IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1122 

Filed November 26, 2014

IN THE INTEREST OF J.N.,

S.S., and C.S.,

Minor Children,

S.Y., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Susan Flaherty, 

Associate Juvenile Judge. 

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to three children. 

AFFIRMED. 

W. Eric Nelson, State Public Defender’s Office, Cedar Rapids, for 

appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, Jerry Vander Sanden, County Attorney, and Lance J. Heeren, 

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.

Cory R. Speth of Cory R. Speth, Attorney at Law, Cedar Rapids, for father.

Kimberly A. Opatz of Linn County Advocate, Cedar Rapids, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor children. 

Considered by Mullins, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
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BOWER, J.

A mother, S.Y., appeals1the termination of her parental rights to three 

children arguing the State did not make reasonable efforts to facilitate 

reunification. We find S.Y. failed to preserve error on this claim having raised it 

for the first time at the termination proceeding; accordingly, we affirm the district 

court. 

I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS 

The children, J.N., S.S., C.S., were born in 2004, 2006, and 2008, 

respectively. The children resided with their mother until June 2012, when she 

moved from Iowa to Texas. S.Y. left the children in Iowa with a family friend, J.I. 

On September 24, 2013, the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) began 

investigating the children’s care after J.I. contacted the DHS and stated S.Y. had 

left the children over fifteen months ago, and J.I. was unable to continue caring 

for them. S.Y. had visited Iowa in June 2013 and spent one day with the children 

before returning to Texas. 

After conducting an assessment, the DHS learned J.I. was married to a 

registered sex offender who was currently in jail for non-compliance with the sex 

offender registration requirements. The DHS also learned the children’s behavior 

at school had been deteriorating. The school reported the children had poor 

hygiene and issues with lice. After several attempts to make phone contact with 

 

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J.N.’s father’s parental rights were terminated by the court and he does not appeal. 

S.S. and C.S’s father’s parental rights were terminated by the court and he does not 

appeal. 
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S.Y., the DHS received a message from S.Y. stating she would find another 

place for the children to live. S.Y. did not mention resuming care of the children 

herself. The DHS then filed a request to place the children in foster care, which 

was granted. Once the children were placed in foster care, the DHS interviewed 

the children. The children reported receiving “whoopings” at J.I.’s residence. 

They also reported drug and alcohol use in the home, and that J.I.’s husband had 

spent time with the children unsupervised. 

A hearing to review the temporary removal order was held in October 

2013. No parent appeared. A child in need of assistance (CINA) adjudicatory 

hearing was held in November. No parent appeared. The court found the 

parents had abandoned the children. A dispositional hearing was held in 

December. No parent appeared. The State filed a petition for termination and 

the hearing was set in March 2014. In January 2014, S.Y. requested and was 

appointed an attorney. S.Y. personally appeared at the termination hearing in 

March. She reported she had just arrived in Iowa from Texas the day before and 

was attempting to establish a residence and employment. She agreed to 

complete a substance abuse evaluation, a mental health evaluation, and submit 

to random drug testing. She asked the court to postpone the termination hearing 

because she did not receive adequate notice of the hearing. The court reset a 

new hearing May 5, 2014. 

S.Y. completed a mental health evaluation in March and was diagnosed 

with major depressive disorder and anxiety. The evaluator recommended S.Y. 
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participate in individual therapy. S.Y. did not engage in treatment and did not

adequately complete a substance abuse evaluation. The DHS called S.Y. six 

separate times to submit to drug testing, and S.Y. complied on only one 

occasion. The sample was too diluted to be valid. S.Y. stated she had last used 

drugs in March 2014. A DHS social worker investigated the condition of the 

apartment S.Y. secured in Iowa. The social worker found the apartment 

unsuitable for children due to holes in the wall and the presence of cat feces. 

S.Y. did not remain in Iowa after the March hearing. She returned to Texas twice 

to earn money as an exotic dancer and to retrieve her belongings. 

