IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47379-8-II

Respondent,

v.

CHARLES PASCHAL, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

Appellant.

SUTTON, J. — Charles Paschal appeals from his convictions for first degree assault, 

unlawful imprisonment, and first degree rape. We hold that the trial court improperly admitted

prior domestic violence evidence under ER 404(b), and that the admission of this evidence was 

harmless as to the first degree assault and unlawful imprisonment convictions, but was not 

harmless as to the first degree rape conviction. We further hold that (1) the instruction limiting 

the use of the evidence of Paschal’s alleged prior bad act was not a comment on the evidence, (2) 

the reasonable doubt instruction was not improper, (3) Paschal did not receive ineffective 

assistance of counsel based on defense counsel’s failure to object to certain testimony, and (4) 

Paschal’s double jeopardy and same criminal conduct arguments are moot in light of our reversal 

of the rape conviction. We also hold that the trial court erred when it imposed discretionary legal 

financial obligations (LFOs) without making an individualized inquiry at sentencing into Paschal’s 

ability to pay. Thus, we affirm Paschal’s first degree assault and unlawful imprisonment 

convictions, but we reverse the first degree rape conviction and remand with instructions to the 

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

November 22, 2016
No. 47379-8-II

2

trial court to reconsider the discretionary LFOs at resentencing. We also decline to award appellate 

costs to the State.

FACTS

I. BACKGROUND FACTS

Charles Paschal and Katherine Martin were involved in a long-term romantic relationship 

for six-and-a-half years. On March 16, 2013, Paschal and Martin were at Martin’s home with their 

two children and Paschal’s daughter CP. At some point in the evening, Paschal and Martin started 

arguing. 

According to Martin, Paschal assaulted her for several hours that evening—repeatedly 

hitting her in the face, removing her clothes, forcing her to perform oral sex, and preventing her 

from escaping. Paschal would not let Martin leave, and continued beating her periodically, giving 

her “breaks” during which she could not move. III Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 253-

54. While he was beating her, Paschal repeatedly told Martin that he was going to “rape [her], kill 

[her], and take all [of her] money.” III VRP at 254.

Paschal also placed Martin in a strangle hold, and covered her mouth and nose with his 

hand. Paschal released Martin for short moments to allow her to breathe, but would place her back 

into the strangle hold. Martin was able to break free when Paschal was distracted by his daughters. 

Martin ran out through the back door, unclothed, to a neighbor’s home, where she called

911. Paschal then left, taking his daughters to CP’s mother’s home. Officers arrived at the scene,

and an ambulance transported Martin to the hospital.

Clark County Deputy Sheriff Andrew Kennison spoke to Martin when the medics were 

treating her and in the ambulance. Kennison, Clark County Major Crimes Detective Beth Luvera, 
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and Clark County Major Crimes Unit Supervisor Sergeant Kevin Allais, also spoke to and 

observed Martin at the hospital. Julie Jorgensen, a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE nurse), 

also examined Martin at the hospital, documented her injuries, and collected forensic information. 

II. PROCEDURAL FACTS

The State charged Paschal with attempted first degree murder, first degree assault,1first 

degree rape,2unlawful imprisonment, and two counts of second degree assault.3, 4 

A. ADMISSION OF ER 404(b) EVIDENCE 

Before trial, the State moved to admit evidence against Paschal of two uncharged 2010

domestic violence assaults involving Martin based on police reports filed with the trial court and 

photographs of the assaults. The State argued that this evidence was admissible for purposes of 

evaluating the victim’s credibility, to rebut a claim of self-defense, to explain the victim’s state of 

mind at trial, and to explain why Martin felt unable to leave during the unlawful imprisonment. 

Over Paschal’s objection, the trial court admitted the prior acts evidence stating that State v. 

 

1 Count 2 alleged that Paschal committed first degree assault with intent to inflict great bodily 

harm and that he assaulted Martin “by any force or means likely to produce great bodily harm.” 

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 10.

2 Count 3 alleged that Paschal had engaged in sexual intercourse by forcible compulsion and “did 

inflict serious physical injury” on the victim. CP at 10.

3 Count 4 alleged that Paschal committed second degree assault by intentionally assaulting Martin 

“by strangulation or suffocation.” CP at 10. Count 5 alleged that Paschal committed second degree 

assault by intentionally assaulting Martin and recklessly inflicting substantial bodily harm. 

4 The State also charged Paschal with two counts of witness tampering. The trial court dismissed 

the witness tampering charges during trial for insufficient evidence and they are not relevant to 

this appeal. 
No. 47379-8-II

4

Baker,

5

“kind of opened the door just wide on this area a lot more,” expanding the admissibility of 

prior acts of domestic violence to allow the jury to assess a victim’s credibility. II VRP at 80. The 

trial court also commented that the history of domestic violence would also be relevant to any 

evidence suggesting the victim was placating her assailant and for Paschal’s self-defense claim.

II VRP at 82.

B. TRIAL TESTIMONY

Martin, Kennison, Luvera, Allais, Jorgensen, and various medical personnel testified for 

the State. Paschal, CP, and CP’s mother testified for the defense.

