1 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont 

__________________ 

NO. 09-22-00092-CV 

__________________ 

CITY OF AMES, TEXAS, Appellant 

V. 

CITY OF LIBERTY, TEXAS, Appellee 

________________________________________________________________ 

On Appeal from the 75th District Court 

Liberty County, Texas 

Trial Cause No. CV1813452 

__________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

 In this interlocutory accelerated appeal, Appellant the City of Ames appeals 

the trial court’s denial of its plea to the jurisdiction based on governmental immunity. 

See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(8); (permitting interlocutory 

appeals from rulings on a governmental unit’s plea to the jurisdiction); Tex. Loc. 

Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 271.151-160 (“Chapter 271, Subchapter I” setting forth the 

requirements for the adjudication of claims arising under written contracts with local 

governmental entities). Because the contract at issue is covered by Chapter 271 and 
2 

governmental immunity for this matter has been waived as provided therein, we 

affirm. 

Procedural History 

Original Petition 

 On June 26, 2018, the City of Liberty (“Liberty” or “Appellee”) as Plaintiff 

filed its Original Petition against Defendants City of Ames (“Appellant” or “Ames”) 

and City of Hardin (“Hardin”) (collectively “Defendants”).1

 The petition alleged that 

Liberty owns and operates a wastewater collection system and treatment plant, that 

Liberty receives wastewater from its own collection system and it receives 

wastewater from Hardin and Ames, and that Liberty had separate wastewater 

disposal contracts with Hardin and Ames. The Liberty-Hardin contract was executed 

December 9, 2003, and the Liberty-Ames contract (the “Contract”) was dated March 

14, 2001. 

According to Liberty, the contracts require Defendants to operate their 

respective wastewater collection systems in a way that complies with Liberty’s 

plumbing code, ordinances, and standards, and the contracts also require the cities 

to prevent “Seepage and Infiltration” into the collection systems that flow to the 

Liberty wastewater treatment plant because the plant has finite capacity. Liberty 

1

 The City of Hardin (“Hardin”) is not a party to this appeal, and we discuss 

Hardin only as necessary. 
3 

alleged that Defendants had violated the contracts, which resulted in Liberty facing 

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (“TCEQ”) enforcement and that 

Defendants’ “ongoing breaches” of the contracts subject Liberty to additional 

regulatory enforcement. 

 The Petition states that the contracts require Defendants to pay Service 

Charges for wastewater volumes that exceed Total Acceptable Volumes, and the 

contracts state each city’s daily and monthly Total Acceptable Volume. Liberty 

alleged that Ames and Hardin had not paid Service Charges owed to Liberty, despite 

Liberty having sent demand letters. Liberty alleged that each contract was “a written 

contract for the provision of goods and services” for which the Legislature had 

waived immunity for the claims asserted, and it asserted a claim for breach of 

contract against Defendants. Liberty also sought costs and attorney’s fees. 

Ames’s Plea to the Jurisdiction 

 Ames filed an Answer and Second Amended Answer asserting a general 

denial and various affirmative defenses and filed a Plea to the Jurisdiction. At the 

trial court and on appeal, Ames contends that Liberty failed to plead a valid waiver 

of governmental immunity and that immunity has not been waived for several 

reasons. 

First, Ames argues that section 271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code 

applies to contract disputes between governmental entities and private parties, and 
4 

not to a dispute between governmental entities. Ames relies upon a quote from a 

Texas Supreme Court case wherein the Court stated that Subchapter I of Chapter 

271 “is a framework for resolving contract disputes between governmental entities 

and private parties.” San Antonio River Auth. v. Austin Bridge & Rd., L.P., 601 

S.W.3d 616, 623 (Tex. 2020) (hereinafter “Austin Bridge”). Ames argues that 

Subchapter I is not a framework for resolving disputes among cities relating to a 

contract between those cities. 

Next, Ames contends the contract does not meet the requirements of the 

statute because the Contract is not a contract “for goods and services” under Chapter 

271 but rather one for the performance of a governmental function governed by the 

Interlocal Cooperation Act under Chapter 791 of the Government Code. See Tex. 

Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 791.001-.037. According to Ames, the Interlocal Cooperation 

Act distinguishes between contracts to purchase goods and services and contracts to 

provide governmental functions. Ames contends that it specifies that an agreement 

for the provision of a governmental function must specify that payments shall be 

made from current revenues. See id. §§ 791.011(d)(3), 791.025, 791.026. In contrast, 

when the contract is for goods and services, it does not have to specify that payments 

must be made from current revenues. According to Ames, this Contract specifies 

that payments must be made from current revenues, and therefore it is one for the 

performance of a governmental function and not one for goods and services. 
5 

Ames also argues that Liberty failed to establish that the Contract was 

properly executed, as required by section 271.151. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. 

§ 271.151(2)(A).2

 Ames emphasizes that Liberty failed to establish that the Contract 

was properly executed—that Liberty provided “no city council resolutions or other 

documents indicating that the mayors of both cities had the necessary authority to 

properly execute the purported contract.” Therefore, according to Ames, Liberty 

failed to overcome the “heavy presumption” that a plaintiff’s claims against a 

governmental immunity are barred. 

Finally, Ames argues that the damages sought are not recoverable under 

Chapter 271. Ames contends the damages Liberty seeks for TCEQ-related expenses 

are consequential damages that are not recoverable under section 271.153(b)(1).3

According to Ames, Liberty’s interpretation of the Contract “attempts to illegally 

penalize Defendant by charging [] (in some invoices) seven times the normal rate 

2

 Section 271.151(2)(A) states that a “‘[c]ontract subject to this subchapter’” 

means “a written contract stating the essential terms of the agreement for providing 

goods or services to the local governmental entity that is properly executed on behalf 

of the local governmental entity[.]” Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.151(2)(A). 

