# Patent

## Title
Apparatus, system and method for making endurance of storage media

## Abstract

A storage control apparatus according to the present invention includes a plurality of connecting units connected to one or more host computers and one or more hard disk drives as storage media for storing data, one or more non-volatile storage media which are of a different type from the hard disk drives and which store data WRITE requested from the host computer, a plurality of processing units for processing WRITE and READ requests from the host computer by using the hard disk drives or the non-volatile storage media and, a plurality of memory units for storing control information to be by the processing units.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application 2005-275018 filed on Sep. 22, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a technology for reducing power consumption in a storage control apparatus for storing data in at least one hard disk device and other storage media.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent information business scenes such as data centers, it has been considered more important to reduce TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) in a storage system (general terms for storage control apparatuses and hard disk devices, etc.) In addition, it has been required for secured data storage for a long term. For example, banking agencies and medical institutions in Japan are obliged to accumulate their document data without deleting them by laws such as the Personal Information Protection Law.
Based on this background, a storage system should be highly reliable with a large capacity. Generally, in a storage system having a larger capacity that uses hard disk drives (hereinafter referred to as HDD), power consumption increases in proportion to increase in capacity of storage media. Specifically, owning a larger capacity storage system leads to increase in TCO including electric charges.
In the view of the above disadvantages, an effective reduction in TCO over the storages system, especially in running costs represented by a power consumption amount can be achieved by adequately storing data to an appropriate storage locations, taking various requests on stored data into account when it is required to accumulate a large amount of information, if necessary, to store the data information in a long term.
By the way, great attention has recently been focused on flash memories as a non-volatile memory. Generally, a flash memory reduces power consumption by one several tenth in comparison with HDD, providing a high speed read. A flash memory can be compact because of free from a driving mechanism that is required for HDD, and has high endurance against faults in general.
However, a flash memory has a limitation on cycles of writing due to a physical property of cells for retaining information. To counter this limitation, a so-called ware leveling adjustment has been employed, in which a control is provided to maintain correspondence between cell locations and addresses which are indicated to higher level devices and to equalize cycles of writing to each cells, resulting in improvement in rewritable cycles for the flash memory.
Hereinafter, a flash memory is used for an element to latch information, and a flash memory including mechanism for ware leveling adjustment and protocol processing for higher-level devices is called as a “flash memory device”.
Although the above scheme has improved efficiencies in limitation on cycles of writing for a flash memory device, with respect to distribution of storage area at an element level, there has been remaining limitation on cycles of writing for the flash memory device. The flash memory has a further disadvantage in that writing speed thereof descends to the same speed as that of HDD when it is necessary to erase data before writing new data.
In order to apply the flash memory with properties as mentioned above to a storage system, a scheme for storing data on an adequate storage location has been introduced, from the view point of writing performance and reliability or costs, as various requirements for stored data in conventional schemes, as disclosed in Document 1 (see Document 1 as below).
For the sake of realizing a storage system with a lower power consumption, schemes related to MAID (Massive Array of Idle Disks) have been introduced, as disclosed in U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2004/0054939 and Document 2 (see Document 2 as below).
However, since the scheme disclosed in Document 1 does not allow for account differences in cycles of rewriting, writing speed and power consumption between each storage medium, there have been difficulties to provide adequate control over the storage system. In the storage systems of U.S. Patent App. Pub. No. 2004/0054939 and Document 2, destinations to which the MAID can be applied are limited, so that there have been difficulties to keep a compromise between lower power consumption and maintaining of high performance of the system.
Document 1: John Wilkes, Richard Golding, Carl Staelin, and Tim Sullivan, “The HP AutoRAID hierarchical storage system”, Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) archive, America, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery), February 1996, Volume 14, Issue 1, ISSN:0734-2071, Pages: 108-136
Document 2: Dennis Colarelli, Dirk Grunwald, and Michael Neufeld, “The Case for Massive Arrays of Idle Disks (MAID)”, [online], Jan. 7, 2002, USENIX (U.S.A.), (Searched on Aug. 5, 2005)
<URL:http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/fast02/wips/colarelli.pdf>
To solve the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to realize a successful balance between low power consumption and maintaining of high performance in a storage system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an apparatus of the present invention, there is provided a storage control apparatus comprising:
A plurality of connecting units connected to at least one host computer and at least one hard disk drive as storage medium for storing data;
At least one non-volatile storage medium that is of a different type from the hard disk drive and storing data that is WRITE requested from the host computer;
processing units for processing WRITE and READ requests from the host computer by using the hard disk drives or the non-volatile storage media and;
memory units storing control information used by the processing units;
wherein,
one or plural hard disk drives are provided as a separate unit or part of a disk array device having control units;
the control information stored in each of the memory units is a usage status management table that associates an individual identifier for each storage medium with the information on the usage status for each storage medium;
each of the memory units further stores each threshold value for each information on the usage status; and
each of the processing units inquires the usage status management table and each threshold value, both of which are stored in each memory unit, and migrating data in either type of the storage media which exceeds the threshold value to the other type of the storage media when any of the information on the usage status exceeds the threshold value thereof.
