### In the



# United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

____________________

No. 18

‐ 3010

S PORT F UEL

, I NC

., Plainti ff‐ Appellant

,

v.

P EPSI C O

, I NC

. and

T HE G ATORADE C OMPANY

, Defendants

‐ Appellees

.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 16

‐ cv

‐ 7868

— Ma tt hew F. Kennelly

, Judge

.

____________________

A RGUED A PRIL 9, 2019

— D ECIDED A UGUST 2, 2019

____________________

Before K ANNE

, B ARRETT

, and B RENNAN

, Circuit Judges

.

K ANNE

, Circuit Judge

. SportFuel appeals the district court’s

grant of summary judgment for Gatorade and its parent com

‐

pany, PepsiCo. SportFuel brought this suit against Gatorade

alleging violations of its trademark after Gatorade rebranded

itself with the slogan, “Gatorade The Sports Fuel Company.”

The district court deemed Gatorade’s slogan a fair use pro

‐

tected by the Lanham Act. We a ffi rm.2 No. 18

‐ 3010

I. B ACKGROUND

SportFuel is a Chicago

‐ based sports nutrition and well

‐

ness consulting fi rm whose clients include several of Chi

‐ cago’s prominent professional sports teams and their athletes.

The company provides personalized nutrition consulting ser

‐

vices to professional and amateur athletes, but also sells

SportFuel

‐ branded dietary supplements. SportFuel holds two

registered trademarks for “SportFuel.” It registered the fi rst

for “food nutrition consultation, nutrition counseling, and

providing information about dietary supplements and nutri

‐

tion.” After several years of use, SportFuel’s trademark be

‐

came “incontestable” in 2013 under 15 U.S.C. § 1065. Sport

‐

Fuel also registered a trademark in 2015 for “goods and ser

‐

vices related to dietary supplements and sports drinks en

‐

hanced with vitamins.”

Gatorade was created in 1965 at the University of Florida

College of Medicine and public sales began several years later.

Undoubtedly, Gatorade is more widely known. It is the o ffi‐

cial sports drink of the NBA, PGA, MLB, MLS, and many

other professional and collegiate organizations. Whether by

television imagery of victorious athletes drenching their

coaches or teammates with a Gatorade shower from a distinc

‐

tive cooler, or through aggressive national media marketing

campaigns, Gatorade became a household name.

In addition to its traditional sports drinks, Gatorade now

customizes its sports drink line by selling formulas that are

tailored to the nutritional needs of individual professional

athletes. The company also sells numerous other sports nutri

‐

tion products beyond sports drinks. It began to publicly de

‐

scribe its products as sports fuels in 2013. Seeking to broaden

its public image to re fl ect its expanded variety of products,No. 18

‐ 3010 3

Gatorade began a rebranding e ff ort. In 2016 it registered the

trademark “Gatorade The Sports Fuel Company” with the

United States Patent and Trademark O ffi ce (“PTO”). Notably,

Gatorade disclaimed the exclusive use of “The Sports Fuel

Company” after the PTO advised the company that the

phrase was merely descriptive of its products.

The only link between SportFuel and Gatorade is a nutri

‐

tionist and dietician named Julie Burns, who founded Sport

‐

Fuel in 1993. Burns had a history of working with Gatorade:

she served as a nutritionist on the Gatorade Sports Science In

‐

stitute’s Sports Nutrition Advisory Board from 1995 until

2003. Burns became aware of Gatorade’s rebranding e ff orts

and the alleged trademark infringement when she saw a Ga

‐

torade commercial featuring the new slogan. SportFuel fi led

suit against Gatorade and PepsiCo in August 2016. Its com

‐ plaint alleged trademark infringement (15 U.S.C. § 1051), un

‐

fair competition, and false designation of origin in violation

of the Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)). Similarly, SportFuel

asserted claims of trademark infringement and unfair compe

‐

tition in violation of Illinois law. See 815 Ill. Comp. Stat.

§§ 505/1, 510/1. Gatorade raised counterclaims for a cancella

‐

tion of SportFuel’s trademark.