3

 Section 271.153(b) provides: 

Damages awarded in an adjudication brought against a local 

governmental entity arising under a contract subject to this subchapter 

may not include: 

(1) consequential damages, except as expressly allowed under 

Subsection (a)(1); 

(2) exemplary damages; or 

(3) damages for unabsorbed home office overhead. 

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.153(b). 
6 

charged by the Plaintiff for wastewater[,]” which constitutes an illegal penalty not 

recoverable under section 271.153(a)(1). 

Liberty’s Notice of Non-Suit Without Prejudice and Its Second Amended Petition 

 Liberty filed a non-suit without prejudice, non-suiting its claims for: 

. . . consequential damages are damages tied to the Agreed Order in 

TCEQ Docket No. 2015-1549-MWD-E and the Agreed Order in TCEQ 

Docket No. 2018-1495-MWD-E, as specifically referenced in 

Plaintiff’s First Amended Petition at Paragraph 9 (costs of regulatory 

enforcement), and in portions of Paragraph 11 (only with respect to 

wastewater treatment plant operating costs). 

Liberty filed a Second Amended Petition, which omitted the allegations about the 

TCEQ enforcement costs Liberty incurred due to Defendants’ alleged breach of 

contract. Liberty’s amended petition also pleaded that immunity had been waived 

under section 271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code. The Second Amended 

Petition was the live pleading at the time of the hearing on the plea to the jurisdiction. 

Liberty’s Response to Defendants’ Pleas to the Jurisdiction 

and Argument on Appeal 

 In its response to the plea to the jurisdiction and on appeal, Liberty argues that 

the Defendants’ arguments are based on two fictions: (1) that the Legislature only 

waived immunity for situations where a private entity sues a public entity and not 

when a lawsuit is between two local governmental entities and (2) that a contract for 

goods and services under section 271.151 of the Texas Local Government Code does 

not apply to an interlocal agreement under Chapter 791 of the Texas Government 
7 

Code. According to Liberty, section 271.152 does not exclude contracts between 

governmental entities or limit the waiver of immunity to lawsuits where a private 

entity sues a local governmental entity. Liberty contends that Defendant’s plea to 

the jurisdiction relies on dicta in Austin Bridge that did not “in any way shrink the 

scope of the Legislature’s immunity waiver for breach of contract claims against 

local government entities.” Liberty cites cases where the Chapter 271 immunity 

waiver has been applied to breach of contract cases between local governmental 

entities.4

 And Liberty also argues that, to determine whether Chapter 271 applies, 

the test is whether the entity allegedly in breach of contract is a governmental entity 

and not whether the party claiming breach is a governmental entity.5

 In addition, 

Liberty argues that the Texas Supreme Court has explained that whether a contract 

is an interlocal agreement under Chapter 791 has no bearing on whether 

4 See Tex. Mun. League Intergovernmental Risk Pool v. City of Hidalgo, No. 

13-19-00096-CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2093 (Tex. App.—Corpus ChristiEdinburg Mar. 12, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.); Tex. Mun. League Intergovernmental 

Risk Pool v. City of Abilene, 551 S.W.3d 337 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2018, pet. 

dism’d); San Patricio Mun. Water Dist. v. City of Corpus Christi, No. 13-10-00272-

CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 262 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg Jan. 13, 

2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Tex. Ass’n of Sch. Bds. Risk Mgmt. Fund v. Benavides 

Indep. Sch. Dist., 221 S.W.3d 732 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.). 

5

 Citing San Patricio Mun. Water Dist., 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 262, at **29-

30 (“We need not determine whether the waiver of immunity in section 271.152 is 

applicable to contracts calling for the provision of goods and services from a local 

government entity, because the contracts at issue here clearly call for the provision 

of goods and services to a local government entity, as explicitly contemplated in the 

statute.”) (emphasis omitted). 
8 

governmental immunity has been waived under Chapter 271.6

 Liberty further 

explained “there is no statutory language or case law that carves out or renders 

inapplicable the Chapter 271 waiver for goods/services contracts if said contract also

happens to serve as an interlocal agreement.” 

According to Liberty, there is “no question that Liberty provides services to 

Defendants pursuant to the Contracts,[] as it collects and treats wastewater flows 

from Ames and Hardin[,]” and the contracts at issue are “agreements between 

governmental entities by which Liberty provides wastewater collection and 

treatment services to Defendants in exchange for payments, including volumetric 

adjustments[.]” 

Finally, Liberty argues that the rates charged for volumes greater than the 

Total Acceptable Volumes (“TAV”)—the thresholds of wastewater discharge 

specified by the contracts—are not consequential damages “because the volumetric 

rates are agreed-upon amounts due and owed under the Contracts[.]” Rather, Liberty 

argues that the TAV charges are “a classic volumetric adjustment” designed to cover 

expenses Liberty accrues when the Defendants contribute more than the baseline 

sewage quantity and for which the Defendants agreed to pay additional charges. 

6

 Citing Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Political 

Subdivisions Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320, 322, 327-28 (Tex. 

2006) (explaining that because the Court held that immunity was waived under 

Chapter 271 of the Texas Local Government Code, the Court did not consider 

whether immunity was waived under Chapter 791 of the Texas Government Code). 
9 

Therefore, according to Liberty, characterizing such charges as “penalties” ignores 

the plain language of the contracts. Liberty also argues that, by its nature, capacity 

for wastewater treatment is finite and that excess flow from Ames will risk 

overloading the system or cause higher incremental costs. 

As to Ames’s contention that there is no evidence its Contract with Liberty 

was properly executed, Liberty argues that the burden shifted to Ames to prove that 

the Contract was not properly executed because Liberty presented prima facie 

evidence of contract formation and execution. Liberty contends that because the 

contract was signed by the mayor of Ames and the mayor of Liberty, the presence 

of their signatures is strong evidence that the parties assented to an agreement.7

 

After a hearing, the trial court signed an order denying the pleas to the 

jurisdiction. Ames appealed. 