Other aspect, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following specification and claims when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an outline of a configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention including a storage system S.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a channel control unit 104.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a FM control unit 106.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing another configuration of the FM control unit 106.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing further another configuration of the FM control unit 106.
FIG. 6 shows an information flow in an illustrative example of a general configuration in which a plurality of storage control apparatuses 101 are provided.
FIG. 7 shows an example of a logical volume management table 700.
FIG. 8 shows an example of a usage status management table 800.
FIG. 9 shows an example of a read/write cycle management table 900.
FIG. 10 shows an example of a device type management table 1000.
FIG. 11A is a flow chart showing an example of a determination process where the MP unit 220 provides a data migration between HDD 110 and a FM 306 in the FM control units 106.
FIG. 11B is a flow chart showing an example of a determination process for performing data migration between the HDD 110 and the FM 306 in the FM control units 106.
FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing an example of a process by the MP unit 220 when receiving a READ request from the host computer 102 during the data migration operation.
FIG. 13 is a flow chart showing an example of a process by the MP unit 220 when receiving a WRITE request from the host computer 102 during the data migration operation.
FIG. 14 shows an example of a general information table 1400 for use in the case where the power consumption management is provided over the entire storage systems S, by use of the management terminal 601 described in FIG. 6.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
With reference to the attached drawings, a detailed description will be given on a storage system S according to an embodiment of the present invention as follows.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an outline of a configuration of an embodiment of the present invention including a storage system. The storage system S comprises a storage control apparatus 101 and HDDs (hard disk drives) 110. The storage control apparatus 101 is connected through channels 114 via SAN (storage Area Network) 103 comprising SAN switches to one or plural host computers 102 (two in the drawing).
The storage control apparatus 101 is also connected to a plurality of HDDs 10 for storing data through disk-side channels 111. The storage control apparatus 101 comprises a plurality of channel control units (connecting units) 104, a plurality of cache memories (memory units) 113, control information storage areas (memory units) 117, a plurality of disk control units (connecting units) 105, a plurality of FM control units 106, and a matural network 107 inter connecting to the above components via internal paths 115.
The channel control unit 104 receives an I/O request from the host computer 102 through the channels 114, and interprets the request type of the I/O request such as a REAR/WRITE request for reading or writing data onto a HDD 110 or its object address so as to execute an appropriate process for the request.
The cache memory 113 temporarily stores data to be stored on a flash memory 306 (non-volatile storage medium: described later) within the HDD 110 and an FM control unit 106 or data to be sent to the host computer 102. The control information storage area 117 is an area for storing control information on the storage system S, which comprises memories such as RAM (Random Access Memory).
The cache memory 113 and the control information storage area 117 may be separately used by preparing physically different memories depending on the type of information to be stored, or by allocating logically different area thereto.
The disk control unit 105 provides a control for the HDD 110 through the disk-side channel 111 in response to a request from the channel control unit 104, and performs data acquisition or data storage for which the host computer 102 requests. At this time, the disk control unit 105 may provide control for the HDDs 110 according to RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disk: a scheme for managing a plurality of HDDs), so as to improve reliability, availability and performance of the storage system S.
The FM control unit 106 provide control for the flash memory 306 (further details in FIG. 3) or for a flash memory device (further details in FIGS. 4 and 5) within the storage system S. The FM control unit 106 acquires or stores data storage requested by the host computer 102 in the flash memory 306 or the flash memory device, in response to the request from the channel control unit 104, etc. At this time, the FM control unit 106 may provide RAID control for the flash memory device, so as to improve reliability, availability and performance of the storage system S.
Next, a description will be given on a configuration of the channel control unit 104, with reference to FIG. 2 (see FIG. 1 if necessary). FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the channel control unit 104. The channel control unit 104 comprises a MP (micro processor) unit (processing unit) 220, a plurality of channel protocol processing units 204 and an internal network interface unit 205. The MP unit 220 includes a plurality of processors 201, a memory module 202 and a peripheral processing unit 203.
Each processor 201 is connected to the peripheral processing unit 203 by connection media such as bus. The peripheral processing unit 203 is connected to the memory module 202 so as to provide a control for the memory module 202. The peripheral processing unit 203 is also connected through a bus 215 of a communication system to the channel protocol processing units 204 and to the internal network interface unit 205.
The peripheral processing unit 203 receives packets (data) from the processor 201, the channel protocol processing units 204 and the internal network interface unit 205 to which the peripheral processing unit 203 is connected. If a transfer destination address indicated by the received packet is stored on the memory module 202, an appropriate process acceding to the address is performed, and returns the data to the internal network interface unit 205, if necessary. The peripheral processing unit 203 performs a data forwarding (data transfer) if the transfer destination address is an address of a location other than the memory module 202. The peripheral processing unit 203 is connected to another unit of the storage control apparatus 101 such as the disk control unit 105, via an internal communication network 221 such as LAN (Local Area Network) (further details in FIG. 6).
The memory module 202 has a mailbox 213 for communication between the processors 201 connected to the peripheral processing unit 203. The processor 201 makes an access to the memory module 202 through the peripheral processing unit 203, and provides an appropriate process in accordance with control programs 212 stored in the memory module 202.
The memory module 202 stores a transfer list 214 which the channel protocol processing units 204 use when performing DMA (Direct Memory access: a scheme for data transfer not via the processor 201). The channel protocol processing unit 204 provides a protocol control over the channels 114, and converts data from the host computer 102 into a protocol format so that it can be processed within the storage system S. Specifically, when receiving an I/O request from the host computer 102 via the channel 114, the channel protocol processing unit 204 notifies the processor 201 of a host computer number, LUN (Logical Unit Number: an identifier for a logical unit of HDD 110, a storage area corresponding to the Logical volume ID 701 in FIG. 7) or an access destination address for the I/O request.
