United States

Environmental Protection

Agency

Office of

Pesticide and Toxic Substances t"'· 0A [0 /."7r-O). Washington, DC 20460 'I _ ,-.J P 10- ( .

j".,

f l'

,-

\)

EPA 560/6-77-035

Office of Pesticide and Toxic SUbstances

Microeconomic

Impacts of the

Proposed "PCB Ban

Regulation"

<":';·J-;(·:-r,~

" 1\btc,.iil1s Bc:onG 'To:

OPPT Lihr arv

40 1 ~.1 Slreet, ~\V ("j"1~,~;_'r~)3)

\Vashington, DC 2U'!G()
" ,~

....

,.'

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EPA 560/6-77-035

I~I CROECOI'O·lIC IVPA.CTS OF TIiE PROFffiED

'F{]l3J1n PEGULATIOtB'

FINAL TASK REPORT

SUb:n.it::e:i to:

u.s. Environne..~tal ProteCtion Age..ry:;y

Office of PLan..ni.ng a:r:x:l M.aI"..age:nent

Washington, D.C.

Attention: Mr. Steven B. 'V..aL1<en.son

Proj act Officer

COntract NJ. 68-01-4771

SUb:n.it'"--e::i by:

_ VERSAR m:::.

6621 Elec---ronic Drive

Springfield, VL.---ginia 22151

(703) 750-3000

May 16, 1978

-' -.
""t-.' •

This dccurnent is available in l.imite:l quantities through the a.S.

Environrne.'1tal Prot.-c:>ct';on Agency, Office of Toxic Substal"'..ces (wl1-794) I 401

.. M Street, S.H., Wa.sh.ingt:on, D.C. 20460.

This dcct:ment will subsequently l:e available. th:z:::ough the National

TecbnicaJ. Infomation Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.

:.

~l_ ••

17'<,._

This re;:c37,t bas been revie.-Ne:J. by t..'1e Office of Planning and (A.aI'.ageme.T1t, (J. S,. Environmental Protection Agen:::yI azd approvei for ?Ublication~

Approva,.L dq:;;s r:ot signify that ti'..e corrcerrt.s necessarily reflect: tr...e vieNS

an:l ~lj,.c;i~ of ¢e Env~nme.T1tal Prot""':ticn P..g~iI r:or dces mention.9£ .

tr"...de r-..ames 0"1: camercial prcduczs CJnsti.t:'..1te a-r:rlors~'1t or r=c::mnen:::ati.on

for use,
,k)

'Uti..s re;:ort was prepared by Versar Inc. for t..~ Office of Plar.ll"1.irlg

and Mar..agerre.l'1t of the G. S. Envi..ronm::ntal ProteC"--ion Agency '!he ret:Ort

sUImE.rizes Versar~s estimates of the prcOable costs and inpac-..s of canplying witb. t..~ prq::csed "PCB Ban Regulations. If 'Il".ese regulations we.-re

prepared by the EPA Office of Toxic Substances and t.~ Interagency PCB

TM:lI:k. Group to :i.!rp1erE..l'1t t..--..e req:uirarents of Sec---ions 6 (e) (2) and 6 (e) (3)

of t..'1e Toxic Subsi:ances COntrol ll.ct A).

'!his eccncmrc analysis prcg:r:am was sponsored by the EPA, but t.t:e results !'ePJr-...ed are those of Versar Inc. '!his repJrt was prepared· in

par-...ia1 fulfi1.lrrent of the requi.rerrents of Contract~. 68-\11-4771. '!he

repJrt is not a statem:..'1,t of EPA fOliC'!. H'cwever, dri.s study does meet . - the ra:;:ui.re:rrents of an econani.c irrpact analysiS of tfl~. prop:sed regulaticn.

'!his repo.r.t. was upz:epaz:ed.. lmdertre 5lJP?rlri 5" on of Mr Ed:€''''''' West-:i n, .._-_.,

Principal I..'1vestigator. ~.ajor cont."'"ibutors W8-re:

Louis FOurt, Ph.D. (econcmic l'lEtho<:b1cgy, waste oil, ra.i.l.roads)

Pol:e-""t ~..in, P.E. Ct...-ansfoz:m::rs, dzy I?igrrents)

Da'Vid Ee.rkey (capacitors, mining

trachiries)

Bruce Nxdc:c.lc (hydraulic systerrs, tu:r.bitl~)

Speci.a1ac."xcw.l~Im.JSt..J:a.given.for.~-clcse.-s1JP;:~~~\.~--",,--,_..

L~ Mr."'S-teven 8'.'-~a!Xen.sort;'"·~A-'ProjeCt·Uffita'";~d4I!:t;-=erosepfi·F';\~1!a¥j";""""""'-'"

EPA Fegulations-. ~lop!EIlt·Group--of-the-Officeur 'l'dxic'-Substarices:;:""-'~

factua.l.streng--1'..s..af this·iemr-,-aIe. due.-..to... the..close c:orera::t.i~~...._-- - , >, ..:,~ ... _._,.; ."/,. :'

fran i.."'1d:'..:stry, f'ar"'~cuJ.arly representati~~ of the t..-ansfo:z::nai' andt .~~~~!

tor rranufactu:re.rs and the elect......-:ic utilities• ,- ,-.'

i
'!his re;:ort is being released and circulated Pri9r to the public.

hearing on the prq;:osed regulation,: It will be conai.dared along with·-·th~·

inforrration received during t.~e hearing in establishing the final regulations. Prior to final prcIIUJ.1gation of the regulations, this study shall

have standing in any EPA prcceeding or court prcceeding only to tr.e extent

. that it represents the vi6\lS of Versar Inc. It canr.ot ce cited, refere.."'lCed,

or represented in arq in a.'7f such prt?o=edi-Tlg as a statsrEnt of

EPA's vieNS regarding the iIrpact of the pzq:csed regulations.

:.

.1,.'

ii
, 'TABLE' OF aJNTENIS

1

1

2

4

5

5

7·

8

9

..

9

10

. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Purpose and Scope • • • • • 0 • • 0 •

1..2 P2:Es usage' in tile United States • 0 0 0 •

1.2.l Production of PCBs • • 0 0 0 °

1.2.2 IIrPorts of PCBs ° • 0 • 0 0 • • 0

1.2.3 HYdraulic System, aeat Trar..sfer

Systen, and, Ccrrpressor Use 0 • 0 0 0 °

1.2.4 TransfOl:m9r ·~~actur".:ng and

~..ai.ntenance' 'MO" • 0 • 0 •

1.2.5 ElecucIlagnets"'~. . • • 0 • °

1.2.6 capacitors ° •.•"',,"... • 0 • • °

1.3 FCB Restrictions il"l ~.foric, substances

Control )l..ct ° • 0 • • • e- • • 0 • _0. °

1.. 4 SUIIIrarY of Prop:sed Ban Regulations

1..5 Effects of the Prcpcsed P.egulatians

by f'<:3 TJse • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ." 12

ME'lEDI:O!.CGY FOR EOJNCMIC IMP1ICT ANALYSIS

OF TEE prorosm "PCB BAN REGUI.ATICNS" ° • • •

Gene-."'"a1 AH'roach • 0 0 • • •

Cefinition of EcorxmUc InpaCt

. . . . . . . . 14 .14

16

3.0 IMP1CIS OF E)l..NS ON 'lEE DISTFJ:BtJTION OF

PCB CAPJlCI'!OPS AND EQJ:J:m1ENT ° '0 •

3.1 Effect of the Ban Regulations .• °

3• 2 StIIrIt'a.i;{:' ;" >~; .• .' • • • •• • • • • • • 0

17

17

18

4.0 Il1l??CIS CN u"SERS OF ASKAREL TRANSFOR1ER3 •

4.1 Fe::p.ri.rerre."1ts of the Prq:osed Regulations °

4.2 Corrpliance Costs • • • • • • °

4° 3 Econanic Inpact of COst Increases

4. 4 S~l. ...... .. • • .. • .. • .. .. .. .. ..

19

19

19

22

22

ill
.. TABLE· OF t'CN!'ENIS (cent' d. }

-~~ ..'

. 'Paae

----- 5.0 IMPACIS CN TPANSFORMER SERVICE CXMl?ANI.ES • • • • • 23

5.1 Itnpacts of the P:rq:osed Regulations • • • • • •• 23

5. 2 sumazy , • • • • e. • • • • • .. • • • • • 25

41

49

27

. . 30 .

33

33

.. 36

36

36

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CC5t IIrpacts.of the 1'J:ol::Osed ?egulations.

E:::onanic Itnpacts of the Prq;;csed Pegul.atio~.

St:ll:l1'rlarj • • • •

Requirerrents of the Prq:osed Pegu.1ations

EstiJn::ltion of the Extent of 'I':rafI.sfo:crer Oil eont3mination by FCBs

Costs of Ccrrplying with. the P:rq::osed

:Reg'tJ.laticns • • • • • • • e. • • • .' • •

SlJII'II'a.J::'i • • • • • •

6.4

6.. 5

6.6

7.3

6.a BAlLF!JAD r.ca:MJttVE ~FMEPS • • , • • • • • 26

6.1 Requirerrents of the Prof.:OSed Regulations • • •• 26

6.2 P:rese,.TJ.t Cwner.ship and Use • • • • • • • • '.. •• 27

6.3 TeclJnical Alter.natives for PCBs in

Rail.:r:oad TransfoJ:!!er.s • • • •. • • • • • • •

7. a OIL flU.ED PCWER RID ~CN 'TI?ANSFOPMEFS •

7.1

7.2

8. 0 MlNJ:NG MACi:INEFY . . . . . . . . Sl

~ts of the Pro!;:osed Regulations. • • • •

CWnershi.p and Use of FeB Mirllng Machinery •

, .CoII:pliance Costs ..'. •.. '. ••••

~ts of the ~ed-Psgulation.s••

Con'pliance Ccsts •••• • •

Sl

51

S4

59

60

60

61

62

· . .

· . .

· . .

. . .

. . .

· . . . .

· .

· .

. . . . . . . .

. . .

" . .

Surmary . < -.-'~ -- ". •

8.3

8.1

8.2

8.4

9·.~·

9•.2

9.3

9.0

iv
'T,.n.l3I.E'OF OJNTENTS, (cent I d.)

64

64

65

66

73 · .

· . . .

StlIII'l'ar.l • • • • . . . . · . .

~c SY'Sm£ •••••••••••••••

10 .1 Requi..~ts of the Prq:csed Regu1.aticns. •

10.2 Qme:rsftip and Use of Contaminated

Hydraulic Syste!'rS •

10.3 ~liance Costs ••

10.4

10.0

11.. 0 BEAT TPANSFER SYS'IDS . . . · · · 75

11.1 RequirenE..'1i:s of the Prq:osed Regulations. · · · · 75

11..2 Cwnersh.i.p and Use of Contaminated

Heat Trqnsfer Systans · · · · · · 7,6 ' ,. -

11.3 Canpliance Costs · · · · · · 76 ,.-- 11.4 S~ · • . · · · · · · · · 77

12.0 CCMPRESSOPS . · . . . · · · · 78

12.1 PequL"t::I!Ents of t.~ Prop::lSeC. P.egulatiCI"'.5. · · ii.~

· 78-'

12.2 ' O:m:pl.iance Costs .. . . · · · .. 78

12.3 SUIIITErY · . . . . · · · · ,7,9 .

_. -~

13.0 REX:J:.AIMED on. . . .'-so

13.1 Pa:;,uiren:ents of t.ie Prq:osed Regulations . '. •. 84

13.2 Sol..II:'CeS and A:rcounts of Cmtam:i.nated Waste Oil 84

13 .3 <:arpliance Costs • • • • e- • ,. " 86

13•4 St.:lIIIIla.:tY. • • '. • • • • • 91

14.0 FCBs AS -PFOtt.:'C1' C:O~'\1INAN'lS. '92

14.1 PequL'""e!IEIlts of the Proposed Regulations. 92

14.2 CoIrpliance Ccsts • • • • • • • 92

14 •3 Surr:trE.ry. . • • • • • • • • .. 95

v
T!mI.t .OF.c:r::N'l'D1!S CCorit' d. 1

Paqe·

---

CCnpliance Costs • • • • • • • • • •

Pcqui.remsnts of the Prq:osed Fegulaticns••••

~c." tor Pr:::dl.:Jc""...ion. and Sales. • • • • • • • •

a;p.ACI'IOR M2"..M~Cn,j·RING • • • • • • • 96

96

97

98

108

. . .

. . . . ..

. . . . .

~~ . . . . . . .

15.1

15.2

15.3

15.4

15.0

16. O. '!PJ111SFO.FME:R ~.crtm!NG • • • • • 109

16.1 Requi...""EII'eI1ts of the Pmp:;sed Pegulations. • • • 109

16.2 Industrj Structure, Prcdtrtion, and Sales 109 .

16.3 Substitutes for PCB T.ranstOJ::1IlarS~ • '•••••• ill

16.4 Relative Prices of Non-PCB T.ranstOr:rrE-'l'"S • • • • 116 - 16.5 canpJ..iance COsts • • • • • • 117

16. 6 Surr:ma.J:Y. • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • 118

17. 0 '!OTAL CCST AND Ea:NCMIC IMPACTS • • • • • • • •• 12a

17.1 Transitional Cost Irrpacts • • • • • • • • 120

17. 2 IDng Te.tm Cost Impacts • • • • • ',' • • • • • 1;23

17.3 Ernployrrent:r.mpacts • • • • • • 123

17•4 Other Ecar:oIILic IIrpact:s • .' • • • • • • • 124

APPENDIX A .- roxIe STJES'mN:ES CONTFOL :Per

-..,
LIST OF TABLES

Table Lb.

1.2-1 E.st.iIratas of C'urmliative PCBs 'PrcdUC'"~, Usage, ar.d Gross

Envi...-onrren:ta1 Distrib.ltian in t..~e UnitEd States Over t..1.e

, Pericd 1930-1975 i."l ~i] J ions of Pounds . . • . . . . • . .. 3

1.5-1

6.2-1

Effect of the ProPJse:l PCB Ban Regulations on Various

Uses ofPC::Bs . " . " .. . " " • . .

?ail.rcad PCB Transfo:r::r:e.rs

13

28

6.4-1

6.5-1

6.5-2

Cost of Precessing ?et..-ofille:i BaiL~ Transfcme.r Liquid

to Reduce the Concentration of PCBs . . . . . . . • . . .. ,32

1976 Cpe.-rating Losses of Pail.roads Using PCB T:r""-r.sfo:one...rs 34

Lal::cJr and overnead Costs of Retrofill and Precessing Prcgram

for Pa.ilrc<3d Trcinsfo.tmerS . . . . . . . . . " .. .. .. .. .. .. ss

• • • • • - '3'8

7.2-1

7.2-2

Numte.r of Liquid COOled Transfom:ers ManU£actlreC:: 1972

Annua.; Sales of ''I'r'''-nsfo:r:rrer' Oil in' the: U. S.

37

- .,

, -'

7 .3-1 Prel.irnina..-y Cost Esti..rrate for a Chemical ~'Jast2 L"'1c.:L."".e.!."ator

for Transfomer Oil Contaminated 'Hith I.o.:l. COncent...--ations"

of.E=<:Bs .. ,. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • .... 4- J

7.3-2 J..nnual OJ;:erating Costs for ContaIniI".at...od Oil 'Inc.ine.....-ator 44

7 . 3- 3 Testing and Di.sp:J.sal Costs far TransIOr:rer Oil 47

7.3-4 Testing and Di.sp:Jsal Costs for Transionrer Oil . 48

8.2-1 Prcd.uction Statistics & Present Use Status of PC3-ecoled

Mining Mac.t,ines • • • • • • • .,• • • . • • • • • • • • 52

8.3-1 Cost L-npact of For'"'--..od Ret.i.rere."1t of FC3 Continuous Miners 57

10.3-1 PreS€.."1t PCB Leve'1s' in Diecast::L.'1.'g Madline Hydraulic .

Sys t.e'r1S .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67

10.3-2 Ir.dust...-y EstiIrateS 'of. tb.e,Cost .of .orainit1gI-Fl1.lSt."ling-, ,and. ',.

Pefilling Die ca.sting..J.'13.ch.i..'1e Hydraulic Systems 68

10.3-3 Estim:ited Cost of I:econtaminated Hydraulic Systerrs 70

13 .0-1 New Oil Usage and waste Oil Availability for Pecycling

.in. 1975 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . _.. . . 81

15 . 2-1 FeB capacitor ?rcduction and Sales: 1972

vii

97
LIST OF TABLES, CCN'I'nJ1JED

Table No. "~

Pace"

15.2-2 FeB cap3citor Sales -by Year 98

15 •3-1 CUrre."ltly Available tbn-1=CB Pcwer Fac-...or COrrection I"'",.,..~,...{~,",.,.."" ~w •••• • e . 101

15.3-2 ~JanufacttJrers of PCB Industrial capacitors in 1976 102

15.3-3 Manufacturers of small Li.c:ruid Diele--_Liic AC capacitors 103

16.2-1 U.S. Transfomer Manufacturers rNhich Use:i PCBs Aft-or 1.970 liD

16.4-1 "Relative Transfonoor Prices .

17 .1-1 Transitianal Cost Impac---s ••.•...•

viii. :

• _ _ 0

. . .. . . .

".

116

121
. UST OF FIGOBES

Figure No. . Pace

-""-

7.3-1

13.0.-1

cecision Criteri.-.a for .~lyzing TransfOJ:Jrer Oil for

PCEs Eefore Disfosal • • • . . • . . • • . •

Distribution and Uti~tion of l'iaste Oil in the

United States During 1970-71 . . . . . . . .

ix

... 46

82

1.0 INTFCDUCTICN

1.1 Purocse :and Sccoe.

'!he pu.rpose of this study was to evaluate t.l1e economic irrpac+-...s

of the prq:osed tfFCS Ban Fegu1atior..s. It 'Ihese regulations were prepared

by the Office of Toxic Substances o~ the U. S. Envi..ronIrental Protec"'..icn

AgenC'.l with to"1£: technical :suppJrt of to"1£: Inte...-r-agency PCB Work Group. 'Ihese

regulati.cns ilr;J1.eJn:nt t.~e bars on vari-Ous PCB a.c+-..ivities whicb. 'tle.-""'e established by Congress in Section 6 Ce) of the 'Ibxi.c Substances Control Act -

Public Law 94-469 (see Ag:endix A) •

'!he economic casts rep:Jr-..ed herean are those di.iec-~y and· indirectly att:ributab.le to those changes in· future PCB activities which would

be caused by inplerreni:.a:ticn of t.l1e proposed dens. Frcm the ~~g

of Section 6 Cel, it is clear tr180t ti'..e intent of COnt=ess waS to ban tb.e·

manufacture of FCBs after J:ecerrf::er 31, .1.9 78, and to·~ tr.e dist....-ibution of . . .

.s:olychlori-nai:.-=d biphenyls ~) after June 30, 1979. Tha.""'efore, ti"..e long

teJ:m costs-of ming--substitutes fur~ 'W"iJ:l.·be--a-.ccnseqt:e..'1ce-cf t:ri:s ~...,. _ ..- .- --~. .

legislated Can on t.~ rranufacture of PCEs and rot a consequence of oi s- . .

cretionarJ regulatory actions taken' by the EnvironriEntal ~ction Agencj.

'!he effect of to~e autf'1..orizati.cns in sectacn 761. 31 of the pro- .

-------'pesed~ns will, in eac:.'1 case, be to reclt.;ce the eGGr.GmiG-i.lmH:..I<:a"",et:;;~---

which.. could have....resu.lted from the irnredi ate applica.ti on of the. bans....set... .

...._forth...in tbe-.act.-to..'pCB-eqnipmmt and a r H c 1es. . 'The cosns wbjch-5tl~-.e.s~.

__~.- - t:i.na~~ as .r~L1l~ ;t.a~-th~~~iza?-or:s~_et.~::.~en~'1tai co~t:s

_.bas:ed..an.-th.e-p~l.9.1J_~ and rotJ:ha..cbanges frr:rn J:b.e...b.igher. .c:sts- ._

whic:h would result in t.~ .absence of these authorizations. Hewever, the

assunpticns behind the analysis of the individually ide.'1tified irrpacts are

explicitly ic.entified, and the analysis should the evaluation of

alte.mative regulatory apprcaches,

-1-
'!his analysis of the prq:X:sed regulations ccr.sidered l:oth. the

direct costs of canplying wit.;.... tfI..e r;qui..rerrE."1ts and t.:....e indirect effects

of these requiren:e..TJ.ts on Pr".:.ce levels, capital needs , employrre.TJ.t, ene..'1'i3Y

c:onsuII;lticn, and tile a:va.i.lability.of strategic rrate..~als. '!he calculated

eccnomic in:pacts were the i.nc::en:entaJ. iJrpaets of tr.e prq:osed regulations"

on a base of 1376 practices as m:d; f; ed by the previously prcmulga~ PeE

effl1.:e."1t standarCs and the rrzr::::d.ng and disposal regulations.. "'!he costs

of these otb.er PCB regulations were considered Curing their developr:ent

and are not con.sidorecl, to be a result of these prcposedban regulations.

1.. 2" FCEsO'sage in the· O'nited States

PCBs have t:een used in t.~ United ~-States since 1929. Major' uses

of this chemical have included transfoJ:!!Er' cco1ing "1.iqu.ids; capacitor di.-

electric liquids;" heat transfer and hydraulic liquids; as a dye carrier

in carl:x:nless OOPY Pat:eri as a plasticizer in paints, adhesives and

cauDd.ng c:::npounds; and as a filler in i.nvestrrent· casting" "Wax. A prelio~

EPA cant:=actOr rep:lrt (1) est.irrE.ted the usage and "distr...budcn of PCBs to

be as shewn in Table. 1. 2-1.

(1) Versar Ir.c. PCBs in the United State.s: Irrlustrial Use ar:d 2nvircnm:ntal Distribution. Springfield, Va.: National TedmicaJ. InfOJ:::IIE.- "

tion Service (Nl'IS PB 252 402/3WP). FebJ:uaJ::"lj 1976.

-2-

- ..
l, Table 1.2-1

: Es~tes of Cumulative PCBs Product.ion, Usage, and 'Gross Environrrenta1

Distrihution in the United Stgtes Over the Period 1930-]975 in Milljoo;a of Pounds '

• I;

"

I " I' ,

I , l

"

j

•

I

..

, l

,- , , r

, . ,

, 'J

f I'stlm1to<1

, en....ercl ..l Collrerc1d ' lfilu"trhl I'Clls CUrrent} y l'CDs CUnently I"'CDs l\a IIM,I IIty , ProdoctJocl Sales rurdw5es of 1'CD In 5ervlru in f:)Wi.tui"""ll DestlOYO<1 of \'.lhle9 I ,

U.S. PC» P;<OOuctloo 1,400 i- S\

- ~O\

low1 u. s PC» IIIp:>rla 1 1 )01 , . U.S. reB no,~stlc US~ge 1,2S3 I 5'

• : - 20,

'1\)1.41 U,Sf rca I:Xpor~:! 150 t 20'

l'CB by Utl~ c.te<JO(y I'

fetroleltn 1I<1Jltlw 1 1 51)1

Ileill Transfec 20 t }O, '

111sc. J,;'.Jwstdal 21 15\ Calboi,IJu Copy 1'.. ;-.er H 1 5'

lIydl'aul\C6 Alii} J.uL !cants 00 t 10'

Ot.he r l'lpsLldzer f"es liS II 15\

Cailolc1t&a , lilO 450 t 20'

l"1"ansfo(lllcu ))5 lOa t 20' I ' - .-_.

Uses OU'~ U...n f:14dC41 . 8 t 60' " i- a4e.J " l'CD De<Jra _ oc Incl~e.-atC>.!1

, t:nvItOUt,ntall Y Oe9l-"'''-~) )0 1 70\

lHeiner t(.'>1 -, - 25 t 101 . . ..

Uul<lf His ~bOO 1'C139 :L~!'Il'>S' '.

cap. "'1 1"1""'".. 1", uCtiOCl,

hOiist,:! : 110 I 20'

('tlsolet, Ele. (;cJUiJ....'flt 8O t H\

Olhcr 1r,allCr, pi,,",.Uc, et.c.} I 100 1 401

} i t'rt.~ 1019 -In UWl f:)wlrurw,cnt

(SOH,1"ter. -oir.! f>ooiJl"'llt! , I~O t 10' , I

TotAl i

1

\ l,40l 1,40) 1,25) , 758 440 5S •

I. i ,

1

w

1
1.2.1 Prod~~of PCBs

'I11e :n:ajor TJ. SoO ITEnUfactu:rer of PCBs has been MJn.santo •

Since 1.972, ~to has limited sales' of PCBS to mmuiact:tlrers of transfOJ::IJ:I::rS and capacitors. M:msanto ceased rranu£act'..Ir':'ng PeEs in rnid-1977,

and SA.tUf1?€d the last remi.ni.ng inventozy by October 31, 1977. A previous

EPA spcnsored si:l.:lC:y (11 indicated ~i.at af:ou1: 'one millicn pcunds of FCEs

were also rnanuiactu..."""ed Ely a small chemical c:::::Il'paI1Y from 1972 tfu:ot..'gh 1974

for use as a heat transfer liquid..

FCEs may also te made as unintEntional by-p:rcdt.J.c+'...s of

other ch.enical precesses. For ws-...ance, the mmuiacture -of the d:ty pigment phthalccyan.ine blue by reaction of precursors dis~lve:l in- trichlorobenzene may result in tile, fomation of Pc.Es frornreacticns inv"Olv:L.'1.g the • • - + ....

tri.ch.lorotenze."1e. 'I'f1..ese PCQs. rra.y contaminate the pigItEI'lt at PCB concen- - ~.

trations from parts pez rnilli.on to as rrnrilas 0.1 pezcenti, Prcdtlction of

cUaIY'lid.e yellcw- pigrr:ents also remlts in t.f-J.e fo:z:mation of dichJ.orcbiFhonyl

due to a side ro-ac+---ion involving the pigrre.'1t precursor diSflloroI:enz~di.'1.eoO,

'llri.s resu.lts in PCB c:oncent.-..-ations in the yellcw pigrre."1.t of up to several

hundred parts r;:er rnillion. Chlor.iriation of, water' ~.ic.~ ccntains appreciable

concentrations of biphenyl (which is used as a dye carrier in ey-;...ng 801yesi:er f.i1:ers and which is a counon 1=O1lutant of 'Hater discharged L""a!l dying

plants) can result in t."l.e uninten.tional fOI1!'aticn of fC3s to a ooncentration of several parts per million. No natural (non-industrial) sources of

FCSs have. ceen ice.nti.£ied.

(1) Versar Inc. Usase of PCBs in Cpen and Semi-CJ.csed Systerrs and

the Pesulting r.csses of PCBs to the ~....ronrrent.. EPA 560/6-ii009 (unpublished Draft .Re;;ort) Septeni:€r 1, 1976.

-4-

---_._--- ._- -_._,-_._-- _.. _._,._---~---- --
1.2 •2 In;:or"---s of PCEs '

PeEs have been i.rt;:ort..e.o. for t..J.Se in invesi:::ro::.."'lt castL'1g

wax, for rraintenance of c~--ain mining rnadri.."'lE:-"Y, and as the ocolant in

elec-__zi.cal, transfonn::rs.' (1I

re<:acb 1orcbipheny'l r..ro.,s i.:rq;orted fran Italy for several

yea.:rs for use as a fi 'ler in inves-t::rent ca.s----.ing wax; t.ili use was ended i.'1

rnid-1976. (1) S~le-~ rranufaet1:lJ:'=>-rs of i.mrestrrent casting wax are presentily

using iJIFortEd t:elycfil.orinatorl terpfJ..enyIs (FCIS)' in tfI...eir produces, 'Ire

O. S. disti.::::fjutor of FCI's has given assurances tflat FCEs are present; only

at c:l..'1cen:tratiQI"ls ce.lcw 0:005 pe...""'Cent, (21 m.."'t zo data are a:vai.lable on t-;"e

ac+"'.....Ja1 c:::ncent:::ation of PCEs found in tfiese. PeTs.

Over 700, ooa pounds- of FC8s have Ceo-Il in:pJrted 5.L'1C8 1972

to rnairrcain ce..~'1 ~g TIE.chines wfiiC1.. use:, PCBs as a rrotor ccol.errc, ~31

No additicnal pc:a.s will l:e irrported for t.1lls use as e:-'<isting u.S. i.'1ven- .' - torie:sare re;::orted to I::e sufficient to rreet mairrcenence rEqUi..re:re..'1ts for

and capacitors.

present.

PCBs have also teen irrported as o:::mp:JneI1ts· of transf01::r.e_rS

'!his source of PeEs aces net seem to be sigr...i.£icant at

---~-------t-;-2-;:3-ayd:rat1ttc-s:rst:efu,Heat 'I'rai'i.sxer

System, and Ccrrpressor Use

PCBs ha~' rot been cerrnercially a\7ailable for open syscern

uses since 1974. Leakage of=-~~hydrau1.ic fluid was replaced by PCBs taken .. ._

~-_.A ain--tena.iniIlg-n:arnte.~ar:ce~supplies and ~.a.ft:er t.~e ·ftl€.t=e 'a~~;'~d,- -bY'0 .-

(3)

(1)

(2)

Versar L'1c. P..ssessrr:e...'1t of the EnvL"l'"'Q!'lII'Ental and Eocnanic Lrroacts of

",' .,_.~_~,.. t..."'leEan on~~~~-o:6=Fe3s,~"''''EPA'''"'566-f§ii1?:;:;jb1';'"crtay, -:1§7T~ -.'-Z._L ,

Pe-'l'"SOI1al ccrrrrn.mication, Mr. L. M. Argueso (M. .~eso and CO.,

Mamaroneck, N.Y.), August 30, 1977.

Versar Inc. Assessrrent of t."le Env'''':'-'rcnrr:ental and Ecor:ornic L'TOaets of

t1:e Ban. on :nn;:or--.s of FCBs. EP.!I. 560/6-77=507, JUly, 1977, s:P 9, 10.

-5-
· ..

car:patible non-?CB fluids... As a re5u1.t,- t..:....e PCBs in se-rvice L"1 t..t:e5e rr.achines in tf1.e early 1.970' s have been diluted. Infomaticn obtained dur:-i......"1g

the course of t.i.is sttrly through a phone suzvey of users of ti".ese systen'S

indicates that t."le fluid presently LTl the nachines may contain from 60

to 50 p=rcent FCSs, Cep;."ldi.."1g en t..'1e am::ront of leakage and raplac.:e!IEI1t over

the past five. years.

When M.:msanto discontim:ed the rcanufac;tl..J:re of PCB based

heat t=ansfer , iquid in 1972, t:heyrec::::mrended .that existing systems l:e

drained and flushed and the liquid replaced wi t.."l a nan-PCB liquid. A number of sysi:ers were rraintained throush 1974 with FeEs manufactarred .by a .

small c.:r..emical a::::n:pany 1 but 00 PCB f'I..eat transfer fluids were rranufactured

or.in:ported after 1974, and it is believed t..~t all systems have been

drained and c:onver'"--ed to nan-PCB fluid. 'Ihe effec-...iver.ess of the Wt.ial

flushing prccedure is kn::wn for only one system whicipNaS flushed in 1972

and presently is using a fluid which. is contami.nat-od by p9-1'"CSlt

PeEs.

PC:8s we.-re used as a M:l:r::k.ing fluid in a nurrbe.r of t'u:t:bi.."1e

CCItpre5Sors on natural gas pi;;elineS in t."le early i970 'so Alt..~ugh ehe .

PCB oil has since Ce:=>-I1 drained and the ttD:bines flushed and refilled,

residual- PCBs---a;re ·pro...senrttrcr~tionof up to several thousan~~------

p=..r million in the oil.

;>..nother use of PCBs 'N'aS as a rn.ir.or adelltive to cer+---:cin

autcrrobile tr.an.srnission fluids to cause c:m.t....-oUed swe.l.ling of r..±:l::er

seals. Alt..ftough. this use stepped in the early 1970' s , 'NaSte lubricating

oils [-I.a~ been ~rted to. contain FCBs in ccnoa."lt-"""atiQI"l..s of par-...s per

million. '1':l::'aI'..srnissicn fluid fran older autcm::biles. ITErf ce the source of bis

-6-
unirrcentdcnaf ccnt3mination of wasts oil, but ro in£onnation is -available_

an the extent-of PC3s in t::::a.nsm:i.ssicn fluids.

Contaminat-:::>d oils have zot; teen segregated fran the flew

of oil collect-od for ree' arration. -As a result, rnu:.'1 of the oil prasentily

handled by the waste oil oollectors, prccessors, and re-re.fine-rs appea...""S

to f:e contaminatEd witil leM" le:vels of FCE.s.

}bst- large. elect:ical ~_..nsfczrezs are designed to cpe......-ate

'rit.'1. the Cllr.:'e.~t-can:ying coils irrm=:rsed L'1 a dielect...""ic I..ic;:ui.d. This

liquid provides elect:tical i..'1SUlaticn eetwee.."1 the '.vindings by filling i.Jl

any pinholes i.."1 tile enarre.l, or pa;,:er insulation. '!he li.qui.d alsc pe.r:fOI::rrS

as a heat; transie= m:dia &.r al:sooing r.eat f:rc:rn t..n.e coils and conducting

i.t to the outer shell 9r heat transfer surfac;esby natural or forced cen- _.

veeti.cn. (obst li.cuid-filled transiomers are ccoled with rrrir.ev....l oil. 'fui..s - .. -"

oil can present a significant fire hazard L~ tl-..e event cf a sr..ort c:i=c'..ut

withi.n the transfonrer. 'lhE:r"-!ore., oil-filled t:I:'ansfo.J::IrE.rs are rot all~d

to I:e used in hazardous lccaticr.s 5UC."J. as buildi.."1g5 e..~t_ when instal1edL'1-

a firs resist3nt ccncrata vzul,t.

_In t.'e past, rrcst t:...--an.sfo:t:ree...""S used in hazardous locations

_____have been. fill~~_non-flamrable c:olant liqui.ds ~.:~~:1i"·1g Pc:3?_.A~__<i__· ._. _

------·rrajoz:: CCIllfOIlerrt. ~e ECB c.1..dhBfo.t:!Il2:.!:' 1.:Lqw.cs are :<:r::om bY tlie SE-"1e..n.C

-~-l'askar--P~ve been :L.1. o:n:uton use si:rlc~;:r-tire-l:9""3o-'-s-in h:a:zarCo"'"""'cs"....--·----~

.- t::::'afis fomer----a;:plicat.±ons-;---M-i±.ot.lsh .t:hE:: Pe;B- f±:lied--t::::2nsfoJ::rers -h.aVEr~0:)5t-··- ..

_~ 20..B.~....ot)i:r.::l~J:ban __oi.L fj 11eo.. 1mits, _the¥ baJre-.fcund-..r..riC.e-USe~~e.~e..--..,...-

..-- -- -non-flanmab1e· a.~:rore-re.l±ab±e-than---o±l-fti:1ed··t:ransfonle:rs·.-.----_·- ..-...... - .

facr..rrl-ng !?C3 transfo:z::I!'ErS- -cy·tl-.e end of 1977. - ''n1ere are r;;resently {n USe

approxirrately 140 ,000 PCB t::::cnsfol::!'O:rS t,<;frich ccrrcain an a-verage of 300

galJ.cn.s of liqui.d (2,150 .1b PCB). 'If'..e ave..rage service life of these

-j-
pezfozrred, . ..

'!he elect::ical pr::perti:=s of askarel are signi£icantly

degraded by t..f;.e presence of rroisture. 'If'..e:t:rral' cycling of the' t=ansfo:t:n'er

duri.ng normal, use can d...-aw ai...r:' L11i:o t.fie t::::'ar'.smI::rer t..tu:cugh minor leaks L?'J.

busfUn.gs, and tf~ askare.l •..n.u aDsorb rroistura f:rom this air. It is routine

practice to c.~ the elect::ri.ca:l pi:cperties of the askarel pe.....-icdically at

intervals from 1 to 5 years depending on ameie.'1t air rroistt1.re. I£ nDist'l..Ir8

is detect:Ed., i:f'.e askazal, is dzai.ned and f;] tored (to rerr:ove the rroist..:rel ,

and tf'.e busfli.ngs are repaired. 'If'l.i.s mairrcenance, usually p:rfo:z:::rrcd in t.~e

field, is necessary to assure ccnti.n1..:ed safe q;:eratim of, th,e t--ransfonrer

as severe d.egr"'-.Caticn 'of tbe. asRarel can cause rrajor arci."1g witb.i.ri _t.~,

t:l::ansfo~ • -,

S.i.milar rraintenance has been routi.."1ely perfoJ:!!'ed en t.l1e

s<::Vera1 million oil-filled trar..sfo:r:rrers. 'Ite oil iri"many of t1-J.ese uni,ts

IIE.Y be a::mtamined with PC3s to a c:oncentraticn of several hundred f2,rtS

p:r million due to past use of the sane equiprent to service l:oth oil-filled

and askare1 trans:;o:t:rrerS. It is also FCSsible that PCB ccn:tarrri-naticii of tr.e

oil may have occuzred in the TIEnUfacturingprccess where plants'rrade roth

oil-fiJ.led and ask.are1 tzansfcrrrers, Disp:saJ. of ·t--rans£ome.r oil has been

through. ccmrr:ercial waste 0;] rel.l] ers.,.-Wb.ic..l-:l.-has-apparentlY-·d.further -increa.secl

levels of FCB contamination of reprocessed and zecl.airred oils.

1.2.5 Elect=emagnets

-"N_=__.,··several- ~-e!:ect::OIagr..ets-"bave-i:::eerr manufac t..med-w±t:r'..

.PCB oil as a ccolant. 'Ihese magnets are used as rragnetic separators over

coal corrw!~iOr Celts. The· magr..ets are similar in const='l:C""'--ion .zc, tra.ns~

fOJ:J"rerS. Tr..e......-e is ro present; use of PCBs by t...1ll.s. i.r.Cust..ry for either'

rranufac-<--lring or rnaizrcenanca,

-8-
L 2 • 6 Capacitors

:w

PCBs have teen used as the liquid dielec+'...r.ic in a.1..ro::lst all

AC (alte.t:r.ating a.u:...errc) capacitors trade L'1 tne. United States sance the mid1930' s , PC3s are une..~) Jed in their prc:perti.es of chemical stability,

fire resistance, and high diele-Lic strengt.~. Alti:ough no other die1ectr.ic liquids equivalent in p:rfoI:l'I'.2.Ilce to FC3S have Ce.e..11 c.evelq:ed, ot."ler

J.i.qui.ds are C€in.g used S'1.1C02Ssfully in capacitors wfii.ch per:::orm the sane

func--i.crl as PCB ca:pacitors. All of the manuractnrrezs of. la1:\;:e p::wer factor

capacitors ·have switched to non-PCB substitL.'tes. M:Jst of tr.:e manufaceirrers

of small capacitors have either stepp:d using fCEs or enrcunced t.;"e;'" i.ntention to switc.."l to ot.~ l.iqui.ds early in 1978.

1.3· PCB Re.st::'ic-...i.c:ns in t.;".e Toxic Substa'1ces C-.rntrol Act

Prior to the enactIren.t of the Toxic sucstances COntrol F..ct, the

only authority' of tile EPA wit.l). resp€ct to PC3s de:alt -..ri.th discha....--ge of ccntzrninated wat o .,... frcm indust::ial po.irrc sources, en Febn:ary 2, 1977, t..l:.e

EPA pronulgated regulatiof'ls undez Sec-J.oo 307 (a) of the?ede-~ Wat2rPolltrdcn COntrol Act wnich banned the d.i=ect dis~.ax':le of 'Hat"".,... corrtzmi,«

nator1 '..ri.t.~ PC3s by eled::i.cal t:-"'CIlsfo:z::::rer and capacitor rranufactnrrezs after

Fe.bruarj 1, 1978. (1)

'U'e enactrrerrc of the Toxic Substances COnt::cl Act (in Cctol::er,

1976} pl.aced additional requi.rerrents on tr.e use of PCBs and required tf'..at

certain ac---ions CeHtaken.by ±he EEA..__Secti on 5,(e-).·CU. o£..ti'..e..Act required ..

that the EPA: prorrclgate'U'.ar:dIJl:;r ~a:l-~tcns:-fur:~~-_..·""_A....'

regulaticns were. pramI1gated··o~ February-J:-r,1918. (2, ..,'U1e regu1·ations re- _.. - -.

quire. that speci.al, wa:ori;ig 1ate) s :ce appl.ied-.b.EC3-e;uip:rent,.....c.ontai.r~--- .._-_.__.

n: EPA "Final C€cisicrllt Feea.-ral Register, Feb. 2, 1977, 99. 6331-6555.

