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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

FORD MOTOR COMPANY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

May 29, 2018

v No. 338784

Court of Claims

DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY, LC No. 16-000042-MT

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: METER, P.J., and GADOLA and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff, Ford Motor Company, appeals as of right the order of the Court of Claims

denying its motion for summary disposition and granting summary disposition to defendant, 

Department of Treasury, under MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm. 

I. FACTS AND BACKGROUND

This case arises from plaintiff’s request to defendant for a refund of tax paid under 

Michigan’s Motor Fuel Tax Act (MFTA), MCL 207.1001 et seq. Plaintiff is engaged in the 

business of manufacturing and assembling motor vehicles. At the times relevant to this case, 

plaintiff manufactured the Ford F-150 at its Dearborn Truck Plant, and the Ford Focus and Ford 

Expedition at its Michigan Assembly Plant. As part of the manufacturing process, plaintiff 

purchased and stored gasoline that it then used to test and ship the vehicles. Plaintiff would 

partially fill the fuel tank of each newly manufactured vehicle with sufficient gasoline to allow 

plaintiff to test the vehicle and to move the vehicle from the assembly areas to the shipping areas, 

and to move the vehicle off the truck after shipping. The parties agree for purposes of this case 

that the vehicles in question were shipped to only non-Michigan destinations, and that the 

gasoline in question was not used to drive the vehicles on Michigan roads or highways. 

The MFTA imposes a tax on motor fuel “imported into or sold, delivered, or used” in this 

state. MCL 207.1008(1)(a); AutoAlliance Int’l, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 282 Mich App 492, 499; 

766 NW2d 1 (2009). The purpose of the tax is to “require persons who operate a motor vehicle 

on the public roads or highways of this state to pay for the privilege of using those roads or 

highways.” MCL 207.1008(5)(a); AutoAlliance, 282 Mich App at 499. In light of that purpose, 

the act permits a person to seek a refund of the tax paid when the fuel was used for a nontaxable 

purpose. MCL 207.1108(5)(c); AutoAlliance, 282 Mich App at 499. 
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Plaintiff sought a refund of tax paid under the act for the gasoline used to test and ship its 

Ford Escorts, F-150 trucks, and Expeditions to destinations outside Michigan. Plaintiff 

submitted two motor fuel tax refund claims for tax paid on the gasoline during the two tax 

periods in question, being September 2, 2008, to December 22, 2009, in the amount of 

$619,898.94, and January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2010, in the amount of $427,935.86. 

Initially, plaintiff asserted to defendant that for the relevant time periods it put seven gallons of 

fuel in each newly manufactured vehicle in question, and therefore sought a refund for the tax 

paid on seven gallons of gasoline for each vehicle it manufactured and shipped to other states 

during the relevant time periods. 

Defendant denied plaintiff’s request for refunds exceeding the amount of 3.2 gallons per 

vehicle. In response to defendant’s denial, plaintiff requested an informal conference before 

defendant’s hearing referee. At the informal conference, defendant asserted that it would not 

refund tax paid for more than 3.2 gallons per vehicle unless plaintiff could substantiate its claim 

for a greater amount. Defendant’s hearing referee permitted plaintiff additional time to 

demonstrate the amount of fuel used, explaining that “affidavits from engineers at the assembly 

plants would suffice.” Plaintiff did not provide affidavits, but thereafter submitted a letter that 

essentially advised the referee that plaintiff relied on the information and documentation 

previously submitted. The referee recommended that plaintiff’s requests be denied, and 

defendant thereafter denied plaintiff’s refund claims.

Plaintiff then initiated this action before the Court of Claims seeking the denied refunds.

