::S were 

### used by Joy JYl'.a.."lufact:tlr':""1g Ccrrpany 

### of 

### E'ra.nkl.L"1. f 

### Pa., L'1 seveza.l,**~(~'S** 

### of mining rracaines 

### bui.l, t 

### du:d'1g the late 19605 end 

### early 1970s. 'I'l:'.e ITcrtors**r~** rebui1ciL.';.g ev'B-"'Y fe,.; 

### yeezs,**~.l** t:
..

hoi

.. -gh PeEs 2.re 

### se1dcm Lost; f:::cm the rrotor hous.inq when the' 

### rotor fails r such 

### loss of fluid 'N"culd 

### result L'1 s'l.J1::stzntial '2.,'9Csure of**t,;,~** 

### rrachine ope... ""at.r 

### to PCBs The proposed r2g1lla:ticns allcw a 

### lirni**t...~ ~eriod**  

### of t:..i.me 

### for ccnvec

### s.i.cn of tl;,e maca.ines 

### to rrotors 'N:b..ich do 

### not use F<:::as.



### 8.1 

### Ra':!ull"'e..'1E1t..s of the Procosed Reaulatior-s

... ,":".",>.==

..
_ .... ll..ll of the 

### PC3 :TI:rtCJl:s rntiSt be rerroved frcm service 

### in mini"ig rracairies by C:ece:rbe.r 31 f 1981" '!.:he rrocors 

### on t.l:.e conti...'1'..:Cu'S 

### miner-s ;:ray l:e rebuilt as PC8 ITOto.J::'S 

### ::or one year after t;:':e e£fectiw:: date of t.-:e regula

### tior..s. The 

### :rotors' on**t~-lr;)i;3.d~:m:st-!:e** :eLa:i.i"t: -a-s-Ul.]**Ll'?=';:n~e--'** :':'Ot,ors are ret'.J:J::7'J2d to t.."1e stop for 5e...'!Vicing. Continued use of PC3 rro'cozs on 

### mi.n.ing machizies must; ce reFOrt:.e::l to EPA 'Hi

### tl'..in 90 days 

### after t
... 

### -:e e£::ec-...ive 

### dare of t.'1e regulation, 

### am a spill reSfOnse pl.an :TILl.st be develo;ed a,.--x:'i

._--**~-.a~.b¥-..a-:cegis:t""raL.~:::JSsi.c~~~:'c.lJ:;:_** ..**~~:.st;.lla:;~~-:._· ~-** 
Joy**~ufacturing-** Ccrnpany 'NCJ.S' t,.:"escle**[J.S~ -prcd:ucer·of~mini.,;'1g**  equi;;:rr.e..'1t

.wi'lich used. FC3s. as .a.......rrotor cco.Iant.,**_~_** 2c:tl::L.can:t..inL:Ous.....::J.i..ners...2.I.ld...

_ loaders '...;ere built USil":.g FCB**m::it:ors~** Table 8,2-1 

### SUlmarizes t.."le prcducr.ion staristics ani the pzesent; u_"Je status of**t,~se** machines. 

### One small coal, 

### mi.'1ing operat.ion located in ?e. 19 

### I'

..sylva. "1i.a is**o~ati,ng** the 

### t-.1::"e-:e**r~"a.i..'1.ing** rn::x:lel a;43 corrc.iriuous miners kr.cwTI to 8e



### =51='.I'able O.**2~** 1 Production Statistics 6, Present lise Status of PCB-Cooled 

### Mjninq Machines

Machine



### ---- ConllnUoou>J Miller Mndd CI.H}**~'rud** ..c t Ion nares 19CA

-.1.966 

### "".,,1."'1: of M.lchllle::l Built



### -------- li**N,ijl~x:r** of Maeilin.::;; Still

iu Serv.ice --.-----_
.. ] th!d..elf or Lhjuld'-(boled H.,tOHi I'e. M,;,ddne
]**[hl~Je!l'** ot l'Ci.I-{A.>o!uJ WAoe:s SUll

RH tiei:V1(;(:: 1 !'UtiLe.: of Gal Ions of /'cn ibed I'e. !-i)\..t•• 

## --'---r--- 'I

! U1 N COlllAl,UOIlS Mlller M..dd**~.11** [.Qa,Ie,:**M~j(;l** HIJUW
Sl'i'le M.)[Ofti for I»>J<.:I l41llHO l!li'/-!9JO 5J

- 15 j

-**~5**
A971-197J 5ll -s:n 2 »
l'rH-l'HJ )'1**li£lVon~** 

# j 652

t» 5.

.a

### sbn L"1 service, '!\Yo of these rracnines ;;:resently**usesiliccne~lsd** 

### :TCt::;rs while t.,!;.,e thL""t1 rracair nehas only or.e·?CB-- rrotor :;:e..rrailung = 

### L e. 1 

### t;IJO of**t~e th.~**  

### rrotors aJ:S si.Li.ccre--ccc.led, Fi.fty-four 

### of t.l-te f·H::ty=severJ, trcde.L 9C1 ccrrcirrccus miners bui.:!.t by 

### Joy Manufact:'JI:L.'1g 

### have been located 

### in t..."le 

### course of 

### t.ili inv-estigaticnQ 'TI:"'J..i..ct.y-

### fiva of**t.~cse** located 

### a:x:e idle (stmdby service or stored as a source of spare 

### par""...s) ,**thir""~_"1** 

### are !::eing used to 

### mine ccal., t..'1.ree 

### are in uses 

### c:rtIler t."1.an coal prcductzicn 

### (e¢g. p C'J.t""...i.?lg**ove~ts** and cleari-ng-",j 7' 

### courses) , two 

### are used as 

### spare eqmpl'lEnt, and 

### one is being 

### used L'1 

### a t:::aiJ"1.i...'1g prcg=am at a vccazierial, scbco.L, 'lWo 

### of the t.trree rrcde.l, 

### 9C1 conc'1ucus miners**t.~t** 

### have not been 

### acccurreed for were rep:n:'teCly so.ld, Therefore, 

### it 

### is estilratod tha:t a total of approxiJ:nataly**fi.ft.~-n** units are still in 

### service, The ?C3 loaders W0.d:'e sold to eight'j-eight different 

### mini..--:g operatior'.cS F the rna j 

### cri,ty 

### of 

### te.1;em STI1?...ll coal, 

### mines. :. Sixty 

### of tJ."lese rrunes use t..:...u:ee or f'2!tJe.:r: Lcadars and f eased. en a survey of**t.tUrtY-si:~** mi.nes f 

### it is esti- ::natad. that nearLy all 

### of chase leaders a=e stil.l in service. 

### The rroccrs L'1 leaders ger.e...rally**~-e** 

### rebuildL'1g. every 

### 2.8 to 24. 

### m:ntb,s r**ti'~e** tirr.e to 

### failure**dsr'~.ding** UfXln q::e... r a:ti :1g 

### ccndi.t.i.ons,**~.e** 

### mtors used 

### In ccntrirruous miners usually 

### ra::;uize rebuildL"lg ev-erj 12 wee.!<:s 

### because
ing I f::::crn t.."le t.i11E tl1e rrcccr is .J::'e!:l:OveO. from service un:t.il t."1e rnacai.ne is ret'..u:;,ed. to sezva.ce , usua.Lly requ:i.res one t::l t:1I0 'tJeeks. Bot.'" 

### the c::rntin'CCUS mL'1eIS 

### and t.."le Ioaders are used L'1**un~gJ.\.;und** mines. Joy**0.anufa~::t:llring_.1:'e:p:n::"~** __**t..~a. f~_**  of.**themac.ll.ines.w~ex::a..origina**1JY 

### sold for use in 

### s:otash mines, but; all 

### of the 

### mines 

### t.h..at were Lderrci '<:ied 

### .L'1**t.~e** course of**t..~** .suzvey 'H<e..re C""...al mines. The ccrrt.irnious miner's gouge the coal 

### off tI1e 

### face of 

### che seam and cent.irrccus.ly load 

### it onto 

### shu:t"'"-le
cars ',vilid:1 haul 

### it to 2'- 

### conveyor. Aft.e.r t.l-J.e 

### miner has dzi,

### ven izrco 

### t..'1e seam about t';.,lent'j feet, 

### it 

### is rroved to a nearby section 

### 'Nhile t..1;,e roof 

### t.."lat it.**a~Sed** is 001tecL 

## me leaders a.t"e 

### \.:Sed L"1 conv<a,\1t:,.:;;r.cal**~1ir_g** L'1**r.\lt>J-c.~** t.t:e**C""'~** face is dtilled and ur.de1':C'..::t by a dr:'..ll.::ng rrad::L;.e o**fu.~""7"** t,!;,e ccal, 

### :Ls blasted, t.:"e leader sccces 

### it up 

# and Icads it l;;-Teo 

### a shu.ttle. CZIo 

### Pcof balting 

### is also required in ti'.J.s ty'J;:'e 

### of m:L'1ing**o~c:tien~** 

### L"1 eit.,':e.r ccr:.- 

### tinuous or ccnventaona; mi,!'u.ngr 

### an E.."1tire sec'".i.on wi,t,1. 

### 2.11 

### assccia."C-""'<1**e:rJi~~** 

### ITE.."1t 'Nill l:e 

### idle if 

### t.t.:e miner or loader is out of servi.ce 

## ar.c**t.~e.re** 

### is no stand-by 

### capacri,t:j I 

### as is generally**t.~e** 

### case for smal.L**;ri.zJi.ng~rat~or'..s.** The 

### output of COITV"e.V'J.tiOnal 

### and ccrrearrccus ntirunq**cpa..r'~l:ticrlS** has been 

### ccnsezvatd.ve.Iy estilratee. at 250 tens 

### of coal per sec-.J.cn pe= 

### shi.:t (eight ?'1..cur 'NC:ti<.ing day). Give.1'1 two s.:..ti.fts pez 

### da.-y, each coal, rn:L"li..,:g**t-~,,­** ni.que :;lroduces over S10 1000 

### watt:" of coal 

### t:er day (valt::eci at C"..:u::::ent prices) , 

### ConventionaJ. coal, 

### mining operations ger.e.."'ally re:ruira eleve."1 to 

### t."li..r:i-=n I'1.12..1'1; 

### continuous mining cperations req:uire only eleven rren,

'!he FQ3"""O:XJled 

### TInto:r:s p!:""'-se,,1'1tly used L'1 Loadezs**~'1** ::e 1:"e;:,J:iily replac::::d or**c:.m'(le_~** to air-=c::::clled 

### (Le., dry) ITctors r
... hen**·se.r~ica:i** eve::'] 

### 18 to 

### 24 rrrm:I:::lsQ'Ihe cost; of 

### replacemen:t rNit.'1 

### a re» a:L:.--cx.!ed'.::r:i.t :LS 

### $6,258 per 

### rrotoz or $12,516 per loader.**Ho~oevez,** 

### ccnversicn ki.ts a.::e availc:::orrpany, 

### for $3,100 

### ;;:e.r Icit. Eadlkit converts one rrcecr, and each Tcadez 

### uses t"dO 

### m:rtors. Over 

### the 

### past ferN years I .Jay**Manuf.ac+"'~.-\",:g** has 

### ceen o::;:,.'1ve.::ti.;.c;' the m::;;'-I_:::n:s' "On'**1~r.s··** to",ai"?""**C'COli."lg'~-~At'** a 'PC3' he.a:r'''':''''ig' ±:'I--c:r:::c=:SU on' ,,"'uly 19, 1977, 

### Joy 

### Manuiact:u

.. .-;:L"lg**stat...~** t:lat 

### t.!'J.ey had c::omre.:':"""-.eci 353 oit.t.:ese rroto:l:S. An additional 95 

### rrcticrs had 

### ceen conve..t:"'

__**~-asoi** t.t.:e :niddle of Nov-e.'1'i::er I 1977, leavi ng 652 loader rotors 

### to be**cor.v~~** (ncta t.k..cat 

## t.:.u.s figure .inc.Ludes t.l.:le 

### th.L."4:y=four spare loader rroecrsl , ::Icy :12mufact.JIi..;.g es"tirnates t..'1at all 

### remaining**PC:~led** 

### leader rrctol"S 

### can l:e**c;nv~~** 

### to



### -54=**aL,~leci b:t~**  the end of 1981.. 'JJ:'.e cost of t.'ris conversion is 

## s:noo !:de.;: rrotor I resul,

### tine; L.'1 a, tQ.:tal cost of arxn,,'1: $2 milUcn to convert 

# cr.e r'errai.::-=

CQYI.:tinuou.g 11,fine::,s The 

### PCB and**silicc~~le<i** 

### rrcecrs 1.."'1 

### miners E=rese."1t t,r-,;;;;JlSition pzohl.erns, As a result of t."1e pzcposed regt.l1aticns, t:."le mi3.:r:ket for used PCB-"'<:;:::;oled ccntdrruous 

### miners E:qui";:rra"1t '",";' 1 virt'Jally di.sapr;:ear. '!11.erefore, varacus mi.'1L'1g**OF€-~tion,s** will be confzcrrced rNit..'l. obsolete e::;:uiprre.'1t**~hal;Js** p:reroat'U,;".-ely I zasul.ting 

### in substantial capiraJ. losses r..m.i6

... eepend t:;Xln t."'le re.TTIaining 

### use...-Ful life of the er.:;:tll;;:rre.'1t" All but one of t..b.e rune rroccrs 

### In t.."le Joy.**Man~att.rd.-':.g** y.cee.l CC43 ccn:t:i,'1UCtlS miners 

### mat are still in sarvi.ce hai/oe been ccrrvez-ced to si.Li.cone 

### cco.Iarrcs by 

### the owner.**'H~ver** e 

### it has rece!'lt.ly 

### been found**t.~at** 

### silicone vapozs may 

### ce..ac-....ivace t,b,e electrocp.s 1..'1 ITEthane dete<."furs which are used to rrorii.tor t

... r."e arr.bie..'1t 

### air conditions in urcergrounc mines , 'Thus I si.Li.cone 

### :luids may 

### not; 

## ::e acceptr..ble r4he-.ve 

### such c.et:ectors are used. M::C.el 9C1 contriricous minars cannot; be 

### reii

### '=""

__

"'<1 wit.'1 air-cooled :.rotors due 

### to space lLuit.atic:ns, nor can such equi;rre..'1t house**ccnv~eci** - lTOmrs4**"lr~erEfOref ~~es~**  a sat:isfact;:)rj**~eplac~"1t** :--:eat**t..-dl'lSf.~ l~-cic**  

### can be 

### deveIoped for use in m::rtors, t.'J.is**equ4~'J±.** l'!l1.1St-be sc:rapped.andneiJ 

### e:ruiprre.'1t purchased, Tc1.e val.ce of t."1e ccntdrrccus**~"'"S** is best appzoximatred by its 

### value of 540,000 

### on the used**~~.t** 

### rra.x::<et. '""'''Ihe''ne''N" .::.epl:aC2!!E".t 

### mac.:.ur.-es· will hav"B a rmxfi hig:he.r I?rice, 'but: rNiU--t;er:nra**pr~c-..iv'e** and require less ITEi..''1te.rla..'1cs. Historically, luirli.ng**e::r~t** has Cec:::Jrre obso.l.etie after about: ta'1 years of 

### service, and ircst; mi.'1inq**cpe:catit::rrS-'~d-""tDtf5gLo,ce t"'e:i:r~ci?··:­**  rrent**?r:"~cr** 

### to**~..e** 

### end of it='5**~u1** life. 

### Since 1970 was 

### the Las c prcduet-i 

### en ea"te of PC3-ccoled 

### o:.mtinmus miners by Jay 0.anufactur::J ,,:g Q:::rrpany, illl such

=55-

### e--:uipr'..e_"1t Ls l.i:<e.1y to 

### re:ac."l obsol.escenca- by 

### t:.':e :;;n;:osed c::rrq;;;l.iar,ce eate Le., :'981.**Replac~t** of ,t."ris equi;;;:rrent, 

### '.:.'1sre.fcre, 

### ::iy OCC'.Jr**=eg~2ess** 

### of t.l-J.e creccsed 

### :;a Ca.!.J. r:ecrulation. 5::v,ever I mini.r:cr oceza

### ciors ''''ill ::0 Lcncer

_ ... oJ ..,J

... .., ce able to e:nploy t:'1E: obsolete ec;,ui;rr..ent as ::>t;a=e 

### equ.ip:r.ent ''::.:J**t,:",,~** 

### 'J.? t.':e slack resul,t.ing f:::cm reach.ine servic.inc, 

### Dor**r"'illth~'** be able**t~** sell it ; "1 t.,!;,e used 

### eq"..ri;;:rnent**ma.t"~<et.** E'orced scrappix:g 

### of**'~1.i.s** equj.;:me..'1t prior to t..':e end. of 

### its useful, lite can result L11 sigr.ific;;o

..rrc costs (losses) to a :ni.-u.-:g**ol?E!=~tion,** cieper:.cl.:L'1g 

### upon t..'1e rena.ining ltSeful life 

### of such**equi~.:::rne.'1t.** Six of t.l-J..e eight**~es** 1.::Si.'1g 

### tr.e PC3 nunezrs are relatively small, wit.t:l. prodUC""'...ion of .f.rcm •7 to 4. 2 m.iLlic.n tens ;;;ex year. '!he other l?C3 ::.niners are 'n use 

### in manes cwned by conglcmeratas 'NTI'ca produce cor.sic"H-ably 

### greater tannage 

### of coal., Any c:sts ',.;hic,,'l 

### aze li:',ely to Ce 

### rome by 

### t.:-..e.se 

### c:rrpcw.ies as a result of the 

### lost q;Jp::Jrtuni

### ty to 

### sell thei= PCB**~""TIEr'.t** .;

### n the used 

### mazket; 1",il1 ha-ve litt-J.e 

### or negligible 

### inpact on fr.ce 

### IT'ar.'<.et price. 

### of cca.l , '!his**s~** from t.?e s:F.Iall rna,J.:k.et shaze of 

### u. So coal, r..cw mined**'ay:?c:"'~.** o:.'Oled 

### conti. r1UCJ'l'!S m.iners and t.:"e 

### ability of CO!f-peti**t::J~** t.o**e...~d** ope.rati.or..£.**Fu:rt..~ref** Ver5ar estii'1'ate5 that**wnate~;er** ccscs 

### are ll'oC",:n::::ed by**t.~ese** eight rnini...'1.g CCI!'parll.eS 'Hi....ll rot zesul,t in ccrrpeny clCStJ.I:'2S and sucsequent; Leases of erployrnent:"

PeS ban regulation to t."'le eight rni.,,'41ng ccrrpani.es usinc**t.~e** 

### ccntrirrcous miner-s, 

### Neta that only 

### PC3-ccoled ccnt..L'1W'l.lS 

### minezs tt'.at a.re st-';11 L"1 servi.cs a...""E ccns.i.dezed in this analysis because 

### it 

### is not kncwn how rrany of the re.rra'ni!lg fo.rty-one**ccn~"1lXJUS** rniriers located h.ave a E;:Csitive ;ra;;:ke't valt:e and use..:...:....:l life"**~..s.suming** t:.r.at fort:.! of these miners can be sold 

### in the used. equi;:rrent**rr~u:ket** 

### Ci" eo p cmi

### ttL"1g tI:.e one**c:::nti,m.:C:)1Js.mi."1.e=~~t.~is.bei::lg--'JSeL~ ..t....~**  'V'CICa.ticn.al 

### schcoL) f t."1e eddi,

### tiori.al ecorxrni.c ccses 

### '.vould be 

### a.rraximan of.-**($40~OOO** x 40 "'l $1,600(000)'. L'1. ro case <::bes the ecercrm.c dlpact, en any 

### ccrrpeny exceed 

### one**~'\:~.t** of t,1;,e annual, val.ue 

### of the coal miJ:ed Cy 

### t.:;,e o::rr.pany.Nt:1I'ber of Q:mti."'l'l'C'l.JS 

### Mine...""S**~el** 

### CU43 Ct::rrpany 

### No.**Nmb~o£ ~~ITciq**  Continucu.'5 COst Due 

### to Hine..rs ;".bse..TJ.ce of 9eM Used Eqt.;.ipme."1t in 

### Service Market**-~-~~=-=~~--~~- -~~-"""""~--**  

### 1* 2* 3* 4*



### 6* 7 8* 1 (1) 

## o 3 

### 2 1 1 1 2 5 $ 40, 000 $ 120,000 $ 80,000 .;; 40,000 $ 40,000 

## s 40,000 

## s 80,000_ S 200 ,OCO

'IOlrA.I. 1 $ 

### 640,000

(1) Note that**co~J** no. 1 opezaces t..tu:'ee m:del aJ4J corrt.irrcous mines 

### but cn.ly 

### one rrachirie 

### sull uses**pr~** 

### as a rrceoz cco.Larrt.: and 

### ortly me rroccr of**t...~** dl,

... used to cperate the**IT\2.c.~-:e** Gees corrcai.n ?as = L e. r the ot!;,er t.N'O mtors e:nploy silicone as a coolant. 

### Srnall preducar 

### (less than 

### five million tens 

### ;;er year total 

### ccrrpany ;;n:oo.:u:+-icn) 0**=57~**Retxrrbino Ccetis**""tt&""H..Iri_~.** '!he pzcposed ::.es'..l1aticns woul.d**:ra:::.ui~** t.'1at t:"'lE: EPJl. Ce Li'1fo:c:r:eci cr t..'1e ice.r.-rti1::.1 and o;.;ner-Hp of 

### e.ac.'1. .?,...:3 mi.'1i.r;,g macairie wi i:.;nn 90 Cays of**t.~e effect';~Je**  

## eats of tl:e 

### regulation, and t.'1.at the 

### cwnezs 

### :nairrtain.**~t** records 

### of t,:;'e macatnezy and rej?Ort changes of**c'Wn~u;J** co t.":e EPAq Th.e:!:e are approxi:rn.atsly 96 rni.'1i.ng ccrr;panies which cwn ?C8 rred1i.'1ss. '::X.e ir...fo:cra

### tion reqtli =ed 

### for**t.~e** 

### L'1i.tial 

### ret;::Ort should 

### te av<ri.lable fr::m 

### i.'1\,:'enmr'l
zeccrcs, and**p~~ration** 

### of t'Je**~rt** 

### should**~""e** ;::0 TI1:dr; 

### then one to 't".vo days E,:er 

### corrparry , Assu, rniI1g 

### an**a:ve....~ge** of 

### cne and cne=0..alf 

### man days 

### s;er 

### carpany report, and 

### an**ave...~ge bur~ed**  

### l.zb::Jr rate of $30 ;000 ;:er man year I the**~r,-iI1g ~e.'lE,nt**  wi.Ll r"'...sult 

### L'1 costs of (96 ccrrparries x L 5 rran**~.peis** COTI!?any 

### x $30 ;000 Iran year/240 rran clays pe.:: man year :: $18',000)'. 

### 'nle 

## at..
...

# ez: record keeping requirerre.'"1ts 

### are si.milar 

### Ln sc:cpe to 

### r:aural inve..'1=' to:ry**l?:rc~~** and 

### shoul.d not =esult 

### in significant ac.citicnal costs 

### to t."!e**mi.-u..~gc:::rrpanies.**

A 

### formal continge.'1CY plan wilJ. be**~'t?d** of each.**c~a"lY** 'liThic"! op€-"Cl.tes :?C:B rrr:i.r'.ing rtElC.fll,."1E:S. ':his r;::larl 'Nill (JAW 

### to i.::e 

### specific:or ccmpanY I and 'Hill have to 

### te revie-NeC. and**~v-ed** by a regi.stered profes

### sional engineer. A 

### sarrple p.lan 

### for these rrachines 'Nill bel?re;::r..red by Ve..."'"Sar L"1Cq undez a**cont-~ct** sponsored by the (J. S. Bureau of Mines 0 C:si.'J.g 

## t.:.us pub.Lished plan 

### as a basis 

### for t..'1e prep.aratian of a sp€C'..i£ic ccrnpany 

### plan should reduce the 

### effort to 

### one 

### day of**~y** 

### ti.rre and 

### ore 

### day of profes-: sional engi-nee.. 1Fi rlg 

### services**~.** This 

### 'dill resul.t 

### In costs ':0 

### t..":e 

### mining ccrrpeni.as of (1 man day x $30 pOOO 

### per rnan year/240 

### man days 

### per man year -:- 

### 1 Cay 

### consulting x $250 

### :;:,er day :1 

### $375 per corpany) 0 

### For t.:.:e er.ti...--; inc::h::st.. X 1 total costs willl:e (96 ccrr:panies x $'375 FeJ: d5rrpanY '" S36,000),



### =58-**8~4 S~l** **~".;;;...,.,.** Cost Imoaci:s :



### $40,000 PrE!ITBtUJ:e**s~ppir:g~** 

### 16 ope.",rati.::.g 

### miners @

### $AO,OOO 40**ot~** mi=l1ers @ 0 Rep:Jrt:L"1g ('"ests

- Sf?ill prevention and ccrrtzo.l, plans Total $ 

### 2,021,000

640,000 

# o - 1,600,000 18,000 36p

### 000 $ 

### 2,715,000 [Plus 

### up 

## ro $1,000,000 additionaL lUl coscs 

### 'Nill l:::e Lncurz'ed 

### in tl.:e pezi.cd 1979 tr,;;:ough 19 81. J**~~dUc~io~ ~r~** **:~ice :~act3:** **~~-~~. ~=----~~_._=-**  No lass 

# of coal, prcduczacn is anticipated. Si.'1C:e c::al ;?rices are set by c::mtpetit.ive**~{.et** forces and are 

### usual.ly set by 

### long cezm cont-<3.ct'.s,it is e.x;::ec*""uec 

### t:1at t:,.AJE! 

### aclC.i+-'cnal coscs of t'1ese 

### regulaticr--s wi..J.l Ce. absozced by the rnirunq c::rrpani.es as reduction L'1. profits G

_.
__**._~-- --~** **HNo---redt:~~on** 

### in 

### mine errplc;yrrent 

### is**anticipat-.~~ ~e** **=r:3:~,pi ~e-..**  rrenns for -"'dc '

### i ticnal rer;orting and t1;,e pzeparataon of spill 

### preventa.cn p

### Laris will result in a total 

### Increased Labcz' Ce.'tEI1d of one to ts-o 

### man years C:u.:=i.'1g 

### 1979.Large ele::::"",

...,,'."Crna<;nets are ir..stallee eVE..!:' ccnveyoz' belts 

### to zerrcve**t...~** 

### .L.""Cn : ... \""'Il! 

### nor.:=magnetic c::rmtxlitie.s 

### such as coal and**gra':"'1~** 

### rost of**t.~ese el~-=emagnets**  aze ceo.Led ir,rit."1 100 to 150 ga1J.c:ns of rrtineral oiL Wb.ere increased fL""e sa£ety was**~ed.** r the rnagnets '..ve.....-e cfte..Y1 fil.'Led wit." PCBs..**'I:h~** t.t:....--ee rnagr:et**IT'aJ.U£~..:!...",,=.!'S** 