Issues 

 Ames states four issues in its brief, but it does not include a separate argument 

for each issue. In its first issue, it states that the trial court erred in denying its plea 

to the jurisdiction. In its second issue, Ames argues that the Act does not waive its 

immunity from suit because the damages Liberty seeks are “an unenforceable 

penalty, consequential damages or exemplary damages[]” not covered by section 

7

 Citing Ridge Nat. Res., L.L.C. v. Double Eagle Royalty, L.P., 564 S.W.3d 

105, 120-21 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2018, no pet.) (citing Wright v. Hernandez, 469 

S.W.3d 744, 757 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2015, no pet.)). 
10 

271.153. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.153. In its third issue, Ames argues 

that its Contract with Liberty is not a contract subject to the Act because it does not 

contain the “essential terms” of the agreement, including the price for volumes in 

excess of the TAV and the time for performance, that the Contract was an interlocal 

agreement for performance of a governmental function and not a contract for “goods 

and services” as Liberty pleaded, and that Liberty failed to meet its burden to prove 

that the Contract was properly executed on behalf of Ames. In its fourth issue, Ames 

argues that Subchapter I only applies to a contract dispute between a governmental 

entity and a private party and it does not apply to a contract dispute between two 

governmental entities. We address the issues together below as stating a challenge 

to the trial court’s denial of the plea to the jurisdiction. We address the individual 

arguments made by Ames as to whether the Contract is governed by Subchapter I of 

Chapter 271. 

Applicable Law 

Governmental units, including municipalities, are immune from suit unless 

the State consents. See Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d 755, 

770 (Tex. 2018) (citing Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 372 S.W.3d 

629, 636 (Tex. 2012); Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 

224 (Tex. 2004)). The Local Government Contract Claims Act outlines the 

conditions under which immunity is waived from contract suits for local 
11 

governmental entities. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 271.151-.160 (“Chapter 

271, Subchapter I”). There is a “heavy presumption in favor of immunity[,]” and a 

statutory waiver of sovereign immunity must be “clear and unambiguous[.]” See

Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034; City of Galveston v. State, 217 S.W.3d 466, 469 

(Tex. 2007). A plea to the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s subject-matter 

jurisdiction over a case. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 

2000); Pineda v. City of Houston, 175 S.W.3d 276, 279 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2004, no pet.). Where the jurisdictional facts are not in dispute, we review the 

trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction under a de novo standard of review, 

liberally construing the plaintiff’s pleadings and construing the evidence in favor of 

the nonmovant. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. 

Statutory waivers of immunity are to be construed narrowly. See Tex. Adjutant 

General’s Office v. Ngakoue, 408 S.W.3d 350, 353 (Tex. 2013) (citing Tex. Gov’t 

Code Ann. § 311.034). When construing a statute that purportedly waives immunity, 

we generally engage in a heavy presumption in favor of immunity and resolve 

ambiguities in favor of retaining immunity. See Harris Cty. Hosp. Dist. v. Tomball 

Reg’l Hosp., 283 S.W.3d 838, 844 (Tex. 2009) (citing Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. 

Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 697 (Tex. 2003)); Gay v. City of Wichita Falls, 457 S.W.3d 

499, 504 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, no pet.) (“There is a ‘heavy presumption’ in 

favor of immunity.”) (quoting City of Galveston, 217 S.W.3d at 469). 
12 

Under Chapter 271, Subchapter I, the Legislature has expressly waived 

governmental immunity for certain contracts with a governmental entity. Tex. Loc. 

Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.152. For immunity to be waived under the statute, “(1) the 

contract must be in writing, (2) state the essential terms of the agreement, (3) provide 

for goods or services, (4) to the local governmental entity, and (5) be executed on 

behalf of the local governmental entity.” See City of Houston v. Williams, 353 

S.W.3d 128, 135 (Tex. 2011) (citing Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.151(2)); see 

also ICI Constr., Inc. v. Orangefield Indep. Sch. Dist., 339 S.W.3d 235, 239-40 (Tex. 

App.—Beaumont 2011, no pet.). 

Is the Additional Service Charge a claim for consequential damages? 

Section 271.153(b) limits damages that may be awarded: 

Damages awarded in an adjudication brought against a local 

governmental entity arising under a contract subject to this subchapter 

may not include: 

(1) consequential damages, except as expressly allowed under 

Subsection (a)(1); 

(2) exemplary damages; or 

(3) damages for unabsorbed home office overhead. 

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 271.153(b).8

 The Texas Supreme Court has explained, 

8

 Subsection (a)(1) of section 271.153 permits consequential damages “owed 

as compensation for the increased cost to perform the work as a direct result of 

owner-caused delays or acceleration[.]” Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.153(a)(1). 

Because the contract at issue in this lawsuit is not a contract for construction, ownercaused delays or acceleration are not involved. See Zachry Constr. Corp. v. Port of 

Houston Auth., 449 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tex. 2014) (holding that immunity is waived 

for lawsuits involving construction contracts that seek damages for owner-caused 

delays). 
13 

A contractual breach may give rise to either “direct” or “consequential” 

damages. Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 

812, 816 (Tex. 1997). Direct damages are damages a defendant is 

“conclusively presumed” to have foreseen as a result of its breach 

because they “are the necessary and usual result of,” and “flow 

naturally and necessarily from,” that wrongful act. Id. (emphases 

added). By contrast, consequential damages “result naturally, but not 

necessarily,” from the defendant’s breach, and are not “the usual result 

of the wrong.” Id. 

Dallas/Fort Worth Int’l Airport Bd. v. Vizant Techs., LLC, 576 S.W.3d 362, 373 

(Tex. 2019) (hereinafter “Vizant”). 

