United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________ 

SNAPRAYS, DBA SNAPPOWER,

Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP,

Defendant-Appellee

______________________ 

2023-1184

______________________ 

Appeal from the United States District Court for the 

District of Utah in No. 2:22-cv-00403-DAK, Senior Judge 

Dale A. Kimball.

______________________ 

Decided: May 2, 2024

______________________ 

ELLIOTT J. WILLIAMS, Stoel Rives LLP, Portland, OR, 

argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by 

NATHAN C. BRUNETTE; BRIAN PARK, Seattle, WA. 

 JEFFREY A. ANDREWS, Yetter Coleman, LLP, Houston, 

TX, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by 

DAVID JOSHUA GUTIERREZ, CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON. 

 ______________________ 

Before MOORE, Chief Judge, LOURIE and DYK, Circuit 

Judges.

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2 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP

MOORE, Chief Judge. 

SnapRays, d/b/a SnapPower (SnapPower) appeals a 

judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Utah dismissing its complaint for declaratory judgment of noninfringement against Lighting Defense Group 

(LDG) for lack of personal jurisdiction. Because we conclude LDG purposefully directed extra-judicial patent enforcement activities at SnapPower in Utah, we reverse and 

remand for further proceedings.

BACKGROUND

LDG is a Delaware limited liability company with its 

principal place of business in Arizona. LDG owns U.S. Patent No. 8,668,347. The ’347 patent relates to a cover for 

an electrical receptacle including a faceplate and a transmission tab configured to be electrically connected to the 

receptacle. ’347 patent at Abstract. 

SnapPower is a Utah company with its principal place 

of business in Utah. SnapPower designs, markets, and 

sells electrical outlet covers with integrated guide lights, 

safety lights, motion sensor lights, and USB charging technology. These activities take place in Utah. J.A. 144. 

SnapPower sells its products on Amazon.com. 

Amazon offers a low-cost procedure called the Amazon 

Patent Evaluation Express (APEX) “[t]o efficiently resolve 

claims that third-party product listings infringe utility patents.” J.A. 160. Under APEX, a third-party determines 

whether a product sold on Amazon.com likely infringes a 

utility patent, and if so, Amazon removes the listing from 

Amazon.com. J.A. 163. To initiate an evaluation under 

APEX, a patent owner submits an APEX Agreement to Amazon which identifies one claim of a patent and up to 20 

allegedly infringing listings. J.A. 161. Amazon then sends 

the APEX Agreement to all identified sellers. J.A. 160. 

Each seller has three options to avoid automatic removal of 

their accused listings: (1) opt into the APEX program and 

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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 3

proceed with the third-party evaluation; (2) resolve the 

claim directly with the patent owner; or (3) file a lawsuit 

for declaratory judgment of noninfringement. J.A. 66–67. 

If the seller takes no action in response to the APEX Agreement, the accused listings are removed from Amazon.com 

after three weeks. J.A. 160. 

In May 2022, LDG submitted an APEX Agreement alleging certain SnapPower products sold on Amazon.com infringed the ’347 patent. Amazon notified SnapPower of the 

APEX Agreement and the available options. J.A. 66–67. 

After receiving the notification, SnapPower and LDG exchanged emails regarding the notice. J.A. 95. The parties 

also held a conference call, but no agreement was reached. 

SnapPower subsequently filed an action for declaratory 

judgment of noninfringement. LDG moved to dismiss for 

lack of personal jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(2). The district court granted LDG’s motion, holding it lacked specific personal jurisdiction over 

LDG. SnapRays, LLC v. Lighting Def. Grp. LLC, No. 2:22-

CV-403-DAK-DAO, 2022 WL 16712899 (D. Utah Nov. 4, 

2022) (Decision). 

The district court concluded LDG lacked sufficient contacts with Utah for it to exercise specific personal jurisdiction. Id. at *5. Specifically, the district court found

SnapPower did not demonstrate LDG purposefully directed activities at SnapPower in Utah, or that the action 

arose out of or related to any LDG activities in Utah. Id. 