Gatorade moved to exclude SportFuel’s expert’s testi

‐

mony and survey evidence concerning the likelihood of con

‐

sumer confusion from Gatorade’s use of the slogan. Gatorade

also moved for summary judgment on two grounds. First, it

argued that SportFuel failed to provide evidence that allowed

a jury to fi nd a likelihood of confusion—a necessary element

to each of SportFuel’s claims. Second, Gatorade argued that

the Lanham Act protected its use of “Sports Fuel” as a fair use.4 No. 18

‐ 3010

On June 14, 2018, the district court granted Gatorade’s mo

‐

tion for summary judgment after fi nding that SportFuel failed

to produce evidence that demonstrated a factual dispute on

any of the three elements of Gatorade’s fair use defense. The

court also determined that because it found that Gatorade

successfully raised the Act’s fair use defense, it need not con

‐

duct a risk of confusion analysis for SportFuel’s claims. Simi

‐ larly, because the court determined that SportFuel’s claims

under Illinois law were subject to the same analysis as its fed

‐

eral claims, it did not separately consider those claims. Sport

‐

Fuel appeals.

II. A NALYSIS

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment

de novo

, viewing all facts in SportFuel’s favor. Georgia

‐ Pac.

Consumer Prods. LP v. Kimberly

‐ Clark Corp.

, 647 F.3d 723, 727

(7th Cir. 2011). A district court may award summary judg

‐

ment when the evidence shows that “there is no genuine dis

‐

pute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judg

‐

ment as a ma tt er of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

The Trademark Act of 1946, commonly known as the Lan

‐

ham Act, “federalized” the common law’s trademark protec

‐

tions. CAE, Inc. v. Clean Air Eng’g, Inc.

, 267 F.3d 660, 672 (7th

Cir. 2001). The Lanham Act allows those who employ trade or

service marks to register them for exclusive use in commerce.

KP Permanent Make

‐ Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc.

, 543

U.S. 111, 117 (2004). A trademark holder’s right becomes “in

‐

contestable” fi ve years after initial registration with the PTO

if the holder meets certain conditions. Id. ; 15 U.S.C. § 1065.

“The holder of a registered mark

... has a civil action

against anyone employing an imitation of it in commerceNo. 18

‐ 3010 5

when ‘such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mis

‐

take, or to deceive.’” KP Permanent Make

‐ Up

, 543 U.S. at 117

(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a)). Additionally, the Act pro

‐

vides trademark

‐ holders a cause of action against those who

make a false designation of origin for a mark. 15

U.S.C. § 1125(a). “To prevail on either claim, a plainti ff must

establish that (1) its mark is protectable and (2) the defend

‐

ant’s use of the mark is likely to cause confusion among con

‐

sumers.” CAE, Inc.

, 267 F.3d at 673–74.

However, the Lanham Act provides several a ffi rmative

defenses to a plainti ff ’s claims, including the “fair use” de

‐

fense. See 15 U.S.C. § 1115(b). The fair use defense is available

against even incontestable trademarks, like SportFuel’s.

Sorensen v. WD

‐ 40 Co.

, 792 F.3d 712, 722 (7th Cir. 2015). The

defense allows individuals to use otherwise trademarked lan

‐

guage in a descriptive sense. See Packman v. Chi. Tribune Co.

,

267 F.3d 628, 639 (7th Cir. 2001); Sunmark, Inc. v. Ocean Spray

Cranberries, Inc.

, 64 F.3d 1055, 1058 (7th Cir. 1995). “[A] de

‐

fendant in a trademark infringement action may invoke the

fair use defense by demonstrating that the alleged infringe

‐

ment, ‘is a use, otherwise than as a mark

... which is descrip

‐

tive of and used fairly and in good faith only to describe the

goods or services of such party.’” Sorensen

, 792 F.3d at 722

(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1115(b)(4)). In short, to raise the fair use

defense successfully, Gatorade must show that (1) it did not

use “Sports Fuel” as a trademark, (2) the use is descriptive of

its goods, and (3) it used the mark fairly and in good faith.

Sorensen

, 792 F.3d at 722; Packman

, 267 F.3d at 639. The district

court determined that Gatorade met all three prongs.