 According to Ames, Liberty’s claim for damages is not recoverable under 

section 271.153 because the damages that Liberty seeks are “an unenforceable 

penalty, consequential damages or exemplary damages[]” for which Chapter 271 

does not waive immunity. At issue are the damages Liberty seeks under section 

5.2(c) of the Contract, which provides: 

Additional Service Charge. AMES agrees to pay an additional charge 

for those volumes delivered in excess of the “Total acceptable Volume” 

(“TAV”). The TAV shall be defined as 200,000 gallons per day and an 

aggregate of 6,000,000 gallons per month. Volumes in excess of the 

TAV shall be charged at three (3) times the highest rate, calculated on a 

per gallon basis, then existing for sewer service within LIBERTY, or 

FIVE HUNDRED AND NO/100 ($500.00) DOLLARS per month, 

whichever amount is greater. 

Ames argues that the Additional Service Charge is a penalty because the Contract 

makes it clear that delivering more than the TAV constitutes a breach of contract. 

Section 3.5 states, 
14 

These provisions for additional charges shall not be construed as giving 

AMES any rights by virtue of the payment of such amounts and any 

payment by AMES shall not prejudice the right of LIBERTY to 

exercise any other right or remedy available to it under this contract, 

including the right to declare the contract in breach or to seek injunctive 

relief for compliance with its provisions. 

In addition, section 4.1 provides, 

LIBERTY has reserved capacity for AMES in its sewer plant only for 

the volumes of sewage stated herein. Should the needs of AMES, for 

whatever reason (including infiltration), exceed the maximum, based 

on daily readings for total throughput, then LIBERTY shall be exposed 

to an inordinate cost of treatment by virtue of such excess, and AMES 

agrees to pay the additional compensation as provided in Section 5.2 

(c) of this contract. However, such payment by AMES will not 

authorize or permit any excess volume. This provision for additional 

compensation shall not limit any right of LIBERTY to respond or 

remedy such violation of the maximum level of capacity. 

 Liberty’s claim for damages alleges, 

The Contracts [] require Defendants to pay service charges (“Service 

Charges”) for wastewater volumes in excess of identified Total 

Acceptable Volumes (Section 5.2(c)). [] Ames’ Total Acceptable 

Volume is also established at “200,000 gallons per day and an 

aggregate of 6,000,000 gallons per month” (Section 5.2(c)). Defendants 

have not paid Liberty owed Service Charges, as required under the 

Contracts. 

In addition, Liberty alleged that it sought “[a]ctual damages of the balance 

due and owed under the Contracts[.]” In its appellate brief, Liberty described the 

Contract as imposing “volume-based rates[,]” and it characterizes the Additional 

Service Charge as “a classic volumetric adjustment for agreed-upon amounts due 

and owed under the Contract.” Both parties discuss the Austin Bridge case. See 601 
15 

S.W.3d 616, 623. In that case the Texas Supreme Court addressed the question of 

whether the damages that Austin Bridge claimed were consequential damages or 

whether the amounts were due under the contract and for which immunity had been 

waived. See id. at 631. The Court explained the issue turned on “whether the contract 

in fact required the River Authority to pay for these additional costs.” Id. The Court 

concluded that Austin Bridge had alleged some damage that flowed naturally and 

necessarily from the River Authority’s alleged breach. Id. The Court then concluded 

that the damages claimed were direct damages for amounts Austin Bridge alleged 

which were due and owed by the local governmental entity under the contract and 

for which section 271.153 waives immunity. See id. 

 The Contract stated that Liberty’s wastewater treatment plant had finite 

capacity and that Liberty had reserved capacity for Ames “only for the volumes of 

sewage stated” by the Contract. The Contract further provided that excess volumes 

would “expose[] [Liberty] to an inordinate cost of treatment[.]” The Contract then 

provided that an Additional Service Charge would be charged for volumes delivered 

by Ames that exceeded the Total Acceptable Volume. Applying the rationale from 

Austin Bridge, we conclude that the Additional Service Charge “flow[s] naturally 

and necessarily from” Ames delivering volumes that exceed the Total Acceptable 

Volume specified by the Contract, and the Contract required Ames to pay the 

Additional Service Charge. See id. Therefore, we conclude that the damages Liberty 
16 

sought for unpaid Additional Service Charges were amounts due and owing under 

the Contract for which section 271.153 waives immunity, and they are not 

consequential damages. See id.; see also Vizant, 576 S.W.3d at 373. 

 Ames also argues that the Additional Service Charge constitutes exemplary 

damages because it is a penalty. Generally, exemplary damages are those that are 

“‘awarded as a penalty or by way of punishment.’” See Flores v. Millennium 

Interests, Ltd., 185 S.W.3d 427, 434 (Tex. 2005) (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. 

Code Ann. § 41.001(5)). We have already explained that the Contract provides that 

the Additional Service Charge results from delivering volumes that exceed the Total 

Acceptable Volumes because the excess volumes expose Liberty to a higher cost of 

treatment. We reject Ames’s argument that the Additional Service Charge is a 

penalty or exemplary damage for which immunity is not waived. See Tex. Loc. 

Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.153. 

Does the Contract contain the 

essential terms of the agreement? 

 Ames did not argue in the trial court that the Contract lacked the essential 

terms of the agreement, but it makes that argument on appeal. The Texas Supreme 

Court has explained that while appellate courts do not consider issues that were not 

raised in the trial court, the parties may construct new arguments in support of issues 

that were raised below. See Li v. Pemberton Park Cmty. Ass’n, 631 S.W.3d 701, 704 

(Tex. 2021) (citing Greene v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 446 S.W.3d 761, 764 n.4 (Tex. 
17 

2014)). Because all the arguments Ames raises on appeal relate to the issue of 

whether governmental immunity has been waived, we construe Ames’s second issue 

as relating to the issue Ames raised at trial court. See id. In addition, whether 

governmental immunity has been waived determines subject-matter jurisdiction, 

which may be raised at any time. See Reata Const. Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 

S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2006) (“We have held that sovereign immunity from suit 

deprives a trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction.”); see also Rusk State Hosp. v. 

Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 103 (Tex. 2012) (Lehrmann, J., concurring and dissenting) 

(“Subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived or conferred by agreement, [and] can 

be raised at any time[.]”); Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 

440, 445 (Tex. 1993) (“Subject matter jurisdiction is an issue that may be raised for 

the first time on appeal[.]”). 