Instead, the district court found LDG’s allegations of infringement were directed toward Amazon in Washington, 

where the APEX Agreement was sent. Id. at *4. The district court found that while there may have been foreseeable effects in Utah, there was no evidence that LDG 

reached out to Utah except in response to SnapPower’s 

communications. Id. The district court also noted that under Federal Circuit law, principles of fair play and substantial justice support a finding that LDG is not subject to

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4 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP

specific personal jurisdiction in Utah. Id. at *5 (citing Red 

Wing Shoe Co. v. Hockerson-Halberstadt, Inc., 148 F.3d 

1355, 1360–61 (Fed. Cir. 1998)). SnapPower appeals. We 

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). 

DISCUSSION

Personal jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo. Autogenomics, Inc. v. Oxford Gene Tech. Ltd., 

566 F.3d 1012, 1016 (Fed. Cir. 2009). This appeal involves 

only claims of patent noninfringement, so “we apply Federal Circuit law because the jurisdictional issue is intimately involved with the substance of the patent laws.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Avocent 

Huntsville Corp. v. Aten Intern. Co., Ltd., 552 F.3d 1324, 

1328 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). 

“Determining whether personal jurisdiction exists over 

an out-of-state defendant involves two inquiries: whether a 

forum state’s long-arm statute permits service of process, 

and whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction would 

violate due process.” Inamed Corp. v. Kuzmak, 249 F.3d 

1356, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2001). Utah’s long-arm statute is “extended to the fullest extent allowed by due process of law.” 

Starways, Inc. v. Curry, 980 P.2d 204, 206 (Utah 1999). 

Therefore, “the two inquiries collapse into a single inquiry: 

whether jurisdiction comports with due process.” Inamed, 

249 F.3d at 1360.

Here, where the parties agree there is no general jurisdiction over LDG, we have set forth a three-factor test for 

whether specific personal jurisdiction comports with due 

process: “(1) whether the defendant ‘purposefully directed’ 

its activities at residents of the forum; (2) whether the 

claim ‘arises out of or relates to’ the defendant’s activities 

with the forum; and (3) whether assertion of personal jurisdiction is ‘reasonable and fair.’” Xilinx, Inc. v. Papst Licensing GmbH & Co. KG, 848 F.3d 1346, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 

2017) (citing Inamed, 249 F.3d at 1360). “The first two factors comprise the ‘minimum contacts’ portion of the 

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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 5

jurisdictional framework. . . .” Jack Henry & Assocs., Inc. 

v. Plano Encryption Techs. LLC, 910 F.3d 1199, 1204 (Fed. 

Cir. 2018). Where the first two factors are satisfied, specific jurisdiction is “presumptively reasonable.” Xilinx, 848 

F.3d at 1356. The burden then shifts to the defendant to 

present “a compelling case that the presence of some other 

considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable.” 

Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 477 (1985). 

I 

SnapPower argues that LDG purposefully directed enforcement activities at Utah when it initiated the APEX 

program. We agree LDG purposefully directed its activities at SnapPower in Utah, intending effects which would 

be felt in Utah, and conclude this satisfies the first element 

of our test for specific personal jurisdiction. LDG intentionally submitted the APEX Agreement to Amazon. The 

APEX Agreement identified SnapPower listings as allegedly infringing. LDG knew, by the terms of APEX, Amazon 

would notify SnapPower of the APEX Agreement and inform SnapPower of the options available to it under APEX. 

J.A. 160. If SnapPower took no action, its listings would be 

removed, which would necessarily affect sales and activities in Utah. SnapPower therefore sufficiently alleged

LDG “undertook intentional actions that were expressly 

aimed at th[e] forum state,” and “foresaw (or knew) the effects of its action would be felt in the forum state.” Dudnikov, 514 F.3d at 1077. This satisfies the first factor. 

This decision is consistent with our sister circuits

which held extra-judicial enforcement activities, even 

when routed through a third-party, satisfy purposeful direction. Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermilion Fine Arts, Inc., 

514 F.3d 1063 (10th Cir. 2008); Bancroft & Masters, Inc. v. 

August National Inc., 223 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled in part on other grounds by Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue 

Contre Le Racisme Et L’Antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199, 1207 

(9th Cir. 2006) (holding that “the ‘brunt’ of the harm need 

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6 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP

not be suffered in the forum state” and “[i]f a jurisdictionally sufficient amount of harm is suffered in the forum 

state, it does not matter that even more harm might have 

been suffered in another state”). 