(2) EPA, l'Polychlorinated BiI;heny1.s (FeES): Dis;:osal and Ma.1:king ,It

FeC.eral Pegister, February 17, 1978, pp. 7149-7164.

-9-
ar.d storage ar=s. T.l:'..e re;ula+';or.s also 'recuire t..~t d.i.s'pJsal of PC:S

liquiCs, r::'aterials and eq:ui.prent bj by approve:i met."'.cCs .(gene-T"3.llY high

~ra-r're in:.ine--ration....or chemica1' ;...as""."a lar..d.fill) and esnacl ; sh approval, .

criteria for the d.ispJsal facilities.

'!he Tcxic SLli::stana:s centrol ll.ct also esi-?bli..shed coJtoff cates

for cer-~ FC8 activities as foJ..l.o'.vs:

January 1, 1978: All !l'EIlufact'..1:ri..11.g, precessingI distributic:n

and use must :ce in a totally enclosed rrannez,

January 1, 1979: No fu:rtf1er mmufactur':''1g or irrForting of

PCBs allewed.

July 1, 1979: No further processizlg or distr...bution In canmerce of P<:::3s allcwed.

'It'..e pzopcsed PCB Ban Fsgulatior.s Lrrplerrent these l-e::ruiie:n:nts

of the Act and also authczi.ze the ccntinuaticn of si:ectiic activities

wheze t.~ EPA has deteJ::mined that such activities will rot present an

unreasonable r'..:..sk of injm::y to health or t.11e envi.rormEnt.

1. 4 Surrrr.ary of P:rq:osed Ban Regu.latior.s

'!he continued tmnufacturing, processingI distri....bt..-t.ion in ccmrezce I

and use of PCBs has teen regulated by Congress. Section 6 (e) of tbe Tox;ic.

Substana:s COntrol Act: (?..Jblic L. 94-469, 90 STAT 2025), establishe:i

various ro..strictions on FCB activities and the dates on which these restrictior.s l::€o::rr:e effective. EPA is required by Section 6 (e) to es+-~blish

by rule sevezal, technical .findings regarding PCB ac'"--ivities• 'Ihese findings must establish:

(1) 'Ir..e 1eve.l of e.."'<:pJsure of hurran beings and t..J:e envi.._..·.·cnn:e!'lt to PCBs that rray be considered ir..significant

[S€cticn 6 (e) C2} ee, ]. 'If'...is level of exposure is the

basis for j1.rlging whether any activity or' use is in

"a totally erxilosed rranner."

. -10-
(2} M1.ei:f'..er ce..rtain uses preserrc an urrraascnabfe r'~ to

health. or the envi..rcnrre.'r'lt. 'This. criterion is to be

used as the basis for al.."t.::,.orizations of -activities

that are.-'.'1Ot concuc+':....ed L'1- a totally encl.esed nanner,

and in eval.uatrinq E=etitions for one year e:erpticns

from t.."J.e rrandatied Oa:ns on tfie manufacturi."1g, proa:ssing,

and dJ'5 L.d.butien in c::mre..rce of FC3s. (Sectien· 6 (e)

C3I (BI] •

(31 'Those ac---.ivities which, although not conducted in a

totally enclosed TIEI".I'.£:r, neve.......-e-eless will rjJt present an unreascnebl,e ri-Sk of injury to health or the

envi.ronIrent. (Section 6 (ej (2J (B} ] •

The prcpcsed ''PC3 Ban Regu.lati~.s" state these' findi.TJ.gs, Inccr--

?Jrate the mandatory re:rui--::.m:mts establ.isi1ed by Congro-ss, and would grant

authorizations .for conti..TJ.uaticn of cartain acti~Jities based on t.l:e fi."1di.'1gs •.

'Ihese regulations vexe prepared by the EPA Office of Toxic Substances in , ' '

o:operaticn with t."J.e IIlta."'d.ge.'r'lCY FeB 1fk):r:f<. Group. 'The basis for t.~ prcposed

regulations is t.~ finding tb.at there is no identifiable level of PCB release to tl"'d: errvirorun:nt that can be cons.idared insigrJ.ficant. 'Ihe.re.fore ,

only totally encl.osed ac-....ivitie.ssuch as ccntdrroed usage of existing tr"J.sfoJ::I!'e.."l'"S and capacii::::lrs-.'.!li 11 :reet j-hp= c:i t""r1"'- re:;nj red- '-aft°"'" recente.,... 31,

1977.

'Ihe Toxic Substances Ccnt..""Ul Act grants t,.1;.e EPA at...tl-:ority t:J

pezmi.t; othez' PCB ac-...ivities after t.~ end of 1977 if the ac'"'--ivities co r.et

1 .

this aut.~rity, t.~ EPA int.1;.e proposed Can regulations WOlld t trie

follcwing FC3 ac---ivities in other than a totally enclose:l manner.

(a) COntinue:l mizoz mai.rrcenance of PCB transfoJ::!l"erS to

- -~_. ~.-:-~' ~-'!l1in.irnize·'t::!"'..:e-::e::on:::utic 1D!t:a~~t,.;: I'o:tt'"_:-~---~,--···r~'.~

pra:ratJre -retirerent ard-Lack of replacar.ent un;ts.

_Conti nne: 'u.se..and.zschedul Ed ;;;base....out of .use.....cf._EC3...._ , .

ra.ilrccd lcc:::m:::ltive PCW'er tzanszccroezs.

.-11-
. "

(c} Ccntinu;d use end scaeduked phase-out; of use of PCSfilled notcrs used. on co-r'"'-'3i..1'J. mining equi.pn:e..T'lt. .

Cdl Contint:ed" use of ce..rt:ain ""hydraulic systierra CJIltarninated with FCEs if efforts are pe.ricC.ically made to

dea:Intaminate the sys-u=ms.

eel USe of waste oils CC'ltaminat-od with PCBs t:elcw a concentration of 50 ppn, e.~ as a sealant, coating

or dl.:tst c:mtrol agent. This could ban t.l-J.e use of

oil contaminated with CIN rreasurahle arrount of PCB

for oiling roads or as a- pes""...iclde carrier. .

1..5· Effects of the Prcp:Jsed Re;uLa:ticns by PCB Use

'!he eccnonri.c i.nP.acts resulting fran the proposed regulations wa-e

deteI!n.ir.ed by evaluating rth~ ef£ects of the regulaticns on" eacrr identifiable J ,,"

PCB use. The re;:ort of t:.r:e: ~ysis also addresses' each- use L"1 a separate

dlapter, and tr.e fOJ:!IE.t of 'd1£i';''e;:ort, tf1.er:::>-fore, cCes not parallel. tr.e . .. , '.:. -

fo:z:mat of the regulation. A guide to the discussion _9f the v.arious sec-~cr...s

of the proposed regulations is presen:ted in Table L 5-1. 'frI.e various cost

and ecc::n:mri.c inpacts are ~zed in Olapter 17.

. -12-
"

I'

i1

x xxxxxx

I -tr--------,-,-------'--1 I ' , x xx xx 1 rf'I, 'I' 0 0 Q) ~f?~~~-(j I ~t~ ~E~ ~J E~ E ~~~a!~ i ~'g~UJ~ f~!I' ~u~l!i~j[[~i IH~iQ~ :'U~ ~. [5'S i ~r [!i.... ~Q!}~ s:B B"<: III 9 t:E n ~i~~ Ill!~ CllrA~~ ~~ fjl g jil .~ U\l!"~ ~. ,~' ~. . r- l- i i.,l'.ijt.'i~ ~4 g~! 0g 0i:\ ! [ \I h [~~ .' f·

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,

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1xx x'ixx

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rl

iii o

HI

g:

Cll

G ill 11-3 {J) P, [} m~, !D

.

o bJ'

i ,~

,g. g9

1-1· g

I

10. Hydraulic SySt.em3

12. CcxIPresSOrs

14. thinrentiona! Product Ccn tiIlninancs

11. lIeat Transfer

System~

13. fuclained Oil

~&

~fi

i~[{

3. Ban en copacltor

dilltrlbutien in

CX:lTlllerce

4. Users of Askarel

Transto r:rneUJ

5. Transl;oorer.Service Ccxlpdnie:i

6. Rai Lroad I..ocx:m:Jt.ive 'l"ransfOmeL'li

I

7. ~il F{lled ~ranarorneca

6. Mining Machines

9. Elect.ranagr.=

xx

x

x

xxx

xxx

x

x

xx

x x. x x

x

xx

x __

xx x"

f

f,x

"t

r."!

I': 11

jx1xI

I

I-' WI

t

rf

-r

15. Capacitor Manufacturing

16. 'lransfonrer HdnufdGt:ui:~g

;,1.
'.

2. a ~lE'mOCOI..CGY FOR ECCNCMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TEE PFOrosED "FC;B. .BAN

REG.J'IATIONS"

2. 1 Ge..'1e..-ral APordach ==

Tl"..e apprcach used in developing the econanic impact ?I'.alysis of

t.lJ:e proposed "FCS Ban .Regulations" is sun:xrarized tela,.;:

(1) Each .indu..s'-w:y significantly af"fecte::l by t."le draft regulations is

considered separately.' The ar.alyticaJ. methcdo1cq{ used is t."le

sarre for each indust:ry, and the results are prese.'1.ted in a fo:onat

pennitting aggregation.

(2) Analysis is l..irni.ted to. impac'-l-S e.~..ed to result :f:r-'..m the

proposed ban regulations. The impacts are t."le L"lc:rernental cP.anges. '

fran a base conditiOI'l assured to be the indust::;Y practices in 1.975

as m::dified by tr...e FCS efflue.'1.t standards, arrl t."le P:B Di.st=:Qsal ar.d

:. Marki.'1.g regulations.

........

(3) Increased.i..rJdu.s"'w:y costs due to the use of substitutes for PC3s

ar:d t..'1e result.ir:g prcduct developrent costs or t.he costs of discontinuing certain prcducts are t.he casd.s of cr.e. ca1.cuJ.ation of "

cost ·impacts. Tr..e resulting price ar:d prcduct; qualitY. effects are.

used to calculate expec+-....ed chances in demand and market shifts

arrong o:::IIlP=ting prcduct.s. The.impact of tbese market effec-...s on

i.ndivi...dual ir..dus'-..ries is used to calculate enployrre..'1.t chanqes,

(4) Each ir.dust...ry is regarded as a link in an inp..lt-output cnaan or

web. Thus, chances in outt;:ut affect cust.em=r ir.d.ustries and,

lcgically,-:-'CtlS'"'...ar.e.rs"'" eLlS t:aTeL S• .'l.!rrrDst;'""t::a:.SeSf the' -s::oI"..an:i.c '- -.

ar.alysis is extended only to t.'1e first tier C'U.Starers,· and secondary i.mpac+-...s ,Neia-asSUIred.-.to-.l:e. negligible ..

-14-
(5) The chain effec-...s are also traced backward at least one s-...age to

suppliers; price, quality and delive...ry ef£ec+...s are ccnsadezed as- ........

de:teDni.nants .Qf. quantity:deranded.

(6) At each szaqe (supplier, direc-....ly i.Irlt;acted prcducez , custarer),

impa.c+"...s on the various fa~...crs of prcductricn w-ere considered.

Physical factors of pJ:cduction at each stage include lal::or,

rraterials , equi.prerrt, fao-.-ary space and land. There may also be

impa.c+"...s on fixe:i and '...cr5dng capital requirsr.e.'1ts end capital

markets, incltrii..'1g re."'1t.al-or leasing azranqerentis ,

(7) Significant exte-""Ila1..ities are considered in the analysis.

(8) The analysis considers only t.."1e costs irc.Jrred by the regulations.

No estimates are made of the l:enefits to health or the envircnrr.ent

acai.eved by baIming the use of FCBs. -,

(9) oist.i.'1ction is made ret"~'1 tzana;tional and lcng term effec---s.

T.ransiticnal effects Inc.lude -the costs of ~renat'.Jre cbsokescence

of prcduction facilities and equi;:.rr.ent,. retooli11.g, research and

deve±eprent-; -and LelifOlatj Ul...BUployt.EllCcacr.sal by ~tillket: ;:,.,.'11fts:

Lor.g t-e....r:n effec-...s include Increased prices and chances in aggregate market de:na.r..d.

---------------_.._---------------

Variable

pr;i.ce of cutput

. q;iantity-proouced -

laJ:or employed

Tran.sitional Irrlpact

-15-

Long Term L~ct
Secondary eccncnuc effec-o-S whic.:" are d.iscussed '..mere relevant Inc.lude

wages paid, rrat=rials used; pzcduct; redesign, netl .L"lVestment, space requirerrerrcs, servicing COs'"'o-S ,_...prcduct reliability, fire saf.ety, and' analr<-.icaJ.' ' . testir..g costs.

2.2 ce£.inition of Ecor..anic L"l'lOaCt ,

Impact is defined as the chances resulting fran ti'.e irnp1erentation

of the regulation. Calculation of the impact, requires that the i:ase condition .l:e care:fully defined to exclude the effects of the prcposed regulation b..lt to include the: e£f=Ct:s of szardard industry praC"'"....ices and ot.'1.er

relevant regulations ar.d law-s. In the present case, t.J,e base pericd used to

de:fi.l1e industry prac+-...ices is assured to be 1975. T.l"1us, the e£fec-o-S of tf'I..e

vo.Lurrtazy ban on open systen uses of fCBs that was taken by M::Jn.Santo iri 197i

is fully reflected in the base cood.ition, but other- actiens taken' by ,

in::lust..ry in anticipatior;l of the requirerents ~f t.l1e Toxic Substances.Control

Act do not affect t.."lis base condition. Tr..e :impact analYSis then distinguishes the .impacns of the proFOsed l::an regulations fran t.'1e effects of t.~

feB Effluent Discharge Regulations,' the PCB DisFOsal and Marking Regulations,

ar.d the l::an provisions of the Act rNhich caused M::Jnsanto to ceaseFeB .'

prcduction in 1977.

Versar used major data resources to establish the l:::ase

cercitier..:

(1) Test.im::my at the public hearings in washington (July 15, 1977)

and in Qlicago (July 19, 1977); and

(2), Inter'l.ne'NS_w:l.thaftort'e;1 p3r:ti es+_corrlucted m:::Js:.l;t.by_.tel~b.or..e-,-c-"_--­

with info:t:rrationccntactsestablished by Versar during: pr~lious

FCBs sttrly tasks

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3. 0 IMPACIS OF Bll.NS CNTRE DISTRI:2U""TION OF ?:3 C.~.P.~I'I'ORS

AND E:C.UIPMENl'

The proposed Can :r:~t.ions !MJU.ld require t..h..at PCB capacitors not;' be

installed in l"1..&1l1y rranufactaized prc:ducts af+e"-' ce:C!I1i:er 31, 1978, and t..L:at

nell equi;:rre.'1t o:mtai.ning FeB capacitors not be dist::frute:l in ~erce after

June 30, 1979. The ban on rnanufaet'.Jring apply not only to the i..TlStallation of a capacitor in a piece of electrical apparatrus, but also to t..':.e

installaticn of any t?:B Equipnent I. in a larg~ assenbly. For instance, t..'1e

cecsnl:er 31 ban 'MJU1d apply to the assanbly of a FeB capacitor into a

lighting b3 11a st, the assenbly of a FeB ba]] ast into a lighting f.ixt:'..1re, and

to the asse:nbly of a PC8 lighting fixture into a sutway car. 811i]d r:gs containing FCB capacitors, r.DM:Ver, are spe=ifically define:l as not 1::e.i.ng 'PCB

Equi.;ment I. The ban on distribution of newly manufactured gcx:ds' iri ccnmerce

v.auld also apply to all of the varieties of '?:B Eqiripre."lt' .

3.1 Effect of the Ban Regulations

fbst manufacturers of de capacitors switche::i to substitutes for t.."J.e

FeB dielectric liquids by early 197.8. No I?CB capacitors are expecced to ce

manufactured after August, 1978, r,.;ben Aerovox Cor;;oration expectis to exhaust;

its Irrverrccry of I?CB liquids. iYE.nu£acturers who use FCB <:aFacitors as canpcnentis of 'FCB Equipne."1t' ",:ill ge.'1erally be able to use up t..l-Jei.r invem:ories

of FeB capacitors by the end of the year, and little invenmry loss is

-.---- exp=cte:j. .--..----------"

The greatest impact of this of the ban regulations may C€

_cn.zeeai.L i nventori es of app] j ancos SllCh...as air mnd j t j oners and t Q] ev~ s; on

'-~'---=O<~:' sets; _~ tln:its rnam:tfaet:J::t:r:er±"t:e:foz:~1::e::elll:er::::.'"3±7""'".1:S78:.!ri Lit'· FCB. caf?:!Ci'~ms.;t:: , "".."'...........

not" all l:e~ sold to the-uitilllate use by" Jane 3o--,~9_wrr.errt~er·----"-

Idist=ib.l.tion.in" c:emrerG~",M:lUld.,'ce. h cm p e4 ......./Dha.pract; caJ effeet. of,..tb.is."ban...._- _

is not exp=c+'-2d to be great s"ince such appliances '...auld not be lateled as

PCB equipnent (since t.'1.e ] ab:1 j ng requirement dces rot l:€care effec-...ive until

January 1, 19791, and the appliances '...culd be widely distributed. Ln retailerI s

-17-
inven.",r;ries. The limited numi:er of FCE items stilJ.. In inventory could I"'.ot -

easily .'be ide."'lti£ie1, ar.d the, prac:tical diffieJ.1v.! of enforcerent. W'OUld . . .

limit t..~ real. :impact of the regulap,on. Should any special sit'..laticn.s:.,.· ~- . - result in large rmmters of rel'l l?CS appliances in 'Nbolesaler I s or retailerI s

inve.'1.tories on June 30, 1979, the O'WnerS of t.."le units cculd apply to the EP.l\

for a ta:n;;:orary exemption fIcm t.~e provision of t."1e ban regulations similar

to t..1;.at which. is dLc::cussed in the preamble to the proposed regulation for the

contL'1ued use of FeE capacitors in J;..~ repair of electrical equipr.ent.

3. 2 Sunzrary

T.he only Impactis of the proposed bans on I distribution in c:mnerce I

may be t.1:e cbsctescence of certain retailer inve.Tltories of ?:B appliances.

Options available to such :i.rn;:acted parties include the repiacsrer;.t of FC3

capacitors with l"'.on-FCB units, or the application to the..EPA for an exception to t.lj,e Can regulation. Total costs' are un.J..ikely to exceed a tf?1'l hur..dre1

dollars p:.r affected establishment, and would :'lL~y total less than-one

million dollars. The prac-..ical difficulty iIi en£orcJ..:ng this of the

regulation 'Nill probably result in real impacts cbnsiCerably lower than these

est..irra.ted aIrOUIlts.

-18-
4. a IMPACTS ON USERS OF· A.SZA.~ TRANSFORMERS

Versar es-..J.mates t..1at' t..~ are al:out 140,000 askare.l, tzansfozrezs in·

. ~. .'

use. l\J:::c;ut 1,000 of these are l:ei.ng used on r~ lccan:rtives and ccmrout""... cars; the i.Inp3.ct of t..'1e draft regulat-icns on these rai.Ircad loo:m:rtives

is discussed In detail in C.l'1apter 6. Of the rsna.in.i.ng units, rrost are Fad

nx:mnted distribution and r:cwer t..--ansfDJ::!rJ2rs located in b J i Jdf ngs and elec-.=ic

ge.'1eratL'1g stations, '.rith a substantial num1:er at askare.l preci;?itatcr trans.,.. . . facners l:ei.ng rrount:ed en stacks.' The distribition of ownershi.;? of t..~ese

transfa:z::rr.ers is simnarazed in Table 4.0-1. With an estimated averace of

2, 500 pounds at PCBs in each· transfarrr.er, the total in-service inventory of

FCBs in t.."'C..!'..sfo~s is approximatie.Iy 300,000,000 f:OUI1ds. Tr..e t.."'CI1SfoJ::::ners

are cwned and_.maintained by either the utility or the user, depe..rrlip.g on the 'J'" ~Il

business ar=c:ngsrents made at i:hS time of each ins-~tion• .' ' ..

Table 4.0-1

Es-..J.mate:::l Numter of FeB Transfo:rmers in..Se="lice

cat::gory of User

Utilities

Lrriustrial and eatma.-rcial

Railroad

Numl:er of Units.

42,000

97,000

1,000

.140,000

FeB Content-Pourns

105,000,000

191, 000, 000

4,000,000

300,000,000

.-~lts-of-t.he-P~Oe?se:l F:B:jaiatiOl"IS""""

The proposed ban regulations forbid the major rebuilding of askarel

t..-ransfoJ::!rers. Therefore, failed askarel transfo:r:mers ~uld have to. be

:'"'~ ·--"='t"'""'r'€place::i-'-w:i~'··suit:abj;e~~~~~ce::rnen1;':~-=~-t:'ei..~lr-'I:ti;l;'t.:.'!':"~",.,·.",,,···

Lrcrea.sed costswill'l:e ir.curred at the ti..rne of failure of all-14fJ, eoo exist-

____... i.ng .askarel t..-ransfQ:rmers':~·.. ' _, . . .__ .... _

4 . 2 C::mPliarx:e Costs

Forecone S~Jincs from Reoui~inq

1£ it is assurre::l t.."J.at a replacEm2..'1t tzansfcrmer of a satisfactory

high fire po.irrt; liquid ccole:i design' '...auld cost t..'1e same as t.l:.e historical

-19-
price for an askarel t...""3I1Sfonrer (see C1apter 16) I an:i t..1;at re.build.i..r.g ftiCUld

cost 70% of t..~ cost of the nell t:ransf~er if allo;.;e:i·, (1) then t.J:le foregone

savings fro:n banni."'lg re.bui.idir:g of askarel tranSfonnerswculd be 30% of" the • _ '"1.' •

cost of the units. Base3. on an ave......-age Cost of $20 I 000 per t...""a!'l.StoI:mer, foregone savings will te $6,000 per askarel ttansfonrer.

Total foregone savings TNill depecd on' the propor-...icn· of askarel

transforrre-~ -which are scrapped because of non-rer.airable failures or cb.scIescence rat.."1er t..1an because of rer-:::d rable failures. An acti'J'e rrar.k.et in used.

askarel t...-a.nsfo~ existed .in t.-:,e past, but' t..l.ris rra.r!<.et has l::eccIre I!'D..:lC.~ less

ac-..ive eves: the s:..st year Ce:"''llSe the provisions of ti"...e wato"'" E=Ollution control

regulations and the OSHA regulations onworxer exposure to PCBs" have increased

the risk of using a.skarel transfomers. No data is available on che pro;::orr--i.on

of a..skarel t...-a.nsfoI:!!'erS. that are rerroved fIo:n service orior

.. . to failure,'." . and .

even if historical cata were available it GOUld te misleading because rrost; . .' . '.. .

askarel transfo:r:rrers have nee been .in service long enough for. aging of t.."1e

iI1sulation to increase the risk of failure- of :·the units. It is likelyI"' based .

on Versar's est.imatos rather t..:"a.n on hard data, that· one-third to t'tJO-thirds

of the existing askarel transfoz:rners wi.1.l be ret.i.red due to obsolescence prior

to failure. The total foregOne savi....",lgs f...-ould t.~efore l:e $6,000 ?=-t" unit x

1/3 to 2/3 of the 140,000 units .in service, or a total of $280" million to

$560 million.

Timing of these foregone savings will depend on t.."le rate at wi1iC.:~

"" .-.._-- _.... -a.sRa.re.r-eansib~·fa:rr:-'PreSen1:::.-·ftjjTure ra't:es-are lcwcecaliSe'6f" t1"..e

ralatively young age of rrost existing units. A previous EPA sponsored

study (2) es-<-.irnated t.."1at approximately 80,000 gallons of fCBs w"ere used .in

-------------------------_.. --_..~-" .. '."' - (1) Based on a consensus of i.ndustry estimates obtained by Versar duri.'"lg a

telephone survey of transfo:r:rrer manufacturers and re.l:ui.lders. .

(2) Versar IIlc:., PCBs .in -the United States: Ir.dustrial Use ar.d Envtrornre..'1.tal

DistribJ.tion. Springi'ield., VA: National Technical InfoJ:!t'latlon service,

(m'IS PB 252 402/3WP), Fe.brJarY I 1.976. p , 114. .

-20-
the repair of askarel transfoz:rr.ers in 1974. As.sum.ir:g an average transfonr.er

capacity of 240 gallons, of FC8s (300 gallons of 'askarel' rnixt'..rre) t...1U..s ",

i.mplies that a total of,]~5 askaral t..-ransfonners were repai red duri.--:g ~..at 'year.

'Ibis '...culd have to be considere:i a 1~ tcun:.i estl.rnate of the future irn;:ac-....s

of t.'1e can on rebui.ld.ing as t.lJ.e rate of failure of askarel transfoz:m.ers is

expecced to .irx:rease as the average age increases. An u~ J:ourrl estirrate

might reasonably be cased on an ave.-rage expecte::i rerraini..-:g service life. If

it is assurred, for example, that, cne-bal.f of tb..e existi.-:g askarel t..--ar.sfoz:mers

will be rarove::i fran service over the next bJenty y=rs due to failure or

ccso.l.escence , an average rate of rem:va.l fran service of. 3.4 % of e:dst:L'"!q

units is i.rrtplie1. If the probability of failure or re:roval '.-lere .irxieperderrt

of t.~ age of the unit, it<MJUld be expecte::i t.~t 3.4% of the 140,000 e."ti.sting

units 'M:luld be retired in 1979, or a total of 4,760 units reroved , 'of which '

1/3 to 2/3 (1,587 to 3,173) lM:Juld have failed. ·'I1"'..e'range of expeCted failures'

~d therefore be al:out 335 to 3,173 t...""aIlSfo.I:rrers per year, resulting Ln annua.L . .. -".-

costs due to foregcne savanqs of $2 million to $19 million r:er year duri.."lg trie

next; ferll years. At an ave.-rage failure rate of 4760 units pez year and an

average rebuilding ratio of 50%, foregor..e savings"...ould be ;;14,280,000 in 1979.

Lost Se~)ice Time

TransfoI:!!1&s Can be rel:uilt and ret.urne:i .to servace in. three to

four 'I-I-eeks, canpared to a de.Livezy time of 12 to 16 weeks for nell units. In

____,._~Q..L.m;;ny sna]] rnanufae::t::.Jring eemra i nes, fa i ltJrc of rOe si ngJ e t-rans-

--!O~·whicB.- supplies all of-t.Se-~ for che facili"fTcan" stop all o~:-·_· ._ __.

ations until a satisfac-...ory replacer.ent Unit is obtai.tl.ed. It is li.t<ely that

____. g,_'fre.q~_~EP~;t ..Qf-t:;;tllaC.e:r:enLunits 'Hj].]. . te:are avai' abJ A i.n-res;:onse..-±:o-ca_-

._=~~~.:2-den3r~tien;:n:f:.:SPT1z±c="'·"~~CTE~vertt~...;..-:.::::.:'::-

---'" ·-spare· un..its- w;jJ .J-resu±t-in-·±.nc.-~t!l-to-t:he-o:::rnpan±e~-~--

.~__ ' ~j.lnj,:t:.s ..and,J..'1Cre.a.sei.pr; cos to. fr...s users.."wto...w:i]. 1.,.be .w:i 1. J i ng .'toO ~rrore·-ctQ.. ..-......_ ",""'"

avoid pro-lor:ged -loss 'of electric-service. -There is no infa:r:nation available

as to the costs of renting replacement tzansformers, but assuming a reasonable

m:Jnt..."1ly re.'1tal of 2% of the cost of the unit, total costs due to t.."1.elonger

.-21-
lead times for replacere..11.t t...-ansfom..ers could in::==;:a ~e by t..;"e cost of t"...o .

tot."u:'ee rront.:"'s rental of an av~ge $20,000 unit or $800 to $1~.20Q per

faile::i t.ransfo.one.r. Ea.se::i on" the assurre:l nurrJ:er and f:'eque..r.cy of askarel : - - ' .

transfo:D!'er failures, tOtal costs. due to lost seryice time TMJuld l::e ($800 x

140,000/3 = $37 million) to ($1,200 x 140,000 x 2/3 = $112 million), and

annual, costs of ($800 x 335 units = $268,000)' to ($120 x 3,173 units ='

$3 ,800, 000) v.;ould Qe exp=cte::i , Wit..:" an ave-rage cost of (•5 x 4760 units x

$1000 rental p;r unit = $2,380,000) e..~...ed in 1979. '

4.3 Ecor..anic I:moact . of Cost Ir..creases

The .i.r'..c::::eased costs to users of askarel t...---ansfol:I!'Srs will be' berne

by tb,e ewners of the units. Approximately or.e-half of t...l-J.e units are cwned

by utilities, and thei.r increased costs are exp=cte::i to be fact.or~ int:a t.~

rate base ar..d passed along to t.~e users of electricity. The ot.l:er half of

the units are cwned by major office an:i apartment blli Jdi ngs and by shoppi...",:g

centersr fac+-...ories, ard: other estabJ..ishne.'1ts. z. Increased facility miinte..'1ar.ce' -

COS-<-S fNOU..1.d be incurre.d by a large I1U111b:r of facilities. Significant miceeconcmic i.rnpac'"<-S are not anticipated, ar..d no changes Ln i::.l"e level of employment fran micrceconanic eff~..s is exp=cte::i.

4 • 4 Sumn3xy

Corrro lienee Cos-!;s

Foregone savancs fran

rebuild.i..1"1g

Lost service t..iIre

Total

1979

$2,000,000 to $19,000,000

($14,280,-000 t:est-estimater

$268,000 to $3,800,000

($2;380,000 best estimate)

$2.3 million to $23 'million

Total

$280 million 'to

$560 million

$37 million to

$112 million

$317 million to

$672 million '"

Errro loument eftects: sane s"l:ort te.J::m lay-offs fX)ssible due to lack of reck

up transfo:oners. Impact may be limited to small manufacturing firms.

-22-
5. 0 IMP;..crs CN T.RANSFORMER SERVICE CCMPANIES

Mainte.T'l3I1ce of askare.L t.....:.an.sfcJ:IJ:1ers is usual.Iy contracted out to

spec.tal.ized servace shops or to the manUfacturer of the unit. Major' rebuilding is usually per:fo.z:rre:i by t...1-J.e manufaccnrer, There are as;prO"..<.i.rr.ate.ly 250

srra.ll service canpan.ies whic."l can p:r.form routine tzansfcrmer ·se=-vici:J.g such

as gasket r'epl.acement; and tes'"...ing of the liquid.

Eased en a telephone canvass of .indeperderrc canpan.ies wrii.ch servi.ce and

repa.ir transfo.r:rr.ers and on infor::r.ation cbtaine:l during visits to GE and

Wes-.-L71ghcuse service shops, it is app.a.ro-nt t...1-Et e.."d.si...·1g FC:S t-ra..'1Sfa:or.er requiring in-shop repair IMJrk are l:eing serviced only by the GE and itlestinghouse service opezat.icns, These two canpan.ies bave reduced. the number of

shops presently penritted to service PCB craasrorrrers tolS' and 8,'respectively, for a total of 2J shops naticnwide. (1) . These shops are -f.er.for:ming

the rnaj or warancee maintenance for l:oth GE and ftlestinghouse and for. the

ctb.er tran.sfo.z::rrer marnifactnrrez's, There are approx.irrately 250 srall electric

appezatais service SJ.1DpS which repair transfa:or.ers. (2)' These shops no longer

work on askarel transfm:ners because of the risks of majcr cleanup costs and

wcrker exposure t:..'1at would ::e Incurxed by any acc.iderrta.L spill.

5.1 :rmpacts of the PropJse:i 8.egulatior....s

. The effect of t..."le proposed requlations 'NOuld l:e to erxi tl:-e prict.::.ce

of reb); Jding._transfOI:l"e.rS, bIt tbere 'ttl:)uJd Ce CO constr.ai.nts cn conti Dlled

minor field maintenance. The effects would therefore be limited to a c.e-

._.crease::L.demar:d for-.tb.e_rrajor-.Send cos_ perfomed by...t..t-.e.... sezvi.ce. shops cwne::J b;..L

the manu.facturers. These same canpan.ies ....ouldl:e faced 'rith an increased _ .. ~..,~ • . ... _ ' .. u __ .•

- -- -~ - '(1)- versar--L'1C,/-FCB·".~..i":fity=AI'lalysis-PaferS·;~'~'''''EPNmS-,----- July 11, 1977. ~- ..-~-t2r-- Electr±dd~~ss:vi'CE:Assccia~...,--:&7'r~~~~··'----_··

St. Louis, i!!): 1977. .

-2.3-
deroan:i for nell t=ansfo.t:ne..rs. . .z:..ssuming ~.a t rt'.ar..ufac:'~...ng and. rebuild.ir..g are

equally la1:or intsnsive, t.~e 'MJuld J:e a chanqe of enployment frcm t.'"le service

&"':ops to the central manufaet.u:'ing plants, but rto net change in employmeI!.t. '. - . ,.

A rough estirrate of ti".e employrre.'1t effects rray J:e cal.cul.aned fran

t.ie total of the transfomer re.bli1ding bus.iness, It was est.irrated in

Chapter 4 ti"..at a rni.ninu.:Im of 335.askarel transfor:ners are retuilt each yea:c at

an es-...iIrate:1 cost of $14,000 each (70% of an ave-rage ~20, 000 ur.it replacem:nt cost). Assuming that OI"..e half. of tf'1..e cost 'HaS due to direct ani i.r.direct

1al:or, t.lJ.e annual p;3.yroll resulting fran t.rus ac--...ivitj v.olld J:e equal to (335 .. .

x $14,000 / 2 = $2,345,000). .l\ssuming an ave-...-age burdened lal:or rate of $30, ooaI

r:er year, t.'1is p;3.yroll is equivtiant to 78 full time jobs. Sin::e the est..irrates

of perce.'1t lal:or and annual wages are rough e~--irnates, the employment irnpac---s

might be bettor stated as ranging fran 50 to 100 jobs. It'sh:JUld be r.ot-e.:i

t.~t ir..creasa:l employment at t.~ rranu£acturing plants 'tlill offS€t t.~e job

Lcsses, so any structural ur..employrrent must J:e considered. to l:e a t..-1'Q.IlSitional ::

cost of the regulation.

The FCB dist=osal regulations require t.~t units J:e Q.r:I-ir:ed and

flushed prior to di.sI;::osal. Survey of a nt..JIn1::er of users has in:licated t..r,at

this will usually be contracted. out to e:-q;:erier.ced reliable tzansformer

service organizations. This increased demard for t.~..e services of the larger

(usually manufacturer cwned) service shops tray offset rrost of the business

lost by t.~ ban on .rebilldi.'1.g of askarel trar...sfoJ:::ners. Therefore , t.~e draft

ban regulations_qr.e rP:t~:t.e:L..:t:QJ;.a.~e_a...significant .ecorcanc. i.mp3..c:t. on. .the,

t....--ans£OJ::Irer service and rrainte:nanee i.n::lustry.

c ,

The only'directly' identifiable-impact. of-the' draft- regulations orr'

t....--ans£or:r~.waint.e.narx;.a,~nj es .i.s.-tbe_l:eqtJj n::rrent._t..~t .a...spill. pI:'.aYent.icn..._ ..

an:i contzol plans l:e prepared." Preparation' of these plans an:i t.l-...e requi=ed

professional engine<=>-r:i.ng reviel'l tray require four man-days of effort an::i

result in a cost of $1000 per _finn for firms haniling askarel t..-'O.I1S£or:rers.

'Ihi.s r,.,:ou1d te.-rrl to bar the snall opezator, resulting :L" nuror rrazket; shifts.

COst of the required plan could equal $1000 for each of aJ:out 100 fi.1:rns, or a

-24-
• j

rnax:ilnt::m total cost of $100, 000. If profozrra plans TNere pre;:a.red undez the -

s;:onsorship of a. t=adeasscciation or made available by a rr.ajor marnifactairer,

the only costs to a ~}. ~tor TM::ul4 be one day of .services Lana.< ..

regist'ored prcfessior..al eI1gil"\..eer to adapt, revier.v" ani approve t.~ plans. 'n1e

cost of this service s.h:luld run al::cut $250, reducing t..'1e total ccscs to. a

range of $25,000 to $100,000 for spill cont.-ol plans.

5 • 2 Surrrrary

Lost 'Na-ges (t.ernJ;or:>.....rI

st.-uctural unenploytre.T'lt)

Spill prevention ar.d

c:ont.-ol plans

Total

Annual Costs (1979)

$0 to $2,345,000

$25,000 to S100,OOO

$25,000 to $2,500,000

-25-

'Ibtal Cost

-$0 to $2,345,000

$25,000 to S100,000

$25,000 to $2,500,000
.:-, .' .

'Ihe rai.Lrcads ·±n the I".ort.~tem.Chit.ed States fran Wash.L."1gron,

D.C. to New York and nearby areas are elec+-~die::i. 'Ihe;::ewer to the lcccrrotives and self-p:;wered cars is carr-i-ed to ti"..eequiptE."lt through high voltage ac catenaries. Trar..sfo:t:rre.-""S on t."le lccarotives and cars reduce the

voltage to that required by the t..-ac'"~cn rrocozs , It {1.a5 been stanCard practice to use eskaral, (FCB based) liqUid in these transfo.rme.rs dt:e to· the

risks that would result fran spills of fJ..aImable liquid follewing an aced,-

Ce.T'J.t in a turmel.

'Ihe transfo:z::m:::..'>"'S in the rai.1.rca.C. lcccm:::ti~v"eS and t:ransit cars are

kr..cwn to be a rrai-"1te.nance prcblem because of the design limitaticns. i.rrp::sed

by space requi..re!re."1ts and because of ti'..e severe .sbcc.1<:.,. vi.?ration, .and

rrechanical ilrpacts encountered in servi.ce, Leakage of PCBs is not; an unusual

cecur:rer:.ce, and cont...-ol 'and di.sp:sal of this leakage is i..'1'pJssible as- it is -'

usually sprayed on a well-drained road bed, 'Iherefore', 1:.'1.e rai.L.""Oad transfOI:!Ie-""S present a significantly rrore severe risk of loss of FC3s to the

enviI:ClD:IEnt t.l-Jan do stationaiy tranSfo:cr.ers.

6.1 Requirem:nts of the Prcp:sed Regu1aticns

'!he prop:sed FeB ban regulaticns will allcw cont.i.nued use and.

rraiJltenance of railroad loc:::rrotive and car' transfcm:re.-'rS for fiVB years, but

'Hith be follcwi...."'lg lirnitatiors:

1. Each cwne.r of a FeB railrcad t::rar..sfol:I'rf::r must rEFOrt t.'1.e

l.iqu.id voltJI'O:: of each transfonre.r to t..'1.e EPA within 90

days aftor ti'..e effective date of t.."le regulation.

2. Each. person who- uses.. a- FCS-..raiJ..rcad. t::i3.r'.sfo~t de-... _

velap and ~e:IEIlt a foJ::I!E.l spill preventicn and o:mt...-ol

plan.

3. 'fue ccncerrczatzicn of PCBs in the dielect:::ic liquid in

PCB rai.1.rca.C. transfoJ:::rre.rS must be reduced to belcw four

-26-
pezcent; witbJ..n 15 rrcntt...s a.....-=ter t..t.:e e£=ecti'Je eats of

the regulation. 'Ihis will recui.re that the t:::r2.nsfoJ:!IE.r

.!:e drained- and flushed- to -:rerrOve t..t:e FC3 Liquid and -r~

filled with a non-FeB liquid.-

4. 'Transfo:wrer liquid ITa.1St be analyzed .irrrre4....iately after the

transfoz::.rer is retrofilled or the liquid is processed to

decrease the concerrcratrion of FC3s. 'D1i..s analysis mu.st

.l:e repeated :E::€twee.l1 12 and 24 rronths after each such servicing to deteIrnine whether FC3s leaching out of tt:e wir.dings have increased the ccncerrcratacn to greater than tb.e

IIEXirm.Jm allcwed b¥' __the, regulaticn._ - -- --

s. 'Ihe concerrcratii.on of FC3s .i.11 the dielect:::'ic liquid mist;

be reduced to less than 0.1 percent within t..lu"ee years of

the e.--Ffective date of t'1e regulation.