We are guided by principles of contract interpretation to determine whether 

the terms of the written contract are sufficiently definite. See Houston Cmty. Coll. 

Sys. v. HV BTW, LP, 589 S.W.3d 204, 213 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, 

no pet.). We construe the contract as a whole to determine the parties’ intent when 

they executed the contract. See Fischer v. CTMI, L.L.C., 479 S.W.3d 231, 239 (Tex. 

2016) (citing Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd. v. Clear Lake City Water Auth., 320 S.W.3d 829, 

841 (Tex. 2010)). “When ‘the actions of the parties . . . show conclusively that they 

have intended to conclude a binding agreement, even though one or more terms are 
18 

missing or are left to be agreed upon[,] . . . courts endeavor, if possible, to attach a 

sufficiently definite meaning to the bargain.’” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of 

Contracts § 33 cmt. a (1981)). 

Chapter 271 does not define “essential terms.” See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. 

§ 271.151(2); Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 138. An agreement’s essential terms are those 

that parties would reasonably regard as “vitally important ingredient[s]” of their 

bargain. See Fischer, 479 S.W.3d at 237. Whether particular terms are essential 

generally depends on the specific contract at issue. Id.; see also T.O. Stanley Boot 

Co. v. Bank of El Paso, 847 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tex. 1992) (“Each contract should be 

considered separately to determine its material terms.”). 

An agreement’s essential terms are those that parties would reasonably 

regard as “vitally important ingredient[s]” of their bargain. Whether 

particular terms are essential generally depends on the specific contract 

at issue. A contract must state its essential terms with “a reasonable 

degree of certainty and definiteness,” sufficient to confirm that both 

parties actually intended to be contractually bound and to enable a court 

to understand and enforce the parties’ obligations and provide an 

appropriate remedy when breached. 

Vizant, 576 S.W.3d at 368-69 (quoting Fischer, 479 S.W.3d at 237) (citations 

omitted). The Texas Supreme Court has stated that “essential terms” generally 

include the names of the parties, the property at issue, the basic obligations, the time 

of performance, the price to be paid, and the service to be rendered. See Kirby Lake 

Dev., Ltd., 320 S.W.3d at 838. 
19 

 Ames argues that the Additional Service Charge cannot be calculated from 

the Contract because it does not include “the highest rate, calculated on a per gallon 

basis, then existing for sewer service within” the City of Liberty. Ames also argues 

that the Contract does not state the time for performance and only refers to Liberty’s 

time for performance as “[u]pon completion of the construction” of Ames’s sewer 

collection system. 

 The Additional Service Charge provision of the Contract states that the charge 

“shall be charged at three (3) times the highest rate, calculated on a per gallon basis, 

then existing for sewer service within LIBERTY, or FIVE HUNDRED AND 

NO/100 ($500.00) DOLLARS per month, whichever amount is greater.” An 

essential term need not be stated with exactness or precision, but only with “a 

reasonable degree of certainty and definiteness[.]” See Vizant, 576 S.W.3d at 368-

69; Fischer, 479 S.W.3d at 237. We find this term is reasonably certain and definite 

for the parties to understand their obligations and for a court to enforce the Contract. 

See Vizant, 576 S.W.3d at 368-69; Fischer, 479 S.W.3d at 237. 

 As to Liberty’s time for performance, the Contract defines the Total 

Acceptable Volume as “200,000 gallons per day which is twice the normal dry 

weather flow per day and an aggregate of 6,000,000 gallons per month.” The 

Contract also states that Ames shall install a meter “capable of recording total 

throughput on a daily basis” and produce an “accurate constant flow 
20 

measurement[.]” The Contract also refers to “daily readings for total throughput” in 

connection to whether Ames exceeds the maximum volumes of sewage. Taking 

these terms together with the nature and purpose of the Contract as a whole, we find 

that the Contract pertains to the flow of wastewater and sewage on a continual, 

ongoing basis, which is reflected by the use of the terms “daily” and “constant,” and 

is sufficiently definite to confirm that the parties intended to be bound and would 

enable a court to enforce the Contract. See Vizant, 576 S.W.3d at 368-69; Fischer, 

479 S.W.3d at 237. We conclude the Contract contains the essential terms of the 

parties’ agreement. 

Is the Contract for “goods or services” 

under Chapter 271? 

 Ames raises several arguments in support of its contention that the Contract 

was not one for “goods and services” under Chapter 271, arguing: (1) Liberty 

pleaded that the Contract was “for goods and services, but the Contract reflects that 

it was not “a contract for goods and services[]” and nothing in the Contract provided 

for “any provision of goods to Ames[]”; (2) the term “services” does not cover what 

Liberty is obligated to do under the Contract because “[t]he Contract only obligated 

Liberty to passively ‘receive and take’” volumes of sewage from Ames, the term 

“services” relates to action, conduct, performance, or deeds, and “[p]assively 

receiving sewage [] is not an ‘activity,’ ‘conduct,’ ‘performance,’ or ‘deed[]’”; 

(3) the Contract is an interlocal agreement for performance of a governmental 
21 

function and not one for a service; (4) the Contract did not obligate Liberty to take 

volumes in excess of the TAV, and immunity is not waived for “‘contracts in which 

the benefit that the local governmental entity would receive is an indirect, attenuated 

one’” or “‘[w]hen a party has no right under a contract to receive services’”9

; and 

(5) Liberty did not affirmatively demonstrate that the Contract was properly 

executed by Ames. 