On appeal, SportFuel challenges the district court’s con

‐

clusions on all three prongs of the fair use defense. We review6 No. 18

‐ 3010

each prong in turn. However, because we conclude that Ga

‐

torade successfully raised a fair use defense against Sport

‐

Fuel’s claims, we do not consider whether Gatorade’s use of

the slogan presented a risk of confusion to SportFuel’s mark.

A. Gatorade Did Not Use “Sports Fuel” As a Trademark.

SportFuel claims that the district court erred in fi nding

that Gatorade did not use the term “Sports Fuel” as a trade

‐

mark. SportFuel supports its argument with three factors: Ga

‐

torade uses the slogan as an “a tt ention ge tt ing symbol,” it

placed a trademark indication after the slogan, and it sought

to trademark the slogan.

Words or phrases function as trademarks “when [they are]

used by a source of a product to identify itself to the public as

the source of its product and to create in the public conscious

‐

ness an awareness of the uniqueness of the source and of its

products.” Sorensen

, 792 F.3d at 722–23 (quoting Sands, Taylor

& Wood Co. v. Quaker Oats Co.

, 978 F.2d 947, 953 (7th Cir.

1992)). Product packaging can include more than one source

indicator. Sorensen

, 792 F.3d at 723. We look to multiple factors

in how a defendant employs a challenged term or phrase to

determine whether it serves as a source indicator and there

‐

fore is used as a trademark. Our decision in Quaker Oats is

particularly helpful to illustrate this point.

As here, Quaker Oats involved a suit over Gatorade’s use

of a slogan in an advertising campaign. 978 F.2d at 953–54.

That campaign used the trademarked phrase “Thirst Aid” inNo. 18

‐ 3010 7

the slogan “Gatorade is THIRST AID.” 1 Id

. There, the district

court determined that although Gatorade used its house mark

in addition to the slogan, the term “Thirst Aid” also served as

a source indicator. Id

. at 953. The district court emphasized

that Gatorade featured the term “Thirst Aid” prominently on

its product packaging—even more prominently than the Ga

‐

torade house mark. Gatorade appealed summary judgment in

the plainti ff ’s favor, arguing that it used the term “Thirst Aid”

descriptively and not as a trademark. Id

.

We a ffi rmed and explained that although Gatorade used

“Thirst Aid” in tandem with its house mark, it used the term

as an “a tt ention

‐ ge tt ing symbol.” Id

. at 954. We observed that

the “Gatorade is Thirst Aid” phrase employed a rhyming

play

‐ on

‐ words and that Gatorade featured the slogan in

larger, more noticeable font than the house mark. Id

. We con

‐ sequently determined that Gatorade’s use of the slogan

would likely lead consumers to associate the terms “Thirst

Aid” and “Gatorade,” and that such a use of “Thirst Aid” was

meant to help consumers identify the source of the product.

Id

. These factors supported the district court’s conclusion that

Gatorade used the phrase as a trademark. Id

.

In this case, however, the record does not support the no

‐

tion that Gatorade used the term “Sports Fuel” as a source in

‐

dicator. Because visuals help considerably in trademark cases,

we include the following photographs included in the parties’

briefs of Gatorade’s use of the slogan:

1 Although the full slogan declared, “Gatorade is THIRST AID for

That Deep Down Body Thirst,” Gatorade’s advertisements and the ensu

‐ ing litigation focused on the fi rst portion. 978 F.2d at 950.8 No. 18

‐ 3010No. 18

‐ 3010 9

As in Quaker Oats

, here Gatorade used the term “Sports

Fuel” in conjunction with its house mark. But the similarities

end there. The products’ individual packaging and displays

feature Gatorade’s house mark and G Bolt logo more promi

‐ nently. Gatorade rarely uses the term “Sports Fuel” directly

on product packaging, except for where the company labeled

a “Sports Fuel Drink” with the term. Instead, it primarily fea

‐

tures the slogan on in

‐ store displays and other advertise

‐ ments—appearing almost as a subtitle to the house mark. Ad

‐ ditionally, the “Sports Fuel” slogan lacks the catchy, rhyming

play

‐ on

‐ words at issue in Quaker Oats

. Nothing about Ga

‐

torade’s use in this context suggests that consumers would

view “Sports Fuel” as a source indicator.