In response to the notification from the channel protocol processing unit 204, the processor 201 accesses to directory information on the control information storage area 117 or the directory information which has been copied and expanded on the memory module 202. If there exists an address to which the I/O requested data must be stored or the I/O requested data itself in the directory information, the processor 201 creates the transfer list 214 on the memory module 202. Based on the transfer list 214, the channel protocol processing unit 204 provides a data transfer.
If READ requested data does not exist on the cache memories 113 but is stored on the HDD 110, the processor 201 directs the disk control unit 105 to store the data onto the cache memories 113 (this operation is called as “staging”), and then transfers the data based on the transfer list 214.
If the data READ requested from the host computer 102 is stored on a flash memory (such as the flash memory 306: described later in FIGS. 3 to 5), the processor 201 sets the address for the flash memory in the transfer list 214. The transfer list 214 is a list for addresses on the cache memories 113 or the flash memories.
When receiving a WRITE request from the host computer 102, the channel protocol processing unit 204 writes the data requested from the host computer 102 into a location corresponding to the address in the transfer list 214 through the internal network interface unit 205 via the internal path 115. When receiving a READ request from the host computer 102, the channel protocol processing unit 204 reads the data from the corresponding address appeared in the transfer list 214, and then returns the data to the host computer 102.
The internal network interface unit 205 serves as an interface for an internal communication between the channel control unit 104 and another storage system S via an internal path 115.
Although the disk control unit 105 has approximately the same configuration as that of the 104, the disk control unit 105 has a different part from that corresponding to a control program 212 and a part corresponding to the channel protocol processing units 204 for communicating with the HDD 110.
Note that the channel 114 and the disk-side channel 111 may have a different protocol from each other. However, the part in the disk control unit 105 corresponding to the channel protocol processing unit 204 is similar to the channel protocol processing unit 204 in the channel control unit 104, with respect of providing a protocol process on the disk-side channel 111 so that the process can be performed within the storage system S.
If there exists data on the cache memory 113, the processor 201 writes the data on the cache memory 113 into the HDD 110 according to a request from the channel control unit 104 or in a constant time cycle. If there is not data in the cache memory 113, the processor 201 receives a direction from the channel control unit 104, and then reads data from the HDD 110 and writes the data into the cache memories 113, according to this direction.
The processor 201 accesses to directory information stored on the control information storage area 117 so as to search for a memory address for the cache memory 113 which the data requested from the host computer 102 is to be read out of or to be stored in.
When the requested data is not on the cache memories 113, or when storing existing data onto the HDD 110 for the sake of creating a free space area (this operation is called as “destaging”), the disk control unit 105 controls the HDD 110 through the disk-side channel 111. At this time, the disk control unit 105 may provides RAID control for the HDD 110 group so that availability and performance over the entire HDD 110 can be improved.
With reference to FIG. 3, a description will be provided on a configuration of the FM control unit 106 (see FIGS. 1 and 2 if necessary). FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the FM control unit 106. The FM control unit 106 comprises an internal network interface unit 301, a DMA controller 302 for providing DMA control, a memory module 304 of a non-volatile memory, a memory controller 303 for controlling the memory module 304, flash memories (FM) 306 as non-volatile storage elements, and memory controllers 305 for controlling the FM 306.
The internal network interface unit 301 serves as an interface for an internal communication between the FM control units 106 and another storage control apparatus 101 via the internal path 115.
The memory module 304 has a transfer list 308 for performing DMA in the FM control unit 106.
A DMA controller 302 included in the FM control unit 106 provides a data transfer from the cache memory 113 to the FM 306 according to the transfer list 214 set by the processor 201 of the channel control unit 104, for the sake of creating free capacity in the cache memory 113, for example, when processing the WRITE request from the host computer 102.
The memory controller 305 provides control for the FM 306 and handles data, in accordance with a READ request from the channel control unit 104 and a WRITE request by the DMA controller 302 via the internal path 115. The memory controller 305 stores information on usage of the FM 306 on the storage area 307 thereof. The information stored on the storage area 307 is used for creating a usage status management table 800 (described later in FIG. 8).
Instead of using the FMs 306, other memories may also be used, such as ferroelectric memories (non-volatile memory using ferroelectric material: FeRAM (Ferroelectric Random Access Memory)) or phase change memories (a non-volatile memory for storing data by using change in its amorphous state (i.e. phase change) such as OUM (Ovonic Unified Memory)).
With reference to FIG. 4, a description will be given on another configuration of the FM control unit 106 in FIG. 3 (see FIG. 1 to FIG. 3). FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing another configuration of the FM control unit 106. This FM control unit 106 uses a flash memory (FM) device 409. Descriptions will be omitted on the same configurations by using the same references as in FIG. 3.
The FM device 409 is a storage system comprising a flash memory or flash memories similar to the FMs 306 in FIG. 3, a memory controller or controllers 303, and a communication means for communicating with FM protocol processing units 407 (not shown in the drawing).
The FM device 409 is provided in each FM control unit 106, as show in FIG. 4, and is detachably connected to the FM control unit 106 via connectors 408. Thus, the replacement of the FM device 409 is facilitated when the device 409 becomes in trouble. For the convenience of replacement of the FM device 409, the processor 201 of the channel control unit 104 may set the transfer list 214 such that a redundant configuration is shared between each FM device 409.
The above configuration also allows the FM device 409 itself to be replaced with another one having a larger capacity. Communication with the FM device 409 is performed through a general purpose protocol such as FFS (Fast File System). Therefore, the FM protocol processing units 407 converts a format for communication with the FM device 409 to be usable within the storage control apparatus 101.
