# Patent

## Title
Treatment of crude oil fractions, fossil fuels, and products thereof

## Abstract

In crude oil fractions, fossil fuels, and organic liquids in general in which it is desirable to reduce the levels of sulfur-containing and nitrogen-containing components, the process reduces the level of these compounds via the application of heat, an oxidizing agent and, preferably, sonic energy. The invention is performed either as a continuous process or a batch process, and may further include optional steps of centrifugation or hydrodesulfurization.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/644,255 filed Aug. 20, 2003 by Mark Cullen entitled TREATMENT OF CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS, FOSSIL FUELS AND PRODUCTS THEREOF, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,871,512 B2, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/431,666 filed May 8, 2003 by Cullen, et al., entitled TREATMENT OF CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS, FOSSIL FUELS AND PRODUCTS THEREOF WITH SONIC ENERGY, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,196, the teachings of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.


STATEMENT RE: FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT
Not Applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention resides in the field of chemical processes for the treatment of crude oil fractions and the various types of products derived and obtained from these sources. In particular, this invention addresses reformation processes as ring-opening reactions and the saturation of double bonds, to upgrade fossil fuels and convert organic products to forms that will improve their performance and expand their utility. This invention also resides in the removal of sulfur-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and other undesirable components from petroleum and petroleum-based fuels.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fossil fuels are the largest and most widely used source of power in the world, offering high efficiency, proven performance, and relatively low prices. There are many different types of fossil fuels, ranging from petroleum fractions to coal, tar sands, and shale oil, with uses ranging from consumer uses such as automotive engines and home heating to commercial uses such as boilers, furnaces, smelting units, and power plants.
Fossil fuels and other crude oil fractions and products derived from natural sources contain a vast array of hydrocarbons differing widely in molecular weight, boiling and melting points, reactivity, and ease of processing. Many industrial processes have been developed to upgrade these materials by removing, diluting, or converting the heavier components or those that tend to polymerize or otherwise solidify, notably the olefins, aromatics, and fused-ring compounds such as naphthalenes, indanes and indenes, anthracenes, and phenanthracenes. A common means of effecting the conversion of these compounds is saturation by hydrogenation across double bonds.
For fossil fuels in particular, a growing concern is the need to remove sulfur compounds. Sulfur from sulfur compounds causes corrosion in pipeline, pumping, and refining equipment, the poisoning of catalysts used in the refining and combustion of fossil fuels, and the premature failure of combustion engines. Sulfur poisons the catalytic converters used in diesel-powered trucks and buses to control the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Sulfur also causes an increase in particulate (soot) emissions from trucks and buses by degrading the soot traps used on these vehicles. The burning of sulfur-containing fuel produces sulfur dioxide which enters the atmosphere as acid rain, inflicting harm on agriculture and wildlife, and causing hazards to human health.
The Clean Air Act of 1964 and its various amendments have imposed sulfur emission standards that are difficult and expensive to meet. Pursuant to the Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has set an upper limit of 15 parts per million by weight (ppmw) on the sulfur content of diesel fuel, effective in mid-2006. This is a severe reduction from the standard of 500 ppmw in effect in the year 2000. For reformulated gasoline, the standard of 300 ppmw in the year 2000 has been lowered to 30 ppmw, effective Jan. 1, 2004. Similar changes have been enacted in the European Union, which will enforce a limit of 50 ppmw sulfur for both gasoline and diesel fuel in the year 2005. The treatment of fuels to achieve sulfur emissions low enough to meet these requirements is difficult and expensive, and the increase in fuel prices that this causes will have a major influence on the world economy.
The principal method of fossil fuel desulfurization in the prior art is hydrodesulfurization, i.e., the reaction between the fossil fuel and hydrogen gas at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. This causes the reduction of organic sulfur to gaseous H2S, which is then oxidized to elemental sulfur by the Claus process. A considerable amount of unreacted H2S remains however, with its attendant health hazards. A further limitation of hydrodesulfurization is that it is not equally effective in removing all sulfur-bearing compounds. Mercaptans, thioethers, and disulfides, for example, are easily broken down and removed by the process, while aromatic sulfur compounds, cyclic sulfur compounds, and condensed multicyclic sulfur compounds are less responsive to the process. Thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, other condensed-ring thiophenes, and substituted versions of these compounds, which account for as much as 40% of the total sulfur content of crude oils from the Middle East and 70% of the sulfur content of West Texas crude oil, are particularly refractory to hydrodesulfurization.