1. STATE’S EVIDENCE

a. MARTIN

In addition to testifying to the incident as described above, Martin also testified that in 2010 

she and Paschal got into an argument and Paschal broke her nose, which testimony relates to the 

two uncharged 2010 domestic violence assaults the trial court previously admitted. Martin 

testified that she called the police and went to the hospital in an ambulance, but that she left without 

treatment because it was taking too long. The State then admitted a photograph of Martin after the 

2010 incident. 

b. DEPUTY KENNISON

Kennison testified that when he arrived at Martin’s neighbor’s home, the medics were 

already treating Martin. Kennison got into the ambulance with Martin and asked her what 

happened. Kennison testified that Martin was “panicky” and “scared.” She told Kennison she was 

 

5

162 Wn. App. 468, 259 P.3d 270 (2011). 
No. 47379-8-II

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concerned about the children, Paschal had punched her in the face several times, and Paschal had 

sat on top of her. II VRP at 157.

Kennison also spoke to Martin at the hospital. At that time, Martin was still upset, law 

enforcement had not yet located Paschal, and Martin was concerned about her children. Martin 

told Kennison that Paschal had sexually assaulted her by attempting to force her to perform oral 

sex. 

Kennison also testified that Martin had told him that she and Paschal had been involved in 

previous domestic violence incidents. Kennison further testified that Martin’s injuries appeared 

to be consistent with “be[ing] punched repeatedly” and were consistent with her account of events. 

II VRP at 157. Paschal’s counsel did not object to Kennison’s testimony regarding Martin’s

statements or his opinion regarding the nature of her injuries in relation to her story. 

c. DETECTIVE LUVERA

Luvera testified that she also spoke with Martin at the hospital approximately two hours 

after police responded to the 911 call. Luvera stated that Martin had a “tremendous amount of 

injury to her face,” [and] was “crying and very emotional, and very upset,” and “blurted some 

things out immediately.” III VRP at 318-20. These “things” included Martin stating that Paschal 

was a wrestler and he had her in “a hold,” but she was able to bite his hand. III VRP at 320. Martin 

further stated that (1) she had felt like she was going to die, (2) when she asked Paschal why he 

was doing this to her, he would hit her again, and (3) he told her that he was going to “rape” her 

and attempted to put his penis in her mouth. III VRP at 320. When Luvera asked about their 

relationship, Martin described a bad relationship and said that there had always been some physical 
No. 47379-8-II

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abuse, such as slapping, hair pulling, and pushing, in the relationship and that Paschal had 

“backhanded her” and given her a bloody nose in 2010. III VRP at 322.

Luvera also testified that the injuries to Martin’s face were consistent with her account of 

events, and that, in her (Luvera’s) experience, domestic violence victims are consistent with their 

explanations as to how their injuries occurred. Luvera observed that Martin’s left eye was 

completely red and she had petechia6on her neck and face and testified that these injuries were 

consistent with strangulation. Luvera photographed Martin’s extensive injuries, and the trial court 

admitted the photographs into evidence. Paschal did not object to Luvera’s testimony regarding 

Martin’s statements or her injuries.

d. SERGEANT ALLAIS

Allais testified that he arrived at the hospital about 75 minutes after the 911 call. Allais 

observed that Martin appeared to have been strangled, noting that she had petechial, redness around 

her neck, and broken blood vessels in her eyes. 

During direct examination, Allais testified that based on Martin’s injuries, the assault was 

“probably the worst domestic assault that [he’d] seen.” IV VRP at 449. During cross-examination, 

Paschal’s counsel questioned Allais about his evaluation of the case, 

[Defense Counsel]: Now . . . one of the first statements you made when you took 

the stand today, is . . . this was the worst case of domestic violence you’ve ever 

witnessed?

[Allais]: One of the worst—did I say worst?

[Defense Counsel]: That’s what I heard.

[Allais]: I’ll tell you what the worst was. We had a homicide involving - - .

 

6 Petechiae are “little spots caused by leakage of the blood vessel” caused by “backward pressure 

in the blood vessels.” IV VRP at 511.
No. 47379-8-II

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[Defense: Counsel]: Was that a hammer one . . .?

. . . .

[Allais]: Yes. That would be the worst.

IV VRP at 493-94.

e. DR. EGGEN

Dr. John Todd Eggen treated Martin at the hospital. He testified that her face was very 

swollen, that her right eye was red from a subconjunctival hemorrhage, that her nasal bone was 

fractured, and that she had petechiae in her head and neck area. He further testified that the 

presence of petechial on the head and neck can indicate a person had been choked but that it can 

also be caused by repetitive vomiting or intense and repetitive crying, coughing, or sneezing. In

addition, he testified that the force necessary to cause petechiae could be life threatening if it 

involved an airway. He further testified that some of Martin’s bruising was “[f]easibly” consistent 

with strangulation and that many of her injuries were consistent with having been punched in the 

face forcibly and repeatedly. IV VRP at 516.

Dr. Eggen also testified that Martin had stated that Paschal had “held [her] captive” for 

about three hours, hit her in the face with his fist, and penetrated her mouth with his penis. IV 

VRP at 520. She also stated that she had lost consciousness. Paschal did not object to any of this 

testimony.

f. NURSE RUEF

Nurse Anna Ruef, an emergency room nurse, conducted Martin’s intake at the hospital. 

Ruef testified that when Martin arrived in the ambulance, she sounded frightened, was tearful, and 

was crying. She told Ruef that Paschal had “held [her] captive” for two hours and had beaten and 
No. 47379-8-II

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assaulted her. IV RP at 537. Ruef observed abrasions and bruising all over Martin’s body. Ruef

testified that “this is the most severe case of domestic violence [she had] seen in the [emergency 

room] throughout [her] practice.” IV VRP at 538. Defense counsel did not object to any of this 

testimony.

g. NURSE JORGENSEN

SANE nurse Jorgensen examined Martin at the hospital, documented her injuries as 

substantial, and collected forensic information. Jorgensen testified that Martin’s injuries included 

injuries suggesting strangulation, and that her injuries were so extensive it required two pages to 

document them.