The FM protocol processing unit 407 stores information on the usage of the FM device 409 in a storage area 410, and the information stored on the storage area 410 is used for creating the usage status management table 800 (described later in FIG. 8).
With reference to FIG. 5, another configuration of the FM control unit 106, different from those in FIGS. 3 and 4, will be described as follows (see FIGS. 1 to 4). FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing another configuration of the FM control unit 106. MF-side channels 510 establish connections to the FM devices 409. Descriptions will be omitted on the same configurations by using the same references as in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4.
FM protocol processing units 507 serve similarly as the FM protocol processing units 407 do, and store information on the usage status of the plurality of FM devices 409 connected thereto in its storage area 508. The information stored on storage area 508 is used for creating the usage status management table 800 (described later in FIG. 8).
This configuration not only brings the features on the FM control unit 106 described in FIG. 4, but also allows more FM devices 409 to be connected to the FM control units 106, resulting in realization of a storage system S with a large capacity.
As for an implementation of the FMs 306 in FIG. 3, they may be disposed directly on the substrate. In this case, the connectors 408, the FM protocol processing units 407 and the FM-side channels 510 can be unnecessary, whereby a more compact storage system S is realized.
Furthermore in FIG. 3, each memory controller 305 can provide a ware leveling adjustment for the FM 306 thereof. The memory controller 305 may collect statistic information on the number of erase error occurrences and of bad blocks occurred when accessed to the FM 306, and stores the information on part of the FM 306, or in another FM 306 separately provided, where any means may be provided so as to send this statistic information according to a request from the processor.
Next, referring to FIG. 6, an explanation will be given on an information flow in the storage control apparatus 101 and other components (see FIG. 1 if necessary). FIG. 6 shows an information flow in an illustrative example of a general configuration in which a plurality of storage control apparatuses 101 are provided. Descriptions will be omitted on the same configurations by using the same references as in FIG. 1.
A plurality (two in FIG. 6) of storage control apparatuses 101 are connected to a management terminal 601 via a network 602.
The management terminal 601 may be a common server, serving for collecting internal information from one or plural storage control apparatuses 101, and integrally managing this internal information such as performance and power consumption amount (which may be a conversion value calculated by the number of components in operation based on the basic power consumption amount of each component in the storage control apparatus 101), or statistic information on failure information (further details in FIG. 8 to FIG. 10)
Specifically, the management terminal 601 has a management terminal processing unit (not shown in the drawing) such as CPU (Central Processing Unit) and a management terminal storage unit (not shown in the drawing) such as hard disk drives. The management terminal 601 accesses, via a common communication network 602 as a means for collecting information, through the management unit 603 provided in each storage control apparatus 101, to the information stored in the storage control apparatus 101, e.g. the device internal information 604 such as the usage status management table 800 in FIG. 8 stored on the control information storage area 117, or acquires the information 604 through the management unit 603. The management terminal 601 creates information 608 (e.g. general information table 1400 in FIG. 14) based on the device internal information 604 collected from each storage system 101.
Within the storage control system 101, there exists a MP unit 220 in each channel control unit 104 and a MP 1051 in each disk control unit 105, respectively. There also exists an internal communication network 221 for communication between the MP units 220 and 1051, or between the MP units 220, 1051 and the management unit 603.
The management unit 603 can make a direct or indirect access to information collected by each MP unit 220 and 1051, or the device internal information 604 such as configuration information and statistic information which are accumulated in each cache memory 113 or the like.
The management terminal 601 collates the collected information with predetermined criteria (threshold values), so as to provide an appropriate operation depending on the content of the information. Further description will be given on performances and processes within the management terminal 601, following an explanation on an example of control within the storage control apparatus 101.
With reference to FIG. 7, a description will be provided on a device management table for HDD 110 (hereinafter referred to as device as well) (see FIG. 1 if necessary). FIG. 7 shows an example of the device management table 700. Specifically, it explains how to provide management for each storage device (such as control information storage area 117) within the storage control apparatus 101 by using a logical volume management table 700, and management of a logical volume (equivalent to aforementioned Logical Unit) as an example of access objects visible to the host computer 102.
Although an access for each block by the host computer 102 will be explained here as an example, an access for each file by the host computer 102 can also be considered in the same way, because control at the lowest storage hierarchy is carried out by device including various storage media (HDD 110 and flash memories, etc.)
Specifically, substituting for SAN 103, it is possible to use another network such as the Internet in use by NAS (Network Attached Storage: a computer dedicated as a file server used in direct connection to a network).
When the host computer 102 performs a write operation to the HDD 110, the write access is performed not to a device ID as a physical identifier for the HDD 110, but to a logical volume ID as an identifier for the logical volume.
As shown in FIG. 7, in the logical volume management table 700, a logical volume ID 701 is an identifier for a logical volume, which is associated with a logical device ID 702, an identifier for a logical device of HDD 110 within the storage control apparatus 101. The logical device ID 702 is also associated with a virtual device ID 703, that is, an identifier for a virtual device.
The virtual device ID 703 is associated with a device ID 704 which is an identifier for an actual (physical) device and a device extent 705 indicating a space area within the device. The device extent 705 is a management unit for an area where a certain data amount can be stored. According to the embodiment of the present invention, the specific value for the data amount has nothing to do with the essence of the present invention; therefore, this data amount has no limitation.
The virtual device ID 703 is defined as an aggregate storage area for devices represented by one or a plurality of devices ID 704.
Note that the logical volume management table 700 is allocated on such a location (e.g. control information storage area 117) where all the processors (MP units 220, 1051) can inquire the management table 700 directly or indirectly.
Next, the following is a description of a usage status management table for managing each device, with reference to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 shows an example of the usage status management table.
