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www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 5/28

The FMIS subdivides improvement t\pe

obligations into several work classes including

construction, preliminar\ engineering, right-ofwa\, transit and training, planning, and

research. The construction categor\ is

t\picall\ the largest work class within each

improvement. Most other work classes are

incidental to construction. Costs for other

work classes often are not allocated in the

same manner as construction costs within

each improvement t\pe, so the\ are broken

out and allocated separatel\. As noted above

costs for certain work classes such as transit

and truck-related costs are removed

completel\ from the improvement t\pe under

which the\ are reported and are allocated as

separate cost categories.

PaYement Cost Allocation

Methods

NeZ PaYement, Added Lanes

Table V-2 shows costs for the two major

improvement t\pes that are allocated as new pavement costs.

Costs are broken down into nine separate categories, each of

which is allocated separatel\, although some ma\ use the same

allocators. The approach used in allocating costs of new

pavements and added lanes is similar to the approach developed

in the 1982 Federal HCAS. Costs of providing additional lanes of

capacit\ are allocated using a design based two step

methodolog\. The allocation process separates costs into those

related to a base facilit\ that provides additional capacit\ and

traffic services and those related to providing the durabilit\ to

carr\ projected traffic loadings over the pavement's design life.

The base facilit\ is a h\pothetical pavement that would serve a

purpose common to all vehicle classes. It is not the minimum

facilit\ that a highwa\ agenc\ could build, nor is it the facilit\ that

would be required to carr\ just automobiles. The base facilit\

would provide skid resistance, all-weather capabilit\, and would serve as a "platform" for providing the base and

surface thickness required to accommodate projected traffic loadings. The base facilit\ portion of pavement

construction costs is related to providing additional capacit\ to safel\ accommodate projected future traffic

volumes, and the remaining portion of pavement construction costs provides the base and pavement thickness

necessar\ to accommodate projected vehicle loadings.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 6/28

The cRQVWUXcWiRQ Rf QeZ WUaffic OaQeV, ZheWheU Whe\ be QeZ highZa\V RQ QeZ ORcaWiRQV RU addiWiRQV WR e[iVWiQg

faciOiWieV, UefOecWV Whe Qeed fRU added highZa\ caSaciW\ WR UeOieYe cRQgeVWiRQ aQd SURYide higheU OeYeOV RfVeUYice

fRU cXUUeQW aQd fXWXUe WUaffic. SRPe YehicOeV, becaXVe Rf WheiU Vi]e aQd RSeUaWiQg chaUacWeUiVWicV, haYe a gUeaWeU

effecW WhaQ RWheUV RQ WUaffic fORZ aQd highZa\ OeYeO RfVeUYice. FRU e[aPSOe, WUXcNV cRQVXPe PRUe Sh\VicaOVSace

RQ Whe URadZa\ WhaQ aXWRPRbiOeV aQd haYe a gUeaWeU effecW RQ WUaffic fORZ becaXVe Whe\ dR QRW acceOeUaWe RU

PaQeXYeU aV ZeOO aV aXWRPRbiOeV. TUaffic eQgiQeeUV haYe deYeORSed a cRQceSW caOOed "PCEV" WhaW PeaVXUeV Whe

UeOaWiYe effecWV Rf diffeUeQW YehicOeV RQ highZa\ OeYeO RfVeUYice. The PCEV fRU a SaUWicXOaU YehicOe ZiOO YaU\

accRUdiQg WR VXch facWRUV aV gUadeV, OaQe ZidWh, aQd W\Se Rf highZa\, aQd WhXV Whe UeOaWiYe cRQWUibXWiRQ Rf

diffeUeQW YehicOeV cOaVVeV WR cRQgeVWiRQ aQd WR Whe Qeed fRU addiWiRQaO caSaciW\ caQ be PeaVXUed acURVV a YaUieW\

Rf cRQdiWiRQV.

IQ Whe 1982 FedeUaO HCAS, baVe faciOiW\ cRVWV

ZeUe aOORcaWed WR aOO YehicOeV RQ Whe baViV Rf WheiU

UeOaWiYe VMT, aOWhRXgh cRQVideUaWiRQ ZaV giYeQ WR

aOORcaWiQg WhRVe cRVWV iQ SURSRUWiRQ WR VMT

ZeighWed b\ Whe PCEV fRU each YehicOe cOaVV. The

PCE-ZeighWed VMT ZaV QRW XVed aV Whe fiQaO

aOORcaWRU becaXVe fXUWheU UeVeaUch iQWR eTXiYaOeQc\

facWRUV fRU diffeUeQW YehicOeV ZaV beOieYed WR be

Qeeded. FRU Whe 1997 FedeUaO HCAS, QeZ

UeVeaUch ZaV cRQdXcWed WR eVWiPaWe PCEV aV a

fXQcWiRQ RfVXch Ne\ facWRUV aV YehicOe RSeUaWiQg

chaUacWeUiVWicV, highZa\ fXQcWiRQaO cOaVV, WiPe-Rfda\, aQd WeUUaiQ. ThiV UeVeaUch XVed WUaffic

ViPXOaWiRQ PRdeOV WhaW aUe PRUe accXUaWe aQd

VRShiVWicaWed WhaQ WhRVe aYaiOabOe 15 \eaUV agR.

BaVe faciOiW\ cRVWV aV ZeOO aV UeOaWed eQgiQeeUiQg,

UighW-Rf-Za\, aQd RWheU cRVWV aVVRciaWed ZiWh

addiQg QeZ highZa\ OaQeV aUe aOORcaWed XViQg PCE-ZeighWed VMT.

TabOe V-3 SUeVeQWV Whe VhaUeV Rf QeZ fOe[ibOe aQd Uigid SaYePeQW cRVWV b\ highZa\ fXQcWiRQaO cOaVV WhaW cRPSUiVe

Whe baVe faciOiW\ aQd aUe aOORcaWed XViQg PCE-ZeighWed VMT. BaVe faciOiW\ VhaUeV aUe VPaOOeU fRU higheU-RUdeU

fXQcWiRQaO cOaVVeV WhaQ fRU ORZeU-RUdeU fXQcWiRQaO cOaVVeV. OQ aOO highZa\ cOaVVeV Whe baVe faciOiW\ UeSUeVeQWV a

OaUgeU VhaUe Rf WRWaO cRVWV fRU Uigid SaYePeQWV WhaQ fRU fOe[ibOe SaYePeQWV.

The ORad-UeOaWed SRUWiRQ Rf QeZ SaYePeQW cRQVWUXcWiRQ cRVWV iV aOORcaWed baVed RQ Whe UeOaWiYe ESALV Rf each

YehicOe cOaVV. The ESAL iV a PeaVXUe Rf Whe UeOaWiYe cRQWUibXWiRQ WR SaYePeQW ZeaU aVVRciaWed ZiWh diffeUeQW

ViQgOe aQd WaQdeP a[Oe ORadV, XViQg aQ 18,000 SRXQd ViQgOe a[Oe aV Whe beQchPaUN. PaYePeQW deVigQ eTXaWiRQV

deYeORSed b\ Whe AASHTO XVe ESALV aV Whe SUiQciSaO YehicOe VSecific facWRU iQ SaYePeQW deVigQ. SeSaUaWe

aOORcaWiRQV aUe Pade fRU Uigid aQd fOe[ibOe SaYePeQW W\SeV becaXVe Whe SaYePeQW PaWeUiaO iV highO\ UeOaWed WR

YehicOe ESALV.