SportFuel emphasizes that Gatorade employed a “TM”

symbol with the slogan and obtained a trademark for the slo

‐

gan. But these facts fail to support SportFuel’s desired conclu

‐

sion. The slogan notably included Gatorade’s trademark

‐ pro

‐

tected house mark. Additionally, Gatorade speci fi cally dis

‐

claimed exclusive use of the phrase “The Sports Fuel Com

‐ pany” in its trademark application for “Gatorade The Sports

Fuel Company.” Sunmark

, 64 F.3d at 1059 (noting that Ocean

Spray disclaimed exclusive use of a contested, descriptive

phrase). During the application process for Gatorade’s slogan,10 No. 18

‐ 3010

the PTO speci fi cally advised Gatorade that it viewed the term

“Sports Fuel” as descriptive and therefore inappropriate for

trademark use. And as the district court pointed out, Ga

‐

torade’s chief marketing o ffi cer stated in his deposition that

he viewed the whole phrase—including the protected house

mark—as a trademark.

Thus, even construing the record in SportFuel’s favor on

summary judgment, insu ffi cient evidence supports Sport

‐

Fuel’s claim. Accordingly, we do not believe the district court

erred in determining that Gatorade never employed the term

“Sports Fuel” as a trademark in its “Gatorade The Sports Fuel

Company” slogan.

B. Gatorade Used “Sports Fuel” Descriptively.

The district court also found that Gatorade used “Sports

Fuel” descriptively, rather than suggestively, and therefore

not as a trademark. SportFuel maintains that the district court

erred in this determination. We review the district court’s

classi fi cation de novo

. Quaker Oats

, 978 F.2d at 952. “Inherent

distinctiveness is a question of fact, and summary judgment

is appropriate only if, reading the record in [SportFuel’s] fa

‐

vor, no reasonable fact fi nder could decide for it.” Uncommon,

LLC v. Spigen, Inc.

, 926 F.3d 409, 420 (7th Cir. 2019).

Trademark law awards trademark protection to various

categories of words, terms, and phrases if consumers rely on

those marks to identify and distinguish one company’s goods

or services from those of others. Platinum Home Mort. Corp. v.

Platinum Fin. Grp., Inc.

, 149 F.3d 722, 727 (7th Cir. 1998).

“Marks are classi fi ed into fi ve categories of increasing distinc

‐

tiveness: (1) generic, (2) descriptive, (3) suggestive, (4) arbi

‐

trary, and (5) fanciful.” Id

. Generally, trademark law does notNo. 18

‐ 3010 11

allow sellers to register marks for terms that are generic or

descriptive of products or services. Custom Vehicles, Inc. v. For

‐

est River, Inc.

, 476 F.3d 481, 483 (7th Cir. 2007). We previously

explained that this rule prevents sellers from branding their

product with a name or term that the public uses to identify

the category of items. Id

. An exception to this general rule is

that “[d]escriptive terms

... are protectable as a trademark if

they have developed secondary meaning.” Sorensen

, 792 F.3d

at 723. But a descriptive term only acquires a secondary mean

‐ ing after most consumers think of the term as the name of the

product instead of as descriptive of the product. Packman

, 267

F.3d at 639.

Conversely, the law a ff ords automatic protection to sug

‐ gestive, arbitrary, and fanciful terms, which are inherently

distinctive. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.

, 505 U.S. 763, 768

(1992); Platinum Home Mortg.

, 149 F.3d at 727. We recently

noted that “[t]he line between descriptiveness and sugges

‐

tiveness can be di ffi cult to draw.” Uncommon

, 926 F.3d at 421.

“A mark is descriptive when ‘it describes the product cat

‐

egory to which the brand belongs.’” Id. (quoting Custom Vehi

‐

cles, 476 F.3d at 483. Descriptive phrases refer to a characteris

‐

tic of the product. Quaker Oats

, 978 F.2d at 953. But they need

not be common phrases. Id

.