In light of the deficiencies associated with hydrodesulfurization, new processes have emerged, the most notable being oxidative desulfurization, that seek to effectuate sulfur removal with greater efficiency. Essentially, such process involves oxidizing sulfur species that may be present, typically through the use of an oxidizing agent, such as a hydroperoxide or peracid, to thus convert the sulfur compounds to sulfones. To facilitate such oxidative reaction, ultrasound may be applied as per the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,402,939 issued to Yen et al., entitled OXIDATIVE DESULFURIZATION OF FOSSIL FUELS WITH ULTRASOUND; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,219 issued to Gunnerman, entitled CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR OXIDATIVE DESULFURIZATION OF FOSSIL FUELS WITH ULTRASOUND AND PRODUCTS THEREOF, the teachings of each are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Advantageously, oxidative desulfurization can be performed under mild temperatures and pressures, and further typically does not require hydrogen. Additionally advantageous is the fact that oxidative desulfurization requires much less in terms of capital expenditures to implement. In this respect, oxidative desulfurization can be selectively deployed to treat only a single fraction of refined petroleum, such as diesel, and can be readily integrated as a finishing process into existing refinery facilities. Perhaps most advantageous is the fact that oxidative desulfurization can substantially eliminate all sulfur species present in a given amount of crude oil such that ultra-low sulfur levels can be attained, and in particular the lower standards being set forth in various legislative requirements regarding sulfur content levels.
Despite such advantages, however, oxidative desulfurization is presently ineffectual for use in large scale refining operations insofar as currently deployed oxidative desulfurization techniques only partially oxidize the sulfur species present to sulfoxides, as opposed to sulfones. In this regard, present oxidative desulfurization techniques are too ineffectual and cannot achieve sufficient oxidation necessary to implement on a large scale basis. Moreover, to the extent the sulfur species is only partially oxidized (i.e., to sulfoxide), eventual removal of the sulfur species, which is typically accomplished either through solvent extraction or absorption based upon the differential polarity of the sulfones assumed to be present through such process, fails to facilitate the removal of the sulfoxide components based upon its lesser degree of polarity (i.e., as compared to sulfones). Accordingly, substantial refinements to oxidative desulfurization must be made before such technology can be practically implemented.
In addition to sulfur-bearing compounds, nitrogen-bearing compounds are also sought to be removed from fossil fuels since these compounds tend to poison the acidic components of the hydrocracking catalysts used in the refinery. The removal of nitrogen-bearing compounds is achieved by hydrodenitrogenation, which is a hydrogen treatment performed in the presence of metal sulfide catalysts. Both hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation require expensive catalysts as well as high temperatures (typically 400° F. to 850° F., which is equivalent to 204° C. to 254° C.) and pressures (typically 50 psi to 3,500 psi). These processes further require a source of hydrogen or an on-site hydrogen production unit, which entails high capital expenditures and operating costs. In both of these processes, there is also a risk of hydrogen leaking from the reactor.
As such, there exists a substantial need in the art for systems and methods that are operative to effectuate the removal of sulfur from refined fossil fuels that is substantially effective in removing virtually all of the sulfur species present in the fossil fuel that is further extremely cost effective and can be readily integrated into conventional oil refining processes. There is likewise a need in the art for such a method that is effective in removing nitrogen-containing compounds that is further cost-effective and substantially effective in removing virtually all of the nitrogen species present in such fossil fuel. Still further, there is a need for such a process that is capable of enhancing the quality of the refined fossil fuel treated thereby and that can be readily utilized in either large scale or small scale refinery operations.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been discovered that fossil fuels, crude oil fractions, and many of the components that are derived from these sources can undergo a variety of beneficial conversions and be upgraded in a variety of ways by a process that applies heat and an oxidizing agent, preferably along with sonic energy to such materials in a reaction medium. The fossil fuel crude oil fraction is preferably combined with an aqueous phase to form an emulsion to facilitate the reactions that bring about the desired fossil fuel purification and upgrade. Hydrogen gas is not required, but may be utilized as part of a conventional hydrotreating process to facilitate the removal of pollutants, and in particular sulfur and nitrogen. In certain embodiments of the invention, the treatment with sonic energy is performed in the presence of a hydroperoxide. In certain other embodiments, a transition metal catalyst is used. One of the surprising discoveries associated with certain embodiments of this invention, however, is that in some applications the conversions achieved by this invention can be achieved without the inclusion of a hydroperoxide in the reaction mixture.