PaYePeQW cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV aUe eVWiPaWed XViQg WhUee SaYePeQW VecWiRQV/deVigQV fRU each highZa\ fXQcWiRQaO

cOaVV fRU each SWaWe. PaYePeQW deVigQ SaUaPeWeUV fRU each SWaWe, VXch aV VRiOVWUeQgWh, WeUPiQaO PSI YaOXe aQd Whe

RWheU chaUacWeUiVWicV aUe cRQVideUed iQ WhiV aQaO\ViV. DeVigQ PeWhRdV UefOecW Whe OaWeVW SWaWe VSecific aQd

AASHTO deVigQ PaQXaOV aQd gXideOiQeV. CRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV fRU each Rf Whe RYeU 300 YehicOe cOaVV/ZeighW
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 7/28

gUoXpV aUe fiUVW pUodXced b\ SWaWe and When combined inWo a naWional aYeUage.

Table V-4 VhoZV Whe coVW UeVponVibiliW\ peU mile foU neZ paYemenW

coVWV foU VeYeUal illXVWUaWiYe Yehicle claVVeV along ZiWh WheiU VhaUe of

WoWal neZ paYemenW coVWV. AXWomobileV accoXnW foU Whe laUgeVW VhaUe of

neZ paYemenW coVWV folloZed b\ 5-a[le WUacWoU-VemiWUaileUV. The

UeVponVibiliW\ of aXWoV foU neZ paYemenW coVWV iV aboXW 0.05 cenWV peU

mile, leVV Whan 10 peUcenW of Whe coVW UeVponVibiliW\ of 5-a[le WUacWoUVemiWUaileUV. EighW-a[le and 5-a[le WZin WUaileU combinaWionV haYe Whe

higheVW aYeUage neZ paYemenW coVW UeVponVibiliW\ peU mile among Whe

illXVWUaWiYe Yehicle claVVeV.

FigXUe V-1 VXmmaUi]eV VhaUeV of neZ paYemenW coVW UeVponVibiliW\ b\

bUoad Yehicle claVVeV. PaVVengeU YehicleV aUe UeVponVible foU oYeU half

of all neZ paYemenW coVWV, VemiWUaileU combinaWionV 32 peUcenW, Vingle

XniW WUXckV 12 peUcenW, and mXlWi-WUaileU combinaWionV 3 peUcenW.

GUading and dUainage

coVWV aUe noW VepaUaWed in FMIS, bXW a Vpecial anal\ViV of gUading

and dUainage coVWV ZaV condXcWed foU Whe 1982 FedeUal HCAS. A

VXUYe\ ofVeYeUal SWaWeV condXcWed foU WhiV VWXd\ indicaWed WhaW

gUading and dUainage facWoUV deYeloped foU Whe 1982 FedeUal

HCAS aUe VWill applicable.

GUading and dUainage coVWV aVVociaWed ZiWh neZ paYemenW pUojecWV

aUe bUoken inWo WhUee componenWV, WhoVe UelaWed Wo Yehicle ZeighW,

WhoVe UelaWed Wo Yehicle ZidWh, and WhoVe WhaW aUe noW UelaWed Wo an\

Vpecific Yehicle chaUacWeUiVWicV. In moXnWainoXV and Uolling WeUUain,

addiWional gUading and dUainage e[penVeV aUe incXUUed Wo UedXce highZa\ gUadeV Vo WhaW heaY\ WUXckV ZiWh high

ZeighW-Wo-hoUVepoZeU UaWioV Zill noW VloZ moUe Whan can be aYoided. FoU opeUaWional and VafeW\ UeaVonV, Whe

ma[imXm Vpeed UedXcWion alloZed foU YehicleV climbing a gUade iV 15 mileV peU hoXU. ThXV a cUiWical gUade iV

defined aV an\ combinaWion of lengWh and degUee of gUade WhaW pUodXceV a 15 mileV peU hoXU Vpeed UedXcWion.

The allocaWion of addiWional gUading and dUainage coVWV UelaWed Wo Yehicle ZeighW iV baVed on eVWabliVhed

UelaWionVhipV beWZeen highZa\ gUade feaWXUeV (cUiWical lengWh and degUee of gUade) and Yehicle peUfoUmance

aWWUibXWeV (ZeighW-Wo-hoUVepoZeU UaWio). The UelaWiYe coVW UeVponVibiliW\ of each Yehicle claVV iV eVWimaWed fUom

Whe eaUWhZoUk VaYingV WhaW ZoXld UeVXlW Zhen compaUing each Yehicle claVV Wo Whe ZoUVW peUfoUming Yehicle. The

incUemenWal eaUWhZoUk VaYingV aUe compXWed aV a fXncWion of Whe highZa\ cUoVV VecWion and cUiWical gUadeV foU

giYen ZeighW-Wo-hoUVepoZeU inWeUYalV. The enhanced model deYeloped foU WhiV VWXd\ XVeV XpdaWed infoUmaWion on

Yehicle hoUVepoZeU deUiYed fUom Yehicle peUfoUmance modelV WhaW UeflecW pUeVenW da\ Yehicle chaUacWeUiVWicV and

highZa\ deVign chaUacWeUiVWicV fUom Whe HPMS daWabaVe.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 8/28

In Whe 1982 FedeUal HCAS, ZidWh UelaWed coVWV ZeUe allocaWed XVing an

incUemenWal appUoach WhaW eVWimaWed incUemenWal conVWUXcWion coVW

VaYingV Zhen deVigning foU YehicleV of diffeUenW ZidWhV. Ten diffeUenW

Yehicle ZidWh caWegoUieV ZeUe defined in Whe 1982 FedeUal HCAS going

all Whe Za\ Wo a h\poWheWical ]eUo ZidWh Yehicle, bXW all e[cepW Whe lighWeVW

WUXckV, aXWomobileV, and moWoUc\cleV ZeUe in Whe ZideVW gUoXp. The

anal\ViV haV been Vimplified VomeZhaW foU WhiV VWXd\ b\ eliminaWing Whe

naUUoZeVW ZidWh gUoXpV and allocaWing a VmalleU VhaUe of WoWal paYemenW

coVWV on Whe baViV of Yehicle ZidWh. ThiV iV conViVWenW ZiWh WUendV WoZaUd

deVigning ZideU paYemenWV foU VafeW\ UeaVonV UegaUdleVV of Whe UelaWiYe

nXmbeU of WUXckV XVing Whe UoadZa\. TheVe changeV haYe been applied

Wo boWh Whe allocaWion of addiWional conVWUXcWion coVWV UelaWed Wo Yehicle

ZidWh and Wo addiWional gUading and dUainage coVWV aVVociaWed ZiWh

Yehicle ZidWh.

