CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.1 INTRODUCTION

........................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 DISHWASHERS

............................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2.1 Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consum ption by Efficiency Level

.................................... 6-1 6.2.2 Average Annual Energy and Water Cons um ption by Efficiency Level

.......................... 6-4 6.2.3 Variability of Annual Energy and Water Consumption

.................................................. 6-6 6.3 DEHUMIDIFIERS

.......................................................................................................... 6-7 6.3.1 Average Annual Usage

.................................................................................................... 6 -7 6.3.2 Average Annual Energy Consumption

............................................................................ 6-9 6.3.3 Average Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level

......................................... 6-10 6.3.4 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption

.................................................................. 6-12 6.4 COOKING PRODUCTS

............................................................................................... 6-14 6.4.1 Cooktops and Ovens

...................................................................................................... 6 -14 6.4.1.1 Average Annual Energy Consumption

........................................................ 6-14 6.4.1.2 Annual Energy Consumption of Energy-Using Com ponents

...................... 6-18 6.4.1.3 Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level

...................................... 6-19 6.4.1.4 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption

................................................ 6-23 6.4.2 Microwave Ovens

.......................................................................................................... 6-29 6.4.2.1 Average Annual Energy Consumption

........................................................ 6-29 6.4.2.2 Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level

...................................... 6-31 6.4.2.3 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption

................................................ 6-32 6.5 COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHERS

..................................................................... 6-33 6.5.1 Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consum ption by Efficiency Level

.................................. 6-33 6.5.2 Average Annual Energy and Water Cons um ption by Efficiency Level

........................ 6-37 6.5.3 Variability of Annual Energy and Water Consumption

................................................ 6-40

LIST OF TABLES Table 6.2.1 Standard Dishwashers: Per-Cyc le E nergy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................... 6-4 Table 6.2.2 Standard Dishwashers: A nnual Energy and W ater Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................... 6-6 Table 6.3.1 Dehumidifier Annual Usage Data

........................................................................ 6-8 Table 6.3.2 Dehumidifier M onthly H ourly Usage

.................................................................. 6-9 Table 6.3.3 Dehumidifier Annual Energy Consum ption Derived from Hourly Usage

........ 6-10 Table 6.3.4 25 Pints/Day or Less Dehumidifiers: Annua l Energy Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-10 Table 6.3.5 25.01-35 Pints/Day Dehum idifiers: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-11
6-iTable 6.3.6 35.01-45 Pints/Day Dehumidifiers: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-11 Table 6.3.7 45.01-54 Pints/Day Dehum idifiers: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-11 Table 6.3.8 54.01-74.99 Pints/Day Dehumidifiers : Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-12 Table 6.3.9 75 Pints/Day or More Dehumidif iers: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-12 Table 6.4.1 Annual Energy Consumption of Ba seline Electric and Gas Cooktops and Ovens Based on DOE Test Procedure Energy Use Calculations

...................... 6-16 Table 6.4.2 Component Annual Energy Use of Baseline Cooktops and Ovens

................... 6-19 Table 6.4.3 Electric Coil Cooktops: Annual Energy Consum ption by Efficiency Level

..... 6-20 Table 6.4.4 Electric Smooth Cooktops: Annual Energy Consum ption by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-20 Table 6.4.5 Gas Cooktops: Annual Energy C onsum ption by Efficiency Level

.................. 6-20 Table 6.4.6 Electric Standard Ovens: Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-21 Table 6.4.7 Electric Self-Cleaning Ovens: Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-21 Table 6.4.8 Gas Standard Ovens: Annual Ener gy Consum ption by Efficiency Level

........ 6-22 Table 6.4.9 Gas Self-Cleaning Ovens: Annual E nergy Consumption by Efficiency Level

.................................................................................................................. 6-23 Table 6.4.10 Annual Energy Use of Baseline Cooktops and Ovens with corresponding RECS Cooking Frequency

................................................................................. 6-24 Table 6.4.11 Microwave Ovens: Annual Ener gy Consum ption by Efficiency Level

........... 6-31 Table 6.5.1 Residential Clothes Washer En ergy Use Data from DOE 2000 TSD

............... 6-35 Table 6.5.2 Commercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and W ater Use by Efficiency Level

................................................................................................. 6-37 Table 6.5.3 Commercial Clothe s Washer Usage Data

.......................................................... 6-38 Table 6.5.4 Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi-Fa mily Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................................................... 6-39 Table 6.5.5 Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundrom at Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................................................... 6-40

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 6.2.1 Historical Dishwasher Per-Cyc le Energy and W ater Consumption

.................... 6-2 Figure 6.2.2 Dishwasher Per-Cycle Water C onsum ption as a Function of Per-Cycle Energy Consumption

........................................................................................... 6-3 Figure 6.2.3 Distribution of Dishwasher Annual E nergy Consumption Based on 2001 RECS Usage Data

................................................................................................ 6-7 Figure 6.3.1 Percent of Households with Dehum idifiers Disaggregated by Region and Presence of Basement

........................................................................................ 6-13
6-iiFigure 6.3.2 Probability Distributi on for Dehumidifier Usage

.............................................. 6-14 Figure 6.4.1 Historical E stimates of Annual Electric Range Energy Use

.............................. 6-17 Figure 6.4.2 Historical E stimates of Annual Gas Range Energy Use

.................................... 6-18
Figure 6.4.4 Distribution of Baseline Ga s Cooktop Annual Energy Use Based on 2001

Figure 6.4.9 Historical E stimates of Annual Microwave Oven Energy Use

......................... 6-31 Figure 6.4.8 Distribution of Baseline Gas Self-Cleaning Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

........................................................ 6-29 Figure 6.4.7 Distribution of Ba seline Gas Standard Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

........................................................................ 6-28 Figure 6.4.6 Distribution of Baseline Electric Self-Clean ing O ven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

........................................................ 6-27 Figure 6.4.5 Distribution of Baseline Elect ric Standard Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

........................................................ 6-27 Figure 6.4.3 Distribution of Baseline Elect ric Cooktop Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

........................................................................ 6-25 RECS Cooking Frequency

................................................................................. 6-26

Figure 6.4.10 Distribution of Microwave Ov en Annual Cooking Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

........................................................................ 6-33 Figure 6.5.1 Residential Clothes Washer RM C versus MEF from DOE 2000 TSD

............. 6-36 Figure 6.5.2 Probability Distri bution for Comm ercial Clothe s Washer Usage in MultiFamily Applications

........................................................................................... 6-41 Figure 6.5.3 Probability Distribution for Comm ercial Clothes Washer Usage in Laundromat Applications

................................................................................... 6-41

6-iiiCHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION To carry out the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) calculations described in Chapter 8 , DOE needed to determine the op erating cost savings to consumers from moreefficient equipment. The LCC and PBP analysis requires data on annual energy use, as well as water use for commercial clothes washers and residential dishwashers, because, along with energy and water prices, DOE uses these data to establish the most si gnificant component of consumer operating costs. (Maintenance and repa ir costs are the other co ntributors to operating cost.) This chapter describes how DOE determined the annual energy and water consumption of residential electric and gas ranges and microwave ovens, dishwashers, dehumidifiers, and commercial clothes washers.

6.2 DISHWASHERS DOE established the annual energy and water consumption of dishwashers by multiply ing the per-cycle energy and water use by the number of cycles per year.
6.2.1 Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level Dishwasher per-cycle energy consumption is composed of three components: waterheating energy, machine energy, and drying energy. The machine energy is composed of the motor energy (for water pumping and food dispos al) and booster heater energy. The DOE test procedure provides the following eq uations to calculate the tota l per-cycle dishwasher energy consumption: K DWCYCLE = T V × + E M D × + e where:
DW CYCLE = Total dishwasher per-cycle energy consumption, V

= Water consumption in gallons per cycle, T = Nominal water temperature rise = 70 oF (assuming a nominal inlet water temperature of 120 oF), K

= Specific heat of water in kWh pe r gallon per degree Fahrenheit (0.0024), or Btus per gallon per degree Fahrenheit (8.2), e = Efficiency of electric water heater (100%) or gas water heater (75%), V•T•K/e = Water-heating energy consumption, M = Machine energy consumption, and E

D = Drying energy consumption.

6-1The largest component of dishwasher ener gy consumption is water-heating energy use. Water-heating energy use is dire ctly dependent on water use. The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) provided data showing how per-cycle energy use and percycle water has changed over ti me since 1993 (see Figure 6.2.1). 1

1992 2004 2006/

0 2 4 6 8 10 12/ )

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 YearEnergy Use (kWh cyc)Water Use (gal cyc Energy Water

Figure 6.2.1 Historical Dishwasher Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consumption Figure 6.2.2 plots the energy and water use data in Figure 6.2.1 against each other. As indicated in the figure below, the relationship between ener gy and water use is nearly linear. Therefore, knowing the per-cycle energy use, D OE can determ ine the per-cycle water use and, in turn, the per-cycle water heating consumption.