## ,..vm used PC3s 'Net:, Sterns Magr..etics f G1J,:ahyr 'I'Jis. 

### Eri.ez 0.agr..ets! E=ie!**Pa~** Dings Co. f Milwaukee, Wis. Di.'1g5 Co. stcp;:ed 

### using PCBs L'1 mid-1976 i to1.s;**ot.~h** t:...;o rranurac-**~_rs** 

### have 

### ::at used PC3s 

### s.ince 1971 

### or**1972~** A total 

### of atout 250- PCB· 

### magnets were rmnufactt.:lred;approx:i.rnate.ly 200 of ti'leSe 

### may st--i 1

### 1 I:e. in 

### use in**t.~** t1nited States.. Mcst of the PCB magnets are being used in**C7'~1** rni

.. '1e5 f cce.l, preparaticn plants and 

### in C""-al-fired geri".e.......-ati

..ng**st.~,:ti.on.s.** !t i..5 

### pcssible, but not conf.i..:l::rned, tt'..at SO"I:l:E of t.lJ.e 

### PCB magnets 

### may be 

### used on gr"'-in COI1v"eYOrs because of**t.~** 

### f1.a:ITmabilit'j of grain G;us"t¢**'IheE.'~ec+....:r:ar.agT'.ets** are of CCl"t'Pletely 'Melded**CJr"..st...~cticr.p** and v"'"'e...ry few 

### leakage L"'1cice..''lts 

### have occurred with 

### ei

### t.t:e.:: oil fil.led 

### or PO filled rragnets. Based on design cor.sice;!::atior'",'S r elec=-anagnets would l::e e.x'pec""...ed to be. less li."1<.ely to fail**t.~** woul.d t.:::c..nsfor:rne_r:5. Those leaks 'Nhich have occuzred have 

### Dee.1"J. caused by physical abuse or Lack of acie:;:uate 

### mairrcenance, Mainu;nanc::e requi..,.--e.trents do .-:at. 

### ex;csa work:er::; 

### or t..'1.e 

### envi.ror--
rrent to ccrrcacc 'Hit.!J. PC3.s.



### 9.1**ReouL.~ts** 

### of t..'"le ?rCo:secrRecn.Uatic:::ns

- ... "'"""'777" =n......... =.;z-..-**"""=~~** Only**t::ransfo~rs** and cepaci.ccrs 

### ar-e eefL"1e:1 as "t::rtally enclosed 

### uses" of ?CBs. lUI ot'1er J?C:E 

### equi:;;n-e.?J.t r inclli!ing PC3**elec""~"·cm,"':!.g.r.ets** f 8l.1St .t:e re:roved f:=cm sezvi.ce by t.'1e effec"'-..i"l.le date of t..'le J:erqu1.ation, and di.s

-**~sed** of 

### i.'1 accozdance ',.;it.:'" 

### the ''''PCB DLS"pOSa1 and**ffi.aX:;,~.ing"** regu.J.atiC'Ils.



### -60=,be 

### requ.ired to st:J1:mJit 

### a writt2n CJPplicationto 

### t.;"'..e ?eg:i.onal**.~inist.ratcr** reque.,sting :;e,!'1TIissicn 

### to- di.spose of 

### t1:'.e4J!i.its in. a chemi.ca.i, ",vast:; landfill.

9.2 c-''''ITpliance Costs '11'1,'2 PC:B**el~~gnets** could 

### te replaced wit..:;' oil filled units at
an**av~ge** cost of $8rOOO per**rragne:~4** Ecw-ever, use of minera.l. oil in**t.~** a;:plications would significantly inc::::ease fire ri-Sks. All of the manU£act:.:!rer:s r'e:gularly**f1.1!7Ji&~** maenacs filled 'Nit::;' siliccr..e fluid for use where fire c,,'1.aract.er.:stics supe:ci,or 

### to t..-cnsfoJ.::'re!:' oil are required.**Suc..~** 

### siJ.ic:n:e filled transforme...rs are 40 to 50% ITJ::lre;xpensive t.'1an oil filled 

### units, Le.,



### Eriez also offe1::"S a proprietary 

### air cealed elec'"'"

.... 

### rorraqnet;**rNi:"..ic..~** has UnCerrYn:te1.'"'S Labora:to::r::f approval, for use in 

### dirty and dusty envdzonrrerrcs, T1:"..is urii,t costs 2ixyut 30 parcent; ITOre 

### tnan an 'oil filled mag:et r 

### i. 8. , 

### S10,400 

### pe=**av~rage** 

### unit. Replace.'TI?Jlt costs for sui.rac.Le It'ac:;r;.ets would be $10,400 t::J $12,000 x 200 uni.es =$2,080,000 to $2,400,000. Ce.livery- and i,;-;.st.c;l'aticn ccscs woul.d be an addi,tional ten to**t:/>I~"1ty** t:e'l"ce.rl't. ;'..s in 't.'1e case of miIl:L'1g iT'.a&..ir.es**(c..~tE:r** 8), the 

### L;,creasee, costs would 

## ::e**a~....ed** t:J 

### ce acsozzed :"y the- coal mi.nes as redur...:dcns in ?1.'t')fits
. These CJS"ts shoul.d not resclt Ln any loss of



## ---....-----**errPlo~ or'~&-n:r:a:c:dcn..** **~-_** 

### .--------------------------------.----_. --- ---

-------- --------- -**---·De+...i.verrof--2etT--repla~t__rrasr..et.s-wot:tld** :24ui e--fou:r-t:o--s±:-<--·------- --.

### rtl:mt.~ •

### .Cl·)--~-r'Q.t±orro:E- t1:::e rod cl,usbE:rs-"rit::h:rt.."t

### .iLOLec~-cn~ve~- -

_......_.,-!""e:tal._c:::c:u.ld.._""'eSuli iu_a...b.igh.,risk..a£.**~oL** "';"e enishezs

__wi -;-h**s~:t.i.a.L-**

------- '-losses 1.il**pLcducticrr;-Pad±u{7~r~--cle** tee**tors-~....eet:;-ITEtal---ar:C--­** shire Ccwn a. conveyer belt 1..:rnti1 tl"",e ITEtal Ls rerroved rnarrca.Lly , 'rhese systa'TS
(L) ConserlSl.l.S of indt:1sty cp:L'1i.on obta.iz:.eC. t,.k.=ough a phcne 

### survey by Ve.rsar !nco.are**~i** ',It: in teJ:!1S of IT',ar:'....cwe.r and lost pr.."cluC""'-i.cn co1!-pared 

### to t..'1e use of sepa..1"'Q,tor magnets, but rr.et:al 6etec-...ol.'S could prcvic.e t,t;,e t.:=.'u;x:n:a-ry pI:C-

- 

## - t.;;."'Cticm needed. 1Jntil zep.Lacerrerrc magnets were 

### c,"'"1i 'le:reclo**Cetec~r S::"S~'TiS**  which CI...""'e 

### presa'1tly in 

### use**a-~** 

### not rranned ccrrciriual.Ly, so it must; ce asstzred tluat 

## tow lost.**prcd~...ion** 

### from belt st6:ppages is less**~~er'.si'V-e** t.'1an rranni.nc 

### would 

### teo Jl...ssumi.ng 

### tf'...at a**two=m:mt.~** 

### eelay would be**e~er:ced** fn 

### cbtairli 

### z:.g 

### replacem=nt magnets, full 

### tL.'1E (J-=sfJ,Lft cpe...·j<,;rticn) roanruriq of 

## t.::.e deteC't::lw 

### at a 

### burdened l.al::or rate 

### of $30,000 would 

### cost (60 days x 24 hours 

### r;::er day


### x $30,000 per 

### man yea.rI1.920 

### man hours per 

### man year**~-** $22,500 ;;:er**IT'.a~t)** •

. later**r~""e.'TEnt::s** 

### might zeascnac.ly be 1,0% of t'Jis 

### figure. This la1:cr**~t** wculd 

### have to l:e 

### added to t.,b...e 

### cost of a c.et-oct:or system. Al.L 

### of**t.~e** 

### addi,tior..al. costs**a..~** 

### ve...ry dspendent on t."le t.imi.'1g 

### of t.1.e efiectiv.: date 

### of t.:,e 

### regulation, and woul.d Ce e.1.i.-ninated. if the 

### L"".Qust..ry had six
rrcrreas notice of 

## t..:.:e i..."1tanticn 

### of tb..e Age.m:y.

Cost Impaai:s:**Replaca~t** cost = 200**ele~agnets** = S2,080,000 to 2,400,000 celi.ve:t:y and installation coscs = 200



### .**el~~agnets** = 

### $208,000 to 

### 480,000 Later cost**inc-~e.s** <:'h,;e to shor-e of**rep~"1t** magnets


### Production**C~~ ?~ice** **L~acts:** t-""=n1 Lack 

### SO to 

### $4,500,000 (prcoab

### Iy $500,000)

CoS"l.:s a...""E

-**e.~...,eC-to_J;;.a_absor:teC ~y** **J::1::e.ccal.~g.** 

### L.'1c.J..lSt-y
as a reCuction in 

### profits. 

### zmv:oument !77ects:**~""",*='d** q' No loss of employment at 

### tr"e mines is anticipated. .Z;Ssurring t."'Jat 

### one-t.ill.rd of tile 

### manufacturing and i11sta.Lla:t.ion 

### costs of t.!;.e replac::.'If""'-!:t u:rllts**~resen:ts** labor 

### at $30 ,a00 per rren year f 

### in::reased Labor 0 f

### ($2,288,000 tn 

### $2,880,000/. S30,OOO**~~X** m?-n 

### year x 

### 1/3 dollar labor ;er 

### dollar cost"'" 25 

## to 32 

### man**yea..~1.** 

### WlOu.ld be re:;:uL"""Cc' oj

### n lai::.e 

### 1978a.'I1d early 1.979. E::l±..ra 

### lator due W 

### a lac.te of**r~lacerre.'1t** 

### '..:nits mic;ht 

### L'1craase am**pl~'1t** by 

### ($300,000/$30,000 

### per man year "'" 

### 17 rran years)**d~ng t~**  

### first 

### few**rront~** 

### of 1979.

-63-10.0 HYlJRAUliC SYST:21S P:::S 

### fluids 'tJer:e 

### used 

### i.""J. a large mmcez of hyCJ:'aulic systerns r**:art~;::'.,1.,.­** 1arly L'1 die-::"lsti.::,g**mac:..~'1es** 

## arc in srtE"':' i":;cust...y a;:;pliC'.atic::ms 'tJhe;:::e 

### :l.i;h-**~at'.:u:e** 

### stability and 

### fi

### re resistance were i"'rlp:lI';'7-artt::onsiderations 0 I,n, 1.972' I when FC3 hydraulic fluids '",ere 00 longer available I users '","'erE:! fcz'ced to 

### switch to substit::'...:rb; 

### fluids. Since**~l;.e** subStittltes 

### 'tJel'::'e**~tible** 

### 'tJit'1 tile PC3 

### fluids, tl:e 

### machines ',vere 

### rot dza.ined and fltlShed 

### but were sL,,?ly topped 

### off as required 'Nit.." che f1=,tJ fluid. 

### 'lopping 

### off usual.Iy =equires addition of new fluid at the rate of .2 

### eo 10 t,i,;,'1iE!S t
.. he syst=m capaci.cy ;:er year to 

### replace leakage losses.**Av-~able** data 

### on residual ?C8 levels i11 die casti."flg' mach.ine hydzaul.Lc 

### syscems i..r:d.icate t,"'la,t 

### many of t."1e tested 

### mecrunes corrca ned ?C:3s 

### L"1 cencerreza- 'dons of 60 9PIl to as high as 50% in a fe'IJ cases. The difierences L"!**~c'n-** f 

### centration apparently rer"lect 

### differences in 

### t:,;,:"e zace of. Leakaqe**fr-~** 

### 'Jar':'9us machi.nes ar.d d.if:fe.ri."1g**~y** ma.irrcenance pol;icies regardir.g'**~icCic** 'u.:it.aJ:.:- 

### replaceme.!1t of hyd..'-a.ulic flu.id.

1'J:".e propcsed PCB ban regula:tions 'NO'llld prohibit tJ:".e use of fluids '.v:h.ich corrcaari over 50**~1** 8.:35 in open or semi.-c.losed systsms. However I hydraulic syscems on metal. die cas'ti.ng machines which contain flu..i.d w'id1 rror'e

flushed with clean so.lverre, and refilled: 'Nit.:' uncorrcami.nacsd 

### hydraulic fluid. The fluid m:ust be ze-prccessed or replaced. at Irrcerval.s of sax IT1Cnt."1s to rS'OClVe 2C8s until**t.~** cor.ce.'1t.."Q.tion of PCBs rernai.'1S belcw 50 pp;n. L'1 addiden I 

### users of cont:aTI!iJ:9.ated syst-=ns**'~uld** have te·**J:e~.rt** sucn use' 

### to EP.J;. and s:eti"':.i.cn annually" fOr**e."\{"e:npt:tcn:s~ con~g-ani-P2-!":'cCLi.cal1Tdecant:ami.natirl.g** 1:.'1e

. equipne."1t. The**?rovj~siC:fn--for-cond.:'n'QE~l"l.l:S** ...

'.;r·crft.'J.ese--**syS""~!lS** is- l:±rnited. to five years in 

### tr.e proposed regulaticn. Hcweve:t: r 

### it 

### Ls anticipated t:.:;at 

### required ;e.ricdic decontarn:L'1ation of**t:.o~e** syst.en.s 

### 'tJUI z'educa t...:"e conca'1.t::aticn of ECSs to below SO Pptl 1:e.fore the provision '!?..x;Ji:::es. Hydntllic sysnsms on

=64=(ll.rne:dc:an**Di~ .~~~** **~ti~~l_** J::'1c:J.

_ 25, 19-18-. ot."1& t'lJ:=es of machi.nes 

### ',,;oLue rot l:e allCWEcl b contzinue in seo.""V'ice if t.b.e fluid 

### corrca.iris mre tl"lan SO P9fi 

### PC:3s. '"!.'.he 

### machines wcul.d 

### have 

## wee re:rovEd f.1':CTIl sezvice by the**ef.f~~ve** date cif t,:"'e. regulation azd oot used. 

### Until**t,,~e** PC3 level**t.~e** fluid 

### is reduce:. 

### w a ccncencratacn Cel.c::w SO pp:n.

A previous EP.;;' 

### sponsored sWdy**re~rtsd** 

### t..."1at 

### sales of ?CB hydraulic fluid du.riJ::g the ;s:ericd 1970-1971 w<Wed over 13.5 million pounds to 585 d.i

- - ,- , (1)

.**<J~:J;;:;:** e!:'a "1l: 1: J..:.""TI!S •**sys~s** 

### wruch have been ide..'l1i:'; ried t..1.:rough sot'2.'TIe..'1ts at ?Ublic hearir.gs on FCBs I little i:1.fo:r.mation is available on the CW!'.ers.'1.ip of corrcarrunaced systems
or the levels of FC3s 

### in t.."1e fluid.

" Based on 

### sea

### te:renti'made

.by 

### several die casting ccmparues ari:l
a represenotive of the 

### Am.::rica:n

## o'i~:r.::.<?~ting Institute, (2) FCBs we:ce used


### a. pre:nium priced al.ternative**f1uidL~** 

# tr.e hydraulic systems of die castL"1g macrunes used to form aluminum, ITlaOT'esium, and. zinc castings. Tl::e.re are ar;Farently ferN c..a:L"'!,-ieX'S to 

### errezy L"1**t.~** :"'rrlUSt..1, arxi tI1e ccns'cant; e.'l1t. 1 of r.&N' die cast:ing c..:::;r1t!;'.c....'1ie.s has ;Jrcvided a**:;:~y** ':narket for used rrachiries, A r<!'lie<N of the (tbfl.santo custzmer list reveals t.:..:at about; 80% of the 40 lar;e-.St ccmpani.es );Jt..1rCllasi.'1g PCB hydraulic fluid in 1970 and 1971 'N'ere die cast:ing ccmpani.es, (1) ,=>.ssurn.:Lryq

### t.~t Gie casti.'1g ccmpanie.s 9Ul=::.r-.ased 30% of t.'e fluid sold and used it 

### in die casting 

### rnachines, a total. of (13.5

(l-r-- Versarlnc**.,-tTsas~--::~~arrl~ti--=loscd-syst::.~-a:n:l~e- ~-**  -- ------**~-.:..:-.**__.**..:sult.ir:g_b.:ls.se£;oi::?£"'~6",to....:t.;he::..2mt~~~<_:i:l:l:"'t.~~..'-~;:,<~:.:** _**2.0;~** (EPA**-GQntr~t-No.- 68~01**  ....**32S9.,~~- Re~~~4J-4.:,,5Ch-S€F?t~=3.Q.----**  .- - --" 1976, 9. 13.

__ (2) Telechone c:onversation, Mr. COrnel 

## ----' -With"?Obi:2::;vest..:-'1**(~leisaif,--.;pr-il**l'ni.llion lb x 0.8 / 11 lb )?er go 1Ion "" 1 ITlillion g2Ulof'",,'S) of ?C3 flLlid was used**t.~se** machines duri.'1g &.e t"wD year ::e=icd. Assum.i."1g ftU;"'"J--er t..'1.at each rnach.irie had a hydraulic**~st;n** COyttair.ir.g 500 gallons a.,-ry"'j**r:~ed"** t.t:..3.t 

### errcunt; each year to replace Leakace, the total one million gallons of fluid could have been 

### used. by 1000 

### macrrines 

### "Nnic...I.:I used 1000 gallor.s 

### each. The 

### renairling 20% 

### of t.t.:!e largest: 

### purchasez's of ?C3 hydraulic fluid 'Mere st...oel mills. PCB hydraulic fluid 'Has .::ep:ll:t.ecily used as a standard fluid 

### in many 

### plants in**t.~se** applications' whe.r:e leakage would prese.."'l.t. a fire hazard. Representative uses w'OJl.d ir.clude st...'4el**~J.ace.s,** ladles, strip mills, vacuum degase.rs, and continuous castL."'1g IT'acLi..':.e5. rrhere is ro L'1fort"at:.on available
on t,'>.e total number of hydraulic syS'tSTIS 

### L'1 t."'ie**st:..~** ir:.d::..1st=y t..';at used EO fluids, nor is**t.~e** any L'1fom.ation available as to t.'1e ;?rese.'1t conce..'1t=3.tion of PCBs 

### i.""l these systiems , 10.3 COn'pliance Costs 

### Die Casting Uachines Most die casting macrunes were flUSJ.'1e:l and rei;: led ',,;it:..l, a :":On=?CB hydraulic fluid after the owners became 2!rore of the envoi ::orrmental3.r.c healt.lJ. hazards aseoc.i.atied with PCBs. TJ:".e hydraulic fluid zeccrrrrezded by YOI"..sa.."1to
asa replacenel'1t for t,,"1e PCB fluid 1.'1 1971 ',vas based. on r;;olychlo=i.r..ated te.r= phenyLs (FCI's). 'The**rr.anl1'=~ct....1I'in,g** of PCT fluid was**d..L.<~c:mt.i..'1ue::i** 1."'1 1972 

# or 1973 and 

### tb.e product. 

### lines**w~e** 

### replaced**wit~** ot"1er**~~** of**hy~~aulic li~ds.**  The refilled hyclrauli.c syscens have ceen tra.inea.ined in 'J.Se Cy topping off when necessary 

### to 

### replace Leakaqe losses F 

### and 1."'1 sore 

### cases by pe.ricdic replacSie.'1t of t..r"e fluid. As a result: of 't;,1.€ continual =':ffiJval of corrtamiriatied fluid, the ccncerrczat.icn of 2C2s has ceen..g.r.adu.a.ll.y-**i~l'Cor'l** ..... D".;.,O**-_~."** ... low Leve.l,s-, alt..'"x:lugh 

### in many casesene 

### residual -pas exceed t.1;,e 50**-~.** li:nitpro;:osed by tl:.e regulation. Tb.e 

### av-ailable .i,r;.iormation on 

### ;;r:::se.m: levels of FCBs in t..'1ie hydraul.i.c 

### systsns of die cast..ing machines is surrmari.zed 1."1 Table 10.3=1.C'..ast Forge CO. (1)

### cat:~.J:::?illa.r T.ractor(2)
Otlttcard :Y1.arine (3) PC8 Level (ccm ) , . 80 !:elOVJ det""'""cion Limi,t (syscems



### are dra.ined 

### t"lIice a year:) 90-6000**(~~a!1tly** average 500)



### oucccarc :1"....rL"e COr;oration 

### owns appraxi:nately 130 die cast,L-.g machines t.!;.at 

### at one ti,.'1Ie 

### used. PC3 hydraulic fluid. 

### These machines each
correaan an average of 500 

### gallons of fluid, (3) and 

### are all corrcaminaced ,,..;1.'t."1 

### ?CBs .L."1 

### ccncerrtzatdons acove SO 9pn.
Several ccrripa.nies provided est.i.rnatecl costs for replaci.",:g h1tiaulic fllLi.d, alt.JxJugh oot a.Ll, of the figures 'Here 

### for the 

### pernutted drai."1.ing 

### and**::1.L.SJ.~J.g** 

### procsduz-e, o..J.'t.J::xxLrci**~11.a.rine** 

### est';1J.1ate1 a cost-of $840,0'00 ':0 drain their rracrunes • flu-sn ti'.e.rn t'N'ice wii'.:..1-;, rruneraL oil r and r::>ri.l.l t.L;,ei1**',qit.,,~** :::&11 hvdzaul.i.c .£.l'..lici.. -rr\ldrau.lic-flui.cLliJere.JJSe:i....a:s .zae; flus...1ir:g_soll'7":01''-..1::J_

- .d -,

### -~~ 1-.

. 1 . b- 1

. ul, '"' $1"

. 1 1 . (4')**avo~ :'"-&lll~.l.~.1.t:y**  91::0 .hens t::e cost 'NO 

### c. De •

_ rtl.'U..:..l.on. General 2'btors sta:r:ed that:**t.~e** cost; of matieztia.Ls for rel?laci..""'.g fluid Ln t.t;,eir hydz'aul.i.c 5"ysterlS t,,'culd ce as follcws: (5)

(1) Telep.b..cne ccrrver-sanicn, Tan Grover (ca.st Forge CD.)**'Nit.~** Bruce**~';co::icxk** (Versar), September 22, 1977. (2) Telephone-**c:mversauGn~--TCrn' Berl~~\Ca.te.t'?i11ar**  Tractor) 'Nit., Bruce

•

__

- _._.__. .....c•..=::;,;,;,;,: ;,;,'tJccc":,co.::l<z?;,;,(Vez::sar)_+""**l:;'e~~~:g:~~·.;,;, '-:..~-._-,_._**  ..__ __. _._ - --



### ---- -+31- -'TI1crnas, Hug-h-**-fGti~"ti~a1.:"ine--COrp-.+7-'-?rese."1ta:t...-Len--a·t- ~':.o** ,:e**.:EP.U:--±::"-.f~** Heario.""".ss on the ?C3 San Regulations,**~'7ashL"1gt.cn,** D.C., July 15, 1977 (p, 91 of ::Iat1...sc:::ipt)

. _ _ (4) Telepoor.e convez-sar.icn. Hugh Thcrras (CUtl::oard ::-!ar:L"1e Col:'?) 'rlit..1-;, 3r...:ce**~'7cx::d.ccck** (Ve.rsax), Se];-"tent'.-€r 23, 1977. (5) Ward,**~.qilliam** (Gel'1eraJ. Motors Cor;:oratien), Prese.'1.ot--en at the E:?!I. Eear:Llgs on**t.~e** PCB 3an Regulations, Chicago, I1LL'1.ois, 

### July 19,**~977/** 

### (p. 201 

### of tra"lScript) ,Solvent NeN'Hydraulic Fluid Dis!,:osal Tot:al 

# s 2.26 

### 7.57 0.37 $ 

### 9.40
C.'1evrolet est.im::.t<rl tl'.at 

### it 'fiQuld- cost $500, 000 to r.eplace 

### t.'-1e hyCraUJ.':'c fluid in cne 25 systiems (29, 000 gal total

## ca~ity) 1-'1 t.1.ei.r say City (Hich.) ;Jlant. (1)

to 

### use hexane or soma similar so.lverrc t.l1ey would 

### ce sevez'Ly affected. as t.'1e 

### seals In t.,J"eir 

### rrachines 'MOuld 

### have to 

### be zepl.aced. Also, tb.e::e was .concezri among t.'1ose 'NnO 

### have already 

### flusI1e:l t.i:.ei.r 

### machines**t..~t f'..It..~e1:**  

### fJ.ush.i..-:g 'NOUld ::.ot significantly lower the FCB level 

### in t.'1eir mach.iries, Al.L of t.'1e available industry cost estimates are surrrnari.zed 1..:."1 Table 10.3-2. 

### Table 10.3-2 Indust..""Y EstiJrates of t.'1e Dst of Drai11.ing, Flushing, ""r:d Refilling Die Casting Ma.c.bi'1e Hydraulic 

### Sys·tenS 

### No. of No. 

### of Total Cost Ccrrr;:2.ny Machi.'1es 

### Gallons $j;:"lac:-1.ir:e 

### Olevrolet 25 29,000 500,000 

### 17.24 20,000 Ga.'1e-ral iYbtors 

### 9,40* Cue:card 

### ::1arine 130 65,000 840,000 

### 12.92 6,500 "'Material cost only.The 

### ir.dU5t::y cost. estiJ.uates a=e rcughJ.y**c~""able** to t..:"':'e cost esti."'1E.te trade by Versar arxi praserrced in Table 10.3=3. .s.ince tb,e Ve.1:sar

waste liquid tzuck, a figure of $14 ?EL' gallon might be a rrore re:>-listic estirrat.e of 

### t."1e a.ve:::age ;n:ice of 

### de:ontmti",,;a:tir::g hydraulic s:'fstans.

hew t.l.oroughly 

### the syscen em 

### d:rair:.e:d of cceh 

### t.':e corrtaminaeed liquid ard t.':e flushL':g liCiUid and also on the arrount; of PCBs wnich are absorbed .irrto gaskets a.":cl ot.':e;: porous**rra:t~~,L** 

### ll-.ssuming t.:,at**t.~e** drai..'1L"1g azd 

### flusrJ..r.g procedure rNi-ll re:rove 80% of**t.~e** total FeEs, a syste:n origir..al.ly correamanat.ed with ?CBs at 1000 E,:;t!1 'dill still be cont:.anl.i.ro.ated ',vith 200 

### k-Jr:m six rrcnrns aft:::**t~l-J,e** first flus.'ling, but che Leve.L of FCBs afte;: t..':.e 

### SECom :luSJ.'1ing ',,;ill'
never exceed 40**;');l11~** Si."lce**t.~ere** will prctably be conaiderab.l,e leakage and topping off bet:.Ne""-1.1 

### t.1.e**flu£~gs,** the cor:ce..'1tration of FCBs is li.i<:e.ly t':d be
even lower**':.~'1** these c.uC".J.lat.i.cr.s L"'riicate.

be flushed and re.!.ille:i twice, and t.1at chsmi.ca.l, ana.Lys.i.s for FCBs is req:uired

First**flu~~g** 500 gal. 