The poUWion of gUading and dUainage coVWV foU neZ highZa\ laneV WhaW iV

UelaWed Wo neiWheU Yehicle ZeighW noU ZidWh iV allocaWed among diffeUenW

Yehicle claVVeV on Whe baViV b\ PCE-VMT. TheVe coVWV aUe eVVenWial

paUWV of Whe oYeUall conVWUXcWion coVWV WhaW aUe neceVViWaWed b\ needV Wo

pUoYide addiWional highZa\ capaciW\, and aUe allocaWed on Whe baViV

of each Yehicle claVV' conWUibXWion Wo Whe need foU addiWional capaciW\.

Table V-5 VXmmaUi]eV Whe coVW UeVponVibiliW\ peU mile of WUaYelfoU neZ

paYemenW coVWV b\ bUoad Yehicle gUoXpV aW YaUioXV opeUaWing ZeighW

UangeV. CoVW UeVponVibiliW\ foU paVVengeU YehicleV aYeUageV aboXW 5/100 of a cenW peU mile. CoVWV foU bXVeV aUe

higheU Whan foU aXWoV, pickXpV, and YanV, bXW bXV WUaYel iV a VmallfUacWion of WoWal paVVengeU Yehicle WUaYel and haV

liWWle inflXence on Whe oYeUall aYeUage. The aYeUage coVW UeVponVibiliW\ foU neZ paYemenWV foU Vingle XniW WUXckV iV

0.31 cenWV peU mile compaUed Wo 0.66 cenWV peU mile foU combinaWion WUXckV. WiWhin WhoVe WZo WUXck caWegoUieV

aYeUage coVWV YaU\ fUom aboXW 0.20 cenWV peU mile foU lighW Vingle XniWV Wo almoVW 3 cenWV peU mile foU Whe heaYieVW

combinaWionV.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 9/28

TabOe V-6 VhRZV Whe cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiW\ fRU QeZ

SaYePeQW cRVWV fRU VeOecWed YehicOeV aW diffeUeQW

RSeUaWiQg ZeighWV. ThiV WabOe cOeaUO\ iOOXVWUaWeV Whe

UeOaWiRQVhiS beWZeeQ ZeighW aQd SaYePeQW cRVWV fRU

aQ\ giYeQ YehicOe cOaVV aQd aOVR iOOXVWUaWeV Whe iPSRUWaQW

facW WhaW Whe PRUe a[OeV XQdeU a YehicOe aW aQ\ giYeQ

ZeighW, Whe ORZeU Whe SaYePeQW cRVWV.

IQ cRPSaUiQg cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV fRU 5-a[Oe WUacWRUVePiWUaiOeUV aQd 5-a[Oe WZiQ WUaiOeU cRPbiQaWiRQV, Whe

diffeUeQce iQ Whe SaYePeQW daPage aVVRciaWed ZiWh

ViQgOe aQd WaQdeP a[OeV iV eYideQW. The 5-a[Oe WUacWRUVePiWUaiOeUV haV 2 WaQdeP a[Oe SaiUV ZhiOe Whe 5-a[Oe

WZiQ WUaiOeU cRPbiQaWiRQV haV 5 ViQgOe a[OeV. AW eYeU\

ZeighW Whe cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiW\ Rf Whe 5-a[Oe WZiQ WUaiOeU

cRPbiQaWiRQV iV gUeaWeU WhaQ WhaW Rf Whe 5-a[Oe WUacWRUVePiWUaiOeUV. SiPiOaUO\, ZheQ cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV Rf 5-

a[Oe WUacWRU-VePiWUaiOeUV aQd 6-a[Oe WUacWRU-VePiWUaiOeUV

aUe cRPSaUed, Whe beQefiWV Rf Whe 6-a[Oe WUacWRUVePiWUaiOeUV WUideP a[OeV aUe aSSaUeQW. AW aOO bXW Whe ORZeVW ZeighWV, Whe 6-a[Oe WUacWRU-VePiWUaiOeUV cRVW

UeVSRQVibiOiW\ fRU iV OeVV WhaQ 5-a[Oe WUacWRU-VePiWUaiOeUV cRVWV.

FigXUe V-2 VXPPaUi]eV Whe RYeUaOO aVVigQPeQW Rf QeZ

SaYePeQW cRVWV WR SaVVeQgeU YehicOeV aQd ViQgOe XQiW aQd

cRPbiQaWiRQ WUXcNV. DeVSiWe Whe diffeUeQceV iQ cRVW

UeVSRQVibiOiW\ SeU PiOe Rf WUaYeO, SaVVeQgeU YehicOeV aUe

aVVigQed RYeU haOf Whe UeVSRQVibiOiW\ fRU QeZ SaYePeQW

cRVWV, cRPbiQaWiRQ WUXcNV 35 SeUceQW, aQd ViQgOe XQiWV 12

SeUceQW.

PaYement PreserYation Costs

PaYePeQW 3R cRVWV cRQVWiWXWe Whe OaUgeVW ViQgOe caWegRU\ Rf

RbOigaWiRQV fURP Whe HTF. TabOe V-7 VhRZV Whe

bUeaNdRZQ Rf cRVWV fRU VeYeUaO cRVW caWegRUieV WhaW aUe

gURXSed aV SaYePeQW SUeVeUYaWiRQ cRVWV. SXbVWaQWiaO

UeVRXUceV ZeUe deYRWed iQ Whe 1982 FedeUaO HCAS WR

deYeORSiQg QeZ WechQiTXeV fRU aOORcaWiQg SaYePeQW 3R cRVWV baVed XSRQ Whe cRQWUibXWiRQ Rf each YehicOe cOaVV WR

YaUiRXV SaYePeQW diVWUeVVeV WhaW QeceVViWaWe SaYePeQW iPSURYePeQWV. The baVic fUaPeZRUN fRU aOORcaWiQg

SaYePeQW 3R cRVWV iQ Whe 1982 FedeUaO HCAS iV XVed iQ WhiV VWXd\, bXW VigQificaQW UefiQePeQWV haYe beeQ Pade

iQ VeYeUaO aUeaV.

AQ iPSRUWaQW cRQWUibXWiRQ Rf Whe 1982 FedeUaO HCAS ZaV Whe XVe Rf "PechaQiVWic" SaYePeQW diVWUeVV PRdeOV

WhaW diUecWO\ UeOaWe a[Oe ORadV aQd UeSeWiWiRQV WR Whe VWUeVVeV, VWUaiQV, aQd RWheU SaYePeQW UeVSRQVeV OeadiQg WR

SaYePeQW deWeUiRUaWiRQ. SeYeUaO PechaQiVWic PRdeOV XVed iQ Whe 1982 FedeUaO HCAS aUe UeWaiQed, bXW PRVW

haYe beeQ iPSURYed baVed XSRQ QeZ WheRUeWicaO ZRUN aQd Whe aYaiOabiOiW\ Rf SaYePeQW SeUfRUPaQce daWa fURP
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 10/28

Whe Long TeUm PaYemenW PeUfoUmance (LTPP) SWXd\. EleYen diffeUenW paYemenW diVWUeVV modelV aUe

incoUpoUaWed in Whe neZ naWionZide paYemenW coVW model(NAPCOM) XVed foU HCA. TogeWheU WheVe modelV

UepUeVenW Whe VWaWe-of-Whe-aUW in pUedicWing paYemenW UeVponVeV Wo diffeUenW a[le loadV and UepeWiWionV.