The usage status management table 800 manages information on property, attribute, usage status for each device associated with its own device ID 801 (corresponding to the device ID 704 in FIG. 7). Now, assumed that management is provided for storage media such as flash memories, total cycles of writing 802 and total cycles of erase 803 since the beginning of use, number of bad blocks 804, bad block increase rate 805 and average erase time 806 are associated with the device ID 801. Although not shown in the drawing, each threshold value for the individual information item is managed in the usage status management table 800, or in another table dedicated to management for the threshold values.
Each of the information and its threshold value are used for the management of the devices. For example, it can be determined that the service life of a device (such as the FM 306) is ending soon when the average erase time 806 of the device becomes longer.
Adding to the aforementioned information, other information such as the number of times of erase operation errors (cycles of erase errors) can also be managed for a help to determine the endurance of the device.
Note that it is necessary to constantly store the total cycles of writing 802 and the total cycles of erase 803 since the beginning of use, when initializing the device or changing the allocation of the device.
The usage status management table 800 can also provide management for other devices or storage devices than the FMs 306, to which MAID is applied using ATA (AT Attachment) disk drives or the like, in which cycles of usage (total cycles of writing and total cycles of erase), the number of total spin-up/-down times and error occurrence rate are essential to manage the endurance of the device.
For example, if the HDD 110 is constituted by SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) disks and ATA disk drives, or by ATA disk drives alone, the disk control unit 105 can control the ATA disk drives in its rotation and stop by using the MAID technology.
It is not only the HDD 110 alone, but also a disk array device (not shown in the drawing) equipped with HDD 110 and a control unit (s) (not shown in the drawing) that maybe connected to the disk control unit 105. In this case, rotation and stop of the ATA disk drives can be controlled by the instruction of the disk control unit 105 and the MAID equipped to the control unit (not shown in the drawing). That is, the ATA disk drives are vulnerable on a hardware basis; therefore, it is preferable to manage the ATA disk drives in their endurance on the usage status management table 800, as the FM 306 is managed.
The usage status management table 800 is explained as an example of management for flash memories. However, in the case of ATA disk drives or a device to which the MAID is applied using the ATA disk drives, the usage status management table 800 may include total spin up/down times, total revolution time and error occurrence rate. Specifically, the usage status management table 800 has various information on the endurance of storage media and devices (total usage time, error occurrence rate, bad block increase rate, cycles of access, etc.), depending on the situation.
The usage status management table 800 is laid out on a location where all the processors (MP units 220, 1051) can inquire the table 800 directly or indirectly as the same case of the logical volume table 700.
Referring to FIG. 9, an explanation of a read/write cycle management table 900 (see FIG. 1 if necessary) will be given. FIG. 9 shows an example of the read/write cycle management table 900.
The read/write cycle management table 900 is associated with a logical volume ID 901 (corresponding to the logical volume ID 701), a logical device ID 902 (corresponding to the logical device ID 702), RD cycles (total cycles of reading) 903 and WR cycles (total cycles of writing) 904. The read/write cycle management table 900 is updated as statistic information every time an access is made to either of the logical volume ID 901 or the logical device ID 902.
The read/write cycle management table 900 is allocated at such a location where all the processors (MP units 220, 1051) can inquire the table 900 as the same case of the logical volume management table 700.
The read/write cycle management table 900 is used in a process in which a large data having more frequencies to be read than those to be written is migrated from the HDD 110 to a flash memory of which power consumption per a certain time period is less than that of a HDD (described later in FIG. 11 to FIG. 13).
Similarly, although there is nothing to do with the read/write cycle management table 900, data stored on a logical volume which is specified as WORM (Write Once Read Many), read-only, or a long term retention period, may be migrated (from HDD 110 to the FM 306).
Next, a description will be given on a device type management table as follows, with reference to FIG. 10 (see FIG. 1 if necessary). FIG. 10 shows an example of the device type management table.
The device type management table 1000 is associated with storage hierarchy device type 1001 indicating a device type, power consumption amount per a certain time period 1002, the number of active devices 1003 indicating the number of devices in operation, and the number of free low power consumption device pools (free capacity of storage media with low power consumption) 1400.
In the storage hierarchy device type 1001, “Flash” donates the FMs 306, “ATA” donates ATA disk drives which are the entire or part of HDD 110 used in a MAID scheme, ATA disk drives included by a disk array device using the MAID in the case where the disk array device is connected to the disk control unit 105, or a logical device (a logical volume) comprising ATA disk drives provided by the above mentioned disk array device. “SCSI” donates SCSI disk drives which is the entire or part of HDD 110. “Cache” donates a RAM in use as cache memories 113.
The number of free low power consumption device pools 1004 has a unit such as Mega byte (MB) and Giga byte (GB).
The total amount of power consumption for the storage control apparatus 101 can be obtained in measuring and recording methods by providing a measuring device for actual power consumption (e.g. power meter) at a power source unit (not shown in the drawing) thereof. To eliminate the measuring means such as a power meter, a rough estimate of the total power consumption amount may be calculated by use of the device type management table 1000.
In other words, since the storage control apparatus 101 monitors the operation status of each component, the rough estimate of the total power consumption amount can be obtained simply by managing the information in the device type management table 1000 as statistic information. In processes described later in FIG. 11A to FIG. 13, the device type management table 1000 can be used such that data is migrated to a lower power consuming device depending on the status of each component and its power consumption amount, so as to reduce the power consumption for each component.
Note that the device type management table 1000 is laid out at a location where all the processors (MP units 220, 1051) can inquire the table 1000 directly or indirectly as the same case of the logical volume table 700.
Furthermore, an explanation will be given on the operations of the storage system, referring to FIG. 11A to FIG. 13 (see FIG. 6 etc. if necessary).