6.2 Prese.'1t Cwn6-.""'Ship and USe

'!he cwr..ership and use of PCB t-'CI1Sforrr.e.-~ installed .in raiLroad

lCCCItI:Jti..;es and CCImn.lter cars is st:rrn'la.rized i.r1 Table 6.2-1.' Present-p.lans

are to convert the elec-..:=ic FCWer on tt.:e N:lrtheast COr.n.eor £::em Wash.i.l'lgton,

D. C. to NeH York City to 60 hz 25 F:V by the rnid-:l9 80s. '!he N:tl'l Haven li.r.e

r:ortIl of Nel'l Yor:k TIEY-be-c:cnvel. ~41 l.o.L:::n: .L.l the 19805. As a resu:it--of th:±s

change, neN tzansforrrers will be re:qu.ired in serre of the- cars, and tbe oldest

cars and lCCCIIDtives rtlill be .... ei i=ei fran sezvi.ce, - 'Jhe effects of this \701-·

tage ch.ange en the transfo:r:re....~ in each tyj;:e of car is Lndi.catied in Table

·-----4.-2=1....------- --------.-----------'-'-'--.----.------.-------

______ .._ .. __ . ..E:CBs have, teen us.ed.-jn rai 1 mad t=ansforrers to decrease -Fj !:a- .

::--' :·''C'·b..azarC.s-.. "'rtacd..cettl 5-:-':"-~~ce=h:es~adirionatJ.:r'~i:o:'~~:"~'~~--:--·

. - ,. . l.' ....l....: - 1-•• ...:1_........ .; ---.;:~ .......~~'t . ------. rrune.r=··-ou- L"l.'-U.w..:::>---app;l;:1cat:±en;---a:nl;.4"l:.i:u.;::, r..ot~ w..r-l,.=l.W. '~1;!'l'-drl -- •.. - .,- -

____ ~.JJru:::~-asonabl:l_l'..a.zQrCcUS-robe; :tion.....-.~e..llati ana' Raj 1 mac '.:S.t::af''; 11 eC . _

antlIl1ter-o£-loo::notive-t::::ansfo~--with sil±coneflu±d-and has O'f:€--ratee--.

them successfully for several years. il.MI'PAK has recently ceen testing an

e.~...m=ntal lccorrotive on t..t.:e &:irtheast COrrieor (built in SweC.e.l1 by ASEA)

-27-
'I'ABlE 6.2-1

Railroad Pen '!'ransfoulx::rs

'l'cdnafoll'ICC 1ltTp1"Ct.'I\Cnt (but

S 5,000 50 tOOO

5,000 114,OOO

5,000 6~,OOO

5,000 6i,OOO

5,000 65,000

5,000 ..6), (l00

5,(01) 61,000 '

5,000 6

1, 000

5,000 65,000

15,000 lll5,OOO

5,000 52,000

5,000 .52,000

14,000 160,000

15,000 1115,000

10,000 151,000

10,000 H2,IlOO

15,000 lll5,OOO

14,000 160,000

5,000 110,000

r'

'l'i'arltlfonller

ilctroflll (bat

710

'J'nuUifocuk:e

Capacity,

Cwli Lon

54 J't},,.;

46 ticcal) itl mid aOg

5 SCl'ap or ecplJiCa

tl'aJl9, in IIdd 190/):1

n 1lJ.:p1aco leallS mid

1900a

11) tbild

1) sccap in alld 19l10g

121 Ilcl'l<>eu Uanli Iat.e

in 19110

m 11<=[11 Lll'-O t rans lata

in 19110

II »hI"; 110

5) SG,'''I} tn llLl~ 1900a

10 Ilcp1acu teall~ in. 500

mitt 1900a

(;6 1~;1'1 ace lCbllti ill 500

Illid 1900,. i

4tl :iCn'l) j II mit}' 19UO"

'20 llepI=a tLUllti 11I1,1

19lWa

IlO U,J<1d

,n 11.1110

104 tl.ll\U

]~ ....."10

Eftect of wl-

"hILe1'· 1:",,0 (,.I~~

1.0 11<=11I,.eu . lc"nJ> 255

hy mitl 1~1I0;;l, eciil ok

'·I'itrCll\.l CiHI~t'-I'''J':'',IH>I, mid'de !~!!::!E!~~!L~~L!!"l<~II,.t1veO:lllv<\,'sloH tor: n.."ol WIl!l.I'N - flliitl l;'COil'IO(~;Y (\lCl'LltlOI!L

Ill'at'l Ilel'0l'" /tor t"th NE O::odd.)[' P,'ojcct), ScC'I:"'I~ler, 1971 .

0.111<;;1'* I=¥lull', lltcull!!~t 1011* fjrl1~(~&

::;1:1"11\ Ii ali.

S';:1"I1\ tlllVl:;['lIndt' 1 ali.

5U"I1\ Si.lvcdin£:c :l ali.

51:1"11\ tHlvcdhlj..:C 1 aft,

St::l....l·A $Hvcd!r~C' 4 LXfl.

M (IledtHII'J) fi 11 verl lllut" :2 ali.

M (Itddd1rIlJ) Sllvcrlhli:e .. Cn1.

I

IV HI 001' ~enji.j'i At:ro." 1 Uti.

00 , I NJ lXII' ,ltl.';;oy Anow 2 LX.....

HI ror rli 1 lli.:D I

HI'1\ H 2 aM. I

;

Cllun. 001' tt 2 I ai-I.

, t'lJ. 001' 60 1l:X:D

O}orall rl; 1 un}

O)lIr"ll i; ]) Ill))

L'Um:ail lu liX)}

I

hllltrak ~l G 1 Ii0)

JIIulCJik ~bO 110)

/IlutcJik ii.:lJOL I,\(;C' CUi.

.
'...hich. uses silic::::ne as a t....ar...s:::cnn=r ccolant; t.~e tests have nee revealed

a:ITj prcblens due to b.1.e use of silicone.

'I11e FeCe.ral Ra..iL.-::ad p..d:ninistration has sponsored research by

Westinghouse (1) and c:z.e.'1eral ElecL:.~c (2) to deteJ:m.ine the feasibility of retrofilling existing PCB rai..lroa.d traI'...sfol:!!l:IS wi.th silicone. 'The W'Or:< ferfozrred under these contzacts Incl.uded the p:r:fomance cbaracterizati.cn of a

418 FYA t.."l'Ql"...sit car transfo.tnE.r wmch contained 168 galloI"'...s of askarel;

draining, flushing, and recrofilling the trcnsfor.rr:er with silicone; and

c::ha.xa.ctc""';-zaticn of the transfOI:!!'E!:" p:r:fom.anc:e when filled '..nth. silicone.'

'The tests conducted under these prcg:ram3 indicated b.J..at d..."'"aini.ng and flushing

cculd reduce the errcurrt; of residual FeB in a transfor.rr:er to a levl:1 lew

enough to assure that the concerrtzatii.on of FCB in 1:.1.e siliCone liquid would

rerain belcw four pez'cerrt., 'lhe use of s i.Li.cone ras a replacsrrent for PCB results .L"1 a t::=a.!'...sfonrer that runs hot'-...er by perhaps five to ten degrees C.

'Jhis increase in te:r.:t;:e..-rat".:rre will rot necessarily decrease tb.e service J ; -'=e

of a transforrtEr, as the solid insulation used L'1 t..--ansfol:::!EIS may Cegrae.e

less rapidly in silicone than in PCBs.

PCBs and tric:h1.orc.be.."zene are selec-..ivaly adsczzed- f=ern silicone .

liquid by a.c-..ivated carl::on. Corning recently derrons'tzaced t.J:1at t=; 1 t..~­

tim of silicone fran a retrofilledFCB transfo.tnE.r t.'1at had been ; n sezvi.ce

for ten rrorrths reduced the ccno:nt=aticn of FCB.s fran 2.53% to 472 par""--.s

---.-~-mil-:L'-en. (3) E'~~~~-th--a-~t--rray--b~e,...-------

(1) Walsh, E.J.; Vcytik, D.E.; Peazce , H.A. (Westingr.ouse Elect.:::ic CoQ.)

Evaloation" of "Si±icone' 'Fluid- for-cP.eplacerrent-ot-~Cr::oldl.t:s .. ±rr-PaXlwav'·---

_. Indust:-'rYf-'.-'Or.a:£t.'p;-i-•••Da:l..::Ee1"'Y"\tt;~ ..i?erott:~-:-:129-4.i---,Jtl1\tpLQ,1~~·", _.~; :~'''''''.' ~~'.. ..;.;;;.;.=~,.;.,;. - -

(2) Foss,...StEphen D"';~·~rJolm-s...;......Jdm.s::tGn;..:.D::m.al~.~er..Jam=s......:........-._~

M. (General Electric;:CO~2 ,.:Retrofill.ing.of_Railroad ~..nsfo:z:rre-rsI Draft._.

Fir.a:l?e;:ort; .. c..'T.rt=:act -~e--.l;:293=r~J1:U:y}-i9-~---..," .-,- ". '" ".'

(3) CCw Coming Cor;orati.cn, -RemJval of PCB frem CCw Corning 561 (R) ~ansfamer Liquid by Qi.arccal Filtration, _~ted.

-29-
sossible to irs..all a car-...ridge filter corrcafn.inq ac::ivate-i carton :L'1 tl-..e

liquid cLre'-llation pipi.."1g. .The filter v.-cW.d contiinual.Ly scavenge residual FC3s

fran t.b.e silicone after mst of t.:;e. FCBs ii.ad already teen replace:l when t.-:e

t.."CIlSfoIIt'er was retrofilled. 'Ihis procedure might assure t..~t the concerrcratien of FC3s in t.l-u= silico1"".e v.ou.ld rot Lr:crease to cor:ce..'1t..-ationS acove t!".e

1000 p;:m required by the proposed regulation.

'nle decontamination of silicone t....-ansfo.r:rrer liqui.ds is still in

ti'.e e::q:e.r-i....:m=ntal testing stage. W'estingh:::nlSe Electric Cort;Oration has rep::;r---edly applied. for a patent on t.l-:le precess of using activated. cazcon to

rerove FCBs f=orn silicor..e. No results have ceen made ?J.blic on tccJmi.qu.es

to rerrove FCSs £rem hydrccarb:m transfoI:rer liquids, al,t.lxJugh RTS Co.q:oration

is ret=Ortedly doing research in this area.

6. 4 Cost Irnpac+-...s of the. ProfOsed Regulations

It is oot at this time wr.ethe: t."le liquid used to ree1a,?s

t.'1e EC8s will be silicone or a high fire FOint h~J:on liquid. B::wever,

silicone bas been extensively tested an:i is ti'..e m:::lst expensd.ve of t.l-u= alt°?"'-

natives; accordingly, costs based on the use of silicone provide an tl1?Fer

l:oun::l est..i.nE.te of the costs of retrofilling.

Silicor.e li.quid prices range ~$ll.OO $14.50 per.gallon. Recent charges for field ret..--ofilling of t=ansforrrers have run from $20 to $40

per insi-aJled. gallon, incl1.:ding di.sposa.l, of t.~ FCBs and corrcamiriaced flusb..ing

-- --_.- -liqu±d-- aIIcrana:lysis---of the-ret!:ofi:1:±ed'i±quid- -for--FCBs~-Since---t..'1.e--ret..~f±·2;l±.-::g--·--

of locarotive transfor:rers will 1:e done only in a fe'H ttiell-equil?P2d shops, t.'1e

installed costs should not exceed $20 per gallon of si.Licone ,

cePe.~'-t.~::'~;:e:::l:f.fC'des±~~r:ar:rl-:use I --~~ :average-seri±cel:±-7-'-- ---

of raiLroad transioD:IErs-is·f:rarr four-t:J:j· 3"o-~s..·- Failed· Eari.sfc5:rrre..?"',S- are

presently rebui.lt...by~,_te"1e.-~~..approxi.-rna:tely--,25% of~tbe:~t..:Q£-,.> - ..s-z

a ~H tra.!"'.sfoI:r'€r. Re.build..ing-requires approxnranal.y 4-6 w-eeks while deliveries of n€!/'l replace:r:ent t..-ansfom.ers require 12 to 18 rrorrehs ,

-30-
The rrajor cost :i.Irlp:lct is ,e.~ted t::: result ':"c:m t.he rettofilling ard

dec:mtarnination of t..~ t..-an.sfor:rrers. Thecor..centtation of FCEs can be reduced

to't.he required limit of 4%' by 'drai.'1i..--:g the askaz'el., flus...Ur:.g t...~e t=aI"..s£(;nrrers,

a.rrl replaci..'1g the liquid,with a suitable rJ.gh fire po.irrt; trans£o:orer liquid

such as silicone. Based on the ret..rofill costs presented in Table 6.2-1, tl"'..e

costs i."1C'JIred by tr..e raiLroads in the first 15 rrorrths follcwing t..~ effi:::c'-...ive

date of ti'..e regulation will total $7,043, 000.

Pe:iuetion of t.1..e cor:centration of FCBs to 1000 PEJTI by three years

after the e£fec"'"....ive date of the re;w.ation ~d require t..~t a t..ra.ns£o:t:::!'er

l:e retrofilled an aC.di.tional bo times or t.~t the liquid J:e precessed ~t

least c,·lice to rarove FC3s. i:b estimates have J:een made by tzansforrrez canparues as to the cost of precessing to rs:rove FCBs. The cost should J:e similar

to the cost of ret....-ofill. less perhaps 90% of tr..e cost of the replace:nent liquid.

The cost of precessing as calculate:l in Table 6.4-1 \'iOU1d,. t.....ere£ore J:e atout

37% of t.1..e cost of ret..---ofilling. ll.dditional analyses ',.;ould J:e required 12 to

24 rrorrchs aft- o ,... each ret..~filling or prccessinq at a cost ofal:out $75 ;;ex

analysis. The total cost of reducing the FC3 ccncerrczataon in the retrofilled

tzanafozmezs 'MJuld the.z:efore Lnc.Iude roth t.l:e cost. of t.":€ prccessi..r:g and t.~e

additionaLcos:t-·..::O£.~heJ i! lil j,1 a:-! 2 [ t:lLa t: -l:S C' or,! Ii ('j.:s::rzt:tL..~o=-=-

service. The additional cost to the rail.rcads of achi.evi....."1g this lew level of

FCBs is calculator:. in Table 6~ 4-1 to be $5, 46D, 000. ,~.ese costs '..:ill J:e 1."1- .

curzed duri.."1g the yea=s 1980 and 1981.

Sp:i::tJ:-preve . ' . , .. _.=_'z: . ~~~.~.~ntror E~ w.j ITJ'\~VEL::t;p_~_~.e~S::Lb¥-__::=-, _ each of the seven owners. Because of t.l.:e,cornple.xity of railroad operationsr

tbese plans will cost seve-ral thousar.d dollars to prepare an::i i..'1lpleITe-'1t for

a total indust..""'Y ex;:ense. o£--p:rhaps "$20-,--000 ..·-, '---

Fir.ally,_ .the initial ..r~ing-G~"1e-·iderlti-ty-0i:-t.b.~ Ee3 -equip--

rr.ent and the liquid capacity of each transfoJ::!I1er will cost sever.al dollars

'ter'-unit, for an addifT6r.ai cost of pehaps-S5, 000.

-31-
Cost of Processing ReI , •,0filled Pailroac T:=an.s£ome:'

Licuid- to Reduce .the eonce.'1tration of FCBs

COst of ret..""'Ofill

less cost of silicone

less cost of flu.shi.."1g liquid

less cost of incineration of 2 gillons

Lai:or, ovezneed , ar.d analysis coscs

$ 20.00 p:r gallon

12.00 " " .42 " " 3.00 " "

4.58 p:?I' gallon

plus, .1 gal silicone gal of transfom.eL"

capacity .1 x 12.00 = 1.20

plus 2 lb carton fer gal @ • 60/Ib 1.20

plus dispJsal of 3 lb wet carl:on r:er gal @ .lS/lb '.45

$ '-7.43 per gallon

COst of precessing as a' fraction of cost; of ret..-ofilJ.,.ing =

7.43/20.00 = 37%

COst of orccessina retrofilled transforrrers:

Analysis for PCBs * 1,009 1.IDits @ $75

Processing $7,043,000 x .37

Ar'..a.lysis * Second procesaizq

Analysis-~------....

Total cost of precessing to rreet 1,000 ppn li.rrri.t

on PCBs

~Ana.lysis conducted 12' to- 24 rrcrrehs fol:lewingprevious retrofill or precessing..

-32-

s 75,675-

2,616,000

75,675

2,616,000

75,675

$5,460,000
The proposed resulation aut.'"1orizes continued use of ;:.J:e ret..."Vfille::l

transfOl::rners for only five years fran t.Se ef=e-.:7-1ve ca~ of t.J:e registration.

It is assumed t.:"at a re~lie:v of t.~e envi....rormerrca.L i.~et of losses .:".:.cm the- - .. retrofilled units r.cill.z:esult in t.riis ablt.'"1orization beL'1.g e.x:tenced .:..r.definitely.

6.5 Econanic Irrn::xlets of the Procosed Reau.la tio:ns <

The required retrofill- and precessing prcqz'am srould cost less t.~an

20% of a c:.mparable prcgram to replace all of cr..e transforrrers 'Nit.'1.:L.'1. t.~e next

several, years, and the ret-"Vf.il1 prcqzam should avoid any sic;nific3Ilt disrL~ons of r'" ; 1:cad service on t.1.e Nort.'least Corridor.

All of the affe&-e:i cwners of FeB railroad t.ranSfo:rmers are sove..r:1-

rrental or sen.i-qov6!:llm:.!1ta1 corpcratiions which are runniriq o~atL'1.g deficits

as summarized in Table 6.5-1. T.hese de£icits, of over $300 million ?=-!" year,_

are presently Ceing covered by subsidies f....--an tax revenues.

Tl"'..e reLofill and precessing prcgr=....m is not e.xp:cted to result in

significant service disruptior...s, and no effect on railroad' OperatL'1g- err;,loyrre..~t is anticipate:!. The retrofill and prccass.inq prcgrams are ex;eC""_oC. to

generate a considerable demand for Lacor. calculated total latoi:' aI".d- over::ead

costs are surrIIE.rized in--Table 6-;3-2. This 'MJaid Le. t:.:re eqaiVaIE!'!t o.c 165 ,tEn

years of ernplci1Tent, assumiriq a burdened lal::or rate of $30, 000 ?=r' man year.

Mditional ernployrr.ent TMJuld result fzrm the' Increased prcducaion of t."ie -s.i.Li.ccne -

liquid and ac--..ivated. carzon arxi, inc::ease:i diSpJsal i..'1.cineration services.

Cost Impactie :

. Arrount Timing

-COst-of'· 're~ri12program-----'$7; 04r;·OTJU--_~·~·T9-jg'--- -----.- -:--- .~. -v--r- '':-.~_--

- Cost- of precess~.....m----5;-460-,800---" -1980-19-&1-- ----------..-

PePJr-Jng 5, 000 1979

'Spi:l:l pre7etl't::::on-plans ... __ ... ---10"';000- r - A..·"-19'7~· --_.... ~" ~~.~-. -,_.-

$12,528,000

-33-
TABI.E 6.5-1

1976 Ci;!erating I..csses of Rai.L.""Cads Using PC

Trcnsfo:r:ra.rs

1976 Cperating Results

Sm:illions

Total loss 1976

$ millions

38.5

478.5 (Est.),

cnm ror(l)

SEPTA (2)

NJ cor(3)

.;MD?AK (4 , 51

CCNPAlL (6)

19.1 Otre-..-ating Ce£icit

3.2 MIA depreciatiOn

1.25 QPe-~ting Loss

6•.38 depreciation

38.5 subsidy

441 total loss other than

NE corridor maine,

37.5 1/2 of $75 million Loss

for NE Cor.r.i.Cor, oceration . 205.5 losses for 9 mqpths, Apr...l-cec. 1976

Total I.csses

22.3

7.6

280

$ 826.9

(Est. ~,

(1) MetropJlitan 'I':ransit Authority,' Annual Berort,'1976, p. 44 •.

(2) SEP'I:.A., Re;xJrt to the Public and Financia.l Staterret'1ts for 1974

and 1975 - Statem=nt of CPeratioI"'s

(3) NJ ~tof Tra:r1sp::JrtatiOn, Highlic:hts of AC---ivities, 1976, p, 14.

(4) 1lmt:rak, 1976 Annual BeFOrt, pp. 6, 7, 28.

(5) Amt..-ak, Five-Year Corporate Plan, 1977, p, ,158.

(6) Consolidated· Pai:1::-~rpnra±:±ori~·'-8W1ta1FE'l'.:Cr't";l9-]6;rPP~l:.·". 14,_,18·.,>,~. r:',

-34-
TABLE 6.5-2

LaJ:or and ovarnead -Cos~ of Ret..""'Ofill end

Prccessii1q- Prcqrarn. for RaiLroad TraTlSfo.r:rers

Total capacity of transfor:m.ers:-

$7,043,000 ret..""'Ofill cost/$20 per gallon =

Lai:ar and oveznead cost of- eachret..:....afill or .

precessing @ 4.58 pez gallon = 352,150 x 4.58 =

Total la1:or costs for one retrofill and CflO

precessing of each t..--ransfo:r:rr:er

352,150 gallons

$1,613,000

4,839,000

Lal::or and overhead costs of 3 additional analyses

F€-t: t.."-anSfomer (~ 50%. of $75 test price:

1,009 units x 3 tests s:er unit x $75 per te.."<t x, 50% = 113,000

'ICTAL IAEOR .;N) OVERHEAD COSTS -- -$4, 952, 000

'ICTAL I.AroR DF'MAND -'(l $30 ,..Q.QO-EER.-. _

:s:.mDENED MA.,"i YEAR 165 mari years

Economic Imoactie :

Increased. o:sts are e.x;:ec""....ed to be paid f:::cm goverrnrent

---subsi-ci.:i:eesg.,-,"----.,-----

ErrrD wtfment:

An increased: errpl.cym::nt totalL~g at_least 161 man years

-35-
7. 0 OIL FI:ILED AND DISTltCSUTICN TPJl.NSFOFMEPS

PCB-based as~-l J.i.c;:uid.S have histori~y been oi=ered as 0-

higt"...er price:l altenlative to tl'..e pst----oleum based. trar.siorrrer oil used Ln

rrost l.i.quid c:oled transfo:cr.ers.. '!he FC8 and oil filled transiorrrers were

nEIlufaetured in the sa:rr:e facilities, and nm:ty Opp:lrttmities were pzeserrc for

the contamination of transfo:tIIEr oil with PCSs. In addition, field servicing

of FC3 and oil filled t::::ansfomers has l:een pe.rfo.Dl'Ed using the sarre equiprIEI'lt providing additional FOtential for contamination of the oil by FCEs

resiCh.:.al Ln the eg:ui.;:rrent fran previ.ous uses..

'!here are 1"'..0 reT;Orted incidents where PCBs have been inte.'1tionally

added to oil filled transfo:z:rrers, and such an cccuzrence would be lJI'llikely

because of the higher cost ofFCEs relative to .oil_ ~erI anal.ys.i.s of

oil taken £rem transfonrers has indicate:i that a significant nurrt:e.r are· contaminat-od 'Hith PCBs at· a ccncentraticn above '50 ppn. '!hesS" ccrrcamariaced

transfOIlrErS woul.d be subject to o=.r-...ai.n requi.re!tEnts undez ti"'..e provisions

of ti't..e prcposed regulations..

7.1 Req1.lirerrents of t.b.e Prccosed. Regulations

T:ransfo:tIIEr oil contaminated with- PC:3s in ccncerrtzaci.cns acove

50 ppm will have to be di.sposed of by high t.e:rpe.-""a.t:ure che:nical waste incineraticn-~p transfonrers cnntaminated '..rim PC3S in .the.ranga.ofo__ ",

5d to-Soo-Hmi Will r.ot'have-b--J::e riE.iXed~ rorwill the-.reee any rest-"'"ict.icnS -

on se.-rvici.ng, rebuilding, or di..sp:lsal of t,.:"e drained transfo:t'!IErS.

7.2 Estimation of the ·'Extent of TraIis:fol:::!-er-Oil

··'COntamination by "PCBs" . ... -.-=...

IV'WlIiJ eraf Tr-::t.rr.s forme rs

Avai;lable data on OS -trans:foJ:IrE1:- p:rcduction...and.-sales....eo .m.t..-

di£ferentiate between oil filled and askarel transfOJ::n:ers, but ir..dicate only

the t..,,--t.al prcduction of liquid filled units of various sizes and types. '!he

-36-
rrost zecerrc data, for 1972, are surmari.zed in Table 7.2-1, 1:elcw:.

Class

Dist..-:i.buticn Trans£o.I:II'e-~

GveJ::head and Pole ~tlIlted

Pad M:rt.mted

Small Transfo.I:II'e-~ (less than

10,000 KV'A.)

SeconCary 'Chit Substation Trans£o:mers

.Large TransfoI:r.erS (al:ove 10,000 KilA)

Total

:.

Quantitv.

1,253,400

231,600

13 ,000'

. 3,400

3,400

1,504,800

'The nurrt:er of overlJ.ead and pol,e rrourrted t.....-ansfoJ:!'lE:1:Sc't._.... e."1tly Ln ...

service is r.ot ac:::urately kncwn , but. an estirrate of. 30, 000, 000 unit:s is

usually accepted :1.'1 ti'...e L'1dustr.l. 'These transfo:r:rrer:s contain an average of

al:out 16 gallons of oil each. Veri feN of .these transfonr.e=s have ever been

trl1~;,.i[thE?ES;·andrranyo£t.h~1=-in ~ae';;~-wf1i~-----_··_-··-

_~__maQ;L9nlY.~of t:=ansfoprer and De:v"Er bandJed ask.a.rel. 'Ih~:roi-T,---

it is un.J..;L.J<.e.lY-...J::h?.t.-.these.....!:J:jmsfourers were motam; Dated with ~en..marn....'"""-· -"-'.

faetu..'red, and--t.l-J.e- 1mits -are--selO::m- se..'l'"'Il±c=cf-in the f±e.J:d.- - -'lbe i'ailure-rate -. --

o_f.~tfieSe-t:Ole~iPun~'~omersjs-a1X,utO .5% per: :.¥ffir,l2l.~~~Si:i ;".aj'i-;;a--- :==-:~.

units are rebuilt. NJ daca have been found conceming the e."<tent of FCB

.-.-_._._-_. ------------------

(1) Bureau of the. Census, Elect...--icaJ. ~t and Distribution EquiD-

~, Report No. M:72 (2) -36A, Table 6A.

(2) Consensus of coWens of transfomer manufacturers contacted by Versar

by Fhore, 19 78:

-37-
contarn:i.r..ation of t.ili typ:. of .transfo.r:m:::z:•

'J1le rerrEi.n.L."1g.-250, 000 liquid c::oled transfo.J:rrerS rranuziactnrrad in

1972 included a1:out 5,000 askarel units. F-..ssuming that the-re are 140,000

askarel units in sezvi.ce and t.~t the ratio of oil a:coled to askarel t-~­

fOI:IIE.rS has always been 40 to 1, as 'HaS tb.e case in 1972, tf'I•.en t.~ calculated. '

nurrber of oil o:;oled transfo:r!I'e--rs otb..e.r than FOle rrourrtad TM:)uld J::e 6,850,000.

Ali:e1:r..ativ-ely, it could be argued tf..at since the ratio of the

totaJ. nurrber of pol.e n:r.mn:ted t:::cnsfoI:rrerS to tf'I...e 1972 prcCilJc+...i.cn of th.:i-S tTI2e

of unit is 30,000,000 to 1,253,000, tf1at this ratio i:i.rreS the 1972 prcC:t::.c'-.-ion

of oth.ei' t:.lE=€S of liquid filled transfo:t!I'erS would give the nurd:er of ot.;.er "."

transfonrers pr='-sentlyin use. By this rrEt.b..o;i~ o:f,~ calculation ,the-ry: are·

6, 000 , 000 non-pole I'lPmted liquid filled transfoIJ' 0;0 rs in use, minus the . : '.

140 ,000 as.karel units, or a totaJ. of 5,850,000 oil_ n"a~ lJI'lits.

Another rr.et."Jcd of de.."'iving tr...e total nurrber of oil-filled ~.sfoJ:IIErS is to calculate tb...e prcduction of t.."'QIlSfo:z::re.-..:-5 frcm available Cata

on sales of transfoirrer oil. '!he annual sales of'transfct:rrer oil frcm 1968

th.ro1..."gh 1977 are sunrrazi.zed in Table 7.2-2, l::elcw:

TABlE 7. 2-2

(1) Annual Sales of Transfom:er Oil in the U. S. e .." T··-··--·

-' -

Year

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977,

Sales: Million G3.llons

70

72

75

76

82

94

96

70

7S

78 (est.)

(1) Fouse, T.; Raab, E. (Ge.."lera1 Electric CO.), U. S. Transfo:r.:rrer Oil

S1.1!;?P1y and Denand, 1975-1985, Inter-m Feprt, Palo Alto, .cali£. :

Elec+.-n.c Pssea.."""C.'1 Inst::.t'.J.te (FEp:lrt No. Err303), Nov. 1976.

-38-
'1hese data suggest t.~t the sales of cr-aI'.sfoDl'E.!" oil have i.1'1creased

ge:met:d.cally at a rate of'5• 4% r;:erXear (ave.."'aSe Increase) £rem ~96 8 t.lu't:JUgn

1974. Assumi.11g that thisgrcwt.~ rata c.es¢..J:es oil sales prior to 1968,

total oil sales th....-ough 1974 would have been 1. 8 billion gallcns, or a total

sale of t...-o bj 11;on gallons up to t:-.e pro...sent. Since f&t/ tzanszcrrrars have

ever been. scrapped and since tIarlsfo:o:r.er oil has Cee.1'1 routinely reclairned for

reuse, t.~ total arrotmt of oil in servia: is 9robably al:out 90% of t.t:e total , . aIIOtIIlt prcducecl, or 1. 8 billion gallcns.

Assuming t.~t the pole rrourrced t.rcnsfoz:rr.e..'l""S ~e.i1Jj ra an ave-rage of

16 gallcns of oil .;:er unit, the 1972 tzanarcznar prcduction required 20

mi J]jon gal.lons of oil for the pole rrounted t....-ansfor.rrE.rS and 60 to 62 million

gaJ.lcns (dep=nding on t.~ cm:mnt of oil used in transtc,1:l'rEr rra.intenance~ to

fill the remaining 245,000 oil filled t..'1'QIlSfo:t::!!la-'l""S. '. ~:i "s, give.s an ave...rage oil . ~-~ ,...

capacity for non-col.e rrount..od transfo:z::rrers of 250 gaJ.lons' ,:;e1; unit 't.,-hich is

not significantly different tban t.~e 300 gallons pez ask~--l t...~forir.ei TJSed

in pravicus calculations. '!he t..'ri.rty million' pole rrounted tran.sfoI:I!EIS conta.irl al:out 500 million gallons of oil at 16 gallOP.s per unit. '!he ra:rE.i.z"l..i:1g

1.3 billion gallons of. oil-would fill 5;200,Oaa t....-ansfo:mers l;avi.~g an ave.tage . ..

capacity of 250 gallons. Since improved t..'TQI1Sfonrer designs "have reduCed the

quantity of oil'requi...'red p:=!:' transforrer over the years, t.lll.s figure pezhaps

oversta'bes t.~ n1..JI!1i::e.r of transform::.rs Ln service, but. an estilnate of 5" 000 f 000 . _

_ _ _ _ _ ~,.,"",::r"'I7"'l1"I:::l1""<:: r"'It::p"" ""'" rv=:.J e rz:::m;t;=::7..!;pj ts i 5-r'.arba::;s", reij!.BGna~d-ii0t4 ..·iit4a......._-'_--- ..-~.~~- ~~ """'.......... ..... -------fue-avafJaOle·ea.ta:'--------·----..,· --------,-- '- .._--.-.- --- -----_..

Oumerelrit: 0 t. Tra:r.s formers ~,-,., ,,-- . -- ..

M:::lst of the anfl ~ta.tion t..---ansfoI:'!'tEO.ar: _~n=d.. end.rrai.ne... _

_.._... -- _tainedr by_uti 1 j ties.- . '!bs...;.CWPE'rshjp...~~,-:trans_fe~afld'"tfue---r-~;;......··;;,.·-

padrrotmted distribution transfOJ::lI'E..rS deoends on the policies of individual

:----·-Uffr,ties,- and -t.l-..ere o:esnot _appeai- to l:e'ai1y"standard r;:oli'cy t.~t-·a:FPiies

. across tT...e courrcry, .Al:nDst all the la.r;e dist....-i.bution t::rar'...sfoI:lTS-""S are

cwned by utilitiesi these cwned by iI".dust..-ri.al plants and 1a--rse buildings are

-39-
ger.erally 'smaller units•.E.stirrates by kncwlec.geable industry representatives

a:ntacted by Versar su~t that ~.s 80% of the total v~l1JIl"e 'of oil" 'in

transfO:.t:!l'E-TS other t.f1an pol.e n:ounted units is in 1m.its cwned by utilities.

flumber of Con:tarrrinated Gil-Filled Trv.:rns{orme'I'S

'!he cnly available infcmation on the extent of PCB contamination

of oil-filled t:!::anSfO.:r.:n:E-TS is t.l-J.e resul.es obtaaned by me major t..-zmsfoI:!!Er

I!E:rJ.ufacturer r..mich analyzed the' oil frcm 55 Units. 'IhLs oil was taken frt::m

di.st:r'1.:.bution tr"...nsfo:rm::r:s and p:::;wer transfCJ::It'e-TS, and in a f~ _cases ;.rcm

bushings en transfo:t:rrErS. Based en the results of quantitative analysis fer

PCSs iri the oil, 25 of the 55 transfoI::I'EIS W'ere contaminated with FC3s in

excess of 50 pp:n in the oil. 'Ir.e c::ncentration of PCBs in _t.J:.e _sarrples _-

varied from 5 ppn to 155 ppm.. 'Ibis semple wastake.T'l on __t.~ basis of convenience, and probably dces not repre-sent an unbiased. sarrple of all oil filled

t::r:msfOJ::!!e-TS presently' in use. In addition, 'it is not k:ncwn hew- arrt' biaseS'

may affect the accuracy of e.."d:rap:Jlating the a1:ove daea to all oil filled

units. If this saIIJ;?le were unbiased, it would indicate t.i-Jat 45t of all oil

filled transfo!:!!E....TS were c::ontarnina:L=d with-PCBs in excess of SO ppm, 'Il".e

95% c::cnfic.e!lce interval for t.~ esti..rate is from 32% to 59% of t.~ t=cnsfo~""S prese."tly c::::ntaminate.d with- PCBs al::ove 50 ppn.

No eata is available on r:ossible c::ontarnination of the 30 millionp::;le top't.-"'"aI1Sfo:z:::rrE.rS"l'-al"!C:i:"i:t-j:s not ?JSSitrle- t!T<:al~..I1~t.I-..e'-effect of t.~

PCB ban regulations on t.~e units until this L?1fO:maticn is available.

Eased on the results of the SIIE.11 and t:QSSibly biased sarrpl,e c.esc:ri-1:e::1 acove ,

it woul.d ag:ear that p:ssibly as many as 2,,200,{)OO oil filled transfo:z:::r.e-TS '

cculd f:econbiInin.ate.:l-~~s'-"at .:canceliL::dtE:cll:s~,-~nor:e---- -, -

of these t:ransfonrers- are' c::ontaminated at levels_ aJ:ove 500 ppn, and that the

transfo~con~.~-..r1eve;1s....~~o-~conta:.im--a±.::o'trt;-·-€O-~ tG0Q rl""-

gallons of oil. At an avera9=: conce."'rtration of 80 ppn PCBs, this would

suggest that the. rraterial .affec-...ed by the requlaticns ccnsists of 384,000

pounds of PCBs dissolved in 4.8 billion pounds of oil.

-40-
'I'he proposed J.:"egUla:ticn.~. Co not; affect t..~ c::Tl'tinued use and mai.:,'1~'

t.er'...anca of oil filled ·ti.i-r1sfo~'l'"S t;,.~t. ccrreaminated wit,'J. PCBs in conce."1t::a:ti..c;n,s belcw 500 pp!l", Di.s'p:.:Jsal of oil ccrrearrdriatad wi.th. PCSs in excess

of 50 pr;:m 'N.ill be alJ~d only by a;:proved cherrd.cal, waste ir..ciTI.eration.. ccmpliarJce wit.'J. these regulaticns would requi.re that c::cntarninated t..-ansformers

be ide:ntified by analyzing the oil ~or PC:3s f and t..tat the oil f:.:c.m these

transforrrers be di.sposed of in a incirierator. Costs will be incur:red

for' satr;:Jling f analysis F and ~SaJ.4

'!he oo."5t of di.sposal, of FeB liquids was inv'12Stigated in an EPA

sponsored study of the economic irrpacts of the PCB Mark.ing and Disposal

Regulations. (lJ The fol~owing ceses fur disi;:osfugot con:t.arninated 'trans';"

fo::r:rr:P..r oil are Cevelq:ed from t:i1ese previously rep:;rted ccsts,

:cetp~ticn of tbe PCB content of transfonrer oil rec;ruires that

a sarrp.Le of the oUb: analyzed by an a~e.nced.laboratory using a gas

d'1:rc1:ra'f'..ogxaph equipped. ',rim 411'1- elect~'On..:.c'aptw:e~r.--l!bs.t .liqt-tid.._

filled transfcmrars have a provi.si.on for obta.i.n.i.."1g a sarnple6f t.lJ.e oil.

Assumi.:ng t."1at a transfo.:m:E:C has a drain cock which can be used to obtain_ a

sarrp.le of t..~ oil, the cost; of cbtain.i.'1g t.~ sarrple should be 1it"".J.e cli.ff~....nt

t..lj"an the cost of ap'?lyir~ga 19l::el calculated_for. the.lT'.a:c.ti.ng regulations~!__.__

P:resent ~ci.al charqes for t.~ required analysis are $60 per sarrp.le for

quantity orders of six to eleven sanpIes analyzed at one C'1E. (2) Order

p~Sil,g and shipping costs of $50 per O~..er of ten samples would l:e ineuzzed by.,.t..~-~:c;?S:r;.~.~to+3J mst..g£_.anal.1:Si.s...aL·~_<,-,~~·",

$67 to $80 r::er ~i:l1:mE!.r·in::-~::samrrling:.and'?"Palys:i::;,;-~.::;.:.::..:.:_ ..~_. -

(1)

(2)

Versar Inc. Micrce;;;;ol";cmic. IJ:rn:::acts of.-t"J:e. Procosed MarkinG' ar.d DiSl:Csal

~at~ for ?03s p (ZP.'\ ~!?Ort i:b. 560/6-77=01.3) I Spr:Lng-Cield,'va.:

Nat..ional rrechnical Information service (NI'!S N:l. PB-267 833/2'"tlP),

APril 26 p 1977.