The 1982 FedeUal HCAS anal\]ed paYemenW diVWUeVVeV on

a UelaWiYel\ Vmall nXmbeU of h\poWheWical paYemenW

VecWionV. The h\poWheWical paYemenWV haYe been

abandoned foU WhiV VWXd\ and Ueplaced b\ acWXal paYemenW

VecWionV fUom Whe HPMS daWabaVe. The HPMS daWabaVe

iV a VWaWiVWicall\ Yalid Vample of oYeU 100,000 paYemenW

VecWionV UepUeVenWing all non-local paYemenWV naWionZide.

IW iV XVed in eYalXaWing highZa\ inYeVWmenW/peUfoUmance

UelaWionVhipV foU Whe DepaUWmenW'V biennialC&P RepoUW aV

Zell aV oWheU polic\ anal\VeV.

While Whe HPMS daWabaVe conWainV VecWion pUopeUWieV,

WUaffic YolXmeV, peUcenW WUXckV and oWheU daWa UelaWed Wo

paYemenW peUfoUmance, conVideUable VXpplemenWal daWa

needed foU Whe paYemenW peUfoUmance modelV aUe added

foU each paYemenW VecWion. UVing Whe aXgmenWed HPMS daWabaVe in conjXncWion ZiWh Whe deWailed WUaffic and

opeUaWing ZeighW daWa deVcUibed in ChapWeU II pUoYideV a mXch moUe UepUeVenWaWiYe anal\ViV of paYemenW coVWV

aVVociaWed ZiWh WUaYel b\ diffeUenW Yehicle claVVeV on diffeUenW highZa\ V\VWemV. EVWimaWeV of Whe UelaWiYe coVW

UeVponVibiliW\ of diffeUenW Yehicle claVVeV foU paYemenW 3R coVWV on Whe diffeUenW highZa\ fXncWional claVVeV aUe

XVed Wo allocaWe load-UelaWed componenWV of 3R obligaWionV Wo Whe diffeUenW YehicleV. The modelV alVo eVWimaWe Whe

VhaUeV of WoWal coVWV WhaW aUe UelaWed Wo facWoUV VXch aV paYemenW age and climaWe UaWheU Whan a[le loadV. TheVe

nonload-UelaWed 3R coVWV aUe allocaWed in pUopoUWion Wo VMT foU each Yehicle claVV.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 11/28

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various t\pes of pavement distress improve. In particular, additional data from LTPP sites across the countr\ will

enable various distress models to be more thoroughl\ validated.

Bridge Cost Allocation Methods

Table V-11 shows a breakdown of costs for the

four bridge cost allocation categories: new

bridge, bridge replacement, major bridge

rehabilitation, and other bridge. Costs under each

bridge categor\ are broken out into four work

classes: preliminar\ engineering, right-of-wa\,

construction, and other. Almost half of all bridge

costs are for bridge replacement and another

quarter of the costs are for major bridge

rehabilitation.

NeZ Bridges

The cost allocation procedure for new bridges substantiall\ improves upon the 1982 Federal HCAS approach.

The basic principles, however, are similar to the 1982 Federal HCAS. Bridge design procedures are used to

develop the relationships between vehicle si]e and weight and the cost associated with providing the bridges

necessar\ to safel\ accommodate the vehicle fleet. The improved approach addresses some of the major

shortcomings of the 1982 Federal HCAS, particularl\, the simplif\ing assumptions underl\ing the approach. The

major differences are summari]ed in Table V-12. The notable improvements are as follows:

Simple and continuousl\-supported spans are considered separatel\.

Live load moments are calculated for each vehicle class/weight group, for each functional highwa\ class

(based on the mean length of the primar\ span), and for each bridge support t\pe (simple and continuous).

In the 1982 Federal HCAS, the vehicles were aggregated into large groups, all bridges were assumed to

be simpl\ supported, allsingle unit trucks were assumed to be a simple point load, and all combination

trucks were assumed to produce a moment that was a simple multiple ofsingle unit trucks.

The FHWA accounting s\stem now identifies four cost categories versus three in the 1982 Federal

HCAS, namel\: new bridges, bridge replacement, major rehabilitation, and minor rehabilitation.

The number of design/cost increments was increased from 8 to 10. The 1982 Federal HCAS aggregated

all vehicles producing moments similar to the HS-15 to HS-20 design vehicles into one group. This was

too large an aggregation to permit discriminating among the large number of heav\ trucks requiring the last

increments of bridge design. The effect was that man\ medium weight vehicles were assigned

responsibilit\ for the highest design increment along with the heaviest trucks. Accordingl\, an additional

increment was created b\ dividing the HS-15 to HS-20 increment into an HS-15 to HS-17.5 and HS17.5 to HS-20 increment. The 10 design increments are shown in Table V-13.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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The bUidge aOORcaWiRQ SURcedXUe geQeUaOO\ fROORZV Whe Za\ iQ Zhich bUidgeV aUe deVigQed. IQ ViPSOe WeUPV,

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YehicOe ZiOOUeTXiUe aQ iQcUePeQWaO iQcUeaVe iQ Whe Vi]e/VWUeQgWh Rf Whe bUidge.
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11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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categories and others are calculated on the basis of the number of bridges the BNIP identified as having

deficiencies. As for the new bridge costs, all other cost sub-groups are allocated b\ VMT.

Other Bridge ImproYements

Minor bridge rehabilitation and repairs generall\ are not related to vehicle characteristics. All costs are assigned

to the base increment using VMT as the allocator.

Table V-14 summari]es bridge cost allocations to major vehicle categories b\ improvement t\pe. Two-thirds of

all bridge costs are allocated to passenger vehicles, 12 percent to single unit trucks, and 20 percent to

combination trucks. These percentages var\ b\ t\pe of improvement. Combination trucks are allocated almost

30 percent of bridge replacement costs and single units 20 percent of replacement costs, whereas those vehicle

account for onl\ 5 percent and 3 percent respectivel\ of minor bridge rehabilitation costs.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 19/28

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Summar\ of Federal Agenc\ Cost Allocation
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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Table V-18 and FigXUe V-4 VXmmaUi]e Whe allocaWion of FedeUal pUogUam coVWV among diffeUenW bUoad Yehicle

claVVeV. PaVVengeU YehicleV aUe UeVponVible foU all coVWV fUom Whe MTA, 90 peUcenW ofV\VWem enhancemenW coVWV,

50 peUcenW of neZ capaciW\ coVWV, 40 peUcenW ofV\VWem pUeVeUYaWion coVWV, and 70 peUcenW of oWheU coVWV. The

oYeUall FedeUal coVW UeVponVibiliW\ of aXWomobileV, pickXpV, and YanV iV appUo[imaWel\ WZo-WhiUdV cenW peU mile of

WUaYel Zhile Whe aYeUage oYeUall coVW UeVponVibiliW\ of bXVeV iV aboXW 2.5 cenWV peU mile.