Suggestive marks, on the other hand, do not “directly and

immediately describe an aspect of the goods,” rather they “re

‐ quire[] an observer or listener to use imagination and percep

‐

tion to determine the nature of the goods.” Uncommon

, 926

F.3d at 421 (quotations omi tt ed). However, just because a

phrase is unfamiliar and “requires a hearer to think about its

meaning” does not necessarily mean it is suggestive. Quaker

Oats

, 978 F.2d at 953. Courts look to a variety of factors to12 No. 18

‐ 3010

distinguish between descriptive and suggestive terminology,

but we fi nd two factors particularly helpful in this instance. 2

“First, we can look to how, and how often, the relevant market

uses the word [or phrase] in question.” Uncommon

, 926 F.3d

at 421. Second, we employ the “imagination test,” where we

ask whether the word or phrase imparts information about

the product or service directly or rather requires “some oper

‐

ation of the imagination to connect it with the goods.” Id

. at

422 (quoting Platinum Home Mortg.

, 149 F.3d at 727). Both fac

‐

tors lead us to characterize the slogan here as descriptive.

First, producers of nutritional products for athletes regu

‐ larly invoke the “Sports Fuel” terminology to describe the

products they sell. Gatorade provided numerous examples of

this widespread industry use to the district court, including,

for example, Twin Laboratories’ “SPORT FUEL” and Trident

Sports’ “SPORTS FUEL.” Similarly, the PTO recognized this

point when it processed Gatorade’s trademark application

stating, “[a]s SPORTS FUEL is commonly used in reference to

sports nutrition, consumers encountering the wording THE

SPORTS FUEL COMPANY in the proposed mark would

readily understand it to mean that the goods are provided by

a company that provides sports nutrition.” This widespread

industry use, coupled with Gatorade’s disclaimer of exclusive

use of “The Sports Fuel Company,” supports Gatorade’s ar

‐

gument it used “Sports Fuel” descriptively.

2 Courts also occasionally fi nd dictionary de fi nitions and third

‐ party

patent registrations probative of whether a term or phrase is descriptive.

See Uncommon

, 926 F.3d at 422

‐ 23.No. 18

‐ 3010 13

Second, SportFuel argues that Gatorade’s use of “Sports

Fuel” is suggestive—and not descriptive—of Gatorade’s

products because the term requires a mental leap to deduce

that the company is really selling athletic nutrition products.

To support this notion, SportFuel also points out that Ga

‐

torade’s consumers, by and large, are not high

‐ performance

athletes. We fi nd these arguments unpersuasive. The use of

“Sports Fuel” in “Gatorade The Sports Fuel Company” clearly

describes the category of goods that Gatorade produces. It re

‐ quires no imaginative leap to understand that a company sell

‐ ing “Sports Fuel” is selling a variety of food products de

‐ signed for athletes. That non

‐ athletes regularly consume Ga

‐

torade’s products has no bearing whether the term is descrip

‐

tive. Just as the pervasive use of yoga pants and other active

‐

wear as casual clothing does not change the athletic charac

‐

teristics of those products, the fact that Gatorade sells more

sports drinks to average joes who limit their rigorous exercise

to lawn mowing does not change the athletic characteristics

of Gatorade’s products.

We conclude that Gatorade’s slogan uses “Sports Fuel” in

a descriptive sense.

C. Gatorade Uses “Sports Fuel” Fairly and in Good Faith.

A party raising a fair use defense “must show that it used

the plainti ff ’s mark fairly and in good faith.” Sorensen

, 792

F.3d at 725. Courts determine defendants’ good faith by look

‐ ing to their subjective purpose in using a slogan. Packman

, 267

F.3d at 642. As an initial ma tt er, we note that although the dis

‐

trict court’s analysis implicitly con fi rmed that Gatorade used

“Sport Fuel” in good faith, it never stated its conclusion ex

‐ plicitly. Nonetheless, as we explain, we believe Gatorade pro

‐

duced su ffi cient evidence to show that it descriptively used14 No. 18

‐ 3010

the term “Sports Fuel” in its slogan fairly and in good faith.

SportFuel insisted during summary judgment that the evi

‐

dence, construed in its favor, demonstrated that Gatorade

acted unfairly and in bad faith by using its slogan. But the dis

‐

trict court rejected SportFuel’s argument and explained why

SportFuel failed to show that Gatorade acted in bad faith.