6-2R 2

5 6 7 8 9 10 11/ ) Water Use = 4.6415* Energy Use - 1.9295 = 0.9608Water Use (gal cyc

1.7 1.9 2 .1 2.3 2.5 2.7 Energy Use (kWh/cyc) Figure 6.2.2 Dishwasher Per-Cycle Water Consumption as a Function of Per-Cycle Energy Consumption
As discussed in Chapter 5, DOE analyzed spec ific efficiency levels for standard-sized dishwashers. Table 6.2.1 shows the efficiency le vels for standard-sized dishwashers and their corresponding per-cycle energy and water use. Pe r-cycle energy use is disaggregated into two general categories: (1) water h eating; and (2) machine (e.g., motor energy for pumping) and dish drying from an electrical heating element. DOE determined the per-cycle energy use by taking the inverse of the energy factor . It determined the per-cycle water consumption based on the relationship shown in Figure 6.2.2. DOE determin ed the per-cycle water heating consumption by assuming the use of an electric water heater and multiplying the per-cycle water consumption by an assumed temperature rise of 70 oF (21 oC ) and a specific heat of 0.0024 kWh/gal-oF (4.186 joule/gram-°C). The per-cycle machine and drying energy were determined by DOE by subtracting the water heating energy consumption from the total energy consumption. DOE also provides the standby power consump tion in the tables below.

6-3Table 6.2.1 Standard Dishwashers: Per-Cycle Ener gy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level EF Energy Use* Water Use** Energy Use Components Standby † Water Heating*** Machine + Drying cycles/kWh kWh/cyc gal/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kW Baseline 0.46 2.17 8.16 1.37 0.80 0.002 1 0.58 1.72 6.07 1.02 0.70 0.002 2 0.62 1.61 5.56 0.93 0.68 0.002 3 0.65 1.54 5.21 0.88 0.66 0.002 4 0.68 1.47 4.90 0.82 0.65 0.002 5 0.72 1.39 4.52 0.76 0.63 0.002 6 0.80 1.25 3.87 0.65 0.60 0.002 7 1.11 0.90 2.25 0.38 0.52 0.002
* Based on 1/EF. ** Based on the relationship: Water Use = 4.6415* Energy Use - 1.9295
*** Based on the use of an electri c water he ater at 100% efficiency. † Based on standby power consumption of 2 watts.
6.2.2 Average Annual Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level DOE determined the average annual ener gy and water consumption by multiplying the per-cycle energy and water consumption by the number of cycles per year. In 2003, DOE revised its test procedure for dishwashers to more accurately establish their efficiency and energy and water use. The 2003 test procedure amendm ents included a reduction in the average-use cycles per year. 2 Arthur D. Little (ADL) conducted a co mprehensive analysis of dishwasher usage in 2001 that revealed that dishwasher s are used, on average, 215 cycles per year. 3 The 2001 RECS provides data indicating the annual usage of households with dishwashers. Of the more than 4800 households in RECS, almost 2500 have dishwashers. The average-use value for dishwashers is 180 cycles per year with minimum and maximum values of 26 and 500 cycles per year, respectively. In the joint comment submitted by the Am erican Council for an Energy E fficient Economy, the Alliance to Save Energy, the Appliance Standards Awareness Project, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Northeas t Energy Efficiency Partnerships on the Rulemaking Framework Documentfor this rulemaking, the above organizations argued that DOE should continue to use 215 cycles per year in its analysis of dishwashers. 4 The organizations maintained that any estimate deri ved from the 2001 RECS is not nearly as robust as the estimate derived from the work conduc ted by ADL to revise the dishwasher test procedure. For example, they stated that the RECS represents a much smaller sample than the one ADL used (about 2,500 households versus 26,000 households) and that the questions

6-4pertaining to dishwashers in RECS are just one component in a very large and complex survey instrument dealing with all as pects of home energy use. Because the ADL survey is a much more com prehensive and larger survey than the survey performed for RECS, DOE chose an averag e usage of 215 cycles per year as the most representative value for average dishwasher use. DOE calculated dishwasher annual energy c onsum ption with the following equation:
L N H 

### )

_ 

### ( × DWANNUAL = DW CYCLE × N + • S m × 1000 where:
DW ANNUAL = Total annual dishwasher energy consumption, DW CYCLE = Total per-cycle dishwasher energy consumption, N = Representative average dishwasher use of 215 cycles per year, S

m = Average standby power in Watts, H = Total number of hours per year = 8766, and L = Average duration of dishwasher cycle. DOE calculated dishwasher annual water cons umption with the following equation:
DW WATER ANNUAL = DW WATER CYCLE × N where:
DW ANNUAL WATER = Total annual dishwash er water consumption, DW CYCLE WATER= Total per-cycle dishwash er water consumption, and N = Representative average dishwasher use of 215 cycles per year. The annual energy and water consumption shown in Table 6.2.2 reflects an annual usage of 215 cycles p er year. The annual water-heating energy consumption reflects the use of either an electric, gas, or oil water heater.

6-5Table 6.2.2 Standard Dishwashers: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level
Energy Annual Energy Use Annual Water Water Heating* Machine + Drying
Level Factor Electric Gas Oil + Standby** Use cycle/kWh kWh/year MMBtu/year MMB tu/year kWh/year 1000 gal/year Baseline 0.46 295 1.34 1.24 190 1.8 1 0.58 219 1.00 0.92 168 1.3 2 0.62 201 0.91 0.85 163 1.2 3 0.65 188 0.86 0.79 160 1.1 4 0.68 177 0.80 0.74 156 1.1 5 0.72 163 0.74 0.69 153 1.0 6 0.80 140 0.64 0.59 146 0.8 7 1.11 81 0.37 0.34 129 0.5
* Electric, gas, and oil water heating base d on water heater efficiencies of 100% for electric, 75% for gas, 81% for oil. ** Standby annual energy use based on an assumed dishwasher cycle of one hour. Stand by hours = 8766 hours – 215 * 1 hour = 8551 hours.
6.2.3 Variability of Annual Energy and Water Consumption The 2001 RECS indicates that 2,476 of the 4,822 households in the survey use dishwashers. To determine the variability of dishwasher usage, DOE normalized the household usage values from RECS so that the average-us e value equaled 215 cycles per year rather than the weighted-average value of 180 cycles per y ear as indicated by RECS. DOE determined the usage for each RECS household with a dishwasher based on the following equation:

N N DOE _ AVG DW = N _ DW HH × N RECS _ AVG where:
N DW = Modified dishwasher usag e for specific RECS household, N

DW_HH = Dishwasher usage for specific RE CS household as specified by RECS, N

DOE_AVG = Average dishwasher usage of 215 cycl es per year as established in the DOE test procedure, and N

RECS_AVG = Average dishwasher usage of 180 cy cles per year as established by RECS. With the normalized dishwasher us age known for each RECS household, DOE determ ined the corresponding annual energy and water consumption. For all RECS households, dishwasher use frequency vari es from 1 to 500 cycles per year. Figure 6.2.3 shows the probability distribution of annual dishwasher energy consumption based on the modified dishwasher usage that DOE determined for each RECS household.

6-60 100 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 / ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

50 150 200 Usage (cycles yearProbability

Figure 6.2.3 Distribution of Dishwasher Annual Energy Consumption Based on 2001 RECS Usage Data As will be described later in Chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the RECS household samples with their associated baseline annual energy consumption to conduct the LCC and PBP analysis.

6.3 DEHUMIDIFIERS DOE established the annual energy consump tion of dehumidifiers by first dividing the capacity (in pints per day) by the unit efficiency (in liters per kWh) and then multiplying it by the usage in hours per year.
6.3.1 Average Annual Usage Table 6.3.1 below summarizes the annual usag e of dehumidifiers ba sed on several studies and sources. Unfortunately, none of the studies is based on metered data. The studies rely on power measurements and assumptions regarding us age to derive the annu al energy consumption values.

6-7Table 6.3.1 Dehumidifier Annual Usage Data Operating Annual Energy Use Power Use Hours Study/Source kWh/year Watts Hours/year LBNL (1992) 5 Average: 400 Range: 200–1000 NA NA ADL (1998) 6 Average: 972 Average: 600 1620 LBNL (2005) 7 Range: 500–4650 Range: 520–710 1620, 4320 Energy Center of Wisconsin (2 005) 8 Average: 600 Range: +/- 300 (WI only) Average: 350 Range: +/- 250 NA Central Maine Power Co. (2006) 9 Average: 540 (Maine only) NA NA Energy Star Fact Sheet (from website, 2006) 10 EStar: 2161 non-EStar: 2378 EStar: 1334 Non-EStar: 1 368 1620 Energy Star Calculator (from website, 2006) 11 Range, EStar: 937–2061 Range, non-EStar: 1022–2616 Range, EStar: 329–723 Range, non-E Star: 358– 918 2851 In its comment on the Rulemaking Framework Document for this rulemaking, AHAM commented that it is not aware of any data related to the typi cal annual hours of operation for dehumidifiers. It further notes that dehumidif iers are normally used on a regional basis in basements during humid summer hours in northern cl imates. In consultation with manufacturers and others familiar with the product, AHAM provid ed estimates of typical dehumidifier usage in annual operating hours. AHAM provided an annu al usage of 1095 operating hours per year with low and high values of 875 and 1315 hours per y ear, respectively. AHAM and some of the sources identified in Table 6.3.1 also provided their annual usage disaggregated by month. Table 6.3.2 summarizes the monthly usage data.