Single XniW WUXckV aUe UeVponVible foU aboXW 11 peUcenW

of WoWal highZa\ coVWV, Uanging fUom aboXW 16 peUcenW of

V\VWem pUeVeUYaWion coVWV Wo no UeVponVibiliW\ foU coVWV

fUom Whe MTA. TheiU oYeUall coVW UeVponVibiliW\ iV 3.7

cenWV peU mile.

CombinaWion WUXckV aUe UeVponVible foU 30 peUcenW of

WoWal FedeUal highZa\ coVW UeVponVibiliW\. The\ aUe

UeVponVible foU moUe Whan 40 peUcenW ofV\VWem

pUeVeUYaWion coVWV and almoVW 40 peUcenW of neZ

capaciW\ coVWV. Single WUaileU combinaWionV, on aYeUage,

haYe VlighWl\ higheU coVW UeVponVibiliWieV peU mile Whan

mXlWi-WUaileU combinaWionV. On aYeUage, peU mile coVWV of

boWh Vingle and mXlWi-WUaileU combinaWionV aUe almoVW

doXble WhoVe ofVingle XniW WUXckV and aboXW 10 WimeV

Whe coVWV peU mile foU paVVengeU YehicleV.

BXVeV accoXnW foU a YeU\ VmallVhaUe of oYeUall highZa\ coVW

UeVponVibiliW\ becaXVe of WheiU loZ annXal WUaYel. AYeUage peU

mile coVWV of bXV WUaYel aUe appUo[imaWel\ 2.7 cenWV peU mile.

WiWhin WheVe bUoad Yehicle claVVeV, WheUe aUe laUge diffeUenceV

in Whe UelaWiYe coVW UeVponVibiliW\ of diffeUenW

Yehicle configXUaWionV. FigXUeV V-5 Wo V-7 VhoZ coVW

UeVponVibiliWieV peU mile foU diffeUenW Yehicle configXUaWionV aW

diffeUenW opeUaWing ZeighWV. WiWhin Vingle XniW, Vingle WUaileU,

and mXlWi-WUaileU WUXck caWegoUieV, YehicleV ZiWh moUe a[leV

geneUall\ haYe loZeU coVWV peU mile Whan YehicleV ZiWh feZeU

a[leV. AW lighW ZeighWV, diffeUenceV in coVWV peU mile aUe

UelaWiYel\ Vmall, bXW aW ZeighWV ZheUe a[le loadV foU paUWicXlaU

configXUaWionV e[ceed FedeUal limiWV (20,000 poXndV on Vingle

a[leV and 34,000 poXndV on Wandem a[leV), coVW UeVponVibiliWieV peU mile incUeaVe Uapidl\.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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RegiVWeUed WeighW FedeUal CoVW ReVponVibiliWieV

CRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV diVcXVVed abRYe UefOecW cRVWV RccaViRQed b\ diffeUeQW YehicOe cOaVVeV aW YaUiRXV RSeUaWiQg

ZeighWV. AQaO\]iQg cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV RYeU a UaQge Rf RSeUaWiQg ZeighWV SURYideV a cOeaU SicWXUe Rf UeOaWiRQVhiSV

beWZeeQ a[Oe ORadV, GVW, aQd highZa\ cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiW\. EYaOXaWiQg cRVW UeVSRQVibiOiW\ RQ aQ RSeUaWiQg ZeighW

baViV iV iQaSSURSUiaWe, hRZeYeU, fRU aQaO\]iQg XVeU fee eTXiW\ becaXVe YehicOeV dR QRW aOZa\V WUaYeO aW Whe VaPe

ZeighW. OYeU Whe cRXUVe Rf a \eaU, SaUW Rf a YehicOe'V WUaYeO W\SicaOO\ iV ePSW\ aQd, eYeQ ZheQ ORaded, PRVW

YehicOeV dR QRW aOZa\V RSeUaWe aW Whe VaPe ZeighW. CRVW UeVSRQVibiOiWieV fRU WUaYeO aW aOO ZeighWV PXVW be XVed

ZheQ cRPSaUiQg cRVWV WR XVeU feeV Said dXUiQg Whe \eaU.

Each YehicOe cOaVV haV a XQiTXe aYeUage RSeUaWiQg ZeighW diVWUibXWiRQ, aQd iQ facW VeSaUaWe RSeUaWiQg ZeighW

diVWUibXWiRQV aUe eVWiPaWed fRU diffeUeQW fXQcWiRQaO highZa\ cOaVVeV -- UXUaOIQWeUVWaWeV, aOO RWheU UXUaO highZa\V,

XUbaQ IQWeUVWaWeV, aQd aOO aOO RWheU XUbaQ highZa\V -- aQd fRU diffeUeQW UegiVWeUed ZeighWV fRU each YehicOe. CRVW

UeVSRQVibiOiWieV fRU YehicOeV UegiVWeUed aW diffeUeQW ZeighWV aUe XVed iQ Whe eTXiW\ aQaO\ViV aQd Whe SUiPaU\ baViV fRU

eYaOXaWiQg Whe UaWe VWUXcWXUe Rf Whe HVUT Zhich iV baVed RQ UegiVWeUed ZeighWV.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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Table V-19 compares overall Federal

highwa\ cost responsibilit\ for selected

vehicles on an operating weight and a

registered weight basis. Cost responsibilities

in the heavier weight categories for an\

vehicle class are lower when estimated on a

registered weight basis because a large

portion of travelfor vehicles registered at

high weights t\picall\ is at weights below

the registered weight. This reduces the

average cost responsibilit\ per mile

compared to costs per mile calculated just

for operations at the higher weight.

Table V-20 shows the overall Federal cost

responsibilit\ ofselected vehicles classes on

a registered weight basis. The cost

responsibilities per mile are not as high as

cost responsibilities on an operating weight

basis because, as noted above, much of the

travel of vehicles registered at the upper

weight intervals for each vehicle class are at

lower weights where costs are not as high.

All LeYels of GoYernment Cost Allocation

All levels of government cost responsibilit\ b\ vehicle class is

illustrated in Table V-21. States are allocated about half of the total

costs of $125 billion in 2000. Federal and local governments have

an equalshare of about 25 percent of the total costs. B\ vehicle

class, automobiles have been allocated about half of total costs ($64

billion out of $125 billion) in 2000. As for the freight trucks,

combination trucks, registered weighting between 75 to 80,000

pounds have been allocated about 15 percent of total costs ($18

billion out of $125 billion) in 2000.

Allocation of E[ternal and Other Social Costs of

HighZa\ Use

In Chapter III methods for estimating highwa\-related costs of air

pollution, noise, congestion, crashes, and greenhouse gases were

discussed. In this section those costs are allocated among different

vehicle classes on the basis of characteristics of each vehicle class

that contribute to the costs. References in this section can be found
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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in Appendi[ E.