On appeal, SportFuel challenges the district court’s con

‐

clusion for three reasons. First, SportFuel claims that evidence

produced during discovery justi fi ed inferring bad faith on

Gatorade’s part. Second, the district court purportedly erred

in concluding that Gatorade used “Sports Fuel” fairly given

the risk that reverse confusion posed to SportFuel. Third, Ga

‐

torade uses “Sports Fuel” in a trademark manner, beyond de

‐ scribing its goods or services.

1. SportFuel Provides Insu ffi cient Evidence of Gatorade’s Bad

Faith.

SportFuel alleges that the district court erred because it

never properly considered evidence of Gatorade’s bad faith.

It provides four main examples to support this argument.

First, it argues that Gatorade was aware of SportFuel’s mark

by virtue of Gatorade’s previous working relationship with

Julie Burns. Second, it suggests that Gatorade’s continued use

of “Sports Fuel” after SportFuel fi led suit betrays its bad faith.

Third, SportFuel points to a dearth of evidence concerning

Gatorade’s adoption of its new slogan. Fourth, SportFuel al

‐

ludes to a falling out between Gatorade and Burns, suggesting

that Gatorade adopted the new slogan to se tt le an old score.

SportFuel alleges that Gatorade’s bad faith is demon

‐

strated by the fact that it began to use “Sports Fuel” even

though it knew of SportFuel’s mark. But the defendant’sNo. 18

‐ 3010 15

“mere knowledge” of the plainti ff ’s mark, without other evi

‐

dence of subjective bad faith, is insu ffi cient. Sorensen

, 792 F.3d

at 725. Accordingly, “[t]o survive summary judgment, a

plainti ff must point to something more that suggests subjec

‐

tive bad faith.” Id

. Therefore, without other, substantial evi

‐

dence, this factor provides no support for the claim that Ga

‐

torade used “Sports Fuel” in bad faith.

SportFuel also points to Gatorade’s continued use of

“Sports Fuel,” even after SportFuel fi led this suit. But “it is

lawful to use a mark that does not infringe some other; inten

‐

tional infringement creates problems, but [a defendant’s] in

‐

tentional use of a mark that [it] had every right to use is not

itself a ground on which to draw an adverse inference.” M

‐ F

‐

G Corp. v. EMRA Corp.

, 817 F.2d 410, 412 (7th Cir. 1987). Ga

‐

torade believed it had every right to use “Sports Fuel” in a

descriptive sense, so its continued use after SportFuel fi led

suit also fails to justify an inference of bad faith.

Third, SportFuel suggests that Gatorade failed to produce

evidence in discovery that must have existed. Speci fi cally, Ga

‐

torade’s production included no documentation related to its

approval of the slogan “Gatorade The Sports Fuel Company.”

SportFuel argues that a company as large as Gatorade cer

‐ tainly required high

‐ level approval before adopting a nation

‐

wide rebranding campaign. And presumably Gatorade

would possess documentation of that approval. Yet, “[s]pecu

‐

lation will not su ffi ce” to defeat summary judgment. Borcky v.

Maytag Corp.

, 248 F.3d 691, 695 (7th Cir. 2001); Amadio v. Ford

Motor Co.

, 238 F.3d 919, 927 (7th Cir. 2001) (“It is well

‐ se tt led

that speculation may not be used to manufacture a genuine

issue of fact.”); Gorbi tz v. Corvilla

, Inc., 196 F.3d 879, 882 (7th

Cir.1999). SportFuel’s argument relies on the assumption that16 No. 18

‐ 3010

something must have existed. But the time to pursue this idea

was during discovery. SportFuel did not, and it cannot now

avoid summary judgment with assumption or speculation.

The record neither provides evidence to support the claim

that Gatorade adopted the slogan in bad faith, nor indicates

that Gatorade purposefully failed to produce such evidence.

Fourth, SportFuel suggests that Gatorade’s adoption of

the slogan relates to a falling out between Burns and Ga

‐

torade. The problem with this claim—much like the last argu

‐

ment—is that SportFuel provides no relevant evidence as sup

‐

port. It relies on Burns’s deposition testimony, where she

stated that her relationship with Gatorade ended after she re

‐

fused to endorse one of Gatorade’s new sugary sports bar

products. However, Burns’s relationship with Gatorade

ended more than a decade before the alleged infringement be

‐

gan. And the idea that a new slogan for a nation

‐ wide re

‐ branding campaign and stale antipathy towards Burns are

connected is facially incredible when otherwise unsupported

by the record.