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In its complaint, plaintiff alleged that its refund request to defendant stated that it had placed four 

gallons of fuel in each new Focus, eight gallons of fuel in each new F-150, and ten gallons of 

fuel in each new Expedition. Plaintiff later amended its complaint before the Court of Claims to 

allege that plaintiff had placed seven gallons of fuel in each Ford F-150 during the applicable 

periods.2 After limited discovery before the Court of Claims, both parties moved for summary 

disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Plaintiff claimed entitlement to summary disposition,

arguing that it had provided sufficient information to substantiate the refund claims. Plaintiff 

 1 We note that § 22 of the revenue act, MCL 205.22, gives a taxpayer aggrieved by a “decision” 

of the Treasury Department the right to “appeal” the decision either to the Court of Claims or to 

the Michigan Tax Tribunal. In this context, however, the Court of Claims conducts its review in 

the manner of an original action before that court, rather than as an appeal. MCL 205.22(3) also 

provides for an appeal as of right from the decision of the Court of Claims to this Court, 

suggesting that the proceedings before the Court of Claims from a decision of the Treasury 

Department are in the nature of an original action and not an “appeal,” though deemed as such by 

the revenue act. In any event, the Court of Claims disposed of this case on the parties’ motions 

for summary disposition, which we review on appeal de novo. 

2 Plaintiff’s affiant also amended the supporting affidavit to reflect the change from eight to 

seven gallons of fuel in each Ford F-150 during the applicable period. 
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supported its motion with affidavits3 attesting to the amounts of gasoline used in the vehicles, 

being four gallons for each Ford Escort, seven gallons for each Ford F-150, and 10 gallons for 

each Ford Expedition. Plaintiff also provided the Court of Claims with a copy of a sample 

computer screen shot of a fuel specification form from 2015 that directed plaintiff’s employees

to place seven gallons into each newly manufactured Ford F-150. By contrast, defendant 

contended that it was entitled to summary disposition because plaintiff had failed to adequately 

substantiate its claimed refund because it did not provide fuel specification sheets or other 

documentation verifying how much fuel was placed into each vehicle model during the relevant 

tax periods. Plaintiff explained that it no longer retained the computer fuel specification forms 

for the periods in question. 

The Court of Claims granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition, while denying 

plaintiff’s motion. The court held that plaintiff was obligated under the MFTA to substantiate 

how much gasoline it had placed in each vehicle and had failed to do so because it did not

provide the documentation defendant requested. Plaintiff now appeals. 

II. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff first contends that the Court of Claims erred by denying its motion for summary 

disposition and granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition because plaintiff provided 

information that substantiated its refund claims and therefore complied with the statutory 

requirements of MCL 207.1048. We disagree.

We review de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of summary disposition. Hoffner v 

Lanctoe, 492 Mich 450, 459; 821 NW2d 88 (2012). A motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) 

tests the factual support of a plaintiff’s claim, and is reviewed by considering the pleadings, 

admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties in a light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party. Latham v Barton Malow Co, 480 Mich 105, 111; 746 NW2d 868 (2008). 

Summary disposition is appropriate if there is “no genuine issue regarding any material fact and 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. A genuine issue of material fact 

exists when “reasonable minds could differ on an issue after viewing the record in the light most 

favorable to the nonmoving party.” Allison v AEW Capital Mgt, LLP, 481 Mich 419, 425; 751 

NW2d 8 (2008). We also review de novo the proper interpretation of statutes, such as the 

MFTA. AutoAlliance, 282 Mich at 499. 

During the tax periods relevant to this case, persons who operated motor vehicles on the 

public roads and highways in Michigan were required to pay a tax of 19 cents per gallon on 

motor fuel. MCL 207.1008. The tax was collected by the fuel supplier pursuant to MCL 

207.1008(5)(b), and remitted to the state. Persons who paid the tax but used the fuel they 

purchased for nontaxable purposes could seek a refund. In that regard, MCL 207.1008(5)(c)

provides:

 3 The affidavits were from the Government Regulations Coordinator at plaintiff’s Dearborn 

Truck Plant, the Government Regulations Coordinator at plaintiff’s Michigan Assembly Plant, 

and plaintiff’s Manager of Indirect Taxes.
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(5) It is the intent of this act:

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(c) To allow persons who pay the tax imposed by this act and who use the fuel 

for a nontaxable purpose to seek a refund or claim a deduction as provided in this 

act. 