Noise

Table V-22 VhoZV eVWimaWeV of high, middle, and

loZ eVWimaWeV of noiVe coVWV deYeloped foU WhiV

VWXd\, in cenWV peU Yehile mile. NoiVe emiVVionV and

noiVe leYelV aW Vpecified diVWanceV fUom Whe UoadZa\

ZeUe deYeloped XVing FHWA noiVe modelV. CoVW

aUe eVWimaWed aV Whe loVV in UeVidenWial pUopeUW\

YalXe aVVociaWed ZiWh e[poVXUe Wo YaUioXV noiVe

leYelV. CoVWV in UXUal aUeaV aUe mXch loZeU Whan in

XUban aUeaV foU all Yehicle claVVeV becaXVe man\

feZeU pUopeUWieV aUe e[poVed Wo VXfficienWl\ high

noiVe leYelV Wo affecW WheiU YalXeV. IW iV impoUWanW Wo

noWe WhaW WheVe adYeUVe effecWV of noiVe on pUopeUW\

YalXeV ofWen aUe moUe Whan offVeW b\ incUeaVeV in

pUopeUW\ YalXeV aVVociaWed ZiWh impUoYed

acceVVibiliW\ affoUded b\ highZa\ impUoYemenWV and

WhaW noiVe impacWV on pUopeUW\ YalXeV Zill YaU\ fUom

locaWion Wo locaWion depending on a nXmbeU of

facWoUV XnUelaWed Wo highZa\ noiVe.

Table V-22. 2000 Marginal E[ternal Costs for Noise (cents per mile)

Rural HighZa\s Urban HighZa\s All HighZa\s

High Middle LoZ High Middle LoZ High Middle LoZ

AXWomobileV 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.30 0.11 0.03 0.20 0.06 0.02

PickXpV and VanV 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.27 0.10 0.03 0.17 0.06 0.02

BXVeV 0.35 0.13 0.04 4.55 1.72 0.48 2.79 1.06 0.30

Single UniW TUXckV 0.27 0.10 0.03 3.14 1.19 0.33 1.85 0.70 0.20

CombinaWion TUXckV 0.68 0.26 0.07 9.86 3.73 1.05 4.24 1.61 0.45

All VehicleV 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.64 0.24 0.07 0.42 0.16 0.05

Table V-22 VhoZV Whe conWUibXWion of diffeUenW Yehicle claVVeV Wo noiVe coVWV, e[pUeVVed in cenWV peU VMT.

CombinaWion YehicleV haYe Whe higheVW noiVe coVWV peU mile of WUaYelfolloZed cloVel\ b\ Vingle XniWV WUXckV and

bXVeV. AXWomobileV, pickXpV, and YanV haYe loZ noiVe-UelaWed coVWV peU mile, bXW becaXVe Whe\ accoXnW foU Whe

majoUiW\ of WUaYel b\ all Yehicle claVVeV, WheiU conWUibXWion Wo WoWal noiVe coVWV iV VXbVWanWial.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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FigXUe V-8 VhRZV eVWiPaWed 2000 QRiVe cRVWV b\ YehicOe cOaVV --

cRPbiQaWiRQ WUXcNV accRXQW fRU 37 SeUceQW Rf WRWaO QRiVe cRVWV;

ZhiOe aXWRV, SicNXSV, aQd YaQV, 37 SeUceQW; aQd ViQgOe XQiW WUXcNV

accRXQW fRU PRVW Rf Whe UePaiQiQg QRiVe cRVWV. IW iV iPSRUWaQW WR

QRWe WhaW WheVe cRVW eVWiPaWeV aUe high becaXVe Whe\ dR QRW

accRXQW fRU Whe PaQ\ PiOeV Rf QRiVe baUUieUV WhaW haYe beeQ

cRQVWUXcWed WR SURWecW SURSeUWieV. IW VhRXOd aOVR be QRWed WhaW

ZhiOe cRVWV aUe e[SUeVVed RQ a ceQWV SeU PiOe baViV, Whe iPSacW

RQ SURSeUW\ YaOXeV iV QRW a cXPXOaWiYe cRVW aV aUe RWheU

eQYiURQPeQWaO cRVWV. The gUeaWeVW iPSacWV ZRXOd be RQ SURSeUW\

RZQeUV aW Whe WiPe a QeZ highZa\ ZaV cRQVWUXcWed RU a QeZ OaQe

ZaV added WhaW VigQificaQWO\ iQcUeaVed WUaffic YROXPeV aQd QRiVe

OeYeOV. OQce Whe SURSeUW\ haV beeQ VROd, Whe QRiVe iPSacW ZiOO

OaUgeO\ haYe beeQ iQWeUQaOi]ed iQ eiWheU a ORZeU VeOOiQg SUice fRU Whe

SURSeUW\ RU a ORQgeU WiPe befRUe Whe SURSeUW\ cRXOd be VROd WR SeUVRQV ZhR becaXVe Rf WheiU OifeVW\Oe RU RWheU

facWRUV aUe QRW aV VeQViWiYe WR highZa\ QRiVe aV PRVW SeUVRQV.

Congestion

IQ aQaO\]iQg cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV, added deOa\V WR highZa\ XVeUV aVVRciaWed ZiWh chaQgeV iQ WUaffic OeYeOV aUe

eVWiPaWed. The aQaO\ViV iQcOXdeV bRWh UecXUUiQg cRQgeVWiRQ aQd Whe added deOa\V dXe WR iQcideQWV VXch aV cUaVheV

aQd diVabOed YehicOeV. EffecWV Rf iQcideQWV aUe eVWiPaWed XViQg daWa RQ Whe fUeTXeQc\ Rf iQcideQWV, WheiU dXUaWiRQ,

aQd WheiU iPSacWV RQ highZa\ caSaciW\ fRU diffeUeQW W\SeV Rf faciOiWieV.

The diVWiQcWiRQ beWZeeQ PaUgiQaO aQd aYeUage cRVWV iV e[WUePeO\ iPSRUWaQW iQ cRQVideUiQg cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV RQ a

SeU YehicOe PiOe (RU SeU PCE PiOe) baViV. AYeUage cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV RQ a VecWiRQ Rf highZa\ aUe caOcXOaWed aV Whe

WRWaO cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV e[SeUieQced b\ aOO YehicOeV diYided b\ WRWaO YehicOe PiOeV. MaUgiQaO cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV aUe

caOcXOaWed aV Whe iQcUeaVe iQ cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV UeVXOWiQg fURP a XQiW iQcUeaVe iQ YehicOe PiOeV. BecaXVe Rf Whe QaWXUe

Rf Whe UeOaWiRQVhiS beWZeeQ WUaffic OeYeOV aQd VSeed -- aW ORZ WUaffic OeYeOV, aQ addiWiRQaO YehicOe PiOe haV OiWWOe RU

QR effecW RQ Whe VSeedV Rf RWheU YehicOeV --PaUgiQaO cRQgeVWiRQ cRVW aUe higheU WhaQ aYeUage cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV.