1. Is the contract for “goods or services”? 

When reviewing a plea to the jurisdiction, we “construe the pleadings liberally 

in favor of the plaintiffs and look to the pleaders’ intent.” Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 

226. In our de novo review of the trial court’s ruling, we take as true all evidence 

favorable to the nonmovant, indulging in every reasonable inference and resolving 

all doubt that favors the nonmovant. Id. Section 271.153 requires that to be “subject 

to” the waiver of immunity, a contract must meet five elements: “(1) the contract 

must be in writing, (2) state the essential terms of the agreement, (3) provide for 

goods or services, (4) to the local governmental entity, and (5) be executed on behalf 

of the local governmental entity.” See Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 135 (citing Tex. Loc. 

Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.151(2)). 

In its Amended Petition, Liberty pleaded as follows: 

9

 Citing and quoting Lubbock Cty. Water Control & Improvement Dist. v. 

Church & Akin, L.L.C., 442 S.W.3d 297, 303 (Tex. 2014). 
22 

[] The Legislature has waived immunity for the claims brought 

in this action pursuant to Section 271.152 of the Texas Local 

Government Code. 

[] Each of the Contracts is a written contract for the provision of 

goods and services by Plaintiff to each defendant, properly executed on 

behalf of each defendant, consistent with the provisions of Section 

271.151(2)(A) of the Texas Local Government Code. 

Liberty pleaded that it has accepted wastewater from Ames for conveyance to its 

wastewater collection system and wastewater treatment plant. And Liberty pleaded 

that it “has furnished and continues to furnish services to the Defendants in the form 

of wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal.” 

 Section 271.151(2) requires that a contract be for “goods or services” (among 

other requirements) to waive governmental immunity. Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. 

§ 271.151(2). Liberty’s Amended Petition reflects that it pleaded that the contracts 

at issue were for the provision of services to Ames. Section 271.151(2) does not 

require the plaintiff to plead both “goods” and “services.” See id.; Williams, 353 

S.W.3d at 135. Ames has cited no legal authority for its argument that a pleading 

that states it supplied “goods and services”10 disqualifies the Contract from the 

waiver of immunity under section 271.151, and we are aware of none. See Tex. R. 

App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring an appellate brief to cite to applicable legal authority). 

Therefore, we reject this argument. 

10 Emphasis added. 
23 

2. Was Liberty’s Contract which provided for the receipt of wastewater, and 

treatment of such water at Liberty’s wastewater treatment plant, a contract for 

“services”? 

 Ames argues that the term “services” means “to perform an ‘activity’ on 

behalf of another[]” and “is described in terms of ‘action,’ ‘conduct,’ ‘performance’ 

and ‘deeds[,]’” citing to Riverside National Bank v. Lewis, 603 S.W.2d 169, 174 

(Tex. 1980). In Lewis, the plaintiff alleged a claim for fraud under the Deceptive 

Trade Practices Act, and the matter did not involve nor address governmental 

immunity. See generally id. Ames argues that all this Contract calls for is a “passive” 

receipt of wastewater by Liberty. Even assuming without deciding that the Contract 

at issue in this case only required a passive receipt by Liberty, we do not agree that 

Lewis dictates the services provided here do not qualify as “services” under 

271.151(2). As we have already explained, Liberty’s Amended Petition stated that it 

provided “wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal[]” to Ames in performance 

of the Contract. See, e.g., Partners Dewatering Int’l, L.C. v. City of Rio Hondo, No. 

13-13-00340-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 5861, at *14 (Tex. App.—Corpus ChristiEdinburg June 11, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding that a contract for 

collecting, hauling, and disposing of all sludge generated by the city’s wastewater 

treatment plant constituted a service under Chapter 271). Further, the Texas Supreme 

Court has stated that “services” under Chapter 271 is “‘broad enough to encompass 

a wide array of activities’ and ‘includes generally any act performed for the benefit 
24 

of another.’” Austin Bridge, 601 S.W.3d at 628-29 (quoting Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd., 

320 S.W.3d at 839). Here, Liberty not only receives wastewater from Ames, but it 

also treats the wastewater it receives at Liberty’s wastewater facility, and that 

treatment is an act performed for the benefit of Ames. We reject Ames’s argument 

and conclude that the Contract was for “services” under Chapter 271. 

3. Was the Contract solely an interlocal agreement and not governed by Chapter 

271? 

 Next, Ames argues that the Contract under which Liberty sued is merely an 

interlocal agreement under Chapter 791 of the Government Code11 for the 

performance of a governmental function and not one for provision of a “service” as 

provided for under Chapter 271. The Texas Interlocal Cooperation Act provides the 

following definition: 

“Governmental functions and services” means all or part of a function 

or service in any of the following areas: 

(A) police protection and detention services; 

(B) fire protection; 

(C) streets, roads, and drainage; 

(D) public health and welfare; 

(E) parks and recreation; 

(F) library and museum services; 

(G) records center services; 

(H) waste disposal; 

(I) planning; 

(J) engineering; 

(K) administrative functions; 

11 See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 791.001-.037 (“Texas Interlocal Cooperation 

Act,” which allows political subdivisions to contract with one another to more 

efficiently share resources and responsibilities). 
25 

(L) public funds investment; 

(M) comprehensive health care and hospital services; or 

(N) other governmental functions in which the contracting 

parties are mutually interested. 

Id. § 791.003(3). Ames argues that the Texas Interlocal Cooperation Act 

distinguishes between governmental functions and governmental services because it 

refers to “all or part of a function or service[.]” See id. (emphasis added). Ames 

further argues that the Legislature has identified the operation of sanitary sewers and 

sewer service as a “governmental function.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. 

§ 101.0215(a). Ames argues the Contract provides that payments must be made from 

current revenue, and that under the Interlocal Cooperation Act, a contract for the 

performance of a governmental function must specify that payments must be made 

from current revenues. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 791.011(d)(3). 