Similarly, MCL 207.1032 provides:

If a person pays the tax imposed by this act and uses the motor fuel for a 

nontaxable purpose as described in sections 33 to 47, the person may seek a 

refund of the tax. To obtain a refund, the person shall comply with the 

requirements set forth in section 48.

Section 33 of the act, MCL 207.1033, permits a taxpayer who is an “end user” to seek a 

refund for tax paid on motor fuel used by the person for nonhighway purposes. An “end user” is 

“the party who uses the fuel to power the motor vehicle into which the fuel was placed.” 

DaimlerChrysler Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 268 Mich App 528, 536; 708 NW2d 461 (2006). 

In this case, defendant does not dispute that plaintiff is an “end user” within the meaning 

of the statutory provisions. Rather, defendant contends that plaintiff failed to substantiate its 

claimed refund under MCL 207.1048. To obtain a refund under the MFTA, the taxpayer must 

comply with the requirements of MCL 207.1048. AutoAlliance, 282 Mich App at 499. MCL 

207.1048 provides, in relevant part: 

(1) In order to make a refund claim under this act, a person shall do all of 

the following:

(a) File the claim on a form or in a format prescribed by the department.

(b) Provide the information required by the department including, but not 

limited to, all of the following:

(i) The total amount of motor fuel purchased based on the original invoice 

unless the department waives this requirement.

(ii) The total amount of tax paid.

(iii) A statement that the fuel was used for an exempt purpose or by an 

exempt user.

(iv) A statement that the fuel was paid for in full.

(v) A statement printed on the form that the claim is made under penalty 

of perjury.

(c) Comply with any specific requirement described in sections 32 to 47.
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(d) Sign the claim.

(e) File the claim not more than 18 months after the date the motor fuel 

was purchased.

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(3) The department may make any investigation it considers necessary 

before refunding tax paid under this act to a person but in any case may 

investigate a refund after the refund has been issued and within 4 years from the 

date of issuance of refund.

The parties disagree regarding whether plaintiff satisfied the substantiation requirements 

of MCL 207.1048 with respect to the amount of fuel placed in each vehicle for which plaintiff 

requested a refund. As the Court of Claims correctly stated, the issue in this case is “whether 

[plaintiff] is entitled to a refund of motor fuel tax based on the gallons of fuel it actually 

purchased for exempt use in newly assembled vehicles, or whether it has failed to adequately 

substantiate its claim, thereby limiting it to a refund based on [defendant’s] standard allowance 

of 3.2 gallons of fuel per vehicle.” 

Before the Court of Claims, defendant argued that to substantiate the amount of fuel, it

required plaintiff to provide its computer fuel specification sheets or other documentation 

verifying how much fuel was placed in the specific vehicle models during the relevant tax years. 

Plaintiff asserted that it was unable to provide the fuel specification sheets because it no longer 

retained those documents. In lieu of the fuel specification sheets, plaintiff submitted affidavits 

from two of its Government Regulations Coordinators and its Manager of Indirect Taxes, 

attesting to the amount of fuel placed in each vehicle. 

Notwithstanding the affidavits, the Court of Claims concluded that defendant was entitled 

to summary disposition because plaintiff had not provided the fuel specification sheets required 

by defendant. The Court of Claims reasoned:

A plain reading of MCL 207.1048 makes clear that the Legislature gave the 

Department the authority to establish what documentation is required before a 

taxpayer can be issued a refund under the MFTA, “including, but not limited to,” 

the items enumerated in the statute. That the Legislature intended to give the 

Department wide latitude in determining whether a taxpayer has met its burden of 

substantiation is also made clear in the statutory language stating that the 

Department has the authority to make “any investigation it considers necessary 

before refunding tax paid under this act . . . .” As the Department correctly points 

out, the statute clearly allows it to require specific documentation of Ford 

pertaining to the fuel requirements of the particular vehicle models during the tax 

years at issue. While it is evident from the record that Ford may have had the 

proper documentation to support its full refund claim at some point in time, it has 

been unable to produce the required documentation and, therefore, did not satisfy 

its burden of substantiation. [(footnote omitted).]
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Plaintiff argues that in reaching this conclusion, the Court of Claims misinterpreted the 