Jorgensen also asked Martin about what had happened and testified about Martin’s 

statements to her. Martin told her that Paschal had punched her in the head and face with his fist; 

dragged her around the house; continued to hit her; put her in a “head lock choke hold,” which 

prevented her from breathing; put his hand over her mouth; attempted to put his penis in her mouth; 

and performed oral sex on her. V VRP at 627. Defense counsel did not object to Jorgensen’s 

testimony regarding Martin’s statements to her or Jorgensen’s comments about the nature of 

Martin’s injuries. 

h. MEDICS BUSTAMANTE AND CHRISTOPHER

Paul Bustamante, one of the medics who assisted Martin, was also Martin’s best friend’s 

husband. He testified that Martin’s facial injuries were so extensive that he did not recognize her 

until she told him who she was even though he had seen her two or three times before that day. 

Her face was swollen and bruised and had dried blood on it, and she had difficulty opening her 

eyes. 
No. 47379-8-II

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Bustamante also testified that when he was initially examining Martin, she told him that 

she had been “assaulted and had to leave her children at home.” III VRP at 203. Later, in the 

ambulance, she told him that her boyfriend had physically assaulted her, raped her, choked her, 

held his hand over her mouth and impaired her breathing, and held her inside her home for several 

hours before she was able to escape to the neighbors. Bustamante stated that when Martin made 

these statements, she was upset and distraught. 

Bustamante further testified that Martin’s injuries appeared to be consistent with her 

description of what had happened to her. He commented that her injuries were, in his opinion, 

“perfectly consistent with what would happen if you were repeatedly struck in the face by a closed 

fist” and were consistent with the timeline Martin had provided. III VRP at 208. The injuries that 

she appeared to have sustained while fleeing to the neighbors, which required her to climb over 

“multiple fences and bushes” with no clothing to protect her, appeared to be fresher than her other 

injuries. III VRP at 208-09. 

Thomas Christopher, another medic who attended to Martin, testified that when they first 

contacted Martin, she was “very distraught and upset” and that she was crying. III VRP at 223. 

He observed the same injuries Bustamante observed, and heard Martin give the same description 

of what had happened to her. Defense counsel did not object to any of this testimony.

2. DEFENDANT’S EVIDENCE 

a. PASCHAL’S TESTIMONY

Paschal asserted that he had struck Martin in self-defense. But he admitted to hitting Martin 

in the face out of anger five times and to causing the injury to her nose. He denied causing her 

other injuries or attempting to strangle her. Paschal also admitted that he prevented Martin from 
No. 47379-8-II

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leaving the house when she tried to run out of the front door and that he refused to call 911 when 

she had asked him to call, but he asserted that he told Martin that he would take her to the hospital 

after they “clean[ed] up.” V VRP at 710.

In addition to recounting his version of the events and to dispute Martin’s claim that he 

threatened to take all of her money, Paschal testified that he was self-employed as a club promoter 

and barber. Paschal estimated that he could earn between $50,000 and $100,000 a year.

b. CP’S AND CP’S MOTHER’S TESTIMONY

CP testified that the only noises she heard the night of the incident were immediately before 

Paschal took her and her sister from the house. She testified that she and her sister were watching 

a movie in her father’s bedroom when she “heard thumping and screaming from outside of the 

bedroom door.” V VRP at 751. She opened the door and saw Martin on the floor with Paschal 

standing there with his fist raised. He then grabbed CP and CP’s sister and ran out of the house. 

Martin attempted but failed to grab CP and CP’s sister from Paschal. 

CP’s mother testified about Paschal arriving at her house with CP and CP’s sister. She 

testified that he appeared to be distressed, that he had scratches on his face and neck, that he had a 

“busted” lip, and that his shirt was badly ripped. V VRP at 756.

C. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

In its written instructions to the jury, the trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction

related to the 2010 domestic violence incident. This instruction stated,

Certain evidence has been admitted in this case for only a limited purpose. 

This evidence consists of testimony and/or photographs pertaining to a previous 

incident in 2010 between the defendant and Katherine Martin and may be 

considered by you only for the purpose of assessing Katherine Martin’s credibility 

and/or assessing her actions on March 17, 2013. You may not consider it for any 
No. 47379-8-II

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other purpose. Any discussion of the evidence during your deliberations must be 

consistent with this limitation.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 76 (emphasis added). Neither party objected to this limiting instruction. 

The trial court also gave the jury the following reasonable doubt instruction which stated 

in part,

A reasonable doubt is one for which a reason exists and may arise from the 

evidence or lack of evidence. It is such a doubt as would exist in the mind of a 

reasonable person after fully, fairly, and carefully considering all of the evidence 

or lack of evidence. If, from such consideration, you have an abiding belief in the 

truth of the charge, you are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt.

CP at 75.

The jury convicted Paschal of first degree assault, first degree rape, unlawful 

imprisonment, and two counts of second degree assault. It acquitted him of attempted first degree

murder.7 

D. SENTENCING 

At sentencing, Paschal moved to merge his first degree assault, second degree assault, and 

unlawful imprisonment convictions into his first degree rape conviction and to dismiss the assault 

and unlawful imprisonment convictions on double jeopardy grounds. He argued that (1) the 

assaults were used to elevate the rape to a first degree rape and (2) the unlawful imprisonment was 

merely incidental to the first degree rape. He further argued that all of his offenses constituted the 

same criminal conduct for sentencing purposes. 