### @$14/gal CheniC'..ll analysis seccrd fll.1St'...ir:g C1emical anal.ys.i.s Total ;;:er macrune Total for 1000 rrachiries $ 7,000 300 

### 7,000 300**~---** $14,600 $14,600,000

______ .-_. ---_-- A-ITla:j.or**:ac::~l:C- ~-~** **t1:e--o:;:)S't-ei--deeefl~~e.2'lg--~y~±C-5'1st~** 

### L,;,

----**tbEt,S.2~t_** 

### o_t**_f;;he_~ont~1.a~-:..fiJrid~~--.LJ:Er-; l.Ltb.~tans._:.:l:**  t..,**i~~~-**

.- ------ .seccd t,."':at**.;:;otl1-(Art~~J1ai;-ine--ar1.d-Ge.>qa~-~~,S" 1k..""\.fe"e;)r.Ctlcte::5:-~-**  

## or- - mechcds t.o rerove PCBs**.f",~** hyt'iraulic fluids Q It is not k:;::o,vn**whet.~e:r** t.f1ese meehcds involve d.isti.llation or adsorption. 'rhe feasibility o.t such ;;:r8- csse.inq 

### may have a substantial effect. on the ccscs of dECOTI:t.3rnLJat.:L,,:g hyciraulic syscens and 

### on t..'1ose**~es** Ycich reclaim hydraulic fl:.lid.Table**10~3-3**



### .41 L15 7.60

2.85 

### Cost ::ex calIon



### .41 LIS 7.80



### 2.85 560 gallon"" '- 2700 

### galIen system system**~~ =''''''--~-**  

### NeN Hydraulic F1uid(1) (pbcsphate ester) 

### Flushing Fluid(l)

- 1 gal/gal (low viscosity minera.l, 

### oil**fN'it.~out** 

### additives)

, (2) 

### Trans;:cr-...at:.on (400 miles, in.clooes**fl~'ri.ng** fluid) LJei

### nezatzicn

- 

## s.15/lb (i.nc:looes flushing fluid)
(2 

### man davs 

### ;er machine at $15 

### :;er burdened man hour) Total 

### .48 

### 12.69 .09 

### 12.10

(1) Telephone conversation, John Colucci (E.F. Hcughton) 'Nit.""'. 

### 3rl..1ce r,vcccic:::ck (Ve.rsar). April 27, 1978. (2) Versa:c Inc., Microecor.cmic Lrn;:;.as:t:s of**t.~r;:** Propose:l**~larki."1g** ani Dis-;::cSal Regu.latio!"..5 for 2C3s, Sr;:n:i.'1g.&:ield, Va.: Natiofl..al Tecr'

..ru.ca.l, L 14 

### .J:orrration 

### Sevlice**(~~IS** 

### FB 

## 26i 833/2WP), April, 1977, p. 3-20.

=70=Approx:L.uately 20% of ehe fi '::TIS ;;;u.."··chasing ?CB hy<i.."'Q,:uli:: fluid 

### 1.'1. 1970 ar..d 1971 'N'e!:'e steel**~..ilTIp21,nies** arxi ot.:'1e!:' :Lrms not engaged 

### 1.'1. die casting. It is**t,~erefore** likely "tJ."lat 20% of the usace of PCB hydraulic t:luid was 

### in**sys~ ot.~e!."**  than Ln die cas'ti,:rlg tracrunes , Alcl'.cugh t.l;.ere is little 

### infcn::nat i on available on t.'1e use of 

# t.u.s material, appare.'l"l:tly ;:x)t all of the 

### syscans
are still c::n:rt3mi.,"1ated**;vit.~** sig:riliicant 

### conce.'1t:::a:tior..5 of FC'Bs. Budd Co. st:.ate:i t.'1at 

### te.'1eir operations sbcu.ld not; be significantly affected. by t."le ;;;:roposed. 

### tan regulations sizce the hydraulic systsms on each of their welders have been drained. an::i refilled 

### on t."'e ozdez' of 120 't.iJ.11eS over**t.~e** last five 11) 

### years. \ The procedure of draining f flushing I azd refilling any of t.'1ese ot."1er hydraulic syscems 

### to reduce t..:'e lev!?J. of !?CBs sr..cul4 cost approximately 

### the same gallon of fluid 

### as a similar prccedure ;;:erforrne::i on 

### a die casting 

### machine hyCL..--aulic 

### system'. .q"s a rough estiJ:nate Cased on t.1.e pro;:crt-i

# on ot Fc3 hydraulic fluid used. 

### 1.11 such 

### syscerns, the cost of dec..'"5irt:arni."'lat.ir..g t.t:ese oti:er hydraulic syscems sbou.ld cost, 25% as rnich as t."1e cost; of de::::mt:arr1.i.I'.ati.r:<;r t.'J.e die c.as"ting rnach.iries I or a total of $3,650,000. The proposed regulations 'NCuld r.equire**t.~t** t."'e level of ?:3s Ln t..'1ese ceher hydraulic syst.ens be zsduced to Less**t.~** 50 2fItl by t.'1e e£::ective date of 1:.'112 regulations or the systmlS rem:'JVed ::rem se-rvice t.:ntil t.>:e required**-"'''',,--,~**- -**~~".r±s- c.1."r(tj:tte".;s±~1±s** **r::;.'t~t=bt'aY""t·e:su:l** L ':""""x-sio"

### Li...:le::.::rr."E

.., ...
_ > oJ add.i.tional costs due to d.i.szupced prcduct.ion in steel mills, as t.'J.e hydzaul.Lc systiens 

### are cerrcra.l to the operation of che large equi;::rre.'1t used 

### in 

### t."i.ese

,-**fac;;-ili~~,He;weverf-t_b** .. '

_ ..._**->~** J:>••atioll atfCti"1:a:bi-e-t.J:)-**es~siT -::_·'--=--,;,:,-:",.met."ler,·tb.~~::..~~t:±wTI:..caIT~~a~i~~.c..:a:t::i:'7e**  date of tb,e 

### regulation, nor to estimate what t.'1e costs due to 

### proct:Cticn i."1te.r:r'.T;-**tiGRS--~d,beJ-'-"** --- .'--',

-- ------, (1) Te:repmne ccnvexsation f C.W. Habit:.z (BL;.dd Co.) wieh Er.xe 'tkx:x:iccck (Ve:rsar) I September 22 f 1977.

### Recortinc**~eauirement3** 

### The proposed regulations 'NOuld**=~e** 

### t..1-;,at cwners of die casting machi.nas fl.aV-i 

### ng hydraulic systsns corrcamanaced 'Hi::.."1 

### over 50 ppn ;:;C:SS 

### =ep::lrt: tne ide..'1t.ity 

### of each corrcaminacsd rrachi.ne ani the ccncer ...rr..:r:ation of ?CBs 

### in t.":te fluicL T.his ,,.ri-ll require the iC.enti -fication of all rrachi.nes tl::.at ever**1~1.Se:i** P::3 fluid 

## ana t.':ose t.:,a,t may have 1.J..S€'.d FCE-=ontami.."1ated. recla.L-r..ed hydraul.Lc fluid and the chemical anal.ys.i.s of the ;?rese..'J.t flLrid L'1 caese rracrrines for the presence of PCBs. '!.his sampling and" analysis ,l::J:l:CX::"X2ffi rray cover as many as 2500 machines ani must be c:crnpletsd wit.l.rin 90 Cays of t."1e effective date of**t.~** =egulation. Chemical analysis 

### for t."1e 

### quantification of ?C8s in hydzaul.ic fluid 'MJuld 

### ce considerably more ccmp.l.ex and expensive 

### t.':an t.1;,at requ.i=ed. eo dete...-rrn.ine 1:

... 

### he concerrtzatrion of ?CBs 

### L.'1 1Q-C 

### trar.sfo:r:rer oil. Tl"...is is 

## ::ecause t."1e praserrt.ly used hydraulic fluids may be based on' chenicaf.s such as phosphatie esters '.vhich**r~e t.~t** **t.~e** FC3s be**e...~** ......

racced frF..::m t11e sample prior to anal.ysi.s, The ;;:cssible presence of PC:.'s :1_11 t."1e fluid could L'1te.!:::ere wit.'1. t,l;.e anal.ys.i.a for FCBs, and diserirni.nation bet:",,'ea.'1 t.'1ese s.irni.Laz cherucal.s 'NCuld require**t.~e** use of a gas 

### chrcmatcgra;:h!rrass**:':>~";;:::ITeter** rat."1eJ: 

### t:.:;;m the simpl.ez gas chrcmat.cgraph usually used for PC3**c.et:~tI.iJ:'1.a""i** ons , Versar esti.".::l:tes t.l;.at t.:"e 

### ccrnplete anal.ysi.s of corrtamiriaced nydraul.ic =luid :or P:3s may 

### cost as ::n.::ch as $300 

### ;:er sample on the ave.."O.ge. RevierJl of the .reccrds

__ta-detel:m.iz1e...'lIi:bic.b.. ITlacbi.ne.s

..rna:y--1:e

..

### ccn--:-..

_ tarnii'·'.at""""!**wit.~** FC3s and t.f:le ;?reparation of**t.~e** re;ort to EPA ',vould 

### ce**e..x:'...ec'"~** to require an average of three days for each of the 585 fL";.TIS which purchased :cB hyd::aulic fluid in 1970 azd 1971. Th.is woul.d result. 1..'1 a neteITt;?loywe.YJ.t @---de:narrl of

- (585**~i.es-.x-~_.~-a.ny...,L,..;;;d"'~'Irlan-da:fS: ~.iI:lan-** **ye.ar'~~' ~'''::!.:''**  -<- 7.3 man years). Ata**l:t.JJ:C.e."1ed-::at~.of.-$3o..,.OOO ~i!1tm**  yea:::::r ti'.is- 'HOuld result. 1.."1 total ;:er;;or':i.i1g costs 

## or (7.3 x $30,000 "" $220 f

### OOO}

. Tot:zJ. costs attributable to 

### tl'.e r:ep:rr'-...i.."1g**::~eIT'.ent** wcul.d ce ($300 

### per sample x 2500**machir~s** "" 

### $750,OOO} + 5220,000 clerical"" 

### $970,000.

Each 

### a::mpany ',

.. ihien uses or 

### services a die casti.';,g macruze t.."':at contam.i:'.atad 'Hito:" ?CBs 'Nill requi.red to develop and 

### i:TiplE'!Tent a formal,

=72=

### spill**prev~'1tion** 

### and G..,?'Jr1t-X'Ol plano**~~ause** 

### of t.fJe C01'iPlexity 

### of t.."e 

### mac.'1i..'"'le.5 an:l t1Je 

### assumed requi.re!:i'le.';t 

### for F-eriodic 

### flusr...irig and decontarn.L''l<;l:t:i0n, 

### t."1e plan 'W'ill be 

### rather cc:mpla"'<: and 

### may require the 

### services 

### of a 

### regist:.ered pro

### fessiof'al E'JJ.gi.""l61& 

### for one 'f.Tee.l< at 

### $250 per 

### day. Prepar?tion 

### of 

### thase pla,11s by 

### all 585 affecte::i ccmpani.es COt11d cost 

### a total of (585 plans x 5 days 

### x 

### $250 per day == 

### $730,000). This 

### cost could be 

### zeduced by 

### perhaps one ha.Lf if 

### a pro forma plan 

### '\vere develoP=d**~er** 

### tr.e sponsoxsh.ip of a 

### trade association
or 

### major rraxlufact:l.ll'l?I 

# am**~e** available to all affec:ted 

### fi..uns. !btal exJ?eCted 

### cost of thi.s part 

### of the regulations woul.d 

### t±'...e.re£ore be 

### expect=d to 

### be $363,000 to 

### $730,000.

Identificat£o?'/. of Co'!:.taJrtinated Die Casti7'4 Machines Analysis ard S?..mpling Clerical RepJrt 

### to EPA Spill Prevention and Cont-'Ul 

### Plans f.)econt3TIli."12rtion 

### of Die c.asti."'1g iY.ac."1ir'.es**~"'Ont3ITLirJa.tion** of Other Hyfuaulic**Sys~,>** Cost of P=cduction**In~~¢ons** when 

### ot±'..er Hydraulic Systens Rern::Jved fran 

### Service $ 

### 750,000 220,000 $365,000 to 

### $730,000 14,600,000



### 3,650,000

? (];:Ote.'1tially 

### large) $19,720,000

Labor equals (.48/12.50 

## = 3,8%) .of 

### per c;allon 

### cost. 'lbtal lal:cr 

### cost 

## = (.038 x: 

### 18,250,000 

### $693 1000). 

### At $30,000 

### per rran 

### year, tnis is 

### equal to 

### 23.1 man 

### years of Labor, or 12 jobs for 2 years. Spill pJ:l'E:vention 

### plans would 

### require 5 

### man yeazs of e:ffort. Rep::>rting .=equirenents 'M.'Juld require an

. additional 7 man 

### years.

### Prioe 2.ffeots '!he impact of t."le5e 

### regulations may effect aL'i1Dst all 

### die. castir.g and. 

### steel ccrnpanies 0 Ir..c:r:eased 

### ccszs**~d t.~efore**  be expacte::i to be 

### passed along to 

### the consumers in higher 

### prcduct; prica,,;; f al

### though 00 

### in:iivid1.'la1ly significant price increases are**e.."q;:ect..""Ci~**



### =74=

### l?CEs have**~1 ext~JSively**  

### used as heat t::ansfer liquids· because of. tb.eir 

### e,"Ccelle.."1t t\;.e.nnal 

### stability and 

### ir.berent fire safety, p,],

### thcugh the heat**tran.sf~** 

### sysnems are usually 

### quit.s tight, 

### leakage can occur due to rrechanical. damaqe 

### of t"l;.e system 

### or because £ittings have Lcosened as 

### a zesul,t 

### of cyclL"FJ:g. '.J11e Yt1S.ho incic..a."1t 

### .inJapan in 

### 1968 caused the 

### PCB I,Xlisoning of 1001 

### people due 

### to W.e leakage of PCBs fJ:cm 

### a heat 

### transfer systiem 

### into rice oil that was 

### baing heated by the 

### syscen, (1)
A previous EPA sponsored st::Jdy estirnat.Ed th,:it 

# tow. usage 

### of PCBs. 

### .in heat tr:'3.nSfer syszems 

### in the Unit..=d Stat:=s.has

### ~-n over 21 million pounds, (2) M:lst 

### of 

### this material was manufactured by M:lnsanto azd 

### distributed under the tzade**narr.eTherm:L~l.** M:ln.santn stopped 

### prcducing PCB based heat t..-ansfE!!." liquid in 1971 and advised 

### its customers to drain ezd flush their systems 

### Cefere replacing the 

### fllll-d**wit~** 

### a 

### oon-fCB based 

### liquid. An 

### additi.onal

o

### one

- 

### million FOunds of PCB heat t..-ansfer 

### 1iqt,1id was 

### "manufact.:!.."lred during the pericd 1971-1973 by C-e."1eV'a IrJ.dustries 

### of ECR1,'swn, Texa...s. 

### (3) There was at; least 

### one ccmpany 

### still usi.'1g PCB based 

### heat transfer 1ic::uid as late as 1976. 

### (4)'

As of the effective dats of the regulation, beat t:.rans.fer sysj:sms 

### containing a liquid corrcaminaced with rroze than 50 9fln P:Bs could wt be used untri.L**t..~** concentration 

### of PCBs 

### is reduced to 

### less than 50 ppn. (I)**Kura~une, ~.a.san:Jri,**  

### ec, aI., "Yusho, a p:lisoning caused by rice oil contaminated with po.lychl.or.inaced biphe..'1.yls",**~.** Health 

### Re;::or+-.-s, Vol. 86, 

### No. 12 

### (December, 1971), pp. 1083-1091. (2) Versar Inc., gsage 

### of PCBs in O£en and Se:ni:..c1osed Systems and the**~sul** ling Losses 

### ot PCBs to t.f)e**~v-ironrre.."!!:.,** UI".publishe.C. Drai-:=. Hep:Jrt, 

### (EPA COntract 00, 68-('1-3259, 

### Versar 

### Re;;:ort N::J. 474-5<:), 

### SeptEmber 30, 1976,· 

## p.

0 

### 13:-
·0- (3) reid. (4) Ibid, p , 26.1102 T.here is ro data a\i'ailab1e on 

### tr..e total number of heat tra.'"1Sfer sy'Si::STIS which have used P'C'B based fluids .L'1 the past" F.c:wever, a revieA7 of .Monsanto's C'..J.St:eItE.r list for 1970 and 1971 indicated. t.t..lat 802 m.illion pounds of PCB based heat 

### transfer fluid 

### was sold by 

### l1:JnsantD du.r:L"1g t.J,.,.ose years tl:l
a total of 

### 533 different fi.m1s. (1) '.!'he prese.TJ.t 

### concerrtzaeacn of PCBs in**t~** heat.**t..~fer** fluid in any of the sysmn,s fMi1ich previously used PCBs depends on 

### tnw t.r-:oroughly each system 

### was flus.b.sd whe."'1 the FCB fluid was replaced. ard t.':le arrount; of leakage and topp.i"'1g 

### off t..'1at has 

### cceurzed since ti'.£mo Da·ta 

### on present 1?CB 

### levels is available for only one**systs:n~** a 14,000 gallon capacity PCB heat; transfer syscem was draL''led, azd flushed 

### in 1972 and refilled. with a. ron=l?CB fluid; 

### the system has been in 

### ccnscarrc use si..'1ce 1972 

### aril. presa'1uy contains fluid t"mt is conrandnated with 

### two percent PCBs. (2) I.ar'-king any additional L"'lfo:r:rnation, 

### it. rm.1St be aSSllIT100 

### t.11,at nost; of t."le 533 ccmparries which purchased PCB heat transfer fluid are 

### still ope...""'ating t..'1e systems ar.d ti'.2:l.t ITOSt. of these systz'"ilS are correami.nat.ed '",it.'" 1?CBs in
excess of 50**~n.** It must furt.."ler );;;e assurred 

### t..'tat the use of 

### t"'ese syste'!'.s is cenezal, W**t.~ IT'.anufac~...ng**  precesses in ,,,trich they are used, wt:.et:.hex for drying, [:eatingpar**ta1~t'ure** ccrrtzc.l in excchernuc prccesses, 11.3 Canoliance Costs

....... It is rot. p:lssible to estiimace**t.~** total costs of decorreerrunatunq the existing heat 

### transfer systems to ca:nply 7,'\Tit.."l rhe requirements of the proposed regulation because neit1:'..er the total nurr.be r of syst.c.-4lS roz' t.'lJ.eir capacity is kr:own. In pri."".ciple, the costs of draini.ng, flusJring, ard remfilling t.,,'J,e sj'St.erns sbcul.d 

## ::e about; the same per gallon for heat t.."IQ.IlSfe:r: systems as for hy'lJaulic systems (see Section 10. 3) .

versar Irlc., Usage of FC'Bs**L~** and Semi=clasE'fJ. Systerns and th.e P.esulting Lcsses of PCBs to the Env:i.ronrnent, Unpublished Draft Report, (EPA Contract 'No. 68-01-3259, Vez'saz Rer;ort No. 474-5C), septenber 30, 

### 1976, p. 9. (:2) Confidential 

### info:r:rration cbtaaned fran 

### ttl.e user of t,he syszem by Versar during a telephone survey of major user-sof PeS heat. 

### transfer SYS·tE!l1S.

### ':rr.te diS'bUption of ir.austrial'

### prcductdcn caused by 

### t.'1erequirement td.hJZit correaminaced**f~3.t** 

### t.zansfe::: syscems be 

### re:rove.:l from. 

### se..-vice iInneiiately 1Jl:CjTI 't.l-:le 

### effective date 

### of t!:'..e 

### regu,lation may result in 

### far larger' costs' than will 

### td."1e reqr.iliement to 

### deccrrceminaee the systzma, Here again, 

### tr-e available information will !JOt. s1.1pp:::lrt 

### even a gue.ss at t.:'e. ITElgnitude of t.1Je 

### ecQTICIT.ic**.impa~.s** 

### of t-"t..le disrJ.pticn on casts f 

### production, 

# am E!11Ployme..'"lt.•

. Over 500 heat transfer syst"-ern5 may be 

### contaminated wi,th PCBs .in 

### concerrcratzicns exceed.inc 50 

### r.:;::m, but 

### available data is 

### rot SU£ficient to supp::Jrt 

### an analysis 

### of t.":te costs 

### of decontamina:ti..'1g the 

### systems 

### or the ecorxmic impacts resulting from 

### disruption of related ir.dustrial prcductrion,1200 CCMPRESSORS Turbiml 153 r a PCB-based fluid? was 

### tried as a ttJrbine 1ubric.;mt and 'WCJrking fluid in 

### natura; gas 

### pipeline CCfnpressors by 

### sevezal,**c~es** ditting t.'1e late 1960s and 

### early 19705.**~tbn.sa.nto** ceased prexiucing this product; in 1972, and tb..e ccmpani.es tJ."lat 'Were using 

### it switched. to alt""rnat.::.e fiuies at t..lJ.at time. 12.1 'Ihe proFQSOO 

### regulae.on WC)ul.d prohibit the use of 2'.ny systems which 

### corrca.i,n 1ic;:..uds 

### ccrresnunated wit.'1 PCBs in 

### concerrczatdcns exceed.lnq 50 !?Pi! 

### after the effective date 

### of the 

### regulation. 12.2 Compliance Costs
'IWo purchasera of Turbir.o1 1.53, Columbia Gulf 

### T.ransmi.Ssion and "l'exas Eastern Transmission? were contacted by phone. Neit.lJer ccrrparry had ir>..foz::maticn available on tl'...e 

### residual levels 

## 0; PCBs .in t.'1e t:.lrbine fJ,u.:i¢i, but boch indicated that 

## w..e systems '.vere relatively tight, and 

### there was se.Ldcm 

### the requb:'ernent to top 

### off the systerrts. Based on data available for hydraul.Lc sys'cems ani heat t.."'7ll1Sfer syste.:ns, it ttlU.St 1;e assnmed tr2l.t t1:e cc:mpressor fluids are probably contaminated witl1 l::c:as In excess of 50 ppn, The.re are perhaps 

### ten gas pipalll1e corrrpressor t:urbines in use t..1;.at have their oil contaminated 

### vJith PC3s. 'Ihe proposed regulations 'AlOUld require t.."Jat 

### these turbines be reroved fran use until b'1e 

### ccncerrcrat.icn of 

### PCBs is reduced to below SO ppn, It is 

### rot k.:ncwn what 

### costs would be 

### involvee. ror 

### tr.:.e ciisru';'Jticn to 

### t1:'..e delivery 

### of natural gas· t."Jat would result 

### fran rsrovi.'1g t.lJese turb.L"1es from use. Assuming 

### t.lJat the ccrnplexity of the 't:llrbir..es is similar to that of t.'ll:: hydraulic systems d.isc'..lSsed in O'.apt.er 10, a cost of 

### J?€.rhaps $20, 000 and $40,000 per 

### machine rray be 

### involve-.l In the 

### deccrrcami.netdcn of tile oil syscema, Ictal costs might 00 several**h~e::i** tf'JJusal'rl dollars 

### Plus t.."1e cost of dis.ruption of tbe gas de.Livery systell. '!:he cost; of shipping gas by pipel.L'1e. is eS""'....ablished by long teI:m contracts. Additional costs resulting fran**t.~** provisions of the draft regulations would have to 00 absorbed by t:J.e pipeline**~ies.**

### - .$200; 000 GApproril'ately L 3 billion gallons 

### per year of used ail is collected. for
use as road oil, fue:L oil f re-ref:i..r.ed hydraul.Ic oil, and 

### re=refi:r.e:i lubricating oil. Much of the wasce oil previously used in appl.Lcatdons**ot..~ t.~**  aurorrotive lubrication has been contaminated 

### wit.'l lew levels of 

### PC:.E3s, and**diss~tive** 

### uses of t.1U.s 

### conceminaced 

### oil can Ll1treduce PC3s di.re:c-'"'Jy .irrto 

### t."le errvizrormerrt, A tot;;], of 2,376 million gallc:ns of r.ew' oil '.vera sold during 1975, ti'oe major' ccmrercaal, uses l:ei,l"lg autarotive lubrication (50.8 perce..'1t); irrlustrial and. aviation lubrication (30.5 parcerrc) i and**ot.~** .indus'tzi.al, uses primard.Ly L'1 rraterials processing (17. 4 pezcerrt.) , The arrourrc available for co.Ll.ectrion and recycle 

### was estima:t?-d 

### to be 1,154 million gallons I 

### or 48.6 

### percent; of to'"'....al sales. Data on U.S. usage of r'o.JftW (virgin) rsfined oil azd av-a.Llability of used oil for recycling are preserreed for the year 1.975. In Table 13. 0-1. (1) Data

### ge..~t.e:l by Recon SystE!ns (2) for a: 1.2-"fI:lOnth pericd

### durin~ 1970-n indicate 

### w.at, out 

### of a total 

## u.s. prcductuon of 2,480 million gallons per 

### yer.,"'rr, approximately 901 million gallons, or accuc 36.3 percent, were act':.Jally
coLl.ec'ced for recycling or use as fuel. An a.dd.itio:nal 601 million gallons W"eIe estiIratsd to be used on roads (application for dust corrcrol, and l::cssibly L'1 asphalt) 

### or as :fuel 

### oil; this 

### used oil coul.d conceivably have been 

### co.l> Lectied for recycle so**t.~t t.~**  maxim.um amount of oil available for collection, based on**t.~e** Recon**Sys~** estimates for 1970-71, may be as mach as 60 percent of that prcduced, A. 