Included among the conversions achieved by the present invention are the removal of organic sulfur compounds, the removal of organic nitrogen compounds, the saturation of double bonds and aromatic rings, and the opening of rings in fused-ring structures. The invention further resided in processes for converting aromatics to cycloparaffins, and opening one or more rings in a fused-ring structure, thereby for example converting naphthalenes to monocyclic aromatics, anthracenes to naphthalenes, fused heterocyclic rings such as benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, benzofurans, quinolines, indoles, and the like to substituted benzenes, acenaphthalenes and acenaphthenes to indanes and indenes, and monocyclic aromatics to noncyclic structures. Further still, the invention resides in processes for converting olefins to paraffins, and in processes for breaking carbon-carbon bonds, carbon-sulfur bonds, carbon-metal bonds, and carbon-nitrogen bonds.
In addition to the foregoing, API gravities of fossil fuels and crude oil fractions are raised (i.e., the densities lowered) as a result of treatments in accordance with the invention. Along these lines, fossil fuels and fractions thereof treated by the processes of the present invention may be easily separated into multiple layers via the application of a conventional centrifuging procedure whereby a light, low-sulfur layer can be generated and separated from a heavier high-sulfur layer. In this regard, because the processes of the present invention facilitates the oxidation of sulfur, among other compounds, such oxidized sulfur compounds, namely, sulfones, are caused to precipitate and thus remain isolated in a heavier crude oil layer. Alternatively, to the extent such sulfur compounds are not oxidized and/or if an oxidizing agent is not utilized in the process of the present invention, the sulfur still nonetheless may be caused to become retained within the heavier crude oil layer following the application of the centrifuge force, particularly when the same is caused to generate a heavy, alsphaltene resin layer.
Moreover, the invention raises the cetane index of petroleum fractions and cracking products whose boiling points or ranges are in the diesel range. The term “diesel range” is used herein in the industry sense to denote the portion of crude oil that distills out after naphtha, and generally within the temperature range of approximately 200° C. (392° F.) to 370° C. (698° F.). Fractions and cracking products whose boiling ranges are contained in this range, as well as those that overlap with this range to a majority extent, are included. Examples of refinery fractions and streams within the diesel range are fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) cycle oil fractions, coker distillate fractions, straight run diesel fractions, and blends. The invention also imparts other beneficial changes such as a lowering of boiling pints and a removal of components that are detrimental to the performance of the fuel and those that affect refinery processes and increase the cost of production of the fuel. Thus, for example, FCC cycle oils can be treated in accordance with the invention to sharply reduce their aromatics content.
A further group of crude oil fractions for which the invention is particularly useful are gas oils, which term is used herein as it is in the petroleum industry, to denote liquid petroleum distillates that have higher boiling points than naphtha. The initial boiling point may be as low as 400° F. (200° C.), but the preferred boiling range is about 500° F. to about 1100° F. (Approximately equal to 260° C. to 595° C.). Examples of fractions boiling within this range are FCC slurry oil, light and heavy gas oils, so termed in view of their different boiling points, and coker gas oils. All terms in this and the preceding paragraph are used herein as they are in the petroleum art.
By virtue of the conversions that occur as a result of the process of this invention, hydrocarbon streams experience changes in their cold flow properties, including their pour points, cloud points, and freezing points. Sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and metal-containing compounds are also reduced, and the use of a process in accordance with this invention significantly lessens the burden on conventional processes such as hydrodesulfurization, hydro-denitrogenation, and hydrodemetallization, which can therefore be performed with greater effectiveness and efficiency.
These and other advantages, features, applications and embodiments of the invention are made more apparent by the description that follows.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
The term “liquid fossil fuel” is used herein to denote any carbonaceous liquid that is derived from petroleum, coal, or any other naturally occurring material, as well as processed fuels such as gas oils and products of fluid catalytic cracking units, hydrocracking units, thermal cracking units, and cokers, and that is used to generate energy for any kind of use, including industrial uses, commercial uses, governmental uses, and consumer uses. Included among these fuels are automotive fuels such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and rocket fuel, as well as petroleum residuum-based fuel oils including bunker fuels and residual fuels. No. 6 fuel oil, for example, which is also known as “Bunker C” fuel oil, is used in oil-fired power plants as the major fuel and is also used as a main propulsion fuel in deep draft vessels in the shipping industry. No. 4 fuel oil and No. 5 fuel oil are used to heat large buildings such as schools, apartment buildings, and office buildings, and large stationary marine engines. The heaviest fuel oil is the vacuum residuum from the fractional distillation, commonly referred to as “vacuum resid,” with a boiling point of 565° C. and above, which is used as asphalt and coker feed. The present invention is useful in the treatment of any of these fuels and fuel oils for purposes of reducing the sulfur content, the nitrogen content, and the aromatics content, and for general upgrading to improve performance and enhance utility. Certain embodiments of the invention involve the treatment of fractions or products in the diesel range which include, but are not limited to, straight-run diesel fuel, feed-rack diesel fuel (as commercially available to consumers at gasoline stations), light cycle oil, and blends of straight-run diesel and light cycle oil ranging in proportion from 10:90 to 90:10 (straight-run diesel:light cycle oil).
