IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-2021

Filed February 20, 2019

JUNE E. KING,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

RICHARD W. KING,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mitchell County, Christopher C. Foy, 

Judge.

Richard King appeals the entry of a domestic abuse protective order. 

AFFIRMED.

Kevin E. Schoeberl of Story Schoeberl & Seebach, LLP, Cresco, for 

appellant.

Todd P. Prichard of Prichard Law Office, PC, Charles City, for appellee.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
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TABOR, Presiding Judge.

Richard King appeals the entry of a domestic abuse protective order

prohibiting contact with his wife, June. Richard asserts June offered insufficient 

evidence he assaulted her. Richard also contends the district court erred in 

granting June exclusive possession of the family home and restricting his 

possession of firearms. After our independent review of the record, we conclude 

June carried her burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, she was 

entitled to a protective order under Iowa Code section 236.5(1)(b) (2017). We also 

uphold the housing and firearms provisions of the order.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

Richard and June are both sixty-four years old. They have been married 

for more than forty years and have lived in the same home in McIntire, Iowa, for 

more than twenty years. The couple has experienced “difficulty in the marriage” in 

the past few years. Starting in 2015, June called the Mitchell County Sheriff’s 

Office several times to report acts of hostility by Richard. Law enforcement did not 

file criminal charges. The parties began divorce proceedings in 2017 but continued 

living together in the same house. Eventually, June moved to the basement and 

only came upstairs to get ice out of the refrigerator or use the shower. 

In November 2017, June filed a petition for relief from domestic abuse under

Iowa Code chapter 236. In her petition, June alleged three incidents of domestic 

abuse assault: First, on October 27, 2017, Richard threatened her to “get down to 

the basement and get out or I’ll make sure you get out.” She called law 

enforcement, and voluntarily left the house but returned later. Second, in July 

2017, Richard “pushed [her] out of the way.” Finally, in December 2016, Richard 
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“shoved [her] out of bed.” June also alleged “continuous hostility and threats” by 

Richard. 

The district court issued a temporary protective order and set the petition 

for hearing on November 14, 2017. On November 2, Richard accepted service of 

the petition and protective order, and peace officers removed him from the marital 

home. Following the hearing,1the court concluded Richard committed domestic 

abuse and entered a final order of protection under Iowa Code section 236.5(1)(b). 

Richard appeals. June waived filing of a brief. 

II. Scope and Standards of Review

Our standard of review depends on “the mode of trial” in the district court. 

Compare Knight v. Knight, 525 N.W.2d 841, 843 (Iowa 1994) (reviewing de novo 

because the case was tried in equity), with Bacon ex rel. Bacon v. Bacon, 567 

N.W.2d 414, 417 (Iowa 1997) (reviewing for correction of errors at law because 

district court “rule[d] on objections as they were made,” signaling the case was 

tried as a law action).

Richard contends this case was heard in equity, so our review is de novo. 

We agree. While the district court ruled on some evidentiary objections during trial, 

“the objections were minor and did not have a significant effect on the 

proceedings.” See Passehl Estate v. Passehl, 712 N.W.2d 408, 414 n.6 (Iowa 

2006) (noting when “no one claims the trial court improperly excluded evidence, 

the trial court’s ruling on objections does not prevent a de novo review.”).

 

1 At the start of the hearing, the parties agreed the court could consider both June’s petition 

for relief from domestic abuse and the pending dissolution-of-marriage action.
4

De novo review means, after examining both the facts and the law, we 

adjudicate anew those issues properly preserved and presented for appellate 

review. Wilker v. Wilker, 630 N.W.2d 590, 594 (Iowa 2001). We give weight to the 

district court’s findings, particularly its credibility determinations, but we must 

satisfy ourselves the petitioning party—here, June—offered a preponderance of 

evidence justifying the issuance of a protective order. See id. A preponderance 

of the evidence is “the lowest degree of proof upon which issues of fact are 

determined.” State v. Beasley, 50 N.W. 570, 571 (Iowa 1891). In other words, the 

quantity of evidence required of June is “no more than will outweigh the evidence 

of the other side.” See Hall v. Wright, 156 N.W.2d 661, 667 (Iowa 1968).

III. Analysis 

A. Domestic Abuse Finding

In a chapter 236 proceeding, the district court may grant a protective order 

after finding the defendant engaged in domestic abuse. Iowa Code § 236.5(1)(b). 

Domestic abuse means an assault—as defined in section 708.1—where the 

assailant and victim are family or household members. See id. § 236.2(2). The 

district court may grant relief upon proof of one assault. See, e.g., Christenson v. 

Christenson, 472 N.W.2d 279, 280 (Iowa 1991) (affirming protective order based 

on a single car-chase incident).

In this case, the district court found Richard committed two domestic abuse 

assaults against June in the year leading up to the hearing and continued to 

represent a threat to her physical safety. As a result, the court ordered Richard to 

stay away from June. 
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On appeal, Richard contends June did not prove the domestic abuse 

assault allegations by a preponderance of the evidence.2 

We focus on the July 2017 incident. In her petition, June alleged Richard

“pushed [her] out of the way.” At trial, she elaborated: Richard was upset she had 

family visiting, had been watching television, and turned the volume up so loud 

they could not converse. The next morning, he again blared the television “so loud, 

[June] couldn’t sleep.” She testified she turned the volume down and “he came at 

me. He shoved me on the [right] shoulder. And told me I was an F-ing B.” June 

testified she said, “[J]ust leave me alone. We have company.” Richard “proceeded 

to tell me that I need to take my F-ing family and get the hell out of his house. And 

leave.” 