MFTA because MCL 207.1048 cannot be read to permit defendant to determine what evidence 

substantiates a refund claim. We disagree. MCL 207.1048(3) specifically grants defendant 

authority to investigate a refund claim to the extent it considers necessary before refunding tax 

paid under the MFTA. Similarly, MCL 207.1048(1)(b), specifically requires a taxpayer seeking 

a refund to provide defendant “[t]he information required by the department.” MCL 

207.1048(1)(b). We conclude that the statute thereby permits defendant to require substantiation 

to support plaintiff’s assertion regarding how much fuel it placed in each vehicle in question, and 

necessarily, to determine what documentation is adequate for substantiation. Moreover, plaintiff 

also failed to produce sufficient evidence to substantiate its claims before the Court of Claims. 

Ostensibly, plaintiff previously had within its possession the documentation necessary to 

substantiate its claims for a greater refund, but admits that it failed to retain the documentation, 

and therefore was unable to submit the documentation either to defendant or to the Court of 

Claims. Plaintiff therefore proffered to the Court of Claims the affidavits of its employees in 

support of its refund claims. The Court of Claims, however, was not obligated to accept the 

affidavits as dispositive on the issue of substantiation, particularly given the shifting nature of the 

claimed refund amount. There can be no genuine issue of fact that Ford failed to substantiate its 

refund claim in a manner reasonably required by the department as part of its statutorily 

authorized investigation of Ford’s refund request in this case. MCL 207.1048(1)(b) and (3).

Plaintiff argues, however, that the Court of Claims’ interpretation of MCL 207.1048 

means that the Legislature violated the principle of separation of powers by delegating its powers 

to defendant. We disagree. Although the Legislature cannot delegate its powers, the Legislature 

can enact a law that delegates authority sufficient to effect the efficient administration of 

legislative policy. Michigan Elec Coop Ass’n v Michigan Public Serv Comm, 267 Mich App 

608, 622; 705 NW2d 709 (2005). The guiding factors for evaluating a claim that the Legislature 

unconstitutionally delegated authority, are (1) the act in question must be read as a whole, (2) the 

standard in question should be as reasonably precise as possible given the subject matter, and 

noting that the required precision will change with the complexity of the subject matter and the 

level of regulation, and (3) if possible, the statute must be construed as validly conferring 

administrative power with discretionary authority, as opposed to conferring legislative power or 

arbitrary authority. Id., citing Dep’t of Natural Resources v Seaman, 396 Mich 299, 308-308; 

240 NW2d 206 (1976). 

In this case, reading MCL 207.1048 in context leads to the conclusion that the MFTA 

conferred administrative, not legislative, authority upon defendant and provides constitutionally 

sufficient standards to guide defendant in the exercise of the discretion conferred upon it to 

determine the evidentiary proof necessary to carry out its task of determining refund requests 

under the act. MCL 207.1048 enumerates the general information that a taxpayer must produce 

to obtain a refund, but does not limit defendant’s ability to carry out the administrative tasks of 

investigating and determining substantiation of a refund request. Because the Legislature could 

not have specified with particularity the evidence or documentation necessary in every 

conceivable scenario, the MFTA of necessity delegated that administrative function to defendant. 

See In re Application of Michigan Elec Transmission Co, 309 Mich App 1, 20-21; 867 NW2d 

911 (2015). Reading the MFTA as a whole, and affording it the presumption of constitutionality, 

By Lo Oil Co v Dep’t of Treasury, 267 Mich App 19, 36; 703 NW2d 822 (2005), we conclude 

that the MFTA, as interpreted by the Court of Claims in this case, does not violate the principle 

of separation of powers. 
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We similarly reject plaintiff’s contention that the MFTA, as applied in this case by the 

Court of Claims, violates due process. Plaintiff argues that the MFTA, as applied by the Court of 