The term “crude oil fraction” is used herein to denote any of the various refinery products produced from crude oil, either by atmospheric distillation or vacuum distillation, including fractions that have been treated by hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, or coking, and those that have been desulfurized. Examples are light straight-run naphtha, heavy straight-run naphtha, light steam-cracked naphtha, light thermally cracked naphtha, light catalytically cracked naphtha, heavy thermally cracked naphtha, reformed naphtha, alkylate naphtha, kerosene, hydrotreated kerosene, gasoline and light straight-run gasoline, straight-run diesel, atmospheric gas oil, light vacuum gas oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, residuum, vacuum residuum, light coker gasoline, coker distillate, FCC (fluid catalytic cracker) cycle oil, and FCC slurry oil.
The term “fused-ring aromatic compound” is used herein to denote compounds containing two or more fused rings at least one of which is a phenyl ring, with or without substituents, and including compounds in which all fused rings are phenyl or hydrocarbyl rings as well as compounds in which one or more of the fused rings are heterocyclic rings. Examples are substituted and unsubstituted naphthalenes, anthracenes, benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, benzofurans, quinolines, and indoles.
The term “olefins” is used herein to denote hydrocarbons, primarily those containing two or more carbon atoms and one or more double bonds.
Fossil fuels and crude oil fractions treated in accordance with this invention have significantly improved properties relative to the same materials prior to treatment, these improvements rendering the products unique and improving their usefulness as fuels. Specifically, the present invention is operative to open fused-ring aromatic compounds by converting the same to saturated compounds. Such process is likewise operative to convert olefins to saturated compounds such that at least one or more of the double bonds present are replaced by single bonds.
Another of these properties improved via the present invention is the API gravity. The term “API gravity” is used herein as it is among those skilled in the art of petroleum and petroleum-derived fuels. In general, the term represents a scale of measurement adopted by the American Petroleum Institute, the values on the scale increasing as specific gravity values decrease. Thus, a relatively high API gravity means a relatively low density. The API gravity scale extends from −20.0 (equivalent to a specific gravity of 1.2691) to 100.0 (equivalent to a specific gravity of 0.6112).
The process of the present invention is applicable to any liquid fossil fuels, preferably those with API gravities within the range of −10 to 50, and most preferably within the range of 0 to 45. For materials boiling in the diesel range, the process of the invention is preferably performed in such a manner that the starting materials are converted to products with API gravities within the range of 37.5 to 45. FCC cycle oils are preferably converted to products with API gravities within the range of 30 to 50. For liquid fossil fuels in general, the process of the invention is preferably performed to achieve an increase in API gravity by an amount ranging from 2 to 30 API gravity units, and more preferably by an amount ranging from 7 to 25 units. Alternatively stated, the invention preferably increases the API gravity from below 20 to above 35.
As stated above, fossil fuels boiling within the diesel range that are treated in accordance with this invention experience an improvement in their cetane index (also referred to in the art as the “cetane number”) upon being treated in accordance with this invention. Diesel fuels to which the invention is of particular interest in this regard are those having a cetane index greater than 40, preferably within the range of 45 to 75, and most preferably within the range of 50 to 65. The improvement in cetane index can also be expressed in terms of an increase over that of the material prior to treatment via the processes disclosed herein. In certain preferred embodiments, the increase is by an amount ranging from 1 to 40 cetane index units, and more preferably by an amount ranging from 4 to 20 units. As a still further means of expression, the invention preferably increases the cetane index from below 47 to about 50. This invention can be used to produce diesel fuels having a cetane index of greater than 50.0, or preferably greater than 60.0. In terms of ranges, the invention is capable of producing diesel fuels having a cetane index of from about 50.0 to about 80.0, and preferably from about 60.0 to about 70.0. The cetane index or number has the same meaning in this specification and the appended claims that it has among those skilled in the art of automotive fuels.
As noted above, certain embodiments of the invention involve the inclusion of hydroperoxide in the reaction mixture. The term “hydroperoxide” is used herein to denote a compound of the molecular structure:

R—O—O—H

in which R represents either a hydrogen atom or an organic or inorganic group. Examples of hydroperoxides in which R is an organic group are water-soluble hydroperoxides such as methyl hydroperoxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, isopropyl hydroperoxide, n-butyl hydroperoxide, sec-butyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, 2-methoxy-2-propyl hydroperoxide, tert-amyl hydroperoxide, and cyclohexyl hydroperoxide. Examples of hydroperoxides in which R is an inorganic group are peroxonitrous acid, peroxophosphoric acid, and peroxosulfuric acid. Preferred hydroperoxides are hydrogen peroxide (in which R is a hydrogen atom) and tertiary-alkyl peroxides, notably tert-butyl peroxide.

The aqueous fluid that may optionally be combined with the fossil fuel or other liquid organic starting material in the processes of this invention may be water or any aqueous solution. The relative amounts of organic and aqueous phases may vary, and although they may affect the efficiency of the process or the ease of handling the fluids, the relative amounts are not critical to this invention. In this regard, it is contemplated that the aqueous fluid may be present anywhere from about 0% to 99% by weight of the combined organic and aqueous phases. In most cases, however, best results will be achieved when the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase is from about 8:1 to about 1:5, preferably from about 5:1 to about 1:1, and most preferably from about 4:1 to about 2:1,
Although optional, when a hydroperoxide is present, the amount of hydroperoxide relative to the organic and aqueous phases can be varied, and although the conversion rate and yield may vary somewhat with the proportion of hydroperoxide, the actual proportion is not critical to the invention, and any excess amounts will be eliminated by the application of sonic energy. For example, when the H2O2 amount is calculated as a component of the combined organic and aqueous phases, favorable results will generally be achieved in most systems with H2O2 being present within the range of from about 0.0003% to about 70% by volume (as H2O2), and preferably from about 1.0% to about 20% of the combined phases. For hydroperoxides other than H2O2, the preferred concentrations will be those of equivalent amounts.
In certain embodiments of this invention, a surface active agent or other emulsion stabilizer is included to stabilize the emulsion. Certain petroleum fractions contain surface active agents as naturally-occurring components of the fractions, and these agents may serve by themselves to stabilize the emulsion. In other cases, synthetic or non-naturally-occurring surface active agents can be added. Any of the wide variety of known materials that are effective as emulsion stabilizers can be used. Listings of these materials are available in McCutcheon's Volume 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents—1999 North American Edition, McCutcheon's Division, MC Publishing Co., Glen Rock, N.J., USA, and other published literature. Cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants can be used. Preferred cationic species are quaternary ammonium salts, quaternary phosphonium salts and crown ethers. Examples of quaternary ammonium salts are tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate, tributylmethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltriethyl ammonium chloride, methyltricaprylyl ammonium chloride, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, tetraoctyl ammonium bromide, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and trimethyloctadecyl ammonium hydroxide. Quaternary ammonium halides are useful in many systems, and the most preferred are dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and tetraoctyl ammonium bromide.
The preferred surface active agents are those that will promote the formation of an emulsion between the organic and aqueous phases upon passing the liquids through a common mixing pump, but that will spontaneously separate the product mixture into aqueous and organic phases suitable for immediate separation by decantation or other simple phase separation procedures. One class of surface active agents that will accomplish this is liquid aliphatic C15-C20 hydrocarbons and mixtures of such hydrocarbons, preferably those having a specific gravity of at least about 0.82, and most preferably at least about 0.85. Examples of hydrocarbon mixtures that meet this description and are particularly convenient for use and readily available are mineral oils, preferably heavy or extra heavy mineral oil. The terms “mineral oil”, “heavy mineral oil,” and “extra heavy mineral oil” are well known in the art and are used herein in the same manner as they are commonly used in the art. Such oils are readily available from commercial chemicals suppliers throughout the world.
When added emulsifying agent is used in the practice of this invention, the appropriate amount of agent to use is any amount that will perform as described above. The amount is otherwise not critical and may vary depending on the choice of the agent, and in the case of mineral oil, the grade of mineral oil. The amount may also vary with the fuel composition, the relative amounts of aqueous and organic phases, and the operating conditions. Appropriate selection will be a matter of routine choice and adjustment to the skilled engineer. In the case of mineral oil, best and most efficient results will generally be obtained using a volume ratio of mineral oil to the organic phase 1 of from about 0.00003 to about 0.003.