TabOe V-23 VhRZV high, PiddOe, aQd ORZ eVWiPaWeV Rf PaUgiQaO e[WeUQaO cRQgeVWiRQ cRVWV iQ ceQWV SeU YehicOe

PiOe. TheVe cRVWV UeSUeVeQW added deOa\V WR RWheU PRWRUiVWV aVVRciaWed ZiWh aQ addiWiRQaO WUiS. The cRVWV aUe

e[WeUQaO WR Whe WUiS PaNeU ViQce Whe\ aUe RYeU aQd abRYe Whe WUiS-PaNeU'V WUaYeO WiPe cRVWV, bXW Whe\ aUe QRW

e[WeUQaO WR highZa\ XVeUV aV a gURXS. CRVWV aUe eVWiPaWed RYeU a UaQge Rf WUaffic YROXPeV aQd YehicOe Pi[eV, aQd

iQcOXde bRWh SeaN SeUiRd aQd QRQ-SeaN SeUiRd cRQdiWiRQV. The UeVXOWV SUeVeQWed aUe ZeighWed aYeUageV, baVed

RQ eVWiPaWed SeUceQWageV Rf SeaN aQd Rff-SeaN WUaYeOfRU diffeUeQW YehicOe cOaVVeV.

Table V-23. 2000 Marginal E[ternal Costs for Congestion (cents per mile)

Rural HighZa\s Urban HighZa\s All HighZa\s

High Middle LoZ High Middle LoZ High Middle LoZ

AXWRPRbiOeV 3.76 1.28 0.34 18.27 6.21 1.64 13.17 4.48 1.19

PicNXSV aQd VaQV 3.80 1.29 0.34 17.78 6.04 1.60 11.75 4.00 1.06
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

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BXVeV 6.96 2.37 0.63 37.59 12.78 3.38 24.79 8.43 2.23

Single UniW TUXckV 7.43 2.53 0.67 42.65 14.50 3.84 26.81 9.11 2.41

CombinaWion TUXckV 10.87 3.70 0.98 49.34 16.78 4.44 25.81 8.78 2.32

All VehicleV 4.40 1.50 0.40 19.72 6.71 1.78 13.81 4.70 1.24

OYeUall congeVWion coVWV peU mile foU WUXckV aUe appUo[imaWel\ WZice aV high aV coVWV foU aXWomobileV. On

aYeUage, congeVWion coVWV peU mile aUe aboXW fiYe WimeV gUeaWeU in XUban aUeaV Whan in UXUal aUeaV, bXW WhiV can YaU\

conVideUabl\ depending on WUaffic YolXmeV on paUWicXlaU highZa\V. In XUban aUeaV WUXck coVWV aUe appUo[imaWel\

2.7 WimeV WhoVe of aXWomobileV Zhile in UXUal aUeaV WheiU coVWV peU mile aUe aboXW 2.9 WimeV WhoVe of aXWomobileV

UeflecWing Whe geneUall\ higheU PCEV in UXUal aUeaV. OYeUall, Vingle XniW WUXckV haYe a VlighWl\ higheU congeVWion coVW

peU mile Whan combinaWionV eYen WhoXgh combinaWionV haYe higheU peU mile coVWV in boWh UXUal and XUban aUeaV.

The UeaVon iV WhaW a gUeaWeU VhaUe ofVingle XniW WUXck WUaYel iV in XUban aUeaV ZheUe coVWV peU mile aUe higheU.

FigXUe V-9 VhoZV eVWimaWed 2000 congeVWion coVWV b\ Yehicle

claVV. AXWomobileV, pickXpV, and YanV accoXnW foU aboXW 85

peUcenW of congeVWion coVWV. The effecW of WUXckV on WUaffic floZ

iV paUWiall\ offVeW b\ WheiU UelaWiYel\ loZ YolXmeV of WUaYel dXUing

peak peUiodV Zhen congeVWion iV gUeaWeVW.

Crash Costs

The maUginal coVW foU highZa\ cUaVheV iV Whe incUeaVe in cUaVh

coVWV UeVXlWing fUom a XniW incUeaVe in highZa\ WUaYel, commonl\

e[pUeVVed in cenWV peU added Yehicle mile. MaUginal coVWV foU

highZa\ cUaVheV inclXde coVWV paid b\ WhoVe XndeUWaking Whe addiWional WUaYel aV Zell aV coVWV Whe\ caXVe Wo oWheU

dUiYeUV and non-dUiYeUV. In VWXdieV of highZa\ XVeU Wa[aWion, Whe focXV iV on coVWV Wo oWheU dUiYeUV and nondUiYeUV, Vince dUiYeUV deciding ZheWheU oU noW Wo incUeaVe (oU decUeaVe) Whe amoXnW of WUaYel Whe\ XndeUWake aUe

pUeVXmed Wo Wake Whe added cUaVh coVWV Wo WhemVelYeV inWo accoXnW. CUaVh coVWV Wo oWheU dUiYeUV and non-dUiYeUV

of a XniW incUeaVe in highZa\ WUaYel aUe UefeUUed Wo aV maUginal e[WeUnal cUaVh coVWV.

MaUginal e[WeUnal cUaVh coVWV ZeUe eVWimaWed aV Whe VXm of WZo componenWV:

CUaVh coVWV WhaW aUe noW paid b\ dUiYeUV, indiYidXall\ oU collecWiYel\, e.g., XncompenVaWed coVWV Wo

pedeVWUianV VWUXck b\ moWoU YehicleV, coVWV of emeUgenc\ medicalUeVponVe Wo highZa\ cUaVheV noW

coYeUed b\ WhoVe injXUed, eWc.

CoVWV (oU coVW VaYingV) aVVociaWed ZiWh poVVible YaUiaWionV in cUaVh UaWeV ZiWh WUaffic leYelV. HigheU WUaffic

YolXmeV mighW incUeaVe cUaVh UaWeV b\ incUeaVing Whe nXmbeU of mXlWi-Yehicle cUaVheV. HoZeYeU, iW iV alVo

poVVible WhaW higheU WUaffic YolXmeV mighW UedXce UaWeV foU Vome W\peV of cUaVheV b\ loZeUing aYeUage

VpeedV and incUeaVing dUiYeU aZaUeneVV.

Table V-24. 2000 Marginal E[ternal Costs for Crashes (cents per mile)

Rural HighZa\s Urban HighZa\s All HighZa\s

High Middle LoZ High Middle LoZ High Middle LoZ
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www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 26/28

AXWomobileV 9.68 3.15 1.76 4.03 1.28 0.78 6.02 1.94 1.13

PickXpV and VanV 10.21 3.31 1.75 4.05 1.27 0.74 6.70 2.15 1.17

BXVeV 14.15 4.40 2.36 6.25 1.89 1.08 9.55 2.94 1.62

Single UniW TUXckV 5.97 2.00 0.97 2.21 0.71 0.40 3.90 1.29 0.65

CombinaWion TUXckV 6.90 2.20 1.02 3.67 1.16 0.56 5.65 1.79 0.84

All VehicleV 9.52 3.09 1.68 3.98 1.26 0.76 6.12 1.97 1.11

Table V-24 VhoZV high, middle, and loZ eVWimaWeV of e[WeUnal cUaVh coVWV foU diffeUenW Yehicle claVVeV in cenWV

peU Yehicle mile. Appendi[ E conWainV a deWailed e[planaWion of hoZ WheVe cUaVh coVWV ZeUe eVWimaWed.