6-8Table 6.3.2 Dehumidifier Monthly Hourly Usage
Source Jan-Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov-Dec Annual Hours/month Hours/year AHAM Low 0 0 70 210 245 245 70 35 0 875 AHAM Mid 0 14 86 231 288 288 130 58 0 1095 AHAM High 0 37 110 256 329 329 183 73 0 1315 ADL* 0 0 180 360 360 360 180 180 0 1620 Energy Star# 0 0 475 475 475 475 475 475 0 2851 LBNL-High † 1080 360 360 360 360 360 360 360 720 4320 * Based on peak dehumidification period of three months (at 360 hours/month) with half the usage

(1 80 hours/month) during the remaining three months. # Based on six-month operation with 0.66 duty cycle. † Monthly operation equal to ADL peak dehumidification period.
6.3.2 Average Annual Energy Consumption DOE based the annual energy consumption of a dehumidifier on the following equation:
CAP × 24 × 473 0



# (

. 

# ) Hours

= DEH ENERGY Eff where:
DEH ENERGY = Dehumidifier annual energy consumption (kWh/year), CAP= Dehumidifier capacity (pints/day), 0.473 = Conversion factor for liters in a pint, 24 = Number of hours in a day Hours = Annual operating hours, and Eff = Dehumidifier effi ciency (liters/kWh). For the six product classes of dehumidi fiers, DOE calculated the annual energy consum ption based on the annual usage assumpti ons presented above in Table 6.3.2. To calculate annual energy consumption, DOE used an efficiency level for each product class that was equal to the minimum efficiency standards that take effect in 2007. Table 6.3.3 presents the annual energy consumption resulting from DOE’ s calculations. The cal culated annual energy usage has an extensive range based on the capac ity and efficiency of the dehumidifier and the assumed hours of operation.

6-9Table 6.3.3 Dehumidifier Annual Energy Consumpt ion Derived from Hourly Usage
Product Class Average Size EF Annual Energy Use (kWh/ year) AHAM ADL Energy Star LBNL - High pints/day pints/day liters/day liters/kWh Low Mid High

≤25.00 20.0 9.5 1.0 345 432 519 639 1124 1703 25.01-35.00 30.0 14.2 1.2 431 540 648 798 1405 2129 35.01-45.00 40.0 18.9 1.3 531 664 798 983 1730 2621 45.01-54.00 50.0 23.7 1.3 664 830 997 1228 2162 3276 54.01-74.99 64.5 30.5 1.5 742 928 1115 1373 2417 3662

≥ 75.00 85.0 40.2 2.25 652 816 979 1207 2123 3218

6.3.3 Average Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level As discussed in Chapter 5, DOE analyzed sp ecific efficiency levels for the six product classes of dehumidifiers. Based on an annua l usage corresponding to AHAM’s mid-estimate of annual hourly operation, Tables 6. 3.4 through 6.3.9 show the efficiency levels for the six product classes and their corresponding annual energy consumption. Table 6.3.4 25 Pints/Day or Less Dehumidifiers: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level Efficiency Annual Energy Use* Level liters/kWh kWh/year Baseline 1.00 432 1 1.10 393 2 1.20 360 3 1.25 345 4 1.30 332 5 1.38 313 * Capacity = 20 pints/day; Annual Usage = 1095 hours (AHAM mid-estimate).

6-10Table 6.3.5 25.01-35 Pints/Day Dehumidifiers: Annua l Energy Use by Efficiency Level Efficiency Annual Energy Use* Level liters/kWh kWh/year Baseline 1.20 540 1 1.25 518 2 1.30 498 3 1.35 480 4 1.40 463 5 1.45 447 * Capacity = 30 pints/day; Annual Usage = 1095 hours (AHAM mid-estimate). Table 6.3.6 35.01-45 Pints/Day Dehumidifiers: Annua l Energy Use by Efficiency Level Efficiency Annual Energy Use* Level liters/kWh kWh/year Baseline 1.30 664 1 1.35 640 2 1.40 617 3 1.45 596 4 1.50 576 5 1.74 496 * Capacity = 40 pints/day; Annual Usage = 1095 hours (AHAM mid-estimate). Table 6.3.7 45.01-54 Pints/Day Dehumidifiers: Annua l Energy Use by Efficiency Level Efficiency Annual Energy Use* Level liters/kWh kWh/year Baseline 1.40 763 1 1.45 737 2 1.50 712 3 1.55 690 4 1.60 668 5 2.02 529 * Capacity = 49.5 pints/day; Annual Usage = 1095 hours (AHAM mid-estimate).

6-11Table 6.3.8 54.01-74.99 Pints/Day Dehumidifiers: A nnual Energy Use by Efficiency Level Efficiency Annual Energy Use* Level liters/kWh kWh/year Baseline 1.50 928 1 1.55 898 2 1.60 870 3 1.65 844 4 1.70 819 5 1.80 774 * Capacity = 64.5 pints/day; Annual Usage = 1095 hours (AHAM mid-estimate). Table 6.3.9 75 Pints/Day or More Dehumidifiers: Annual Energy Use by Efficiency Level Efficiency Annual Energy Use* Level liters/kWh kWh/year Baseline 2.25 768 1 2.38 726 2 2.50 691 3 2.55 677 4 2.60 664 5 2.75 628 * Capacity = 80 pints/day; Annual Usage = 1095 hours (AHAM mid-estimate).
6.3.4 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption The 2001 RECS indicates that 578 of the 4,822 households in the survey use dehumidifiers. Of the 578 households that use dehumidifiers, most have basements and are located in the Northeast or uppe r Midwest regions of the country. For the RECS households with dehumidifiers, Figure 6.3. 1 disaggregates the households into thirteen regions based on Census Division and large states. There are nine Census Divisions in the U.S. In the figure below, DOE further broke down four of the Cens us Divisions by separatin g out the large states from each Division (i.e., it took Ne w York out of the Middle Atlantic, Florida out of the South Atlantic, Texas out of th e West South Central, and California out of the Pacific). Within each region, the figure further shows the percentage of households w ith and without basements. Figure 6.3.1 demonstrates that the RECS data ar e consistent with recent dehumidifier shipments data that indicate that an overwhelming majority of these products are sold in northern climates (i.e., 81 percent of dehumidifiers are in the New England, Middle Atlantic, New York state, East North Central, and West North Central regions ). The RECS data also seem to confirm conventional wisdom that dehumidifiers are prim arily used in basements (i.e., 89 percent of dehumidifiers are in househol ds with basements).

6-120% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

land l l l Flori
l l ific li wi

New Eng Mid Atlantic w /o NY New York East North Centra West North Centra South At antic w /o FL da East South Centra West South Centra w /o TX Texas Mountain Pac w /o CA Ca forniaPercent of Households with Dehumidifiers no Basement th Basement

Figure 6.3.1 Percent of Households with Dehumidi fiers Disaggregated by Region and Presence of Basement Unfortunately, RECS does not have any data that indica te the usage or annual energy consumption of dehumidifiers. Therefore, DOE did not use RECS to determine the variability of annual energy consumption. Rather, variability was established based on the usage data provided by AHAM above in Table 6.3.1. Becau se the AHAM data was developed based on the experience of manufacturers, DOE believed that the AHAM data was most representative of actual usage. DOE characterized the variab ility of usage with a triangular probability distribution as shown below in Figure 6.3.2. Table 6.3.3 shows how the baseline annual energy consumption for each product class varies based on the three usage estimates from AHAM. As will be described later in Chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the usage variability as shown in Figure 6.3.2 to vary the annual energy consumption when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis.

6-130
/ ) / 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 Usage (hours yearProbability

Mean = 1095 hours year

Figure 6.3.2 Probability Distribution for Dehumidifier Usage

6.4 COOKING PRODUCTS

6.4.1 Cooktops and Ovens The annual energy consumption of electric and gas ranges has been in continual decline since the late 1970s. DOE’s 1996 technical sup port document (TSD) identified several studies that estimated the annual energy cons umption of electric and gas ranges. 12 The studies that covered the time period of 1977–1992 showed a steady decline in the annual energy consumption. More recent studies from th e 2004 California Residentia l Appliance Saturation Study (CA RASS) 13 and the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) 14 show a continued decline in the annual energy consumption. The studies seem to confirm that the U.S. populace is eating out more frequently and co oking less at home.
6.4.1.1 Average Annual Energy Consumption Based on the research conducted for the 1996 TS D, DOE published revisions to its test procedure as a final rule in 1997 that include d a reduction in the annua l useful cooking energy output and a reduction in the number of self-cleaning oven cycles per year. 15 The annual useful cooking energy output relates the energy factor of the cooking appliance to the annual energy consumption.