### flew cha:rt sb::::;wing the distri.bu:tion and utilization of waste oil in t."le Unit-cd States, based on the 1970-71 daza of Recon 

### Syste:ns, is preserrced on Figtrre 13.0-1. SlJl'm'1.ar'lj data for disr;::csition and usage fran Figure 13.0-1 are as follows: 

## lIT Adapte:l L""Cffi Table 1, page 24 of Assessmerrc of In::1ustrial P.aZ2Xeous**~Naste** ManagE!l'E."1t Practices, a document prepared**~A** I 

### s 

### oi:Iice of SOlid. Waste and presented-with testirnony of H. laILier Hickman, Dece:nber 12, 1977. (2) We.instein, NoITI'lCUl J., (Recon Systems, Inc.), Waste Oil Recvcling arrl DisE;2sal, EPA-670/2-74-0S2, Pr-inceton, N.J.:**AU~** 1974.

-



### -80-Table 13 0 0=-1

## ~'ean:l Naste-2.. 

### il

## AV"ailabi~fO-'C Rec"lc1i:r:g in 1975 (1)**~'~Use~ ~lice** **st:ati~ ~e:::.al.**  er.,gi,,"'lt;)**fJ.p..e~** New car**~e....-s** A!J:t:o ::1ee-c end et:l".e::**J.~** oil uses -'letail sales f::JX :;::m-**:oo...~l.** er.gi."::eS**Gar~,** illlW**~l'l ~s**  Disc:lt=e**:;~** Fac:;"'--Cry "''1."..:; (aut:::) s**fann~t:l ~'i**  

### (].s. Sa.lhlS 1975 (cral x 10--)

dLU> 239 225 lOJ

95 90 250 Fl:'ac::.:.on**~\va.i.l.a.ble** .. .63

•.5u .90

•.50 .53 .63 

### .n .30 Used 

### ':.:w.. Availr..ol.Ol 

### :::::r ?ec1C.!.i:.q 1.50

75

57 53

Oi:.s 'iyC...,'"';;llJJ..:.,c ;, 6,.;::::,..:- lati;:;g ;.ys= oi.:s :1stal. 'NCJ:!:C.,-:q oils Avi,at:i,t;)n '"**C1:.~** evilS**~.l:'li:f..r.a** 

### ow**?a.:L:..,~d** eo:f...:.e cili Sui::rcc:ll5**~~c:U** oil,;} ?::;ece:s;; oili**~:i-;:;e:::a.t=..,** :.i.ls . SI.Ji:n:

.. "'1:".aLs Oili**?'-::-~** '::y U.,;;.**G","'V""~ ~ac--:"Q1.**  aV'ii!zol,e 

### :CJ: ::.c:"Cl.L--g**ai~ :;,.",~**  :"'"l**I~** ill".cl**e.'1v9_~_"'t::.** 314 14S 2.47

60 

### sa**.~** 62 340

'1 

### ---E. 2,376 . .:2 1..22 • iO :01 .50 

## .. I.'; .90**5~** .53 31 291 .90 56 .10 34

..50 5 :10

..50 1.5 :., 1.5

(1)Figure 13.0-1. Distribution and Utilization of Waste Oil in the United States During 1970-71

_



### 1



## '••'1,<)

# I**-~** I-&wtes lOS"i 6. '.J";;yrl 

# I rOn PmdueUi 

# L--J 1 , . 106gal/yrl

(II]"

_ l't)I'l!ec1 1lDi>t.l<l 

# ! (76 l< 106



### ----

1-liU>lte011

# ~,.w I',-ooeaoocll, FueI -20ll fAt"''' (670 J< D6] x 106

, <jal/!'rl

-- il<:reU"enJ, ,----

-)0 fin';:] i'llX.'" 'IDB x 106 toO L-: ",,!IV!:! (71 "


# JV"'. 10","'1"'] I ,

UooJ as hlel 

# II
(:150 x 106<J"i.!yr!

OollecleJ lor 1lt.·JlDl!Cd («lUI &)Ulp-**~cydel**

- 5()() Fin"" hooucUoll of Sale"**'l~\t** Atte.c Use Vlr'lln OB 12234 X 106**q~!/Yl".l** [IJUS l( J06Y"l/yr! (901 x lo6<Ja1/yrl 12400 x We !'itUJ'>c:t!on W""WUI l----'l

9"Vyr.! Spill" nllltllpatC<.! to U", I**12~6** x 1OQ, 'I'd/v,-.I E:nv.lrolillCut, WC\5res, OJ""JpaL<;,l to lJoe ""'I Spill" i')wl

### ro,,,,,,,,,,t U D65x 106 '1"I/Yd (970 x W6<Ja1/Vrl

---------

, 1\ I 00 IV i

5o,rru> , A.la;A.,<l f rcen Table 26, 1'. nil of Wui",,,td,,, 110m"", .J., U<;=. SySW,l.9, Inc. I ,**~Q!L!~clin'J-'t.f'cl** illspueal, U'!\,-610/2-'i4-052,**!'dn=l<~** •• N.J•• August, 19H

.



### . '

r'Fate of Oil After 

### Primarv Use**~~"=** Used as fual, 

### Dissi;ated to 

### envi.rormerrc and waste d.i.sposa.L Applied 

### to reeds Re-refined lube oil prcducns Percentage of HeM Oil Prcducticn

. 41.5



### 42.3
12.9



### 3.3 100.0 .'**~.** . .

111e ge.·.... ieral, disttw.1tion port::::ayed in Figure 13. 0-1 is J:elieve:i to be valid 

### at pzeserrt, although 

## t::e magnitL:'des of t.lJ.e specific flew'S have**fluc~** t:uated as prices of virgin Lube oil and fuel oil have var.ied, '1'X'..E val.ue of fuel 

### oil has 

### ir.creased aince 1970-71, ard virgL.'J. 

### Luce oil was scarce duri.'1g**t.~** period of 

### tr..e Arab boycotrc 

## am duri.'1g a**~c..icn** of t,,:'e pezicd. of price ccrrtzo.l.s, One result of t.1.ese factors has bee.'1increased use of waste oil
as r..lel, either**:L'1,t~rT1.ally** by Lr:dustrial concerns which ger.e--rate wasta oil


### or via pzccesscra, The primary 

### sources of 'NaSte oil available 

### to co.Ll.ecccr's are service stations and other autan:Jtive-related facilities. L"rlustrial ar:d avaiaticn facilities are also significant sources. A significantly larger fraction of available oil is collected 

### in urban areas tr'.an L'1 suburbanor rtrra.l, areas. Based on sttx:1ies in 1:..1.e Pittsb.:u:gh aree, spills arrl**ot..~er** wascas f:::cm product; pipeli.'1es are a locally signific.mt scuzce of 'M3.ste oil for collection. 'It'oe use pattern of processed or rerefined \>lasts oil is extrsr.ely diifuse , (Jse=s iz-..clude states and municipalities (road application), ir.dus

### trial and ccrrmarc.i.al, facilities (fuel, re=reii.ned lute oils, read oil) , utiliH es (fuel.) r ard the cCf.rlsum.ing public (re=-refined rrotor oil)

. A .small portion of the**coll~...ion** ard precessing of used hydraulic oils does rot follow ti'..e general patta':11 of scattered. sources, many ze

### c.La.irner's, and 

### numerous lLSe::S indicatEd. 

### for t...1;,e waste Lube oils. ReclarCE.tion of used hydraul.Lc oil, par.fonned in rroat, part by four cC1I1?3IJ.ies, re.sults in a. pzcduct; which is mazketied as hydraul.Lc oil.

### '!he 

### dis;csal of oil ccneanunaced yNith ?c:8s L., 

### excess of 500 E"-'fITI is regtLlated by the 'PCB f;1.arking and Dis.EXJsal RegulatioI'.!.'5'. 'n'.e proposed 'FeB
Marking and Dist;:osal Regulatior..s to include aU mixtaires ccntai:ni...'1g rrnre**t.~** 

### 50 pp:n PC3s. T.hi.s 'N:ill af£ect**t.~e** 

### allcwable uses and clisp:;sal 

### of oil 

### contamir..a.ted. with 10"

..

### ;e.r concentzatdcns of PCBs. 

### Under t.he provisions of 

### "t1.e proposed ban reg1.uations r oil 

### contamiriaesd**wit.~** PCBs L'1 excess 

### of 50 HID 'NOuld have to ce ide.."'1ti£ied, segregate:!. 

### for pur;oSe5 

### of d.i.sposa.l , azd burned 1.'1 

### an approved 

### chemi.caL waste i..'lI::inerater. Oil containi.11g measurable arrounes of PCBs less**t.~** 50 !?fIn could be precessed for 

### any use L"1CludL'"lg as**fu~:** or reclai.'11ed lubricating or hydraulic oil, but 

### could not be 

### used as 

### road .oil":or 

### as a constritnient; of c...T"ly 

### sealant, coatir:.g,

BudJ:·:J:I.),t{c Fluids Oil is used as a lew vd.scosi.ty fluid 

### in hydraulic syscems, and PCB based hydraulic fluids 

### were widely 

### used prior to 1972. 

### 'I'he rrost expensive (and**~11uting)** use was in die casting rrachi.nery, PC.3 Cased hydraulic fluids were al.so 1J.S€d in 

### constzuct.ion machizery, razm rrachariery (a 

### source of feed contarnination) (1) and 

### i."'l deep mining

### ~t ",,""here t.'J.e
use 

### of PCBs resul,ted 

### in greater fire safety. Alt.:,ough hydraulic systens are r:cmi...'1ally ai.r-tight, Leaks may 

### occur at dynamic seals ar::d rrajoz spills 

### may occur 

### due 

### to hose rupture. NoJ'.:7nal leakage is collected in drip 

### pans. 'ItJe rupture of a rose can spray hydraulic fluid over a large area due to high O"p"--ratix1g pressures. It has been 

### estimated t."1at 8055 of phosphate estar hydraulic fluid losses OC:C..ll:" due 

### to leakages 

### in the hydraulic 

### syst:en. (2) In certai."'1 Irdustir.i.es, cperator's state

### t~t it is rroze efficie."1t to continually add hydraulic fluids to the syscen 

### ratr'.er than shut ti'...e systiem down, repair any leaks, ard refill the system. 

### Leakage 

### f.r:cm these systerrs is often collected. and reclaimed. (1) U.S. Cepartre.nt of Agricult1J.re Ad Hoc Group on:?CBs.**~icult'.lreJs Res~**  fOTISibility Conce.."7I.ing Po1ychlorir,at2d. Biphenyls (FC'Bs) Washi..'1gton, D.C. Office of Science and Education, U.s.**De~-trne.'1t:** 

## at f"\griculc..rre, 1972. (2) lapp, T.W.**(~..idwest** Research Ir...stitute), The t'l..a.'1ufact:t:lre ar.d Use of selected and Alkyl A:r:yl Phoschate Este.:?:s, EPA**S60/6~76~0081** Feb. 1976, p. 77.



### -84=M:msarrto manufactarred allTOSt. all t:.:';'e PCB=-base::1 hydraulic fluids.- When**~"IDto** d.i.scorrtrirmed ,l1lcnufact:Jring J?CB=.bas€d. hytLraulic fluids 

### in 1971, tl1ey did 

### rot zeccnrrerd**ci.,~L"ling** 

### or flushing 

### of hydzaul.Lc sys'cems but 

### t1;at, replacement fluids s.,,':ould be added to 

### t..:,e re:m.ini.ng FeB fluids .;n 

### tt:e system. As 

### a result, hydraul.ic SYSU".!TIS which used PCEls L'1 1972 azd 

### prior, years T:'DN 

### corrca.i.n**rel?lac€'~.ent** 

### fluns corrcaminazed with .006 to 50% FCBs 

### as discussed 

### in Olapter 10. 

### 'The total 

### arrount; of ccrrcanunatdon is 

### a function 

### of che sys-eem 

### Leakaqe ard dilu'ti..on 

### during**t.~e** 

### past; £i

### ve years 0 A 

### portion of the ava.ilable used i.n.dustrial hydraulic 

### oil is refined and sold for reuse as hydraulic 

### oil. 'This specaal.Lzed reclai.!,1i..'1.g se-rvice is fuzrri.shed by the follcw"ing four ccmpani.es 

### ,tJtUc."l reel.aim a total of about; 150,000 gallons of hydraulic 

### fluid 

### r;:er year. Eo F. Houghton and Co., Philadelphia, Pe..l1..'l"JSYlvania Radco CoJ:p:lration, LaFox, Illinois 

### Fir.dett, Ioco, 

### St. Charles, llissouri WaJ.lover COrr.;)., East L.iverpco.l, ohio ./,j'

.**{,~** ",."

AutomobiZ-e**c:r2._~Al** Lubr-i.cairi-nq Oil 

### '!he errourrc of used. oil collect

... ed for reuse 

### in 1970=71 was acout; 900 rr..illion gallons Fer year, wit.'l an aCditional 600 million gallons used intez:nally foy: 

### fuel or dust 

### control

'"" (1) f . d -----J 

### on zoads, 'r.hus? alxmt 60 percent of tl"..e areount; 0 TIe,.; oil so

### ld 'NaS z'euseo,**~..ajor** uses of t,"1is 

### oil ',.;ere as fuel. (1028 

### million g-allons), read oil (319 million gallofl.s), and fee:istock for re=refined lubricat.ir:g oil (l38 million 

### gallons)

. The extent of PCB corrtarni.natzion of chi.s oil 

### was staid.ied on a li..1u:ted basis by the EPA National Enforcement Investigation Ce.'1ter (NEIC) in Denver. (2) Samples of oil w'Bre taken fran se.l.ect.ed tank t..--uck lots of used oil t,loJat had teen co1lect.ed 

### in Ilirg;rria, Ma.:rylar:d, and. N:n,:"'c.hcaroli.."1a. This oil had been**dF~ivered** 

### to COnti.r:ent..u Forest L'1Cust=ies in Eoper,.ve.ll, Virg.ir.J.a, (1)**~wernsteL"1,** N.J. (Recon Syst.EmS? L"1c.) r Waste Oil Recycl.L"1g and Di.s-;:osal,**EPA-670/2~74-0S2,** Princeton, N.J.: August, 1974. (2) Magrtrler! Robert S. (Contine.ntal Forest LlJdustrie.s), testiirony presented. at the OS EPA Lnfozraa.L hear.inqs on the PCS ban regulations, )'Ja:;;hington, 

### D.C., July 

### 15, 1977.

### for use as suppl.errerrta.l fuel 

### .L'1 a st-;?am 

### bJiler of a paper 

### mill. The 

### oil had been collected pri.rnarily fzcm aucrobile service stations f although 

### it is**~ssible** t"lat sane ir:d.u.strial oil, inclu¢ting hydzaul.ic 

### ()il, had been .L':C1Uded. 

### in serre of che lots. FC:Bs 

### ",;ere foun::l in 

### the samples 

### of oil at ccncentrratrions ranging frcm 

### 3. 2 ppn to 

### 19.4 ppn. AIt.l-Jough t.'1e5e 

### oil samples we:re collected 

### from a restricted area, the 

### e."lCtent of PCB 

### correaminatacn is probabl.y 

### z'epr'e-- se.."1tative of waste oil**collec,~** t:l".IOllgr.out 

### the United States. rJ:'.b...e PCB 

### contamination 

### of**t.~** 

### waste oil could ccms f:rc:m corrtamanatied 

### ind:us·ttial hydraulic oil 

### or transfonr.er oil or: from J?CB 

### add.::,tives used in 1ubJ:ic'3.ti.1J.g oils prior 

### to 1973. In applications such as rail.road car**jo~.al** box o.i.l.s , FCBs may 

### have been used as lubricant 

### additives. (1) PCBs may also 

### [lave teen added to 

### autemobile transmission fluids to 

### ccrrczo.l t.l)e swelling 

### of oil seal,s, It**~d** 

### not be expectei that fCBs 'Ni.duld be destzoyed du.ring r8"- refining 

### of waste oils. PCBs were rex;::or-...ed to' be present; in 

### conca.'1t:ations_. of several, pa..""ts 

### mi.llion in 

### reclaime:l oil used to Lubr

### .icate 

### 'Nhetst:cnes. (2) 

### 13.3 Ccrnpliance Costs Collection of 

### any 'NaS"te 

### oil JJ.kely to be correaminatied wit .• h FCBs for a corrtzo.l.Led 

### use 'AiOuld rot be 

### att.."'a.ct:.ive finar..c:ially unl

### sss che 

### oil**~e.re** _ k:n::wn to 

### contain FCBs at levels be1cw 

### the control arrourrt, Analytical 

### costs for dete:ani.n.i.'1g low levels of PCBs 

### will be 

### ·conside..>ably hig'1:'.er**t;,~** 

### the costs quoced for tta..'1Sfo:rmer oil because nacural.Ly occurring SLllfur ard 

### chl.oztine in pet.."""Oleum 

### oils cause interfe.ra-x:es .in 

### the use of el.ectzon capttu:egas c..lJrcrraro;raphy at concerrcrataons of 5 PfITl ?C3s or bel.cw. 

### (3) These (l) 

### Mor.santo Cl:.emiC'3.1 

### Ccrnpany, Aroclors 

### for -, St. Louis,**~1J.:** 

### urdaned, (2) Weems I 

### George, (United Stat.''!::s Department of Interior, Denver, Colorado), "Polyc."1lori.'!1at.ed Biphe.'1yls" I File BLS**3-3~lOh,** June 13, 1977. (3) Hof.st3cler, R.A. (Ex:xon Research and Engineo.....ring Co.) 'I Lisk, D.J. I Bache I 

## e.A. (Cornell 

### University) r 

### "L"lt.erferen::e in t..'ue 

### Electron-=Capt'w.re Technique for Dete.:J::m.ir..ation 

### of PolychlorinateCl Biphenyls by Sul.fu.r-<:ontai.'1ing 

### cernin 

### Pet...""Uleum Products", 

### Bullet:!..'!. of Envi !:"Jr;.TfE.l"';tal C:mtaminat'; on a..r:d 1bxicoLocrv I Vol. 11, No.2, 1974.

### interfere.>;ees result 

### In false fXJsi.tive irriications of the presence of .FC3s

.. The 

### PCB 

### ccmponerrta can only be 

### resolve::i t..'1rough.complex clean-up 

### procedures
or the use of gas chrcrat:cgraphy jrrass**~,--"""OIret.."'""Y,** 

### tecr..niques tba

### t 'MJuld 

### cost up to 

### several hurrlred dollars per sample. 

### Road Oilina ¥ 

### 'Ihe rrost recent data 

### ir.dicates that road 

### oiling ccnsumes 319 

### million gallons of waste oil per year 

### (Figure 13. 0-1). 

### At an 

### application rate of 1/2 gallon per square yard, 

### this is 

### sufficient to 

### oil 45, 000 

### miles of roaci:way 24 

### feet 

### wide, The 

### proposed ban 

### regulations v;ccld forbid the use of oil contai.ni.ng detectable 

### errourrcs of PCBs for dust 

### contirol.. Fluids 

### fzom t-"'O..""'lS

### fczmeza are liJcely to 

### have det-"'Ctable arrounts and 

### ocher in::iustrial sources 

### are at least scmewhat; suspe::t. 

### C1.1rre.""'ltly these indust:::'ial oils are collected along with US€d 

### rrotor oil. Although**vL~in** 

### rrotor oil has ro 

### PCBs, used 

### rrotor oil may 

### have PCBs fran 

### previous recycling which 

### .i.n:luded

### ir..d~strial oil sources erronq**t.~** 

### feedstecks or fran old transmission oils which contained PCBs 

### as an 

### adCi.tive. Nevertheless, used 

### rrotor oil urmi

.. xed \

...**it.~** Lrdustrria.L 

### sources is unlikely to 

### contain as much 

### as 10 

### ppn PCBs, and may 

### have FC3 

### con:.entratio:r..s 

### w.at are l::.D:ietectable wit.l;.cut unusually elal:orate arrl 

### expens.ive analysis. N:::me of t.l-J.e re;:or---ed analyses of TNaSte 

### oil for PCBs was cased on 1.1S€d 

### rrotor oil without

.

### any fOssibility 

### of i...Jdustrial contaminaticn. Presumably waste oil solely fran autarotive sources lMJUld contain f<?NeI 

### PCBs. It 

### is doubnful, 

### tI'lat road 

### oiling could star.:d the costs of even "si.ruple" tests at $70 per sarnpl.a. Prosp:ctive road 

### oilers therefore lMJUld be 

### safer using waste oil if they take precautions to 

### ensure t.l;.at it does rot ccnea.in irriustrial oils (and 

### cer---airu.:r
no elect=icaJ. oils). cartpliance with the 

### requirem:.

.."lts of the proposed regula-tions cculd be 

### ach.i.eved by eithe= 

### of the follcwing strategies: (1) Avoid all waste 

### oil ani 

### substitute virgin oil at cons.iderab.Ie rronetary am 

### energy ccst where the custemer is willir.g to pay 

### the Increased prics. At 

### an average price of $.375 per gallon for #2 fuel 

### oil vs $. 

### 08 9€.r 

### gallon collection costs for used czank case oil, the cost of road oili..""1g woul.d i.r:crea.se (.375

- 

### .08) x i39 

### million gallons 

## = $94 million I;€r 

### year.



### -87-

### (2) Use 

### synthetzic road 

### stabilization 

### chemicaLs wmch 

### coch zeduce dust azd provide 

### surface stabilization. The**i:~reased.** 

### cost of t..'1is t:,.;pe 

### of rna.terial is 

### praserrt.ly offset by 

### lower read 

### madrrtenazce Costs on 

### heavi.Iy

.**t-~veled** 

### dLrc reads 

### at 

### mines and other industrial facilities. Savings Ln maarrtenance 

### on lightly t-..-aveled roads 

### \AlCUld be 

### less significant 

## an::. would 

### onl.y par-..ia.lly offset the increased. rraterial 

### costs. A 

### "='JPical synt.'letic rna.terial is 

### "Cohe.rexl1

, 

### rranu:factured by 

### Nit::o· O1emical Co. Th.i.s 

### rraterial is
an 

### organic resin in a water emllsic!1 wmch is sold fer 

### ;;1.25/gallon, 

### and applied after 

### a 

## 5 to 

### 1 water dilution at a rate of one gallon fer 

### square yard. Increased costs ir.currai by**t.~** 

### use of 

### this rrateria,l woul.d 

### be: Cohere:<: 

### 1/6 gallon per square yard @ 

### 1. 25 

### = .208 

### minus: Used 

### Oil: 1/2 gallon per 

### square yard @ •08 

## =

## ..:.£L equals: increased rrat°,.-ial cost per 

### square yard. .168


### x 14080 

### sq. yds. 

### per mile of 

### road 24 

### feet wide 

## = $2365 

### per mile 

### x 45,000 

### miles 

## = $106 

### million fer year, 

### '!hese increased costs will be 

### Incurxed until the 

### concerrczacion of PCBs in used !tOtor 

### oil drops 

### below detee+...able levels. In perhaps 

### five 

### years, it may be 

### fOssible 

### to use 

### waste !tOtor 

### oil for read oiling with little chance 

### of releasing PCBs 

### to the 

### envi.rorlm::nt, provided that care is taken to avcdd 

### using 

### waste indust-...-jal 

### oil. Ti'..e diverte::1 ir:dustrial 

### oil can be made up 

### at rrcdest; added 

### costs by 

### nore e:densive collection efforts partic..1lar1y in rural 

### areas. 'Ihe costs of obtaining this 

### replacerent rrotor oil for read 

### oiling ccnsists of costs to 

### pe..."'"Sl.lade service stations 

### to accept used. oil fran persons who 

### change oil themselves, ar:d 

### perhaps either greater storage capacity at stations or rrore freque."1t collections. Alten1atively, colle::::tors could travel fu.rt!"er 

### in r.J.ral

areas ani t-hm::**1ri~it-** TTT'"ln:> =nnrt;O**C:+~'Hr:m~** l"'lC':'\"t**~rl** of**r~l.:i.r:ry** ..-ystGrnS. These extra 

### costs 

### '.d1l rot J:e ir.curred 

### unless read 

### oilers will accept necessary price increases 

### to cover these costs. Total 

### costs might reasonably be expectied to 

### i'-'1crease .02 per gallon ($6.4 

### million 

### ser year) plus the risk of inadvertently using corrtamiriatied oil i.l'l 

### cccasicnal .inscarces,**.~ter** an 

### additional ten years, it 

### I1E.y zo longer i:e 

### necessary 

### to segregate the irriustrial oil, and costs .....-auld return .to their 

### present levels.



### -88-

### Users 

### Other then Road OiZers'



## . . 

### Al::out 27 

### million gall0rl:? 

### fer year of**t-~fam.er·** 

### oil "'{ill 

### rot. be


### avai J

### able to 

### collectors, 

### thus initially reducing the total 

### supply. other 

### ir.dustrial 

### oils mayor may rot be 

### corrtaminaced with FCBs; 

### to ce 

### absolutely sa£e, the recycling industry**~d** 

### avoid 

### than.

.Ir.div:idual 

### irihist=ial firms


### can probably continue to 

### use their 

### own waste oil 

### as fuel 

### oil if they make 

### initial and 

### cccasdcnal, later s:I;:Ot 

### check la1:::cratory 

### analyses to make 

### sure tb.e.i.r 

### oils continue to 

### contain less than 

### 50 ppn PCBs. The .i.Inpact on 

### re-refiners (who make**re-ref~..ed** 

### lube oil) and 

### external 

### prccessors (rNho precess rHaSte 

### oil for use as fuel 

### oil) will depend


### on what happens 

### to road 

### oiling. A 

### strict e.11.forcerent p:;licy wi

### t..'1 cccas.ional, all-out efforts to 

### firxi P:Bsin waste 

### oil could prevent its use ·as road

.