 Liberty responds that there is no statutory language or case law that carves out 

or renders inapplicable the waiver of immunity under Chapter 271 for goods or 

services contracts when the contract also happens to serve as an interlocal 

agreement. We agree. Ames has cited no legal authority to support its argument that 

Chapter 271 does not apply to an interlocal agreement under Chapter 791 of the 

Government Code. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i). The Texas Supreme Court declined 

to consider a similar argument in a lawsuit brought by a school district against a joint 

self-insurance fund composed of local political subdivisions, stating “[b]ecause we 

hold that Section 271.152 of the Local Government Code waives the Fund’s 
26 

immunity from suit, we do not consider” the school district’s argument that 

immunity is waived under the Interlocal Cooperation Act. See Ben Bolt-Palito 

Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Pol. Subdivisions Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. 

Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320, 322, 327-38 (Tex. 2006) (hereinafter “Ben Bolt”). Similarly, 

because we hold that section 271.152 of the Local Government Code waives Ames’s 

immunity from suit, we do not consider the argument relating to the Texas Interlocal 

Cooperation Act. 

4. Did the Contract provide only an indirect, attenuated benefit? 

 The Texas Supreme Court has explained that “[w]hen a party has no right 

under a contract to receive services, the mere fact that it may receive services as a 

result of the contract is insufficient to invoke chapter 271’s waiver of immunity. At 

best, such services are only an ‘indirect’ and ‘attenuated’ benefit under the contract.” 

See Lubbock Cty. Water Control & Improvement Dist. v. Church & Akin, L.L.C., 

442 S.W.3d 297, 303 (Tex. 2014). The waiver of immunity under Chapter 271 

typically only applies to contracts in which the governmental entity agrees to pay 

the claimant for the goods or services that the claimant agrees to provide to the 

governmental entity. Id. at 304. “[T]he absence of any agreement by the 

governmental entity to pay for goods or services may indicate that the claimant did 

not in fact agree to provide goods or services to the governmental entity.” Id. at 305. 

In determining whether the services to be provided under a contract are only an 
27 

indirect or attenuated benefit, we look at the contract as a whole. Id. at 306 n.10; see 

also Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd., 320 S.W.3d at 841 (“[W]e must evaluate the overall 

agreement to determine what purposes the parties had in mind at the time they signed 

the Agreements.”). 

 Ames argues that the ultimate consumer of the sewer service “was not Ames, 

but rather those residents of Ames who connected to Ames’[s] sewer collection 

system[.]” Ames references section 13.002(25) of the Water Code, which states, 

“‘Wholesale water or sewer service’ means potable water or sewer service, or both, 

provided to a person, political subdivision, or municipality who is not the ultimate 

consumer of the service.” Tex. Water Code Ann. § 13.002(25). Ames cites no legal 

authority explaining how the Water Code provision applies to Chapter 271. See Tex. 

R. App. P. 38.1(i). The Contract states that its primary purpose is “to provide sewer 

service to the CITY OF AMES and to allow AMES to provide sewer service within 

AMES’ extraterritorial jurisdiction and the territory encompassed in the AMESMINGLEWOOD WATER SUPPLY CORPORATION certificate of convenience 

and necessity.” 

Section 2.4 of the Contract provides, 

[] Upon completion of the construction of the system, LIBERTY agrees 

to receive and take from AMES, for the price and at the point of 

deliver[y] hereinafter provided, and AMES agrees to discharge, for 

such price as provided in Article 5 of this contract and at such point of 

delivery, such volumes of sewage at such times as hereinafter 
28 

provide[d] in Article 4 of this contract, consistent with other limitations 

as stated herein. 

The Contract further provides that Liberty has no responsibility “to accept prohibited 

waste that does not conform to the quality or quantity standards specified herein or 

materials that are in violation of the standards required under LIBERTY’s discharge 

permits.” The Contract further explains that Liberty’s sewer plant has finite capacity, 

that Liberty has reserved capacity for Ames’s needs, and that if Ames exceeds the 

maximum volumes, Ames agrees to pay an additional charge to compensate Liberty 

for the extra cost of treatment. 

The main thrust of the Contract is the provision of sewer service to the City 

of Ames for which Ames agreed to pay. The Contract provides certain adjustments 

for volumes that exceed the normal flows expected by both Ames and Liberty. 

Construing the pleadings and Contract in favor of the nonmovant, we do not read 

the Contract as providing only an indirect or attenuated benefit to Ames. See Church 

& Akin, L.L.C., 442 S.W.3d at 303, 306 n.10; Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd., 320 S.W.3d at 

841. 

5. Was the Contract properly executed? 

 Ames argues that Liberty did not meet its burden “to affirmatively 

demonstrate that the Contract was ‘properly executed’ by Ames.” Ames argued to 

the trial court that Liberty had provided no city council resolutions or other 

documents indicating that the mayors of both cities had the necessary authority to 
29 

properly execute the Contract, and Liberty produced no resolutions, minutes, or 

ordinances showing “the governing bodies’ assent to the contract.”12 Liberty argues 

that because it alleged in its live pleading that the Contract was executed by the 

mayor for each City, and that it was properly executed, the burden shifted to Ames 

to prove that the Contract was not properly executed. Liberty also contends that the 

presence of the mayors’ signatures on the Contract “‘is strong evidence that the 

parties assented to an agreement.’”13 Liberty also argues that Ames has not disputed 

the validity of its mayor’s signature nor have they alleged on appeal that the mayors 

were not authorized to sign the Contract. According to Liberty, because there is 

prima facie evidence of contract formation, the burden is on Ames to offer evidence 

that would refute contract formation, which Ames did not do. 

Section 271.152 states, 

A local governmental entity that is authorized by statute or the 

constitution to enter into a contract and that enters into a contract 

subject to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to suit for the 

purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject to the 

terms and conditions of this subchapter. 

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.152; see also Austin Bridge, 601 S.W.3d at 624; 

Williams, 353 S.W.3d at 135. Here, our standard of review generally mirrors the 

12 Although Ames’s arguments in the trial court addressed whether the mayors 

of both cities had the necessary authority to properly execute the Contract, on appeal 

Ames restricts its argument to whether Liberty presented evidence that the Contract 

was properly executed by Ames only. 