6-14For electric cooktops, the annual energy consumption ( E CA ) is determined based on the following DOE test procedure equation:
O CT = E CA Eff CT where:
O CT = 173.1 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year, annual useful cooking energy output, and Eff CT

= Cooktop efficiency, which is also equi valent to the cooktop energy factor. For gas cooktops, the following DOE test pr ocedure equation is us ed to determ ine the annual energy consumption:
O CT = E CA R CT where:
O CT = 527.6 thousand British thermal units (kBt u) per year, annual useful cooking energy output, and R CT = Cooktop energy factor. Note that the annual energy consumption for gas cooktops does not account for any electrical en ergy consumption. The DOE test pr ocedure implicitly assume s that any electrical energy consumption in a gas range is allocated to the oven rather than the cooktop. The test procedure also implicitly assumes that stand-alone, built-in gas cooktops do not consume electrical energy. For electric self-cl eaning and non-self-cleaning ovens, the following DOE test procedure equation is used to determ ine th e total annual energy consumption ( E AO ):
O O = E AO R O where:
O O = 29.3 kWh per year, annual useful cooking energy output, and R O = Oven energy factor. For gas self-cleaning and non-self-cleani ng ovens, the annual energy consumption is com posed of gas energy ( E AOG ) and electrical energy ( E AOE). The following DOE test procedure equation is used to determine th e total annual energy consumption:

6-15O O E AOG + E AOE × K e = R O where:
O O = 88.8 kBtu per year, annual useful cooking energy output, R O = Oven energy factor, and K

e = 3,412 Btu/kWh, conversion factor for kWh to Btus. Based on the baseline energy factors established in DOE’s 1996 TSD forcooking products, the annual energy cons umption of electric and ga s cooktops and ovens can be determined using the above DOE test procedure equations. Table 6.4.1 shows the associated annual energy consumption based on the 1996 TSD cooktop and oven energy factors. The table also presents the baseline cooking efficiencies. Note that the cooking effi ciencies are lower than the energy factors due to the energy used by com ponents that are not dedi cated to cooking food (e.g., clock power, self cleaning). DOE consider s the annual energy consumption values to be representative of electri c and gas cooking energy usage circa the mid-1990s.
Table 6.4.1 Annual Energy Consumption of Baselin e Electric and Gas Cooktops and Ovens Based on DOE Test Procedure Energy Use Calculations Product Type Baseline Cooking Efficiency* Baseline Energy Factor* Annual Energy Consumptio n Electric Cooktop** 74.0% 0.740 234 kWh Gas Cooktop*** 39.9% 0.156 3382 kBtuElectric Standard Oven (NonSelf-Cleaning) 12.15% 0.1066 274 kWh Electric Self Cleaning Oven 13.79% 0.1099 305 kWhGas Standard Oven (Non-SelfCleaning)*** 5.92% 0.0298 2960 kBtu Gas Self-Cleaning Oven † 7.13% 0.0540 1644 kBtu
* Baseline cooking efficiencies and en er gy factors from DOE, Cooking Product TSD, 1996. Energy factor for electric standard ovens in 1996 TSD re flects 7 self-cleaning cycles; corrected to reflect 4 self-cleaning cycles. ** Energy Factor is the weightged-average of the baseline values for coil (73.7%) and smooth (74.2%) cooktops. *** Annual energy consumption reflects the use of standing pilots in the baseline products. † Annual energy consumption does not account for electrical energy consumption. DOE identified two additional studies that confirmed the continued downward trend in electric and gas range ener gy use: (1) the 2004 CA RASS and (2) a 2001 study conducted by FSEC. The CA RASS reported an average elec tric range annual energy consumption of 263 kWh per year while the FSEC study reported an average electric range annual energy consumption of 300 kWh per year, both of which are lower than the consumption values derived from the DOE test procedure for a non-self-c leaning range (234 + 274 = 508 kWh) and a selfcleaning range (234 + 305 = 539 kWh). The CARASS also reported an average gas range

6-16annual energy consumption of 43 therms (4300 kB tu) per year, but the study did not identify whether the energy use value was associated with ranges equipped with standing pilots. Using the data from the studies in the 1996 TSD, the CA RASS, and FSEC, Figure 6.4.1 and Figure 6.4.2 show how the annual energy c onsumption of electric ranges and gas ranges, respectively, have varied over time. The figur es indicate whether the estimates came from metered studies or conditional demand analyses. The figures below demonstrate that the annual energy use of cooking products has continued to decline over time. As a result, DOE believes that an electric range annual en ergy consumption of 281.5 kWh per year (the average of the CA RASS and FSEC studies) is more representative of baseline annual energy use than that derived from the DOE test procedure.

0/ )

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200Annual Electric Cooking Use (kWh yr Metered CDA

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Figure 6.4.1 Historical Estimates of Annual Electric Range Energy Use

6-170 20 40 60 80 100 120 140li( / ) l l

lAnnua Gas Cook ng Energy therms yr CDA-pilot CDA-no pi ot CDA-pi ot unknown Metered-pilot Metered-no pi ot

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Figure 6.4.2 Historical Estimates of A nnual Gas Range Energy Use
6.4.1.2 Annual Energy Consumption of Energy-Using Components DOE performed several calculation steps to disaggregate the repr esentative baseline average annual energy consumption value for an electric range (281. 5 kWh per year) into appropriate energy use values for the various energy-using components of electric and gas cooktops and ovens. The calculations are presented in Appendix 6A. Table 6.4.2 shows the results of these calculations. In the table, DOE presents the energy use values for electric and gas cooktops, standard ovens, and self-cleaning ovens with th eir disaggregated energy use components (i.e., cooking, ignition, self-cleani ng, and clock) that correspond to the baseline cooking efficiencies provided in DOE’s 1996 TSD (see Table 6.4.1). Note that, because the annual useful cooking energy output values ba sed on the updated annual energy use data are lower than those in the current DOE test proced ure, the energy factors for each cooktop and oven are lower than those shown in Table 6.4.1.

6-18Table 6.4.2 Component Annual Energy Use of Baseline Cooktops and Ovens Ovens Cooktops Electric Gas Energy Use Gas with Gas w/o Self- Std with Std w/o SelfComponents Electric pilo ts pilots Standard Cleanin g pilot pilot Cleanin g Cooking Efficiency 74 .0% 39.9% 39.9% 12.15% 13.79% 5.92% 5.92% 7.13% Electric (kWh/yr) 128.2 132.4 116.6

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 0. 72 0.72 0.82 0.82 0.68 Self-Cleaning Electric (kWh/yr) 21.1 0.7

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 0.17 Ignition Electric (kWh/yr) 21.1 21.1

Gas (MMBtu/yr) 2. 02 1.01 Clock (kW h/yr) 34.2 33.3 31.5 128.2 2.74 0.72 166.5 171.0 1.83 0.92* 1.04* Total kWh MMBtu MMBtu kWh kWh MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu Annual Useful Cooking 94 .8 289.1 289.1 16.1 16.1 48.7 48.7 48.7 Energy Output kWh kBtu kBtu kWh kWh kBtu kBtu kBtu Energy Factor 0. 740 0.106 0.399 0.097 0.094 0.027 0.053 0.047 * Total reflects electrical energy consumption converted to MMBtu.
6.4.1.3 Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level As discussed in Chapter 5, for the pur poses of developing the cost-efficiency relationships of electric and gas range cooking pr oducts, DOE analyzed only those efficiency levels from its 1996 TSD. The following tables present the annual energy consumption of electric and gas range cooking pr oducts by efficiency level. DOE based the baseline annual energy consumption for each cooking product on the ‘total’ values shown in Table 6.4.2. Table 6.4.3 and Table 6.4.4 show the el ectric coo ktop energy factors and their corresponding annual energy consumption. Becau se there is no additional energy use beyond what is needed for cooking, the energy factor for electric cooktops is eq uivalent to the cooking efficiency. The baseline annual energy consump tion of 128.2 kWh is taken from Table 6.4.2. DOE determined the annual energy consumption fo r a more efficient level by taking the ratio of the energy factors of the more efficient and baseline levels and multiplying it by the baseline annual energy consumption.