### oil.

. Diversion of r.vaste 

### oil frcm 

### t.fll.s 

### use**·~d·** 

### create a ·large. 

### Inczease .L'J. supply for prccessors ar.d 

### re-refine.rs, Probably rrost of this 

### 'NOUld origir.ally 

### go to fuel 

### oil use sir..ce**t..~e** 

### capacity of**re-ref~..ers~** 

### is limited an::l 

### the coriSurrer acceptan::e of used 

### rrotor 

### oil is 

### limited. 

### later, a majority of the 

### increase ,might go 

### to re-re.finers if the Frost and 

### Sullivan market proje:ctions of 23 

### keent grcwth f€I

### year until 

### 1985 proves 

### to be 

### even roughly accurate. 

### (1) '!his 

### would provide an 

### ext::a use as 

### lu1::e oil while retaining rrost; 

### of 

### the heat value for 

### later use. 

### Col-l-ectors If collectors avoid**t-~foz:mer** 

### a.n .d 

### i.n::lustrial 

### oils, their 

### total business will decrease. Hcwever, 

### haulage of 

### tr..e corrtaminaced 

### oils to 

### chemical waste 

### :ir.Cire...-rators will be requ.ireCi ar.d 

### could offer neN 

### market opp:Jrtur...ities 

### to the collectors. 

### Processors Waste 

### oil fer fuel use 

### sh::Juld l:ecorne rroxe 

### ple..'1tif'ul as 

### use fo:::: road 

### oiling is 

### discouraged 

### or made .in'Jt:ossible by the regulation. The effect of a larger supply of waste 

### oil on the 

### price to 

### processors throretically '...culd (1) 

### Maugn, 

## -r.w., llRere.fined 

### Oil: An 

### Cption 'I':'..at saves Oil, 0'1.in.irnizes PollutionII,**SCier~e** 

### 193, 

### p. 1108-1110, September 

### 17, 1976.

-89-l::e to 

### lcwer**t.~** 

### price. Heweva', si..TX:e use on coal in 

### cailers 

### is relatively' troublefree 

### an::1**expandible~** 

### tJus 

### use is 

### probably 

### verj eleastic. Conseque..1'1tly if coal burning 

### plants 

### can absorb 

### the ircrea.c::a:i supply,' ·,.;hich 

### seems likely,· the 

### price decrease stould be 

### I"..egligible. Re-refirwrs 

### Re-refir..ers 

### of lubricating 

### oils should J:e 

### op=.ratei at capac.izy ar.d 

### t.'1us J:e 

### rrore profitable.. The 

### recycling 

### etille r:ote-l'ltially 

### can be used 

### to expard 

### the rrarket far used lube 

### oil faster than i.r:dustry capac.i.ty, 'Ibis 

### will be 

### especially 

### true for indust:!:'ialani cam:ercial fleets, but 

### might be 

### e.xte..rded to 

### pezsonal, cars. 

### Similarly, increases in 

### darestic crude 

### oil 

### prices would 

### ir.crease the 

### market for all 

### uses of 

### wasce oil. 

### Info.t!l1ation· collected t.J,mugh 

### telepmne inte-rvie..vs ir.dicates that at 

### least three of the 

### canpanies which 

### re-refine hydr.aulic 

### fl1:lid re::eive hydraulic 

### fluids whic.'1 

### are contaminated with P:Bs. These fluids are sorretimes corrtami.nazed to the 

### extent 

### of 

### 6000 

### ppn. In noSt cases, 

### the reeJ.a.irni.ri:T precess 

### reroves ro nore than 10% 

### of t;l'I.ese FCBs. (1) It is 

### also 

### reFQrted that the COn

### centration of FCBs 

### In 

### scrne 

### of the 

### hydraulic 

### fluid 

### applications ericountered 

### by 

### these**canr;ar~es** 

### rerrains at 

### approximately 2000 ppn despite repeatai 

### flush.i..'1gs ar:d 

### drainings. In such 

### cases, lcwer P:B levels rray be 

### achievable t.."lrough the
use of**~-t.ivated** 

### carton filt-""C.tion. '!tose trjdraulic systzns 

### contaminated with 

### FCBs will be 

### identified as 

### required by 

### other 

### provisions of the 

### draft 

### regulations. Once this is 

### done, waste oil**~rom** 

### tb..ese 

### machines an:1 

### fran**t.~e** 

### oil 

### separators in 

### plants using**t.~** 

### macai

.. "'leswill probably 

### have 

### to be 

### diverte:l fran fuel 

### use to 

### chemical waste inci.TJ.era

### tors. '!he 

### price differential eetr,.;e-::>Jl 

### re-ref.ir.=rl and 

### virgin 

### hyd.....-a.ulic fluid is al:::out 

### four do] lars per gallon. 

### 'I11e requirement tljat corrtamiriaced hydraulic oil be 

### incine-rated rray reduce the supply of**re-re£~~** 

### oil fran 150,000 gallons 

### per year to 

### 50,000 gaJ.lons par YefJI. This 

### W'Ould result 

### in increased cOsts of 

### ($4.00 per gallon x 

### 100,000 gallons per 

### year 

# = $400,000 (1) 

### Teleptone conversation, I:wa.in Fcwkes (RAOCO Corp.)**wit.~** 

### L. Fourt 

### (Versar) , SeptEITber 

### 19, 1977.

-90-:Q& 

### year), and could force the 

### closi.r.g 

### of t:.:ree srall fi:::ms 'vYit.1-l 

### a total 'YlOyrre..1J.t of 12 to 15

## J;:eJ:'SOI'.s~

, , 

### IndustriaZ Waste Oil.**Gener~tors** 

### Ttose i.n:iustries whose waste oil cont.ai.ns rrore than 50 

### ppn R:3s will 

### have to ir:cur disE=csal 

### costs of 

## s,0832(1...b. 

### Ev'en ir.dustrial oil contaminated wit.1-l less than 50 

### ppn PCBs 

### may be 

### avo.ided by 

### 'NaSte oil collectors. This will rot be a 

### big problem for 

### coal, burners. 

### Fuel oil burning ccmcanzes 

### can use a m.ixture of waste ar:d 

### virgin oil but t.h..ere are technical proble:ns to l:e 

### rre..stere:i 

### In this 

### use. Contir..enta..l Forest Ir.dustries i..':d.icate:i**t.~t** 

### up to 14 pezcent; waste oil mixed**wit.~** 

### ;6 residual oil is feasible. The result 

### may l:e 

### the"developnent of a separate 

### ma.rket for irdustrial oil with 

### lew levels

. " 

### of FC8s'

## tqr**'~** 

### as fuel. Long 

### te.:tm 

### econ:rnic :impacts sh:luld not l:e 

### ;significant.

t,
. ..;,), 

### 13 . 4 

### "S1.'l!m'.arV

.......... ,'- 

# .'

. ",-;, (" 

### .. , CorrrcJl.ia:nce Costs :. 

### Road Oil 

### -i.n::=ease:i costs of 

### virgin or 

### synthetic material (years 1-5) Read 

### Oil

- 

### ir.c.reased. cost of obtaining adequate 

### supplies of segregated used 

### rrotor oil (years 

### 6-15) LDst prcduction of 

### re-refined hydraulic fluid 

### Emvl.oyment Effects 

### $100 

### million/year

$6.4 

### million/year $ . 

### 4 million/year



### 'TI1ree small re-re£iners rray close with 

### a loss of 

### 12 to 

### 15 jobs. Shifts will 

### occur In the 

### collection segn.ent of the 

### ir.dustry, l::ut 

### will prcbably 

### have little net impact on e:rrplayme!'lt.



### -91-

### · . 

### 14.0 PC3S p..s**t:lN:Th"TENrI~L** 

## p:scoocr**~TAJ.'\lTS** 

### Although rrest of the 

### PCBs 

### i.'"l use were. pzcduced 

### by**~nsanto** 

### as tbe 

### pr±mar.l prcduct of 

### a reaction 

### precess, other cherrical, 

### reactions 

### can prcduce 

### FeEs as by

### prcductis, resulting in 

### ccrrtarainatrion of 

### ccrrrnerciaJ. chenical,s,**S~arly,** 

### corrcamination 

### erE existing matsrial 

### may r=---Sclt 

### in FCB 

### cont.ami.r..ation of prcduccs 

### rna:ie by recyc1..in;;" these rrater;**~J** s , RecjCled 

### paper'is 

### kr.cwn to be contzminaced 

### with PCBs 

### at lew 

### levels, 

### but a detailed st?..riy' 

### of 

### this 

### indu.strj' ind.icat""-d tb..at it ',.;ould 

### not be 

### afie-_'ted by the 

### 50 

### ppm 

# l..imit on ?::B 

### concaminacion, (1) Polydllor:LT'lated**1:.er?~...enyls** have also been rep::lrte:1 

### to be 

### ccrrtaminacedwi.th PCBs 

### fanred 

### as a side. 

### reaction during

## manU£a~.....ng, (2) 

### but 

# w..e sole 

## u.s. distribu--..or of 

### t.l.lls material has 

### rep:;rtEd1.y 

### assured 

### its major a:IStcrrEr that 

### it w:Juld 

### wazrant,**t..~a:t** 

### futu.re shiprrents 

### wi.ll contain 'less 

### than 50 

### ppm PCB. (3)
The 

### only chemicals 

### kncwn to 

### be ccnceminaced wit..." PCBs i:l 

### conCentrations exceedanq 50 

### ppn are pb.tJ1.alocyanine 

### blue and 

### green pigrre.TJ.ts end 

### the 

### diarylic.e yel1cw pigrren.ts. 14.1 Fequirerents 

### of 

### tr..e Prq;:osed Pegu.1ations 'I.'t"..e 

### regulations ban the 

### contLT'lUed manufaccure of 

### fCs after Cecerrber 

### 31, 

### 19i8. 

### nti.s ban 

### also af?9lies to 

### rnixtaires ccrrcain

. 

### .i.r:q :TD-re 

### tnen 50 ppm 

### PCBs re.gar.....J.ess of wnet.l;,er t,l;e. 

### PCBs**~e** adced 

### inte.."1tioiJ.ally 

### or foJ:::ITECi.

. during 

### manufaci:ure as an un.L."1tEnticnal by 

### prcdpcts. 

### 14. 2 CcrrrDliance Costs



## .**Phtr~locuanine** 

### Piaments

H 

### Phthalccyanir..e pigme.."1ts 

### are major 

### sources of 

### heat- and 

### lightstable 

### bItE and 

### green colors in the 

### plastics and 

### printing inks iLdustries. L"1 ti'..e 

### rnanU£act:.lre of 

### ecpp:.r phtb.alocyanine blue pig:o:mt (phthal.o blue), the


### (1) Versar L'1c., 

### Involvem:nt ofFCBs in**t.~** 

### Pulp and Paper 

### L"1dust::'y, EPA 560/6-77-005,**Febr~l** 

## 25, 1977. (2) 

### Versar L11.c., 

### Asses.srrent of 

### the 

### Envi.ronl1Ental and Erorornic L"TIOa.cts of the 

### Ban 

### on 

## :rm;::or---s of PCBs, EPA 560/6-77-007, Februa...ry 

### 22, 1977". , (3) 

### Personal o:nm..m.ication, L.M. Arg1.:eso (M. p..rgueso end 

## cs., Mar:naror.eck, N. Y.) I At:.gUS't 30, 

### 1977.



### -92-**CD~** used 

### in 

### the reaction apparently catalyzes the 

### deb.yCL..--oC:lloriI'.ation of**t..~** 

### -)trichJ.arate...T1Ze..'1e ('ICB) 

### solvent 

### used 

### in tre process 

### to

### fo~ varyil-:.g

### ~~" of 

### 'trichloro and 

### pentacal.oro biphe

.. '1Yl riSidt.:e in 

### the product. Further 

### dllorir'.aticn of phthalo bl1.::e to 

### make phtbalo 

### green pignE.'1.t 

### results .in the fm::rr.ation 

### of PCBs residues 

### in t..1.e green 

### preduct. Ccrre.stic and 

### foreign manufacturers of phtnalc pigrrents, using**t.~** 'I'C8 

### sol

### vent, precess, hav-e tested 

### these pig:me.f"lts for 

### FC3s level. Results i..f1.dicate that**t.~** proCESS 

### c:onsiste..'1tly prcduces pigrrents 'trith 

### PCBs residues In the 

### 100-300 ppn 

### range. One 

### analysis from a d.orrestic manufactnrrar rePJ.rt2d. concerrcrataons as high 

### as 1000-2000 

### FPIl. Several U.

## s. cc::m;anies 

### manufacture the 

### E;i1**t.~o** 

### pigrre.1'1ts fran the 

### basic raw materials," while 

### t..'1.e ot.l-rer U.S • 

### c::rnpan.ies mazxetrinq these 

### pigrre.1'1ts**1~** 

### foreign TCB-based crude 

### pigrents and purify 

### chem 

### for 

### sale .in 

### the Unit...ed 

### states. Unc.er the 

### proposed FC3 ban regu.latior..s, all of these manufacturers are 

### In effect prcducanq a FeB 

### mixture 

# wmc..'1 could riot J:e 

### sold or 

### distributed .in 

### ccrrrezce 

### effective 30 

### days 

## "a..r-...er pranulgation of**t..~** 

### draft =egulaticns.

### Discussions 'trith 

### tb..e 

### dar.estic prrtha.lo 

### pig:m=.nt manufactnzar

### s have disclosed t.lJ.at cn.ly one manufacturer dces not use**t.~** 

### TCB so.lverrc precess 

### :\(kerosene is 

### used as**t.~** 

### solve.'1.-=' ; n a ?ropriet.:::"""j process end the 

### pigrn:mt ?ro- 

## '.,bred has 

### essentially 

### zero PCBs). All otb..e.r 

### darestic and 

### foreign manufacturers

use TC3 solvent," 

### and are aCOJ:rd.i...f"lgly faced 

### 'Nit.'1 major precess revisions 

### to c:::ITIf'ly 

### with 

### t.;"..e proposed SO ppn PCBs 

### Limi.t; In their prcduct, The 

### concentration of PCBs.in 

### the phthalccyanine blue an::l 

### green pisrrents can reFOrtedly be 

### reduced to 

### l:elc.:w 50 ppn by 

### a chance .in 

### the so.Lvent; 1J..S8d in the manufacturing proCESS. 

### Such a" change 

### will requL--e 

### rrcdificc.tior.s of the 

### process 

### and quality 

### centrol procedures, and may' 

### oost $100,000 for each of t..'1e fi\7'e 

### or so manufacturers and 

### i.rr;;crt""rs 

### of the 

### material. S.inca uncorrcarrd.nated 

### pigrre."1t 

### is available fran one U.

## s. manufacturer, tl'..ere is sufficient 

### price c:::m

### p:titicn to prevent; these Increased c::JS"""t-S 

### fram J:eing passed 

### along in 

### higher prCduct prices. 'The 

### effect wculd 

### t..'1erefcre be 

### a decrease in 

### corpozace profits.

-93-Di

### arytide 'pigrents 

### are**t..~** 

### major :t-el1.cw 

### pigrne.T'lts used 

### in printing Lnka, 

### These pig:re'1ts are maCe 

### by 

### reactions 

### of precursor's "Nilic.'1. 

### .L'"'.clpc-,,· didl1oroOe."1Zidi..r..e. .;. miner 

### side reaction results In 

### the deerninatricn 

### of 

### t:-..e cenz.idene resulting 

### 1.-,. 

# t.r:e forrnatdon of 3,3 'dich1orcbiphe..1'1yl. 

### A:cc::lI:'d.i."1g t:;:) ton Mc;rgan 

### of

### ~::e Dry 

### (bIer «f.anufact:...tte!:'s 

### Association, (1) rrost; 

### diarylid.e ye.llcw 

### pigrrents are ccrrcanrinated**wit.~** FCBs at concerrcratdcns 

### of several hundred par'"'<-s 

### Fez:' millien.**Alt.~gh** 

### a f2:Jl 

### batd"..:es of pigrrent have 

### been found to 

### cent-a; 1""]; 

### less than 50 pp:n 

### POs, the i.'1du.s---...rj 

### is rot lc:t 

### able to control the 

### manufact:tlri.1'1g 

### precess 

### to reliably acai.eve t..us lew le-.:;el 

### of PCB contani.na.tion. 

### Sales 

### of diarylide 

### yellcw !?igrrent 

### in 1976 were eccut, 12.66 million FOUIlds

## ha~-Ilg a value 

### in excess of $52 

### million. (1) 

### This 

### pigrr:e.."1t:.vas contaminated 

### with pernaps several thousand FOunds. 

### of**.3,31~c.'1...lorcbiphe..'1yl,** 

### whid1 

### is a relatively bicdegradible 

### isarer 

### of PCB. If 

### t..'1.e 

### proposed PC8 

### ban =esulaticr..s result LTl 

### an 

### effec+"--ive ban 

### on t..'1e manufacture of 

### chi.s i-ellcw'

## d:::t'e,**m::::s~** 

### 610ree printing Inks 

### will 

### have 

### to be 

### re.fo.!.m.1lated, resulting 

### in serre lost prcductd.cn while teCmical changes 

### are made 

### in**t.~** 

### $690 million/year Ink 

### i.!1Custrjand the 

### $43 hi 11 j 

### on par 

### l-ear 

### graphic arcs ind1..1S'"...rj. 

### Th=.re is 

### no tedmolcgy 

### evai.Lab.le that 

### can reliably 

### reduce the 

### c:nc:e.!1t::ation 

### of PCBs in 

### diarylide 

### yeilcw pigrrents to 

### i::elo-v 50 ppn. If**t.~** 

### ben
on 

### t.'1.e rnanu.:fact:ure of 

### PC:Ss after De::em1::er 

### 31, 

### 1978, res..llts 

### in an 

### effect.:..vc: ban


### en the 

### rnanufaetu.re 

### of 

### tt.J..s pigrrent, 

### lost 

### sales of this**~terial** 

### will ce about; $52 millicn per 

### year. lUter:i:1ative pis;rrents are 

### available, but 

### cr..eir use results 

### Ln higr..er 

### ink. casts as the 

### altp1"'!'.ative 

### materials are less effective and/or 

### more 

### e..-q;:e.TlSiva, L"lcrea..sed 

### costs due 

### to the 

### c:anversion 

### to substi

### t:!.lte rr.ate.rials may 

### equal 

### 20 p;.rC?nt to 

### 50 pero:..'1t of the 

### value of the 

### discantin1.,jSC yellcw 

### pis;rrS'lts r 

### or $10 million 

### to $25 

### m.i.l.lion FBr year. 

### The::e 

### should be 

### no net err;;loyme..'1t e£::ect5 

## as tl"e 

### pzcduccaon 

### of substitute materials 'Nill 

### offset the 

### losses fr8I11 the disc:::n

### tinuation 

### of manufacture 

### of ti:e 

### di.aryLide 

### yellcw. Hcw9ver, sevezal, 

### hundred jcbs 

### may be 

### affec-...ed 

### at the i..'!l:pact.e::i 

### manufactnzi

.......

"1g 

### facilities, and 

### an unkncwn 

### errount.



### .of prcduction equiprent 

### wculd lose econanic 

### value.

(1) Te.Lepr..cne conversaticn, Con M:Jrgan (Attor7'.ey 

### for tne Dry 

### Color Manufactu:re-rs 

### .r...sscciation) with R. W::;St:LT1 

### (Versar), Septenter 22 I 

### 1977.



### -94-

### 14. 3 Surn:n.a.. ,.··l**Comvliar~e** 

### Costs

Pht:.b...a.lccyani.ne Blue

- Production changes Diar.f.1.i.de YellCW"

- Increased 

### c:.sts of substitute pic;m=nts 

### Employment Effects $500,000 - 1978 $10 rniJ J

### ion to 

### $25 

### million cez**'le~r** 

# ... 

# ..

Several hundred.

### jobs v.ould 

### ce a£feci:-od 

### if 

### the rranufacture of diatylid.e :Y6llcw pigrre."1ts 

### we-re banne:l. 'I'h£=se WOlld be offset by 

### e..rrrployment 

### increases in the 

### segm::nts" of the 

### pigrr.ent L1'1dustry SD;)plyi.'1g 

### tne sucstatirta 

### mate-rials.

z:



### -gS-

### 'ilie use of FC3S in the 

### rranufactirre of rJ.etl 

### capacitors is

### ex-~...ed to. 

### er.d by 

### mid 

### 1978 due 

### to a number 

### of factors ir.clt:ding the 

### ending of prcducti 

### on of 

### PCBs by**~bnsanto** 

### in 

### Cctobe.r f 

### 1977 

### ar.d t.lj.e 

### zero PCB discharge requira-ner:ts impJseJ. 

### on the rr.a.nufacturing plants by 

### the 

### EPA 

### un:ier aut.1.ority 'of t:.:'1e Fe::leral Water 

### Pollution Cont.:.."""Ol Act. (1) 

### 5:Jwever f 

### the 

### decision of

## t.~ capacitor manu

### facturers to 

### discontinue the use of FCBs with::mi: atte:nptL-:.g 

### to develop al.cernaze sources of 

### supply after M:::lI"..santo 

### stoppe:1 prcductzicn was rrade In 

### anticipation of the implerr.entation 

### of the Ban 

### Regulations of 

### Section 6(e) of the Toxic 

### Substances COnt..---ol Act. 

### Alt.b..ough 

### t.1.e EPA 

### apparently has IX) 

### dis

### cretion .in t..'1e 

### L"'i1p1eme.'1ti.ng t.1.e can on the use of 

### PCBs in tb.e 

### manufactnzre of capac.i.tozs f 

### t.1.e 

### econ:.:rnic impact 

### of the chance to al

### te.rnate**rraterial~** 

### ard 

### designs is 

### lli-.6.0ubted1y the 

### result of 

### t.1J.e provisions .of 

### the Act 

### as. irc:p1emerrced by 

### the proposed 

### regulations. 15 .1 Reaui.re.rnents of the Prm:osed ReoulatloI"l.8

d The proposed 

### :::egulations**~NCU1d** ban 

### the manutacture of capaci.tors ccnta.in.i.r.g PC:3s after Cecenber 

### 31, 

### 1978 as t.1.e 

### EPA has 

### dete-.·"1!1i.ned**t..~t** 

### t...:,e ban 

### in Toxic Substances Cont.."'V1 Act 

### on the manufaccure 

### of FCBs applied also 

### to the 

### manufacture of items rNhic.1. are considered to 

### te I'PCB 

### Articles" or "PCB Equipre..'1t. JI 

### 15.2 

### cacacitor Production and 

### Sales
PCBs 

### have been 

### used as a dielectric liquid L'1 

### rrost of 

### the alt.e-rnati.ng 

### current capacitors rranufactured 

### since 1930. FCBs provided t...1.e 

### advantage of r.cn-flarrmability**~I'lh.ich** 

### is not available wit.1. 

### e1eet=ically suitable 

### alt°J:T1.ative 

### liquids. 'TIle c.evelopnent and corrrrercial L'1.trcduc---:'on of r:.on-PCB 

### capacitors started 

### in 1975 

### in response to 

### gra;.ri.."'1g 

### concern 

### over the 

### environrrental ef£ec-...s 

# or FC3s. The tiIre 

### requi.=ed to 

### develop various t"fF€s of non-?:B capacitors
(1) EPA, "Final Cecision, " Federal Registo r , 

### Febrwary 

### 2,1977, pp. 6531-6555.



### -96-has been 

### a function of the fire hazard wt....ic.:' would 

### result from**t.~** 

### failure of Se<;me.T'ltaticn of t.lris .indusczy 

### by typ: 

### of capac.i,tor 

### is to calculate the impacts 

### of, the dra£t 

### regulations, 'c·

.

P::B 

### capacitors have been made 

### L"'1 rrany 

### differe.'1tsizes and in 

### designs suitable for 

### rrany differe.'1t voltages and 

### applications. For 

### the purpose of t.';.is analysis, all 

### of the various typ:s of PCB 

### capacitors will be 

### classified as 

### either power 

### fac-...or capacitors or L"'1dustrial capac.i

### tors. Po-ver 

### fact:Jr capacitors


### are those large high voltage .uni.tis 

### used by 

### utilities to 

### correct for lagging fCWer 

### factor 

### in electric tr-ansnission and 

### distribution sysnsms , 

### Industrial capacitors include all other 

### typ=s of PCB units whf.ch 

### are used 

### in asscciation wi

### t.'1 SfeCitic tYFes of equi;rrent 

### such as electric rotors, flucresce.'1t light bal.Lascs r 

### and electronic circuitry, 

## census figures for capacitors are collected 

### by t.\;,e 

### U,S. Cepartrr.ent 

### of Ccnmerce en 

### t.t:e basis of seven digit SIC 

### cedes. 'TI"'.e 

### rrost; recerrc dab 

### at this level of disaggregation was 

### obtaine3 

### .l..T'l 

### 1972 and 

### is surrrrarized 

### LTl Table ,1.5

### ,2:-1·

_ .. be.lew. 

### M:Jre i..nforrnation at t..'1is level wi.Ll, be 

### obtai.r red 

### Ln 1978, 

### but will net be 

### available for seveza.L 

### years.

Table 

### 15.2-1 FCB 

### Ca-::acitor Pro::iucnon arrl 

### Sales: 

### 1972 (1)

>



### Shunt an:::l 

### Series Fewer 

### Factor Correction C-€n""ralPurpose V..otor Control Fluorescent Light Ballast Cap3.citors a.r.d. 

### other capacitors except elect-ranic Production-Dnits 

### 192,700 22,100,000 mt available Sales-t,1illion $ 

### 41.1 

### 39 32.3

(1) Source: U.S. Departrrent of Carrrerce, Electrical t-'f..easurE!T'€nt a.n:l 

### Distril:ution Equip:rent, Publication**r~** 

### (2-36A) ,



### -97-

### Annual 

### estimates of capacitor. 

### sales v-olt..:ri:'.e are available on an aggregate1:asis fran a 

### 20% survey 

### of manufaec.rre...rs at the five digit 

### SIC cede 

### level. 

### '!he recent; L"1.foJ:::!'ation 

### avaj 1

### able 

### fzxm t.ns 

### source is 

### surrmardzed 1..1'1 

### Table 15.2-2. Table 15.2-2(1) PCB 

### capacitor sales

- by Year Year 

### sales

- Million 

### Collars 

### 1972 112.4 

### 1973 143.1 1974 157.3 1975 119.3 1976 149.0 (1) 

### Source: U. S • D€p:3.rtrrent 

### of 

## can:rer::e
15.3 CcmDliance Costs

. 'There are 

### t.'lO 

### tasic tecr.u:olcgical alternatives available to capac

### itor rranufacturers 

## wro must deve.Lop ron-FeB 

### capacitor product; 

### Lines, 

### Tr..e direct, arrl 

### probably sh:;,rt 

### term, solution to t."'1e 

### prob.Iem is to 

### develop a di

### electric Li.qu.id which 

### can l:e 

### used as. a direct replacere.1'1t 

### for FCEs 

### ',o/it.\ll.,,"! t.."1e 

### presently l..J.Se:1 

### techrDlo;y 

### of capacitor pro::iuction L"'1volvi.'1g 

### alt:minum foil arxi 

### par;er 

### as a solid Cielectric. This 

### type 

### of 

### ccnserucc.ion has been 

### developed. to 

### rraxirni.ze t..l-}e edvarrcaqes achievable using PCBs as a liqui.d cielectric.**.~** al.carnatdve approach 

### woul.d be to 

### develop a rJE.!N 

### teehr:ology 

### 'Nhich makes opti.rnum use 

### of the 

### materials rerraining available to 

### p.rcC:uct designers.

. . 