13 Quoting Ridge Nat. Res., 564 S.W.3d 105 at 120-21. 
30 

summary judgment standard under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c). See 

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). The burden is on the 

defendant to present evidence to support its plea to the jurisdiction, and if it does so, 

the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show that a disputed material fact exists 

regarding the jurisdictional issue. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. 

When, as here, a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we 

determine if the plaintiff has alleged facts affirmatively demonstrating subjectmatter jurisdiction. See Clark, 544 S.W.3d at 770. Liberty’s Original and Amended 

Petitions pleaded that the contracts were properly executed on behalf of the 

Defendants. Therefore, we conclude that Liberty’s pleadings alleged facts that 

affirmatively demonstrated subject-matter jurisdiction. 

When the plea challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we move 

beyond the pleadings and consider the evidence presented. See id. Liberty attached 

to its Original and Amended Petitions copies of the Contract with Ames reflecting 

signatures from the mayors of both Liberty and Ames and dated March 4, 2001. The 

burden was on Ames to present evidence in support of its plea to the jurisdiction. 

See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. Ames offered no evidence to controvert Liberty’s 

pleadings. Therefore, Ames failed to meet its burden to create a disputed fact issue 

on this point. See id. 
31 

Does Chapter 271 apply to a contract dispute 

between two governmental entities? 

 In its final issue, Ames argues that Chapter 271 is designed to resolve contract 

disputes between governmental entities and private parties and it is not a framework 

for resolving disputes between governmental entities. To support its argument, Ames 

cites a quote from Austin Bridge. See generally 601 S.W.3d 616. In that case, Austin 

Bridge and Road, L.P. (a private entity) sued the San Antonio River Authority (a 

governmental entity) over disagreements about the scope of work and payment. See

id. at 618. In explaining the applicability of Chapter 271 in that case, the Texas 

Supreme Court addressed Subchapter I of Chapter 271, which is titled “Adjudication 

of Claims Arising Under Written Contracts with Local Government Entities”: 

Subchapter I is a framework for resolving contract disputes 

between governmental entities and private parties by (1) providing a 

limited waiver of governmental immunity “for the purpose of 

adjudicating a claim for breach of [a] contract” against local 

governments, (2) setting limits on damages for those claims, and 

(3) clarifying that “contractual adjudication procedures” to resolve 

those claims are “enforceable.” 

Id. at 623 (footnotes omitted). Austin Bridge dealt with a contract dispute between a 

governmental entity and a private party. See id. at 618. We do not read the Supreme 

Court’s description of Subchapter I to say that the chapter only applies to disputes 

between a governmental entity and a private party. The title of Subchapter I states it 

applies to “claims arising under written contracts with local governmental entities.” 

See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann., Ch. 271, subch. I (emphasis added). Ames has not 
32 

identified any language in the statute showing that the Legislature intended for 

Chapter 271, Subchapter I, to apply only to disputes between governmental entities 

and private parties and not to disputes between two (or more) governmental entities. 

 Although governmental immunity is a common law doctrine, the Texas 

Supreme Court has traditionally deferred to the Legislature, “assuming it to be 

‘better suited to balance the conflicting policy issues associated with waiving 

immunity.’” Travis Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Norman, 342 S.W.3d 54, 58 (Tex. 2011) 

(quoting Taylor, 106 S.W.3d at 695). In construing how Chapter 271 applies in this 

case, Legislative intent is the polestar of statutory construction, and “it is the 

Legislature’s sole province to waive or abrogate sovereign immunity.” See In re Tex. 

Educ. Agency, 619 S.W.3d 679, 687 (Tex. 2021); Tex. Nat. Res. Conservation 

Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 853 (Tex. 2002). 

Section 271.152 of the Texas Local Government Code provides: 

A local governmental entity that is authorized by statute or the 

constitution to enter into a contract and that enters into a contract 

subject to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to suit for the 

purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject to the 

terms and conditions of this subchapter. 

Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 271.152. This “statute’s plain language allows for 

enforcement of contracts against local governmental entities by waiving their 

immunity from suit.” Ben Bolt, 212 S.W.3d at 327 (emphasis added). In this case, 

the City of Liberty seeks to enforce its contracts against a local governmental entity. 
33 

At the hearing on the pleas to the jurisdiction, the trial court stated: 

[W]e have to assume the legislature was fully aware of sovereign 

immunity and governmental immunity as it applies; and if that’s the 

case them being fully aware they did not intend for this particular matter 

to be excluded from the waivers. 

They could have easily expressly excluded suits between local 

governmental entities, and they didn’t do so. 

 We find nothing in the language of Chapter 271 that states the Act only applies 

to contracts between a private party and a governmental entity, nor does it exclude 

contracts between two or more governmental entities. Appellant has not identified 

any such language in the statute. The descriptive language in Austin Bridge that 

Ames relies on describes the facts in that case, and we do not read the language in 

Austin Bridge to place an additional limitation on the type of contracts covered under 

section 271.152. As the Supreme Court recently stated, “[w]e defer to the Legislature 

in waiving immunity because it is in a better position to weigh the conflicting public 

policy interests associated with subjecting the government to liability.” See Dohlen 

v. City of San Antonio, 643 S.W.3d 387, 392 (Tex. 2022). The Legislature has 

expressly waived immunity for “claims arising under written contracts with local 

governmental entities” as defined within the specific legislative provisions and has 

not excluded claims between two governmental entities. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code 

Ann., Ch. 271, subch. I (emphasis added). We conclude that Chapter 271 applies to 

this dispute. 
34 

 Having addressed and overruled each of Ames’s arguments, we conclude that 

the trial court did not err in denying the plea to the jurisdiction. We overrule 

Appellant’s issues on appeal, and we affirm the trial court’s order. 

 AFFIRMED. 

 _________________________ 

 LEANNE JOHNSON 

 Justice 

Submitted on October 11, 2022 

Opinion Delivered February 23, 2023 

Before Golemon, C.J., Johnson and Wright, JJ.