6-19Table 6.4.3 Electric Coil Cooktops: Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level
Level Energy Factor Annual Energy Consumption kWh/year Baseline 0.737 128.2 1 0.769 122.9
Table 6.4.4 Electric Smooth Cooktops: Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level
Level Energy Factor Annual Energy Consumption kWh/year Baseline 0.742 128.2 1 0.753 126.3 Table 6.4.5 shows the gas cooktop energy factor s and cooking efficiencies as well as their corresponding annual energy consumption. Note that the energy factors provided in Table 6.4.5 are based on the DOE test procedure’s annual usef ul cooking energy output rather than the value based on more recent annual energy consumption data. The baseline annual energy consumption of 2.74 million Btu (MMBtu) is taken from Tabl e 6.4.2 and consists of two components: cooking energy (i.e., energy used to cook food) and standing pilo t energy. The baseline annual energy consumption assumes that the cooktop is equipped with two standing pilots. The first efficiency level corresponds to the elimination of standing pilo ts. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consumption for a more efficient level by taking the ratio of the cooking efficiencies of the more efficient and baseline levels and multiplying it by the baseline annual cooking energy consumption.
Table 6.4.5 Gas Cooktops: Annual Energy Cons umption by Efficiency Level
Level Energy Factor Cooking Efficiency Cooking Pilot* Total MMBtu/year MMBtu/year MMBtu/year Baseline 0.156 39.9% 0.72 2.02 2.74 1 0.399 39.9% 0.72

- 0.72 2 0.420 42.0% 0.69

- 0.69
* Pilot light consumption based on the use of two pilot lights that each use 115 Btu/hr. Table 6.4.6 shows the electric standard ( non-self-cleaning) oven energy factors and cooking efficiencies as well as their corresponding annual energy c onsumption. Note that the energy factors provided in Table 6.4.6 are base d on the DOE test proced ure’s annual useful cooking energy output rather thanthe value based on more re cent annual energy consumption data. The baseline annual energy consumpti on of 149.9 kWh is taken from Table 6.4.2 and consists of two components: cooking energy and clock energy. The clock energy is based on a power consumption of 3.9 Watts. DOE determin ed the annual cooking energy consumption for a more efficient level by taking the ratio of the co oking efficiencies of the more efficient and baseline levels and multiplying it by the base line annual cooking energy consumption. DOE assumed that clock energy remains constant with increased efficiency.

6-20Table 6.4.6 Electric Standard Ovens: Annual Ener gy Consumption by Efficiency Level
Level Energy Factor Cooking Efficiency Cooking Clock † Total kWh/year kWh/year kWh/year Baseline 0.1066 12.2% 132.4 34.2 166.5 1 0.1113 12.8% 125.9 34.2 160.1 2 0.1163 13.4% 119.7 34.2 153.9 3 0.1181 13.7% 117.6 34.2 151.8 4 0.1206 14.0% 70.7 34.2 149.0 5 0.1209 14.1% 70.6 34.2 148.6 † Clock energy consumption based on clock power of 3.9 Watts. Table 6.4.7 shows the electric self-cleaning oven energy fact ors and cooking efficiencies as well as their correspo nding annual energy consumption. Note that the energy factors provided in Table 6.4.7 are based on the DOE test procedur e’s annual useful cooki ng energy output rather than the value based on more recent annual en ergy consumption data. The baseline annual energy consumption of 155.3 kWh is taken from Ta ble 6.4.2 and consists of three components: cooking energy, self-cleaning energy, and clock energy. The self-cleaning energy is based on data from DOE’s 1996 TSD, i.e., a consumption of 5.286 kWh per self-cleaning cycle. There are four self-cleaning cycles per year. The cloc k energy is based on a power consumption of 3.8 Watts. DOE determined the annual cooking ener gy consumption for a more efficient level by taking the ratio of the cooking e fficiencies of the more effici ent and baseline levels and multiplying it by the baseline annual cooking energy consumption. DOE assumed that both selfcleaning and clock energy remain constant with increased efficiency.
Table 6.4.7 Electric Self-Cleaning Ovens: Annua l Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level
Level Energy Factor Cooking Efficiency Cooking Self-Clean* Clock** Total kWh/year kWh/year kWh/year kWh/year Baseline 0.1099 13.8% 116.6 21.1 33.3 171.0 1 0.1102 13.8% 116.2 21.1 33.3 170.6 2 0.1123 14.2% 113.5 21.1 33.3 167.9
* Self-cleaning energy consumption based on 5.286 kWh/cycle and 4 self-cleaning cycles per year. ** Clock energy consumption based on clock power of 3.8 Watts. Table 6.4.8 shows the gas standard oven en ergy factors and cooki ng efficiencies along with their corresponding annual en ergy consumption. Note that the energy factors provided in Table 6.4.8 are based on the DOE test procedur e’s annual useful cooking energy output rather than the value based on more recent annual en ergy consumption data. The baseline annual energy consumption of 1.83 MMBtu is taken from Table 6.4.2 and consists of two components: cooking energy and standing pilot energy. The baseline annual energy consumption assumes that the oven is equipped with one standing pilot. The first and seventh (i.e., ‘1a’) efficiency

6-21levels correspond to the eliminati on of the standing pilot. The fi rst efficiency level is based on the use of a globar or hot surface ignition device that, based on data from DOE’s 1996 TSD, has a test energy consumption of 176 Watt-hr. Effi ciency level ‘1a’ is based on the use of an electronic ignition or spark igni tion device that, according to DOE ’s 1996 TSD, uses a negligible amount of electricity. Because the use of a globar ignition device is the technology most commonly used to eliminate the need for a stan ding pilot, efficiency levels two through six follow efficiency level ‘1’ as opposed to level ‘1a’ . Efficiency levels four through six include the use of a forced-convection fan. Based on data from DOE’s 1996 TSD, the convection fan has a test energy consumption of 15 Watt-hr. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consumption for a more efficient level by taking th e ratio of the cooking efficiencies of the more efficient and baseline levels and multiply ing it by the baseline annual cooking energy consumption. DOE assumed that the ignition energy remains constant with increased efficiency.
Table 6.4.8 Gas Standard Ovens: Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level

Level Energy Factor Cooking Efficiency Cooking* Ignition** Total MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr k Wh /yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr Baseline 0.0298 5.9% 0.82

- 1.01

- 1.83 0.0

1 *** 0.0536 5.8% 0.84

- - 21.1 0.84 21.1

2 0.0566 6.1% 0.80

- - 21.1 0.80 21.1 3 0.0572 6.2% 0.79

- - 21.1 0.79 21.1 4 0.0593 6.5% 0.75 1.8

- 21.1 0.75 22.9 5 0.0596 6.5% 0.75 1.8

- 21.1 0.75 22.9 6 0.0600 6.6% 0.74 1.8

- 21.1 0.74 22.9 1a *** 0.0583 5.8% 0.84

- - - 0.84 0.0
* Electrical energy consumption for cooking due to forced convection fan. Measured test energy use of 15 W-hr. ** Gas energy consumption for ignition based on use of one pilot light that uses 115 Btu/hr.

El ectrical energy consumption for due to hot surface ignition device. Measured test energy use of 176 W-hr. *** For gas standard ovens, levels 1 and 1a correspond to designs that are utilized for the same purpose—eliminate the nee d for a standing pilot—but th e technologies for each design are di fferent. Level 1 is a hot surface ignition device while level 1a is a spark ignition device. Standard level 1a is presented at the end of the table because standard levels 2 through 6 are derived from standard level 1. Table 6.4.9 shows the gas self-cleaning oven energy factors and cooking efficiencies along with their corresp onding annual energy consumption. Note that the energy factors provided in Table 6.4.9 are base d on the DOE test procedure’s annual useful cooking energy output rather than the value based on more recent annual energy consumption data. The baseline annual energy consumption of 0.86 MMBtu and 39.3 kWh is taken from Table 6.4.2 and consists of several components: cooking en ergy, self-cleaning energy, igni tion energy, and clock energy. The baseline annual energy consumption assumes that the oven uses a globar or hot surface ignition device which, based on data from DOE’s 1996 TSD, has a test energy consumption of 176 Watt-hr. All efficiency levels include the us e of a forced convection fan. Based on data from DOE’s 1996 TSD, the convection fan has a test energy consumption of 15 Watt-hr. The self-cleaning energy is based on data from DOE’s 1996 TSD, namely, gas consumption of

6-2243,158 Btu and electrical consumption of 0.171 kW h per self-cleaning cycle. There are four self-cleaning cycles per year. The clock energy is based on a power consumption of 3.6 Watts. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consum ption for a more efficient level by taking the ratio of the cooking efficiencies of the more efficient and baseline levels and multiplying it by the baseline annual cooking energy consumption. DOE assumed that the self-cleaning, ignition, and clock energy remain constant with increased efficiency.
Table 6.4.9 Gas Self-Cleaning Ovens: Annual Ener gy Consumption by Efficiency Level

Level Energy Factor Cooking Effcy Cooking* Self-Clean** Ignition*** Clock † Total MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr Baseline 0.0540 7.1% 0.68