### Muc.J.:L effort has been 

### spent, L"'1 evaluating materials for use as FCB 

### substitutes 

### in 

### roth ,the U.S. 

### arrl 

### in foreign countries.**~b** 

### substitute liquid has been 

### developed which 

### equals FeB 

### in dielectric pro?erties I 

### fire 

### z'es.i.s'tance, and 

### stability. &"'1y trade-off entails enhancing electric"'.l 

### :;erfomance at**t.~** 

### expense of enviramentaJ. or safety considerations. 

### Lupreqr.at.i.r:g capacitors 

### with alternative dielectric fluids ar..d/or 

### redesigning then 

### rray



### -98-

### result 

### in substantial reteoling I 

### research ar.d 

### deve.loprerrc, and orhez prcduct.ionSUCh 

### costs.are. nozmal.Ly 

### high at first, s.irice 

### the Industzy 

### is 

### cnaraccerized as 

### Infarrc:

.i.e., it is fackg' a ne,.;learning 

### curve due 

### to the prcduct.ion 

### of t.echr:ologically 

### nell capacitors. Hcwever, sir.ce all 

### manufacturers are developing ron-FCB capacitors, and 

### sir.ce chese 

### new prcduc

### cs will be 

### Irrcrcduced esaerrtii.al.Ly simultaneously, t.."1e.re will 

### ce substantial cernpetition whicb. will prevent the rapid 

### ree::Ner.y of developne..'1t ar.d 

### teeli.;,g costs through rrarket skimning. 'Ihere£orel. it is e:q;ect.ed 

### that che 

### initial product; 

### prices will close.ly approxirnate 

### the long te..rm 

### CCII"!F€ti tive price 

### sczucture of ti'..e 

### capacitor Irxaistzy. A 

### revisV' of t..h.e present; 

### status of each 

### of**t..~** 

### rrajor .segments 

### of the capacitor .industzy should 

### previde an 

### accurate picture of 

### tr..e response 

### of t..1U..s industry 

### to the PCB 

### ban 

### regulations. 

### Power Factor Cavacitors large p:JWer 

### factor correction capacitors which or;erate at voltages atove 2000 volts are used by elec---ric utilitie,s to cornpensatie 

### for ir..c.uctive-· current lags caused by .i.rrluctive rotors and 

### other similar rrachanery

. 'It..ese 

### capacitors are usually trounced 

### out of dcors LT'l substar.ions 

### or onjxwer pol.es, 

### risk of significant fire losses is incurred by the 

### use of a dielec'"...=ic liquid in these 

### units. Prior to 1977 I there 

### were four rranufacturers of 

### FCB r;cwer 

### fac:tor

. capac

### i 

### tors. All four of these rranufacturers discontinue:l the use of FCBs 

### durir.g 1977 ar:d 

### intreduce:l non-PCB 

### capacitors having the sarre 

### fun::tional specEications as 

### replacer.e.11t prcducts. Table 15.3-1 lists the rranufac-turers of these large capacitors and 

### surrmarizes the 

### tec.hnology used in the 

### ne,.; prcducts .irrcrcduced by 

### each manufacturer. 

### The selling**p~ices** 

### of these 

### large capacitors are r.egotiated on the basis of large orders, an::i 

### ro published. price lists are a'Vailab1e. B::Jr.tv-ever, Versar 

### est.i.rrates t..'1a.t the 

### Prices of t...'1e cacac--



## .. - itprs rranufactured by 

### Westingl:ouse, G€neral 

### Electric, arc Sang-orro 

### ir.creased 10% to 15% 

### follcwi.r:g t.."1e intrcduction of 

### non-FeB units, ard 

### the price of che**M:::"~aw** Edison capac.i.cor's Increased 15% to 

### 20%.**~1::Graw** 

### Edis:Jn c.La.irns excepc.ional, produce life and efficiency for their prcduct., and 

### the higber price has apparently not had 

### a significant :i.rnpact on their 

### share of t..."18 

### raarxet
.

-99-

### Sales of FeB 'fOH€I**fa~....or** 

### correction -cap..a.citors L71 

### 1976 are esti:- reared to 

### have been approxamat.al.y 

### $54.5 million.**.~.ssurn.i...'1g** 

### relatively constant output; and demand; a taTJ. to t>lenty FercaTJ.t 

### price 

### increase of 

### c::::m- carabl.e r.on-i?CB ixssex 

### fac+--.or cozrect.ion cacacitors rNill result in 

### sales of

,,- 

# - approx.i.rna.tely 

### $60.0 

### to $65.4 million 

### (using constant dellars). 

### cence, 

### utilities and. 

### ot..1.er users of fac--.or 

### capeci,tors 

### are expect.ed to 

### ?5-Y approxirrBtely 

### $5.5 to 

### $10.9 million" 

### rrore , Utilities e.rr,ploy approxiJrately r-.i.nety-five 

### percent; of all 

### s:cwer fa.ctDr 

### correction capaci.ccrs, The 

### ability of utilities to 

### pass all of the additional costs associated 

### wit.1-l non-f(3 capacitors on to 

### residential and 

### ccrnrercial 

### users i.,7'J. 

### t""rms of 

### higher prices 

### ;.ri-ll depend u::;:on state 

### regulatory ccrrmi.ssions I 

### attit".xies tGWard 

### rate structures. Total 

### revenue for all 

### electric utilities was $46.2 

### bilii.on in 1975. It 

### is 

### estirrated 'u

... 

### ...at 

### total


### revenue for 

### all utilities in 1976 

### 'Nill 

### have been approxirratie.Ly S50. 0·-

### billicn. If all 

### t.'1e utilities 

### additior.al costs 

### asscc.Lacsd wi

### th 

### usinq non-.8:B capacitors 

### is 

### passed on to 

### reside..'1H 

### al 

### consurrers, and 

### that 

### t.CJ.eir averace rronthly elec'"'--ric bill is fifty dollars, it 

### is est.imat-c.d**t.~t** 

### residential**COr1S1.....~S** 

### 'llill incur
an increase L.'1 t.r'..eir 

### elec+-..ric bills of approximat.e.Ly .02 t:ercent, or 

### one cent per :TOnt.1.. [Note chat, 

### this is che 

### long run effect; in the 

### short rD.."'1 

### ti:e extzra costs of non-FCB capacitors 'Nill apF€CX

### as a capital item in 

### the rate
ease. If 

### depreciation and 

### replacerrent are 

### roth 

### straight-line rl.1..TJ.ctions, 

### ove:::: a ten year 

### p=:ricd, the 

### rate base and the r-eturn 

### on it will rise ur.til tJ."1e tent."l year 

### at wni.ca po.irrt, 

### a s:rtE.1l. 

### return- 

### on capital will 

## :ce obtai.'1eC. as weLl,
as capital r'ep.l.acerrent; costis,'] Since part 

### of the 

### costs will be passed 

### on to

- -**inC.us'"~ial** 

### users, the relative price impacts 

### rNill b€ 

### even 

### less, and are not expecced to 

### significantly i.rrpact 

### eit-her 

### -:,1.e price or demand for electricity.



### -100-

### Table 15.3-1 

### Qlrrently Available N:m-FCB Factor 

### Correction capacitors V.anU£acttlre.!' 

### Ttiestingrouse
C-e..TJ.eral 

### Electric sangarro 

### Electric CO. M::Graw 

### Edison 

### Solid Dielectric Paper an:1 

### plastic filrn ccmbination 

### Pap:r Paper , 

### Plastic film 

### Liauid Dielectric* 

## --,------- Isopropyl**bipha~yl** 

### Phthalate es+or** 

### Phthalate ester** Butylated 

### rror:cchloro**diphe..~yl et.~er.** 



## * All 

### of the liquid dielectric rraterials contain srrall 

### arrounts of additives 

### as free radical scavengers, etc. The 

### identity of these minor 

### constituents is E?roprietary infor:rration.


## ** The 

### phtihal.at.e ester based" 

### liquids refQr-e-ocUy contain 

### a significant 

### arrount of 

### t::dc..'UoroCe..'1Zene as an additive to 

### zai.se,**t..~e** 

### .corona e.. 

## tt:
...n.c+....:.on- 

### .voLt.aqe,



### Industria Cc:Dacitors FeB 

### capac.itors have been 

### used in a 

### numte.r of diverse ; :1dust=ial, appliance, and lighting applications including arc lrlelders, L.'1ct.:.Ction heat.i..:'lg fur::laces, fluorescent light ballasts, ani 

### television sets. Table IS. 3-2 lists 

### tr..e manufacturing plants kncwn to 

### have used PCBs i.n t.."le marrufactarre of t..1-ris tYI;e 

### of capaci.tor in the early 1970s. Versar contiacced these rranufa.et'JIers in Septern1:er I 

### 1977 to decermirie**T..met.~** 

### they were still us.inq FCBs, ard if 

### so I 

### when they antici'j?3.ted ar.dL'1g their 

### use of .?CBs. 'It'.e 

### resul.cs of these contacts are surrmarized in Table IS. j-

### 3 . All of 

### t..";.ese rranufacturers plan to 

### intreduce ron-FC3 capaci.ticrs to 

### replace 

### tr.e discontinued FeB 

### prcducts. In 

### all cases, t.

....

e ne,.; 

### capaci.tor's will 

### use liquid 

### phthalic aci.d esters (pht..b.a.lates) as a direct substitute for FCBs. P..s a result of 

### nhi.s rnatier.ia.l, change, an increase of 6% in t.."1e 

### si.ze of che

-101-TABLE 15.3-Z 

### Manufact:trrers .of FCB Industrial cacacitors In 1976



### . <J::::lrr:oanv Narre 

# . .

Aero'l/OX 

### Universal**~ufacturi."1g ~rp.**  

### Comell 

### Dubilier P. R. 

### Hallo:ry s CO., Inc. Sprague**ElecL~c** 

### CO. Elec-...ric 

### Utility Co. Capacd,

### tor Sj?eCialists Inc. Jard COrp. York 

### Elect..."'"'Onics RF 

### Inte--...cnics Axel Electronic, Inc. 'Ibl:e 

### C'eutscbrrann 

### Labs. Elect-...-o M3.gI'.etic Filter Co. 

### r..c:x:aticn of tr:e Pla"1t 

### EuCscin Falls, .N.

### Y• 

### Ft. Edward, N. Y. 

### Ne.v Eediord, M3.ss. 

### Bridge};Ort, Ccr..n. Totewa, N.J. New 

### Bedford, M3..ss. Waynesl:cro, Te..rm. North Adams,**~BsS.** 

### IaS3 J]e, 

### Ill. 

### EscondidO, 

## caJ...l.£'. Bel1r.incfJ:m, Vt. 

### Brccklyn, N. Y. Eaysl"'...ore, L. 

### I., N. Y. 

### Jarr.a.ica, N. Y. 

## canton, Mass. Sunnyvale, 

### calif.

Source: Versar Inc., PCBs in 

### tl'.e Unit-cd S12tes: Industrial Use end 

### En\Ji.ror'l.rrental Distribution, Spripgfield, Va.: National Technical L'1.for:mation servace,**(~TIS** 

### FE 251 402/3h"P) , 

### -Fe.oruary 25, 1976, 

### p. 89.· Upiated 

### by 

### VerSar in 

### later studies,-COntract 

### 68-01-3259.



### -102-

### Table 15.3-3 Mmufacturers of Srrall 

### LiQuid Dielec+-.ric 

## ;..c caDacitors

« •

Corroanv 

# . .

Universal 

### Mig. P. R.. M3.llory


### Comell Dubilier Jard Corf:Oration


### Electric Utility Co.**ot..~ers** 

### Small capacitor 

### SaJ.es (1975)***~illion** $

### /vear 30 24. 

### 13 10

7 4


### 3
3 Status 

### of PCB Use as 

### of Late 

### 1977 No PCBs used K:Bs 

### Lnverrtory sufficient 

### until 

### June 1978 Will end 

### PCB use by 

### mid 1978 PCBs 

### Inventory sufficie.'1t th...--ough M3.rch 

### 1978 No infonration available Will end 

### use of PCBs during first**quarter~** 

### 1978 PCBs 

### .inverrtozv sufficientthrouch mid 

### 1978

. .s: No 

### use of PC3s a£ter 

### 1977

SOurce: Office of Errvi.ronrrerrt.a.L A£fairs, U.S. 

## cept. of Ccrrrre-rce



### -103-

### capacitor is 

### zequi.red to 

### provide the sarre 

### elect::ical function. As 

### a zesul.c of the 

### size i..n::rease f 

### sane rra.:i1ufacturers 

## wro use capacitors in 

### t.lJ.e.ir.prcductis 

### '..rill have to 

### re:iesign to 

### alicw .!:'COIn 

### for t..":e 

### la.....-ger capacitors. capacitors usin.g rretallize::l plastic film an:1 phtihal.Lc 

### acid ester liquid dielec-'"--rics are bei..'1g 

### tested; if 

### successful, such units 

### "WOuld J:e 

### tr.e same size as equivalent PCB 

### capacitors. The 

### phthalates are rrore.fla:rnm..ble than 

### FCBs, and 

### satisfac"tOry fire safety can l:e 

### achieved only by 

### incor:r;oration of adequate cirCuit breaker's 

### (pressure or t.."-leI::IE.1 t:ypes) which will prevent 

### rupture of the 

### capacc.tor case follcwi..n:; electrical failure of the capacitor. Substantial testi"'1g has**~n** 

### required to 

### prove the 

### adequacy of t."-lese circuit'breaker devices**tot..~e** 

### satisfac-...i.on of the users of. the capacd,

### tors because 

### of**t..~** 

### fOssibili

### t'.l of sub

### stantial proc1uct liability claims should a fire probl.en**~evelop** 

### with the ron

### FeB units. 

### The developrent and 

### testing require:m::nts have 

### delaye::i trie 

### Irrcroduction of**t..~e** 

### oon-:PCB capacitors. F..o;.;everf zone 

### of the iTE..l'lU£acttJ.rers of smal.l. 

### capacitors contacted 

### anticipate using 

### FeEs after mid 

### 1978. 

### Use of FC3s until tb.en ',.;ill be based 

### on existing 

### inventories, as MJnsanto stepped 

### shi;?9ing FeBs in 

### O:::tober f 

### 1977 f 

### and IX) 

### :iJnt:;ortation of :PCBs is planned by 

### any cae;acitor rTEl1ufacturer

. T.l:'..e swi.ticn to 

### phthalic acid esters will i.rJcz;.:::>.:>

### se the demar:d for this class of chemical by 

### approxdmatial.y 

### e..;enty million lb/year, a::rnpa.red to 

### a total 

### prcduetion of about one billion lb/year. 

### This eM:) percent; increase in 

### de:rar.d 

### will rot significantly affect either the 

### availability or price of tl-',is


### rrate.!:' 

### ial.
Estimation of t.1"'.e unit 

### cost impacts 

### of the FeB 

### ban 

### regulations on t..":e 

### ir

..

### dustrial capacitor segme.."1t of 

## t.r-e market is difficult for several, 

### zeasons, First, M:Jnsanto significantly increased the price of FCEs during 1976 and 1977. 

### Tr..ese price in::::reases reflected greater prcduction ccscs due to 

### errvi.rorsrerrta.l percautions in 

### harrlling and 

### shipping the material f 

### plus costs i..1"'..C1.ll"red 

### t.brough MJnsanto**~...icipation** 

### in the 

### regulatory process. MJr..santo 

### was also L"1**t..~e**

-104-

### "';rsition of supplT...ng a 

### unique prcduct havinq a 10;.; price elasticity of /)6.enE.nd. 

### The anticipated. regulations presented a high barrier to entry into this rrarket for other fOssible manufacturers of PCBs, so M::Jnsanto 'HaS 

### in a 

### rrcnopol.y posi,

### tion, and 

### t:."leir pricing may 

### have ::eflect..od t:.ns rrar::=:et ccndf,

### tien 

### in addition to 

### ge.TJ.eral in£lation.a.r'-.! pressure on all carm:di

### ty 

### prices duri..'1g t.1-ris 

### p:ricd. 'TI1e 

### net effect was 

### to increase the 

### price of FC'3 

### capacitors al::ove what would 

### have Ceo-I1 expected undez' 

### long term 

### canpetitive ccndi.t.icns had 

### there not been 

### tr.e threat of regulatorj action on the 

### manu.facture and 

### use of PCBs.

### At present, roth l?CS 

### capacitors and 

### non-FeB capacitors are avai1able, although £rem 

### different manufacturers. Tt'.e non-FCB inclust:=ial capacitors are selling for aJ:out ten 

### p:rce..'I'lt rrore t.1jan the FeB units 

### havi.r.g

. tl'..e 

### sarrefunc'-.....ional c."1.a.racteristics. Since 

### the- rranufactu..rers of 'non-FCB capacitors do 

### not have the 

### option of prcducing FC'3 uni,

### ts , t..ili price 

### in": crease may 

### refle::t the 

### pre:nium wrucn 

### users are willing to faY 

### for avoidi.TJ.g 

### any possible irrJ;?a.c+"-s 

### of the ban 

### regulations 

### on the.i.r 

### opezatricns and 

### Inveritory rat.'1er than reflecting increases in 

### manufacturing costs. Eauilibrium prici....'"lg would 

### not be 

### e.x;:ected to 

### result lli--:.til FCB capac.i

### tors T,.-ere no longer available.



### - 'TI1e Ce:rand 

### for capacitors is highly 

### i..TJ.e1astic, because 

### close sur:- 

### stitute5 are not avai.lableand the 

### nurnt:e.r of uses to wruch 

### ca;:acitors iMV be 

### put 

### are lirnite:i. Consequentil.y, 

### capacitor users will be 

### confronted. '.vit."1 

### prices for r..on-FeB units**rNh.ic.~** 

### re£lect' tl'..e 

### additional costs of prcdueti.on of such UI'J.ts due to the proposed 

### regulation. 'The Lncreased 

### price of FCB 

### capacitors and tbe 

### present; cCI!lpetitive pressure' en tr.e price of non-FeB capacitors suggests that the long te.I:m 

### price .increase due to 

### the banning of FCBs will be mxre trian the present; 

### differential of 10 

### Percent. A total 

### price increase of 50 

### to 20 

### cercerrc is 

### cernaos a 

### rrore r'easonabl.e estirrate of



# - -- t.1J.e 

### price Lncrea

### se for r..on-FeB capaci,tors.

-105-

### sales of FC3 ;ndustrial capacitors .in 

### 1976 ere estirrated to 

### have 1:e€n approxirrately $51.7 n1i.lllon.p.ssurning relatively' conseant; c;.Jtput and 

### derrand, 

### a fi.f'-<.E"'-I1 

### to 

### c.-venty percent, price .iricrease for c:::::rnparable r'.on-8':B 

### i.r'.d.us'-...rial capacitors 

### will result in sales of 

### frau 

# s59. 5 to $

### 62. 0 million (using constant 

### dollars). This 

### suggests t.1.;at 

### users of ir'.c.usc·:i.al capaci.ccrs will 

### pay approx:imately $7.8 to 

### $10.3 millicn 

### rrore for non-PCB units. 

### Ha."1U£act'.Jrers of elec-....rica1 equi.;;n;ent wr.ich 

### will use ncn-FC3 

### ir..dustrial capacitors 

### may face various redesig::'l proble:r,s. For example, manufacturers of mizuature electrical equipre.l'lt, who 

### sp:;cialize in cpti..111izirlg 

### space in 

### the ccnscructacn of tb.eir produces I 

### may find 

### t.h..at**t.~e** 

### prcductri.on of
a TIeH, 

### larger capacitor makes t.."le ccrrtanuatacn of their mirliaturized product; 

### line uncartadn. 

### AFart frc:m the 

### market for miniature 

### equ.i;;rrent,. rrost; 

### electrical equi.pr.ent C3.I1 

### be redesigned to. accan:date the scrrewhat; larger non-!?C3 capacitors at relativ""e.ly little cost. capacitors represent, 

### a veri s:ra.ll f...."'aCtion of**t.~** total 

### prcductri.on 

### (Le., input) 

### cost of a given aF9liance. Any 

### price Increases .iri fLJal 

### products due to 

### employing non-feB capacitors '..vill be 

### irnt;;erceptable to 

### censurers - Le.,**t..~** 

### Lncrease in price per 

### unit will be 

### so srrall 

### t.1.;at**t.~** 

### ?a!'c.entage change. in quarrt.i,ty 

### demanded will be 

### very close 

### to zezo. It is 

### expecned t. t 

### sales of elec-....rical appliances will rot be 

### a£fec--..ed appreciably noz' 'Hilltb.ere be 

### any 

### drarratlc effects 

### on enployrrent in the 

### capacitor preduction industzy nor in 

### the electrical appliance**rranufaC""'~ing** 

### .indus

### tzy, Users of non-FeB in:lustrial 

### capacitors 

### may face greater risks of '::1 

### re as**t..~ey** swi**tc.~** to such 

### units. 

### Ir.surance rates will Incraese to 

### reflect

. . 

### any increased fire losses, but 

### only after 

### a ti.i€ 

### lag sufficient for new risks 

### to be 

### Incorporated into the e.."'<p:rie."1ce record. Any 

### decrease in 

### the expected 

### service life of ir.dustrial capec.icors will have a disprop:Jrtionate 

### effect on eeonanic Irnpact;s 

### due 

### to t..'J.e proposed regulations. It is 

### estimated t.'1a t fE!Ner 

### t.'1an t'....:o 

### pez'cerrt; of all 

### snaIl capaci.tors fail 

### l:efore the 

### equifr.:ent is 

### scrapped due to 

### obsolescence. The

-106-

### )st of replac::..ng t.:.:":'ese capacitors includes out of servfce ti...Te 

### and 

### high 2l::or 

### costs, and 

### may total. 

### ten t.i.'TeS the retail price 0f 

### the**repl~cerr.ent** 

### capacitor. The cost of replacing failed capacitors may 

### tl"...e.refore be equal to 

### 20 ?=!:,ce..'1.t of annual, ir.dustrial capacitor sales. If shozrtened service life r'esul,ts 

### L71 

### an increase of t..'-le 

### rate of failure to 5 c:ercent of the non-FeB 

### units 

### prior to 

### obsolescence, the Increased replacerr:ent costs could be 

### 50 pez'cent; of t.:.'rJ.e value of the total srn.c..ll capacitor rrarxet.,



### -107- 

### ,


# ..15 • 4 Surtlnarv T::!'c:nsitional Costs: 

### Redesign of 

### equi.prent; to acccrrcdate larger capac.itors

Lona TeT'?'n Costs: 

### Pcwer factor 

### capacitbrs Price 

### increase for 

### r:cn-FeB 

### capacitors

L'"1dustzial capacitors:

.Price 

### increase for 

### r..cn-FC3 capacitors


### Increased fire 

### risk Decreased 

### service life $5.5 to 10.9 rni.llicn cer vear 

# .. ...



### $7 . 8. to 

### ·10 .3 million year



## *

*

EmvZoument**Effec~s:** 

### H'Jt expected to be 

### significant



### *L'"1SUfficient data 

### available to 

### SUPEXJrt 

### estirrate of .irnpact..



### -108-

### 16 . 0 '1'RAl.'1SFORHER i'!AJ.\1UFACItJRING 

### Liquid filled 

### t--ransforners ccrrta.irrinq a FC3 based 

### liquid kn:Jwn generically
as r

### askarel r 

### Cave been 

### used for 

### many years 

### L."1 rr.ose installations'where**t..~e** 

### risk of fire justified t.1.e 

### use of a fire resistant fluid. Askaral. 

### cransrorrcers have been 

### allcwe::l t:J be 

### installe:l 

### in hazardous lccations SUd1 

### as 

### .L.lJ. buildi..71gS 

### without the requi.rer:ent for a fire proof vault or fire sprinklers. N::J sul::- 

### stitute transformer 

### liquids have yet been 

### develope:i wriich have 

### fire resistant 

### propez-td.es equal 

### to tJ1..e FC3 based 

### askarel. 16.1 Requir811e.>'1ts of the Propse:1 Regulations Tne proposed 

### regulations wcul.d 

### prohibit t.1.e manufacture of tie» FeB tranfO.t:rrlerS 

### after 8€ca:riber 

### 31, 1978 I 

### but classify contririued 

### use of e.xisting FeB 

### t:=ansformers 

### except; th:lse 

### used 

### in railroad lcccrrotives as use 

### in a 

### totallv


## -
, . .. erc.losed Tanner. 

### The regulations woul.d 

### authorize ce-rta.i.n m:i.

..

### :or ma.irrtienance 

### of. 

### existing transio.nners for five years after the 

### effective date 

### of t..:.'1e 

### regulation but would 

### pror.J.bit major rebuilding of failed :units. It is assumed -Ehat 

### authorization for minoz 

### maintenance 'M:)uld l:e granted 

### on**r~est** 

### after t.1.e five year servicing aut..l.:orization has 

### expired 

### as such maintena.r:ce deczeases the :::isk. 

### of catastrophic failure of Lonsformers an:l miriirni.zas 

### t.t.:e risk of loss of PCBs 

### to the envi.rormerrc, Di.s;:osa1 

### :::e<;ill.rements for failEd askarel transforrr.ers
are speci.f.i.ed 

### by the FC3**~larking** 

### and DiSfOsal 

### Regulations I and 

### these require-:- rr.ents 

### would rot be charsjed by**t.~** proposed FeB 

### Ban 

### S'egulations. 16.2 Irrlust...; Strtlcture I 

### Pra:1uction, ar:d 

### Sales
A 

### review of MJnsanto r

### s custcm:::r 

### list for FeEs in 

### the early 1970s in::licated thirteen corrpanies r,."TIi.ch 

### used FC8s to 

### rra.nufacture askarel tzansfol:.'!!E.rs. Tbese corrpanies and 

### t.1.e location ·of t..J1.eir transfome!' rranU£acturir..g plants are liste:i 

### in Table 16.2-1. Pro:iuction of 

### askarel 

### tzansforrrers 

### avezaqed 5000 units ?=I' 

### year in the 

### early 1970s. wben 

### t..1.ese com;;anies 'Were contacted by Versar 

### in Septemf:er, 1977, only one 

### manufacturer was still pzcduci.nq 

### askarel transfo:w:ners, ar:d 

### it anticipate:l ceasing prcduot.ion of 

### this i:yF€ 

### of unit prior to the er:d 

### of 1977. All of**t.~se** manufactrurer

### s prcduced**r:ot..~** oil 

### fillEd 

### arri askarel 

### tzansfozrrez-s in the 

### same plants. Oil fillEd transfor:ners are Irrcer'-



### -109-Table 

### 16.2-1 U. S. Transfor.:.n:::rr Manufact'..rrers Which Used PCBs A.fter 

### 1970 ".**~.** . 

### CoriDany Narre 

### ities"ti..'1gh::lUse E1ec+-....ric Corp.
G=neral**El~-tric** 

### Company


### Resea-rch-cottrel1 Niagara 'I':r".....nsfo:r::rer Co. Standard Transfor:mer CO.


### Helena Corp. 

### Hevi-Duty 

### Electric Kuhlman Electric Co. 

### Electro 

### Engineering v,orks E:nvirotech 

### Buell R.E. Upteg:raff Mfg. CO. H.K. 

### Porter


### Van T::an 

### Electric Co. 

### Plant Lccation Sotr-...h 

### Easton I 

### Va. 

### Sharon, Pa. Pare, G3... 

### Pittsfield, Mass. Finderne, N. J. Buffalo, N.Y• 

### Warren I 

### Chio M;dford, Cregon

/. Heleri.ai.A.labara
J.A ,I 

### G;:)ldsooo·, N.C.

. . 