FIG. 11A is a flow chart showing an example of a determination process where the MP unit 220 provides a data migration between HDD 110 and the FM control units 106.
The timing when the MP unit 220 executes this data migration process is, for example, when receiving periodical READ/WRITE requests from the host computer 102, or when receiving a direction from the host computer 102 to specify a certain logical volume as WORM.
There have been shown three examples of the configuration for the FM control unit 106 in FIGS. 3 to 5. Now, the example of FIG. 3 will be explained.
The MP unit 220 makes a confirmation of collected information (each table in FIGS. 8 to 10) when executing the determination process for the data migration (S111).
Next, the MP unit 220 gives an analysis on the status based on the collected information and the determination conditions (n) (S112). The determination conditions (n) include, for example, a endurance management for the FM 306 (to determine whether the total cycles of writing exceed the predetermined value or not by inquiring the total cycles of writing 802), reduction in power consumption (to inquire the device type management table 1000), data migration due to a direction of WORM from the host computer 102, RD/WR cycles ratio (by inquiring RD cycles 903 and WR cycles 904, to determine a possibility of data migration to the FM 306 if the RD cycles 903 to the WR cycles 904 ratio exceeds the predetermined value). These determination conditions (n) are used in priority in combination with each other.
The MP unit 220 determines whether a status exceeding the threshold value exists or not, based on the analysis at the step S112 (S113). The step S113 is for determining whether the total cycles of writing of the FM 306 exceeds the threshold value or not, and if it exceeds the threshold value, data thereof is migrated to the HDD 110 having no limitation in cycles of writing.
If there is no status exceeding the threshold value (“No” at S113), the MP unit 220 completes the process.
If there exists any status exceeding the threshold value (“Yes” at S113), the MP unit 220 selects a source and a destination of the data migration (S114), and determine whether a destination of the data migration exists or not, by inquiring the number of free low power consumption device pools 1004, etc. (S115).
If there is no destination of the data migration (“No” at S115), the MP unit 220 determines whether it is possible to generate a data migration destination within the range of a certain condition in a higher priority among the determination conditions or not (S117).
Furthermore, if it is not possible to generate the destination of the data migration (“No” at S117), the MP unit 220 completes the process.
If it is possible to generate the destination of the data migration (“Yes” at S117), the MP unit 220 generates the destination of the data migration (S118), and starts the data migration process (S119).
To be specific, if an attempt is made to migrate data from the HDD 110 to any of the FMs 306, but there is no destination for the data migration in the FMs 306 (i.e. there is no free capacity), for example, part of the data on the FMs 306 may be migrated to the HDD 110 within the range of a certain condition in a higher priority (such as a condition relevant to power consumption) among the determination conditions (n), so as to generate some free capacity for the FMs 306, into which the data can be migrated.
If there exists the destination of the data migration exists (“Yes” at S115), the MP unit 220 determines whether the status exceeds a certain condition in a higher priority among the determination conditions (n) or not, due to the data migration (S116).
If the status exceeds the condition in a higher priority among the determination conditions (n) (“No” at S116), the MP unit 220 completes the process. For example, although the FMs 306 have no problems in their endurance due to the data migration, the MP unit 202 does not perform the data migration if the condition in a higher priority is not satisfied.
If the status does not exceed the condition in a higher priority among the determination conditions (“Yes” at S116), the MP unit 220 starts a process of the data migration (S119).
As described above, the data migration can be accomplished so as to optimize the total power consumption and the endurance management for the FMs 306 in the storage system S. Specifically, data migration to the FMs 306 with lower power consumption is performed depending on the frequencies of write/read of the device, so that reduction in the total power consumption can be achieved.
Next, with reference to FIG. 11B, an explanation of a data migration process will be given (see FIG. 6, etc. if necessary). FIG. 11B is a flow chart showing an example of a determination process for performing data migration between the HDD 110 and the FMs 306 by the FM control units 106. Note that this step is performed after the step S119 in FIG. 11A.
First, the MP unit 220 determines whether the destination area is in the FMs 306 or not (S1101).
If the destination area is in the FMs 306 (“Yes” at S1101), a temporary storage area is secured in the HDD 110 since the FMs 306 are sensitive to cycles of writing and performance (S1102). At the same time, the MP unit 220 generates a temporary storage area management table in the control information storage area 117.
If the destination area is not in the FMs 306 (“No” at S1101), there is no necessity to secure the temporary storage area, hence, forwarding to the step S1103.
Then, the MP unit 220 creates a management table (not shown in the drawing) for managing the storage area of the data migration destination in a certain unit size (S1103). This management table, for example, may be a bit map table for managing the data in unit size of 64 KB. Any other tables than the bit map table can be used for this management table, as far as the management can be provided for the progress of the data migration.
Following the above steps, the MP unit 220 sends an direction to the DMA controller 302 to copy the original data to the destination of the data migration (S1104).
The MP unit 220 checks the area where the data migration is completed in accordance with the above-mentioned management table (i.e. the bit map table), for example, by changing the bit “0” to “1” (S1105).
The MP unit 220 determines whether the entire data area of the migration object has been copied according to the management table, that is, whether the progress of the data migration has reached 100% or not (S1106).
If the entire data area of the migration object has not been copied yet, the MP unit 220 repeats the processes at the step S1104 and the step S1105.
If the copying process for the entire data area of the migration object has been completed (“Yes” at S1106), the MP unit 220 forwards to the step S1107.
By the way, the storage control apparatus 101 occasionally receives READ and WRITE requests for the data during the migration process at the steps S1101 through S1106. An appropriate process in this case will be explained later in FIGS. 12 and 13.
Next, at the step S1107, the MP unit 220 inquires the temporary storage area management table created at the step S1102, and checks whether there exists any data stored on the temporary storage area or not.
If there exists any data stored on the temporary storage area (“Yes” at S1107), the MP unit 220 reflects the data stored on the temporary storage area on the migration destination area (S1108), and repeats the process at this step S1108 until the migration of the entire data has been completed (“Yes” at S 1109).