- 0.17 0.7 21.1 31.5 0.86 53.3 1 0.0625 8.8% 0.56 1.8 0.17 0.7 21.1 31.5 0.73 55.1 2 0.0627 8.8% 0.55 1.8 0.17 0.7 21.1 31.5 0.73 55.1 3 0.0632 8.9% 0.55 1.8 0.17 0.7 21.1 31.5 0.72 55.1
* Electrical energy consumption for cooking due to forced convection fan. Measured test energy use of 15 W-hr. ** Self-cleaning energy consumption based on gas use of 43,158 Btu/cycle, electrical use of 0.171 kWh/cycle,

and 4 self-cleaning cycles per year. *** Electrical energy c onsumption due t o hot surface i gnition device. Measured test energy use of 176 W-hr. † Clock energy consumption based on clock power of 3.6 Watts.
6.4.1.4 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption DOE’s Energy Information Administrati on (EIA) conducts a Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) that collects energy-related data for occupied primary housing units in the U.S. The 2001 RE CS collected data from 4,822 hous ing units representing almost 107 million households. 16 The RECS indicates which households in the survey use electric and gas ranges, ovens, and cooktops. With regard to electric cooki ng products, 2895 household records have cooktops, 1159 household record s have standard ovens, and 1601 household records have self-cleaning ovens. With regard to gas cooking products, 1597 household records have cooktops in either electric ranges or as stand-alone units, 959 household records have standard ovens, and 494 household records have se lf-cleaning ovens. The above totals represent cooktops and ovens in households as either a stand-alone unit or as part of a range. Although RECS does not provide the annual energy consumption of the cooking product for each hou sehold record, it does provide the fre quency of cooking use. Thus, DOE can utilize the frequency of use to define the variability of the annual energy consumption. Conducting the analysis in this manner captures the observed variability in annual en ergy consumption while maintaining the average annual energy consump tion shown above in section 6.4.12 in Table 6.4.2. To determine the variability of cooki ng product energy consum ption, DOE first equated the weighted-average cooking frequency from RECS with the average energy use values reported in Table 6.4.2. Table 6.4.10 presents the weighted-ave rage cooking frequency values along with the corresponding annual energy use values from Table 6.4.2.

6-23Table 6.4.10 Annual Energy Use of Baseline Cooktops and Ovens with corresponding RECS Cooking Frequency Ovens Cooktops Electric Gas Gas with Gas w/o Self- Std with Std w/o SelfElectric pilots pilots Standard Cleaning pilot pilot Cleaning Annual Energy 128.2 2.74 0.72 166.5 171.0 1.83 0.92 1.04 Consumption kWh MMBtu MMBtu kWh kWh MMBtu MMBtu MMBtu RECS average cooking frequency 1.22 1.29 1.29 0.52 0.57 0.49 0.49 0.56 (meals per day) DOE then varied the annual energy consum ption for each RECS household based on its reported cooking frequency. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consumption for each RECS household with a cooktop ba sed on the following equation:
E CA _ AVG E CA HH _ = Freq C HH _ × Freq C _ AVG where:
E CA_HH = Cooktop annual energy consump tion for specific RECS household, Freq C_HH = Cooktop frequency for specific RECS household, E CA_AVG = Average cooktop annual energy c onsumption (from Table 6.4.10); 128.2 kWh for electric cooktops; 2.74 MMBtu for gas cooktops with pilots; and 0.72 MMBtu for gas cooktops without pilots, and Freq C_AVG = Average cooktop frequency (from Table 6.4.10); 1.22 meals/day for electric cooktops; and 1.29 meals pe r day for gas cooktops. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consumption for each RECS household with an oven based on the following equation:

E E AO _ AVG

AO HH _ = Freq O HH _ × Freq O _ AVG where:
E AO_HH = Oven annual energy consumption for specific RECS household, Freq O_HH = Oven frequency for specific RECS household, E

AO_AVG = Average oven annual energy consum ption (from Table 6.4.10); 149.9 kWh for electric standard ovens; 155.3 kWh for electric self-cleaning ovens; 1.83 MMBtu for gas standard ovens with pilots ; 0.96 MMBtu for gas standard ovens without pilots; and 0.99 MMBtu for gas self-cleaning ovens, and

6-24Freq O_AVG = Average oven frequency (from Table 6.4.10); 0.52 meals/day for electric standard ovens; 0.57 meals/day fo r electric self-cleaning ovens; 0.49 meals/day for gas standard ovens; and 0.56 meals per day for gas selfcleaning ovens. For all RECS households, cooktop and oven cooking frequency varies between zero to four m eals per day. Figures 6.4.3 through 6.4.8 show the prob ability distributions of annual cooking energy consumption based on correlating the average cooking energy use to the cooking frequency data from RECS. Figures 6.4.3 and 6.4.4 show the distribut ion of electric and gas cooktop energy use, respectively. For gas cooktops, critical to the determination of the distribution of annual energy consumption is the determination of which cookt ops have standing pilots. Based on shipments data from the 1996 TSD, the only cooktops that s till have standing pilots are in gas ranges without self-cleaning ovens (i.e., gas standard ranges). In othe r words, all stand-alone cooktops and gas ranges with self-clean ing ovens have pilotless igniti on systems. Based on estimates from the Appliance Recycling Information Cent er, approximately 250,000 standard gas ranges (or approximately 20 percent of gas standard range shipments) were sold in 2004 with standing pilots. 17 Of the gas cooktops in RECS households, 43 percent are either in stand-alone units or in self-cleaning gas ranges while 57 percent are in standard gas ranges. Therefore, for purposes of defining which RECS households with gas c ooktops utilize standing pilots, DOE assumed that 20 percent of the standard gas ranges, or 11 percent of all gas cooktops, are equipped with standing pilots.

0 100 150 200 250 350 400 450 500 ( / ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

50 300 Annual Energy Use kWh yearProbability

Figure 6.4.3 Distribution of Baseline Electric Cooktop Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

6-25/ ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Annual Energy Use (MMBtu yearProbability

Figure 6.4.4 Distribution of Baseline Gas Cooktop Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency
Figures 6.4.5 and 6.4.6 show the distribution of annual energy use for electric standard and self-cleaning ove ns, respectively.

6-260 100 150 200 250 300 450 500 550 ( / ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

50 350 400 Annual Energy Use kWh yearProbability

Figure 6.4.5 Distribution of Baseline Electric Standard Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

0 100 150 200 250 300 450 500 550 / ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

50 350 400 Annual Energy Use (kWh yearProbability

Figure 6.4.6 Distribution of Baseline Electric Self-Cleaning Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

6-27Figures 6.4.7 and 6.4.8 show the distributi on of annual energy use for gas standard and self-cleaning ovens, respectively. For gas ovens, critical to the determination of the distribution of annual energy consumption is the determination of which ovens have standing pilots. Based on shipments data from the 1996 TSD, the only ove ns still equipped with standing pilot are in gas ranges without self-cleaning ovens (i.e., gas standard ranges). In other words, all stand-alone cooktops and gas ranges with self-cleaning ovens have pilotless ignition systems. As stated above for gas cooktops, based on estimates from the Appliance Recyclin g Information Center, approximately 250,000 standard gas ranges (or appr oximately 20 percent of gas standard range shipments) were sold in 2004 with standing p ilots. Of the gas standard ovens in RECS households, only four percent are in built-in units while 96 percent are in standard gas ranges. Therefore, for purposes of defining which RECS households with gas ovens use standing pilots, DOE assumed that 20 percent of standard gas range s, or 19 percent of all gas standard ovens, are equipped with standing pilots.

/ ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Annual Energy Use (MMBtu yearProbability

Figure 6.4.7 Distribution of Baseline Gas Standard Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency

6-28/ ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Annual Energy Use (MMBtu yearProbability

Figure 6.4.8 Distribution of Baseline Gas Self-Cleaning Oven Annual Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency
As will be described later in Chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the RECS household samples with their associated baseline annual cooking energy consumption to conduct the LCC and PBP analysis.
6.4.2 Microwave Ovens After microwave oven annual energy consump tion increased from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, annual energy consumption has rema ined relatively steady si nce the late 1980s. DOE’s 1996 TSD identified studies that estimated the annual ener gy consumption of microwave ovens. With the exception of one study based on the use of conditional demand analysis, the studies, which covered the time period 1988–1994, s howed that annual energy consumption was no more than 200 kWh per year. A more recent study from the 2004 CA RASS is in line with the results from the previous studies.
6.4.2.1 Average Annual Energy Consumption Based on the research conducted for the 1996 TS D, DOE published revisions to its test procedure for microwave ovens as a final rule in 1997 that included anincrease in the annual useful cooking energy output. 15 The annual useful cooking en ergy output relates the energy factor of the cooking appliance to the annual energy consumption. The annual energy consumption ( E MO ) is determined based on the following DOE test procedure equation:

6-29E = MO MO M O R
where:
O M = 79.8 kWh per year, annual useful cooking energy output, and R MO = Microwave oven energy factor. Based on a microwave oven baseline energy fa ctor of 55.7 percent that DOE established in its 1996 TSD, the annual energy consum ption of microwave ovens can be determined using the above DOE test procedure equation. DOE considers the resulting annual energy consumption of 143.2 kWh per year to be representative of microwave oven energy usage circa the mid-1990s. As with electric and gas range cooking products, DOE’s 1996 TSD also identified several studies estim ating the annual energy consumpti on of microwave ovens. The CA RASS reported an average microwave annual energy consumption of 131 kWh per year. Figure 6.4.9 shows the annual energy consumption for microwave ovens based on the studies from the 1996 TSD and the CA RASS. The figure plots the reported annual energy use va lues from the studies by year and indicates whether the estimates came from me tered studies, conditional demand analyses, or a combination of the two. Microwave oven ener gy use has remained relatively steady. Although the DOE test procedure produces an annual energy c onsumption that is clos e to that indicated by CA RASS, DOE believes that the value of 131 kWh per year is a more representative energy use value. Based on an annual energy consumpti on of 131 kWh per year and a baseline energy factor of 55.7 percent, DOE lowered the annua l useful cooking energy output to 73.0 kWh per year.