We accordingly fi nd none of these factors signi fi cant

enough—individually or in the aggregate—to create an infer

‐

ence of Gatorade’s bad faith.

2. The Risk of Reverse Confusion Does Not Demonstrate Ga

‐

torade’s Bad Faith.

Second, SportFuel claims that the district court conducted

an insu ffi cient analysis of Gatorade’s intent in using “Sports

Fuel” because its alleged infringement creates reverse confu

‐

sion. “Reverse confusion occurs when a large junior user sat

‐

urates the market with a trademark similar or identical to that

of a smaller, senior user. In such a case, the junior user doesNo. 18

‐ 3010 17

not seek to pro fi t from the good will associated with the sen

‐

ior user’s mark.” Quaker Oats

, 978 F.2d at 957. We previously

explained that reverse confusion nonetheless harms the sen

‐

ior user because “[t]he public comes to assume that the senior

user’s products are really the junior user’s or that the former

has become somehow connected to the la tt er.” Id

. (quoting

Ameritech, Inc. v. Am. Info. Tech. Corp.

, 811 F.2d 960, 964 (6th

Cir. 1987)). As a result, “the senior user loses the value of the

trademark—its product identity, corporate identity, control

over its goodwill and reputation, and ability to move into new

markets.” Id

. In this case, the alleged reverse confusion would

occur when Gatorade used its house mark alongside the term

“Sports Fuel,” which would e ff ectively coopt SportFuel’s

trademark and confuse consumers by leading them to believe

the companies were related.

We cannot agree that the district court erred because it de

‐

clined to examine Gatorade’s intent in using “Sports Fuel.” In

Quaker Oats

, we explained that intent is largely irrelevant in

reverse confusion cases because “the defendant by de fi nition

is not palming o ff or otherwise a tt empting to create confusion

as to the source of his product.” Id. at 961 (emphasis in origi

‐ nal); but see Marketquest Grp., Inc. v. BIC Corp.

, 862 F.3d 927,

937 (9th Cir. 2017) (applying the Ninth Circuit’s test that ana

‐ lyzes intent).

But even if it were appropriate to examine Gatorade’s in

‐

tent in using “Sports Fuel” in its slogan, SportFuel’s argument

would fail. Gatorade provided evidence showing that it

adopted the slogan to re fl ect its various types of sports fuel

products. At the same time, SportFuel neither provides nor

identi fi es substantive evidence to support the notion that Ga

‐

torade adopted its slogan in any spirit other than good faith.18 No. 18

‐ 3010

3. Gatorade Uses “Sports Fuel” Descriptively.

SportFuel lastly urges that Gatorade views the slogan as a

trademark and therefore used “Sports Fuel” unfairly and in

bad faith. As mentioned above, SportFuel supports this argu

‐

ment by pointing out that Gatorade adorns its slogan with a

“TM.” SportFuel also relies on testimony by Gatorade’s chief

marketing o ffi cer, in which he stated that he viewed the entire

slogan, “Gatorade The Sports Fuel Company” as a trademark.

For the reasons mentioned earlier in this opinion, we believe

Gatorade employed the term “Sports Fuel” descriptively and

not as a trademark. We therefore do not accept that Gatorade

used the slogan unfairly or in bad faith.

Further, it is clear from the record that Gatorade provided

su ffi cient evidence that it used the term “Sports Fuel” fairly

and in good faith. Gatorade’s stated purpose in adopting the

challenged slogan was to help the company be tt er describe its

business and the products it sells. Nothing in the record actu

‐ ally contradicts this purpose. Gatorade produced evidence

demonstrating that the company and its employees view

themselves as producers of sports fuels. Moreover, Gatorade

both speci fi cally disclaimed exclusive use of the phrase “The

Sports Fuel Company” and prominently used its house mark

and G Bolt logo in a manner distinct from the slogan.

III. C ONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district

court is AFFIRMED.