If the there exists no data stored on the temporary storage area (“No” at S1107), the MP unit 220 proceeds to the step S1110.
The MP unit 220 rewrites the logical volume management table 700 in accordance with the data migration (S1110). In this case, for example, by changing the ID name in an appropriate cell for the device ID 704 in the table 700 from a migration source device ID to a migration destination device ID, it can be unnecessary to rewrite a virtual device in the host computer (corresponding to the virtual device ID 703).
The MP unit 220 sets the migration source device free that has become unnecessary at the step S1110, so as to reuse it in other purpose (S1111).
As explained above, the data migration can be accomplished in the storage system S, in accordance with the determination result on the migration as described in FIG. 11A.
There is another method such that a logical execution is made at the step S1111 prior to the actual operations of the data migration is carried out at the steps S1104 to S1106. This method can be applied not only to a data migration operation but also to a high-speed snap shot access feature among data replication features (generally referred to as a volume mirror-split or a snap shot). In the case of using this method, an appropriate change may be provided in the processes (for READ/WRITE requests) described later in FIGS. 12 and 13, according to each purpose.
Next, with reference to FIG. 12, an explanation will be given on a process by the MP unit 220 when receiving a READ request from the host computer 102 during the data migration operation (S1101 to S1106 in FIG. 11B) (see FIG. 6 if necessary). FIG. 12 is a flow chart showing an example of the process by the MP unit 220 in this case.
First, the MP unit 220 receives a READ request for data during the migration operation from the host computer 102 (S1201), and then makes a confirmation of the latest data storage location (in the migration source device or the temporary storage area) on the management table (created at S 1103 in FIG. 11) (S1202).
Next, the MP unit 220 returns a READ response to the host computer 102, by sending the data from the appropriate storage location thereof (S1203).
Then, if the data migration of the READ object has not been completed yet, the MP unit 220 copies the migration source data to the migration destination (S1204).
The MP unit 220 reflects the completion of the operation in the area where data migration has been executed on the management table (S1205).
Note that the processes at S1203 and at S1204 may be performed prior to the process at S1202.
As described above, the storage system S can meet a READ request from the host computer 102 even while the data migration is being performed.
With reference to FIG. 13, an explanation will be given on a process by the MP unit 220 when receiving a WRITE request from the host computer 102 during the data migration operation (S1101 to S1106 in FIG. 11B) (see FIG. 6, etc. if necessary). FIG. 13 is a flow chart showing an example of the process by the MP unit 220 in this case.
First, the MP unit 220 receives a WRITE request for data during the migration operation from the host computer 102 (S1301), and then writes the WRITE requested data addressed in correspondence to its access address, into the temporary storage area (S1302).
Then, the MP unit 220 updates the temporary storage area table which has been created at the step S1102 in FIG. 11B, so as to reflect that the latest data is located in the temporary storage area (S1303).
As explained above, the storage system S can meet a WRITE request from the host computer 102 even while the data migration is being performed.
Furthermore, the data WRITE requested by the host computer 102 is temporarily stored on the temporary storage area, and then reflected later, so that a smooth data migration operation can be accomplished even if the migration destination is such a device as the FMs 306 in which a write is carried out by a complicated procedure such as adding, replacement of pointer and block erase, or as a device using ATA disk drives for dealing only a disk device requiring for repeated spin-up and -downs.
Although each process in FIGS. 11A to 13 is described to be performed by the MP unit 220, other features or means may be used for each process, such as DMA features directed by the MP unit 220 and MP unit 1051.
Now, another embodiment of the present invention will be explained (see FIG. 6, etc. if necessary), referring to FIG. 14. FIG. 14 shows an example of a general information table 1400 for use in the case that the management terminal 601 described in FIG. 6 provides a power consumption management for the entire storage systems S.
In the general information table 1400, a control device ID 1401 as an identifier for the storage control apparatus 101, power consumption amount 1402 per a certain time period in each storage control apparatus 101, active devices 1403 indicating the number of low power consumption media in operation such as the FMs 306, total capacity of active devices 1404 indicating the total capacity of low power consumption media in operation, active devices 1405 indicating the number of normal power consumption media such as HDD 110, total capacity of active devices 1406 indicating the total capacity of normal power consumption media in operation, and free low power consumption device pools 1407 indicating the number of free low power consumption devices are associated respectively.
Even if it is impossible to migrate data of a device with normal power consumption to another device with low power consumption within a certain storage control apparatus 101, this general information table 1400 enables the data to be migrated from the normal power consumption device to a low power consumption device within another storage control apparatus 101, whereby reduction in power consumption can be achieved over the entire storage systems S.
Note that threshold values for power consumption over the entire storage systems S are stored and managed in the general information table 1400 or in different tables dedicated to the management for the threshold values (not shown in the drawing).
The specific processes of the data migration are similar to those according to the flow charts in FIGS. 11A to 13. For example, the data migration process between devices within the same single storage control apparatus 101 shown in FIG. 11B may be executed between devices in different storage control apparatuses 101. Then the host computer 102 may be allowed to recognize changes of the access destination devices. Or it could be accomplished by the volume virtualization software on the host computer 102 or the virtualization switch to recognize the changes of the access destination devices.
The storage system S according to the present invention can realize a system with low power consumption, no deterioration in performance on required data, configurable in a large scale, and capable of storing data into optimum storage media. The storage system S can also improve reliability and availability over the system with respect to properties (such as endurance of rewriting cycles and fault tolerance) that each storage medium has.
The embodiments according to the present invention have been explained as aforementioned. However, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to those explanations, and those skilled in the art ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention and can make the various modifications and variations to the present invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims.