Claims’ decision, deprived it of fair notice of the requirements of the statute and also deprived it

of meaningful review of defendant’s decision denying the refund request. We disagree. Both 

the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution prohibit the government from 

depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. US Const Am XIV; 

Const 1963, art 1, § 17. To determine a claim alleging lack of procedural due process, we 

inquire whether a liberty or property interest exists that has been interfered with by the state and 

whether constitutionally sufficient procedures were employed in that interference. Galien Twp 

School Dist v Dep’t of Educ, 310 Mich App 238, 241; 871 NW2d 382 (2015). “The fundamental 

requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a 

meaningful manner.” By Lo Oil Co, 267 Mich App at 32 (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

In this case, we conclude that plaintiff has a property interest in its requested tax refund, 

but further conclude that constitutionally sufficient procedures were employed in denying 

plaintiff’s refund request. Here, plaintiff had an opportunity for informal proceedings before 

defendant, then review by the Court of Claims. Defendant’s expectation that plaintiff would 

substantiate its claim with documentation did not deprive plaintiff of “notice;” plaintiff’s 

statutory obligation to substantiate its claim in order to obtain the requested refund is apparent in 

the statute. Similarly, plaintiff was not denied the opportunity to be heard. The record in this 

case establishes that defendant afforded plaintiff an opportunity to challenge its decisions 

regarding plaintiff’s motor fuel tax refund claims. Defendant conducted an informal conference 

during which it afforded plaintiff ample opportunity to submit substantiating documentation 

from the relevant tax periods. Plaintiff again had the opportunity to submit substantiating 

documentation from the relevant tax periods to the Court of Claims. Review of the record 

indicates that plaintiff could not proffer substantiating documentary evidence from the relevant 

tax periods solely because it had failed to retain such documents under its document retention 

protocols. 

We also reject plaintiff’s contention that the decision of the Court of Claims is 

inconsistent with the APA. The proceeding before defendant in this case was an “informal 

conference” under MCL 205.21. Plaintiff sought review of defendant’s decision by initiating 

this action in the Court of Claims as permitted under § 22 of the Revenue Act, MCL 205.22, 

which permits a taxpayer aggrieved by a decision of defendant to appeal the decision to the 

Court of Claims or to the Michigan Tax Tribunal. The APA, which applies to review of a 

“contested case” under that act, therefore is not applicable here. See Blue Cross and Blue Shield 

of Mich v Comm of Ins, 155 Mich App 723, 729; 400 NW2d 638 (1986) (the APA governs 

review of administrative decisions when a litigant seeks judicial review under the method 

provided by the APA); see also Morales v Michigan Parole Board, 260 Mich App 29, 36; 676 

NW2d 221 (2003) (only a “contested case” is appealable under the APA). 

In summary, we hold that the Court of Claims properly applied the plain language of 

MCL 207.1048. Defendant had discretionary authority under MCL 207.1048(1)(b) to require 

that plaintiff provide substantiating evidence beyond the minimum information required by MCL 

207.1048(1)(b)(i)-(v) for the relevant tax periods, and the Court of Claims did not err by 

concluding that defendant could require specific substantiating documentary evidence as proof of 

plaintiff’s refund claims. We are thus unconvinced that the Court of Claims erred in concluding 
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that plaintiff failed to substantiate its claims for refund by failing to provide the documentation 

required by defendant to support its claim. In so concluding, we do not suggest that defendant’s 

authority to require information from a taxpayer seeking a refund intrudes upon the authority of 

the Court of Claims to review the agency’s actions, or that the department’s authority to 

investigate a refund claim is unfettered. Our de novo review of the record in this case, however, 

supports the conclusion of the Court of Claims that the evidence presented by plaintiff was 

insufficient to support its entitlement to a refund beyond defendant’s determination of 3.2 gallons 

per vehicle. The Court of Claims therefore properly granted summary disposition for defendant 

and properly denied summary disposition for plaintiff. 

Affirmed. 

/s/ Patrick M. Meter

/s/ Michael F. Gadola

/s/ Jonathan Tukel