Concentration of calcium versus the concentration o f sulfate in 1000 produced water records from the M adison Group in the Williston basin

within eastern Montana . The content of calcium ranges from < 1 to 50 g/L. The content of sulfate ranges from <1 to 14 g/L. T he points plot such that records with high contents of sulfate have low contents of calcium and visa versa. The array of p oints define a curved (hyperbolic) upper limit between 0 and 8 g/L sulfate and 0 and 20 g/L sulfat e. The curved upper limit coincides approximately w ith the solubility limit for gypsum known to occur within parts of the Madison Group.
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## Page 1 of 1 Concentration of calcium versus sulfate in Madison Group, eastern Monta na

7/21/2011 http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/prov/prodwat/caso4.htmComparison of total dissolved solids abundances (mg /L) reported for the Appalachian, Wind River, Anadar ko, and Michigan basins in the revised database and in the Atlas of Gas Related Pr oduced Water (Daly and Mesing, 1995) . The minimum, maximum and mean contents for each basin and each dataset are presented. The grea ter range of values in the revised database relativ e to the compilation of Daly and Mesing (1995) likely reflects the inclusion of records for wells that produce oil, oil+gas, and gas; the Atlas prepa red by Daly and Mesing (1995) was restricted to gas wells.
Appalachian basin Revised database: minimum, 3120; maximum, 361,000; mean, 231,000. Daly and Mesing (1995): minimum, 1947; maximum, 289 ,000; mean, 134,000.

Wind River basin Revised database: minimum, 1010; maximum, 220,000; mean, 9600. Daly and Mesing (1995): minimum, 1364; maximum, 743 5; mean, 5276.

Anadarko basin Revised database: minimum, 1000; maximum, 366,000; mean, 131,000. Daly and Mesing (1995): minimum 7540; maximum, 227, 700; mean, 99,950.
Michigan basin Revised database: minimum, 1340; maximum, 400,000; mean, 266,000. Daly and Mesing (1995): minimum, 130,700; maximum, 390,000; mean, 308,200.
Daly, D.J., and Mesing, G.E., 1995, Atlas of Gas Re lated Produced Water for 1990: Chicago, Gas Researc h Institute Topical Report 95/0016
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## Page 1 of 1 Diagram comparing the range of total dissolved solids contents of records in the produced

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7/21/2011 http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/prov/prodwat/griusgs.htmComparison of histograms of the total dissolved sol ids content of produced water records from 6 geolog ic provinces as defined by the USGS

National Oil and Gas Assessment (Gautier and others , 1995). The comparison of histograms is intended to note t he similar range of TDS among the basins but the contrast in frequency of occurre nce. The basins compared include the Wind River bas in in central Wyoming; the Los Angeles basin in southern California; the Denver basin in northea stern Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, and southwest ern Nebraska; the Michigan basin in Michigan and northern Indiana; and the Appalachian basin which covers western New York, western Pennsy lvania, West Virginia, western Virginia, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee and north-centr al Alabama.
Produced water TDS from the Wind River basin ranges from 1000 to 220,000 mg/L with a mode of 20,000 mg /L represented by 1600 samples. Los Angeles basin produced water TDS ranges from 1000 t o 76,000 mg/L with a clear maximum of 220 samples b etween 25,000 and 50,000 mg/L. Produced water from the Denver Basin ranges from 10 00 to 270,000 mg/L; mode of the histogram is betwee n 1000 and 25,000 mg/L with a count of 890 samples. The next three basins have markedly hi gher TDS contents than the first three. Water produ ced with petroleum in the Michigan basin ranges from 1000 to 400,000 mg/L. A broad mode rang ing from 250,000 to 400,000 mg/L includes about 200 samples. Produced water from the Appalachian basin ranges from 3000 to 360,000 mg/L with a broad maximum ranging from 200,000 to 360,00 0 mg/L. The Anadarko basin produced water TDS values range from 1000 to 366,000 mg/L. T he distribution for the Anadarko basin is bimodal w ith one mode near 25,000 mg/L and the other ranging from 150,000 to 250,000 mg/L.

Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and V arnes, K.L., 1995, National Assessment of Oil and G as Resources—Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data, U.S. Geological Survey Digital Dat a Series DDS-30 Release 2. Available online at: http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/oilgas/noga
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## Page 1 of 1 Comparison of histograms of the total dissolved solids content of produced wa ter records

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7/21/2011 http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/prov/prodwat/provcomp.htmMap of the United States shows the total dissolved solid (TDS) content of w aters from oil and gas wells in the USGS produced-water database . The wells

are distributed across most of the 37 oil- and gas- producing states. Most areas of oil and gas production are well represented in this datase t except the Appalachian Basin, which extends from western New York through western Pennsylvania, West Virginia , eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee to northeastern Alabama where only a handful of values are present. Data are also present for some wells that proved to be dr y holes.
The TDS values are represented by variously colored dots at the approximate location of e ach well. The color purple represents wells for which the TDS ranges from 0 to 9,999 ppm. The color blue represents wells for which the TDS ranges from 10,000 to 49,999 ppm. The col or green represents wells for which the TDS ranges from 50,000 to 99,999 ppm. The color yellow represents wells for which the TDS ranges from 100,000 to 199,999 ppm . The color red represents wells for which the TDS ranges from 200,000 to 460,000 ppm.
High TDS values, represented by the color red, occur in abundance throughout most of the state of Mi chigan in the geologic feature known as the Michigan Basin; in eastern Ohio; in the few wells in southwest Florida; in the Williston Basin of northwest North Dakota and northeasternmost Montana; in the salt dome basin of south central Mississippi; in southwestern Arkansas; in a broad belt through centra l Oklahoma that extends from the Kansas border south almost to the Texas border; in southeast New Mexico and adjacent parts of Texas; and in southeasternmost Ut ah in the Paradox Basin area. Other high TDS wells are scattered through other producing areas of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Louisiana.
Low TDS values, represented by the color purple, occur mainly throughout the producing basins of the Rocky Mount ain west extending from northwest Montana, southeast through the rest of Montana into Wyoming, westernmost Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, and nor thwest New Mexico. Scattered low TDS wells occur in south Texas and central California.
Most other producing areas in the U.S. show a mix of TDS values in the 10,000 to 200,000 ppm range. Interestingly, i n southern Illinois the deepest part of the Illinois basin shows values in the 100,000 to 199,999 ppm range (yellow) surrounded by lower mixed TDS values in shallower producing wells that surround the deep core of the basin
For more information about this graphic, contact Jim Otton . Image prepared by Tracey Mercier
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## Page 1 of 1 Average total dissolved solid (TDS) content of waters from oil and ga s wells

7/21/2011 http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/prov/prodwat/tds.htm