In certain embodiments of the invention, a metallic catalyst may be included in the reaction system to regulate the activity of the hydroxyl radical produced by the hydroperoxide. Examples of such catalysts are transition metal catalysts, and preferably metals having atomic numbers of 21 through 29, 39 through 47, and 57 through 79. Particularly preferred metals from this group are nickel, sulfur, tungsten (and tungstates), cobalt, molybdenum, and combinations thereof. In certain systems within the scope of this invention, Fenton catalysts (ferrous salts) and metal ion catalysts in general such as iron (II), iron (III), copper (I), copper (II), chromium (III), chromium (VI), molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, and vanadium ions, are useful. Of these, iron (II), iron (III), copper (II), and tungsten catalysts are preferred. For some systems, such as crude oil, Fenton-type catalysts are preferred, while for others, such as diesel-containing systems, tungsten or tungstates are preferred. Tungstates include tungstic acid, substituted tungstic acids such as phosphotungstic acid, and metal tungstates. In certain embodiments of the invention, nickel, silver, or tungsten, or combinations of these three metals, are particularly useful. The metallic catalyst when present will be used in a catalytically effective amount, which means any amount that will enhance the progress of the reaction (i.e., increase the reaction rate) toward the desired goal, particularly the oxidation of the sulfides to sulfones. The catalyst may be present as metal particles, pellets, flakes, shavings, or other similar forms, retained in the sonic energy delivery chamber by physical barriers such as screens or other restraining means as the reaction medium is allowed to pass through.
Of the aforementioned catalysts, among the more preferred include phosphotungstic acid or a mixture of sodium tung state and phenylphosphonic acid may be utilized based upon lower price and ready availability in bulk form. It should be understood, however, that use of such catalysts is optional and required for one skilled in the art to practice the present invention.
The temperature of the combined aqueous and organic phases may vary widely, although in most cases it is contemplated that the temperature will be elevated to about 500° C., preferably to about 200° C., and most preferably to no more than 125° C. The optimal degree of heating will vary with the particular organic liquid to be treated and the ratio of aqueous to organic phases, provided that the temperature is not high enough to volatilize the organic liquid. With diesel fuel, for example, best results will most often be obtained by preheating the fuel to a temperature of at least about 70° C., and preferably from about 70° C. to about 100° C. The aqueous phase may be heated to any temperature up to its boiling point.
Although optional, the sonic energy used in accordance with this invention consists of sound-like waves whose frequency is within the range of from about 2 kHz to about 100 kHz, and preferably within the range of from about 10 kHz to about 19 kHz. In a more highly preferred embodiment, the sonic energy utilized possesses a frequency within the range from about 17 kHz to 19 kHz.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such sonic waves can be generated from mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, or other known energy sources. In this regard, the various methods of producing and applying sonic energy, and commercial suppliers of sonic energy producing equipment, are well known among those skilled in the art. Exemplary of such systems capable of being utilized in the practice of the present invention to impart the necessary degree of sonic energy disclosed herein include those ultrasonic systems produced by Hielscher Systems of Teltow, Germany and distributed domestically through Hielscher U.S.A., Inc. of Ringwood, N.J.
The intensity of the sonic energy applied will preferably possess a sufficient magnitude to facilitate the oxidation of at least a portion of the sulfur and nitrogen-containing species present in the fossil fuel being treated, as well as open the fused ring compounds and saturate the olefin compounds that may be present. Presently, it is believed that the sonic energy applied should have a displacement amplitude in the range of from about 10 to 300 micrometers, and may be adjusted according to whether the processes of the present invention are conducted at either elevated temperatures and/or pressures. To the extent the processes of the present invention are conducted at ambient temperature and pressure, a displacement amplitude ranging from about 30 to 120 micrometers may be appropriate, with a range of approximately 36 to 60 micrometers being preferred. The preferred range of power that should be delivered per unit volume (i.e., power density) should preferably range from about 0.01 watts per cubic centimeter to about 100.00 watts per cubic centimeter of liquid treated, and preferably from about 1 watt per cubic centimeter to about 20 watts per cubic centimeter of liquid treated. It should be understood, however, that higher power densities could be attained, given the ability of existing equipment to produce an output of power as high as 16 kilowatts, and that such higher output of power can be utilized to facilitate the reactions of the present invention.