V&sa:b lr.c., Price SChedule = Quantitative Analysis of PCBs in 10-<

:rransforner Orr=-~r~~heet lOO)~ing:J::"Ield, Va.: ~.ay .1, 1978,
Di.svosal

to several, h!.D:rlred :-Cl:t"*"...s .;et' mil.1iOl1 rMOUld rot ::~e any afidiitiona.l fuel,

but t.J.:le ccszs of facility atrOrtization, maizrcenazce, o!?",,_1"3.tia.'1, 'a.n:5, capital

would be tl't.e same as for a unit buxning pure PCEls. The cost of fr..cL'1e..""at:.."lg

the oil depe.,YJds critically on t.l.:le value of t.J.:e ma:te;:::ial as fuel. in an ir£in~tcr

fl..an.dling fuel=p:::Cl.'t' rrai:.eria.1s such as ptl'J:e PCBs' or shr~ cap..~ci tors. ?re=

sent practice is to fuel S'l.1.C."l .incir.erators f.vit.~ c..lJ.enical YJaStes 'I!hic,,"l have a

high fuel val.ue, Present c..~es for t.'lJ.e inc.i:!:le-ration of '!?CS solids ruri atout

$O.15/lb~ I (1) wmc..'J. reflec"-..s t."le ava i hbilit:.l of esser.rt:Lilly f.=ee fuel. There=

fore, under prese."1t ccnditions, tr..ere is little demand for t.'J.e PO corrtami.natied ,

oil as a fuel for F'CS incineratorsI and ti'.s. oil has m eccr.anic valUe as a fuel

in such u:n.its~ I~ is s:cssible t"l:at the dema.rrl for incinera:tion of ca;:acitors

f,vi...JJ. increa.se to such an, ex'"~"1t t.~t t.."le fuel rs:;:ujxenents caneoc be tnetby --

was-""....e solvents; t."le c:rntamir..ate:i t:ransfo:t:rrler oil may then have scme eccncmi.c

value as a :fuel, and, the i:..cine.:ration ccscs '.vculd ce e.xpectaj to deczease to

reflect t."lis VCllUS4

'!he use of t...'1e contaminated oil in any cb..e.11!ical was"t'..e Lncdnezatoz

ot."ler than one which is burning PCBs w'OUld zesul,t in additional analyt'..ica;L

costs and zecozd keepi."'lg requL""'e.'l:en:ts. Secaooe of the li.\1uted m..moer of PCS

incinerators t..t:at .....'"ill be L'1 use, it is. not likely t.lJ.ata o::rrpetitive rna.:C'\:et

for contaJ:ni.I1.ated oil for use as f\.;e1 in 1?C.J3 incina"'ators will develcp and

the c..'1arges for :L'1CU1e;rating ronta:minated.· oil would then be cent;"\Jlled .... by

the price that could .be caareed by a speci.al, puzpcse oil i..ncL"1e..."'Cltic:n uni, t~

A ccse anal.ysis..ior. .such...a... ~cial. ~se, ~ci.:ns:C'l.tc:J::. ..i:$:<. :::n.1!t'ro.arizro"Li'J.-; co .-.....~~~ '-- - ~--­

Tables 7. ~l and 1.J=2..... '11lis':': tIDlt is aLa .sf.ze e;"Uivale..'1t ,to.t.ne- inc:i.o"1erat.'?r

used to evaluate the disposal costs for Pt:::Bs and capaci.ccrs resulti:lg f:::crn