6-300 50( / )

/

100 150 200 250 300

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 YearAnnual Electric Cooking Energy kWh yr CDA Metered Metered CDA

Figure 6.4.9 Historical Estimates of Annua l Microwave Oven Energy Use
6.4.2.2 Annual Energy Consumptio n by Efficiency Level As discussed in Chapter 5, for the pur poses of developing the cost-efficiency relationships of microwave ovens , DOE used the efficiency levels from its 1996 TSD. Table 6.4.11 shows the microwave oven ener gy factors and their corresponding annual energy consum ption. The baseline annual energy consumption is 131.0 kWh. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consumption of a more e fficient level by taking the ratio of the more efficient and baseline cooking efficiencies and multiplying it by the baseline annual energy consumption.
Table 6.4.11 Microwave Ovens: Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level
Level Energy Factor Cooking Efficiency Total kWh/year Baseline 0.557 55.7% 131.0 1 0.586 58.6% 124.5 2 0.588 58.8% 124.1 3 0.597 59.7% 122.2 4 0.602 60.2% 121.2

6-316.4.2.3 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption The 2001 RECS indicates that 4,149 of the 4,822 households in the survey use microwave ovens. Although RECS does not prov ide the annual energy consumption of the microwave ovens, it does provide the frequency of use. Thus, DOE can utilize the frequency of use to define the variability of the annual ener gy consumption. Conducting the analysis in this manner captures the observed variability in annual energy consumption while maintaining the average energy consumption value. To determ ine the variability of microwave oven energy consumption, DOE first equated the weighted-average cooking fr equency from RECS with the average cooking energy use value of 131 kWh per year. The weighted-average cooking frequency from RECS is 0.40 meals per day. DOE then varied the annual energy consumption for each RECS household based on its reported c ooking frequency. DOE determined the annual cooking energy consumption for each RECS hou sehold with a microwave oven based on the following equation: E E MO _ AVG MO HH _ = Freq MO HH _ × Freq MO _ AVG where:
E MO_HH = Microwave oven annual energy consumption for specific RECS household, FreqMO_HH = Microwave oven frequency fo r specific RECS household, E CA_AVG = Average microwave oven annual cooking energy consumption of 131 kWh, and Freq C_AVG = Average microwave oven frequency of 0.40 meals/day. For all RECS households, microwave oven cooking frequency varies between zero to four m eals per day. Figure 6.4.10 shows the probability distribution of annual cooking energy consumption based on correlating the average cooki ng energy use to the cooking frequency data from RECS.

6-320 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 900 1000 1200 ( / ) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10

800 1100 Annual Energy Use kWh yrProbability

Figure 6.4.10 Distribution of Microwave Oven Annual Cooking Energy Use Based on 2001 RECS Cooking Frequency As will be described later in Chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the RECS household samples with their associated baseline annual cooking energy consumption to conduct the LCC and PBP analysis.

6.5 COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHERS DOE established the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clothes washers by multiplying the per-cycle energy and water use by the number of cycles per year.
6.5.1 Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level Commercial clothes washer per-cycle en ergy consumption is composed of three components: water-heating energy, machine energy, and drying energy. The machine energy is composed of the motor energy for turning an ag itator or rotating the wash basket. Based on language in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005), DOE is required to rate commercial clothes washers with the same test procedur e established for residential clothes washers. 18 DOE adopted test procedures for comm ercial clothes washers in a fi nal rule published on October 18, 2005. 19 The DOE test procedure provides the following equations to calculate the total per-cycle dishwasher energy consumption:
HE T CW CYCLE = × c + ME T + D E e
6-33where:
CW CYCLE = Total commercial clothes washer per-cycle energy consumption, HE T = Per-cycle water heati ng consumption (kWh/cycle), e = Efficiency of electric water heater (100%) or gas water heater (75%), c = Conversion factor if water heater is gas (3,412 Btu/kWh), ME T = Per-cycle machine electrical energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and D E = Per-cycle energy consumption for rem oval of moisture from test load, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle). The following equation from the DOE test pr ocedure determ ines the per-cycle energy consumption for the removal of moisture: 

# ) × D E = LAF × WGHT MAX × 

# ( RMC _ 4 DEF % × DUF × GCF
where:
LAF = Load adjustment factor = 0.52, WGHT MAX = Maximum test-load weight (lbs/cycle), RMC = Remaining moisture content (lbs), DEF = Nominal energy required for a clothes dryer to remove moisture from clothes = 0.5 kWh/lb, and DUF = Dryer usage factor, percentage of washer loads dried in a clothes dryer = 0.84. In the case of gas drying, DOE multiplies th e dryer energy consum ption by a gas correction factor to account for the additi onal energy required by a gas dryer to dry clothes relative to an electric dryer. The following equation determ ines per-cycle gas drying energy consumption.
D G = GCF × D E where:
D G = Per-cycle energy consumption for remova l of moisture from test load due to a gas dryer, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and GCF = Gas correction factor = 1.12. 20 DOE establishes the energy and water efficienci es of commercial cl othes washers with a modified energy factor (MEF) and a water factor (WF). The fo llowing equations from the DOE test procedure determine the MEF and WF:
C MEF = CWCYCLE

6-34Q T WF = C where:
C = Container capacity(cubic feet), and Q T = Per-cycle water consumption (gal/cycle). The energy required to remove moisture from clothes, i.e., the dryer energy, is a significant com ponent of total cl othes washer energy consumption. In the above equation to determine dryer energy use, the only unknown quant ity is the remaining moisture content (RMC) of the clothes. Because data were not provi ded by manufactures, DOE used its residential clothes washer analysis from the year 2000 to determine a relationship between RMC and MEF for the purpose of calculating the dryer energy fo r commercial clothes washers. Table 6.5.1 shows the summary data for residentia l clothes washers from DOE’s 2000 TSD. 21 As shown in Table 6.5.1, DOE determined the RMC using the dryer energy, the clothe s container volume, and the resulting maximum test-load weight.
Table 6.5.1 Residential Clothes Washer Ener gy Use Data from DOE 2000 TSD MEF Clothes Container Dryer Energy Max Test Load Weight RMC cu.ft./kWh/cycle cu.ft. kWh/cycle lb/cycle 0.817 2.847 1.430 11.7 60.0% 0.860 2.817 1.413 11.7 59.3% 0.908 2.822 1.400 11.7 58.8% 0.961 2.832 1.407 11.7 59.1% 1.021 2.893 1.408 11.7 59.1% 1.089 2.866 1.273 11.7 53.8% 1.257 2.749 1.270 11.3 55.5% 1.362 2.749 1.263 11.3 55.2% 1.485 2.736 1.107 11.3 48.9% 1.634 2.736 1.047 11.3 46.4% Figure 6.5.1 plots the MEF and RMC data in Table 6. 5.1 against each other. As indicated in the figure, the relationship between MEF and RMC is approximately lin ear. Therefore, knowing the MEF, DOE was able to use this relationship to de termine an RMC and, in turn, a per-cycle dryer energy consumption.

6-35R 2

1 RMC = -0.1560278 * MEF + 0.7337259 = 0.8651900

45% 50% 55% 60% 65%

0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 MEFRMC

Figure 6.5.1 Residential Clothes Washer RMC versus MEF from DOE 2000 TSD
As discussed in Chapter 5, DOE analyzed specific efficiency levels for commercial clothes washers. Table 6.5.2 shows the effici ency levels for commercial clothes washers and their corresponding per-cycle ener gy and water use. Per-cycle en ergy use is disaggregated into water heating, machine, and clothes drying. DOE determined the per-cycle clothes drying energy use by first establishing the RMC based on the relationship between RMC and MEF in Figure 6.5.1. DOE then calculated the per-cycl e clothes-drying energy use using the equation that determines the per-cycle en ergy consumption for the removal of moisture. DOE determined the per-cycle machine energy use from its 2000 TSD for residential clothes washers. In the 2000 TSD, for MEFs up to 1.40, machine energy is 0.133 kWh/cycle. For MEFs greater than 1.40, machine energy is 0.114 kWh/cycle. With th e per-cycle clothes drying and machine energy known, DOE determined the per-cycle water-heati ng energy use by first determining the total per-cycle energy use (the clothes container vol ume divided by the MEF) and then subtracting from it the per-cycle clothes-drying and machin e energy. The water-heating energy use assumes the use of an electric water heater. DOE determined the per-cycle hot water use by dividing the per-cycle water-heating energy use by an assume d temperature rise of 75 oF (21.1 oC) and a specific heat of 0.0024 kWh/gal-oF (4.186 joule/gr am-oC). DOE determin ed the total water use by multiplying the WF by the clothes container volume.