The exposure time of the reaction medium to the sonic energy is not critical to the practice or to the success of the invention, and the optimal exposure time will vary according to the type of fuel being treated. An advantage of the invention however is that effective and useful results can be achieved with a relatively short exposure time. A preferred range of exposure times is from about 1 second to about 30 minutes, and a more preferred range is from about 1 second to 1 minute, with excellent results being obtained with exposure times of approximately 5 seconds and possibly less.
To the extent desired, improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of the process can also be achieved by recycling or secondary treatments with sonic energy. A fresh supply of water may for example be added to the treated and separated organic phase to form a fresh emulsion which is then exposed to further sonic energy treatment, either on a batch or continuous bases. Re-exposure to sonic energy can be repeated multiple times for even better results, and can be readily achieved in a continuous process by a recycle stream or by the use of a second state sonic energy treatment, and possibly a third stage sonic energy treatment, with a fresh supply of water at each stage.
In systems where the reaction induced by the application of sonic energy produces undesirable byproducts in the organic phase, these byproducts can be removed by conventional methods of extraction, absorption, or filtration. When the byproducts are polar compounds, for example, the extraction process can be any process that extracts polar compounds from a non-polar liquid medium. Such processes include solid-liquid extraction, using absorbents such as silica gel, activated alumina, polymeric resins, and zeolites. Liquid-liquid extraction can also be used, with polar solvents such as dimethyl formamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, or acetonitrile. A variety of organic solvents that are either immiscible or marginally miscible with the fossil fuel, can be used. Toluene and similar solvents are examples.
Alternatively, to the extent any desirable byproducts are produced in the organic phase which consists of the oxidized nitrogen and sulfur-containing species, such as sulfoxides and sulfones, the same may be treated pursuant to conventional hydrodesulfurization processes. In this regard, the oxidative processes of the present invention may be incorporated into those processes disclosed in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/411,796, filed on Apr. 11, 2003, entitled SULFONE REMOVAL PROCESS, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/429,369 filed on May 5, 2003, entitled PROCESS FOR GENERATING AND REMOVING SULFOXIDES FROM FOSSIL FUEL, the teachings of each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
To facilitate the removal of sulfur-containing compounds, the processes of the present invention may further incorporate the use of the application of centrifuge, which advantageously causes the fossil fuels treated in accordance with the present invention to become sorted or stratified into layers of varying density. Specifically, following the processes discussed above whereby fossil fuels suspected of containing sulfur are subjected to the application of ultrasound and an oxidizing agent, the resultant fossil fuel may then be subjected to a centrifugation step which will produce a light (i.e., low density) layer having a low sulfur content and a heavy (i.e., more dense) layer having a greater concentration of sulfur. In this respect, to the extent any of the sulfur-containing compounds present in the fossil fuel are oxidized to become sulfones, such sulfones will precipitate in the heavy layer. Alternatively, to the extent an oxidizing agent is not utilized and/or the sulfur is not oxidized, it is believed that the sulfur will still nonetheless precipitate into the more dense, heavier layer, particularly if a crude oil fraction is centrifuged which results in the production of a heavy asphaltene resin layer. In this regard, it is contemplated that the application of a centrifuge-type force is operative to not only facilitate stratification of such layers, but also possibly operative to chemically break down any resins present to thus enable such separation to occur, and as well as possibly decreasing the amount of asphaltenes present in such fossil fuel. Set forth below in Table 1 are the results of such crude oil fraction, and in particular various components thereof treated by centrifugation, having previously been subjected to ultrasound at approximately 19 kHz for approximately eight minutes at 60° F. in the presence of 2.5% hydrogen peroxide. Following application of such oxidative process and the application of centrifugation, a light layer was generated which was extracted and compared to the pre-centrifuged composition.