(1) ENSCO r Gene.....-al l'nforrt1atian ENSc(}=~{)Ol Rev. 3=78r zi COraCop

~: M:u::'c:1., I978~ u - -- n
3-1

Prelimi."1a..~ c.,"'St 2stimata fCJ: a ~~. J:ncir:.e.rator fer

~~~.a:

~te:r~ oil c'''::Xlt;;;minat,ed w.ith. Lew e:cncenttat:i.ons of ;r'Jl<">'"'rr"'~~ = ..

Pl.an:t ~-ity~ 4,000 lb oil;hr.o (SaO gal/hr.)

~"rt:ir.J::J. ~~, aftEr b~r

~~"tsd ~--inq -

S~p :E"0lJr9..cat:i.cr.s r Si;~ am Sire

P:'e~-a:t.icn

s 1,000/000'

-,

500,000

150,000

250,000

piping azd val:v'eS .~ 2S%

a::r.rtinr;ency @ 20%

_..".,..;;;.lQ2,OOO

$ 2,000,000

500,000

$ 2,500,000

175,000

$ 2,675,000

535,000 - -- '7 .. -

S 3,210,000

.------ ----
.. .

Plant ~t'.!: 50Q. gal/h.r. (4,000 lb/h-=.1

Cpa...~; ng Fac""..m:: 7 r.300 bctIr:'s/~

ll~ capacit"l: 3f6~O,aOO gal~ ( 30,000,000 lb oil/yeaJ:)

Capital~;: $3,210,000

Oi--ect; Ofe..,-.=at:i:ng Laf:or, :2 neVsh.L,~ @ SlOjhr.

SUpe..~...sicn s .~ticn @ 50% of ~ct

~i:i..,"lq laror

.AC'"....i C?:t±en System (1.)

Ma.irit:e:l~ @ 20% o£ capital in~t

~: 100,000 KWH @3¢/KWE

~ling and'il.nalysis

Ret.u....-::.l. on Invest.e:i Capital (10%).

Ca;lit""lJ P.ec:::v~.l (10 y;ears @ 10%)

Taxe.s Insurar£e; (4 %. of cap.it;."l cost)

Tota1 J...rn:ro.al Ccsts

CoS""../1...l:l~.,rri7"~·~.-~=.",:",",-",P<_=-..·",.._-~.' -

Ccst/sal<> c::nta1l'1inated oil :_,

$ 115,000

. 87,000

~pOOO'

640,000

3,000

_J.E9,OOO

$1,.121 pOOO

321,000

321,000

128,000

s 770,000

$1,897,000

$ .06:32

$ .51

(1) 1his itlclu:ies ~pl~-!lt of 43,000 lli/yr. of s~t activ,;):ted ar.d

ir.:lcineIaticn of t.<-:e spent by a pu.,.~se C~.~~

i."'l~""ati.cn~
the "P<:'S Disposal Regulati::m~Q. Ii I!'h-e L"1d.ne:ratian ccsz of S"0632 per pound

- b~';. .&..~...:l il' .. 1 b, 1-' . . or ccnearmnarec 0.. 1S S~aJ: to t~::e ..C!!1eI bcund esti1ret2.s· of p~:1ble

~\:ket prices ref?:drt~ irtfc:r::roally by presently c~-ating chemica; ',..aste L"1=

cinerat'4" on o:rrpanies. ~.ksr,.A,)rtaticn costs i.."lcu......-:red in deli~...ng t."1e oil

to t.,."'le incinerator woul.d be ab;:m't $ 0 02 s::omd based on COs-"'<..S ?:r:evi.cusly

cal.cuLated for askazal.s 0 (li

Tf..e effect of the prcpesed regulations 'y,ri-U l.::e to require t.~ L~

cinE".J:'ation of oil con:t~Ja'Lod wi t.'1. l?C2s. Cont..'Y"Ql of t."le disl=Csitim and

use of used t.."'OIlSfo:r:rrEr oil will requi.re t.'J.e analysis of oil for PCSs.

Analysis of oil for PC8s will only be econcmi.ca.Ll.y justified if the expe....--t.-od,.

value of t..Se savings in di.s1;:osal costs ift.lJ.e aU is r.Ot..cont:zm.i.."'"Jated e..,<cee:is

the cost of enalysi.s, For instmce, it would cost $75 to sarrple and analyze

t.~ oil. In a t.."'"'af\.sfo:rme~ that has a 45% e.x;:eetaticn of bei....'1g ccntami..-1ai:-~

wit.., PCBs at a concentration in excess of 50~1JITl. The value of o,li to t.lJ.e

t.1::ar.sfo.!:IT'P..I c::wr..er is zero if t.l-:1e concerrtzatdcn of' PCBs is less t..n.an 50 ppm

(ioa. f a ccmrercial c:Jllector will be w-:il.Lbg to pick. it up and haul if a:way

for free) 0 Disp::sal would cost $0.0832 F€.:J:' pound for tzanspor-catricn and L.,-

cineraticn if the oil is coIrtarnird::'rtecl above 50 s:PID.' 'Ihe expectied savings

to be obt-""ined by analyzing the oil would be equal to (O.0832/lb x :1urri::er of

pounds of oil x prcba.bility, t::he oil is not contamina:ted v.r:itb.rrore. than SO

ppn PCBs) m:L'1tlS the cost of the analysis. .zmalysis is the..."Cfore a geed investment for large transfo:t:.m:".J:'.S and tt'.cse ttw.sfo:r.::rreIS less Uk.ely to be

corrtzrrririatied wit..t;. PCBs. 1:hi.s relatiCI"Stl-:tip.is presented Ll1 gra:;::.ZUcal fOJ:m

in Fig'~ 703-1.

(1) Ve-.1PSaI I.nc., l1ic:roec:Jwmic IJroaces of t..~e P:ro;:osed ~.arking and

Di.~al ?ecrula:tions=ror=kBs~(EPA RerortUNO. 560/6-77-oIJ),

spr.Jlgi'4""cl~ Va.: National Tectnical- Iniox:rraticn Service (NTIS

No" l?B-267 833/2wr} April 26 p 1977, Pi? 3-19.
100

oc

eu

<i

w

oc

o

80

150 200 250 300

DO NOT ANAL VZE

i

50 H}O

- . .••.....••.•.......•...•.•.........• .. .......•..... ...•.•..•..•.•..•.•.•••...•.•••..•.• .

. bI5~\"\.- ~1

ij

o

40

59 60 -

45

32 2.-1····· =:~.:~~.~ ,. .

U)

2:

«'" l-llfl :z0

oc..

oE

~8: 00

~e.n

<l(Z

x<l!

il- I

fi-

..J

III

<l!

a:l

o

IX:

Q..

I

GAllONS Of Oil IN THANSfOAMEfi @ IU ib/oai.

"--<.;' I

fiGURE 1_3-] DECISION CRITERIA fOR ANALYZING TRANSFORMER

illLEQA PCBL!iffllilE· p ISrOSAh-L --.

E.
Although t~ av~~ge. a:rrount of oil transfoJ::::IT:e.r 1"'025 been cal.culat~ to be about 250 gallons, no irJ.fo:r:rraticn is available on t.l1.e-di,st:ributicn

of t=an.sfo:nrers by oil capaci.ty , ]l,..s a raasonabl,e guess, t.~ roedi.an t.-ansfo~.I capacity might :tie 150 gal1r:;ns", A J.cwe.r beund estimats ofti'.e fraction

of t/:'Gl;nSfO:t:J:l:EIS c::mt:zm1in.ateci is 32%. .i\t th.is level, tes""...i..."1g 'NO'Uld l::e justified fer app~""ately one-half of t.~ oil fiJ..led tJ:ar'..sforrre...;-s ot.~ t.:.um

pc.Le trcurrced units", 'J1'1..ese J..arger trar,sfo:r:rexs would accourre for F~

75% of t.!;.e tot.al oiL !nc..'1eraticn would t~e.:l.:'e:fare be t.r,e requi...,~ disposal

l1Jet'...hcd for all of oe 2.5% of t..l1.e oil in tre small transio:t:!l"le-1'"S end 45%.of

tb.a rest of t.~e oLl. 'Ihe. resul,eng analr...ica1 and di.spcsaL ccscs would w....e."1

be cal.culaced as shewn in Table 7•.3-3, belcw:

Assum~~ 32% of ill. ~J1Sfo:J:ITEIS contain. rrcze than 50 H?ffi PC3s.

Size· of Transformer

>TIO gaL < 150 gal..

Analyt:ical COsts @ $75

Oil in t.-an.sfcn::J.'!1e-~

Oil requL.""ing incineration

L'1ci.'1e.I.'aticn cost @ $.0832

2,500,000

$187.5 million

7. 9 billicn lb.

2 . 5 billion lb'"

$210 million

2,500,000

o

2", 6 billion lb",

2 '" 6 billion lb.

$215 :rri.llion

'I't'oe bound estJJi;ate of the fracdcn of t.:raI'.stonrers t..."1at are

ccneaminaced 'Mas caLct..llated to be 59% e At t.ili level of ccrrtzmi.natri.cn ,

testing woul.d be j1.:~stifieci. only fer txansfo~ corrcairrinc rrcze than 270

=47=
gallons of oiL This cxit""ria may result in t±'.,e ~t,i;,":.g of pe....~ 20% of

aU ttansfo~-rs c::mtai..1'li.."'l.g 50% of all of t,1.E! oil. 'TI1E! c.alC'..,l.lz:tic1'1 of t.:.:lE!

z:csulting afl..alytica.l and ~-al o::;s-ts a...~ surnrazi.zed in crable "7.3-4:

.Assurre: 59% of all t...~J.Sfonl'JP...:rs c.:en='

Wn than SO l?C8s.•

Analytical Ccsts @ $75

Oil in t:;:rar1..sionre...rs

Oil requirir;.g inciI"J.E"..ration

Incineration o:Jst;~ $.0832

l~OOOpOOO "

S7S n'lilliC'J1

5 •2S billion lb.

3.1 billionib.

$257 l1Jillion

4,000,000

o

5.25 billion lb.

5. 2S billion lb.

By a:mpa.r4....son, ar.bitra:r:ily inc:i..i.erating all 10.5 billi.on ?JunCs of

FOssibly ccntarf1i.LJatecl t.~o~ oil "HOUld cost S880 ntillion~ ..~S1.JTI!lr'~g

that no additional contamination of t:ra:nsfor::rer oil by PCBs will occurf ::e.-

p~nt of the oil in aY'fj c::mtaroinated oil filled t:':anSfor:rer would l:::e

~...ed to reduce t,1.e conc:en:trat:icm-of",:casidua.l-~.to.we,L1~tmd.e:r:.-.50--?"Fffii" - '

'!he :rats at. whic.."J. these disr;:::osalccst:s will ba incl,J.:r:!:'ad c:e;::e..'1Cs" en

t1.e rate of dis;:osal of contaminated .:t.,.~fo~.r.oiL· . T!:'..s regul..a"tions do

rot prdribit tIle p~sing of.. conta:mir',ateC, oil so long as it is ret:u:ned to

t.l-:te same ~dJ1Sfo:J:l'"!'er it 'HaS taken f..."""Cm. Processing losses are e..x;:~~ to

be lewp so rrest of t!"'.e ccrrcaminaced oil 'AiOuld rot be di.sposed of un:til t.b;,e

-48-
contaxni.r,aU;ri t::':aI".sio~s 'Ai'ill be scrapped or refilled wit"l red oil '.vit.:un the

:1e.."ct, t',,;e.nty ysars, am "'::'_":e rat.e of such C2U clis;:osal does rot c.eper:d on the age

of t.~e L"Cll1s=o~s, t.':e rate of disp:Jsal woul.d t.e 3.4% :;>er year (i. e., a

failure rate of 304%;;er year izrplies a 20=year h.ll£ l;.,;'e). sased on t.~ese

ass1JITl;"Yticns, an..nua.l, eJlalytica1 and ci.';"'1=Osal costs' '","CUld be fzcrn $21.4

million to s 26 .]. mi.lliw'TI in 1979, and decrea~"5e L'1 tt,:rt."'..JI:'e years by 3. 4% ;;:er

YE'~::U::: as the mJIr.ber of ccrrtzminaced tzansfozrezs i."1 sezvi.ce decreases by

'ellis f::::aC"'"...ion.

1979 $21.. 4 million to 526.1 million

St:1.ce~Ci.""q "irs - 30 4% less eaca year

Total $612 rnillioo" to $769 million

Analytical services - .i:I5suming t.~t 50% of- t.:.:e cost of t.':e--

i'!nalysis is for Lacer and t.~t the burdened later rate is

$30 p 000 yearf the analyt~ cal, costs of $75 :nillicn to

$187 :::nilLicn l...1';)ly a total Laber derrand of 1250 to 3lli man

years. LJ.it-;Zl..1_den'laUd-'NQuld_-be_l...4~__of _t:.b.is,_.c~~-­

creased errployrre."1t: LJ. 1979 of 42 to 106 jccs,

L~--

Di..sI;;osal - The disposal cost enal.ysd.s pzeserrted in Table

7.3-2 ·CSSl.M"'t"Ed t,.:"at -dL.-ect,-h::tbcr-~.d-~so::r:--':tai:Nr-ccsts--­

~-re 14%· cf-~~~cost-:C£ -'~sal-;---i\~ -'l~'ra t.ss--- ..-:--_.- .- .- .

assumed in the cabl.e , di.sposa.L demand of $425 mill.i6fi. to - -

$694 Ini.llicn'-'M:l1.lld;--,in~a--,laro;:;- 4e."nanchatiID"-ave-wage"r-2te-e-=· --;.-~ -s: -;

of $30,000 ;e.r year of ($435 ;I1i.llicn x .14/S30, OOO/rr21'1 ye;r =:

20301 to ($694 million x ,14/$30,OOO/rr21'l year =: 3239) man
years ot labor.. .D..t a ~...and ratE of J. 4% dur:! '1g ~'1e f~ :'S\:

year? t.h.is implies an Inczeased errplcyrrent of 69 t:J llO

jof:s L'1 tf"I..edisp::sal ir:dusu-y .L.'1 1.9i9.
'!'he only kncwn 1.:I£e of PCBs Ln el~cic rrotors was by Reliance

EleC"...d',,"i,c ~y of Cleve1and e Chio f 'Nmc.l.: used PCBs as a cco.Lant; in cert-"'in

specialized rrotors. r.!:t'..ese m:rt::::l:l::S were used by Joy JYl'.a.."lufact:tlr':""1g Ccrrpany of

E'ra.nkl.L"1. f Pa., L'1 seveza.l, ~(~'S of mining rracaines bui.l, t du:d'1g the late

19605 end early 1970s. 'I'l:'.e ITcrtors r~ rebui1ciL.';.g ev'B-"'Y fe,.; yeezs, ~.lt:..hoi..-gh PeEs 2.re se1dcm Lost; f:::cm the rrotor hous.inq when the' rotor fails r such

loss of fluid 'N"culd result L'1 s'l.J1::stzntial '2.,'9Csure of t,;,~ rrachine ope...""at.r

to PCBs The proposed r2g1lla:ticns allcw a lirni t...~ ~eriod of t:..i.me for ccnvecs.i.cn of tl;,e maca.ines to rrotors 'N:b..ich do not use F<:::as.

8.1 Ra':!ull"'e..'1E1t..s of the Procosed Reaulatior-s ...,":".",>.==.. _ ....

ll..ll of the PC3 :TI:rtCJl:s rntiSt be rerroved frcm service in mini"ig

rracairies by C:ece:rbe.r 31 f 1981" '!.:he rrocors on t.l:.e conti...'1'..:Cu'S miner-s ;:ray l:e

rebuilt as PC8 ITOto.J::'S ::or one year after t;:':e e£fectiw:: date of t.-:e regulatior..s. The :rotors' on t~-lr;)i;3.d~:m:st-!:e :eLa:i.i"t: -a-s-Ul.] Ll'?=';:n~e--'

:':'Ot,ors are ret'.J:J::7'J2d to t.."1e stop for 5e...'!Vicing. Continued use of PC3 rro'cozs on

mi.n.ing machizies must; ce reFOrt:.e::l to EPA 'Hi tl'..in 90 days after t...-:e e£::ec-...ive

dare of t.'1e regulation, am a spill reSfOnse pl.an :TILl.st be develo;ed a,.--x:'i

._-- ~-.a~.b¥-..a-:cegis:t""raL.~:::JSsi.c~~~:'c.lJ:;:_ ..~~:.st;.lla:;~~-:._· ~-

Joy ~ufacturing-Ccrnpany 'NCJ.S' t,.:"escle [J.S~ -prcd:ucer·of~mini.,;'1g

equi;;:rr.e..'1t .wi'lich used. FC3s. as .a.......rrotor cco.Iant., _~_ 2c:tl::L.can:t..inL:Ous.....::J.i..ners...2.I.ld... _

loaders '...;ere built USil":.g FCB m::it:ors~ Table 8,2-1 SUlmarizes t.."le prcducr.ion

staristics ani the pzesent; u_"Je status of t,~se machines.

One small coal, mi.'1ing operat.ion located in ?e.19I'..syl va."1i.a is

o~ati,ng the t-.1::"e-:e r~"a.i..'1.ing rn::x:lel a;43 corrc.iriuous miners kr.cwTI to 8e

=51=
'.I'able O. 2~ 1

Production Statistics 6, Present lise Status of PCB-Cooled

Mjninq Machines

Machine

----

ConllnUoou>J Miller

Mndd CI.H}

~'rud..c t Ion

nares

19CA- .1.966

"".,,1."'1: of

M.lchllle::l Built --------

li

N,ijl~x:r of

Maeilin.::;; Still

iu Serv.ice --.-----_..

]

th!d..elf or

Lhjuld'-(bol ed

H.,tOHi I'e. M,;,ddne

]

[hl~Je!l' ot

l'Ci.I-{A.>o!uJ

WAoe:s SUll

RH tiei:V1(;(::

1

!'UtiLe.: of Gal Ions

of /'cn ibed I'e. !-i)\..t•• --'---r---

'I

!

U1

N

COlllAl,UOIlS Mlller

M..dd ~.11

[.Qa, Ie,:

M~j(;l HIJUW

Sl'i'le M.)[Ofti for

I»>J<.:I l41llHO

l!li'/-!9JO 5J - 15 j - ~5

A971-197J 5ll -s:n 2 »

l'rH-l'HJ )'1 li£lVon~

j 652

t»

5.

.a
sbn L"1 service, '!\Yo of these rracnines ;;:resently usesiliccne~lsd:TCt::;rs

while t.,!;.,e thL""t1 rracairnehas only or.e·?CB-- rrotor :;:e..rrailung = L e. 1 t;IJO of t~e

th.~ rrotors aJ:S si.Li.ccre--ccc.led,

Fi.fty-four of t.l-te f·H::ty=severJ, trcde.L 9C1 ccrrcirrccus miners bui.:!.t

by Joy Manufact:'JI:L.'1g have been located in t..."le course of t.ili inv-estigaticnQ

'TI:"'J..i..ct.y-fiva of t.~cse located a:x:e idle (stmdby service or stored as a source

of spare par""...s) , thir""~_"1 are !::eing used to mine ccal., t..'1.ree are in uses

c:rtIler t."1.an coal prcductzicn (e¢g. p C'J.t""...i.?lg ove~ts and cleari-ng-",j 7' courses) ,

two are used as spare eqmpl'lEnt, and one is being used L'1 a t:::aiJ"1.i...'1g prcg=am

at a vccazi erial, scbco.L, 'lWo of the t.trree rrcde.l, 9C1 conc'1ucus miners t.~t

have not been acccurreed for were rep:n:'teCly so.ld, Therefore, it is estilratod

tha:t a total of approxiJ:nataly fi.ft.~-n units are still in service,

The ?C3 loaders W0.d:'e sold to eight'j-eight different mini..--:g operatior'.cS F the rnaj cri,ty of te.1;em STI1?...ll coal, mines. :. Sixty of tJ."lese rrunes use

t..:...u:ee or f'2!tJe.:r: Lcadars and f eased. en a survey of t.tUrtY-si:~ mi.nes f it is esti-

::natad. that nearLy all of chase leaders a=e stil.l in service.

The rroccrs L'1 leaders ger.e...rally ~-e rebuildL'1g. every 2.8 to 24.

m:ntb,s r ti'~e tirr.e to failure dsr'~.ding UfXln q::e...r a:ti :1g ccndi.t.i.ons, ~.e mtors

used In ccntrirruous miners usually ra::;uize rebuildL"lg ev-erj 12 wee.!<:s because

ing I f::::crn t.."le t.i11E tl1e rrcccr is .J::'e!:l:OveO. from service un:t.il t."1e rnacai.ne is

ret'..u:;,ed. to sezva.ce , usua.Lly requ:i.res one t::l t:1I0 'tJeeks.

Bot.'" the c::rntin'CCUS mL'1eIS and t.."le Ioaders are used L'1 un~gJ.\.;und

mines. Joy 0.anufa~::t:llring_.1:'e:p:n::"~__t..~a. f~_ of. themac.ll.ines.w~ex::a..origina1JY

sold for use in s:otash mines, but; all of the mines t.h..at were Lderrci '<:ied .L'1

t.~e course of t..~ .suzvey 'H<e..re C""...al mines. The ccrrt.irnious miner's gouge

the coal off tI1e face of che seam and cent.irrccus.ly load it onto shu:t"'"-le

cars ',vilid:1 haul it to 2'- conveyor. Aft.e.r t.l-J.e miner has dzi,ven izrco t..'1e seam

about t';.,lent'j feet, it is rroved to a nearby section 'Nhile t..1;,e roof t.."lat it.
a~Sed is 001 tecL me leaders a.t"e \.:Sed L"1 conv<a,\1t:,.:;;r.cal ~1ir_g L'1 r.\lt>J-c.~ t.t:e

C""'~ face is dtilled and ur.de1':C'..::t by a dr:'..ll.::ng rrad::L;.e o fu.~""7" t,!;,e ccal, :Ls

blasted, t.:"e leader sccces it up and Icads it l;;-Teo a shu.ttle. CZIo Pcof

balting is also required in ti'.J.s ty'J;:'e of m:L'1ing o~c:tien~ L"1 eit.,':e.r ccr:.-

tinuous or ccnventaona; mi,!'u.ng r an E.."1tire sec'".i.on wi, t,1. 2.11 assccia."C-""'<1 e:rJi~~

ITE.."1t 'Nill l:e idle if t.t.:e miner or loader is out of servi.ce ar.c t.~e.re is no

stand-by capacri,t:j I as is generally t.~e case for smal.L ;ri.zJi.ng~rat~or'..s.

The output of COITV"e.V'J.tiOnal and ccrrearrccus ntirunq cpa..r'~l:ticrlS has

been ccnsezvatd.ve.Iy estilratee. at 250 tens of coal per sec-.J.cn pe= shi.:t

(eight ?'1..cur 'NC:ti<.ing day). Give.1'1 two s.:..ti.fts pez da.-y, each coal, rn:L"li..,:g t-~,,­

ni.que :;lroduces over S10 1000 watt:" of coal t:er day (valt::eci at C"..:u::::ent prices) ,

ConventionaJ. coal, mining operations ger.e.."'ally re:ruira eleve."1 to t."li..r:i-=n

I'1.12..1'1; continuous mining cperations req:uire only eleven rren,

'!he FQ3"""O:XJled TInto:r:s p!:""'-se,,1'1tly used L'1 Loadezs ~'1 ::e 1:"e;:,J:iily

replac::::d or c:.m'(le_~ to air-=c::::clled (Le., dry) ITctors r...hen ·se.r~ica:i eve::']

18 to 24 rrrm:I:::lsQ'Ihe cost; of replacemen:t rNit.'1 a re» a:L:.--cx.!ed'.::r:i.t :LS

$6,258 per rrotoz or $12,516 per loader. Ho~oevez, ccnversicn ki.ts a.::e availc:::orrpany, for $3,100 ;;:e.r Icit. Eadlkit converts one rrcecr, and each Tcadez

uses t"dO m:rtors.

Over the past ferN years I .Jay Manuf.ac+"'~.-\",:g has ceen o::;:,.'1ve.::ti.;.c;'

the m::;;'-I_:::n:s' "On' 1~r.s··to",ai"?"" C'COli."lg'~-~At' a 'PC3' he.a:r'''':''''ig' ±:'I--c:r:::c=:SU on' ,,"'uly

19, 1977, Joy Manuiact:u...-;:L"lg stat...~ t:lat t.!'J.ey had c::omre.:':"""-.eci 353 oit.t.:ese

rroto:l:S. An additional 95 rrcticrs had ceen conve..t:"'__~-asoi t.t.:e :niddle of

Nov-e.'1'i::erI 1977 , leavi ng 652 loader rotors to be cor.v~~ (ncta t.k..cat t.:.u.s

figure .inc.Ludes t.l.:le th.L."4:y=four spare loader rroecrsl , ::Icy :12mufact.JIi..;.g

es"tirnates t..'1at all remaining PC:~led leader rrctol"S can l:e c;nv~~ to

-54=
aL,~leci b:t~ the end of 1981.. 'JJ:'.e cost of t.'ris conversion is s:noo !:de.;:

rrotorI resul,tine; L.'1 a, tQ.:tal cost of arxn,,'1: $2 milUcn to convert cr.e r'errai.::-=

CQYI.:tinuou.g 11,fine::,s

The PCB and silicc~~le<i rrcecrs 1.."'1 miners E=rese."1t t,r-,;;;;JlSition

pzohl.erns, As a result of t."1e pzcposed regt.l1aticns, t:."le mi3.:r:ket for used

PCB-"'<:;:::;oled ccntdrruous miners E:qui";:rra"1t '",";' 1 virt'Jally di.sapr;:ear. '!11.erefore,

varacus mi.'1L'1g OF€-~tion,s will be confzcrrced rNit..'l. obsolete e::;:uiprre.'1t ~hal;Js

p:reroat'U,;".-elyI zasul.ting in substantial capiraJ. losses r..m.i6... eepend t:;Xln t."'le

re.TTIaining use...-Ful life of the er.:;:tll;;:rre.'1t"

All but one of t..b.e rune rroccrs In t.."le Joy. Man~att.rd.-':.g y.cee.l CC43

ccn:t:i,'1UCtlS miners mat are still in sarvi.ce hai/oe been ccrrvez-ced to si.Li.cone

cco.Iarrcs by the owner. 'H~vere it has rece!'lt.ly been found t.~at silicone

vapozs may ce..ac-....ivace t,b,e electrocp.s 1..'1 ITEthane dete<."furs which are used to

rrorii.tor t...r."e arr.bie..'1t air conditions in urcergrounc mines , 'Thus I si.Li.cone

:luids may not; ::e acceptr..ble r4he-.ve such c.et:ectors are used.

M::C.el 9C1 contriricous minars cannot; be reii'=""__"'<1 wit.'1 air-cooled

:.rotors due to space lLuit.atic:ns, nor can such equi;rre..'1t house ccnv~eci -

lTOmrs4 "lr~erEfOref ~~es~ a sat:isfact;:)rj ~eplac~"1t :--:eat t..-dl'lSf.~ l~-cic

can be deve Ioped for use in m::rtors, t.'J.is equ4~'J±. l'!l1.1St-be sc:rapped.andneiJ

e:ruiprre.'1t purchased,

Tc1.e val.ce of t."1e ccntdrrccus ~"'"S is best appzoximatred by its

value of 540,000 on the used ~~.t rra.x::<et. '""'''Ihe''ne''N" .::.epl:aC2!!E".t mac.:.ur.-es·

will hav"B a rmxfi hig:he.r I?rice, 'but: rNiU--t;er:nra pr~c-..iv'e and require less

ITEi..''1te.rla..'1cs. Historically, luirli.ng e::r~t has Cec:::Jrre obso.l.etie after about:

ta'1 years of service, and ircst; mi.'1inq cpe:catit::rrS-'~d-""tDtf5gLo,ce t"'e:i:r~ci?··:­

rrent ?r:"~cr to ~..e end of it='5 ~u1 life. Since 1970 was the Las c prcduet-i en

ea"te of PC3-ccoled o:.mtinmus miners by Jay 0.anufactur::J ,,:g Q:::rrpany, illl such

=55-
e--:uipr'..e_"1t Ls l.i:<e.1y to re:ac."l obsol.escenca- by t:.':e :;;n;:osed c::rrq;;;l.iar,ce eate

Le., :'981. Replac~t of ,t."ris equi;;;:rrent, '.:.'1sre.fcre, ::iy OCC'.Jr =eg~2ess

of t.l-J.e creccsed _ ... :;a Ca.!.J. r:ecrulation. oJ 5::v,ever I mini.r:cr..,J oceza ... ciors ''''ill ::0 Lcncer ..,

ce able to e:nploy t:'1E: obsolete ec;,ui;rr..ent as ::>t;a=e equ.ip:r.ent ''::.:J t,:",,~ 'J.? t.':e

slack resul,t.ing f:::cm reach.ine servic.inc , Dor r"'illth~' be able t~ sell it ; "1

t.,!;,e used eq"..ri;;:rnent ma.t"~<et. E'orced scrappix:g of '~1.i.s equj.;:me..'1t prior to t..':e

end. of its useful, lite can result L11 sigr.ific;;o..rrc costs (losses) to a :ni.-u.-:g

ol?E!=~tion, cieper:.cl.:L'1g upon t..'1e rena.ining ltSeful life of such equi~.:::rne.'1t.

Six of t.l-J..e eight ~es 1.::Si.'1g tr.e PC3 nunezrs are relatively small,

wit.t:l. prodUC""'...ion of .f.rcm • 7 to 4. 2 m.iLlic.n tens ;;;ex year. '!he other l?C3

::.niners are 'n use in manes cwned by conglcmeratas 'NTI' ca produce cor.sic"H-ably

greater tannage of coal., Any c:sts ',.;hic,,'l aze li:',ely to Ce rome by t.:-..e.se

c:rrpcw.ies as a result of the lost q;Jp::Jrtunity to sell thei= PCB ~""TIEr'.t .; n

the used mazket; 1",il1 ha-ve litt-J.e or negligible inpact on fr.ce IT'ar.'<.et price. of

cca.l , '!his s~ from t.?e s:F.Iall rna,J.:k.et shaze of u. So coal, r..cw mined 'ay:?c:"'~.

o:.'Oled conti.r1UCJ'l'!S m.iners and t.:"e ability of CO!f-petit::J~ t.o e...~d ope.rati.or..£.

Fu:rt..~ref Ver5ar estii'1'ate5 that wnate~;er ccscs are ll'oC",:n::::ed by t.~ese eight

rnini...'1.g CCI!'parll.eS 'Hi....ll rot zesul,t in ccrrpeny clCStJ.I:'2S and sucsequent; Leases of

erployrnent:"

PeS ban regulation to t."'le eight rni.,,'41ng ccrrpani.es usinc t.~e ccntrirrcous miner-s,

Neta that only PC3-ccoled ccnt..L'1W'l.lS minezs tt'.at a.re st-';11 L"1 servi.cs a...""E

ccns.i.dezed in this analysis because it is not kncwn how rrany of the re.rra'ni!lg

fo.rty-one ccn~"1lXJUS rniriers located h.ave a E;:Csitive ;ra;;:ke't valt:e and use..:...:....:l

life" ~..s.suming t:.r.at fort:.! of these miners can be sold in the used. equi;:rrent

rr~u:ket Ci" eo p cmittL"1g tI:.e one c:::nti,m.:C:)1Js.mi."1.e=~~t.~is.bei::lg--'JSeL~..t....~

'V'CICa.ticn.al schcoL) f t."1e eddi,tiori.al ecorxrni.c ccses '.vould be a.rraximan of.-

($40~OOO x 40 "'l $1,600(000)'. L'1. ro case <::bes the ecercrm.c dlpact, en any

ccrrpeny exceed one ~'\:~.t of t,1;,e annual, val.ue of the coal miJ:ed Cy t.:;,e

o::rr.pany.
Nt:1I'ber of

Q:mti."'l'l'C'l.JS

Mine...""S

~el CU43

Ct::rrpany

No.

Nmb~o£ ~~ITciq

Continucu.'5 COst Due to

Hine..rs ;".bse..TJ.ce of

9eM Used Eqt.;.ipme."1t

in Service Market -~-~~=-=~~--~~- -~~-"""""~--

1*

2*

3*

4*

6*

7

8*

1 (1) o

3

2

1

1

1

2

5

$ 40, 000

$ 120,000

$ 80,000

.;; 40,000

$ 40,000

s 40,000

s 80,000_

S 200 ,OCO

'IOlrA.I. 1 $ 640,000

(1) Note that co~J no. 1 opezaces t..tu:'ee m:del aJ4J corrt.irrcous mines

but cn.ly one rrachirie sull uses pr~ as a rrceoz cco.Larrt.: and ortly

me rroccr of t...~ dl,... used to cperate the IT\2.c.~-:e Gees corrcai.n

?as = L e. r the ot!;,er t.N'O mtors e:nploy silicone as a coolant.

Srnall preducar (less than five million tens ;;er year total ccrrpany

;;n:oo.:u:+-icn) 0

=57~
Retxrrbi no Ccetis ""tt&""H..Iri_~.

'!he pzcposed ::.es'..l1aticns woul.d :ra:::.ui~ t.'1at t:"'lE: EPJl. Ce Li'1fo:c:r:eci cr

t..'1e ice.r.-rti 1::.1 and o;.;ner-Hp of e.ac.'1. .?,...:3 mi.'1i.r;,g macairie wi i:.;nn 90 Cays of t.~e

effect';~Je eats of tl:e regulation, and t.'1.at the cwnezs :nairrtain. ~t

records of t,:;'e macatnezy and rej?Ort changes of c'Wn~u;J co t.":e EPAq Th.e:!:e

are approxi:rn.atsly 96 rni.'1i.ng ccrr;panies which cwn ?C8 rred1i.'1ss. '::X.e ir...fo:cration reqtli =ed for t.~e L'1i.tial ret;::Ort should te av<ri.lable fr::m i.'1\,:'enmr'l

zeccrcs, and p~~ration of t'Je ~rt should ~""e ;::0 TI1:dr; then one to

't".vo days E,:er corrparry , Assu,rniI1g an a:ve....~ge of cne and cne=0..alf man days s;er

carpany report, and an ave...~ge bur~ed l.zb::Jr rate of $30 ;000 ;:er man yearI

the ~r,-iI1g ~e.'lE,nt wi.Ll r"'...sult L'1 costs of (96 ccrrparries x L 5 rran

~.peis COTI!?any x $30 ;000 Iran year/240 rran clays pe.:: man year :: $18',000)'.

'nle at.....ez: record keeping requirerre.'"1ts are si.milar Ln sc:cpe to r:aural inve..'1='

to:ry l?:rc~~ and shoul.d not =esult in significant ac.citicnal costs to

t."!e mi.-u..~gc:::rrpanies.

A formal continge.'1CY plan wilJ. be ~'t?d of each. c~a"lY 'liThic"!

op€-"Cl.tes :?C:B rrr:i.r'.ing rtElC.fll,."1E:S. ':his r;::larl 'Nill (JAW to i.::e specific:or

ccmpanYI and 'Hill have to te revie-NeC. and ~v-ed by a regi.stered professional engineer. A sarrple p.lan for these rrachines 'Nill bel?re;::r..red by

Ve..."'"Sar L"1Cq undez a cont-~ct sponsored by the (J. S. Bureau of Mines 0 C:s i.'J.g

t.:.us pub.Lished plan as a basis for t..'1e prep.aratian of a sp€C'..i£ic ccrnpany plan

should reduce the effort to one day of ~y ti.rre and ore day of profes-:

sional engi-nee..1Fi rlg services ~. This 'dill resul.t In costs ':0 t..":e

mining ccrrpeni.as of (1 man day x $30 pOOO per rnan year/240 man days per man

year -:- 1 Cay consulting x $250 :;:,er day :1 $375 per corpany) 0 For t.:.:e er.ti...--;

inc::h::st..X 1 total costs willl:e (96 ccrr:panies x $'375 FeJ: d5rrpanY '" S36,000),

=58-
8~4 ~".;;;...,.,.

S~l

Cost Imoaci:s :

$40,000

PrE!ITBtUJ:e s~ppir:g~ 16 ope.",rati.::.g

miners @$AO,OOO

40 ot~ mi=l1ers @ 0

Rep:Jrt:L"1g ('"ests -

Sf?ill prevention and ccrrtzo.l, plans

Total

$ 2,021,000

640,000

o - 1,600,000

18,000

36 p 000

$ 2,715,000

[Plus up ro $1,000,000 additionaL lUl

coscs 'Nill l:::e Lncurz'ed in tl.:e pezi.cd

19 79 tr,;;:ough 19 81. J

~~dUc~io~ ~r~ :~ice :~act3: ~~-~~.~=----~~_._=-

No lass of coal, prcduczacn is anticipated. Si.'1C:e c::al ;?rices

are set by c::mtpetit.ive ~{.et forces and are usual.ly set by long cezm cont-<3.ct'.s,it is e.x;::ec*""uec t:1at t:,.AJE! aclC.i+-'cnal coscs of t'1ese regulaticr--s wi..J.l

Ce. absozced by the rnirunq c::rrpani.es as reduction L'1. profits G

_.__._~-- --~

HNo---redt:~~on in mine errplc;yrrent is anticipat-.~~ ~e =r:3:~,pi ~e-..

rrenns for -"'dc'i ticnal rer;orting and t1;,e pzeparataon of spill preventa.cn pLaris

will result in a total Increased Labcz' Ce.'tEI1d of one to ts-o man years C:u.:=i.'1g

1979.
Large ele::::"",...,,'."Crna<;nets are ir..stallee eVE..!:' ccnveyoz' belts to zerrcve

t...~ .L.""Cn : ...\""'Il! nor.:=magnetic c::rmtxlitie.s such as coal and gra':"'1~ rost of

t.~ese el~-=emagnets aze ceo.Led ir,rit."1 100 to 150 ga1J.c:ns of rrtineral oiL

Wb.ere increased fL""e sa£ety was ~ed.r the rnagnets '..ve.....-e c fte..Y1 fil.'Led wit."

PCBs.. 'I:h~ t.t:....--ee rnagr:et IT'aJ.U£~..:!...",,=.!'S ,..vm used PC3s 'Net:,

Sterns Magr..etics f G1J,:ahy r 'I'Jis.

Eri.ez 0.agr..ets! E=ie! Pa~

Dings Co. f Milwaukee, Wis.

Di.'1g5 Co. stcp;:ed using PCBs L'1 mid-1976 i to1.s; ot.~h t:...;o rranurac-

~_rs have ::at used PC3s s.ince 1971 or 1972~ A total of atout 250- PCB·

magnets were rmnufactt.:lred;approx:i.rnate.ly 200 of ti'leSe may st--i 11 I:e. in use

in t.~ t1nited States.. Mcst of the PCB magnets are being used in C7'~1 rni..'1e5 f

cce.l, preparaticn plants and in C""-al-fired geri".e.......-ati..ng st.~,:ti.on.s. !t i..5

pcssible, but not conf.i..:l::rned, tt'..at SO"I:l:E of t.lJ.e PCB magnets may be used on

gr"'-in COI1v"eYOrs because of t.~ f1.a:ITmabilit'j of grain G;us"t¢

'IheE.'~ec+....:r:ar.agT'.ets are of CCl"t'Pletely 'Melded CJr"..st...~cticr.p and

v"'"'e...ry few leakage L"'1cice..''lts have occurred with eit.t:e.:: oil fil.led or PO

filled rragnets. Based on design cor.sice;!::atior'",'S r elec=-anagnets would l::e

e.x'pec""...ed to be. less li."1<.ely to fail t.~ woul.d t.:::c..nsfor:rne_r:5. Those leaks

'Nhich have occuzred have Dee.1"J. caused by physical abuse or Lack of acie:;:uate

mairrcenance , Mainu;nanc::e requi..,.--e.trents do .-:at. ex;csa work:er::; or t..'1.e envi.ror--

rrent to ccrrcacc 'Hit.!J. PC3.s.

9.1 ReouL.~ts of t..'"le ?rCo:secrRecn.Uatic:::ns - ... "'"""'777" =n.........=.;z-..- """=~~

Only t::ransfo~rs and cepaci.ccrs ar-e eefL"1e:1 as "t::rtally enclosed

uses" of ?CBs. lUI ot'1er J?C:E equi:;;n-e.?J.t r inclli!ing PC3 elec""~"·cm,"':!.g.r.ets f 8l.1St

.t:e re:roved f:=cm sezvi.ce by t.'1e effec"'-..i"l.le date of t..'le J:erqu1.ation , and di.s-

~sed of i.'1 accozdance ',.;it.:'" the ''''PCB DLS"pOSa1 and ffi.aX:;,~.ing" regu.J.atiC'Ils.

-60=
,be requ.ired to st:J1:mJit a writt2n CJPplicationto t.;"'..e ?eg:i.onal .~inist.ratcr

reque.,sting :;e,!'1TIissicn to- di.spose of t1:'.e4J!i.its in. a chemi.ca.i, ",vast:; landfill.

9.2 c-''''ITpliance Costs

'11'1,'2 PC:B el~~gnets could te replaced wit..:;' oil filled units at

an av~ge cost of $8 rOOO per rragne:~4 Ecw-ever, use of minera.l. oil in t.~

a;:plications would significantly inc::::ease fire ri-Sks. All of the manU£act:.:!rer:s r'e:gularly f1.1!7Ji&~ maenacs filled 'Nit::;' siliccr..e fluid for use where

fire c,,'1.aract.er.:stics supe:ci,or to t..-cnsfoJ.::'re!:' oil are required. Suc..~ siJ.ic:n:e

filled transforme...rs are 40 to 50% ITJ::lre;xpensive t.'1an oil filled units, Le.,

Eriez also offe1::"S a proprietary air cealed elec'"'"....rorraqnet; rNi:"..ic..~

has UnCerrYn:te1.'"'S Labora:to::r::f approval, for use in dirty and dusty envdzonrrerrcs,

T1:"..is urii,t costs 2ixyut 30 parcent; ITOre tnan an 'oil filled mag:et r i. 8. ,

S10,400 pe= av~rage unit.

Replace.'TI?Jlt costs for sui.rac.Le It'ac:;r;.ets would be $10,400 t::J $12, 000

x 200 uni.es =$2,080,000 to $2,400,000. Ce.livery- and i,;-;.st.c;l'aticn ccscs woul.d

be an addi,tional ten to t:/>I~"1ty t:e'l"ce.rl't. ;'..s in 't.'1e case of miIl:L'1g iT'.a&..ir.es

(c..~tE:r 8), the L;,creasee, costs would ::e a~....ed t:J ce acsozzed :"y the- coal

mi.nes as redur...:dcns in ?1.'t')fits. These CJS"ts shoul.d not rescl t Ln any loss of

---....----- errPlo~ or'~&-n:r:a:c:dcn..~-_.--------------------------------.----_.------

-------- -------- - ----·De+...i.verrof--2etT--repla~t__rrasr..et.s-wot:tld :24ui e--fou:r-t:o--s±:-<--·------- --.

rtl:mt.~ • .Cl·)--~-r'Q.t±orro:E- t1:::e rod cl,usbE:rs-"rit::h:rt.."t .iLOLec~-cn~ve~- -

_ ......_.,-!""e:tal._c:::c:u.ld.._""'eSuli iu_a...b.igh.,risk..a£.~oL"';"e enishezs __wi -;-h s~:t.i.a.L-

-------'-losses 1.il pLcducticrr;-Pad±u{7~r~--cle tee tors-~....eet:;-ITEtal---ar:C--­

shire Ccwn a. conveyer belt 1..:rnti1 tl"",e ITEtal Ls rerroved rnarrca.Lly , 'rhese systa'TS

(L) ConserlSl.l.S of indt:1sty cp:L'1i.on obta.iz:.eC. t,.k.=ough a phcne

survey by Ve.rsar !nco
. are ~i',It: in teJ:!1S of IT',ar:'....cwe.r and lost pr.."cluC""'-i.cn co1!-pared to t..'1e use

of sepa..1"'Q,tor magnets, but rr.et:al 6etec-...ol.'S could prcvic.e t,t;,e t.:=.'u;x:n:a-ry pI:C- - - t.;;."'Cticm needed. 1Jntil zep.Lacerrerrc magnets were c,"'"1i 'le:reclo Cetec~r S::"S~'TiS

which CI...""'e presa'1tly in use a-~ not rranned ccrrciriual.Ly, so it must; ce asstzred

tluat tow lost. prcd~...ion from belt st6:ppages is less ~~er'.si'V-e t.'1an rranni.nc

would teo Jl...ssumi.ng tf'...at a two=m:mt.~ eelay would be e~er:ced fn cbtairliz:.g

replacem=nt magnets, full tL.'1E (J-=sfJ,Lft cpe...·j<,;rticn) roanruriq of t.::.e deteC't::lw

at a burdened l.al::or rate of $30,000 would cost (60 days x 24 hours r;::er day

x $30,000 per man yea.rI1.920 man hours per man year ~- $22,500 ;;:er IT'.a~t) •

. later r~""e.'TEnt::s might zeascnac.ly be 1,0% of t'Jis figure. This la1:cr

~twculd have to l:e added to t.,b...e cost of a c.et-oct:or system. Al.L of

t.~e addi, tior..al. costs a..~ ve...ry dspendent on t."le t.imi.'1g of t.1.e efiectiv.:

date of t.:,e regulation, and woul.d Ce e.1.i.-ninated. if the L"".Qust..ry had six

rrcrreas notice of t..:.:e i..."1tanticn of tb..e Age.m:y.

Cost Impaai:s :

Replaca~t cost = 200 ele~agnets = S2,080,000 to 2,400,000

celi.ve:t:y and installation coscs = 200

. el~~agnets = $208,000 to 480,000

Later cost inc-~e.s <:'h,;e to shor-e

of rep~"1t magnets

Production C~~ ?~ice L~acts:

t-""=n1 Lack

SO to $4,500, 000 (prcoabIy

$500,000)

CoS"l.:s a...""E - e.~...,eC-to_J;;.a_absor:teC ~y J::1::e.ccal.~g. L.'1c.J..lSt-y

as a reCuction in profits.

zmv:oument !77ects: ~""",*='d q'

No loss of employment at tr"e mines is anticipated. .Z;Ssurring

t."'Jat one-t.ill.rd of tile manufacturing and i11sta.Lla:t.ion costs of t.!;.e replac::.'If""'-!:t

u:rllts ~resen:ts labor at $30 , a00 per rren yearf in::reased Labor 0 f
($2,288,000 tn $2,880,000/. S30,OOO ~~X m?-n year x 1/3 dollar labor ;er

dollar cost"'" 25 to 32 man yea..~1. WlOu.ld be re:;:uL"""Cc' oj n lai::.e 1978a.'I1d early

1.979. E::l±..ra lator due W a lac.te of r~lacerre.'1t '..:nits mic;ht L'1craase ampl~'1t by ($300,000/$30,000 per man year "'" 17 rran years) d~ng t~ first

few rront~ of 1979.

-63-
10.0 HYlJRAUliC SYST:21S

P:::S fluids 'tJer:e used i.""J. a large mmcez of hyCJ:'aulic systerns r :art~;::'.,1.,.­

1arly L'1 die-::"lsti.::,g mac:..~'1es arc in srtE"':' i":;cust...y a;:;pliC'.atic::ms 'tJhe;:::e :l.i;h-

~at'.:u:e stability and fi re resistance were i"'rlp:lI';'7-artt::onsiderations 0 I,n,

1.972' I when FC3 hydraulic fluids '",ere 00 longer available I users '","'erE:! fcz'ced

to switch to substit::'...:rb; fluids. Since ~l;.e subStittltes 'tJel'::'e ~tible 'tJit'1

tile PC3 fluids, tl:e machines ',vere rot dza.ined and fltlShed but were sL,,?ly

topped off as required 'Nit.." che f1=,tJ fluid. 'lopping off usual.Iy =equires

addition of new fluid at the rate of .2 eo 10 t,i,;,'1iE!S t..he syst=m capaci.cy ;:er

year to replace leakage losses.

Av-~able data on residual ?C8 levels i11 die casti."flg' mach.ine hydzaul.Lc

syscems i..r:d.icate t,"'la,t many of t."1e tested mecrunes corrca ned ?C:3s L"1 cencerreza-

'dons of 60 9PIl to as high as 50% in a fe'IJ cases. The difierences L"! ~c'n-f

centration apparently rer"lect differences in t:,;,:"e zace of. Leakaqe fr-~ 'Jar':'9us

machi.nes ar.d d.if:fe.ri."1g ~y ma.irrcenance pol;icies regardir.g' ~icCic 'u.:it.aJ:.:-

replaceme.!1t of hyd..'-a.ulic flu.id.

1'J:".e propcsed PCB ban regula:tions 'NO'llld prohibit tJ:".e use of fluids

'.v:h.ich corrcaari over 50 ~1 8.:35 in open or semi.-c.losed systsms. However I

hydraulic syscems on metal. die cas'ti.ng machines which contain flu..i.d w'id1 rror'e

flushed with clean so.lverre , and refilled: 'Nit.:' uncorrcami.nacsd hydraulic fluid.

The fluid m:ust be ze-prccessed or replaced. at Irrcerval.s of sax IT1Cnt."1s to

rS'OClVe 2C8s until t.~ cor.ce.'1t.."Q.tion of PCBs rernai.'1S belcw 50 pp;n. L'1 addiden I

users of cont:aTI!iJ:9.ated syst-=ns '~uld have te· J:e~.rt sucn use' to EP.J;. and s:eti"':.i.cn

annually" fOr e."\{"e:npt:tcn:s~con~g-ani-P2-!":'cCLi.cal1Tdecant:ami.natirl.g1:.'1e .

equipne."1t.

The ?rovj~siC:fn--for-cond.:'n'QE~l"l.l:S ...'.;r·crft.'J.ese-- syS""~!lS is- l:±rnited. to

five years in tr.e proposed regulaticn. Hcweve:t: r it Ls anticipated t:.:;at

required ;e.ricdic decontarn:L'1ation of t:.o~e syst.en.s 'tJUI z'educa t...:"e conca'1.t::aticn

of ECSs to below SO Pptl 1:e.fore the provision '!?..x;Ji:::es. Hydntllic sysnsms on

=64=
(ll.rne:dc:an Di~ .~~~ ~ti~~l_ J::'1c:J. _ 25, 19-18-.

ot."1& t'lJ:=es of machi.nes ',,;oLue rot l:e allCWEcl b contzinue in seo.""V'ice if t.b.e

fluid corrca.iris mre tl"lan SO P9fi PC:3s. '"!.'.he machines wcul.d have wee re:rovEd

f.1':CTIl sezvice by the ef.f~~ve date cif t,:"'e. regulation azd oot used. Until t,,~e

PC3 level t.~e fluid is reduce:. w a ccncencratacn Cel.c::w SO pp:n.

A previous EP.;;' sponsored sWdy re~rtsd t..."1at sales of ?CB hydraulic

fluid du.riJ::g the ;s:ericd 1970-1971 w<Wed over 13.5 million pounds to 585

d.i - - ,-, (1) .<J~:J;;:;: e!:'a"1l: 1:J..:.""TI!S •

sys~s wruch have been ide..'l1i:'; ried t..1.:rough sot'2.'TIe..'1ts at ?Ublic hearir.gs on

FCBsI little i:1.fo:r.mation is available on the CW!'.ers.'1.ip of corrcarrunaced systems

or the levels of FC3s in t.."1e fluid. "

Based on seate:renti'made .by several die casting ccmparues ari:l

a represenotive of the Am.::rica:n o'i~:r.::.<?~ting Institute, (2) FCBs we:ce used

a. pre:nium priced al.ternative f1uidL~ tr.e hydraulic systems of die castL"1g

macrunes used to form aluminum, ITlaOT'esium, and. zinc castings. Tl::e.re are

ar;Farently ferN c..a:L"'!,-ieX'S to errezy L"1 t.~ :"'rrlUSt..1, arxi tI1e ccns'cant; e.'l1t.1

of r.&N' die cast:ing c..:::;r1t!;'.c....'1ie.s has ;Jrcvided a :;:~y ':narket for used rrachiries,

A r<!'lie<N of the (tbfl.santo custzmer list reveals t.:..:at about; 80% of

the 40 lar;e-.St ccmpani.es );Jt..1rCllasi.'1g PCB hydraulic fluid in 1970 and 1971 'N'ere

die cast:ing ccmpani.es, (1) ,=>.ssurn.:Lryq t.~t Gie casti.'1g ccmpanie.s 9Ul=::.r-.ased 30%

of t.'e fluid sold and used it in die casting rnachines , a total. of (13.5

(l-r-- Versarlnc .,-tTsas~--::~~arrl~ti--=loscd-syst::.~-a:n:l~e-~- --------

~-.:..:-. __...:sult.ir:g_b.:ls.se£;oi::?£"'~6",to....:t.;he::..2mt~~~<_:i:l:l:"'t.~~..'-~;:,<~:.: _2.0;~

(EPA -GQntr~t-No.- 68~01....32S9.,~~- Re~~~4J-4.:,,5Ch-S€F?t~=3.Q.---- .-- --"

1976, 9. 13.

__ (2) Telechone c:onversation, Mr. COrnel

----' -With"?Obi:2::;vest..:-'1 (~leisaif,--.;pr-il
l'ni.llion lb x 0.8 / 11 lb )?er go 1 Ion "" 1 ITlillion g2Ulof'",,'S) of ?C3 flLlid was used

t.~se machines duri.'1g &.e t"wD year ::e=icd. Assum.i."1g ftU;"'"J--er t..'1.at each

rnach.irie had a hydraulic ~st;n COyttair.ir.g 500 gallons a.,-ry"'j r:~ed" t.t:..3.t errcunt;

each year to replace Leakace , the total one million gallons of fluid could have

been used. by 1000 macrrines "Nnic...I.:I used 1000 gallor.s each.

The renairling 20% of t.t.:!e largest: purchasez's of ?C3 hydraulic fluid

'Mere st...oel mills. PCB hydraulic fluid 'Has .::ep:ll:t.ecily used as a standard fluid

in many plants in t.~se applications' whe.r:e leakage would prese.."'l.t. a fire hazard.

Representative uses w'OJl.d ir.clude st...'4el ~J.ace.s, ladles, strip mills, vacuum

degase.rs, and continuous castL."'1g IT'acLi..':.e5. rrhere is ro L'1fort"at:.on available

on t,'>.e total number of hydraulic syS'tSTIS L'1 t."'ie st:..~ ir:.d::..1st=y t..';at used EO

fluids, nor is t.~e any L'1fom.ation available as to t.'1e ;?rese.'1t conce..'1t=3.tion

of PCBs i.""l these systiems ,

10.3 COn'pliance Costs

Die Casting Uachines

Most die casting macrunes were flUSJ.'1e:l and rei;: led ',,;it:..l, a :":On=?CB

hydraulic fluid after the owners became 2!rore of the envoi ::orrmental3.r.c healt.lJ.

hazards aseoc.i.atied with PCBs. TJ:".e hydraulic fluid z eccrrrrezded by YOI"..sa.."1to

asa replacenel'1t for t,,"1e PCB fluid 1.'1 1971 ',vas based. on r;;olychlo=i.r..ated te.r=

phenyLs (FCI's). 'The rr.anl1'=~ct....1I'in,g of PCT fluid was d..L.<~c:mt.i..'1ue::i 1."'1 1972 or

1973 and tb.e product. lines w~e replaced wit~ ot"1er ~~ of hy~~aulic li~ds.

The refilled hyclrauli.c syscens have ceen tra.inea.ined in 'J.Se Cy

topping off when necessary to replace Leakaqe losses F and 1."'1 sore cases by

pe.ricdic replacSie.'1t of t..r"e fluid. As a result: of 't;,1.€ continual =':ffiJval of

corrtamiriatied fluid, the ccncerrczat.icn of 2C2s has ceen..g.r.adu.a.ll.y- i~l'Cor'l .....D".;.,O -_~." ...

low Leve.l,s-, alt..'"x:lugh in many casesene residual -pas exceed t.1;,e 50 -~. li:nitpro;:osed by tl:.e regulation. Tb.e av-ailable .i,r;.iormation on ;;r:::se.m: levels of

FCBs in t..'1ie hydraul.i.c systsns of die cast..ing machines is surrmari.zed 1."1 Table

10.3=1.
C'..ast Forge CO. (1)

cat:~.J:::?illa.r T.ractor (2)

Otlttcard :Y1.arine (

3)

PC8 Level (ccm ) , .

80

!:elOVJ det""'""cion Limi,t (syscems

are dra.ined t"lIice a year:)