The trial court vacated Paschal’s two second degree assault convictions on double jeopardy 

grounds and merged them with the first degree assault. However, the trial court did not merge his 

 

7 The jury also found that the domestic violence special allegation applied to all guilty verdicts. 
No. 47379-8-II

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remaining convictions and refused to find that they were the same criminal conduct for purposes 

of calculating Paschal’s offender score. The trial court sentenced Paschal to 360 months. 

The trial court also ordered Paschal to pay restitution and both mandatory and discretionary 

LFOs. Before imposing the LFOs, the court stated, 

I am making the finding as to ability to pay based on the testimony I heard at trial, 

that the defendant is presently indigent, but is anticipated to be able to pay in the 

future. 

VII VRP at 933. The trial court indicated the same on the judgment and sentence. Paschal appeals. 

ANALYSIS

I. 404(b) EVIDENCE

Paschal first argues that the trial court erred when it admitted the evidence of prior

uncharged acts of domestic violence in 2010 and allowed Luvera to testify that Martin told her 

Paschal had engaged in ongoing domestic violence. He contends that this evidence was prejudicial

as to the first degree assault, the unlawful imprisonment, and the first degree rape convictions.

8

 

The State concedes that under State v. Gunderson,

9

the trial court erred in admitting this evidence

for purposes of assessing Martin’s credibility, but the State argues that the error was harmless 

because the evidence was properly admitted for other purposes. We agree that the trial court erred

in admitting this evidence for purposes of assessing Martin’s credibility. We further hold that this

 

8 Paschal also argues that the trial court’s error in admitting the evidence of the alleged prior act 

of domestic violence violated his constitutional right to due process. But it is well-settled that 

evidentiary errors, such as an erroneous admission of ER 404(b) evidence, are not constitutional 

errors. State v. Powell, 166 Wn.2d 73, 84, 206 P.3d 321 (2009). Therefore, we do not address this 

argument. 

9

181 Wn.2d 916, 337 P.3d 1090 (2014).
No. 47379-8-II

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error was harmless as to the assault and unlawful imprisonment convictions but that it was not 

harmless as to the rape conviction. Thus, we reverse the first degree rape conviction.

A. ADMISSIBILITY

We review a trial court’s interpretation of the rules of evidence de novo; but we review the 

trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion. State v. Gunderson, 

181 Wn.2d 916, 922, 337 P.3d 1090 (2014). A trial court abuses its discretion if its “‘decision is 

manifestly unreasonable or based upon untenable grounds or reasons.’” Gunderson, 181 Wn.2d 

at 922 (quoting State v. Brown, 132 Wn.2d 529, 572, 940 P.2d 546(1997)).

Evidence of a defendant’s prior bad acts is not admissible to show the defendant’s 

propensity to commit a crime, but it may be admissible for other, proper purposes such as “proof 

of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or 

accident.” ER 404(b). “The State must meet a substantial burden when attempting to bring in 

evidence of prior bad acts under one of the exceptions.” State v. DeVincentis, 150 Wn.2d 11, 17, 

74 P.3d 119 (2003).

To admit evidence of a defendant’s other wrongdoings, the trial court must 

(1) find by a preponderance of the evidence that the wrongs occurred; (2) identify 

the purpose for which the evidence is sought to be introduced; (3) determine 

whether the evidence is relevant to prove an element of the crime with which the 

defendant is charged; and (4) weigh the probative value of the evidence against its 

prejudicial effect.

State v. Baker, 162 Wn. App. 468, 473, 259 P.3d 270 (2011). The trial court must identify the 

purpose of the evidence and conduct the balancing test on the record. State v. Wade, 98 Wn. App. 

328, 334, 989 P.2d 576 (1999). The court should resolve doubtful cases in favor of the defendant. 

Wade, 98 Wn. App. at 334.
No. 47379-8-II

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Here, the court admitted the 2010 domestic violence evidence and instructed the jury,

Certain evidence has been admitted in this case for only a limited purpose. 

This evidence consists of testimony and/or photographs pertaining to a previous 

incident in 2010 between the defendant and Katherine Martin and may be 

considered by you only for the purpose of assessing Katherine Martin’s credibility 

and/or assessing her actions on March 17, 2013. You may not consider it for any 

other purpose. Any discussion of the evidence during your deliberations must be 

consistent with this limitation. 

CP at 77. The trial court did not, however, limit the purpose for which the jury could consider 

Luvera’s additional testimony that Paschal had engaged in other acts of domestic violence, such

as slapping, hair-pulling, and pushing, throughout the couple’s relationship.

Admission of prior acts of domestic violence to assess a victim’s credibility when the 

victim does not contradict her story or recant is improper. State v. Ashley, 186 Wn.2d 32, 47, 375 

P.3d 673 (2016); Gunderson, 181 Wn.2d at 924-25. Martin did not contradict her story or recant. 

Thus, the trial court’s admission of the prior domestic violence assaults for the purpose of assessing 

Martin’s credibility was error under Ashley and Gunderson. We next consider whether this error 

is harmless error as to each conviction.

