NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SIMULADOS SOFTWARE, LTD.,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.

PHOTON INFOTECH PRIVATE, LTD.,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 17-17179

D.C. No. 5:12-cv-04382-EJD

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

Edward J. Davila, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted April 18, 2019

San Francisco, California

Before: FERNANDEZ, BEA, and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

This case arises from a suit by Simulados Software, Ltd. (Simulados) against

Photon Infotech Private, Ltd. (Photon) alleging fraud and breach of contract. A

jury found Photon liable on both claims. The district court entered judgment, after

which Photon made motions under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 50(b) and 59

FILED

MAY 07 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) and a new trial. In a supplemental brief,

Simulados changed theories and “elected” to rescind the contract. The district

court denied Photon’s JMOL and new trial motions and granted rescission,

awarding $18,848 for the value of the consideration Simulados paid, plus $309,674

in “consequential” damages and $183,556.91 in attorneys’ fees. 

Photon now appeals four issues, which we address here.

1

1. Photon appeals the denial of the Rule 50(b) motions for judgment as a

matter of law on: (A) the jury’s verdict on fraud; and (B) the jury’s verdict on

breach of contract. On de novo review, we take the evidence in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict; we are powerless to make any credibility

determinations or weigh the evidence, and we must affirm unless the only

reasonable conclusion is contrary to that of the jury. Estate of Diaz v. City of

Anaheim, 840 F.3d 592, 604 (9th Cir. 2016).

We affirm the district court’s denial of Photon’s renewed motion for

judgment as a matter of law on Simulados’s fraud claim. Record evidence, taken

in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, shows: (1) Photon made

1We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We apply California law to

this diversity action because the parties contractually agreed to apply California

law to disputes arising from their contract, and absent circumstances not here

present, we normally honor the parties’ contractual choice of law. 

2
representations about the appropriateness of the REALbasic platform for the

project and Photon’s expertise in creating the requested products; (2) these

representations were false; (3) Photon made these representations with knowledge

of their falsity or with reckless disregard of their truth; (4) Photon intended to

induce reliance (i.e., to induce Simulados to sign the contract); (5) Simulados’s

reliance on Photon was justifiable; and (6) Photon suffered resulting damage. See

Alliance Mortg. Co. v. Rothwell, 900 P.2d 601, 608 (Cal. 1995) (listing elements

for fraud). The standard of review precludes us from considering evidence in the

record favorable to Photon that the jury was not required to believe. Wallace v.

City of San Diego, 479 F.3d 616, 624 (9th Cir. 2007).

2. We affirm the district court’s denial of Photon’s renewed motion for

judgment as a matter of law on Simulados’s breach of contract claim. Record

evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, reveals that

Simulados still had not received the promised web application months after the

completion date. Expert testimony also indicated the software provided repeatedly

crashed.2

2The jury was not required to believe Photon’s argument regarding the

credibility of Simulados’s expert. 

3
3. At the time the district court amended the judgment, Photon had filed

its JMOL and new trial motions regarding: (1) whether Simulados could recover

damages for fraud (i.e., whether the fraud claim was sufficiently independent of the

contract to allow recovery under California law); and (2) whether a provision in the

contract limiting damages applied to Simulados’s fraud claim. Rather than decide

these issues, the district court granted Simulados’s request to rescind the contract. 

We reverse and vacate the order granting rescission. To make rescission of

the contract effective, California law required Simulados to prove two elements:

(1) the contract was obtained through fraud; and (2) Simulados gave Photon notice

that it was rescinding the contract “promptly upon discovering the facts”

underlying Photon’s alleged fraud. See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1689(b)(1), 1691. 

Simulados failed to meet the notice requirement, because it never pleaded or

otherwise pursued rescission until a post-verdict, court-ordered supplemental brief. 

See Citicorp Real Estate, Inc. v. Smith, 155 F.3d 1097, 1103–04 (9th Cir. 1998);

Doctor v. Lakeridge Constr. Co., 60 Cal. Rptr. 824, 828 (Ct. App. 1967). 

4. Photon argues that, even if it were not entitled to judgment as a matter

of law on the contract claim, the panel should reduce the jury’s award pursuant to

the contractual limitation on damages. We agree that there is an $18,848 cap on

Simulados’s recovery for breach of contract. It is undisputed that Simulados paid

4
Photon $18,848, and the contractual provision limits damages to the amount that

Simulados paid on the contract. This contractual limitation is enforceable with

respect to Simulados’s breach of contract claim, because it was bargained-for by

parties of equal bargaining power. See Food Safety Net Servs. v. Eco Safe Sys.

USA, Inc., 147 Cal. Rptr. 3d 634, 642 (Ct. App. 2012) (“With respect to claims for

breach of contract, limitation of liability clauses are enforceable unless they are

unconscionable, that is, the improper result of unequal bargaining power or

contrary to public policy.”). At oral argument, Simulados’s counsel conceded that

the evidence shows that at least some of the sample products were delivered, so

Hawaiian Telephone Co. v. Microform Data Systems, Inc., is inapplicable. 829

F.2d 919, 925 (9th Cir. 1987) (“In our case, no product was delivered.”). 

Each party will bear its own costs on appeal. 

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, VACATED, and

REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this decision. 

5
Simulados Software, Ltd. v. Photon Infotech, No. 17-17179

BEA, Circuit Judge, concurring:

I concur in the memorandum disposition, but I write separately to emphasize 

two points. 

First, as to the rescission issue, I would reverse the district court’s grant of 

rescission to Simulados based on California Civil Code § 1693, in addition to 

§§ 1689(b), 1691. Under California Civil Code § 1691, a party seeking rescission 

must, “promptly upon discovering the facts which entitle him to rescind,” give notice 

to the other party and return everything of value that he has received from the other 

party under the contract. But § 1691 is “[s]ubject to Section 1693,” which states that 

where “relief based upon rescission is claimed in an action or proceeding,” as it was 

here (though in a supplemental brief on a post-trial motion), “such relief shall not be 

denied because of delay in giving notice of rescission unless such delay has been 

substantially prejudicial to the other party.” Id. § 1693. 

Simulados sought to rescind its contract with Photon in a post-trial 

supplemental brief, after choosing to affirm the contract from its filing of the 

complaint, throughout discovery and trial. That decision was “substantially 

prejudicial” to Photon because Simulados changed its tune after causing Photon to 

defend Simulados’s breach of contract claim through trial, which spanned more than 

three years of litigation. See Citicorp Real Estate, Inc. v. Smith, 155 F.3d 1097, 1104 

FILED

MAY 7 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

(9th Cir. 1998) (“As a result of Defendants’ delay in giving notice of an intent to 

rescind, Citicorp suffered substantial prejudice—by weathering several months of 

arbitration and nearly two years of litigation.”). 

Second, I would include an instruction to the district court on remand that it 

ought to consider whether its award for $309,674 to Simulados based on the jury’s 

fraud verdict comprising “lost profits” and “out-of-pocket expenses” overlaps with 

its separate award of $18,848 to Simulados for the value of the consideration it paid 

on the contract. If so, this constitutes impermissible double recovery. See 

Tavaglione v. Billings, 847 P.2d 574, 580 (Cal. 1993) (in bank) (“Double or 

duplicative recovery for the same items of damage amounts to overcompensation 

and is therefore prohibited.”).