90-6000 (~~a!1tly average 500)

oucccarc :1"....rL"e COr;oration owns appraxi:nately 130 die cast,L-.g

machines t.!;.at at one ti,.'1Ie used. PC3 hydraulic fluid. These machines each

correaan an average of 500 gallons of fluid, (

3) and are all corrcaminaced ,,..;1.'t."1

?CBs .L."1 ccncerrtzatdons acove SO 9pn.

Several ccrripa.nies provided est.i.rnatecl costs for replaci.",:g h1tiaulic

fllLi.d, alt.JxJugh oot a.Ll, of the figures 'Here for the pernutted drai."1.ing and

::1.L.SJ.~J.g procsduz-e, o..J.'t.J::xxLrci ~11.a.rine est';1J.1ate1 a cost-of $840,0'00 ':0 drain

their rracrunes • flu-sn ti'.e.rn t'N'ice wii'.:..1-;, rruneraL oil r and r::>ri.l.l t.L;,ei1 ',qit.,,~ :::&11

hvdzaul.i.c .£.l'..lici.. -rr\ldrau.lic-flui.cLliJere.JJSe:i....a:s .zae; flus...1ir:g_soll '7":01''-..1::J_

- .d -, -~~1-. . 1 . b- 1 . ul, '"' $1" . 1 1 . ( 4') avo~ :'"-&lll~.l.~.1.t:y 91::0 .hens t::e cost 'NO c. De • _ rtl.'U..:..l.on.

General 2'btors sta:r:ed that: t.~e cost; of matieztia.Ls for rel?laci..""'.g

fluid Ln t.t;,eir hydz'aul.i.c 5"ysterlS t,,'culd ce as follcws: (

5)

(1) Telep.b..cne ccrrver-sanicn, Tan Grover (ca.st Forge CD.) 'Nit.~ Bruce ~';co::icxk

(Versar), September 22, 1977.

(2) Telephone- c:mversauGn~--TCrn'Berl~~\Ca.te.t'?i11arTractor) 'Nit., Bruce •__- _._.__. .....c •..=::;,;,;,;,: ;,;, 'tJccc":,co.::l<z?;,;,(Vez::sar)_+"" l:;'e~~~:g:~~·.;,;, '-:..~-._-,_._.. __ __. _._ - --

-----+31- -'TI1crnas, Hug-h- -fGti~"ti~a1.:"ine--COrp-.+7-'-?rese."1ta:t...-Len--a·t- ~':.o,:e .:EP.U:--±::"-.f~

Heario.""".ss on the ?C3 San Regulations, ~'7ashL"1gt.cn, D.C., July 15, 1977

(p, 91 of ::Iat1...sc:::ipt) . _ _

(4) Telepoor.e convez-sar.icn. Hugh Thcrras (CUtl::oard ::-!ar:L"1e Col:'?) 'rlit..1-;, 3r...:ce

~'7cx::d.ccck (Ve.rsax), Se];-"tent'.-€r 23, 1977.

(5) Ward, ~.qilliam (Gel'1eraJ. Motors Cor;:oratien), Prese.'1.ot-- en at the E:?!I.

Eear:Llgs on t.~e PCB 3an Regulations, Chicago, I1LL'1.ois, July 19, ~977/

(p. 201 of tra"lScript) ,
Solvent

NeN' Hydraulic Fluid

Dis!,:osal

Tot:al

s 2.26

7.57

0.37

$ 9.40

C.'1evrolet est.im::.t<rl tl'.at it 'fiQuld- cost $500, 000 to r.eplace t.'-1e hyCraUJ.':'c fluid

in cne 25 systiems (29, 000 gal total ca~ity) 1-'1 t.1.ei.r say City (Hich.) ;Jlant. (1)

to use hexane or soma similar so.lverrc t.l1ey would ce sevez'Ly affected. as t.'1e

seals In t.,J"eir rrachines 'MOuld have to be zepl.aced. Also, tb.e::e was .concezri

among t.'1ose 'NnO have already flusI1e:l t.i:.ei.r machines t..~t f'..It..~e1: fJ.ush.i..-:g

'NOUld ::.ot significantly lower the FCB level in t.'1eir mach.iries,

Al.L of t.'1e available industry cost estimates are surrrnari.zed 1..:."1

Table 10.3-2.

Table 10.3-2

Indust..""Y EstiJrates of t.'1e Dst of Drai11.ing, Flushing, "" r:d

Refilling Die Casting Ma.c.bi'1e Hydraulic Sys·tenS

No. of No. of Total Cost

Ccrrr;:2.ny Machi.'1es Gallons $j;:"lac:-1.ir:e

Olevrolet 25 29,000 500,000 17.24 20,000

Ga.'1e-ral iYbtors 9,40*

Cue:card ::1arine 130 65,000 840,000 12.92 6,500

"'Material cost only.
The ir.dU5t::y cost. estiJ.uates a=e rcughJ.y c~""able to t..:"':'e cost

esti."'1E.te trade by Versar arxi praserrced in Table 10.3=3. .s.ince tb,e Ve.1:sar

waste liquid tzuck , a figure of $14 ?EL' gallon might be a rrore re:>-listic

estirrat.e of t."1e a.ve:::age ;n:ice of de:ontmti",,;a:tir::g hydraulic s:'fstans.

hew t.l.oroughly the sys cen em d:rair:.e:d of cceh t.':e corrtaminaeed liquid ard

t.':e flushL':g liCiUid and also on the arrount; of PCBs wnich are absorbed .irrto

gaskets a.":cl ot.':e;: porous rra:t~~,L ll-.ssuming t.:,at t.~e drai..'1L"1g azd flusrJ..r.g

procedure rNi-ll re:rove 80% of t.~e total FeEs, a syste:n origir..al.ly correamanat.ed

with ?CBs at 1000 E,:;t!1 'dill still be cont:.anl.i.ro.ated ',vith 200 k-Jr:m six rrcnrns

aft::: t~l-J,e first flus.'ling, but che Leve.L of FCBs afte;: t..':.e SECom :luSJ.'1ing ',,;ill'

never exceed 40 ;');l11~ Si."lce t.~ere will prctably be conaiderab.l,e leakage and

topping off bet:.Ne""-1.1 t.1.e flu£~gs, the cor:ce..'1tration of FCBs is li.i<:e.ly t':d be

even lower ':.~'1 these c.uC".J.lat.i.cr.s L"'riicate.

be flushed and re.!.ille:i twice, and t.1at chsmi.ca.l, ana.Lys.i.s for FCBs is req:uired

First flu~~g 500 gal. @$14/gal

CheniC'..ll analysis

seccrd fll.1St'...ir:g

C1emical anal.ys.i.s

Total ;;:er macrune

Total for 1000 rrachiries

$ 7,000

300

7,000

300 ~---

$14,600

$14,600,000

______ .-_. ---_-- A-ITla:j.or :ac::~l:C- ~-~ t1:e--o:;:)S't-ei--deeefl~~e.2'lg--~y~±C-5'1st~ L,;, ----

tbEt,S.2~t_o_t _f;;he_~ont~1.a~-:..fiJrid~~--.LJ:Er-; l.Ltb.~tans._:.:l: t.., i~~~-

.- ------ .seccd t,."':at .;:;otl1-(Art~~J1ai;-ine--ar1.d-Ge.>qa~-~~,S"1k..""\.fe"e;)r.Ctlcte::5:-~- or- -

mechcds t.o r erove PCBs .f",~ hyt'iraulic fluids Q It is not k:;::o,vn whet.~e:r t.f1ese

meehcds involve d.isti.llation or adsorption. 'rhe feasibility o.t such ;;:r8-

csse.inq may have a substantial effect. on the ccscs of dECOTI:t.3rnLJat.:L,,:g hyciraulic

syscens and on t..'1ose ~es Ycich reclaim hydraulic fl:.lid.
Table 10~3-3

.41

L15

7.60

2.85

Cost ::ex calIon

.41

LIS

7.80

2.85

560 gallon"" '- 2700 galIen

~~

system system

=''''''--~-

NeN Hydraulic F1uid(1)

(pbcsphate ester)

Flushing Fluid(l) - 1 gal/gal

(low viscosity minera.l,

oil fN'it.~out additives) , (2) Trans;:cr-...at:.on

(400 miles, in.clooes

fl~'ri.ng fluid)

LJei nezatzicn - s.15/lb

(i.nc:looes flushing fluid)

(2 man davs ;er machine

at $15 :;er burdened man hour)

Total

.48

12.69

.09

12.10

(1) Telephone conversation, John Colucci (E.F. Hcughton) 'Nit.""'. 3rl..1ce r,vcccic:::ck

(Ve.rsar). April 27, 1978.

(2) Versa:c Inc., Microecor.cmic Lrn;:;.as:t:s of t.~r;: Propose:l ~larki."1g ani Dis-;::cSal

Regu.latio!"..5 for 2C3s, Sr;:n:i.'1g.&:ield, Va.: Natiofl..al Tecr'..ru.ca.l, L14.J:orrra tion

Sevlice (~~IS FB 26i 833/2WP), April, 1977, p. 3-20.

=70=
Approx:L.uately 20% of ehe fi '::TIS ;;;u.."··chasing ?CB hy<i.."'Q,:uli:: fluid 1.'1.

1970 ar..d 1971 'N'e!:'e steel ~..ilTIp21,nies arxi ot.:'1e!:' :Lrms not engaged 1.'1. die casting.

It is t,~erefore likely "tJ."lat 20% of the usace of PCB hydraulic t:luid was in

sys~ ot.~e!." than Ln die cas'ti,:rlg tracrunes , Alcl'.cugh t.l;.ere is little infcn::nat i on available on t.'1e use of t.u.s material, appare.'l"l:tly ;:x)t all of the syscans

are still c::n:rt3mi.,"1ated ;vit.~ sig:riliicant conce.'1t:::a:tior..5 of FC'Bs. Budd Co.

st:.ate:i t.'1at te.'1eir operations sbcu.ld not; be significantly affected. by t."le ;;;:roposed. tan regulations sizce the hydraulic systsms on each of their welders

have been drained. an::i refilled on t."'e ozdez' of 120 't.iJ.11eS over t.~e last five

11) years. \

The procedure of draining f flushing I azd refilling any of t.'1ese

ot."1er hydraulic syscems to reduce t..:'e lev!?J. of !?CBs sr..cul4 cost approximately

the same gallon of fluid as a similar prccedure ;;:erforrne::i on a die casting

machine hyCL..--aulic system'. .q"s a rough estiJ:nate Cased on t.1.e pro;:crt-ion ot Fc3

hydraulic fluid used. 1.11 such syscerns, the cost of dec..'"5irt:arni."'lat.ir..g t.t:ese oti:er

hydraulic syscems sbou.ld cost, 25% as rnich as t."1e cost; of de::::mt:arr1.i.I'.ati.r:<;r t.'J.e

die c.as"ting rnach.iries I or a total of $3,650,000.

The proposed regulations 'NCuld r.equire t.~t t."'e level of ?:3s Ln

t..'1ese ceher hydraulic syst.ens be z sduced to Less t.~ 50 2fItl by t.'1e e£::ective

date of 1:.'112 regulations or the systmlS rem:'JVed ::rem se-rvice t.:ntil t.>:e required

-"'''',,--,~- - ~~".r±s- c.1."r(tj:tte".;s±~1±s .., r::;.'t~t=bt'aY""t·e:su:l ..._ > L ':""""x-sio"oJ Li...:le::.::rr."E

add.i.tional costs due to d.i.szupced prcduct.ion in steel mills, as t.'J.e hydzaul.Lc

systiens are cerrcra.l to the operation of che large equi;::rre.'1t used in t."i.ese

,- fac;;-ili~~,He;weverf-t_b .. ' _..._ ->~ J:>••atioll atfCti"1:a:bi-e-t.J:)- es~siT

-::_·'--=--,;,:,-:",.met."ler,·tb.~~::..~~t:±wTI:..caIT~~a~i~~.c..:a:t::i:'7e date

of tb,e regulation, nor to estimate what t.'1e costs due to proct:Cticn i."1te.r:r'.T;-

tiGRS--~d,beJ-'-" --- .'--', -- ------,

(1) Te:repmne ccnvexsation f C. W. Habit:.z (BL;.dd Co.) wieh Er.xe 'tkx:x:iccck

(Ve:rsar) I September 22 f 1977.
Recortinc ~eauirement3

The proposed regulations 'NOuld =~e t..1-;,at cwners of die casting

machi.nas fl.aV-i ng hydraulic systsns corrcamanaced 'Hi::.."1 over 50 ppn ;:;C:SS =ep::lrt:

tne ide..'1t.ity of each corrcaminacsd rrachi.ne ani the ccncer...rr..:r:ation of ?CBs in

t.":te fluicL T.his ,,.ri-ll require the iC.enti -fication of all rrachi.nes tl::.at ever 1~1.Se:i

P::3 fluid ana t.':ose t.:,a,t may have 1.J..S€'.d FCE-=ontami.."1ated. recla.L-r..ed hydraul.Lc

fluid and the chemical anal.ys.i.s of the ;?rese..'J.t flLrid L'1 caese rracrrines for the

presence of PCBs. '!.his sampling and" analysis ,l::J:l:CX::"X2ffi rray cover as many as

2500 machines ani must be c:crnpletsd wit.l.rin 90 Cays of t."1e effective date of

t.~ =egulation.

Chemical analysis for t."1e quantification of ?C8s in hydzaul.ic

fluid 'MJuld ce considerably more ccmp.l.ex and expensive t.':an t.1;,at requ.i=ed. eo

dete...-rrn.ine 1:...he concerrtzatrion of ?CBs L.'1 1Q-C trar.sfo:r:rer oil. Tl"...is is ::ecause t."1e praserrt.ly used hydraulic fluids may be based on' chenicaf.s such as

phosphatie esters '.vhich r~e t.~t t.~e FC3s be e...~......racced frF..::m t11e sample

prior to anal.ysi.s, The ;;:cssible presence of PC:.'s :1_11 t."1e fluid could L'1te.!:::ere

wit.'1. t,l;.e anal.ys.i.a for FCBs, and diserirni.nation bet:",,'ea.'1 t.'1ese s.irni.Laz cherucal.s

'NCuld require t.~e use of a gas chrcmatcgra;:h!rrass :':>~";;:::ITeter rat."1eJ: t:.:;;m

the simpl.ez gas chrcmat.cgraph usually used for PC3 c.et:~tI.iJ:'1.a""i ons , Versar

esti.".::l:tes t.l;.at t.:"e ccrnplete anal.ysi.s of corrtamiriaced nydraul.ic =luid :or P:3s

may cost as ::n.::ch as $300 ;:er sample on the ave.."O.ge.

RevierJl of the .reccrds __ ta-detel:m.iz1e...'lIi:bic.b.. ITlacbi.ne.s..rna:y--1:e..ccn--:-.. _

tarnii'·'.at""""! wit.~ FC3s and t.f:le ;?reparation of t.~e re;ort to EPA ',vould ce e..x:'...ec'"~

to require an average of three days for each of the 585 fL";.TIS which purchased

:cB hyd::aulic fluid in 1970 azd 1971. Th.is woul.d result. 1..'1 a neteITt;?loywe.YJ.t

@---de:narrl of- (585 ~i.es-.x-~_.~-a.ny...,L,..;;;d"'~'Irlan-da:fS:~.iI:lan- ye.ar'~~' ~'''::!.:'' -<-

7.3 man years). Ata l:t.JJ:C.e."1ed-::at~.of.-$3o..,.OOO~i!1tm yea::::: r ti'.is- 'HOuld

result. 1.."1 total ;:er;;or':i.i1g costs or (7.3 x $30,000 "" $220 f OOO} .

Tot:zJ. costs attributable to tl'.e r:ep:rr'-...i.."1g ::~eIT'.ent wcul.d ce

($300 per sample x 2500 machir~s "" $750,OOO} + 5220,000 clerical"" $970,000.

Each a::mpany ',..ihien uses or services a die casti.';,g macruze t.."':at

contam.i:'.atad 'Hi to:" ?CBs 'Nill requi.red to develop and i:TiplE'!Tent a formal,

=72=
spill prev~'1tion and G..,?'Jr1t-X'Ol plano ~~ause of t.fJe C01'iPlexity of t.."e mac.'1i..'"'le.5

an:l t1Je assumed requi.re!:i'le.';t for F-eriodic flusr...irig and decontarn.L''l<;l:t:i0n, t."1e

plan 'W'ill be rather cc:mpla"'<: and may require the services of a regist:.ered professiof'al E'JJ.gi.""l61& for one 'f.Tee.l< at $250 per day. Prepar?tion of thase pla,11s

by all 585 affecte::i ccmpani.es COt11d cost a total of (585 plans x 5 days x

$250 per day == $730,000). This cost could be zeduced by perhaps one ha.Lf

if a pro forma plan '\vere develoP=d ~er tr.e sponsoxsh.ip of a trade association

or major rraxlufact:l.ll'l?I am ~e available to all affec:ted fi..uns.

!btal exJ?eCted cost of thi.s part of the regulations woul.d t±'...e.re£ore

be expect=d to be $363,000 to $730,000.

Identificat£o?'/. of Co'!:.taJrtinated Die Casti7'4 Machines

Analysis ard S?..mpling

Clerical RepJrt to EPA

Spill Prevention and Cont-'Ul Plans

f.)econt3TIli."12rtion of Die c.asti."'1g iY.ac."1ir'.es

~"'Ont3ITLirJa.tion of Other Hyfuaulic

Sys~,>

Cost of P=cduction In~~¢ons when

ot±'..er Hydraulic Systens Rern::Jved fran

Service

$ 750,000

220,000

$365,000 to $730,000

14,600,000

3,650,000

? (];:Ote.'1tially

large)

$19,720,000

Labor equals (.48/12.50 = 3,8%) .of per c;allon cost. 'lbtal lal:cr

cost = (.038 x: 18,250,000 $693 1000). At $30,000 per rran year, tnis is equal

to 23.1 man years of Labor, or 12 jobs for 2 years. Spill pJ:l'E:vention plans

would require 5 man yeazs of e:ffort. Rep::>rting .=equirenents 'M.'Juld require an

. additional 7 man years.
Prioe 2.ffeots

'!he impact of t."le5e regulations may effect aL'i1Dst all die. castir.g

and. steel ccrnpanies 0 Ir..c:r:eased ccszs ~d t.~efore be expacte::i to be passed

along to the consumers in higher prcduct; prica,,;; f although 00 in:iivid1.'la1ly

significant price increases are e.."q;:ect..""Ci~

=74=
l?CEs have ~1 ext~JSively used as heat t::ansfer liquids· because of.

tb.eir e,"Ccelle.."1t t\;.e.nnal stability and ir.berent fire safety, p,], thcugh the

heat tran.sf~ sysnems are usually quit.s tight, leakage can occur due to

rrechanical. damaqe of t"l;.e system or because £ittings have Lcosened as a zesul,t

of cyclL"FJ:g. '.J11e Yt1S.ho incic..a."1t .inJapan in 1968 caused the PCB

I,Xlisoning of 1001 people due to W.e leakage of PCBs fJ:cm a heat transfer

systiem into rice oil that was baing heated by the syscen, (1)

A previous EPA sponsored st::Jdy estirnat.Ed th,:it tow. usage of PCBs. .in

heat tr:'3.nSfer syszems in the Unit..=d Stat:=s. has ~-n over 21 million pounds , (2)

M:lst of this material was manufactured by M:lnsanto azd distributed under the

tzade narr.eTherm:L~l. M:ln.santn stopped prcducing PCB based heat t..-ansfE!!."

liquid in 1971 and advised its customers to drain ezd flush their systems

Cefere replacing the fllll-d wit~ a oon-fCB based liquid. An additi.onal oone - million FOunds of PCB heat t..-ansfer 1iqt,1id was "manufact.:!.."lred during the pericd

1971-1973 by C-e."1eV'a IrJ.dustries of ECR1,'swn, Texa...s. (3) There was at; least one

ccmpany still usi.'1g PCB based heat transfer 1ic::uid as late as 1976. (4)'

As of the effective dats of the regulation, beat t:.rans.fer sysj:sms

containing a liquid corrcaminaced with rroze than 50 9fln P:Bs could wt be used untri.L

t..~ concentration of PCBs is reduced to less than 50 ppn.

(I) Kura~une, ~.a.san:Jri, ec, aI., "Yusho , a p:lisoning caused by rice oil contaminated with po.lychl.or.inaced biphe..'1.yls", ~. Health Re;::or+-.-s, Vol. 86,

No. 12 (December, 1971), pp. 1083-1091.

(2) Versar Inc., gsage of PCBs in O£en and Se:ni:..c1osed Systems and the

~sulling Losses ot PCBs to t.f)e ~v-ironrre.."!!:., UI".publishe.C. Drai-:=. Hep:Jrt,

(EPA COntract 00, 68-('1-3259, Versar Re;;:ort N::J. 474-5<:), SeptEmber 30, 1976,· p. 0

13 :- ·0-

(3) reid.

(4) Ibid, p , 26.
1102

T.here is ro data a\i'ailab1e on tr..e total number of heat tra.'"1Sfer

sy'Si::STIS which have used P'C'B based fluids .L'1 the past" F.c:wever, a revieA7 of

.Monsanto's C'..J.St:eItE.r list for 1970 and 1971 indicated. t.t..lat 802 m.illion pounds

of PCB based heat transfer fluid was sold by l1:JnsantD du.r:L"1g t.J,.,.ose years tl:l

a total of 533 different fi.m1s. (1)

'.!'he prese.TJ.t concerrtzaeacn of PCBs in t~ heat. t..~fer fluid in

any of the sysmn,s fMi1ich previously used PCBs depends on tnw t.r-:oroughly each

system was flus.b.sd whe."'1 the FCB fluid was replaced. ard t.':le arrount; of leakage

and topp.i"'1g off t..'1at has cceurzed since ti'.£mo Da·ta on present 1?CB levels is

available for only one systs:n~ a 14,000 gallon capacity PCB heat; transfer

syscem was draL''led, azd flushed in 1972 and refilled. with a. ron=l?CB fluid;

the system has been in ccnscarrc use si..'1ce 1972 aril. presa'1uy contains fluid

t"mt is conrandnated with two percent PCBs. (

2)

I.ar'-king any additional L"'lfo:r:rnation, it. rm.1St be aSSllIT100 t.11,at nost;

of t."le 533 ccmparries which purchased PCB heat transfer fluid are still ope...""'ating

t..'1e systems ar.d ti'.2:l.t ITOSt. of these systz'"ilS are correami.nat.ed '",it.'" 1?CBs in

excess of 50 ~n. It must furt.."ler );;;e assurred t..'tat the use of t"'ese syste'!'.s

is cenezal, W t.~ IT'.anufac~...ng precesses in ,,,trich they are used , wt:.et:.hex

for drying, [:eatingpar ta1~t'ure ccrrtzc.l in excchernuc prccesses,

11.3 Canoliance Costs .......

It is rot. p:lssible to estiimace t.~ total costs of decorreerrunatunq

the existing heat transfer systems to ca:nply 7,'\Tit.."l rhe requirements of the proposed regulation because neit1:'..er the total nurr.ber of syst.c.-4lS roz' t.'lJ.eir

capacity is kr:own. In pri."".ciple, the costs of draini.ng, flusJring, ard remfilling t.,,'J,e sj'St.erns sbcul.d ::e about; the same per gallon for heat t.."IQ.IlSfe:r:

systems as for hy'lJaulic systems (see Section 10. 3) .

versar Irlc., Usage of FC'Bs L~ and Semi=clasE'fJ. Systerns and th.e

P.esulting Lcsses of PCBs to the Env:i.ronrnent, Unpublished Draft Report,

(EPA Contract 'No. 68-01-3259, Vez'saz Rer;ort No. 474-5C), septenber 30,

1976, p. 9.

(:2) Confidential info:r:rration cbtaaned fran ttl.e user of t,he syszem by Versar

during a telephone survey of major user-sof PeS heat. transfer SYS·tE!l1S.
':rr.te diS'bUption of ir.austrial' prcductdcn caused by t.'1erequirement

td.hJZit correaminaced f~3.t t.zansfe::: syscems be re:rove.:l from. se..-vice iInneiiately

1Jl:CjTI 't.l-:le effective date of t!:'..e regu,lation may result in far larger' costs' than

will td."1e reqr.iliement to deccrrceminaee the systzma, Here again, tr-e available

information will !JOt. s1.1pp:::lrt even a gue.ss at t.:'e. ITElgnitude of t.1Je ecQTICIT.ic

.impa~.s of t-"t..le disrJ.pticn on castsf production, am E!11Ployme..'"lt.•

. Over 500 heat transfer syst"-ern5 may be contaminated wi,th PCBs .in

concerrcratzicns exceed.inc 50 r.:;::m, but available data is rot SU£ficient to

supp::Jrt an analysis of t.":te costs of decontamina:ti..'1g the systems or the ecorxmic

impacts resulting from disruption of related ir.dustrial prcductrion,
120 0 CCMPRESSORS

Turbiml 153 r a PCB-based fluid? was tried as a ttJrbine 1ubric.;mt and

'WCJrking fluid in natura; gas pipeline CCfnpressors by sevezal, c~es ditting

t.'1e late 1960s and early 19705. ~tbn.sa.nto ceased prexiucing this product; in

1972, and tb..e ccmpani.es tJ."lat 'Were using it switched. to alt""rnat.::.e fiuies at

t..lJ.at time.

12.1

'Ihe proFQSOO regulae.on WC)ul.d prohibit the use of 2'.ny systems which

corrca.i,n 1ic;:..uds ccrresnunated wit.'1 PCBs in concerrczatdcns exceed.lnq 50 !?Pi! after

the effective date of the regulation.

12.2 Compliance Costs

'IWo purchasera of Turbir.o1 1.53, Columbia Gulf T.ransmi.Ssion and

"l'exas Eastern Transmission? were contacted by phone. Neit.lJer ccrrparry had

ir>..foz::maticn available on tl'...e residual levels 0; PCBs .in t.'1e t:.lrbine fJ,u.:i¢i,

but boch indicated that w..e systems '.vere relatively tight, and there was

se.Ldcm the requb:'ernent to top off the systerrts. Based on data available for

hydraul.Lc sys'cems ani heat t.."'7ll1Sfer syste.:ns, it ttlU.St 1;e assnmed tr2l.t t1:e

cc:mpressor fluids are probably contaminated witl1 l::c:as In excess of 50 ppn,

The.re are perhaps ten gas pipalll1e corrrpressor t:urbines in use t..1;.at

have their oil contaminated vJith PC3s. 'Ihe proposed regulations 'AlOUld require

t.."Jat these turbines be reroved fran use until b'1e ccncerrcrat.icn of PCBs is

reduced to below SO ppn, It is rot k.:ncwn what costs would be involvee. ror tr.:.e

ciisru';'Jticn to t1:'..e delivery of natural gas· t."Jat would result fran rsrovi.'1g

t.lJese turb.L"1es from use. Assuming t.lJat the ccrnplexity of the 't:llrbir..es is

similar to that of t.'ll:: hydraulic systems d.isc'..lSsed in O'.apt.er 10, a cost of

J?€.rhaps $20, 000 and $40,000 per machine rray be involve-.l In the deccrrcami.netdcn

of tile oil syscema, Ictal costs might 00 several h~e::i tf'JJusal'rl dollars

Plus t.."1e cost of dis.ruption of tbe gas de.Livery systell.

'!:he cost; of shipping gas by pipel.L'1e. is eS""'....ablished by long teI:m

contracts. Additional costs resulting fran t.~ provisions of the draft

regulations would have to 00 absorbed by t:J.e pipeline ~ies.
- .$200; 000 G
Approril'ately L 3 billion gallons per year of used ail is collected. for

use as road oil, fue:L oil f re-ref:i..r.ed hydraul.Ic oil, and re=refi:r.e:i lubricating

oil. Much of the wasce oil previously used in appl.Lcatdons ot..~ t.~ aurorrotive lubrication has been contaminated wit.'l lew levels of PC:.E3s, and diss~tive

uses of t.1U.s conceminaced oil can Ll1treduce PC3s di.re:c-'"'Jy .irrto t."le errvizrormerrt,

A tot;;], of 2,376 million gallc:ns of r.ew' oil '.vera sold during 1975, ti'oe

major' ccmrercaal, uses l:ei,l"lg autarotive lubrication (50.8 perce..'1t); irrlustrial

and. aviation lubrication (30.5 parcerrc) i and ot.~ .indus'tzi.al, uses primard.Ly

L'1 rraterials processing (17. 4 pezcerrt.) , The arrourrc available for co.Ll.ectrion

and recycle was estima:t?-d to be 1,154 million gallonsI or 48.6 percent; of

to'"'....al sales. Data on U.S. usage of r'o.JftW (virgin) rsfined oil azd av-a.Llability

of used oil for recycling are preserreed for the year 1.975. In Table 13. 0-1. (1)

Data ge..~t.e:l by Recon SystE!ns (2) for a: 1.2-"fI:lOnth pericd durin~ 1970-n

indicate w.at, out of a total u.s. prcductuon of 2,480 million gallons per

yer.,"'rr, approximately 901 million gallons, or accuc 36.3 percent, were act':.Jally

coLl.ec'ced for recycling or use as fuel. An a.dd.itio:nal 601 million gallons

W"eIe estiIratsd to be used on roads (application for dust corrcrol, and l::cssibly

L'1 asphalt) or as :fuel oil; this used oil coul.d conceivably have been co.l>

Lectied for recycle so t.~t t.~ maxim.um amount of oil available for collection,

based on t.~e Recon Sys~ estimates for 1970-71, may be as mach as 60 percent of that prcduced,

A. flew cha:rt sb::::;wing the distri.bu:tion and utilization of waste oil in t."le

Unit-cd States, based on the 1970-71 daza of Recon Syste:ns, is preserrced on

Figtrre 13.0-1. SlJl'm'1.ar'lj data for disr;::csition and usage fran Figure 13.0-1 are

as follows:

lIT Adapte:l L""Cffi Table 1, page 24 of Assessmerrc of In::1ustrial P.aZ2Xeous ~Naste

ManagE!l'E."1t Practices, a document prepared ~AI s oi:Iice of SOlid.

Waste and presented-with testirnony of H. laILier Hickman, Dece:nber 12, 1977.

(2) We.instein, NoITI'lCUl J., (Recon Systems, Inc.), Waste Oil Recvcling arrl DisE;2sal, EPA-670/2-74-0S2, Pr-inceton, N.J.: AU~ 1974. -

-80-
Table 13 0 0=-1

~'ean:l Naste-2..il AV"ailabi~fO-'C Rec"lc1i:r:g in 1975 (1)

~'~Use~

~lice st:ati~

~e:::.al. er.,gi,,"'lt;)

fJ.p..e~

New car ~e....-s

A!J:t:o ::1ee-c end et:l".e::

J.~ oil uses -'letail sales f::JX :;::m-

:oo...~l. er.gi."::eS

Gar~, illlW ~l'l

~s

Disc:lt=e :;~

Fac:;"'--Cry "''1. "..:; (aut:::) s

fann~t:l

~'i

(].s. Sa.lhlS

1975

(cral x 10--)dLU>

239

225

lOJ

95

90

250

Fl:'ac::.:.on

~\va.i.l.a.ble ..

.63

•.5u

.90

•.50

.53

.63

.n

.30

Used ':.:w..

Availr..ol.Ol

:::::r ?ec1C.!.i:.q

1.50

75

57

53

Oi:.s 'iyC...,'"';;llJJ..:.,c ;, 6,.;::::,..:-

lati;:;g ;.ys= oi.:s

:1stal. 'NCJ:!:C.,-:q oils

Avi,at:i,t;)n '" C1:.~

evilS ~.l:'li:f..r.a ow ?a.:L:..,~d eo:f...:.e cili

Sui::rcc:ll5

~~c:U oil,;}

?::;ece:s;; oili

~:i-;:;e:::a.t=.., :.i.ls .

SI.Ji:n:.."'1:".aLs

Oili ?'-::-~

'::y U.,;;. G","'V""~

~ac--:"Q1. aV'ii!zol,e :CJ: ::.c:"Cl.L--g ai~

:;,.",~ :"'"l I~ ill".cl e.'1v9_~_"'t::.

314

14S

2.47

60

sa .~

62

340

'1

---E.

2,376

. .:2 1..22

• iO :01

.50 ..

I.';

.90 5~

.53 31

291

.90 56

.10 34

..50 5

:10

. .50 1.5

:., 1.5

(1)
Figure 13.0-1. Distribution and Utilization of Waste Oil in

the United States During 1970-71 _

1

'••'1,<) I

-~I-&wtes

lOS"i

6.'.J";;yrl

I rOn PmdueUi L--J1

, . 106gal/yrl (II]" _

l't)I'l!ec1

1lDi>t.l<l

! (76 l< 106

----

1-liU>lte 011

I',-ooeaoocll, ~,.wFue I

-20ll fAt"''' (670 J<

D6] x 106

,

<jal/!'rl

-- il<:reU"enJ, ,----

-)0 fin';:] i'llX.'"

'IDB x 106 toO L-:

",,!IV!:! (71 "

JV"'. 10","'1"'] I ,

UooJ as hlel II

(:150 x 10

6

<J"i.!yr!

OollecleJ lor

1lt.·JlDl!Cd («lUI &)Ulp- ~cydel

- 5()() Fin""

hooucUoll of Sale" 'l~\t At te.c Use

Vlr'lln OB 12234 X 106 q~!/Yl".l [IJUS l( J0 6Y"l/yr! (901 x lo6<Ja1/yrl

12400 x We !'itUJ'>c:t!on W""WUI l----'l

9"Vyr.! Spill" nllltllpatC<.! to U", I 12~6 x 1OQ, 'I'd/v,-.I E:nv.lrolillCut, WC\5res, OJ""JpaL<;,l to lJoe

""'I Spill" i')wl ro,,,,,,,,,,t

UD65x 106 '1"I/Yd (970 x W6<Ja1/Vrl ---------

, 1\

I

00

IV

i

5o,rru> , A.la;A.,<l f rcen Table 26, 1'. nil of Wui",,,td,,, 110m"", .J., U<;=. SySW,l.9, Inc. I ,

~Q!L!~clin'J-'t.f'cl illspueal, U'!\,-610/2-'i4-052, !'dn=l<~•• N.J•• August, 19H.

.'

r'
Fate of Oil After

~~"=

Primarv Use

Used as fual,

Dissi;ated to envi.rormerrc

and waste d.i.sposa.L

Applied to reeds

Re-refined lube oil prcducns

Percentage of HeM

Oil Prcducticn

. 41.5

42.3

12.9

3.3

100.0

.' ~. . .

111e ge.·....ieral, disttw.1tion port::::ayed in Figure 13. 0-1 is J:elieve:i to be

valid at pzeserrt , although t::e magnitL:'des of t.lJ.e specific flew'S have fluc~

t:uated as prices of virgin Lube oil and fuel oil have var.ied, '1'X'..E val.ue of

fuel oil has ir.creased aince 1970-71, ard virgL.'J. Luce oil was scarce duri.'1g

t.~ period of tr..e Arab boycotrc am duri.'1g a ~c..icn of t,,:'e pezicd. of price

ccrrtzo.l.s, One result of t.1.ese factors has bee.'1increased use of waste oil

as r..lel, either :L'1,t~rT1.ally by Lr:dustrial concerns which ger.e--rate wasta oil

or via pzccesscra,

The primary sources of 'NaSte oil available to co.Ll.ecccr's are service

stations and other autan:Jtive-related facilities. L"rlustrial ar:d avaiaticn

facilities are also significant sources. A significantly larger fraction

of available oil is collected in urban areas tr'.an L'1 suburban or rtrra.l, areas.

Based on sttx:1ies in 1:..1.e Pittsb.:u:gh aree , spills arrl ot..~er wascas f:::cm product;

pipeli.'1es are a locally signific.mt scuzce of 'M3.ste oil for collection.

'It'oe use pattern of processed or rerefined \>lasts oil is extrsr.ely diifuse , (Jse=s iz-..clude states and municipalities (road application), ir.dustrial and ccrrmarc.i.al, facilities (fuel, re=reii.ned lute oils, read oil) ,

utiliH es (fuel.) r ard the cCf.rlsum.ing public (re=-refined rrotor oil) .

A .small portion of the coll~...ion ard precessing of used hydraulic

oils does rot follow ti'..e general patta':11 of scattered. sources, many zec.La.irner's, and numerous lLSe::S indicatEd. for t...1;,e waste Lube oils. ReclarCE.tion

of used hydraul.Lc oil, par.fonned in rroat, part by four cC1I1?3IJ.ies, re.sults in

a. pzcduct; which is mazketied as hydraul.Lc oil.
'!he dis;csal of oil ccneanunaced yNith ?c:8s L., excess of 500 E"-'fITI is

regtLlated by the 'PCB f;1.arking and Dis.EXJsal RegulatioI'.!.'5'. 'n'.e proposed 'FeB

Marking and Dist;:osal Regulatior..s to include aU mixtaires ccntai:ni...'1g rrnre t.~

50 pp:n PC3s. T.hi.s 'N:ill af£ect t.~e allcwable uses and clisp:;sal of oil contamir..a.ted. with 10"..;e.r concentzatdcns of PCBs.

Under t.he provisions of "t1.e proposed ban reg1.uationsr oil contamiriaesd wit.~ PCBs L'1 excess of 50 HID 'NOuld have to ce ide.."'1ti£ied, segregate:!.

for pur;oSe5 of d.i.sposa.l , azd burned 1.'1 an approved chemi.caL waste i..'lI::inerater.

Oil containi.11g measurable arrounes of PCBs less t.~ 50 !?fIn could be precessed

for any use L"1CludL'"lg as fu~: or reclai.'11ed lubricating or hydraulic oil, but

could not be used as road .oil":or as a constritnient; of c...T"ly sealant, coatir:.g,

BudJ:·:J:I.),t{c Fluids Oil is used as a lew vd.scosi.ty fluid in hydraulic

syscems, and PCB based hydraulic fluids were widely used prior to 1972. 'I'he

rrost expensive (and ~11uting) use was in die casting rrachi.nery , PC.3 Cased

hydraulic fluids were al.so 1J.S€d in constzuct.ion machizery , razm rrachariery

(a source of feed contarnination) (1) and i."'l deep mining ~t",,""here t.'J.e

use of PCBs resul,ted in greater fire safety.

Alt.:,ough hydraulic systens are r:cmi...'1ally ai.r-tight, Leaks may

occur at dynamic seals ar::d rra joz spills may occur due to hose rupture. NoJ'.:7nal

leakage is collected in drip pans. 'ItJe rupture of a rose can spray hydraulic

fluid over a large area due to high O"p"--ratix1g pressures. It has been estimated t."1at 8055 of phosphate estar hydraulic fluid losses OC:C..ll:" due to leakages

in the hydraulic syst:en. (2) In certai."'1 Irdustir.i.es, cperator's state t~t it

is rroze efficie."1t to continually add hydraulic fluids to the syscen ratr'.er

than shut ti'...e systiem down, repair any leaks, ard refill the system. Leakage

f.r:cm these systerrs is often collected. and reclaimed.

(1) U.S. Cepartre.nt of Agricult1J.re Ad Hoc Group on:?CBs. ~icult'.lreJs Res~

fOTISibility Conce.."7I.ing Po1ychlorir,at2d. Biphenyls (FC'Bs) Washi..'1gton, D.C.

Office of Science and Education, U.s. De~-trne.'1t: at f"\griculc..rre, 1972.

(2) lapp, T. W. (~..idwest Research Ir...stitute), The t'l..a.'1ufact:t:lre ar.d Use of selected

and Alkyl A:r:yl Phoschate Este.:?:s, EPA S60/6~76~0081 Feb. 1976, p. 77.

-84=
M:msarrto manufactarred allTOSt. all t:.:';'e PCB=-base::1 hydraulic fluids.-

When ~"IDto d.i.scorrtrirmed ,l1lcnufact:Jring J?CB=.bas€d. hytLraulic fluids in 1971,

tl1ey did rot zeccnrrerd ci.,~L"ling or flushing of hydzaul.Lc sys'cems but t1;at,

replacement fluids s.,,':ould be added to t..:,e re:m.ini.ng FeB fluids .; n tt:e system.

As a result, hydraul.ic SYSU".!TIS which used PCEls L'1 1972 azd prior, years T:'DN

corrca.i.n rel?lac€'~.ent fluns corrcaminazed with .006 to 50% FCBs as discussed

in Olapter 10. 'The total arrount; of ccrrcanunatdon is a function of che sys-eem

Leakaqe ard dilu'ti..on during t.~e past; £ive years 0

A portion of the ava.ilable used i.n.dustrial hydraulic oil is refined

and sold for reuse as hydraulic oil. 'This specaal.Lzed reclai.!,1i..'1.g se-rvice is

fuzrri.shed by the follcw"ing four ccmpani.es ,tJtUc."l reel.aim a total of about;

150, 000 gallons of hydraulic fluid r;:er year.

Eo F. Houghton and Co., Philadelphia, Pe..l1..'l"JSYlvania

Radco CoJ:p:lration, LaFox, Illinois

Fir.dett, Ioco, St. Charles, llissouri

WaJ.lover COrr.;)., East L.iverpco.l , ohio

./,j'

. {,~ ",."

AutomobiZ-e c:r2._~Al Lubr-i.cairi-nq Oil '!he errourrc of used. oil

collect...ed for reuse in 1970=71 was acout; 900 rr..illion gallons Fer year, wit.'l

an aCditional 600 million gallons used intez:nally foy: fuel or dust control

'"" (1) f . d -----J on zoads, 'r.hus? alxmt 60 percent of tl"..e areount; 0 TIe,.; oil sold 'NaS z'euseo ,

~..ajor uses of t,"1is oil ',.;ere as fuel. (1028 million g-allons), read oil (319

million gallofl.s), and fee:istock for re=refined lubricat.ir:g oil (l38 million

gallons) .

The extent of PCB corrtarni.natzion of chi.s oil was staid.ied on a

li..1u:ted basis by the EPA National Enforcement Investigation Ce.'1ter (NEIC) in

Denver. (2) Samples of oil w'Bre taken fran se.l.ect.ed tank t..--uck lots of used

oil t,loJat had teen co1lect.ed in Ilirg; rria , Ma.:rylar:d, and. N:n,:"'c.hcaroli.."1a. This

oil had been dF~ivered to COnti.r:ent..u Forest L'1Cust=ies in Eoper,.ve.ll, Virg.ir.J.a,

(1) ~wernsteL"1, N.J. (Recon Syst.EmS? L"1c.) r Waste Oil Recycl.L"1g and Di.s-;:osal,

EPA-670/2~74-0S2, Princeton, N.J.: August, 1974.

(2) Magrtrler! Robert S. (Contine.ntal Forest LlJdustrie.s), testiirony presented.

at the OS EPA Lnfozraa.L hear.inqs on the PCS ban regulations, )'Ja:;;hington,

D.C., July 15, 1977.
for use as suppl.errerrta.l fuel .L'1 a st-;?am bJiler of a paper mill. The oil had

been collected pri.rnarily fzcm aucrobile service stationsf although it is

~ssible t"lat sane ir:d.u.strial oil, inclu¢ting hydzaul.ic ()il, had been .L':C1Uded.

in serre of che lots. FC:Bs ",;ere foun::l in the samples of oil at ccncentrratrions

ranging frcm 3. 2 ppn to 19.4 ppn. AIt.l-Jough t.'1e5e oil samples we:re collected

from a restricted area, the e."lCtent of PCB correaminatacn is probabl.y z'epr'e--

se.."1tative of waste oil collec,~ t:l".IOllgr.out the United States.

rJ:'.b...e PCB contamination of t.~ waste oil could ccms f:rc:m corrtamanatied

ind:us·ttial hydraulic oil or transfonr.er oil or: from J?CB add.::,tives used in

1ubJ:ic'3.ti.1J.g oils prior to 1973. In applications such as rail.road car jo~.al

box o.i.l.s , FCBs may have been used as lubricant additives. (1) PCBs may also

[lave teen added to autemobile transmission fluids to ccrrczo.l t.l)e swelling of

oil seal,s ,

It ~d not be expectei that fCBs 'Ni.duld be destzoyed du.ring r8"-

refining of waste oils. PCBs were rex;::or-...ed to' be present; in conca.'1t:ations _.

of several, pa..""ts mi.llion in reclaime:l oil used to Lubr.icate 'Nhetst:cnes. (

2)

13.3 Ccrnpliance Costs

Collection of any 'NaS"te oil JJ.kely to be correaminatied wit.•h FCBs

for a corrtzo.l.Led use 'AiOuld rot be att.."'a.ct:.ive finar..c:ially unlsss che oil ~e.re _

k:n::wn to contain FCBs at levels be1cw the control arrourrt, Analytical costs

for dete:ani.n.i.'1g low levels of PCBs will be ·conside..>ably hig'1:'.er t;,~ the

costs quoced for tta..'1Sfo:rmer oil because nacural.Ly occurring SLllfur ard

chl.oztine in pet.."""Oleum oils cause interfe.ra-x:es .in the use of el.ectzon

capttu:egas c..lJrcrraro;raphy at concerrcrataons of 5 PfITl ?C3s or bel.cw. (3) These

(l) Mor.santo Cl:.emiC'3.1 Ccrnpany, Aroclors for -, St. Louis, ~1J.: urdaned ,

(2) Weems I George, (United Stat.''!::s Department of Interior, Denver, Colorado),

"Polyc."1lori.'!1at.ed Biphe.'1yls" I File BLS 3-3~lOh, June 13, 1977.

(3) Hof.st3cler, R.A. (Ex:xon Research and Engineo.....ring Co.) 'I Lisk, D.J. I Bache I

e.A. (Cornell University) r "L"lt.erferen::e in t..'ue Electron-=Capt'w.re Technique

for Dete.:J::m.ir..ation of PolychlorinateCl Biphenyls by Sul.fu.r-<:ontai.'1ing cernin Pet...""Uleum Products", Bullet:!..'!. of Envi !:"Jr;.TfE.l"';tal C:mtaminat'; on a..r:d

1bxicoLocrv I Vol. 11, No.2, 1974.
interfere.>;ees result In false fXJsi.tive irriications of the presence of .FC3s..

The PCB ccmponerrta can only be resolve::i t..'1rough. complex clean-up procedures

or the use of gas chrcrat:cgraphyjrrass ~,--"""OIret.."'""Y, tecr..niques tbat 'MJuld

cost up to several hurrlred dollars per sample.

Road Oilina¥

'Ihe rrost recent data ir.dicates that road oiling ccnsumes 319

million gallons of waste oil per year (Figure 13. 0-1). At an application rate

of 1/2 gallon per square yard, this is sufficient to oil 45, 000 miles of

roaci:way 24 feet wide, The proposed ban regulations v;ccld forbid the use of

oil contai.ni.ng detectable errourrcs of PCBs for dust contirol.. Fluids fzom t-"'O..""'lSfczmeza are liJcely to have det-"'Ctable arrounts and ocher in::iustrial sources are

at least scmewhat; suspe::t. C1.1rre.""'ltly these indust:::'ial oils are collected along

with US€d rrotor oil. Although vL~in rrotor oil has ro PCBs, used rrotor oil

may have PCBs fran previous recycling which .i.n:luded ir..d~strial oil sources

erronq t.~ feedstecks or fran old transmission oils which contained PCBs as an

adCi.tive. Nevertheless, used rrotor oil urmi..xed \...it.~ Lrdustrria.L sources is

unlikely to contain as much as 10 ppn PCBs, and may have FC3 con:.entratio:r..s

w.at are l::.D:ietectable wit.l;.cut unusually elal:orate arrl expens.ive analysis. N:::me

of t.l-J.e re;:or---ed analyses of TNaSte oil for PCBs was cased on 1.1S€d rrotor oil

without . any fOssibility of i...Jdustrial contaminaticn. Presumably waste oil

solely fran autarotive sources lMJUld contain f<?NeI PCBs. It is doubnful, tI'lat

road oiling could star.:d the costs of even "si.ruple" tests at $70 per sarnpl.a.

Prosp:ctive road oilers therefore lMJUld be safer using waste oil if they take

precautions to ensure t.l;.at it does rot ccnea.in irriustrial oils (and cer---airu.:r

no elect=icaJ. oils).

cartpliance with the requirem:..."lts of the proposed regula-tions cculd

be ach.i.eved by eithe= of the follcwing strategies:

(1) Avoid all waste oil ani substitute virgin oil at cons.iderab.Ie

rronetary am energy ccst where the custemer is willir.g to pay the Increased

prics. At an average price of $.375 per gallon for #2 fuel oil vs $. 08 9€.r

gallon collection costs for used czank case oil, the cost of road oili..""1g

woul.d i.r:crea.se (.375 - .08) x i39 million gallons = $94 million I;€r year.

-87-
(2) Use synthetzic road stabilization chemicaLs wmch coch zeduce

dust azd provide surface stabilization. The i:~reased. cost of t..'1is t:,.;pe of

rna.terial is praserrt.ly offset by lower read madrrtenazce Costs on heavi.Iy .

t-~veled dLrc reads at mines and other industrial facilities. Savings Ln

maarrtenance on lightly t-..-aveled roads \AlCUld be less significant an::. would

onl.y par-..ia.lly offset the increased. rraterial costs. A "='JPical synt.'letic

rna.terial is "Cohe.rexl1 , rranu:factured by Nit::o· O1emical Co. Th.i.s rraterial is

an organic resin in a water emllsic!1 wmch is sold fer ;;1.25/gallon, and

applied after a 5 to 1 water dilution at a rate of one gallon fer square yard.

Increased costs ir.currai by t.~ use of this rrateria,l woul.d be:

Cohere:<: 1/6 gallon per square yard @ 1. 25 = . 208

minus: Used Oil: 1/2 gallon per square yard

@ • 08 =..:.£L

equals: increased rrat°,.-ial cost per square yard. .168

x 14080 sq. yds. per mile of road 24

feet wide = $2365 per mile

x 45,000 miles = $106 million fer year,

'!hese increased costs will be Incurxed until the concerrczacion of

PCBs in used !tOtor oil drops below detee+...able levels. In perhaps five years, it

may be fOssible to use waste !tOtor oil for read oiling with little chance of

releasing PCBs to the envi.rorlm::nt, provided that care is taken to avcdd using

waste indust-...-jal oil. Ti'..e diverte::1 ir:dustrial oil can be made up at rrcdest;

added costs by nore e:densive collection efforts partic..1lar1y in rural areas.

'Ihe costs of obtaining this replacerent rrotor oil for read oiling ccnsists of

costs to pe..."'"Sl.lade service stations to accept used. oil fran persons who change

oil themselves, ar:d perhaps either greater storage capacity at stations or rrore

freque."1t collections. Alten1atively, colle::::tors could travel fu.rt!"er in r.J.ral

areas ani t-hm:: 1ri~it- TTT'"ln:> =nnrt;O C:+~'Hr:m~ l"'lC':'\"t ~rl of r~l.:i.r:ry ..-ystGrnS.