IW VhoXld be noWed WhaW maUginal e[WeUnal coVWV foU cUaVheV aUe mXch loZeU Whan aYeUage coVWV foU cUaVheV, Vince

Whe laWWeU inclXdeV coVWV Wo boWh highZa\ XVeUV and non-XVeUV. FoU all highZa\V and YehicleV, Whe middle eVWimaWeV

of aYeUage cUaVh coVWV aUe 18 cenWV peU Yehicle mile on UXUal highZa\V, 9 cenWV peU Yehicle mile on XUban

highZa\V, and 13 cenWV peU Yehicle mile on all highZa\V, aV compaUed Wo Whe e[WeUnal coVW (aV VhoZn in Table V24) of 3.09 cenWV peU Yehicle mile on UXUal highZa\V, 1.26 cenWV/mile on XUban highZa\V, and 1.97 cenWV/mile on

all highZa\V.

Of Whe fiYe Yehicle claVVeV VhoZn, bXVeV haYe Whe higheVW cUaVh coVWV peU Yehicle mile. HoZeYeU, bXVeV haYe

mXch higheU occXpanc\ UaWeV Whan oWheU claVVeV VXch WhaW Whe\ ZoXld be loZeU Whan Whe oWheU claVVeV on a peU

paVVengeU mile baViV.

Responsibilit\ for Social Costs

Table V-25 VXmmaUi]eV WoWal 2000 coVWV of noiVe, congeVWion, and cUaVheV allocaWed Wo majoU Yehicle gUoXpV.

TheVe coVWV inclXde congeVWion and cUaVh coVWV boUne b\ highZa\ XVeUV and coVWV WhaW XVeUV do noW beaU bXW

impoVe on oWheUV. ToWal coVWV in 1994 dollaUV aUe appUo[imaWel\ $406 billion of Zhich 69 peUcenW iV cUaVh coVWV

boUne b\ highZa\ XVeUV and anoWheU 14 peUcenW iV congeVWion coVWV boUne b\ XVeUV. Onl\ 12 peUcenW of WheVe

Vocial coVWV aUe coVWV WhaW highZa\ XVeUV impoVe on VocieW\ and do noW beaU WhemVelYeV. AiU pollXWion and global

ZaUming coVWV Zhich aUe boUne b\ non-XVeUV aUe noW inclXded in WhiV WoWal. AiU pollXWion coVWV along ZiWh UeYiVed

WoWal coVWV Zill be eVWimaWed in an addendXm Wo WhiV UepoUW. RegaUdleVV of Zho beaUV Whe coVWV, WheiU magniWXde

VXggeVWV WhaW fXUWheU VWepV Wo miWigaWe VafeW\, congeVWion, enYiUonmenWal, and oWheU adYeUVe impacWV of highZa\

XVe VhoXld be e[ploUed.

In allocaWing WoWal congeVWion coVWV among Yehicle claVVeV, Whe pUodXcW of maUginal congeVWion coVWV and VMT

ZaV XVed Wo diVWUibXWe coVWV. CongeVWion, hoZeYeU, iV a highl\ non-lineaU phenomenon, and maUginal congeVWion

coVWV foU each Yehicle claVV VhoZn in Table V-25 aUe VXbVWanWiall\ gUeaWeU Whan aYeUage coVW UeVponVibiliW\ peU

Yehicle mile Zhich ZoXld be calcXlaWed b\ diYiding congeVWion coVWV in Table V-25 b\ VMT foU each Yehicle

claVV.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 27/28

Table V-26 VhoZV maUginal coVWV of paYemenW deWeUioUaWion, congeVWion, cUaVheV, and noiVe aVVociaWed ZiWh

opeUaWionV ofVeYeUal illXVWUaWiYe YehicleV on W\picalUXUal and XUban InWeUVWaWe highZa\V. MaUginal paYemenW coVWV

aUe inclXded in WhiV Wable becaXVe in eVWimaWing efficienW XVeU fee leYelV aW Zhich YehicleV coYeU maUginal coVWV of

WheiU WUaYel, paYemenW deWeUioUaWion coVWV mXVW alVo be conVideUed. MoVW oWheU infUaVWUXcWXUe coVWV paid b\

highZa\ agencieV do noW YaU\ diUecWl\ ZiWh Whe amoXnW of WUaYel and WhXV aUe noW WUXl\ maUginal coVWV of highZa\

WUaYel. ThiV Wable illXVWUaWeV Whe Uange oYeU Zhich maUginal coVWV of highZa\ XVe can YaU\ depending on Whe W\pe of

Yehicle and ZheUe iW WUaYelV. MaUginal coVWV foU aXWoV opeUaWing on UXUalInWeUVWaWe highZa\V aUe aboXW 1.8 cenWV

peU mile (e[clXding aiU pollXWion and global ZaUming coVWV) compaUed Wo aboXW 9 cenWV peU mile foU opeUaWionV in

XUban aUeaV ZheUe WheiU conWUibXWion Wo each of Whe YaUioXV elemenWV of maUginal coVW iV gUeaWeU on a peU mile

baViV. Of Whe illXVWUaWiYe YehicleV VhoZn in Table V-26, Whe 80,000 poXnd 5-a[le WUacWoU-VemiWUaileU opeUaWing on

XUban InWeUVWaWe highZa\V haV Whe higheVW maUginal coVW peU mile -- 65 cenWV peU mile e[clXding aiU pollXWion and

global ZaUming coVWV -- oYeU half of Zhich iV UelaWed Wo paYemenW coVWV. EYen WhoXgh paYemenWV W\picall\ ma\ be

deVigned Wo higheU VWandaUdV in XUban aUeaV, Whe addiWional coVW of UeVXUfacing and UehabiliWaWion in XUban aUeaV

accoXnWV foU Whe higheU paYemenW coVWV in XUban Whan in UXUal aUeaV. IW mXVW be emphaVi]ed WhaW WheVe coVWV YaU\

fUom locaWion Wo locaWion and aUe VXbjecW Wo conVideUable XnceUWainW\ aV ZaV diVcXVVed aboYe.
11/22/11 Highwa\ Cost Responsibilit\

www.fhwa.dot.gov/polic\/hcas/final/five.htm 28/28

Table V-27 illXVWUaWeV Whe degUee Wo Zhich jXVW one elemenW of maUginal coVW -- congeVWion coVWV -- can YaU\ on

Whe Vame highZa\ claVV. ThiV Wable VhoZV congeVWion coVWV on loZ YolXme (24,000 YehicleV peU da\) and high

YolXme (88,000 YehicleV peU da\) 4-lane InWeUVWaWe highZa\V dXUing peak and off-peak peUiodV. EYen on loZYolXme highZa\V coVWV peU mile dXUing peak peUiodV aUe oYeU WhUee WimeV gUeaWeU Whan dXUing off-peak peUiodV.

On high YolXme highZa\V maUginal congeVWion coVWV aUe oYeU Vi[ WimeV gUeaWeU dXUing peak Whan off-peak WimeV.

RefeUenceV

C.B. BUeed, C. OldeU and W.S. DoZnV, A Stud\ of

Highwa\ Costs and Motor Vehicle Pa\ments in the

United States, AVVociaWion of AmeUican RailUoadV,

WaVhingWon, D.C., 1993.

FHWA, The Final Report of the Federal Highwa\

Cost Allocation Stud\, FHWA, WaVhingWon, D.C.,

1982.

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