### Crystal,**~:r~.,gs,** Miss.

• '. I " 

### San 

### LeaI1dro I 

### calif

. 

### Lebanon, Pa. SCottsdale, Pa. 

### EeJ..rront, calif. Lynci'.burg, va , 

### Vandalia, lll. 

## waco, Te."<aS



### Source: Versar Inc., PCBs 

### in tre United States: Incfustrial Use and 

### Envi..1'"Qnrrental Distribution,**SprlIl.gi~eld,** 

### Va.: Natior.al Teci'.nical 

### Information service (NTIS FB 

### 251 402/3vJP), February 25, 1976, 

### p. 89.

-110-

### changable wi.th 

### askarel trar.1Sfol:.1'1.e.!:'s in tie»**a~lications** 

### provided**t..~t** 

### the installation is 

### properly e.'1gi.'1e<=>.....rEd. Other substitutes for askarel 

### tzansformer-s
are also 

### ava i] 

### able. The 140,

## ado 

# askarel transformers prese...'1tly 

### in

_ sezv

### ice 

### total only tsvo 

### percent of the 

### total nurnI:er 

### of**~er** 

### ar.d 

### distribution t..."'C.1"1.sfol::':'.ers in use, 

### 16. 3 Substitutes for FeB 

### Trar"..sfonners The 

### a.skarel 

### tzansfozrrexs presently in 

### service ',o,Bre spec.if.i.ed because 

### this typ: 

### of liquid filled transfonre.r offered advantages in size, reliability, and 

### fire safety- that not available w"'ith 

### other**~.lP=S** 

### of tzans

### fo:are.rs

.**p.~** 

### te.rnativesta PCB 

### transfm:rrers have 

### always ceen available, alt.h:Jugh 

### all of the 

### other t'..l'fes of transfor:rers have dj 

### ';:ferent design c.1u=..racteristics and none are di..=ect 

### substitutes for 

### the FeB 

### 1.1I1its
. 

### 'Iherefore, eventual re-
o' 

### placenent of the 

### existing PCB 

### transfoJ::::r.Ers will**r~** 

### that 

### each of t..1;.e pre-

• J
... • • • 

### sent, .iriszal.Latrions l:e 

### re-eVa1uated and

### t..~t the necessezy

### e..'1g:i.Z1e<=>_~'1g chances l:e made to 

### allcw 

### use of the l:est available

## 'replace.rre.~t·uJ{if.:'-~; Netll

## ~fonr.er

. 

## - .:,.\

, .**~.~ "~.**  

### installaticns will 

### l:e designed 

### to make optiimmuse of**th~:** 

### available**r:On-~-'** tzans.rcrrrera, The 

### c±oice arrong**t..~** 

### ava; 1

### able alternate transforrrer tYFEs and 

### :natorials depends 

### on the 

### requireme..'1ts of each st;eC:i.£ic application and

-

### t.."1e 

### c."1a.racteristics of the available non-PCB 

### units. A nurnl::er 

### of al

### tenativas to tl"..e use 

### of FCBs 

### in fire :::esistant liquid filled transfomers and to the- 

### use 

### of**t...~fo.:r::rers** 

### which corrcairi 

### any dielectric liquid have been deve.Loped and 

### are corrrerci.al.Ly 

### available. Thes<: 

### substitutes for PCB 

### transfo::crers differ in their ;;erfor:rance cbaraeteristics, applicable fire cede 

### installation requi.rerrancs , and 

### cost. T.b.e 

### follcwing sections discuss the rrajor types of substitute 

### 1.1I1its whid'l. 

### are available. 

### High Fire Point**~iouid Insulat~~'Trxnsformers**  

### The 1975 

### National Electrical cede 

### and previous issues allo.v·ed only t."-le use of askaral, an:l dry type 

### tr'ans£or::rer.s in hazardous Iccanions**~vith** 

### out vault procect.ion, A.skarel was 

### essentially defined as PCB 

## eased Li.qui.d, The 

### 1978 NEe has added. 

### a s;;ecification (Article 450-23) for 'High Fire Point Liquid Insulatied 

### Trans£o.:r::rers I 

### which can l:e used 

### under t.'lese sarre conclidons

. T.b..e 

### 'High Fire Point Liquid' lTIUSt have a fire ;oint of at least 300°C, and 

### must not propojat.e 

### flarres.

-lll-

### U:nderwrite.rs I.al:oratory. presently lists 

### t.lu:ee liquids as rr.eet:L."1g the I

### High Fire 

### Point' prot=erty requirerrents for cransfcrrrers operating 

### at voltages 1::elow 600V: COw 

### Conll."'1g 561 General 

### Electric SF-97 (50) SW"S 

### Silicones 

### Corp. F-190 

### Factory M.:ltual Researc..;" has not 

### yet ccrnpleted deve.lop

### inq 

### fonral approval requirerrents and 

### procedures 

### for I 

### High Fire Poi.."1t 

### 'I':.ansfor:rre.r Liquids'. 

### F..cwever, based on preliminary tests, Factory Mutual has 

### issued interim 

### guidelines to 

### its field offices that 

### six silicone 'liquids and 

### three hydrccarl:on 

### liquids. could be accepted 

### at Fac---orj Mutual insured 

### lecations**wit.~out** specd.a.l, 

### fire pro:tec--.ion. The 

### list 

### of Fac---ory Mutual accepced 

### liquid 

### includes:

.. 

### Supplier
Cow 

### COrrl.ing CCw 

### Corning Ge."1eral Elect::'i:: 

### Union.Carbide Sv'I"S 

### SiliCones Sv'I"S 

## si.Licones RI'E 

### Cor;:oration Gulf 

### Oil 

### Chetnicals Co.
UnL.'"'Oyal 

### resignation 

### CC 561 CC 200 

### SF-97 

### L-305

. F-101

F-190 RITrnp' 

### RF 

### Dielec-...ric

Fluid PAO-20E 

### Tvee .of Fluid 

# .. Silicone Silicone Silicone Silicone Silicone Silicone Hydrccar1:on 

### Hydrocarton



### Mineral'Oil-FiZZed Transrormers

, If fire 

### safety WB.-'l'"'8 

### not; 

### a consideration, tl'..ere ',..culd l:e :10 

### rea

# SO? w!:J.y oil-filled 

### transformers could rot l:e used 

### in 

### all 

### applications In 

### t.'1e past I FC3-

### filled 

### tzansforrnera have cost 

### a.l:out 1. 3 

### tim=s as much 

### as oi1-filled 

### units of the 

### sarre capacity, ar.d 

### thus 

### rrost users prefe-rred 

### the oil-typ: whez'e poss.ibl,e, 'The 

### oil-filled transfoJ:mers a-re t.'1e sarre 

### size as the 

### askarel units I and 

### are considerably lighter in 

### w-eight. Also, rrdriaral, 

### oil has scrrellt'.at ::ette!:" heat



### -112-

### tr2.!"...5fer charac---eristics.than askarel, and 

### an elec+-....rical arc .in 

### mineral oil

. results Ln breakdown prcducns i::..'I.:lat are non-corrosave. Therrajor disadvaritage to 

### miner-al oil is flarrnabilit'./"7' 

### trans

### for:m:::r mineral oil has 

### a flash point of 145°C. If 

### an arc occurs**wit.~** che**t:ran.sfo~,** 

### the breakdcM1 prcducts 

### will l:e 

### hydrcqen and rretihane,**l:ot..~** 

### of**~ih.ic..~'** 

### are flamrable. cetailed records 

### of such 

### failures are rra.irmai.ned 

### by the elec-....rical 

### ir..du.stry. Fire Undermt;::>rs dces rot approve of t..'1e 

### use of oils and 

### other flarrrrable liquids for indcor applications. w1<..ere oil-filled 

### tzansfcrmer-s
are not specifically prohibited 

### as on-site replacerrents for FeB-filled units, tb.e National Electrical 

# ecce i.'l1tX'ses carcain 

### res-...riotioI"'...5· upon t.l:ei= rrcde 

### of L'1Stallation. 

### Oil-f:i:-lled transfo:arers are used 

### in 

### a.lrrcst all, t=ans-:- 

### form=r applications an:l 

### for rrost; 

### substation distribution applications where

. . ".

.**t..~** 

### t....-an.smission Line 

### high voltage is reduced 

### to 12.8 kv 

### for local distribution. M::lst 

### rural :s:ole-rrounted transfonners whi.ch 

### reduce tbe voltage to 220'**~iOl** 

### ts 

### ara ' also 

### oil-filled. The 

### issue 

### of flarrmability only l:ec:ares ';:rrp:rtant 'Il[:.::>-re 

### the distribution trar..sfo:arer 

### must l:e 

### buried, 

### as in many 

### urban applications, or located close to, wit..tUn, or on tb.e roof of the 

### building 

### it sezves
. 

### I?CB-fil1ed tra'1Sfoz::rers have, i.1'1 

### tr..e past;, been used 

### in rrost; such 

### applications. Oil-filled transfor:rers can 

### be used 

### in 

### tb..ese appli.cations only if t..'-ley are sui-l-"bly .iscLaced fran 

### fl2Im'able scructures 

### or if tr..ese structures are suitably safegua..."'"ded 

### against 

### fires.**~'i'he."1** 

### transfo:rmers are 

### located outside t."le buildi.."'1g they servi.ce, the 

### la..r-voltage It1l1St l:e 

### brought into t..1:e building via 

### cables or i...·lsu1ats-e buses. This causes additional energy 

### losses due 

### to heating in the Lcw--vo.Lzaqe 

### transmission lines fran 

### tP.e transfOI::m::,r to 

### the po.irrt; 

### of use. 

### Oven Air-Cooled Transrormers

« 

### TransfO!::rers can be 

### built '.vi

### t!"'J:Jut t."'.e use 

### of a liquid 

### cco.Linq rrediurn. 

### One tYI=€ 0 f 

### dry transfonrer triat 

### is quite 

### successful, 1..1I1der 

### limited corrlitions, 

### is the open air-cooled 

### transfor:rrer. In 

### this des.icn I 

### cooling ai...;:: 

### is driven through the transfo:r::rr.er by 

### ei**t..~er-** 

### natural convect.ion 

### or forced ci.rcu

### Latrion, 

### !n tJXlse sizes whe..."'"e 

### air-ccoled tzansfczrrar.s are available, trey 

### are



### -113-

### about; equal 

### in price 

### to askarel-fille:i**t...~'1Sfor:1ers** 

### of**t..~** 

### sarre kva 

### rati..-:g. However,**t.~** 

### follcwin.g 1;

### mitations prevent open-air-ceoled t...ransfo:r:rrers f...-an 

### being 

### cons.idezed for 

### rnany applicatiot"l.£ 

### using askaral.-filled**t..."""anSf0r.rrers~** Heat 

### capacity: '!t'..e 

### p:;wer drawn from a 

### transforrrer usually 

### varies over 

### a wide ranee, TrJ.C: rating of 

### a**t...~fon'e:"** 

### is esnahl.Lshed 

### by t..':;.e it can handle 

### continuously wit.":cut over-heating. If a 

### liquid-filled**t...ra.'1Sfo~** 

### is 

### operated 

### at overlca.d conditions fer 

### a short 

### f:€Xicd of 

### tirre, the 

### liquid wi.Ll, 

### act as a heat sink, abso6.ing the 

### excess heat 

### produced in**t.~e** 

### t...-ansforrrer ,,..;ithout a rapid increase L."1 t.e.rr;:erature. The 

### resu.lt of this**t.~errral·** 

### i::e.rtia is tb.at liquid-filled 

### tzansfcrmars can cperate at oircputis of up' 

## to 200 

### percent; 

### of rated capacity 

### for a p:riod 

### of one to t'M:! 

### hcurs ',..;itbJut 

### darraqe, Air-ccoled tr:>-nsfcrroers do 

### not have t.llls 

### heat s.ink effect 

### and are Limi.ced 

### to operating at a rtE.Ximum 

### se-rvicerating not mach 

### higher than 

### crJ.C: cOrit.:L'I"lUOUs rati.."1g. NrEre 

### t..1;e current draw 

### on**t.~ t...~fomer**  

### does 

### not vary 

### greatly duri.i'''lg· 

### t."1e 

### day, t."ris limitation is 

### not; a problem. 

### 'Ho;.;ever, in 

### rrost cases the 

### varia- .:.
. 

### -

. -. -- 

### tion in 

### load requires 

## c.r..l transfc:orer to have a 20 to 

### 30 

### pezcent; greater capacity t."1a.'I"l 

### liquid-filled transfot:rOers in the same application.**Dielec+-~ic** 

### strength: The liquid ccolant L."""l a liquid-filled traIlSfonrer also provides a significant level 

### of eleC+....rica.l L'rlSUlation ret"t<'ee..'1'1**t.~e** 

### various current carrying 

### ccmponerrcs wi

### thin t..'-le 

### transfo.rrrer. Air has a mich 

### lcwe.r dielec""...ric st.."'"ength, and 

### open-air-ccoled trar...sforrre.rs are limited 

### to a 

### maximum voltage of 25 

### to 40 kv. 

### Tl"'..e problem of electrical insulation is 

### even rrore severe i.f**t.~e** 

### osen-air-ccoled transfc:;:rne= only ope.races 

### inte:!:mi.tte."1tly. wllen t..'1e tzansfcrroar is or:erat.:i"'''lg, 

### t.i-...e heat. ge."1e.rat-od T,.;ithin tl'..e windings 

### keeps t.1"le 

### L"1SUlation dry, 

### and 

### rraintains a high dielec-...ric st..-rength 

### of t.tUs solid ;nsulatL."""lg rraterial. B::Mever I when**t..~** 

### t..---ansfo:t:rrer is net 

### op:rating I 

### tb..e coils cool 

### .co ambient te.!!-p=ratures and 

### tr..e insulation can 

### absorb rroisture**f~** the air 

### whi.ch red11Ces 

### its dielectric strength. 

### q;en. air-cooled t..."CI'...sfo:::::rers :m.J.St ce**t..~rougJ1~y,** 

### dried. tefore teing put 

### into service after 

### each ccol. pez

### Lcd.



### -1l4-

## one other problem wi

### t.."l

.a.izr-cool.ed 

### transfoIJ'l"ers is tbe tendency" 

### of dust to l::e 

### at'"...racted frain**t..~** 

### air to the 

### coils by elec-...rostatic forces.' Dust


### can build 

### up 

### in t.."le 

### coils and bl.ccx the 

### flew of 

### air, or it 

### can fozrn conductiive Faths 

### ard 

### cause short 

### ci.rcuits• q;en-air-ccoled 

### cransronrezs are**ger~-lly** 

### lirnite::l to dry', 

### clean locations 'Nhere the load requL-rerr.ents are fairly 

### even and constant, and where t.."le 

### rna.x.imrJm voltage 

### dces not exceed 3

## a kv, Soc.J, 

### transforrrers are 

### l:e.i..11g' succesaful.Ly used in large 

### office buildi.'1gs, particul.arly tall buildings 

## wr.ere the 

### t.....-ansfo:l:.:lrers are Iccaced everj few 

### fleers. Even 

### Ll1 this 

### application, t.":ough,

. I conditions 

### arise**t.~t** 

### exceed the capabilities 

### of the 

### transfor:rer;

.for instance, 

### in the 

## sears Tcw-er 

### in 

### Chicago, which is 

### over 1400 feet tall, t..1e electic**~-er** is brought 

### into the bl1j Jdj 

### ng and up to t..1e distribution 

### transf0:z:rr.ers at .128 

### kv, which is l::eyond the voltage limitations of o-p=n-a.L.--ccole:I tzansforrrecs, 

### Closed Gas-2illed Transiormers
::. T:ransfo:orers can l::e bui.lt with dry iJ'I.ert gas (u.sually at 

### an elevat-od pressure) 

### as a heat 

### t.....-ansfer m::rlium. These 

### transfcIJ'l"erS avoid the ma.intenanee problems caused by rroisture a.rrl dust 

### in open air-c::oled 

### t..--ansfc:r::rers, but t."ley are si.'!li.larly limited in ovez.lcad capacity because of reduce:i**t.~rna.l L~-.ia;e::mpared**  to 

### liquid-filled**t..~fo~s.** 

### Closed. gas-filled 

### transforrre-...-s rrust l::e Lnstia.Ll.ed in pressuretight coneainers due to the c.1anges in 

### gas pressure caused by chances in temp=.rature. Ho;.;ever, t."i.ernaxi.rrnJm voltage ratings of gas-fille:i tzansforrrezs can be equal to that 

### of liquid-

### filled 1.U1i

### ts
. . A nurn!::€.r 

### of diffeJ:'="-!1t gases have been 

### used as heat 

### t..""OIlSfer rr:edia in closed gas-

### filled transfonrers. 'The rrost 

### corrron gas used in 

### the U.S. is the £1uorocarton he.xa.fluorcethar.e (C2FS). 

### Nit.."'"Ogen and sulfur hexafluoride have also been used successfully in 

### cez-cain applications. Helium has not Cee..11

, found to l::e a 

### satisfactory gas for this application because 

### its 1011 dielec---...--ic**st...'--engt.~** results in corona discharges witJrin the t..."'CI1SfoI:rr'e.r. H:.!dro:;en is un

### satisfactory as any leak. in the t...1Q.I1Sfonrer woul.d result in a severe fLre bazard

.

-115-

### Because' of 

### th.::. necessif:y 

### for a pressure vessel ccneainer, gc..s-c::oled 

### t=a11,Sto.tm:=.-'l'"':5 are' 30 to 

### 40 percent heavi.er WAn FCB-filled 

### t.....""'anSforr:ers, and 

### cost**t'...o-t.~'!'"Qs** 

### rrore (and 

### twice 'as mich 

### as oil-filled 

### transfor!rers). In ad

### dition,**t.~** 

### gas-filled 

### t..-a.n.sfol.::l!'erS must be 

### sized larger ti'.an 

### oil-filled units to 

### allcw for the e:q:ect....od heavy 

### load peaks 

### of consumption" 16.4 Relative 

### Prices of**~bn-FCB,** 

### Trar..sformers 'The 

### rel.ati-ve prices 

### of d.isi:ribution transfomers of t.l-u= 

### size and 

### type c:mronly 

### installed 

### in office 

### buildings are 

### surnnarized in Table 16.4-l. If 

### t.':.e RI'.Ehip high fi.ra 

### FQint liquid £1]] ed**t..~fo:r:rrer** pro-ves 

### to J:e acceptable 

### for 

### installation**wit.~ut** 

### auxiliari fire protec+'"..i.on,**t.~** should 

### J:e no cost 

### inc..""'easas for nell 

### transforrrer installations 

### resulting fran 

### the ban 

### on 

### t.r,e manufactazre 

### of PCB 

### transfonr:ers. The open dry i:yFe 

### transfomers. are also quite cost ccm;:etiti-ve**wit.~** 

### t.,1-:e FC8 

### tm.its for In:ist applications.

. (1) 

### Table 

### 16 .4-1 :. ?elative 

### Transfom:e.r Prices Tyfe 

### of t1nit 

### Oil filled FeB RI'Ernp 

### Silicone C1;e.."1 air 

### cealed Sealed 

### gas cealed 

### Price: 1000 KV"A Umt $ 

### 15,300 19,900 18,400 22,300 20,700 30,600' Price: 2000 KVA Ur..it 

# s 23,300 30,300 28,000 34,500 35,000 46,600

SOurce: M:C 

### Engine-=>-IS, "Distri.1::ution 

### TranstOl::rrer Status -.

## wr:r ProjectII , M.e'rorarrium to U.S. General Services 

### !>Crnin.istration, June 1, 1977.

-116-

### 16.5 ComPliance Costs



### . Cl8aJt-ur; Costs. 

### '!he only 

### costs 

### iro.n:red. by 

### transforrr..er rranuf'act'..Jrers due to the ban 

### on**t.~** 

### use of PCEs 'Hill be 

### clean 

### up ar:d 

### dist;:osal costs 

### i..rC'.JI:::'ed. in flushing FCSs 

### fran storage ar:d 

### matsriaJ. harxlling 

### equ.ipne.nt prior to 

### using t.llls equipment; to 

### store high fire p:::lint liq:uids. 

### '!his equip:nent consists primarily of storage tanks, filters, pumps, 

### ani piping. 

### Clean 

### up costs, L"':Cluding di.sp:)sal 

### of contaminate::i 001

### vents, should 

### roe exceed $10,000 per 

### plant, or 

### a total one 

### time cost 

### impact of Perhaps $100,000 

### in 

### 1977 and 

### 1978. Cost 0

### f Subs

### ti tut8S The 

### 'high fire FOint liquid 

### cooled. transfor.ners I arrl air 

### cooled transfom.ers will cost al::out**t.~** sarre 

### to 10% rrore than askarel units 

### depe....-.ding

" on the acceptability of hydrccarton base 

### high fire r:ointtransfonner liquids. Based 

### on fast sales 

### of 5000 askarel units 

### p:r year at an 

### average price of

. 

### - $20,000, a 10% 

### cost in:rease r,.;ould :in:::rease 

### to sales arrl 

### costs to t..r.e 

### users by 

### (5000 x 

### $20,000 x 

### 10% 

# = $10,000,000 p:r 

### year). There should be r:o 

### effect on total dernar:d for transfo:r:rrers for new applications. 'I1'.e ban 

### on rebuilding askarel 

### transfoz:mers may increase the danarrl 

### for f'£M 

### transfonr.ers by 1000 qJ 

### 2000 units par 

### yeez, 'Ihis additional dem:L"":d sbcul.d 

### F:e easily supplied as,**t.~** t..-ansforrner 

### rranufacturing 

### irrlustry as 

### it has 

### recently been operating 

### at only 

### abJut 60% 

### of' capac.ity, 

### Market structure should 

### mt 

### F:e significantly affected. as all 

### of tb.e fOJ::re.r 

### rranufaeturers of askarel 

### transfonners will have equal 

### access to 

### the I

### high fire r:oint transfonner liquid I 

### materials 

## am**techrol~. ~~s**  to 

### this market segrrent 

### will open to 

### th::lse tzansrormer manufacturers wto did 

### rot offer a.sk.arel as an 

### alte..1"'11ative to 

### oil. 'Ibis 

### will primarily afford a mar:-<eting opp:lrt'..1nity 

### to RrE 

### Cor:pJration whic."l has 

### never supplied askarel units but 

### '..aucb. has 

### a st..rang market ?Jsition in the 

### high fire 

### s:oi.11t liquid transior:r..er market seqmenti, The increased sales by RrE will probably 

### F:e less 

### t.'1.an the total 

### increase in transfonrer sales, so 

### this srrall 

### sbift 

### in market st..-ruet'..JIe smuld not result 

### in a net decrease 

### in the sales by any 

### of t..."l.e 

### other manufactarrer.s,



### -1l7-

### Irr.creased Fire Losses· 

### It was 

### irrt!?licitly ·assurre::l acove that 

### the 

### h.i;gh fire poirrt 

### liquids

I • •**~.** • 

### are 

### satisfac-...ory replacements for 

### FC8S in tenns of perfomance ar.d 

### fire sa£tey

.. 

### In fact, tb.e 

### high fire p:lint liquids 

### can bum un:ler ce-...-oi."'l cor.ditior.s ir..cltri.i..'r1g 

### e:q:osure to 

### an excernal, 

### fire, ar:d 

### can release flarrrrable gases if 

### 'an electrical
arc cx:curs t,..;ithin the t..-ansfaI:!'I'ter. 

### It will te several years 

### unti.l a ccmplete 

### evaluation of 

### the relative trans£onner fire risks is 

### canp1ete:l by the 

### Fire Safety Division of 

### t.!'le National Bureau of 

### Star.dards under a research project 

### curxerrcl.y bei.""lg 

### fun:ied by**S~** 

### o. S. Depart::rent 

### of**Er1.e-~.** 

### It will rot be 

### posa

### ibl,e 

### to accurately predici 

### the ir.cre.ase::l fire 

### losses that may 

### result fran ti'.e use 

### of substitutes for PCBs ttar..s£orrr.ers tl."'ltil the 

### v.ork of the 

### Bureau of 

### Star.dards is 

### canp1ete. Any 

### estimates made. 

### at .this

. 

### tirre 

### must necessarily be based 

### an rarher cnrle**~~.** 

### It could 1:e 

### assured, for example, that the 

### 20% price prennm for askarel transfo:z:rners vs oil, fille:l



### . trar...sfome....-s was 

### justified 'r:lj 

### a' de::::rea.se 

### In**fL~** 

### losses. The use 

### of 

# a- high fire

-

fOi."'lt 

### transformer liquid might 

### achieve 95% 

### of 

### the additional fire safetY tb..at '...ould 

### ot.."lerNise be 

### ac."lievable 'r:lj 

### us:L."1g askarel. The increase:i fi.:'e 

### losses resulting fran t,.l1,e 

### use of the high 

### fire fOint 

### liquid 

### fille:iunits**~d** 

### t.hen 1:e


### one Fe-..-c;ent 

### of the 

### cost 

### of t.."le 

## u:nlts. Ease1 on a productdon 

### of iOOO ."'leN an:i 

### replacsne.."'lt units p:.r 

### yeax at an average price of $20,000 each

.. this 

### loss would 1:e 

### $1,400,000 

### per year. 16.6 Sugmary TransitionaZ Costs 

### Clean up 

### costs for rramifactnrars, Long 

### Term Costs Increased cost 

### of ron-PCB transfo:c:rners
.Additional 

### fire 

### losses fran use 

### of 

### ron-PCB transfol::!1&s 

### $100,000 19i8**or~y**


### $0 to 

### $10 million per year 

### $1,400,000 

### per year (very 

### rough estizrate)Emr:;Z01.fment

. 

### Increase:l denard 

### for replacer.ent 

### transfo.r:rru:;rs shoul.d gene..'C.te



### - '

... 

### enplcyrre.'1t equal 

### to that lost in the 

### transfonner rebuilding segrrent 

### of tile industry (see OJapter 5). An 

### additional 78 jobs would Ce expectied 

### in 1979.



### ".

:.