These extra costs '.d1l rot J:e ir.curred unless read oilers will accept necessary

price increases to cover these costs. Total costs might reasonably be expectied

to i'-'1crease .02 per gallon ($6.4 million ser year) plus the risk of inadvertently using corrtamiriatied oil i.l'l cccasicnal .inscarces, .~ter an additional ten

years, it I1E.y zo longer i:e necessary to segregate the irriustrial oil, and

costs .....-auld return .to their present levels.

-88-
Users Other then Road OiZers'

. .

Al::out 27 million gall0rl:? fer year of t-~fam.er·oil "'{ill rot. be

ava i J able to collectors, thus initially reducing the total supply. other

ir.dustrial oils mayor may rot be corrtaminaced with FCBs; to ce absolutely

sa£e, the recycling industry ~d avoid than. .Ir.div:idual irihist=ial firms

can probably continue to use their own waste oil as fuel oil if they make

initial and cccasdcnal, later s:I;:Ot check la1:::cratory analyses to make sure tb.e.i.r

oils continue to contain less than 50 ppn PCBs.

The .i.Inpact on re-refiners (who make re-ref~..ed lube oil) and

external prccessors (rNho precess rHaSte oil for use as fuel oil) will depend

on what happens to road oiling. A strict e.11.forcerent p:;licy wit..'1 cccas.ional,

all-out efforts to firxi P:Bsin waste oil could prevent its use ·as road .oil. .

Diversion of r.vaste oil frcm t.fll.s use ·~d· create a ·large. Inczease .L'J. supply

for prccessors ar.d re-refine.rs, Probably rrost of this 'NOUld origir.ally go to

fuel oil use sir..ce t..~e capacity of re-ref~..ers~is limited an::l the coriSurrer

acceptan::e of used rrotor oil is limited. later, a majority of the increase

,might go to re-re.finers if the Frost and Sullivan market proje:ctions of 23

keent grcwth f€I year until 1985 proves to be even roughly accurate. (1)

'!his would provide an ext::a use as lu1::e oil while retaining rrost; of the heat

value for later use.

Col-l-ectors

If collectors avoid t-~foz:mer a.n.d i.n::lustrial oils, their total

business will decrease. Hcwever, haulage of tr..e corrtaminaced oils to chemical

waste :ir.Cire...-rators will be requ.ireCi ar.d could offer neN market opp:Jrtur...ities

to the collectors.

Processors

Waste oil fer fuel use sh::Juld l:ecorne rroxe ple..'1tif'ul as use fo::::

road oiling is discouraged or made .in'Jt:ossible by the regulation. The effect

of a larger supply of waste oil on the price to processors throretically '...culd

(1) Maugn, -r.w., llRere.fined Oil: An Cption 'I':'..at saves Oil, 0'1.in.irnizes PollutionII,

SCier~e 193, p. 1108-1110, September 17, 1976.

-89-
l::e to lcwer t.~ price. Heweva', si..TX:e use on coal in cailers is relatively'

troublefree an::1 expandible~ tJus use is probably verj eleastic. Conseque..1'1tly

if coal burning plants can absorb the ircrea.c::a:i supply,' ·,.;hich seems likely,·

the price decrease stould be I"..egligible.

Re-re firwrs

Re-refir..ers of lubricating oils should J:e op=.ratei at capac.izy ar.d

t.'1us J:e rrore profitable.. The recycling etille r:ote-l'ltially can be used to

expard the rrarket far used lube oil faster than i.r:dustry capac.i.ty, 'Ibis will

be especially true for indust:!:'ialani cam:ercial fleets, but might be e.xte..rded

to pezsonal, cars. Similarly, increases in darestic crude oil prices would

ir.crease the market for all uses of wasce oil.

Info.t!l1ation· collected t.J,mugh telepmne inte-rvie..vs ir.dicates

that at least three of the canpanies which re-refine hydr.aulic fl1:lid re::eive

hydraulic fluids whic.'1 are contaminated with P:Bs. These fluids are sorretimes

corrtami.nazed to the extent of 6000 ppn. In noSt cases, the reeJ.a.irni.ri:T precess

reroves ro nore than 10% of t;l'I.ese FCBs. (1) It is also reFQrted that the COncentration of FCBs In scrne of the hydraulic fluid applications ericountered

by these canr;ar~es rerrains at approximately 2000 ppn despite repeatai flush.i..'1gs

ar:d drainings. In such cases, lcwer P:B levels rray be achievable t.."lrough the

use of ~-t.ivated carton filt-""C.tion.

'!tose trjdraulic systzns contaminated with FCBs will be identified

as required by other provisions of the draft regulations. Once this is done,

waste oil ~rom tb..ese machines an:1 fran t.~e oil separators in plants using t.~

macai.."'leswill probably have to be diverte:l fran fuel use to chemical waste

inci.TJ.erators.

'!he price differential eetr,.;e-::>Jl re-ref.ir.=rl and virgin hyd.....-a.ulic

fluid is al:::out four do] lars per gallon. 'I11e requirement tljat corrtamiriaced

hydraulic oil be incine-rated rray reduce the supply of re-re£~~ oil fran

150, 000 gallons per year to 50,000 gaJ.lons par YefJI. This W'Ould result in

increased cOsts of ($4.00 per gallon x 100,000 gallons per year = $400,000

(1) Teleptone conversation, I:wa.in Fcwkes (RAOCO Corp.) wit.~ L. Fourt (Versar) ,

SeptEITber 19, 1977.

-90-
:Q& year), and could force the closi.r.g of t:.:ree srall fi:::ms 'vYit.1-l a total

'YlOyrre..1J.t of 12 to 15 J;:eJ:'SOI'.s~ , ,

IndustriaZ Waste Oil. Gener~tors

Ttose i.n:iustries whose waste oil cont.ai.ns rrore than 50 ppn R:3s

will have to ir:cur disE=csal costs of s, 0832(1...b. Ev'en ir.dustrial oil contaminated wit.1-l less than 50 ppn PCBs may be avo.ided by 'NaSte oil collectors.

This will rot be a big problem for coal, burners. Fuel oil burning ccmcanzes

can use a m.ixture of waste ar:d virgin oil but t.h..ere are technical proble:ns

to l:e rre..stere:i In this use. Contir..enta..l Forest Ir.dustries i..':d.icate:i t.~t up

to 14 pezcent; waste oil mixed wit.~ ;6 residual oil is feasible. The result

may l:e the"developnent of a separate ma.rket for irdustrial oil with lew levels . "

of FC8s' tqr '~ as fuel. Long te.:tm econ:rnic :impacts sh:luld not l:e ;significant.

t,. ..;,),

13 . 4 "S1.'l!m'.arV ..........

,'- .'

. ",-;, (" .. ,

CorrrcJl.ia:nce Costs :.

Road Oil -i.n::=ease:i costs of virgin or

synthetic material (years 1-5)

Read Oil - ir.c.reased. cost of obtaining

adequate supplies of segregated used

rrotor oil (years 6-15)

LDst prcduction of re-refined hydraulic

fluid

Emvl.oyment Effects

$100 million/year

$6.4 million/year

$ . 4 million/year

'TI1ree small re-re£iners rray close with a loss of 12 to 15 jobs.

Shifts will occur In the collection segn.ent of the ir.dustry, l::ut will prcbably

have little net impact on e:rrplayme!'lt.

-91-
· . 14. 0 PC3S p..s t:lN:Th"TENrI~L p:scoocr ~TAJ.'\lTS

Although rrest of the PCBs i.'"l use were. pzcduced by ~nsanto as tbe pr±mar.l

prcduct of a reaction precess, other cherrical, reactions can prcduce FeEs as byprcductis, resulting in ccrrtarainatrion of ccrrrnerciaJ. chenical,s, S~arly, corrcamination erE existing matsrial may r=---Sclt in FCB cont.ami.r..ation of prcduccs rna:ie

by recyc1..in;;" these rrater; ~J s , RecjCled paper'is kr.cwn to be contzminaced with

PCBs at lew levels, but a detailed st?..riy' of this indu.strj' ind.icat""-d tb..at it ',.;ould

not be afie-_'ted by the 50 ppm l..imit on ?::B concaminacion, (1) Polydllor:LT'lated

1:.er?~...enyls have also been rep::lrte:1 to be ccrrtaminacedwi.th PCBs fanred as a side.

reaction during manU£a~.....ng,(2) but w..e sole u.s. distribu--..or of t.l.lls material

has rep:;rtEd1.y assured its major a:IStcrrEr that it w:Juld wazrant, t..~a:t futu.re

shiprrents wi.ll contain 'less than 50 ppm PCB. (

3)

The only chemicals kncwn to be ccnceminaced wit..." PCBs i:l conCentrations

exceedanq 50 ppn are pb.tJ1.alocyanine blue and green pigrre.TJ.ts end the

diarylic.e yel1cw pigrren.ts.

14.1 Fequirerents of tr..e Prq;:osed Pegu.1ations

'I.'t"..e regulations ban the contLT'lUed manufaccure of fCs after

Cecerrber 31, 19i8. nti.s ban also af?9lies to rnixtaires ccrrcain..i.r:q :TD-re tnen

50 ppm PCBs re.gar.....J.ess of wnet.l;,er t,l;e. PCBs ~e adced inte.."1tioiJ.ally or foJ:::ITECi. .

during manufaci:ure as an un.L."1tEnticnal by prcdpcts.

14. 2 CcrrrDliance . Costs

Phtr~locuanine Piaments H

Phthalccyanir..e pigme.."1ts are major sources of heat- and lightstable bItE and green colors in the plastics and printing inks iLdustries. L"1

ti'..e rnanU£act:.lre of ecpp:.r phtb.alocyanine blue pig:o:mt (phthal.o blue), the

(1) Versar L'1c., Involvem:nt ofFCBs in t.~ Pulp and Paper L"1dust::'y, EPA

560/6-77-005, Febr~l 25, 1977.

(2) Versar L11.c., Asses.srrent of the Envi.ronl1Ental and Erorornic L"TIOa.cts of the

Ban on :rm;::or---s of PCBs, EPA 560/6-77-007, Februa...ry 22, 1977". ,

(3) Personal o:nm..m.ication, L.M. Arg1.:eso (M. p..rgueso end cs., Mar:naror.eck, N. Y.) I

At:.gUS't 30, 1977.

-92-
CD~ used in the reaction apparently catalyzes the deb.yCL..--oC:lloriI'.ation of t..~

-)trichJ.arate...T1Ze..'1e ('ICB) solvent used in tre process to fo~ varyil-:.g ~~" of

'trichloro and pentacal.oro biphe'1Yl .. riSidt.:e in the product. Further dllorir'.aticn

of phthalo bl1.::e to make phtbalo green pignE.'1.t results .in the fm::rr.ation of PCBs

residues in t..1.e green preduct. Ccrre.stic and foreign manufacturers of phtnalc

pigrrents, using t.~ 'I'C8 solvent, precess, hav-e tested these pig:me.f"lts for FC3s

level. Results i..f1.dicate that t.~ proCESS c:onsiste..'1tly prcduces pigrrents 'trith

PCBs residues In the 100-300 ppn range. One analysis from a d.orrestic manufactnrrar

rePJ.rt2d. concerrcrataons as high as 1000-2000 FPIl. Several U.s. cc::m;anies manufacture the E;i1t.~o pigrre.1'1ts fran the basic raw materials," while t..'1.e ot.l-rer U.S •

c::rnpan.ies mazxetrinq these pigrre.1'1ts 1~ foreign TCB-based crude pigrents and

purify chem for sale .in the Unit...ed states. Unc.er the proposed FC3 ban regu.latior..s,

all of these manufacturers are In effect prcducanq a FeB mixture wmc..'1 could riot

J:e sold or distributed .in ccrrrezce effective 30 days "a..r-...er pranulgation of t..~

draft =egulaticns.

Discussions 'trith tb..e dar.estic prrtha.lo pig:m=.nt manufactnzars

have disclosed t.lJ.at cn.ly one manufacturer dces not use t.~ TCB so.lverrc precess

:\(kerosene is used as t.~ solve.'1.-=' ; n a ?ropriet.:::"""j process end the pigrn:mt ?ro-

'.,bred has essentially zero PCBs). All otb..e.r darestic and foreign manufacturers

use TC3 solvent," and are aCOJ:rd.i...f"lgly faced 'Nit.'1 major precess revisions to c:::ITIf'ly

with t.;"..e proposed SO ppn PCBs Limi.t; In their prcduct,

The concentration of PCBs.in the phthalccyanine blue an::l green

pisrrents can reFOrtedly be reduced to l:elc.:w 50 ppn by a chance .in the so.Lvent;

1J..S8d in the manufacturing proCESS. Such a" change will requL--e rrcdificc.tior.s of

the process and quality centrol procedures, and may' oost $100, 000 for each of t..'1e

fi\7'e or so manufacturers and i.rr;;crt""rs of the material. S.inca uncorrcarrd.nated

pigrre."1t is available fran one U.s. manufacturer, tl'..ere is sufficient price c:::mp:titicn to prevent; these Increased c::JS"""t-S fram J:eing passed along in higher

prCduct prices. 'The effect wculd t..'1erefcre be a decrease in corpozace profits.

-93-
Di arytide 'pigrents are t..~ major :t-el1.cw pigrne.T'lts used in

printing Lnka, These pig:re'1ts are maCe by reactions of precursor's "Nilic.'1. .L'"'.clpc-,,·

didl1oroOe."1Zidi..r..e. .;. miner side reaction results In the deerninatricn of t:-..e

cenz.idene resulting 1.-,. t.r:e forrnatdon of 3,3 'dich1orcbiphe..1'1yl. A:cc::lI:'d.i."1g t:;:)

ton Mc;rgan of ~::e Dry (bIer «f.anufact:...tte!:'s Association, (1) rrost; diarylid.e ye.llcw

pigrrents are ccrrcanrinated wit.~ FCBs at concerrcratdcns of several hundred par'"'<-s

Fez:' millien. Alt.~gh a f2:Jl batd"..:es of pigrrent have been found to cent-a; 1""]; less

than 50 pp:n POs, the i.'1du.s---...rj is rot lc:t able to control the manufact:tlri.1'1g

precess to reliably acai.eve t..us lew le-.:;el of PCB contani.na.tion.

Sales of diarylide yellcw !?igrrent in 1976 were eccut, 12.66

million FOUIlds ha~-Ilg a value in excess of $52 million. (1) This pigrr:e.."1t:.vas

contaminated with pernaps several thousand FOunds. of .3,31~c.'1...lorcbiphe..'1yl, whid1

is a relatively bicdegradible isarer of PCB. If t..'1.e proposed PC8 ban =esulaticr..s

result LTl an effec+"--ive ban on t..'1e manufacture of chi.s i-ellcw' d:::t'e, m::::s~ 610ree

printing Inks will have to be re.fo.!.m.1lated, resulting in serre lost prcductd.cn

while teCmical changes are made in t.~ $690 million/year Ink i.!1Custrjand the

$43 hi 11 j on par l-ear graphic arcs ind1..1S'"...rj.

Th=.re is no tedmolcgy evai.Lab.le that can reliably reduce the

c:nc:e.!1t::ation of PCBs in diarylide yeilcw pigrrents to i::elo-v 50 ppn. If t.~ ben

on t.'1.e rnanu.:fact:ure of PC:Ss after De::em1::er 31, 1978, res..llts in an effect.:..vc: ban

en the rnanufaetu.re of tt.J..s pigrrent, lost sales of this ~terial will ce about;

$52 millicn per year. lUter:i:1ative pis;rrents are available, but cr..eir use results

Ln higr..er ink. casts as the altp1"'!'.ative materials are less effective and/or more

e..-q;:e.TlSiva, L"lcrea..sed costs due to the c:anversion to substit:!.lte rr.ate.rials may

equal 20 p;.rC?nt to 50 pero:..'1t of the value of the discantin1.,jSC yellcw pis;rrS'lts r

or $10 million to $25 m.i.l.lion FBr year. The::e should be no net err;;loyme..'1t e£::ect5

as tl"e pzcduccaon of substitute materials 'Nill offset the losses fr8I11 the disc:::ntinuation of manufacture of ti:e di.aryLide yellcw. Hcw9ver, sevezal, hundred jcbs

may be affec-...ed at the i..'!l:pact.e::i manufactnzi......."1g facilities, and an unkncwn errount.

. of prcduction equiprent wculd lose econanic value.

(1) Te.Lepr..cne conversaticn, Con M:Jrgan (Attor7'.ey for tne Dry Color Manufactu:re-rs

.r...sscciation) with R. W::;St:LT1 (Versar), Septenter 22 I 1977.

-94-
14. 3 Surn:n.a..,.··l

Comvliar~e Costs

Pht:.b...a.lccyani.ne Blue - Production changes

Diar.f.1.i.de YellCW" - Increased c:.sts of

substitute pic;m=nts

Employment Effects

$500,000 - 1978

$10 rni J J ion to

$25 million...cez ..'le~r

Several hundred. jobs v.ould ce a£feci:-od if the rranufacture of

diatylid.e :Y6llcw pigrre."1ts we-re banne:l. 'I'h£=se WOlld be offset by e..rrrployment

increases in the segm::nts" of the pigrr.ent L1'1dustry SD;)plyi.'1g tne sucstatirta

mate-rials.

z:

-gS-
'ilie use of FC3S in the rranufactirre of rJ.etl capacitors is ex-~...ed to. er.d

by mid 1978 due to a number of factors ir.clt:ding the ending of prcducti on

of PCBs by ~bnsanto in Cctobe.r f 1977 ar.d t.lj.e zero PCB discharge requira-ner:ts

impJseJ. on the rr.a.nufacturing plants by the EPA un:ier aut.1.ority 'of t:.:'1e Fe::leral

Water Pollution Cont.:.."""Ol Act. (1) 5:Jweverf the decision of t.~ capacitor manufacturers to discontinue the use of FCBs with::mi: atte:nptL-:.g to develop

al.cernaze sources of supply after M:::lI"..santo stoppe:1 prcductzicn was rrade In

anticipation of the implerr.entation of the Ban Regulations of Section 6 (e) of

the Toxic Substances COnt..---ol Act. Alt.b..ough t.1.e EPA apparently has IX) discretion .in t..'1e L"'i1p1eme.'1ti.ng t.1.e can on the use of PCBs in tb.e manufactnzre of

capac.i.tozsf t.1.e econ:.:rnic impact of the chance to alte.rnate rraterial~ ard

designs is lli-.6.0ubted1y the result of t.1J.e provisions .of the Act as. irc:p1emerrced by the proposed regulations.

15 .1 Reaui.re.rnents of the Prm:osed ReoulatloI"l.8 d

The proposed :::egulations ~NCU1d ban the manutacture of capaci.tors

ccnta.in.i.r.g PC:3s after Cecenber 31, 1978 as t.1.e EPA has dete-.·"1!1i.ned t..~t t...:,e

ban in Toxic Substances Cont.."'V1 Act on the manufaccure of FCBs applied also

to the manufacture of items rNhic.1. are considered to te I'PCB Articles" or

"PCB Equipre..'1t. JI

15.2 cacacitor Production and Sales

PCBs have been used as a dielectric liquid L'1 rrost of the alt.e-rnati.ng

current capacitors rranufactured since 1930. FCBs provided t...1.e advantage of

r.cn-flarrmability ~I'lh.ich is not available wit.1. e1eet=ically suitable alt°J:T1.ative

liquids. 'TIle c.evelopnent and corrrrercial L'1.trcduc---:'on of r:.on-PCB capacitors

started in 1975 in response to gra;.ri.."'1g concern over the environrrental ef£ec-...s

or FC3s. The tiIre requi.=ed to develop various t"fF€s of non-?:B capacitors

(1) EPA, "Final Cecision, " Federal Regist o r , Febrwary 2,1977, pp. 6531-6555.

-96-
has been a function of the fire hazard wt....ic.:' would result from t.~ failure of

Se<;me.T'ltaticn of t.lris .indusczy by typ: of capac.i,tor is

to calculate the impacts of, the dra£t regulations, 'c· .

P::B capacitors have been made L"'1 rrany differe.'1tsizes and in designs

suitable for rrany differe.'1t voltages and applications. For the purpose of t.';.is

analysis, all of the various typ:s of PCB capacitors will be classified as

either power fac-...or capacitors or L"'1dustrial capac.itors. Po-ver fact:Jr capacitors

are those large high voltage .uni.tis used by utilities to correct for lagging

fCWer factor in electric tr-ansnission and distribution sysnsms , Industrial

capacitors include all other typ=s of PCB units whf.ch are used in asscciation

wit.'1 SfeCitic tYFes of equi;rrent such as electric rotors, flucresce.'1t light

bal.Lascs r and electronic circuitry,

census figures for capacitors are collected by t.\;,e U,S. Cepartrr.ent

of Ccnmerce en t.t:e basis of seven digit SIC cedes. 'TI"'.e rrost; recerrc dab at this

level of disaggregation was obtaine3 .l..T'l 1972 and is surrrrarized LTl Table ,1.5 ,2:-1· _ ..

be.lew. M:Jre i..nforrnation at t..'1is level wi.Ll, be obtai.rred Ln 1978, but will net be

available for seveza.L years.

Table 15.2-1

FCB Ca-::acitor Pro::iucnon arrl Sales: 1972 (1) >

Shunt an:::l Series Fewer Factor Correction

C-€n""ral Purpose V..otor Control

Fluorescent Light Ballast Cap3.citors

a.r.d. other capacitors except elect-ranic

Production-Dnits

192,700

22,100,000

mt available

Sales-t,1illion $

41.1

39

32.3

(1) Source: U.S. Departrrent of Carrrerce, Electrical t-'f..easurE!T'€nt a.n:l Distril:ution Equip:rent, Publication r~ (2-36A) ,

-97-
Annual estimates of capacitor. sales v-olt..:ri:'.e are available on an

aggregate1:asis fran a 20% survey of manufaec.rre...rs at the five digit SIC cede

level. '!he recent; L"1.foJ:::!'ation ava j 1 able fzxm t.ns source is surrmardzed 1..1'1

Table 15.2-2.

Table 15.2-2(1)

PCB capacitor sales - by Year

Year sales - Million Collars

1972 112.4

1973 143.1

1974 157.3

1975 119.3

1976 149.0

(1) Source: U. S • D€p:3.rtrrent of can:rer::e

15.3 CcmDliance Costs .

'There are t.'lO tasic tecr.u:olcgical alternatives available to capacitor rranufacturers wro must deve.Lop ron-FeB capacitor product; Lines, Tr..e

direct, arrl probably sh:;,rt term, solution to t."'1e prob.Iem is to develop a dielectric Li.qu.id which can l:e used as. a direct replacere.1'1t for FCEs ',o/it.\ll.,,"! t.."1e

presently l..J.Se:1 techrDlo;y of capacitor pro::iuction L"'1volvi.'1g alt:minum foil arxi

par;er as a solid Cielectric. This type of ccnserucc.ion has been developed. to

rraxirni.ze t..l-}e edvarrcaqes achievable using PCBs as a liqui.d cielectric. .~

al.carnatdve approach woul.d be to develop a rJE.!N teehr:ology 'Nhich makes opti.rnum

use of the materials rerraining available to p.rcC:uct designers. . .

Muc.J.:L effort has been spent, L"'1 evaluating materials for use as

FCB substitutes in roth ,the U.S. arrl in foreign countries. ~b substitute

liquid has been developed which equals FeB in dielectric pro?ertiesI fire

z'es.i.s'tance , and stability. &"'1y trade-off entails enhancing electric"'.l :;erfomance at t.~ expense of enviramentaJ. or safety considerations. Lupreqr.at.i.r:g

capacitors with alternative dielectric fluids ar..d/or redesigning then rray

-98-
result in substantial reteolingI research ar.d deve.loprerrc , and orhez prcduct.ionSUCh costs. are. nozmal.Ly high at first, s.irice the Industzy is

cnaraccerized as Infarrc: .i.e., it is fackg' a ne,.;learning curve

due to the prcduct.ion of t.echr:ologically nell capacitors. Hcwever, sir.ce all

manufacturers are developing ron-FCB capacitors, and sir.ce chese new prcduccs

will be Irrcrcduced esaerrtii.al.Ly simultaneously, t.."1e.re will ce substantial cernpetition whicb. will prevent the rapid ree::Ner.y of developne..'1t ar.d teeli.;,g costs

through rrarket skimning. 'Ihere£orel. it is e:q;ect.ed that che initial product;

prices will close.ly approxirnate the long te..rm CCII"!F€titive price sczucture of

ti'..e capacitor Irxaistzy. A revisV' of t..h.e present; status of each of t..~ rrajor

.segments of the capacitor .industzy should previde an accurate picture of tr..e

response of t..1U..s industry to the PCB ban regulations.

Power Factor Cavacitors

large p:JWer factor correction capacitors which or;erate at voltages

atove 2000 volts are used by elec---ric utilitie,s to cornpensatie for ir..c.uctive-·

current lags caused by .i.rrluctive rotors and other similar rrachanery . 'It..ese

capacitors are usually trounced out of dcors LT'l substar.ions or onjxwer pol.es,

risk of significant fire losses is incurred by the use of a

dielec'"...=ic liquid in these units.

Prior to 1977 I there were four rranufacturers of FCB r;cwer fac:tor .

capaci tors. All four of these rranufacturers discontinue:l the use of FCBs durir.g

1977 ar:d intreduce:l non-PCB capacitors having the sarre fun::tional specEications as replacer.e.11t prcducts. Table 15.3-1 lists the rranufac-turers of

these large capacitors and surrmarizes the tec.hnology used in the ne,.; prcducts

.irrcrcduced by each manufacturer. The selling p~ices of these large capacitors are r.egotiated on the basis of large orders, an::i ro published. price

lists are a'Vailab1e. B::Jr.tv-ever, Versar est.i.rrates t..'1a.t the Prices of t...'1e cacac-- .. - itprs rranufactured by Westingl:ouse, G€neral Electric, arc Sang-orro ir.creased

10% to 15% follcwi.r:g t.."1e intrcduction of non-FeB units, ard the price of che

M:::"~aw Edison capac.i.cor's Increased 15% to 20%. ~1::Graw Edis:Jn c.La.irns excepc.ional,

produce life and efficiency for their prcduct., and the higber price has

apparently not had a significant :i.rnpact on their share of t..."18 raarxet.

-99-
Sales of FeB 'fOH€I fa~....or correction -cap..a.citors L71 1976 are esti:-

reared to have been approxamat.al.y $54.5 million. .~.ssurn.i...'1g relatively

constant output; and demand; a taTJ. to t>lenty FercaTJ.t price increase of c::::m-

,,-

carabl.e r.on-i?CB ixssex fac+--.or cozrect.ion cacacitors rNill result in sales of - approx.i.rna.tely $60.0 to $65.4 million (using constant dellars). cence,

utilities and. ot..1.er users of fac--.or capeci,tors are expect.ed to ?5-Y

approxirrBtely $5.5 to $10.9 million" rrore ,

Utilities e.rr,ploy approxiJrately r-.i.nety-five percent; of all s:cwer

fa.ctDr correction capaci.ccrs, The ability of utilities to pass all of the

additional costs associated wit.1-l non-f(3 capacitors on to residential and

ccrnrercial users i.,7'J. t""rms of higher prices ;.ri-ll depend u::;:on state regulatory

ccrrmi.ssions I attit".xies tGWard rate structures. Total revenue for all

electric utilities was $46.2 bilii.on in 1975. It is estirrated 'u......at total

revenue for all utilities in 1976 'Nill have been approxirratie.Ly S50. 0·- billicn.

If all t.'1e utilities additior.al costs asscc.Lacsd with usinq non-.8:B capacitors

is passed on to reside..'1H al consurrers, and that t.CJ.eir averace rronthly elec'"'--ric

bill is fifty dollars, it is est.imat-c.d t.~t residential COr1S1.....~S 'llill incur

an increase L.'1 t.r'..eir elec+-..ric bills of approximat.e.Ly .02 t:ercent, or one cent

per :TOnt.1.. [Note chat, this is che long run effect; in the short rD.."'1 ti:e

extzra costs of non-FCB capacitors 'Nill apF€CX as a capital item in the rate

ease. If depreciation and replacerrent are roth straight-line rl.1..TJ.ctions, ove::::

a ten year p=:ricd, the rate base and the r-eturn on it will rise ur.til tJ."1e

tent."l year at wni.ca po.irrt, a s:rtE.1l. return- on capital will :ce obtai.'1eC. as weLl,

as capital r'ep.l.acerrent; costis,'] Since part of the costs will be passed on to - -

inC.us'"~ial users, the relative price impacts rNill b€ even less, and are not

expecced to significantly i.rrpact eit-her -:,1.e price or demand for electricity.

-100-
Table 15.3-1

Qlrrently Available N:m-FCB Factor

Correction capacitors

V.anU£acttlre.!'

Ttiestingrouse

C-e..TJ.eral Electric

sangarro Electric CO.

M::Graw Edison

Solid Dielectric

Paper an:1 plastic filrn

ccmbination

Pap:r

Paper ,

Plastic film

Liauid Dielectric*

--,-------

Isopropyl bipha~yl

Phthalate es+or**

Phthalate ester**

Butylated rror:cchlorodiphe..~yl et.~er.

* All of the liquid dielectric rraterials contain srrall arrounts of additives

as free radical scavengers, etc. The identity of these minor constituents

is E?roprietary infor:rration.

** The phtihal.at.e ester based" liquids refQr-e-ocUy contain a significant arrount

of t::dc..'UoroCe..'1Zene as an additive to zai.se, t..~e .corona e..tt:...n.c+....:.on- .voLt.aqe ,

Industria Cc:Daci tors

FeB capac.itors have been used in a numte.r of diverse ; :1dust=ial,

appliance, and lighting applications including arc lrlelders, L.'1ct.:.Ction heat.i..:'lg

fur::laces, fluorescent light ballasts, ani television sets. Table IS. 3-2

lists tr..e manufacturing plants kncwn to have used PCBs i.n t.."le marrufactarre of

t..1-ris tYI;e of capaci.tor in the early 1970s. Versar contiacced these rranufa.et'JIers in Septern1:er I 1977 to decermirie T..met.~ they were still us.inq FCBs,

ard if so I when they antici'j?3.ted ar.dL'1g their use of .?CBs. 'It'.e resul.cs of

these contacts are surrmarized in Table IS. j-3 .

All of t..";.ese rranufacturers plan to intreduce ron-FC3 capaci.ticrs

to replace tr.e discontinued FeB prcducts. In all cases, t.....e ne,.; capaci.tor's

will use liquid phthalic aci.d esters (pht..b.a.lates) as a direct substitute for

FCBs. P..s a result of nhi.s rnatier.ia.l, change, an increase of 6% in t.."1e si.ze of che

-101-
TABLE 15.3-Z

Manufact:trrers .of FCB Industrial cacacitors . In 1976

<J::::lrr:oanv Narre . .

Aero'l/OX

Universal ~ufacturi."1g ~rp.

Comell Dubilier

P. R. Hallo:ry s CO., Inc.

Sprague ElecL~c CO.

Elec-...ric Utility Co.

Capacd,tor Sj?eCialists Inc.

Jard COrp.

York Elect..."'"'Onics

RF Inte--...cnics

Axel Electronic, Inc.

'Ibl:e C'eutscbrrann Labs.

Elect-...-o M3.gI'.etic Filter Co.

r..c:x:aticn of tr:e Pla"1t

EuCscin Falls, .N. Y•

Ft. Edward, N. Y.

Ne.v Eediord, M3.ss.

Bridge};Ort, Ccr..n.

Totewa, N.J.

New Bedford, M3..ss.

Waynesl:cro, Te..rm.

North Adams, ~BsS.

IaS3 J]e, Ill.

EscondidO, caJ...l.£'.

Bel1r.incfJ:m, Vt.

Brccklyn, N. Y.

Eaysl"'...ore, L.I., N. Y.

Jarr.a.ica, N. Y.

canton, Mass.

Sunnyvale, calif.

Source: Versar Inc., PCBs in tl'.e Unit-cd S12tes: Industrial

Use end En\Ji.ror'l.rrental Distribution, Spripgfield, Va.:

National Technical L'1.for:mation servace , (~TIS FE 251 402/3h"P) , -Fe.oruary 25, 1976, p. 89.· Upiated by VerSar in later

studies,-COntract 68-01-3259.

-102-
Table 15.3-3

Mmufacturers of Srrall LiQuid Dielec+-.ric ;..c caDacitors « •

Corroanv . .

Universal Mig.

P. R.. M3.llory

Comell Dubilier

Jard Corf:Oration

Electric Utility Co.

ot..~ers

Small capacitor

SaJ.es (1975)*

~illion $/vear

30

24.

13

10

7

4

3

3

Status of PCB Use as of Late 1977

No PCBs used

K:Bs Lnverrtory sufficient until

June 1978

Will end PCB use by mid 1978

PCBs Inventory sufficie.'1t th...--ough

M3.rch 1978

No infonration available

Will end use of PCBs during first

quarter~ 1978

PCBs .inverrtozv sufficientthrouch

mid 1978 . .s:

No use of PC3s a£ter 1977

SOurce: Office of Errvi.ronrrerrt.a.L A£fairs, U.S. cept. of Ccrrrre-rce

-103-
capacitor is zequi.red to provide the sarre elect::ical function. As a z esul.c of

the size i..n::rease f sane rra.:i1ufacturers wro use capacitors in t.lJ.e.ir. prcductis '..rill

have to re:iesign to alicw .!:'COIn for t..":e la.....-ger capacitors. capacitors usin.g

rretallize::l plastic film an:1 phtihal.Lc acid ester liquid dielec-'"--rics are bei..'1g

tested; if successful, such units "WOuld J:e tr.e same size as equivalent PCB

capacitors.

The phthalates are rrore.fla:rnm..ble than FCBs, and satisfac"tOry

fire safety can l:e achieved only by incor:r;oration of adequate cirCuit breaker's

(pressure or t.."-leI::IE.1 t:ypes) which will prevent rupture of the capacc.tor case

follcwi..n:; electrical failure of the capacitor. Substantial testi"'1g has ~n

required to prove the adequacy of t."-lese circuit' breaker devices tot..~e satisfac-...i.on of the users of. the capacd,tors because of t..~ fOssibilit'.l of substantial proc1uct liability claims should a fire probl.en ~evelop with the ronFeB units. The developrent and testing require:m::nts have delaye::i trie Irrcroduction of t..~e oon-:PCB capacitors. F..o;.;everf zone of the iTE..l'lU£acttJ.rers of

smal.l. capacitors contacted anticipate using FeEs after mid 1978. Use of FC3s

until tb.en ',.;ill be based on existing inventories, as MJnsanto stepped shi;?9ing

FeBs in O:::toberf 1977 f and IX) :iJnt:;ortation of :PCBs is planned by any cae;acitor

rTEl1ufacturer.

T.l:'..e swi.ticn to phthalic acid esters will i.rJcz;.:::>.:> se the demar:d for

this class of chemical by approxdmatial.y e..;enty million lb/year, a::rnpa.red to

a total prcduetion of about one billion lb/year. This eM:) percent; increase in

de:rar.d will rot significantly affect either the availability or price of tl-',is

rrate.!:'ial.

Estimation of t.1"'.e unit cost impacts of the FeB ban regulations on

t..":e ir..dustrial capacitor segme.."1t of t.r-e market is difficult for several, zeasons,

First, M:Jnsanto significantly increased the price of FCEs during 1976 and 1977.

Tr..ese price in::::reases reflected greater prcduction ccscs due to errvi.rorsrerrta.l

percautions in harrlling and shipping the material f plus costs i..1"'..C1.ll"red t.brough

MJnsanto ~...icipation in the regulatory process. MJr..santo was also L"1 t..~e

-104-
"';rsition of supplT...ng a unique prcduct havinq a 10;.; price elasticity of

/)6.enE.nd. The anticipated. regulations presented a high barrier to entry into

this rrarket for other fOssible manufacturers of PCBs, so M::Jnsanto 'HaS in a

rrcnopol.y posi,tion, and t:."leir pricing may have ::eflect..od t:.ns rrar::=:et ccndf,tien

in addition to ge.TJ.eral in£lation.a.r'-.! pressure on all carm:dity prices duri..'1g

t.1-ris p:ricd. 'TI1e net effect was to increase the price of FC'3 capacitors

al::ove what would have Ceo-I1 expected undez' long term canpetitive ccndi.t.icns

had there not been tr.e threat of regulatorj action on the manu.facture and

use of PCBs.

At present, roth l?CS capacitors and non-FeB capacitors are

avai1able, although £rem different manufacturers. Tt'.e non-FCB inclust:=ial

capacitors are selling for aJ:out ten p:rce..'I'lt rrore t.1jan the FeB units havi.r.g .

tl'..e sarrefunc'-.....ional c."1.a.racteristics. Since the- rranufactu..rers of 'non-FCB

capacitors do not have the option of prcducing FC'3 uni,ts, t..ili price in":

crease may refle::t the pre:nium wrucn users are willing to faY for avoidi.TJ.g

any possible irrJ;?a.c+"-s of the ban regulations on the.i.r opezatricns and Inveritory rat.'1er than reflecting increases in manufacturing costs. Eauilibrium

prici....'"lg would not be e.x;:ected to result lli--:.til FCB capac.itors T,.-ere no longer

available.

- 'TI1e Ce:rand for capacitors is highly i..TJ.e1astic, because close sur:-

stitute5 are not avai.lableand the nurnt:e.r of uses to wruch ca;:acitors iMV

be put are lirnite:i. Consequentil.y, capacitor users will be confronted. '.vit."1

prices for r..on-FeB units rNh.ic.~ re£lect' tl'..e additional costs of prcdueti.on

of such UI'J.ts due to the proposed regulation. 'The Lncreased price of FCB

capacitors and tbe present; cCI!lpetitive pressure' en tr.e price of non-FeB

capacitors suggests that the long te.I:m price .increase due to the banning of

FCBs will be mxre trian the present; differential of 10 Percent. A total

price increase of 50 to 20 cercerrc is cernaos a rrore r'easonabl.e estirrate of - -- t.1J.e price Lncrea se for r..on-FeB capaci,tors.

-105-
sales of FC3 ; ndustrial capacitors .in 1976 ere estirrated to have

1:e€n approxirrately $51. 7 n1i.lllon.p.ssurning relatively' conseant; c;.Jtput and

derrand , a fi.f'-<.E"'-I1 to c.-venty percent, price .iricrease for c:::::rnparable r'.on-8':B

i.r'.d.us'-...rial capacitors will result in sales of frau s59. 5 to $62. 0 million

(using constant dollars). This suggests t.1.;at users of ir'.c.usc·:i.al capaci.ccrs

will pay approx:imately $7.8 to $10.3 millicn rrore for non-PCB units.

Ha."1U£act'.Jrers of elec-....rica1 equi.;;n;ent wr.ich will use ncn-FC3

ir..dustrial capacitors may face various redesig::'l proble:r,s. For example, manufacturers of mizuature electrical equipre.l'lt, who sp:;cialize in cpti..111izirlg

space in the ccnscructacn of tb.eir producesI may find t.h..at t.~e prcductri.on of

a TIeH, larger capacitor makes t.."le ccrrtanuatacn of their mirliaturized product;

line uncartadn. AFart frc:m the market for miniature equ.i;;rrent,. rrost;

electrical equi.pr.ent C3.I1 be redesigned to. accan:date the scrrewhat; larger

non-!?C3 capacitors at relativ""e.ly little cost.

capacitors represent, a veri s:ra.ll f...."'aCtion of t.~ total prcductri.on

(Le., input) cost of a given aF9liance. Any price Increases .iri fLJal products due to employing non-feB capacitors '..vill be irnt;;erceptable to censurers -

Le., t..~ Lncrease in price per unit will be so srrall t.1.;at t.~ ?a!'c.entage

change. in quarrt.i,ty demanded will be very close to zezo . I t is expecned t. t

sales of elec-....rical appliances will rot be a£fec--..ed appreciably noz' 'Hilltb.ere be any drarratlc effects on enployrrent in the capacitor preduction industzy nor in the electrical appliance rranufaC""'~ing .industzy,

Users of non-FeB in:lustrial capacitors may face greater risks of

'::1 re as t..~ey switc.~ to such units. Ir.surance rates will Incrae se to reflect . .

any increased fire losses, but only after a ti.i€ lag sufficient for new

risks to be Incorporated into the e.."'<p:rie."1ce record.

Any decrease in the expected service life of ir.dustrial capec.icors

will have a disprop:Jrtionate effect on eeonanic Irnpact;s due to t..'J.e proposed

regulations. I t is estimated t.'1at fE!Ner t.'1an t'....:o pez'cerrt; of all snaIl

capaci.tors fail l:efore the equifr.:ent is scrapped due to obsolescence. The

-106-
)st of replac::..ng t.:.:":'ese capacitors includes out of servfce ti...Te and high

2l::or costs, and may total. ten t.i.'TeS the retail price 0f the repl~cerr.ent

capacitor. The cost of replacing failed capacitors may tl"...e.refore be

equal to 20 ?=!:,ce..'1.t of annual, ir.dustrial capacitor sales. If shozrtened

service life r'esul,ts L71 an increase of t..'-le rate of failure to 5 c:ercent of

the non-FeB units prior to obsolescence, the Increased replacerr:ent costs

could be 50 pez'cent; of t.:.'rJ.e value of the total srn.c..ll capacitor rrarxet.,

-107-

,

..
15 • 4 Surtlnarv

T::!'c:nsitiona l Co s ts :

Redesign of equi.prent; to acccrrcdate

larger capac.itors

Lona TeT'?'n Costs:

Pcwer factor capacitbrs

Price increase for r:cn-FeB capacitors

L'"1dustzial capacitors:

.Price increase for r..cn-FC3 capacitors

Increased fire risk

Decreased service life

$5.5 to 10.9 rni.llicn

cer vear .. ...

$7 . 8. to ·10 .3 million

year

*

*

EmvZoument Effec~s: H'Jt expected to be significant

*L'"1SUfficient data available to SUPEXJrt estirrate of .irnpact..

-108-
16 . 0 '1'RAl.'1SFORHER i'!AJ.\1UFACItJRING

Liquid filled t--ransforners ccrrta.irrinq a FC3 based liquid kn:Jwn generically

as r askarel r Cave been used for many years L."1 rr.ose installations' where t..~e

risk of fire justified t.1.e use of a fire resistant fluid. Askaral. cransrorrcers

have been allcwe::l t:J be installe:l in hazardous lccations SUd1 as .L.lJ. buildi..71gS

without the requi.rer:ent for a fire proof vault or fire sprinklers. N::J sul::-

stitute transformer liquids have yet been develope:i wriich have fire resistant

propez-td.es equal to tJ1..e FC3 based askarel.

16.1 Requir811e.>'1ts of the Propse:1 Regulations

Tne proposed regulations wcul.d prohibit t.1.e manufacture of tie»

FeB tranfO.t:rrlerS after 8€ca:riber 31, 1978 I but classify contririued use of e.xisting

FeB t:=ansformers except; - th:lse ,used in railroad lcccrrotives as. use.. in a totallv

erc.losed Tanner. The regulations woul.d authorize ce-rta.i.n m:i...:or ma.irrtienance of.

existing transio.nners for five years after the effective date of t..:.'1e regulation

but would pror.J.bit major rebuilding of failed :units. It is assumed -Ehat

authorization for minoz maintenance 'M:)uld l:e granted on r~est after t.1.e five

year servicing aut..l.:orization has expired as such maintena.r:ce deczeases the

:::isk. of catastrophic failure of Lonsformers an:l miriirni.zas t.t.:e risk of loss of

PCBs to the envi.rormerrc, Di.s;:osa1 :::e<;ill.rements for failEd askarel transforrr.ers

are speci.f.i.ed by the FC3 ~larking and DiSfOsal Regulations I and these require-:-

rr.ents would rot be charsjed by t.~ proposed FeB Ban S'egulations.

16.2 Irrlust...; Strtlcture I Pra:1uction, ar:d Sales

A review of MJnsanto r s custcm:::r list for FeEs in the early 1970s

in::licated thirteen corrpanies r,."TIi.ch used FC8s to rra.nufacture askarel tzansfol:.'!!E.rs. Tbese corrpanies and t.1.e location ·of t..J1.eir transfome!' rranU£acturir..g

plants are liste:i in Table 16.2-1. Pro:iuction of askarel tzansforrrers avezaqed

5000 units ?=I' year in the early 1970s. wben t..1.ese com;;anies 'Were contacted

by Versar in Septemf:er, 1977, only one manufacturer was still pzcduci.nq askarel

transfo:w:ners, ar:d it anticipate:l ceasing prcduot.ion of this i:yF€ of unit prior

to the er:d of 1977. All of t.~se manufactrurers prcduced r:ot..~ oil fillEd arri

askarel tzansfozrrez-s in the same plants. Oil fillEd transfor:ners are Irrcer'-

-109-
Table 16.2-1

U. S. Transfor.:.n:::rr Manufact'..rrers Which Used PCBs A.fter 1970 ". ~. .

CoriDany Narre

ities"ti..'1gh::lUse E1ec+-....ric Corp.

G=neral El~-tric Company

Resea-rch-cottrel1

Niagara 'I':r".....nsfo:r::rer Co.

Standard Transfor:mer CO.

Helena Corp.

Hevi-Duty Electric

Kuhlman Electric Co.

Electro Engineering v,orks