B. HARMLESS ERROR

When analyzing the improper admission of 404(b) evidence, we determine whether, 

“‘within reasonable probabilities, had the error not occurred, the outcome of the trial would have 

been materially affected.’” State v. Gresham, 173 Wn.2d 405, 433, 269 P.3d 207 (2012) (internal 

quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Smith, 106 Wn.2d 772, 780, 725 P.2d 951 (1986)).

1. FIRST DEGREE ASSAULT

We first examine whether the erroneous admission of the prior bad acts evidence was 

harmful as to the first degree assault conviction. The first degree assault charge required the State 
No. 47379-8-II

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to prove that Paschal committed first degree assault by assaulting Martin with intent to inflict great 

bodily harm and that he assaulted her with “any force or means likely to produce great bodily 

harm.” CP at 10. “Great bodily harm” is defined as “bodily injury which creates a probability of 

death, or which causes significant serious permanent disfigurement, or which causes a significant 

permanent loss or impairment of the function of any bodily part or organ.” RCW 9A.04.110(4)(c).

Given the strong evidence of the assault, the evidence of the 2010 incident and the ongoing 

abuse during the relationship was harmless. For instance, Martin testified that Paschal hit her 

several times in the head and face with a closed fist. And Paschal, a state champion wrestler and 

“trained fighter,” corroborated this testimony by testifying that he struck Martin’s face and head 

“five times with [his] back hand, pow, pow, pow, pow, pow,” and that, although he had initially

struck her because she was hitting him, he did so out of anger. V VRP at 705-07. This evidence 

was strong evidence that Paschal assaulted Martin with intent to inflict great bodily harm that was 

not affected by the jury’s knowledge of a history of domestic violence or its evaluation of Martin’s 

credibility.

Furthermore, the nature of Martin’s injuries demonstrate that Paschal used force or means 

likely to produce great bodily harm. For instance, there was clear evidence of strangulation that 

the jury could have concluded created a possibility of death or significant impairment of bodily 

functions. This evidence is strong evidence of a use of force or means likely to produce great 

bodily harm that was not affected by the jury’s knowledge of prior domestic violence or its 

evaluation of Martin’s credibility.

Because the record contains evidence of first degree assault that is sufficient to allow us to 

conclude that “within reasonable probabilities, had the error not occurred, the outcome of the trial 
No. 47379-8-II

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would have been materially affected,” any error in admitting the evidence of the prior domestic 

violence history was harmless as to the first degree assault conviction. Smith, 106 Wn.2d at 780.

2. UNLAWFUL IMPRISONMENT

We next examine whether the erroneous admission of the prior bad acts evidence was 

harmful as to the first degree assault conviction. Again, we hold that any error was harmless.

To prove unlawful imprisonment, the State had to prove that Paschal knowingly restrained 

Martin. RCW 9A.40.040(1). Paschal testified that he prevented Martin from leaving the house 

when she attempted to run out the front door and that he refused to call for help. This evidence is 

sufficient to support the conclusion that Paschal knowingly restrained Martin, and it is highly 

unlikely that it would have been materially affected by the erroneously admitted evidence. Thus,

any error in admitting the evidence of the prior domestic violence history was harmless as to the 

unlawful restraint conviction. Smith, 106 Wn.2d at 780.

3. FIRST DEGREE RAPE CONVICTION

We now turn to the first degree rape conviction. Unlike the first degree assault and 

unlawful restraint convictions, all of the evidence corroborating the rape was potentially affected 

by Martin’s credibility. The only evidence of the rape came in through Martin’s direct testimony

and hearsay statements. Without any corroborating evidence of the rape, there is a reasonable 

probability that, but for the error, the verdict on the rape charge would have been materially 

affected by erroneously admitted evidence relating to Martin’s credibility. We hold that the trial 

court’s error in admitting Paschal’s prior domestic violence evidence was not harmless as to the 

first degree rape conviction, and we reverse that conviction.
No. 47379-8-II

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II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

Paschal next challenges two jury instructions. He argues that (1) the limiting instruction 

related to the domestic violence evidence was an improper judicial comment on the evidence and 

(2) the reasonable doubt instruction misstated the burden of proof. Presuming, but not deciding 

whether these issues were properly preserved,10 we hold that these instructions were not 

improper.11

A. LIMITING INSTRUCTION—NO JUDICIAL COMMENT

Paschal argues that the trial court improperly commented on the evidence in jury 

instruction number 5, the limiting instruction regarding the alleged 2010 domestic violence 

incident. We disagree.

The Washington Constitution explicitly prohibits judicial comments on evidence. WASH.

CONST. art. IV, § 16; RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. Levy, 156 Wn.2d 709, 719-20, 1132 P.3d 1076 (2006). 

“Any remark that has the potential effect of suggesting that the jury need not consider an element 

of an offense could qualify as judicial comment.” Levy, 156 Wn.2d at 721.

As discussed above, jury instruction number 5 states, 

Certain evidence has been admitted in this case for only a limited purpose. 

This evidence consists of testimony and/or photographs pertaining to a previous 

incident in 2010 between the defendant and Katherine Martin and may be 

considered by you only for the purpose of assessing Katherine Martin’s credibility 

and/or assessing her actions on March 17, 2013. You may not consider it for any 

other purpose. Any discussion of the evidence during your deliberations must be 

consistent with this limitation. 

 

10 RAP 2.5(a).

11 We review challenged jury instructions de novo, in the context of the instructions as a whole. 

State v. Bennett, 161 Wn.2d 303, 307, 165 P.3d 1241 (2007).
No. 47379-8-II

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CP at 77. 