-119-17. 0 TOrAL COST AND ECOtOUC IMJ?ACIS ''The 

### preced';ng chapcez's have 

### discussed 

# oe' various costs rNhich will 

### result fran 

### car:pliance

### wit.~ the 

### proposed 

### regulations. COsts of

### deCon~..ating or scrapping existing 

### equipnent, preparation 

### of spill corrczo.L plans, 

### am the 

### costs asscciated. with the 

### ban 

### on retui.lding askarel 

### t-"'"aIlSformers are all t..oo-an.sitional 

### Costs

- the annual COs-'"i-S 

### will 

### eventually decrease to 

### zero, t."'..ough this 

### rray require 20 years or rroze, 

### Cost incrca.se.s due to 

### tr..e L'1Cr<=>.::lsed prices for ron-PCB capacitors and t....-ansforme.rs will be 

### long te!:m 

### costs

- 

### ti'...ey will l:e e.xp=cted to continue 

### ir.definitely• 

### E'con:mic i.'11paets, 

### as distinct 

### fran cost impacts, 

### :i..O:lude 8I1p1cyme.'1t effec'"-.5, changes 

### 1..'1 market st..-ucture, and impacts 

### on 

### energy de:rard an:i the 

### international 1:a1ance**o~ ~-de.**  Tl".ese irnpac+-....s, teo, 

### can be**tot.~ ~a:n.si**  

### tional, an:1 long cezm, 17

### .1 Transitional Cost IIm:aets


## .. :. 

### See Table 17.1-1.



### -120-

### Table 17.1-1 'Iransitional Cost Impacts S Hillion Per Year EatIne t.ed Succeeding $ Hillion Hellability 1919 Years 'lblal of 'lIJla1
S .1 0 .1 -50\ +500\

14.3 

### 3." less UO iSO' per 'year**2.~** 3." Ieas 15 150\ per**~ar**
1 0 1 1100\ 1 0 1 :flOO\

1 0 1 120\ 0 2.1 (2 years) 5.4 120\ 0

.. 1 (l983) .1 120\

.005 0 .005 1)00\ .02 

### ,. 0 .02 1S0\ I 

# .-. N 

# .-. I Hall IOl:lpter) fCU 'l'ranafonllm:aI Manufacturer clean up coats (16) 8<,a on RehlHdlng (4)

FOregone SavInqa

Loat servIce 1'Loo
1'ran,sfOUlltlr Se1vlce (5)

lost Wdges Spill Prevention Plan tocorotIve 'rrarlBloIluen (6)

Reteofi11**Progr~n** Proceaafrsj Pr'oqram Final Analysill for PCBs HeportlO'J Spill Prevent.Ion Plan PCB capacllDra' Equi[lleIlt Redesign (l5) Inventory (boo1esceroe ()) OU FIlled 'l'ransfoOicra (7) fell Analysis aul Dis!'osal 1

24 o

.:3.U Iesa

per, year 1

100 HOO\
130\ Hilling**~uchiJl<ls** (II) RclJ-!lld Loader's O:x'plele Loy Dec. 31 1 1981 2 120\ 

## , Senlp O:'lltlnuaus Hiners**O:~l'l)lete** q. Dec. 31,. 1901 . 6 i50\

. Rc[lortinJ CoSUl .02 '0 .02 1100\ I iSO't Spill PreventIon Plans .04 0 .04 "oata rot availiilile to Sllf.'pxt eatiJ!f'llei prolJiilily IlllUll coat iUflCict. r'

### Table 17.1-1 (Gan't) 'l\ransitiona1 Cost Impacts

Iilln (Chapter) BlcetrOl14goota (9)

lleplik.'fioent Cost Iocreased tabor CoBbi 1979
'$ 3.5 .5 $ Hi 11ion ('er Ytl<tr Succeeding

Years



### o o Esthlldled 

### s Hillion I1ellabillty

'1utal of 'lotal



### s 3.5 .t20\ .5 -lOOt HOO\

I I-' IV N I Ilydraulie**Sy~l.o1lS** (10) Die {Asting Machines

1\III.llyl:lil:l altl Siill{'Urtj Rep:>rthy;J Sili11 I'rE:Vention PLans [).::contamination OUleJ: lIydraulic SySt8llS

[)ecolltaminatiOIl " Production Jnt.erruptIons lleat 'rransfer :iystulw (11) CUlpresoors (12)**~lailllt,,"l** Oil (ll) IncrOdsed lk):>t of SynUlOt1c**I~**

Oll R\tcdal lo..:r6i\5oo Cost of 1/001.1 011 lo:>t Pn:xlllction of Ilcclaimoj lIydraul Ic Fluid 1'hU131ocyanil\e 1'i<'"f-!IIt.B (14) Process 013n'Jes .6 0 .8 150\



### .. .2 0 .2 150\ .5 0 .5 140\ 7.3 7.3 (1980) 14.6 -]0\ +200\

3.6 0 3.6 -]0\ HOO\



### •• 0 ,> •• ••

" O. 0, •• •• .2 0 .2 -50\ 1100\

100 100 (years 2-5)···· 500 -80\ HOl 6••**(y~rs** 6-15)**~·P'"** -60\ 1200\ 

## •• .4 (J 980) .8 120\

.5 0 .5 -50\ +200\ $166.] nJ.lliJu $1,602 mlll1Dn -60" HO\ 

# .

• O()dta not available to 6U[-fOrt eat.Inete, p:>tcntlally lal"Je COSL ill\lOCt.

. "o().)sw to continue ioJeflnlte1y until uasle it.lllstrlal. oil 1'0 lOO:Jel'oqnLalnfl Jlledsurable iUlPl\l\UJ of J'Cl1s •

....''1'flt.'1· bc.m.:1 estim.:lle. OCCn;a:;ed dUIWtl 

### IIDy w'illit L\ significantly reduced il\{l'lCts.

### 17. 2 

### !eng Teon Cost**~<-S** 

### Transfo:z::mars: (<:,1'1..a.pter 16) 

### Increa.se::I cost of r.on-?CB 

### t."'"aI1Sfo:t:rre.-.""S 

### Increased fire losses 

### capacitors: (Q1apter 

### 15) -'- -'

. 

### $0 to 10 

### million/year cata rot available

.' In:rease::i 

### cost of oon-PC3 

### p::;wer factor 

### capa..citors

. In:rea..sEd cost of ron-PCB capacitors 

### In::reasEd fire losses Decreased 

### service life 

### $5.5 to 

### 10.9 

### million/year $7.8 to 

### 10.3 

### million/year (± 

### 50%) Data 

### not available Data 

### not avciJable Diarylide Yellcw Pigment (Q1apter 14) Increase:i 

### CCGt of substiblte 

### pis;m=nts Total 

### $10 

### to 25 million/year

. 

### .. $23 "to 

### 56 million 

## r:e.r year Present value 

### of long teI:m 

### Cost :im:r;acts 

### assuming 

### 10% discount 

### rate 

# = $230 to 

### 560 

### mil]jon 17 •3 Bnolovrnent Impacts 

# . .

+55 + 163

+42 to 

### 106 +1235 to 3118 

### +69 to 

### liO +2029 to 

### 3235

+ 2 + 2


### +50 +25 to 32 

### +50 + 

### 17

+12 + 24 Item CO'.apter) l?CB transformers Rebuilding ?ai.lrcad 

### transfonners (6) Petrofill' an:i 

### decontamination prcgram Oil Filled 

### T.ransfonrers (7) Analysis Di.sE:osal 

### services 

### Mining 

### t-E.chines (8) 

### Spill 

### Preve."ltion Plans**El~....ranagnets** (9) Increased deman:i Aildi

### tional Lal:::or 

### for Cpera

### tions witbout Ma.gnets Hydraulic Syste:ns 

### (10) Deo:>ntar.:'..ination Prcgram 1'b. of Jobs' (1979)



### -50

-123- 'Ibtal Man Years

-1470 I

### Itan (Q-.aoter)

, « 

### Lost Prcduction fran closing of facilities during dec:::>ntamination 

### No. of Jabs (1979) 

### Total Man 

### Years r:otential for 

## t.'IDu- .-5007 sanis 

### of layoffs 

### early in 1979 

### in the 

### steel ir..dust

..... ry 

### for several, rronths 

### Spill prevention 

### plans Rep:Jrting 

### requi.rerrents Heat T.!:anSfar Syste:ns (11) 

### Deo:mtarn.ination prcgram 

### canpressors (12) cecontaIni.!'..ation prcgram P.ecla:ilr.ed Oil 

### (13 ) Ban 

### on reclamation of contarn.i.r'.ated hydraulic fluid 

### Diarylide Yellcw Pigm::nts (14) Loss 

### of jobs in 

### rranufaeture of pisme..'1ts



### <:a;;acitor 

### Manufacturing (15) 

### Transfoz:::rer 

### Manufacturing (16)

17 .4 other 

### Ecor.cmic 

## IrrlFacts +5 +7

?



### +1

-12 to'lS

.:. 

### -200



## o +15 + 

### 5
+ 

### 7

?



### + 1



### -24 to 30

Job losses offset by-increased 

### employ

### ment in 

### rnanufacture of substitute 

### materials. 

## a - +1470

No 

### significant market shifts 

### are anticipat.e::1 to 

### result fran &.e ban


### on the use 

### of ECBs in t."le 

### rranufactureof capacitors or transfo.z:rrers. The**oI"'~Y** 

### signific3.nt impact 

### on 

### energy demard will be 

### for t.."le 

### oil required to 

### replace t..fJ.e 

### contaminated t=ansfonner oil, hydraulic fluid, heat

, t.."'CU1.Sfer 

### fluid, ar::d 

### co:mpressor fluid whic

.. '1 

### must be draine:i ar::d 

### .L"1cinerated as part 

### of the 

### decontamination program. 

### This requ.i.l;e:rent will be 

### insignificant when can;::ared wi**t..~** total 

### oil consurnpti.cn, 

### s:arti cular

### 1y sin:e 

### the .i.n::reased da:ran::i 

### for t..""'a!1.Sfor::ter oil will J::e 

### spread over 20 years 

### or rrore.



### -124-**~.** nunl:er 

### of rnir.or effects on the 

### J:ala.nce of trade 

### rray be 

### anticipated. The ban 

### on t.'1e**L.~tion** 

### of 

### PCB capacd

### tora 

### LTJ. foreign made elect..""'ical 

### equipnent might decrease ·tb.e availability or slightly

### ii:creas~ the 

### price of**~...e:l** 

### appliar.ces. The 

### restriction on the FCB 

### contaminaticn of 

### diarylide yellew 

### pigments might er:d 

### the .i.rnp:Jrtation of 

### this m:i:terial. Ho.o."ever I the ban 

### on re:ycling corrtaminated tzansfozmar 

### oil would ce 

### expeczed 

### to result 

### in 

# an increase1 denand 

### for n&1l 

### oil, azd the ban on the 

### rebui.ld.i.ng , of transfo:aners 

### will in:rease the. numi:er of n&1l transformers 

### l::ei.'"1g' rnanU£acture:::1 resulting 

### in an Increased d.em:u:d for bauxite 

### to make the aluminum wire used 

### in their 

### construction. Sufficient data is 

### rot available 

### to support; a 

### quantita- I 

### tive analysis of these effects, and the 

### total 

## i:mf:act on 1:..1e 

### balance of trade is 

### rot expeci:9.:l to l:e 

### significant. NO 

### significant 

### i.m:Facts on supplies of stratEgic materials ',.;ere

-, 

### identifie::1 

### in the 

### course of this 

### study.



### -125-APPENJIX A

'IOXIC SUSS'IAN:ES CON"rPDL 

## sc:

.. 

### Public Law 

### 94-469 90 Stat. 2003 et seq

Page A-2: section 6(e): Folychlorinate:i Biphenyls Page A-3: section 6(a): SCope of Regulation

P..-lPUBUC L\W**9~9-0cr.** 11.197& 9Q5TA T. 2025 (e) POLYCHLORL."I'.l.nD BU'm:..'fY!.S.-(l) 1Yithin six months after**Rul~.** the**erl'~tive** date of this .let che Administrator shall promulgate rules to- (A) prescribe methods for the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls, and (B) r-equire polychlorinuted biphenyls to be marked with clear and. adequate warrungs, and inscrucnons with respect eo their processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal or with respect to any combination ofsuch ucrivities, ' Requirements prescribed by rules under this paragraph shall be consistent with the requirements of paragraphs (2) and (;3). (2) (A) Except as provided under subparagraph (B), effective one veal' after the erfecti,'e date of chis Act no person may: manufuctura, process, or distribute in commerce or use any polychlorinated biphenyl ill any mannerotherthan in u totally enclosed manner. (B) The Adrninisrruror nUl,y by rule uuchorize rhe manufacture, processing, distribution in commerce or use (or any combination of suchaceivities) of uny polychlorinated biphenyl in ll. manner ocherthan in a totallv enclosed mannerifthe Administrator finds that such manufacture, processing, distr-ibution in commerce, or use (or combination of such activities) will noc present an unreusonuble risk 

### at injury to health orthe environmenc, (C) For the purposes of this puragraph, the term ··total1y enclosed "Tceally eeclosed manner" means uny manner which will ensure oht1t a.ny exposure of manner,"

. human beings or the environment to a. polychlorinated biphenyl will be in::lignitic:mt us determined by the Adrniniscrator by rule. (3) (A) Excepc as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C)-, (i) no person mllY manufacture :lny polychlorinated biphenyl :lftertwo years after the etfectivedata ofthis Act, and (Ii) no person muy· process or distribute in commerce uny polychlorinated biphenyl arter two'und one-halfyeurs aner such dare, (B) Any person may petition the Administrator for an exernprion Petitioa for from the requirements 

## or subparagraph (.-1..), and the Administrator exemp,tioa. may granc .by rule such an exenipcion if the Administrator findsthac

### 0) an unreusonuble risk of injury to health or environment would not result. und

. (ii) good faith efforts have been made to develop a chemical substance which does noc present an unreasonable risk 0f injury to health 01" the environment and which mav be substituted for such polychlorinated biphenyl. ' - An exemption granted under this subpuragruph shu ll be subject to Terms aad such terms und conditions as the Adminisrrutor may prescribe and conditious, "hall be in erl'ect for such perioJ \but not more than one yeur from the elate ie is grunted) as ehe Administrator may prescribe. (C) Subparagraph**(_~)** shall not apply to the distribution in cornrnerce or ilny polychlorinated biphenyl if such polychlorinated biphenyl was sold fer purposes ocher than resale before two and one halfveurs after the date 0 f enactment af this Act. (-to) Any rule under paragr-aph (1), (2) (B), or (3) (B) shall be promulgated in accordance with po.rngra.phs (2), (3), and (.J:) of subsection (c).

. (5) This subsection does not limit the authority of the Administrator. under any other provision of this Act or any other Federul law, to take act ion respecting any polychlorinated biphenyl.



### A-2IS USC 26Q5. SEC. 5. R.EGULATION OF HAZ.-\RDOUS CHE}(lCAL St;BST.-L\"CES

-A.:"D }IIXTURES.

_ (8.) Sci>n OF RWt:UTloS'.-lf the Administr-ator finds that there i:; a. reasonable basis to conclude that the manufacture, processing, distribution in' commerce. use, or disposal of a chemical substance or mixture, or that any combination of such activiriss, presents- or "will _ present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. the Administrator shall by rule apply one or more of the following requirements to such substance or mixture to the extent necessary to protect adequately against such risk using the least burdensome requiremen ts : (1) A. requirement (.\) prohibitingthe manufacturing, processing', or distribution in commerce of such substance or mixture, or (B) limiting the amount ofsuch substance or mixture which may bemanufactured. processed, or distributed in commerce, (2) .-\. requirement- (A) prohibiting the manufacture. processing, or distribntion in commerce of such substance or mixture for (i) ::I parricular use or (ii) a-particular use in a concentration in excess of a level specified bv the Administrator in the rule imp-osing' the requirement, or (B) limitinz the amount of such substance or mixture which may be- manufactured. processed. or distributed in c-ommerce for (i) a particularuse or (ii) a. particular use

. in. a. concentration in excess of a level specified by' the

Administrator in the rule imposing the requirement. (3) A recuiremene that such substance or mixture or "a.nv article c-ontaining such substance or mixture be marked with 0"1." accompanied -by clear and adequate warnings and instructions with respect to its use, distribution in commerce, or disposal 01'- with respect to any combination of such activities. The form and content of such warninzs and instructions shall be prescribed bv the Administr-ator.

- • (4) A requirement that manufacturers and processors ofsuch substance or mixture make and retain records of the processes used, to manufacture Or process such substance or mixture and monitor or conduct tests which are reasonable and necessnrv to assure compliance with the requirernents of any rule applicable underthis subsection.

_ . (3)**~c\.** requirement prohibiting or otherwise regulating j,ny manner or method of commercial use of such substance or mixture,

- (6) (A) A requirement prohibiting orotherwise regul!lting any manner or method of disposal of such substance or mixture, or ofany article containing such substance or mixture, by its "manufacturer 01" processor or by o.ny other person who uses, or disposes of,it for commercial purposes. (B) A requirement**undel"subpa~grnph** (A) may not require :lnY person to take any action which would be in violatiou of any law or requirement of, or in erred for, a. State or political subdivision, and shall require each person subject to 

### it to notify each State and political subdivision in which a. rsquired disposal may occurof such disposal.

-

_ '

.... (7) A requirement directing manufacturers or processors of such substance orrnixrura**(~\.)** to give notice ofsuch unreasonable risk of injury to distributors in commerce of such substance or mixture and, to the extent reasonably ascertainable, U> other per· sons in possession of such substance or mixture or exposed to such substance or mature, (B) to give public notice of such risk of iniurv and (C) to replace or repurchase such substance at" mixture us elected by the person to which the requirement is directed

. • -\.ny requirement (or combination of requirements) imposed under this subsection may be limited in application to specified geographic areas.


### A-3·......

### -

. ,. r..

.. (..; "

.Asses.sme.'1t of IndustrialHaza.rdcu.s Waste Ma..?1agenent**~-e----ices,** a dca:Iment pre- ,pared for EPA I 

### s Office of Solid Waste ar.d preserrced with test.lln:::my of H. '·'Lanier**Hid~nan,** 

### Cecart:er 12, 1977.



### Amtrak, 1976 Annual RePort•



### . J...mtz:ak, Five-Year Cor;:orate Plan, 1977. 

### Bureau of the CensuS, Ele::trical 

### Measuranent ar:d 

### Oist:rihltion Equi;::nle.'1t, Rep:)rt N::J. 

### M:72(2) -36A, 

### Table 6A. Consolidated Rail COrp:lration, Annual Re;:ort, 1976. CCw COming Corp::)ration, Reroval of feB fran COW Cor:ri.ng 561 (R) Transfonr.e.r Liquid by C1arcca.l Filtration, up::1ated. Electrical Appa.ratus Servi-ce J...sscciation In::., 1977-1978 Yeari:cok,' St. Louis M:l: 1977. " ENSCO, C-e.T'le--ral InfOI!!'ation ENSCO-PCB-OOl Rev.**~-78,** E1 Corado, Azkansasr lvarc.."l 1978.

. F,:PA, "Fi."'1al 

### ceci.sion", Federal 

### Register, February 2, 1977, pp. 6531-<5555. >JA, "Polych.J.orinatai Biphenyls (;FeEs): Disp:lsal arrl 01:l.r.k:ing", Fe1eral 

### Pegister, Febru.a:ry·17, 1978, pp. '7149-7164. Foss , stephen D.:i Higgins, John B. i JDhnston, CCnald L. i M:Qua.de, Jam=.5t1

.. , (General Electric Co.), Retrofilling of Pai.1road T.:::ansfo.r.mer, Draft**F:i.ria..l'~.** RepJrt, Contract COI'-'I'SC-1293, July 1977. Hofstader, R.A. (Dc<on Re.sea.rch ar.d Engineering Co.) i Lisk, O.J., Ba.che, C.1;:I... (Co:rnell University), "Interfere.'1Ce in the Electron-Capture Tec..Jmique for t:etemlination of Polych1orinate:i Biphenyls by**SuL.~-eontaining** 

# canr:ourrls in Pet..""Oleum Prcduc+.-:sll
, Bulletin of EnvLronrnental Contamination 

## am. Toxicolcgy, Vol. 

# u. N::J. 2, 1974. Kuratsune, Masanori, et. al., "Yusho, a I;:Oison.i.ng caused by rice oil contaminated with r:olyc:hlorinated biphe.'1ylsll, RHSMHA P.ealth Rer;::or'"t-S, Vol. 86, 

### NO. 12 (December 1971), 

### pp. 1083-1091. lapp, T.H. (Mid\,.;est Research Institute), The· M3nu£acture ard Use of Selected Aryl and Al.1<yl Aryl Phosphate Esters, EP.l\ 560/6-76-008, February 1976.

. 

## ._..

### -

.... r·**~l,** _,M

### $RENCES, CCNTINu1:D

### ~,**PD1::e-~** s. ;:'(COntir..ental 

### Forest !r.dustries) I 

### testim::my preSenta:l at t"J,e U.S. EPA LJ£o:rm'3..l 

### hearir.gs on the PCB ban re;u.lations, Wa..s..'ri.ngton, D.C., 

### JuJ.y 

### 15, 1977. 

### Maoc.'?, T. W. " 

### ltRe.ro-f:i.ne:i 

### Oil: Jln Cption That Saves 

### Oil, Minimizes Polluticn" r 

### Science 193, 

### p, llOa-lllO, 

### Sepreni:er 17, 1976.



### ,**'::.,~;'.' ,~-~::~:··t~·<,::·** **M;aj;:;z:o;:eUtan':~it Aut.~rit:r**  I 

### Annual 

### Rep:;rt, 1976. Michigan 

### I:epart:ment of Natural Resources, Pile tA..e:ro, uzdaced, 

### M::m$.:anP:> Chanical

## ;~y, Arcc10rs for -, 

### St. !.cUis,

## ~.: urdaeed, 

### NJ:'**~t** 

### of Transp:::lrtation, Highlights 

### of Activities, 1976. 

### PJous.e:" T.; Paab, E. (General Ele:;+-...ric Co.), 

### U.S. TransfcI:rrer 

### Oil'SuF?1y 

## 'ar.d**~,** 1975-1.985, Interim 

### ReFort, Palo Alto, 

### CilIf.: EIe;tric Fewer Research 

## -:rnst:;iti.lt:e (Fep:lrt No. EL-303), Nov. 1976.**~,?J9t:.Ort** 

### to t.'1e 

### Public an::IFw.ancial Stati!ne.."1ts 

### for 1974 ar.d 1975

-**Sta~"1t** 

### at epe.....-a,tions.
Q. L 'I'l;:o"ra.$,. pugh. (Outf:::oard :13.rine COrp.), Prese."1taticn at t.'1e EPA !nf6x:rral F...eari."1gS on t."le PeS. Ban ReguJ.a.ticns, Wa..sh.in;rt:on, D•C., 

### July 15, 1977.


## u.S. 

## of Agric...l.1ture Ad Bee Group an FCBs. Agric...l.1ture's P.es;xJr1.sibilisY O::mce,..+nir'..g Po1ychlori..'1ate:i Biphe..'lyls(PCBs) Wa.slungtOn, D.C.: 

### Oftice of Scie.."'"'£e an;l 

### Education, U.S.**De~'lt** of**.~iculture,** 1972.

. U.S.**~t** of Ccrrme.rce, Electrical Measurere."1t ar.d Oist"il:ution 

### Ec;uir;:rre."1t, Publication t1:(2-36A) • Versax' 

### Inc., Ass€SSI'CEnt of t.,l;.e Envi_ronrrental ard >="concmic**~--s** of t.l;.e Ean on 

### Imports of 

### PCBs, EPA 560/6-77-007, 

### February 22, 1977. Ve.rsaz:: L"'1C., Involvem:mt of FC3s 

### in the PulP a..rii Paper I!'.c.ust-;, EPA 560/6-77-005, February 25, 1977. Versar !ric., Mi.c:rcecoranic Irm:act.s of**tJ.~e** Procose:i**~arki.r,** arrl Disoosal ?ecu

### lations for PCBs, EP.r... RePJrt·N::;. 60 -//-0 J , Spr:.ngr1.elc, Va.:**~t.lcn** 

### Techn.ical Infonnation service (NTIS**~.** PB-267 833/2'W1'), 

### April 26, 1977. Versar L>:e., ?CB Activity Analysis pasers, Spacial Rep:lrt, EP.VOI'S, July 11, 1977. Versar L'"1C., R:Bs in t..'e Unite:i States: L"1dustrial Use a.."".d E::1vi.r:Jr:rre.r1.tal :Jist=.:..cu-:-**~.** 

### Sprir.giield, Va.: :;rational Te:hnical Infor::ration S€.r"lice {l'i'TIS 2.9 252 402/3W1'}.**F~~i** 

### 1976. 

## ... , 

## .. -.......;- ,or, 

### ;f::'-

'." 

## ..... Walsh, E.J. i VoytiX, D.E.; Pearce, H

..A. (Westingrouse Elec+.xic Corp.) 

### Evaluat;id,n of 

### Silio:me Fluid for Replacene..l"lt of PCB Coolants 

### in Ra.i1'Nay 

### Ir.dustry,**br~:§i#',** 

## '" · Final .Ret;ort, Re;:ort No. COl'-'TSC-1294, JUly, 1977. ," Versar !nc., Price SChe:lule

- Quantitative Analysis of PCBs in 10-C Transfom.er Oil (Price Sheet 100), Springfield, Va.: May 1, 1978. Versar !nc., Usage of PC3s 

### in 

### o;:en ani sani-c1ose:1 Systems and 

### the' Resulting Losses of PCBs to the EnvLronment. EPA 560/6-77-009 (unp.;lblishe:l Draft 

### Pep;:,rt) ,', Septenl:er 1, 1976. '

Ward, Wil.l.L3m (General MJtors CorpJration) , Presentation 

# at**t.~** EPA**H~..:.ngs** on the PCB Ban Regulations, Chicago, Ill.L"):)is, July .19, 1977. .'" 

### 1'1esns, George 

### (TJnited 

### States Depart:rrent 

### of L"1terior, Cenver, Coloradq), "Polyd1lorinate:::l BiphenyLs"; File HI.S 3-3-1Oh, Jur.e 13, 1977. Weinstein, N.J. (Pecon SyS"""<-EmS, In:.), Waste Oil Re::ycli.ng ar.d**DisFosal,~A:":'<** 670/2-74-052, Prin:::etcn, N.J.: August, 1974 :.

,**.~'** . z.' .'

.**~,- ",~.~;**  ...**~, '~':~"·~_::t~'-v;;** **,...-l:.."~ ~.'::..** **~:i~** '::

", .... 

### . 

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