E:nvirotech Buell

R.E. Upteg:raff Mfg. CO.

H.K. Porter

Van T::an Electric Co.

Plant Lccation

Sotr-...h Easton I Va.

Sharon, Pa.

Pare, G3...

Pittsfield, Mass.

Finderne, N. J.

Buffalo, N. Y•

Warren I Chio

M;dford, Cregon /.

Heleri.ai.A.labara J.A ,I

G;:)ldsooo·, N.C. . .

Crystal, ~:r~.,gs, Miss. • '. I "

San LeaI1droI calif.

Lebanon, Pa.

SCottsdale, Pa.

EeJ..rront , calif.

Lynci'.burg, va ,

Vandalia, lll.

waco, Te."<aS

Source: Versar Inc., PCBs in tre United States: Incfustrial Use

and Envi..1'"Qnrrental Distribution, SprlIl.gi~eld, Va.: Natior.al

Teci'.nical Information service (NTIS FB 251 402/3vJP),

February 25, 1976, p. 89.

-110-
changable wi.th askarel trar.1Sfol:.1'1.e.!:'s in tie» a~lications provided t..~t the

installation is properly e.'1gi.'1e<=>.....rEd. Other substitutes for askarel tzansformer-s

are also ava i] able. The 140, ado askarel transformers prese...'1tly in_sezvice total

only tsvo percent of the total nurnI:er of ~er ar.d distribution t..."'C.1"1.sfol::':'.ers in use ,

16. 3 Substitutes for FeB Trar"..sfonners

The a.skarel tzansfozrrexs presently in service ',o,Bre spec.if.i.ed

because this typ: of liquid filled transfonre.r offered advantages in size,

reliability, and fire safety- that not available w"'ith other ~.lP=S of tzansfo:are.rs . p.~te.rnativesta PCB transfm:rrers have always ceen available, alt.h:Jugh

all of the other t'..l'fes of transfor:rers have dj ';:ferent design c.1u=..racteristics

and none are di..=ect substitutes for the FeB 1.1I1its. 'Iherefore, eventual re- o'

placenent of the existing PCB transfoJ::::r.Ers will r~ that each of t..1;.e pre- • J ... • • •

sent, .iriszal.Latrions l:e re-eVa1uated and t..~t the necessezy e..'1g:i.Z1e<=>_~'1g chances

l:e made to allcw use of the l:est available 'replace.rre.~t·uJ{if.:'-~; Netll ~fonr.er . - .:,.\ , . ~.~ "~.

installaticns will l:e designed to make optiimm use of th~: available r:On-~-'

tzans.rcrrrera, The c±oice arrong t..~ ava; 1 able alternate transforrrer tYFEs and

:natorials depends on the requireme..'1ts of each st;eC:i.£ic application and -t.."1e

c."1a.racteristics of the available non-PCB units.

A nurnl::er of altenativas to tl"..e use of FCBs in fire :::esistant

liquid filled transfomers and to the- use of t...~fo.:r::rers which corrcairi any

dielectric liquid have been deve.Loped and are corrrerci.al.Ly available. Thes<:

substitutes for PCB transfo::crers differ in their ;;erfor:rance cbaraeteristics,

applicable fire cede installation requi.rerrancs , and cost. T.b.e follcwing sections

discuss the rrajor types of substitute 1.1I1its whid'l. are available.

High Fire Point ~iouid Insulat~~'Trxnsformers

The 1975 National Electrical cede and previous issues allo.v·ed

only t."-le use of askaral, an:l dry type tr'ans£or::rer.s in hazardous Iccanions ~vithout vault procect.ion, A.skarel was essentially defined as PCB eased Li.qui.d,

The 1978 NEe has added. a s;;ecification (Article 450-23) for 'High Fire Point

Liquid Insulatied Trans£o.:r::rers I which can l:e used under t.'lese sarre conclidons.

T.b..e 'High Fire Point Liquid' lTIUSt have a fire ;oint of at least 300°C, and

must not propojat.e flarres.

-lll-
U:nderwrite.rs I.al:oratory. presently lists t.lu:ee liquids as

rr.eet:L."1g the I High Fire Point' prot=erty requirerrents for cransfcrrrers operating

at voltages 1::elow 600V:

COw Conll."'1g 561

General Electric SF-97 (50)

SW"S Silicones Corp. F-190

Factory M.:ltual Researc..;" has not yet ccrnpleted deve.lopinq

fonral approval requirerrents and procedures for I High Fire Poi.."1t 'I':.ansfor:rre.r

Liquids'. F..cwever, based on preliminary tests, Factory Mutual has issued

interim guidelines to its field offices that six silicone 'liquids and three

hydrccarl:on liquids. could be accepted at Fac---orj Mutual insured lecations

wit.~out specd.a.l, fire pro:tec--.ion. The list of Fac---ory Mutual accepced liquid

includes: ..

Supplier

Cow COrrl.ing

CCw Corning

Ge."1eral Elect::'i::

Union.Carbide

Sv'I"S SiliCones

Sv'I"S si.Licones

RI'E Cor;:oration

Gulf Oil Chetnicals Co.

UnL.'"'Oyal

resignation

CC 561

CC 200

SF-97

L-305

. F-101

F-190

RITrnp'

RF Dielec-...ric

Fluid

PAO-20E

Tvee .. .of Fluid

Silicone

Silicone

Silicone

Silicone

Silicone

Silicone

Hydrccar1:on

Hydrocarton

Mineral'Oil-FiZZed Transrormers ,

If fire safety WB.-'l'"'8 not; a consideration, tl'..ere ',..culd l:e :10 reaSO? w!:J.y oil-filled transformers could rot l:e used in all applications In t.'1e past I

FC3-filled tzansforrnera have cost a.l:out 1. 3 tim=s as much as oi1-filled units

of the sarre capacity, ar.d thus rrost users prefe-rred the oil-typ: whez'e poss.ibl,e ,

'The oil-filled transfoJ:mers a-re t.'1e sarre size as the askarel unitsI and are

considerably lighter in w-eight. Also, rrdriaral, oil has scrrellt'.at ::ette!:" heat

-112-
tr2.!"...5fer charac---eristics. than askarel, and an elec+-....rical arc .in mineral oil .

results Ln breakdown prcducns i::..'I.:lat are non-corrosave .

Therrajor disadvaritage to miner-al oil is flarrnabilit'./"7' transfor:m:::r mineral oil has a flash point of 145°C. If an arc occurs wit.~ che

t:ran.sfo~, the breakdcM1 prcducts will l:e hydrcqen and rretihane , l:ot..~ of ~ih.ic..~'

are flamrable. cetailed records of such failures are rra.irmai.ned by the

elec-....rical ir..du.stry. Fire Undermt;::>rs dces rot approve of t..'1e use of oils and

other flarrrrable liquids for indcor applications. w1<..ere oil-filled tzansfcrmer-s

are not specifically prohibited as on-site replacerrents for FeB-filled units,

tb.e National Electrical ecce i.'l1tX'ses carcain res-...riotioI"'...5· upon t.l:ei= rrcde of

L'1Stallation.

Oil-f:i:-lled transfo:arers are used in a.lrrcst all, t=ans-:-

form=r applications an:l for rrost; substation distribution applications where . . ". .

t..~ t....-an.smission Line high voltage is reduced to 12.8 kv for local distribution.

M::lst rural :s:ole-rrounted transfonners whi.ch reduce tbe voltage to 220' ~iOlts ara '

also oil-filled. The issue of flarrmability only l:ec:ares ';:rrp:rtant 'Il[:.::>-re the

distribution trar..sfo:arer must l:e buried, as in many urban applications, or

located close to, wit..tUn, or on tb.e roof of the building it sezves . I?CB-fil1ed

tra'1Sfoz::rers have, i.1'1 tr..e past; , been used in rrost; such applications. Oil-filled

transfor:rers can be used in tb..ese appli.cations only if t..'-ley are sui-l-"bly .iscLaced fran fl2Im'able scructures or if tr..ese structures are suitably safegua..."'"ded

against fires. ~'i'he."1 transfo:rmers are located outside t."le buildi.."'1g they servi.ce ,

the la..r-voltage It1l1St l:e brought into t..1:e building via cables or i...·lsu1ats-e

buses. This causes additional energy losses due to heating in the Lcw--vo.Lzaqe

transmission lines fran tP.e transfOI::m::,r to the po.irrt; of use.

Oven Air-Cooled Transrormers «

TransfO!::rers can be built '.vit!"'J:Jut t."'.e use of a liquid cco.Linq

rrediurn. One tYI=€ 0 f dry transfonrer triat is quite successful, 1..1I1der limited

corrlitions, is the open air-cooled transfor:rrer. In this des.icn I cooling ai...;::

is driven through the transfo:r::rr.er by eit..~er- natural convect.ion or forced c i.rcuLatrion, !n tJXlse sizes whe..."'"e air-ccoled tzansfczrrar.s are available, trey are

-113-
about; equal in price to askarel-fille:i t...~'1Sfor:1ers of t..~ sarre kva rati..-:g.

However, t.~ follcwin.g 1; mitations prevent open-air-ceoled t...ransfo:r:rrers f...-an

being cons.idezed for rnany applicatiot"l.£ using askaral.-filled t..."""anSf0r.rrers~

Heat capacity: '!t'..e p:;wer drawn from a transforrrer usually

varies over a wide ranee, TrJ.C: rating of a t...~fon'e:" is esnahl.Lshed by t..':;.e

it can handle continuously wit.":cut over-heating. If a liquid-filled

t...ra.'1Sfo~ is operated at overlca.d conditions fer a short f:€Xicd of tirre, the

liquid wi.Ll, act as a heat sink, abso6.ing the excess heat produced in t.~e t...-ansforrrer ,,..;ithout a rapid increase L."1 t.e.rr;:erature. The resu.lt of this t.~errral·

i::e.rtia is tb.at liquid-filled tzansfcrmars can cperate at oircputis of up' to 200

percent; of rated capacity for a p:riod of one to t'M:! hcurs ',..;itbJut darraqe ,

Air-ccoled tr:>-nsfcrroers do not have t.llls heat s.ink effect and are Limi.ced to

operating at a rtE.Ximum se-rvicerating not mach higher than crJ.C: cOrit.:L'I"lUOUs

rati.."1g. NrEre t..1;e current draw on t.~ t...~fomer does not vary greatly duri.i'''lg·

t."1e day, t."ris limitation is not; a problem. 'Ho;.;ever, in rrost cases the varia- .:. . - . -. --

tion in load requires c.r..l transfc:orer to have a 20 to 30 pezcent; greater capacity t."1a.'I"l liquid-filled transfot:rOers in the same application.

Dielec+-~ic strength: The liquid ccolant L."""l a liquid-filled

traIlSfonrer also provides a significant level of eleC+....rica.l L'rlSUlation ret"t<'ee..'1'1

t.~e various current carrying ccmponerrcs within t..'-le transfo.rrrer. Air has a mich

lcwe.r dielec""...ric st.."'"ength, and open-air-ccoled trar...sforrre.rs are limited to a

maximum voltage of 25 to 40 kv.

Tl"'..e problem of electrical insulation is even rrore severe

i.f t.~e osen-air-ccoled transfc:;:rne= only ope.races inte:!:mi.tte."1tly. wllen t..'1e

tzansfcrroar is or:erat.:i"'''lg, t.i-...e heat. ge."1e.rat-od T,.;ithin tl'..e windings keeps t.1"le

L"1SUlation dry, and rraintains a high dielec-...ric st..-rength of t.tUs solid ; nsulatL."""lg rraterial. B::Mever I when t..~ t..---ansfo:t:rrer is net op:rating I tb..e coils cool

.co ambient te.!!-p=ratures and tr..e insulation can absorb rroisture f~ the air

whi.ch red11Ces its dielectric strength. q;en. air-cooled t..."CI'...sfo:::::rers :m.J.St ce

t..~rougJ1~y,dried. tefore teing put into service after each ccol. pezLcd.

-1l4-
one other problem wit.."l .a.izr-cool.ed transfoIJ'l"ers is tbe tendency"

of dust to l::e at'"...racted frain t..~ air to the coils by elec-...rostatic forces.' Dust

can build up in t.."le coils and bl.ccx the flew of air, or it can fozrn conductiive

Faths ard cause short ci.rcuits •

q;en-air-ccoled cransronrezs are ger~-lly lirnite::l to dry',

clean locations 'Nhere the load requL-rerr.ents are fairly even and constant, and

where t.."le rna.x.imrJm voltage dces not exceed 3a kv, Soc.J, transforrrers are l:e.i..11g'

succesaful.Ly used in large office buildi.'1gs, particul.arly tall buildings wr.ere

the t.....-ansfo:l:.:lrers are Iccaced everj few fleers. Even Ll1 this application, t.":ough, . I

conditions arise t.~t exceed the capabilities of the transfor:rer; .for instance,

in the sears Tcw-er in Chicago, which is over 1400 feet tall, t..1e electic ~-er

is brought into the bl1j Jd j ng and up to t..1e distribution transf0:z:rr.ers at .128 kv,

which is l::eyond the voltage limitations of o-p=n-a.L.--ccole:I tzansforrrecs,

Closed Gas-2illed Transiormers ::.

T:ransfo:orers can l::e bui.lt with dry iJ'I.ert gas (u.sually at an

elevat-od pressure) as a heat t.....-ansfer m::rlium. These transfcIJ'l"erS avo id the

ma.intenanee problems caused by rroisture a.rrl dust in open air-c::oled t..--ansfc:r::rers,

but t."ley are si.'!li.larly limited in ovez.lcad capacity because of reduce:i t.~rna.l

L~-.ia;e::mpared to liquid-filled t..~fo~s.

Closed. gas-filled transforrre-...-s rrust l::e Lnstia.Ll.ed in pressuretight coneainers due to the c.1anges in gas pressure caused by chances in temp=.rature. Ho;.;ever, t."i.ernaxi.rrnJm voltage ratings of gas-fille:i tzansforrrezs can

be equal to that of liquid-filled 1.U1its. .

A nurn!::€.r of diffeJ:'="-!1t gases have been used as heat t..""OIlSfer

rr:edia in closed gas-filled transfonrers. 'The rrost corrron gas used in the U.S.

is the £1uorocarton he.xa.fluorcethar.e (C2FS). Nit.."'"Ogen and sulfur hexafluoride

have also been used successfully in cez-cain applications. Helium has not Cee..11

, found to l::e a satisfactory gas for this application because its 1011 dielec---...--ic

st...'--engt.~ results in corona discharges witJrin the t..."'CI1SfoI:rr'e.r. H:.!dro:;en is unsatisfactory as any leak. in the t...1Q.I1Sfonrer woul.d result in a severe fLre

bazard.

-115-
Because' of th.::. necessif:y for a pressure vessel ccneainer,

gc..s-c::oled t=a11,Sto.tm:=.-'l'"':5 are' 30 to 40 percent heavi.er WAn FCB-filled t.....""'anSforr:ers,

and cost t'...o-t.~'!'"Qs rrore (and twice 'as mich as oil-filled transfor!rers). In addition, t.~ gas-filled t..-a.n.sfol.::l!'erS must be sized larger ti'.an oil-filled units

to allcw for the e:q:ect....od heavy load peaks of consumption"

16.4 Relative Prices of ~bn-FCB, Trar..sformers

'The rel.ati-ve prices of d.isi:ribution transfomers of t.l-u= size

and type c:mronly installed in office buildings are surnnarized in Table 16.4-l.

If t.':.e RI'.Ehip high fi.ra FQint liquid £1]] ed t..~fo:r:rrer pro-ves to J:e acceptable

for installation wit.~ut auxiliari fire protec+'"..i.on, t.~ should J:e no cost

inc..""'easas for nell transforrrer installations resulting fran the ban on t.r,e

manufactazre of PCB transfonr:ers. The open dry i:yFe transfomers. are also quite

cost ccm;:etiti-ve wit.~ t.,1-:e FC8 tm.its for In:ist applications.

. (1) Table 16 .4-1 :.

?elative Transfom:e.r Prices

Tyfe of t1nit

Oil filled

FeB

RI'Ernp

Silicone

C1;e.."1 air cealed

Sealed gas cealed

Price: 1000 KV"A Umt

$ 15,300

19,900

18,400

22,300

20,700

30,600'

Price: 2000 KVA Ur..it

s 23,300

30,300

28,000

34,500

35,000

46,600

SOurce: M:C Engine-=>-IS, "Distri.1::ution TranstOl::rrer Status -. wr:r ProjectII ,

M.e'rorarrium to U.S. General Services !>Crnin.istration, June 1, 1977.

-116-
16.5 ComPliance Costs .

Cl8aJt-ur; Costs.

'!he only costs iro.n:red. by transforrr..er rranuf'act'..Jrers due to the

ban on t.~ use of PCEs 'Hill be clean up ar:d dist;:osal costs i..rC'.JI:::'ed. in flushing

FCSs fran storage ar:d matsriaJ. harxlling equ.ipne.nt prior to using t.llls equipment; to store high fire p:::lint liq:uids. '!his equip:nent consists primarily of

storage tanks, filters, pumps, ani piping. Clean up costs, L"':Cluding di.sp:)sal

of contaminate::i 001vents, should roe exceed $10, 000 per plant, or a total one

time cost impact of Perhaps $100,000 in 1977 and 1978.

Cost 0f Substitut8S

The 'high fire FOint liquid cooled. transfor.ners I arrl air cooled

transfom.ers will cost al::out t.~ sarre to 10% rrore than askarel units depe....-.ding

" on the acceptability of hydrccarton base high fire r:ointtransfonner liquids.

Based on fast sales of 5000 askarel units p:r year at an average price of . - $20,000, a 10% cost in:rease r,.;ould :in:::rease to sales arrl costs to t..r.e users by

(5000 x $20,000 x 10% =$10,000,000 p:r year). There should be r:o effect on

total dernar:d for transfo:r:rrers for new applications. 'I1'.e ban on rebuilding askarel

transfoz:mers may increase the danarrl for f'£M transfonr.ers by 1000 qJ 2000 units

par yeez, 'Ihis additional dem:L"":d sbcul.d F:e easily supplied as, t.~ t..-ansforrner

rranufacturing irrlustry as it has recently been operating at only abJut 60% of'

capac.ity,

Market structure should mt F:e significantly affected. as all of

tb.e fOJ::re.r rranufaeturers of askarel transfonners will have equal access to

the I high fire r:oint transfonner liquid I materials am techrol~. ~~s to

this market segrrent will open to th::lse tzansrormer manufacturers wto did rot

offer a.sk.arel as an alte..1"'11ative to oil. 'Ibis will primarily afford a mar:-<eting

opp:lrt'..1nity to RrE Cor:pJration whic."l has never supplied askarel units but '..aucb.

has a st..rang market ?Jsition in the high fire s:oi.11t liquid transior:r..er market

seqmenti, The increased sales by RrE will probably F:e less t.'1.an the total

increase in transfonrer sales, so this srrall sbift in market st..-ruet'..JIe smuld

not result in a net decrease in the sales by any of t..."l.e other manufactarrer.s,

-1l7-
Irr.creased Fire Losses·

It was irrt!?licitly ·assurre::l acove that the h.i;gh fire po irrt liquids I • • ~. •

are satisfac-...ory replacements for FC8S in tenns of perfomance ar.d fire sa£tey..

In fact, tb.e high fire p:lint liquids can bum un:ler ce-...-oi."'l cor.ditior.s ir..cltri.i..'r1g

e:q:osure to an excernal, fire, ar:d can release flarrrrable gases if 'an electrical

arc cx:curs t,..;ithin the t..-ansfaI:!'I'ter. It will te several years unti.l a ccmplete

evaluation of the relative trans£onner fire risks is canp1ete:l by the Fire

Safety Division of t.!'le National Bureau of Star.dards under a research project

curxerrcl.y bei.""lg fun:ied by S~ o. S. Depart::rent of Er1.e-~.

It will rot be posaibl,e to accurately predici the ir.cre.ase::l fire

losses that may result fran ti'.e use of substitutes for PCBs ttar..s£orrr.ers tl."'ltil

the v.ork of the Bureau of Star.dards is canp1ete. Any estimates made. at .this .

tirre must necessarily be based an rarher cnrle ~~. It could 1:e assured,

for example, that the 20% price prennm for askarel transfo:z:rners vs oil, fille:l

. trar...sfome....-s was justified 'r:lj a' de::::rea.se In fL~ losses. The use of a- high fire -

fOi."'lt transformer liquid might achieve 95% of the additional fire safetY tb..at

'...ould ot.."lerNise be ac."lievable 'r:lj us:L."1g askarel. The increase:i fi.:'e losses resulting fran t,.l1,e use of the high fire fOint liquid fille:iunits ~d t.hen 1:e

one Fe-..-c;ent of the cost of t.."le u:nlts. Ease1 on a productdon of iOOO ."'leN an:i

replacsne.."'lt units p:.r yeax at an average price of $20 ,000 each.. this loss

would 1:e $1,400,000 per year.

16.6 Sugmary

TransitionaZ Costs

Clean up costs for rramifactnrars,

Long Term Costs

Increased cost of ron-PCB transfo:c:rners

.Additional fire losses fran use of

ron-PCB transfol::!1&s

$100,000 19i8 or~y

$0 to $10 million

per year

$1,400,000 per year

(very rough estizrate)
Emr:; Z01.fment .

Increase:l denard for replacer.ent transfo.r:rru:;rs shoul.d gene..'C.te

- '...

enplcyrre.'1t equal to that lost in the transfonner rebuilding segrrent of tile

industry (see OJapter 5). An additional 78 jobs would Ce expectied in 1979.

".

:.

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17. 0 TOrAL COST AND ECOtOUC IMJ?ACIS

''The preced'; ng chapcez's have discussed oe' various costs rNhich will

result fran car:pliance wit.~ the proposed regulations. COsts of deCon~..ating

or scrapping existing equipnent, preparation of spill corrczo.L plans, am the

costs asscciated. with the ban on retui.lding askarel t-"'"aIlSformers are all

t..oo-an.sitional Costs - the annual COs-'"i-S will eventually decrease to zero, t."'..ough

this rray require 20 years or rroze, Cost incrca.se.s due to tr..e L'1Cr<=>.::lsed prices

for ron-PCB capacitors and t....-ansforme.rs will be long te!:m costs - ti'...ey will l:e

e.xp=cted to continue ir.definitely•

E'con:mic i.'11paets, as distinct fran cost impacts, :i..O:lude 8I1p1cyme.'1t

effec'"-.5, changes 1..'1 market st..-ucture, and impacts on energy de:rard an:i the

international 1:a1ance o~ ~-de. Tl".ese irnpac+-....s, teo, can be tot.~ ~a:n.sitional,

an:1 long cezm,

17 .1 Transitional Cost IIm:aets .. :.

See Table 17.1-1.

-120-
Table 17 .1-1

'Iransitional Cost Impacts

S Hill ion Per Year Eat Ine t.ed

Succeeding $ Hillion Hellability

1919 Years 'lblal of 'lIJla1

S .1 0 .1 -50\ +500\

14.3 3." less UO iSO'

per 'year

2.~ 3." Ieas 15 150\

per ~ar

1 0 1 1100\

1 0 1 :flOO\

1 0 1 120\

0 2.1 (2 years) 5.4 120\

0 .. 1 (l983) .1 120\

.005 0 .005 1)00\

.02 ,. 0 .02 1S0\

I

.-.

N

.-.

I

Hall IOl:lpter)

fCU 'l'ranafonllm:a I

Manufacturer clean up coats (16)

8<,a on RehlHdlng (4)

FOregone SavInqa

Loat servIce 1'Loo

1'ran,sfOUlltlr Se1vlce (5)

lost Wdges

Spill Prevention Plan

tocorotIve 'rrarlBloIluen (6)

Reteofi11 Progr~n

Proceaafrsj Pr'oqram

Final Analysill for PCBs

HeportlO'J

Spill Prevent.Ion Plan

PCB capacllDra'

Equi[lleIlt Redesign (l5)

Inventory (boo1esceroe ())

OU FIlled 'l'ransfoOicra (7)

fell Analysis aul Dis!'osal

1

24

o

.:3.U Iesa

per, year

1

100

HOO\

130\

Hilling ~uchiJl<ls (II)

RclJ-!lld Loader's O:x'plele Loy Dec. 31 1 1981 2 120\ , Senlp O:'lltl nuaus Hiners O:~l'l)lete q. Dec. 31,. 1901 . 6 i50\ .

Rc[lortinJ CoSUl .02 '0 .02 1100\ I

Spill iSO't PreventIon Plans .04 0 .04

"oata rot availiilile to Sllf.'pxt eatiJ!f'llei prolJiilily IlllUll coat iUflCict. r'
Table 17.1-1 (Gan't)

'l\ransitiona1 Cost Impacts

Iilln (Chapter)

BlcetrOl14goota (9)

lleplik.'fioent Cost

Iocreased tabor CoBbi

1979

'$ 3.5

.5

$ Hi 11ion ('er Ytl<tr

Succeeding

Years

o

o

Esthlldled

s Hillion I1ellabillty

'1utal of 'lotal

s 3.5 .t20\

.5 -lOOt HOO\

I

I-'

IV

N

I

Ilydraul ie Sy~l.o1lS (10)

Die {Asting Machines

1\III.llyl:lil:l altl Siill{'Urtj

Rep:>rthy;J

Sili 11 I'rE:Vention PLans

[).::contamination

OUleJ: lIydraulic SySt8llS

[)ecolltaminatiOIl "

Production Jnt.erruptIons

lleat 'rransfer :iystulw (11)

CUlpresoors (12)

~lailllt,,"l Oil (ll)

IncrOdsed lk):>t of SynUlOt1c I~

Oll R\tcdal

lo..:r6i\5oo Cost of 1/001.1 011

lo:>t Pn:xlllction of Ilcclaimoj

lIydraul Ic Fluid

1'hU131ocyanil\e 1'i<'"f-!IIt.B (14)

Process 013n'Jes

.6 0 .8 150\ .. .2 0 .2 150\

.5 0 .5 140\

7.3 7.3 (1980) 14.6 -]0\ +200\

3.6 0 3.6 -]0\ HOO\

•• 0 ,> •• ••

O. " 0, •• •• .2 0 .2 -50\ 1100\

100 100 (years 2-5)···· 500 -80\ HOl

6•• (y~rs 6-15) ~·P'" -60\ 1200\

•• .4 (J 980) .8 120\

.5 0 .5 -50\ +200\

$166.] nJ.lliJu $1,602 mlll1Dn -60" HO\ . • O()dta not available to 6U[-fOrt eat.Ine te, p:>tcntlally lal"Je COSL ill\lOCt. .

"o().)sw to continue ioJeflnlte1y until uasle it.lllstrlal. oil 1'0 lOO:Jel' oqnLalnfl Jlledsurable iUlPl\l\UJ of J'Cl1s •

....''1'flt.'1· bc.m.:1 estim.:lle. OCCn;a:;ed dUIWtl IIDy w'illit L\ significantly reduced il\{l'lCts.
17. 2 !eng Teon Cost ~<-S

Transfo:z::mars: (<:,1'1..a.pter 16)

Increa.se::I cost of r.on-?CB t."'"aI1Sfo:t:rre.-.""S

Increased fire losses

capacitors: (Q1apter 15)

-'- -' .

$0 to 10 million/year

cata rot available

.'

In:rease::i cost of oon-PC3 p::;wer factor

capa..citors .

In:rea..sEd cost of ron-PCB capacitors

In::reasEd fire losses

Decreased service life

$5.5 to 10.9 million/year

$7.8 to 10.3 million/year

(± 50%)

Data not available

Data not avciJable

Diarylide Yellcw Pigment (Q1apter 14)

Increase:i CCGt of substiblte pis;m=nts

Total

$10 to 25 million/year . ..

$23 "to 56 million r:e.r year

Present value of long teI:m Cost :im:r;acts assuming

10% discount rate = $230 to 560 mil]jon

17 •3 Bnolovrnent Impacts . .

+55 + 163

+42 to 106 +1235 to 3118

+69 to liO +2029 to 3235

+ 2 + 2

+50 +25 to 32

+50 + 17

+12 + 24

Item CO'.apter)

l?CB transformers

Rebuilding

?ai.lrcad transfonners (6)

Petrofill' an:i decontamination

prcgram

Oil Filled T.ransfonrers (7)

Analysis

Di.sE:osal services

Mining t-E.chines (8)

Spill Preve."ltion Plans

El~....ranagnets (9)

Increased deman:i

Ailditional Lal:::or for Cperations

witbout Ma.gnets

Hydraulic Syste:ns (10)

Deo:>ntar.:'..ination Prcgram

1'b. of Jobs' (1979)

-50

-123-

'Ibtal Man Years

-1470 I
Itan (Q-.aoter) , «

Lost Prcduction fran

closing of facilities during

dec:::>ntamination

No. of Jabs (1979) Total Man Years

r:otential for t.'IDu- .-5007

sanis of layoffs early

in 1979 in the steel

ir..dust..... ry for several,

rronths

Spill prevention plans

Rep:Jrting requi.rerrents

Heat T.!:anSfar Syste:ns (11)

Deo:mtarn.ination prcgram

canpressors (12)

cecontaIni.!'..ation prcgram

P.ecla:ilr.ed Oil (13 )

Ban on reclamation of contarn.i.r'.ated

hydraulic fluid

Diarylide Yellcw Pigm::nts (14)

Loss of jobs in rranufaeture of pisme..'1ts

<:a;;acitor Manufacturing (15)

Transfoz:::rer Manufacturing (16)

17 . 4 other Ecor.cmic IrrlFacts

+5

+7

?

+1

-12 to'lS

.:.

-200

o

+15

+ 5

+ 7

?

+ 1

-24 to 30

Job losses offset

by- increased employment in rnanufacture

of substitute

materials.

a -

+1470

No significant market shifts are anticipat.e::1 to result fran &.e ban

on the use of ECBs in t."le rranufactureof capacitors or transfo.z:rrers.

The oI"'~Y signific3.nt impact on energy demard will be for t.."le oil

required to replace t..fJ.e contaminated t=ansfonner oil, hydraulic fluid, heat

, t.."'CU1.Sfer fluid, ar::d co:mpressor fluid whic..'1 must be draine:i ar::d .L"1cinerated as

part of the decontamination program. This requ.i.l;e:rent will be insignificant

when can;::ared wit..~ total oil consurnpti.cn, s:arti cular1y sin:e the .i.n::reased

da:ran::i for t..""'a!1.Sfor::ter oil will J::e spread over 20 years or rrore.

-124-
~. nunl:er of rnir.or effects on the J:ala.nce of trade rray be

anticipated. The ban on t.'1e L.~tion of PCB capacdtora LTJ. foreign made

elect..""'ical equipnent might decrease ·tb.e availability or slightly ii:creas~

the price of ~...e:l appliar.ces. The restriction on the FCB contaminaticn

of diarylide yellew pigments might er:d the .i.rnp:Jrtation of this m:i:terial.

Ho.o."everI the ban on re:ycling corrtaminated tzansfozmar oil would ce expeczed

to result in an increase1 denand for n&1l oil, azd the ban on the rebui.ld.i.ng ,

of transfo:aners will in:rease the. numi:er of n&1l transformers l::ei.'"1g' rnanU£acture:::1

resulting in an Increased d.em:u:d for bauxite to make the aluminum wire used

in their construction. Sufficient data is rot available to support; a quantita- I

tive analysis of these effects, and the total i:mf:act on 1:..1e balance of trade

is rot expeci:9.:l to l:e significant.

NO significant i.m:Facts on supplies of stratEgic materials ',.;ere -,

identifie::1 in the course of this study.

-125-

APPENJIX A

'IOXIC SUSS'IAN:ES CON"rPDL sc: .. Public Law 94-469

90 Stat. 2003 et seq

Page A-2: section 6 (e): Folychlorinate:i

Biphenyls

Page A-3: section 6 (a): SCope of Regulation

P..-l
PUBUC L\W 9~9-0cr. 11.197& 9Q 5TAT. 2025

(e) POLYCHLORL."I'.l.nD BU'm:..'fY!.S.-(l) 1Yithin six months after Rul~.

the erl'~tive date of this .let che Administrator shall promulgate

rules to-

(A) prescribe methods for the disposal of polychlorinated

biphenyls, and

(B) r-equire polychlorinuted bi phenyls to be marked with clear

and. adequate warrungs, and inscrucnons with respect eo their

processing, distribution in commerce, use, or disposal or with

respect to any combination of such ucri vities, '

Requirements prescribed by rules under this paragraph shall be consistent with the requirements of paragraphs (2) and (;3).

(2) (A) Except as provided under subparagraph (B), effective one

veal' after the erfecti,'e date of chis Act no person may: manufuctura,

process, or distribute in commerce or use any polychlorinated biphenyl

ill any manner other than in u totally enclosed manner.

(B) The Adrninisrruror nUl,y by rule uuchorize rhe manufacture,

processing, distribution in commerce or use (or any combination of

such aceivities) of uny polychlorinated biphenyl in ll. manner ocher than

in a totallv enclosed manner if the Administrator finds t hat such manufacture, processing, distr-ibution in commerce, or use (or combination

of such activities) will noc present an un reusonuble risk at injury to

health or the en vironmenc,

(C) For the purposes of this pu ragra ph, the term ··total1y enclosed "Tceally eeclosed

manner" means uny manner which will ensure oht1t a.ny exposure of manner," .

human beings or the environment to a. polychlorinated biphenyl will

be in::lignitic:mt us determined by the Adrniniscrator by rule.

(3) (A) Excepc as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C)-,

(i) no person mllY manufacture :lny polychlorinated biphenyl

:lfter two years after the etfecti ve data of this Act, and

(Ii) no person muy· process or distribute in commerce uny polychlorinated biphenyl a rter two' und one-half yeurs aner such dare,

(B) Any person may petition the Administrator for an exern prion Petitioa for

from the requirements or subparagraph (.-1..), and the Administrator exemp,tioa.

may granc .by rule such an exenipcion if the Administrator finds

thac0) an unreusonuble risk of injury to health or environment

would not result. und .

(ii) good faith efforts have been made to develop a chemical

substance which does noc present an unreasonable risk 0 f injury

to health 01" the environment and which mav be substituted for

such polychlorinated biphenyl. ' -

An exemption granted under this subpuragruph shu ll be subject to Terms aad

such terms und conditions as the Admin isrrutor may prescribe and conditious,

"hall be in erl'ect for such perioJ \ but not more than one yeur from

the elate ie is grunted) as ehe Administrator may prescribe.

(C) Subparagraph (_~) shall not apply to the distribution in cornrnerce or ilny polychlorinated biphenyl if such polychlorinated

biphenyl was sold fer purposes ocher than resale before two and one

half veurs after the date 0 f enactment a f this Act.

(-to) Any rule under paragr-aph (1), (2) (B), or (3) (B) shall be

promulgated in accordance with po.rngra.phs (2), (3), and (.J:) of subsection (c). . (5) This subsection does not limit the authority of the Administrator. under any other provision of this Act or any other Federul law,

to take act ion respecting any polychlorinated biphenyl.

A-2
IS USC 26Q5.

SEC. 5. R.EGULATION OF HAZ.-\RDOUS CHE}(lCAL St;BST.-L\"CES -A.:"D

}IIXTURES. _

(8.) Sci>n OF RWt:UTloS'.-lf the Administr-ator finds that there i:;

a. reasonable basis to conclude that the manufacture, processing, distribution in' commerce. use, or disposal of a chemical substance or

mixture, or that any combination of such activiriss, presents- or "will _

present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment.

the Administrator shall by rule apply one or more of the following

requirements to such substance or mixture to the extent necessary to

protect adequately against such risk using the least burdensome

requirem en ts :

(1) A. requirement (.\) prohibiting the manufacturing, processing', or distribution in commerce of such substance or mixture, or

(B) limiting the amount of such substance or mixture which may

be manufactured. processed, or distributed in commerce,

(2) .-\. requirement-

(A) prohibiting the manu facture. processing, or distribntion in commerce of such substance or mixture for (i) ::I

parricu lar use or (ii) a -particular use in a concentration in

excess of a level specified bv the Administrator in the rule

imp-osing' the requirement, or

(B) limitinz the amount of such substance or mixture

which may be- manufactured. processed. or distributed in

c-ommerce for (i) a particular use or (ii) a. particular use

. in. a. concentration in excess of a level specified by' the

Administrator in the rule imposing the requirement.

(3) A recuiremene that such substance or mixture or "a.nv

article c-ontaining such substance or mixture be marked with 0"1."

accompanied -by clear and adequate warnings and instructions

with respect to its use, distribution in commerce, or disposal 01'-

with respect to any combination of such activities. The form and

content of such warninzs and instructions shall be prescribed bv

the Administr-ator. - •

(4) A requirement that manufacturers and processors ofsuch

substance or mixture make and retain records of the processes

used, to manufacture Or process such substance or mixture and

monitor or conduct tests which are reasonable and necessnrv to

assure compliance with the requi rernents of any rule applicable

under this subsection. _ .

(3) ~c\. requirement prohibiting or otherwise regulating j,ny

manner or method of commercial use of such substance or

mixture, - (6) (A) A requirement prohibiting or otherwise regul!lting any

manner or method of disposal of such substance or mixture, or

of any article containing such substance or mixture, by its "manufacturer 01" processor or by o.ny other person who uses, or disposes

of, it for commercial purposes.

(B) A requirement undel"subpa~grnph (A) may not require

:lnY person to take any action which would be in violatiou of

any law or requirement of, or in erred for, a. State or political

subdivision, and shall require each person subject to it to notify

each State and political subdivision in which a. rsquired disposal

may occur of such disposal. - _' ....

(7) A requirement directing manufacturers or processors of

such substance or rnixrura (~\.) to give notice of such unreasonable

risk of injury to distributors in commerce of such substance or

mixture and, to the extent reasonably ascertainable, U> other per·

sons in possession of such substance or mixture or exposed to such

substance or mature, (B) to give public notice of such risk of

in iurv and (C) to replace or repurchase such substance at"

mixture us elected by the person to which the requirement is

directed. •-\.ny requirement (or combination of requirements) imposed under

this subsection may be limited in application to specified geographic

areas.

A-3

·......- . ,. r..

..(..;

".

Asses.sme.'1t of IndustrialHaza.rdcu.s Waste Ma..?1agenent ~-e----ices, a dca:Iment pre-

,pared for EPA I s Office of Solid Waste ar.d preserrced with test.lln:::my of H.

'·'Lanier Hid~nan, Cecart:er 12, 1977.

Amtrak, 1976 Annual RePort• .

J...mtz:ak, Five-Year Cor;:orate Plan, 1977.

Bureau of the CensuS, Ele::trical Measuranent ar:d Oist:rihltion Equi;::nle.'1t,

Rep:)rt N::J. M:72 (2) -36A, Table 6A.

Consolidated Rail COrp:lration, Annual Re;:ort, 1976.

CCw COming Corp::)ration, Reroval of feB fran COW Cor:ri.ng 561 (R) Transfonr.e.r

Liquid by C1arcca.l Filtration, up::1ated.

Electrical Appa.ratus Servi-ce J...sscciation In::., 1977-1978 Yeari:cok,' St. Louis

M:l: 1977. "

ENSCO, C-e.T'le--ral InfOI!!'ation ENSCO-PCB-OOl Rev. ~-78, E1 Corado, Azkansas r

lvarc.."l 1978. .

F,:PA, "Fi."'1al ceci.sion", Federal Register, February 2, 1977, pp. 6531-<5555.

>JA, "Polych.J.orinatai Biphenyls (;FeEs): Disp:lsal arrl 01:l.r.k:ing", Fe1eral

Pegister, Febru.a:ry·17, 1978, pp. '7149-7164.

Foss , stephen D.:i Higgins, John B. i JDhnston, CCnald L. i M:Qua.de, Jam=.5t1.. ,

(General Electric Co.), Retrofilling of Pai.1road T.:::ansfo.r.mer, Draft F:i.ria..l'~.

RepJrt, Contract COI'-'I'SC-1293, July 1977.

Hofstader, R.A. (Dc<on Re.sea.rch ar.d Engineering Co.) i Lisk, O.J., Ba.che, C.1;:I...

(Co:rnell University), "Interfere.'1Ce in the Electron-Capture Tec..Jmique for

t:etemlination of Polych1orinate:i Biphenyls by SuL.~-eontaining canr:ourrls in

Pet..""Oleum Prcduc+.-:sll , Bulletin of EnvLronrnental Contamination am. Toxicolcgy,

Vol. u. N::J. 2, 1974.

Kuratsune, Masanori, et. al., "Yusho, a I;:Oison.i.ng caused by rice oil contaminated with r:olyc:hlorinated biphe.'1ylsll, RHSMHA P.ealth Rer;::or'"t-S, Vol. 86,

NO. 12 (December 1971), pp. 1083-1091.

lapp, T.H. (Mid\,.;est Research Institute), The· M3nu£acture ard Use of Selected

Aryl and Al.1<yl Aryl Phosphate Esters, EP.l\ 560/6-76-008, February 1976. .

._..- .... r·

~l, _
,M$RENCES, CCNTINu1:D

~, PD1::e-~ s. ;:'(COntir..ental Forest !r.dustries) I testim::my preSenta:l at

t"J,e U.S. EPA LJ£o:rm'3..l hearir.gs on the PCB ban re;u.lations, Wa..s..'ri.ngton, D.C.,

JuJ.y 15, 1977.

Maoc.'?, T. W. " ltRe.ro-f:i.ne:i Oil: Jln Cption That Saves Oil, Minimizes Polluticn" r

Science 193, p, llOa-lllO, Sepreni:er 17, 1976.

, '::.,~;'.' ,~-~::~:··t~·<,::·

M;aj;:;z:o;:eUtan':~it Aut.~rit:r I Annual Rep:;rt, 1976.

Michigan I:epart:ment of Natural Resources, Pile tA..e:ro, uzdaced,

M::m$.:anP:> Chanical ;~y, Arcc10rs for -, St. !.cUis, ~.: urdaeed,

NJ:' ~t of Transp:::lrtation, Highlights of Activities, 1976.

PJous.e:" T.; Paab, E. (General Ele:;+-...ric Co.), U.S. TransfcI:rrer Oil'SuF?1y 'ar.d ~, 1975-1.985, Interim ReFort, Palo Alto, CilIf.: EIe;tric Fewer Research

-:rnst:;iti.lt:e (Fep:lrt No. EL-303), Nov. 1976.

~,?J9t:.Ort to t.'1e Public an::IFw.ancial Stati!ne.."1ts for 1974 ar.d 1975 -

Sta~"1t at epe.....-a,tions. Q. L

'I'l;:o"ra.$,. pugh. (Outf:::oard :13.rine COrp.), Prese."1taticn at t.'1e EPA !nf6x:rral F...eari."1gS

on t."le PeS. Ban ReguJ.a.ticns, Wa..sh.in;rt:on, D•C., July 15, 1977.

u.S. of Agric...l.1ture Ad Bee Group an FCBs. Agric...l.1ture 's P.es;xJr1.sibilisY O::mce,..+nir'..g Po1ychlori..'1ate:i Biphe..'lyls(PCBs) Wa.slungtOn, D.C.: Oftice

of Scie.."'"'£e an;l Education, U.S. De~'lt of .~iculture, 1972. .

U.S. ~tof Ccrrme.rce, Electrical Measurere."1t ar.d Oist"il:ution Ec;uir;:rre."1t,

Publication t1:(2-36A) •

Versax' Inc., Ass€SSI'CEnt of t.,l;.e Envi_ronrrental ard >="concmic ~--s of t.l;.e Ean on

Imports of PCBs, EPA 560/6-77-007, February 22, 1977.

Ve.rsaz:: L"'1C., Involvem:mt of FC3s in the PulP a..rii Paper I!'.c.ust-;, EPA 560/6-77-005,

February 25, 1977.

Versar !ric., Mi.c:rcecoranic Irm:act.s of tJ.~e Procose:i ~arki.r, arrl Disoosal ?eculations for PCBs, EP.r... RePJrt·N::;. 60 -//-0 J , Spr:.ngr1.elc, Va.: ~t.lcn

Techn.ical Infonnation service (NTIS ~. PB-267 833/2'W1'), April 26, 1977.

Versar L>:e., ?CB Activity Analysis pasers, Spacial Rep:lrt, EP.VOI'S, July 11, 1977.

Versar L'"1C., R:Bs in t..'e Unite:i States: L"1dustrial Use a.."".d E::1vi.r:Jr:rre.r1.tal :Jist=.:..cu-:-

~. Sprir.giield, Va.: :;rational Te:hnical Infor::ration S€.r"lice {l'i'TIS 2.9

252 402/3W1'}. F~~i 1976.

... ,

.. -
.......;- ,or,

;f::'-

'." ..... Walsh, E.J. i VoytiX, D.E.; Pearce, H..A. (Westingrouse Elec+.xic Corp.) Evaluat;id,n

of Silio:me Fluid for Replacene..l"lt of PCB Coolants in Ra.i1'Nay Ir.dustry, br~:§i#', '" · Final .Ret;ort, Re;:ort No. COl'-'TSC-1294, JUly, 1977. ,"

Versar !nc., Price SChe:lule - Quantitative Analysis of PCBs in 10-C Transfom.er

Oil (Price Sheet 100), Springfield, Va.: May 1, 1978.

Versar !nc., Usage of PC3s in o;:en ani sani-c1ose:1 Systems and the' Resulting

Losses of PCBs to the EnvLronment. EPA 560/6-77-009 (unp.;lblishe:l Draft Pep;:,rt) ,',

Septenl:er 1, 1976. '

Ward, Wil.l.L3m (General MJtors CorpJration) , Presentation at t.~ EPA H~..:.ngs on

the PCB Ban Regulations, Chicago, Ill.L"):)is, July .19, 1977. .'"

1'1esns, George (TJnited States Depart:rrent of L"1terior, Cenver, Coloradq),

"Polyd1lorinate:::l BiphenyLs"; File HI.S 3-3-1Oh, Jur.e 13, 1977.

Weinstein, N.J. (Pecon SyS"""<-EmS, In:.), Waste Oil Re::ycli.ng ar.d DisFosal,~A:":'<

670/2-74-052, Prin:::etcn, N.J.: August, 1974 :.

, .~' . z.' .' . ~,-

",~.~; ...~, '~':~"·~_::t~'-v;;

,...-l:.."~ ~.'::.. ~:i~ '::

", ....

,"',-

. -~:. ~--.•.. ~-' ...