Even if we agree with Paschal’s argument that the instruction assumes that the 2010 

domestic violence incident occurred, it is not a comment on the evidence, and the trial court 

instructed the jury to consider the evidence and testimony. In the trial court’s written instructions 

to the jury, none of the “to convict” instructions required proof of the 2010 incident as an element 

of the crimes charged. Further, the aggravating domestic violence instruction, number 39, did not 

require proof of the 2010 incident as an element the jury needed to find. The trial court’s 

instruction did not remove a disputed factual issue from the jury’s consideration of Paschal’s guilt 

or innocence. Therefore, we hold that jury instruction number 5 was not an improper comment on 

the evidence.

B. REASONABLE DOUBT INSTRUCTION

Paschal next argues that the trial court’s reasonable doubt instruction infringed on his right 

to due process because it (1) improperly focused the jury on a search for the truth and (2) instructed 

the jurors that they need to provide a reason for any doubt. We reject this argument for the reasons 

stated in State v. Parnel, 195 Wn. App. 325, 381 P.3d 128 (2016), petition for review filed, and 

State v. Kinzle, 181 Wn. App. 774, 784-85, 326 P.3d 870, review denied, 181 Wn. App. 774 (2014).

III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

Paschal next argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when defense counsel 

failed to object (1) to Martin’s hearsay statements to testifying law enforcement officers and 

medical staff who treated her, (2) to Sergeant Allais’s statement that the assault was the “worst” 
No. 47379-8-II

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domestic violence incident he has seen, and (3) to law enforcement officers’ opinions that Martin’s 

injuries were consistent with her account of events related to the assault. We disagree.

12

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

We review a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo, and presume that counsel’s 

performance was adequate and reasonable. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S. 

Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). To 

prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the appellant must show that counsel’s 

performance was deficient and that “‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.’” Grier, 171 

Wn.2d at 34 (quoting State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009)). Deficient 

performance is that which falls “below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 688. Conduct categorized as legitimate trial tactics or strategies is not deficient 

performance. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 33.

B. HEARSAY STATEMENTS 

We first examine whether defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to 

object to various hearsay testimony. “Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant 

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” 

ER 801(c); State v. Hudlow, 182 Wn. App. 266, 278, 331 P.3d 90 (2014). Hearsay is inadmissible 

unless an exception or exclusion applies. ER 802. Paschal argues that none of the hearsay he 

 

12 Because we reverse the first degree rape conviction, we do not address whether defense counsel 

should have objected to the hearsay statements that are relevant only to the rape conviction.
No. 47379-8-II

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challenges fits within any hearsay exception. We disagree and hold that the challenged hearsay 

statements are admissible as excited utterances13 or as statements for the purposes of medical 

diagnosis or treatment.

14 Thus, defense counsel’s failure to object was not deficient performance.

1. EXCITED UTTERANCES

Excited utterances are admissible under ER 803(a) as an exception to hearsay. An excited 

utterance is “[A] statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was 

under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” ER 803(a)(2). To be admissible, 

the proponent of an excited utterance must satisfy three requirements, “(1) a startling event or 

condition occurred, (2) the declarant made the statement while under the stress of excitement of 

the startling event or condition, and (3) the statement related to the startling event or condition.” 

State v. Young, 160 Wn.2d 799, 806, 161 P.3d 967 (2007). Paschal does not challenge the first 

and third factor. Thus, we address only whether Martin was still “under the stress of excitement 

of the starting event or condition.” Young, 160 Wn.2d at 806.

The second factor must be established by extrinsic evidence beyond the declarant’s “bare 

words.” Young, 160 Wn.2d at 809-10. The extrinsic evidence can include circumstantial evidence 

“such as the declarant’s behavior, appearance, and condition, appraisals of the declarant by others, 

and the circumstances under which the statement is made.” Young, 160 Wn.2d at 810.

Although time is a consideration in determining whether the statement is an excited 

utterance, we acknowledge that “‘[t]he passage of time alone . . . is not dispositive’” to whether 

 

13 ER 803(a)(2).

14 ER 803(a)(4).
No. 47379-8-II

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the statements are excited utterances. State v. Ramirez-Estevez, 164 Wn. App. 284, 292-93, 263 

P.3d 1257 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Strauss, 119 Wn.2d 401, 416-17, 832 

P.2d 78 (1992)). The “‘key determination is whether the statement was made while the declarant 

was still under the influence of the event to the extent that [the] statement could not be the result 

of fabrication, intervening actions, or the exercise of choice or judgment.’” Young, 160 Wn.2d at 

807-08 (alternation in original, internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Strauss, 119 Wn.2d at 

416). The statement need not be completely spontaneous and may be in response to a question. 

State v. Bache, 146 Wn. App. 897, 904, 193 P.3d 198 (2008).

Paschal challenges the testimony admitted as excited utterances that came in through 

Kennison, Luvera, and Allais. Kennison testified that when he spoke to Martin at the scene while 

she received medical treatment, she was “panicky, scared” and appeared to be in a lot of pain. II 

VRP at 157. When he spoke to her again about an hour later at the hospital, Martin was calmer, 

but she was still upset over her missing children. Similarly, Detective Luvera testified that Martin 

was “crying, very emotional, [and] very upset” and “blurted some things out immediately” when 

Luvera arrived to interview her at the hospital. III VRP at 319-20. Martin was emotional and 

distraught throughout the interview, and Luvera stated that Martin would alternate between being 

able to talk and crying. And Sergeant Allais testified that when he arrived at the hospital, Martin 

was “crying, [and] very upset about where her daughter was,” which seemed to be her primary 

concern. IV VRP at 449. Throughout the interview Martin was “crying, sobbing, [and] 

despondent.” IV VRP at 455.