From the time the children were placed in foster care, the DHS provided 

various services, including: supervised visitation, drug testing, substance abuse 

treatment, mental health treatment, parenting instruction, family team meetings, 

and foster family placement. The DHS reports no parent participated in the 

services to a significant degree. S.Y. made some effort to participate following 

the March hearing, though her efforts were interrupted by her return trips to 

Texas. Upon the recommendation of the children’s therapists that visitations 

could be emotionally damaging to the children and not in their best interests, S.Y. 

was denied visitation with the children during this period. 

The termination hearing was held on May 5, 2014. On June 20, an order 

was entered terminating S.Y’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code sections 

232.116(1)(b) and (e) (2013). The court concluded its well-reasoned opinion by 

stating: 

Therefore, it is the finding of the Court that these children’s need for 

permanency, security, safety, physical and intellectual health 
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dictate that it is in their best interest to have parental rights 

terminated and that they be placed for adoption rather than wait 

any longer for a parent to be ready to resume full time responsibility 

for their care. 

S.Y. filed a timely appeal. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

Our review of termination decisions is de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 

40 (Iowa 2010). We give weight to the juvenile court’s findings, especially 

assessing witness credibility, although we are not bound by them. In re D.W., 

791 N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010). An order terminating parental rights will be 

upheld if there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination under 

Iowa Code section 232.116. Id. Evidence is “clear and convincing” when there 

are no serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness of the conclusions of 

law drawn from the evidence. Id. 

III. DISCUSSION 

S.Y.’s sole claim is the State failed to make reasonable efforts to facilitate 

reunification by denying S.Y. visitation with her children. S.Y. claims she did not 

engage in the provided services because she had little motivation to participate 

absent the possibility of visitation with the children. 

Iowa Code section 232.102(5)(b) requires the State to make reasonable 

efforts to preserve the family before removing the child from the home. After 

removal, the State must make reasonable efforts to reunify the family as quickly 

as possible. Iowa Code § 232.102(7). In determining whether reasonable efforts 
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have been made, the court considers “[t]he type, duration, and intensity of 

services or support offered or provided to the child and the child’s family.” Id.

§ 232.102(10)(a)(1).

The reasonable efforts requirement is not viewed as a strict substantive 

requirement at termination. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000). 

Instead, it impacts the State’s burden of proving those elements of termination 

that require reasonable efforts. Id. The State must show reasonable efforts as 

part of its proof the child cannot be safely returned to the parent’s care. Id.

While the State has an obligation to make reasonable efforts, it is the 

parent’s responsibility to demand services if they are not offered. In re H.L.B.R.,

567 N.W.2d 675, 679 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). A parent’s challenge to the 

sufficiency of the services offered should be made at the time the services are 

offered. In re C.D., 508 N.W.2d 97, 101 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). 

The State argues S.Y. failed to preserve error on her reasonable efforts 

challenge because she failed to object to the visitation determination prior to the 

termination proceeding. S.Y. claims she preserved error by raising the issue of 

reasonable efforts at the termination hearing and now on appeal. The children 

were removed from J.I.’s home in September 2013, and S.Y. was contacted by 

the DHS. A DHS social worker spoke with S.Y. and informed her of the situation 

with the children. S.Y. did not attend any of the hearings, or return to Iowa prior 

to the initial March 2014 termination hearing. S.Y. had six months to assert her 
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rights as a parent. She chose not to do so. S.Y. did not challenge the DHS’s 

decision to deny visitation at the time the decision was made, and therefore she 

has failed to preserve error on her claim. 2

AFFIRMED.

 

2 When a parent’s parental rights are terminated based upon abandonment or desertion, 

reasonable reunification services are not a predicate to termination. In re D.C. and D.B., 

No. 11-0759, 2011 WL3116090, at *2–*3 (Iowa Ct. App. July 27, 2011).