## Claims

1. A storage system comprising:
a plurality of hard disk drive (HDD) devices that store data received from a host computer;
a plurality of flash memory devices that store data received from the host computer; and
a processing unit that controls WRITE and READ requests received from the host computer to a plurality of logical volumes configured by at least one of the plurality of HDD devices or the plurality of flash memory devices,
wherein the processing unit manages a usage status management table that stores usage status information related to endurance of each of the plurality of flash memory devices, and endurance threshold values,
wherein the processing unit manages a read/write cycle management table that stores read cycles and write cycles for each of the plurality of logical volumes,
wherein the processing unit manages a device type management table that stores information of amount of power consumption per a certain time period of at least one type of HDD devices and a type of the flash memory device, and determines a total amount of power consumption of the plurality of HDD devices in operation and the plurality of flash memory devices in operation based on the device type management table, and
wherein, when the processing unit requests to optimize the total amount of power consumption or the endurance of the flash memory devices, the processing unit determines a first device as a source device and a second device as a destination device, which type is different from the first device, based on the usage status management table and the read/write cycle management table, and migrates data from the first device to the second device based on a priority of conditions including the power consumption and the endurance of the flash memory devices.

2. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein each flash memory device has less rewritable cycles than those of the HDD devices,
wherein the usage status management table includes cycles of rewriting as the usage status information for each flash memory device, and a threshold value for the cycles of rewriting as the endurance threshold value, and
wherein when the processing unit requests to optimize the endurance of the flash memory devices as higher priority, if the processing unit detects the usage status of cycles of rewriting one of the plurality of flash memory device exceeds the threshold value for the cycles of rewriting based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines the flash memory device as the first device and one of the HDD devices of the plurality of HDD devices as the second device.

3. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein each HDD device has lower read/write response speed than that of each flash memory device,
wherein the usage status management table includes usage cycles of writing data or reading data as the usage status information of each flash memory device and a threshold value for the usage cycles of writing data or reading data as the endurance threshold value,
wherein when the processing unit requests to optimize the total amount of power consumption as higher priority, if the processing unit detects the usage status of usage cycles of writing data or reading data of one of the plurality of flash memory device does not exceed the threshold value for the usage cycles of writing data or reading data based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines the flash memory device as the second device and one of the HDD devices of the plurality of HDD devices as the first device.

4. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein the usage status management table includes the number of faulty areas as the usage status information of each flash memory device, and a threshold value for the number of faulty areas as the endurance threshold value, and
wherein when the processing unit requests to optimize the endurance of the flash memory devices as higher priority, if the processing unit detects the usage status of the number of faulty areas of one of the plurality of flash memory device exceeds the threshold value for the number of faulty areas based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines the flash memory device as the first device and one of the HDD devices of the plurality of HDD devices as the second device.

5. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein, if the second device is one of the flash memory devices, the processing unit secures a certain area on the HDD device as a temporary storage area and copies the data to be migrated, part by part in succession, to the temporary storage area on the HDD device, and
wherein when receiving a READ request for part of the data from the host computer during the data migration operation, the processing unit resends corresponding data stored in the HDD device of the first device to the host computer, and asynchronously processes the data migration, part by part in succession, to the flash memory device of the second device.

6. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein, if the second device is one of the flash memory devices, the processing unit secures a certain area on the HDD device as a temporary storage area and copies the data to be migrated, part by part in succession, to the temporary storage area on the HDD device, and
wherein when the processing unit receives a READ request for part of the data from the host computer during the data migration operation, and if previously presented data corresponding to the part of the data is already stored in the flash memory device of the second device by another WRITE request from the host computer, the processing unit resends the previously presented data from the flash memory device of the second device to the host computer.

7. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein, if the second device is one of the flash memory devices, the processing unit secures a certain area on the HDD device as a temporary storage area, and
wherein when the processing unit receives a WRITE request for part of the data from the host computer, the processing unit stores previously presented data corresponding to the part of the data stored in the temporary area on the temporary storage area, and the processing unit reflects the previously presented data on the flash memory device of the second device after the migration of the data is completed.

8. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein, the usage status management table includes the number of times of erase operation errors as the usage status information on the usage status for each flash memory device, and a threshold value for the number of times of erase operation errors as the endurance threshold value, and
wherein when the processing unit requests to optimize the endurance of the flash memory devices as higher priority, if the processing unit detects the usage status of the number of times of erase operation errors of one of the plurality of flash memory device exceeds the threshold value for the number of times of erase operation errors based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines the flash memory device as the first device and one of the HDD devices of the plurality of HDD devices as the second device.

9. The storage system according to claim 1
wherein the usage status management table includes average erase time as the usage status information for each flash memory device, and a threshold value for the average erase time as the threshold value, and
wherein when the processing unit requests to optimize the endurance of the flash memory devices as higher priority, if the processing unit detects the usage status of the average erase time of one of the plurality of flash memory device exceeds the threshold value for the average erase time based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines the flash memory device as the first device and one of the HDD devices of the plurality of HDD devices as the second device.

10. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein, when the processing unit requests to optimize the total amount of power consumption as higher priority, if the processing unit detects a first logical volume configured by the HDD device in which the read cycles to the write cycles ration exceeds a predetermined threshold based on the read/write cycle management table, the processing unit determines the HDD device as the first device and one of the flash memory devices of the plurality of flash memory devices as the second device.

11. The storage system according to claim 10,
wherein if there is no free capacity of the flash memory device, the processing unit generates free capacity for a certain flash memory device of the plurality of flash memory devices by migrating data from the certain flash memory device to one of the HDD devices within a range of a condition in the higher priority of the total amount of power consumption.

12. The storage system according to claim 10,
wherein if there is no free capacity of the flash memory device, and there is no flash memory devices which meets the condition of the endurance of the flash memory devices based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines not to migrate data from the first device to the second device based on a priority of conditions including the power consumption and the endurance of the flash memory devices.

13. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein, when the processing unit requests to optimize the endurance of the flash memory devices as higher priority, if the processing unit detects the usage status of one of the plurality of flash memory device exceeds the endurance threshold based on the usage status management table, the processing unit determines the flash memory device as the first device and one of the HDD devices of the plurality of HDD devices as the second device.

14. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein the processing unit manages the usage status management table stores a usage status information related to endurance of each of the plurality of HDD devices and endurance threshold values, if the type of plurality of HDD devices is ATA disk.

15. The storage system according to claim 1,
wherein the processing unit requests to optimize the total amount of power consumption or the endurance of the flash memory devices periodically, by receiving READ/WRITE requests from the host computer, or by receiving a direction from the host computer to specify a certain logical volume as WORM.