TABLE 1








AFTER 




BEFORE
(in lighter layer)



















Sulfur
2.5
.7



Paraffins
52
62



Aromatics
30
25



Asphaltenes
9
5



Visc cs@ 100 f. 
52
2









The reactions resulting from the processes of the present invention may generate heat, and with certain starting materials it may be preferable to remove some of the generated heat to maintain control over the reaction. When gasoline is treated in accordance with this invention, for example, it is preferable to cool the reaction medium when the same is subjected to sonic energy. Cooling is readily achievable by conventional means, such as the use of a liquid coolant jacket or a coolant circulating through a cooling coil in the interior of the chamber where the sonic energy is deployed. Water at atmospheric pressure is an effective coolant for these purposes. Suitable cooling methods or devices will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Cooling is generally unnecessary with diesel fuel, gas oils, and resids.
Operating conditions in general for the practice of this invention an vary widely, depending on the organic material being treated and the manner of treatment. The pH of the emulsion, for example, may range from as low as 1 to as high as 10, although best results are presently believed to be achieved within a pH range of 2 to 7. The pressure of the emulsion as it is subjected to sonic energy can likewise vary, ranging from subatmospheric (as low as 5 psia or 0.34 atmospheres) to as high as 3,000 psia (214 atmospheres), although preferably less than about 400 psia (27 atmospheres), and more preferably less than about 50 psia (3.4 atmospheres), and most preferably from about atmospheric pressure to about 50 psia.
The operating conditions described in the preceding paragraphs that relate to the application of sonic energy, the inclusion of emulsion stabilizers and catalysts, and the general conditions of temperature and pressure apply to the process of the invention regardless of whether or not hydrogen peroxide or any other hydroperoxide is present in the reaction mixture. One of the unique and surprising discoveries of this invention is that when sonic energy is utilized in the aforementioned process, the levels of sulfur-containing compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds are reduced substantially regardless of whether a hydroperoxide is present. Moreover, the process as disclosed herein can be performed either in a batchwise manner or in a continuous-flow operation. It has likewise been unexpectedly discovered that even to the extent sonic energy is not utilized in the practice of the present invention, and that the processes disclosed herein merely utilize the combination of heat, heat in combination with an oxidizing agent, and/or the further application or centrifugation and/or hydrodesulfurization, numerous objectives (e.g. removal of sulfur and nitrogen, and upgrade in fuel properties) of the present invention can be readily achieved in an extremely cost-effective and efficient manner.
Additional modifications and improvements of the present invention may also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the particular combination of parts and steps described and illustrated herein is intended to represent only certain embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to serve as limitations of alternative devices and methods within the spirit and scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A process for upgrading a crude oil fraction to improve the performance and enhance the utility of the crude oil fraction, said process comprising the step of heating said crude oil fraction in the presence of an oxidizing agent while exposing said crude oil fraction to sonic energy in the absence of an aqueous phase, wherein the sonic energy has a frequency ranging from 2 to 100 kHz, an amplitude displacement ranging from 30 to 120 microns, and a power density ranging from 0.01 watts per cubic centimeter to 100.00 watts per cubic centimeter.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein said oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide or a hydroperoxide.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is a fraction boiling within the diesel range.

4. The process of claim 3 wherein said crude oil fraction is a member selected from the group consisting of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) cycle oil fractions, coker distillate fractions, straight run diesel fractions, and blends thereof.

5. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is a fraction boiling within the gas oil range.

6. The process of claim 5 wherein said crude oil fraction is a member selected from the group consisting of FCC cycle oil, FCC slurry oil, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and coker gas oil.

7. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is a member selected from the group consisting of gasoline, jet fuel, straight-run diesel, blends of straight-run diesel and FCC light cycle oil, and petroleum residuum-based fuel oils.

8. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is exposed to said sonic energy from about 1 second to about 1 minute.

9. The process of claim 2 further comprising contacting said crude oil fraction with a transition metal catalyst.

10. The process of claim 9 wherein said transition metal catalyst is a member selected from the group consisting of nickel, silver, tungsten, and combinations thereof.

11. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is heated to a temperature no greater than 500° C.

12. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is heated to a temperature no greater than 200° C.

13. The process of claim 1 wherein said crude oil fraction is heated to a temperature no greater than 125° C.

14. The process of claim 1 performed at a pressure of less than 400 psia.

15. The process of claim 1 performed at a pressure of less than 50 psia.

16. The process of claim 1 performed at a pressure within the range of from about atmospheric pressure to about 50 psia.

17. The process of claim 1 wherein the sonic energy has a frequency ranging from 10 to 19 kHz.

18. The process of claim 1 wherein the sonic energy has a frequency ranging from 17 to 19 kHz.

19. The process of claim 1 wherein the sonic energy has an amplitude displacement ranging from 36 to 60 microns.

20. The process of claim 1 wherein the sonic energy has a power density ranging from 1 watt per cubic centimeter to 20 watts per cubic centimeter.