6-36Table 6.5.2 Commercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF WF RMC* Energy Use Water Use Machine** Dryer*** Water Heat † Hot Total cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc Baseline 1.26 9.50 53.7% 0.133 1.27 0.82 4.5 26.6 1 1.42 9.50 51.2% 0.133 1.21 0.63 3.5 26.6 2 1.60 8.50 48.4% 0.114 1.13 0.50 2.8 23.8 3 1.72 8.00 46.5% 0.114 1.09 0.43 2.4 22.4 4 1.80 7.50 45.3% 0.114 1.06 0.39 2.1 21.0 5 2.00 5.50 42.2% 0.114 0.98 0.31 1.7 15.4 6 2.20 5.10 39.0% 0.114 0.90 0.26 1.5 14.3 * Based on the relationship: RMC = -0.156* MEF + 0.734 ** Based on residential clothes washer data from DOE 2000 TSD, Table 4.1.
*** Based on a container volume of 2.8 cu.ft. and a maximum test-load weight of 11.7 lb/cycle. † Based on the use of an electric water heater at 10 0% efficiency.
6.5.2 Average Annual Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level DOE determined the average annual ener gy and water consumption by multiplying the per-cycle energy and water consumption by the number of cycles per year. Because the predominant applications of commercial clothes washers are in multi-family buildings and laundromats, DOE focused only on these two buildi ng applications to dete rmine the appropriate number of commercial clothes washer cycles per year. Othe r applications include lodging establishments (e.g., hotels and motels), inpati ent health care facilities, and nursing homes. Relative to multi-family buildings and laundromats, these other applications are a small segment of the market. Therefore, DOE believes it is not cr itical to the analysis to accurately characterize commercial clothes washer usage for these applications. Table 6.5.3 below shows the usage of commerci al clo thes washers from several studies. The last column of the table show s the variation in usage from each of the studies. Note that the variation shown for the City of Toronto and Multi-Housing Laundry Asso ciation (MLA) studies is based on the range of average values for either specific buildings or cities. Thus, if individual machine data were made available, the variati on in usage would likely be much greater than indicated by the average data. For multi-family applications, the usage ranges from 1 to almost 11 cycles per day. Assuming each study has equal representation, the average value from all studies performed on multi-family applications is 3.4 cycles per day. The sparse data on commercial clothes washer use in laundromats showa usage variation of 3 to 8 cycles per day with an average value of 6 cycles per day. Based on 365 days per year of use, the minimum, average, and maximum usage data for multi-family applications of 1.0, 3.4, and 10.9 cycles per day yield 365, 1241, and 3979 cycles per year, respectively. For laundromats, the minimum, average, and maximum usage data of 3, 6, and 8 cycles per day yield 1095, 2190, and 2920

6-37cycles per year, respectively. As a comparison, DOE assumed that resi dential clothes washers have an annual average usage of 392 cycles per year. Table 6.5.3 Commercial Clothes Washer Usage Data Usage per Machine Variation Study Application Population (cycles/day) (cycles/day) Multi-Family Buildings City of Toronto ( 1999) 22 Multifamily coinoperated (6 buildings, 3 family; 1 m ixed; 4.3: metered 3.3 to 6.0 (variation base d on average 945 apartments, 39 1 seniors & values from 6 machines) singles; and 1 buildings) seniors FEMP (2000) 23 Military housing Family6.4: metered 3.2 to 10.9 on-premise laundry (30 machines; free use) SCE/PNNL (2000) 24 Multifamily coin- Seniors 2.2 : metered 1 to 4 operated (12 machines) MLA (2002) 25 Multifamily coinoperated (4 buildings in 4 cities, 50 common area General 2.9: metered * 2. 7: coin * 4.5: survey * 2.6 to 3.1 (variation base d on average values from 4 cities) machines) Wisconsin/ PNN L (2004) 26 Multifamily coinoperated (9 machines) Apartments & Co ndos 1.5: metered ** 1 to 3 Lightwash/ Eq uipoise (2004) 27 Multifamily & Businesses Not specified. 3: businesses & multifamily <1 0 units, industry value *** Not available.

4: multifamily ≥ 10 units, industry value *** Consortium for Energy E fficiency 28 Multifamily Not specified. 3: No source for estimate. Not available.
Laundromats Lightwash/ Eq uipoise (2004) 27 Laundromat & Institutional Not specified. 6: industry value *** Not available.
Consortium for Energy E fficiency 28 Laundromat Not specified. 6: No source for estimate. Not available. Coin Laundry Ass ociation 29 Laundromat Not specified. Not available. 3 to 8: No source for esti mate. * Usage per machine values derived based on water usage of 32 gallons per cycle.
** Report states that multifamily indus try average is 2.5 cycles per day and attributes the lower reported usage per

machine value to a lower ratio of tenants to machines. *** Usage per machine values are “industry values.” Study says that survey data in report may be unreliable.

DOE calculated commercial clothes wash er annual energy consumption with the following equation:

6-38CW ANNUAL = CWCYCLE × N
where:
CW ANNUAL = Total annual commercial clothes washer energy consumption, CW CYCLE = Total per-cycle commercial clothes washer energy consumption, and N = Representative average comm ercial clothes washer use. DOE calculated commercial clothes washer annu al water consumption with the following equation:
CW WATER ANNUAL = CW WATER CYCLE × N where:
CW ANNUAL WATER = Total annual commercial clothes washer water consumption, CW CYCLE WATER = Total per-cycle commercial clothes washer water consumption, and N = Representative average comm ercial clothes washer use.Table 6.5.4 and Table 6.5.5 show the annual energy and water consumption for multifa mily buildings and laundromats, respectivel y. The energy and water consumption values provided below are based on average use cycles of 3.4 cycles per day for multi-family buildings and 6 cycles per day for laundromats. The annual water-heating and clothes-drying energy consumption reflects the use of either an electric or a gas water heater.
Table 6.5.4 Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi-Fa mily Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF WF Annual Energy Use* Annual Water Us e Water Heating** Drying Machine Electric Gas Electric Gas cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year Baseline 1.26 9.50 1020 4.64 1583 6.05 166 33.1 1 1.42 9.50 788 3.58 1503 5.74 166 33.1 2 1.60 8.50 625 2.84 1414 5.40 142 29.7 3 1.72 8.00 532 2.42 1354 5.18 142 27.9 4 1.80 7.50 482 2.19 1315 5.02 142 26.2 5 2.00 5.50 387 1.76 1215 4.64 142 19.2 6 2.20 5.10 328 1.49 1116 4.26 142 17.8
* Annual usage based on 3.4 cycles p er day (1241 cycles per year). ** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater effi ciencies of 100% fo r electric and 75% for gas.

6-39Table 6.5.5 Commercial Clothes Washers, LaundromatApplication: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF WF Annual Energy Use* Annual Water Us e Water Heating** Drying Machine Electric Gas Electric Gas cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year Baseline 1.26 9.50 1793 8.16 2782 10.63 291 58.3 1 1.42 9.50 1385 6.30 2642 10.10 291 58.3 2 1.60 8.50 1098 4.99 2485 9.50 250 52.1 3 1.72 8.00 935 4.25 2380 9.10 250 49.1 4 1.80 7.50 847 3.85 2310 8.83 250 46.0 5 2.00 5.50 680 3.10 2136 8.16 250 33.7 6 2.20 5.10 576 2.62 1961 7.49 250 31.3
* Annual usage based on 6 cycles per day (2190 cycles per year). ** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater effi ciencies of 100% fo r electric and 75% for gas.
6.5.3 Variability of Annual Energy and Water Consumption DOE determined the variability in annua l energy and water consumption using the average usage data above from Table 6.5.3. Fr om the above table, ther e are eight average usage values for multi-family buildings ranging from a lo w of 1.5 cycles per day to a high of 6.4 cycles per day. For laundromats, the low and high values are 3 and 8 cycles per day, respectively. DOE weighted the usage from each study to vary the annual energy and water consum ption of commercial clot hes washers when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis. As shown in Figure 6.5.2, DOE weighted the usage st udies equally for multi-family applications. As shown in Figure 6.5.3, for laundromats, DOE used a triangular distributi on that ranged from 3 to 8 cycles per day and skewed it in order to yi eld a mean value of 6 cycles day. As will be described later in Chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the usage variability to vary the annual energy and water consumption for multi-family and laundromat applications when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis.

6-40Probability 0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0Wisc/PNNLSCE/PNNLMLAEquip <10CEEEquip >10TorontoFEMP

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Usage (cycles/day) Figure 6.5.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Multi-Family Applications

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / ) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Usage (cycles dayProbability

Figure 6.5.3 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Laundromat Applications

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