For his part, Richard testified he went to bed at 9:00 p.m. and could not 

sleep with June’s family “cackling and carrying on.” He woke up at 5:30 a.m. and 

thought, “[O]kay, I’m going to do shame to you. I’m going to turn the TV up and I 

see how you can’t sleep.” He stated, although he did not remember shoving June,

he remembered “grabbing it.” When asked what “it” was, he testified, “the button”

for the volume.

 

2 Richard separately argues he did not have sufficient notice of the various domestic abuse 

allegations in June’s trial testimony and the district court should have restricted June to 

the facts asserted in her petition. Because domestic-abuse-relief actions are “routinely 

instigated” by self-represented litigants, our courts recognize “some leeway must be 

accorded from precision in draftsmanship.” Knight, 525 N.W.2d at 843 (finding defendant 

was not unfairly surprised by introduction of eight additional incidents of domestic abuse, 

including verbal abuse, threats and stalking). Under the authority of Knight, we reject 

Richard’s claim the district court should have limited June’s testimony to the events listed 

in her petition. June was entitled to show his acts of domestic violence as “a pattern of 

behavior with each episode connected to the others.” See State v. Taylor, 689 N.W.2d 

116, 129 n.6 (Iowa 2004).
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In relevant part, an assault occurs when a person does “[a]ny act which is 

intended to cause pain or injury to, or which is intended to result in physical contact 

which will be insulting or offensive to another, coupled with the apparent ability to 

execute the act.” Iowa Code § 708.1(2)(a). We may infer the assailant’s intent 

from the circumstances surrounding the assault. Taylor, 689 N.W.2d at 132.

The court found June’s testimony “more credible and persuasive than the 

explanations” Richard offered. Giving appropriate deference to the district court, 

we agree. Both accounts show Richard was annoyed about June’s visiting family 

and used the television volume to retaliate against her. Richard pushed June when 

she turned the volume down and swore at June and her family. With that 

motivation in mind, it is reasonable to infer Richard intended his act to cause pain

or result in insulting or offensive contact; Richard had the apparent ability to 

execute the act and did so.

Richard counters June did not testify she experienced any pain from the 

shove. But the assault statute requires only proof of Richard’s intent, not actual 

pain, injury, insult, or offense. June showed by a preponderance of the evidence

Richard committed an assault. We affirm the findings of the district court. 

B. Other Protective Order Provisions

Richard next complains the district court erred in granting June exclusive 

possession of the marital home and ordering him to relinquish his firearms. We 

conclude both provisions were appropriate.

Iowa Code section 236.5(1)(b)(3) provides the protective order may include 

a provision “[t]hat the defendant grant possession of the residence to the plaintiff 

to the exclusion of the defendant. . . .” Under that statute, the district court ordered: 
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“Protected Party shall have exclusive possession of the home . . . . [Richard] shall 

not go to, enter, occupy or remain in that residence or any other residence in which 

Protected Party is staying, under any circumstance.”

Richard contends it was wrong to oust him from the marital home when he 

lived there for more than two decades, was retired, and had nowhere else to stay. 

At trial, June testified she requested the residence as part of her relief because it 

was just ten miles from her job at a daycare center and she could manage her 

family farm from that location. Like Richard, she testified to living in the same 

house for more than twenty years. June acknowledged she could live with her 

daughter seven miles away but it would create a burden on her daughter and sonin-law. At trial, Richard suggested both parties could continue living under the 

same roof. Of course, the protective order rules out Richard’s idea of continued 

cohabitation. And the equities point toward granting June, as the protected party, 

the marital home. See Hopkins v. Marold-Hopkins, No. 05-0339, 2006 WL 133227, 

at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 19, 2006) (clarifying “a finding of domestic abuse is a 

prerequisite to a protective order that would grant one party, to the exclusion of the 

other, possession of a family residence”). We affirm this provision.

Next, we address the firearms provision. Iowa law prohibits possession of 

a firearm by “a person who is subject to a protective order under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 922(g)(8).” Iowa Code § 724.26(2). For the firearms prohibition to apply, the 

protective order must (1) have been issued after a hearing of which the person 

received actual notice and had an opportunity to participate; (2) restrain the person 

from harassing, stalking, threatening, or assaulting an intimate partner (which 

includes a spouse or former spouse); and (3) include a finding that the person 
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represents a credible threat to the physical safety of the protected party or prohibits 

the use of physical force against the protected party. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8); see 

also id. § 921(a)(32) (defining intimate partners).

Richard does not dispute receiving notice of the hearing or having the 

chance to participate. Nor does he dispute the domestic relationship. The order 

provides Richard “shall not threaten, assault, stalk, molest, attack, harass or 

otherwise abuse” nor “use, or attempt to use, or threaten to use physical force 

against” June as “would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury.” The order 

also includes a finding Richard “represents a threat to [June’s] physical safety.” 

Because Richard is the subject of a domestic abuse protective order as

contemplated by 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8), it would be a violation of section

724.26(2)(a) for Richard to possess a firearm for the duration of the protective 

order. Richard complains he did not display or threaten June with a gun during the 

assaults; but again, June was not required to make such a showing. The district 

court properly ordered Richard to “deliver all firearms, offensive weapons, and 

ammunition to the Mitchell County Sheriff.” See Iowa Code §§ 236.5(1)(b)(2); 

724.26(3). 

AFFIRMED.