Martin’s demeanor during her police contacts supports the admission of her statements to 

the officers as excited utterances. Based on the testimony about her demeanor, Martin was still 
No. 47379-8-II

22

under the stress of the assault and was panicked over her children’s unknown whereabouts. Even 

if Paschal’s counsel had objected, it is unlikely that the court would have excluded the statement

and any objection would have been futile. Thus, Paschal does not establish that counsel’s failure 

to object would have been prejudicial, and his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure 

to object to the hearsay testimony fails. See State v. Trujillo, 153 Wn. App. 454, 461, 222 P.3d 

129 (2009) (failure to challenge arrest and subsequent search would have “been futile,” so 

appellant failed to establish prejudice).

Furthermore, even if defense counsel should have objected to the excited utterance 

testimony about the assault and unlawful imprisonment that was introduced through Kennison’s, 

Luvera’s, and Allais’s testimony,

15 the same evidence was introduced through Dr. Eggen, nurse 

Ruef, and the medics. Because this same evidence was introduced through other sources, it is 

unlikely that there is a reasonable probability the proceedings would have been different, and 

Paschal cannot show that defense counsel’s failure to object to Kennison’s, Luvera’s, and Allais’s 

testimony was prejudicial.

2. STATEMENTS FOR PURPOSES OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT

Paschal next argues that he was prejudiced by defense counsel’s failure to object to nurse 

Jorgensen’s testimony because Jorgensen did not diagnose Martin and, thus, her statements to 

Jorgensen were not admissible under ER 803(a)(4). We disagree.

Statements made for medical diagnosis and treatment are admissible as exceptions to the 

hearsay rule under ER 803(a)(4). “Statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment 

 

15 We note again that we are not considering the rape evidence because we reverse that conviction 

on other grounds.
No. 47379-8-II

23

and describing medical history, or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception 

or general character of the cause of external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to 

diagnosis or treatment,” fall under this exception. ER 803(a)(4). “A party demonstrates a 

statement to be reasonably pertinent [to diagnosis or treatment] when (1) the declarant’s motive in 

making the statement is to promote treatment, and (2) the medical professional reasonably relied 

on the statement for purposes of treatment.” State v. Williams, 137 Wn. App. 736, 746, 154 P.3d 

322 (2007). A declarant’s statement to a treatment provider does not, however, have to be solely 

related to medical diagnosis or treatment; it may be for a combination of purposes, including 

medical and forensic purposes. See Williams, 137 Wn. App. at 746-47.

Martin’s statements to Jorgensen aided Jorgensen in determining the necessary course of 

treatment and examination. Martin told Jorgensen what happened and what caused her injuries, 

which Jorgensen documented in her medical chart. Martin’s statements about her injuries and the 

assault were given for the purpose of Jorgensen treating Martin’s injuries. Thus, Martin’s 

statements about the assault were admissible through the medical treatment exception. Even if 

counsel had objected to Jorgensen’s testimony about Martin’s statements, the court likely would 

not have sustained the objection and the trial outcome would not have been materially different.

Furthermore, even if defense counsel should have objected to Jorgensen’s testimony, 

similar evidence was introduced through Dr. Eggen, nurse Ruef, and the medics. Because this 

same evidence was introduced through other sources, it is unlikely that there is a reasonable 

probability the proceedings would have been different, and Paschal cannot show that defense 

counsel’s failure to object the Jorgensen’s testimony was prejudicial.
No. 47379-8-II

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C. COMPARISON OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CASE 

Paschal further argues that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to object to Allais’s 

testimony that this was the worst domestic assault he had seen. Paschal argues that this comment 

was irrelevant and “likely inflamed the passions and prejudices of jurors.” Br. of Appellant at 26. 

Paschal fails to establish ineffective assistance of counsel on this ground.

Paschal ignores the fact that, on cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Allais

about his statement. During his direct examination, Allais stated, “I have done this for 26 years, 

and as I looked at her I was thinking this is probably the worst domestic assault that I’ve seen.” 

IV VRP at 449. Although defense counsel did not object to Allais’s statement on direct 

examination, during cross-examination the following exchange occurred: 

[Defense Counsel]: Now . . . one of the first statements you made when you took 

the stand today, is . . . this was the worst case of domestic violence you’ve ever 

witnessed?

[Allais]: One of the worst—did I say worst?

[Defense Counsel]: That’s what I heard.

[Allais]: I’ll tell you what the worst was. We had a homicide involving - - .

[Defense Counsel]: Was that a hammer one . . .?

. . . .

[Allais]: Yes. That would be the worst.

IV VRP at 493-94. Counsel elicited from Allais that Martin’s injuries were not the worst that he 

had seen. Based on counsel’s performance and clarification, it is likely that the comparison 

testimony, while irrelevant, was a trial tactic to demonstrate Allais’s bias and cast some doubt on 
No. 47379-8-II

25

his opinions and testimony. Thus, we hold that counsel’s performance did not fall below an 

objective standard of reasonableness and was not deficient. 

Furthermore, even if defense counsel should have objected to this testimony, similar 

evidence was introduced through nurse Ruef, who testified, without objection, “[T]his is the most 

severe case of domestic violence I’ve seen in the [emergency room] throughout my practice.” IV 

VRP at 538. Because this evidence would have been before the jury even if defense counsel had 

objected to Allais’s testimony, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the 

proceedings would have been different. Accordingly, Paschal cannot show prejudice and this 

ineffective assistance of counsel argument fails.16

D. DETECTIVE LUVERA’S AND DEPUTY KENNISON’S OPINION TESTIMONY

Paschal next argues that counsel’s failure to object to Luvera’s and Kennison’s testimony 

that Martin’s injuries were consistent with her account of events was deficient performance and 

was prejudicial as to the first degree assault and unlawful imprisonment.

17

 Even presuming that 

this opinion testimony was improper, we disagree that there was prejudice.

Improper admission of evidence may be harmless error if there is other credible testimony 

and other uncontroverted evidence similar to the challenged testimony that was been admitted 

 

16 Paschal also suggests that even if Martin’s excited utterances and statements for purposes of 

diagnosis and treatment were admissible, defense counsel should have objected to this hearsay 

evidence under ER 403 because it was cumulative in light of its repetitive nature and Martin’s 

testimony. Given the other evidence establishing the assault and the unlawful imprisonment, we 

hold that there is no reasonable likelihood that the cumulative nature of the hearsay evidence would 

have affected the outcome of this trial as to the assault and unlawful imprisonment charges. Thus, 

Paschal fails to establish ineffective assistance of counsel on this ground.

17 Because we reverse the first degree rape conviction, we do not address whether this opinion 

testimony was prejudicial as to the rape.
No. 47379-8-II

26

without objection. Ramirez-Estevez, 164 Wn. App. at 293. Here, as discussed above, there was 

considerable evidence, including Paschal’s testimony, to prove the assault and unlawful 

imprisonment. Furthermore, both Dr. Eggen and nurse Jorgensen testified that Martin’s injuries 

were consistent with strangulation. For instance, Dr. Eggen testified that some of Martin’s bruising 

was “[f]easibly” consistent with strangulation and that many of her injuries were consistent with 

having been punched in the face forcibly and repeatedly. IV VRP at 516. And Jorgensen testified 

that Martin’s injuries included injuries that suggested strangulation. 

Given this evidence, we cannot say that within reasonable probabilities, that but for the 

error, that the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected as to the assault and 

unlawful imprisonment convictions. Thus, we hold that to the extent this was improper opinion 

testimony, it was harmless error, and Paschal fails to show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s 

deficient performance. His claims of ineffective assistance of counsel fail.

IV. SENTENCING

Paschal further argues that the trial court erred when it (1) refused to merge his first degree

rape and first degree assault convictions, which violated double jeopardy and (2) found that his

first degree rape and first degree assault convictions were not the same criminal conduct under 

RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a).

18

 Because we reverse the rape conviction, both the merger and same 

criminal conduct issues are moot, and we decline to further address those issues. However, 

because we reverse the first degree rape conviction, we remand for resentencing.

 

18 The legislature amended RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a) in 2015. Laws of 2015, 2d Spec. Sess., ch. 3,

§ 13. This amendment did not change the language relevant to this opinion. Accordingly, we cite 

to the current version of the statute.
No. 47379-8-II

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V. LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS 

Paschal next argues, for the first time on appeal, that the trial court erred when it imposed 

LFOs19 without making an individualized inquiry into his current and future ability to pay them. 

Generally, we may decline to review issues raised for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.5(a). But, 

as our Supreme Court in Blazina20 noted, we may exercise our discretion to reach unpreserved 

claims of error. State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 832-33, 344 P.3d 680 (2015). We exercise our 

discretion here and reach Paschal’s challenge to the imposed discretionary LFOs.

RCW 10.01.160(3) provides,

The court shall not order a defendant to pay costs unless the defendant is or will be 

able to pay them. In determining the amount and method of payment of costs, the 

court shall take account of the financial resources of the defendant and the nature 

of the burden that payment of costs will impose.

Paschal testified at trial that he was self-employed barber and club promoter. He testified 

that he could earn at least $25,000 to $30,000 a year as a barber, that he could make about $2,000 

a night as a club promoter, and that he would promote about 20 shows a year. In determining that 

Paschal had the ability to pay, the trial court relied solely on Paschal’s trial testimony regarding 

his income. Although there was no evidence to contradict Paschal’s testimony, the trial court 

failed to make any individualized inquiry into Paschal’s future ability to pay, including the impact 

that incarceration would have on his future income and future employment as required under 

Blazina. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d at 838-39. Thus, we hold that the trial court erred when it imposed 

discretionary LFOs on Paschal without making an individualized inquiry into his current and future 

 

19 Paschal does not distinguish between mandatory and discretionary LFOs.

20 Blazina only applies to discretionary LFOs.
No. 47379-8-II

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ability to pay, and we reverse the discretionary LFOs and remand to the trial court to make such 

an inquiry consistent with Blazina.

VI. APPELLATE COSTS

Finally, Paschal asks that we decline to impose appellate costs should the State be the 

prevailing party in this appeal because he is indigent. We exercise our discretion under RCW 

10.73.160(1) and decline to impose appellate costs.

CONCLUSION

Thus, we affirm Paschal’s first degree assault and unlawful imprisonment convictions, but 

we reverse the first degree rape conviction and remand for proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. We also decline to award appellate costs to the State.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, 

it is so ordered.

SUTTON, J.

We concur:

JOHANSON, P.J.

MELNICK, J.