In Dudnikov, the Tenth Circuit concluded a Colorado 

court had specific personal jurisdiction over a copyright 

owner where that owner submitted a notice of claimed infringement (NOCI) to eBay’s Verified Rights Owner 

(VeRO) program. Dudnikov, 514 F.3d at 1068. Under the 

VeRO program, eBay automatically terminated the plaintiffs’ auction when a NOCI was submitted. Id. The court 

reasoned that while the defendants’ NOCI was technically 

directed at California, where eBay was located, defendants’ 

“express aim in acting was to halt a Colorado-based sale by 

a Colorado resident, and neither the lack of defendants’ 

physical presence in Colorado nor the fact that they used a 

California-based entity to effectuate this purpose diminish 

this fact.” Id. at 1076. 

The Ninth Circuit reached a similar conclusion in Bancroft. There, the court concluded a California district court 

had specific personal jurisdiction over a defendant who 

sent a letter to Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI), the sole registrar of domain names in the United States at the time, 

challenging plaintiff’s use of a domain name. Bancroft, 223 

F.3d at 1084–85. Like Dudnikov, defendant’s letter automatically triggered NSI’s dispute resolution process, which 

would result in the plaintiff losing the domain name unless 

a declaratory judgment action was filed. Id. at 1085. The 

court reasoned the defendant acted intentionally when it 

sent the letter, and even though the letter was sent to NSI 

in Virginia, it was expressly aimed at the plaintiff in California because it individually targeted the plaintiff, a California corporation, and the effects would foreseeably be felt

primarily in California. Id. at 1088.

LDG argues our precedent requires a different outcome. In Avocent, Avocent argued the purposeful direction

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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 7

element was satisfied by letters sent by the defendant to 

Amazon and Avocent because “the intended effect of the 

letters was to slow the sale of Avocent’s allegedly infringing 

products.” 552 F.3d at 1340. We held sending the letters 

did not constitute purposefully directed activities because 

“a patent owner may, without more, send cease and desist 

letters to a suspected infringer, or its customers, without 

being subjected to personal jurisdiction in the suspected infringer’s home state.” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting 

Breckenridge Pharm., Inc. v. Metabolite Lab’ys, Inc., 444 

F.3d 1356, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2006)). Importantly, the letters 

sent by Aten did not have any automatic effect. In other 

words, the letters could be ignored without automatic consequences to Avocent and Avocent’s business activities. 

The APEX Agreement goes beyond a cease and desist letter 

because, absent action by SnapPower in response to the 

APEX Agreement, SnapPower’s listings would have been 

removed from Amazon.com. J.A. 67. The automatic 

takedown process, which would affect sales and activities 

in the forum state, is the “more” Avocent envisioned. 

Second, LDG argues we are bound by Radio Systems

Corp. v. Accession, Inc., 638 F.3d 785 (Fed. Cir. 2011), 

where we rejected the logic of Dudnikov and Bancroft. We 

do not agree. In Radio Systems, we held interactions between the defendant’s counsel and the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) did not give rise to personal jurisdiction. 

638 F.3d at 792. The defendant in Radio Systems alerted 

the PTO to the existence of the patent in question during 

examination of plaintiff’s patent. Id. at 788. The defendant did not initiate extra-judicial patent enforcement or 

reach into the forum state to affect allegedly infringing 

sales. To the extent LDG argues Radio Systems stands for 

the idea that in personam patent enforcement within the 

forum state is necessary to create specific personal jurisdiction, courts have held otherwise. See, e.g., Trimble Inc. 

v. PerDiem Co. LLC, 997 F.3d 1147, 1155–56 (Fed. Cir. 

2021) (describing relevant contacts such as sending 

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8 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP

communications into the forum state); see also Burger 

King, 471 U.S. at 467 (“So long as a commercial actor’s efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents of another 

State, we have consistently rejected the notion that an absence of physical contacts can defeat personal jurisdiction 

there.”). 

Third, LDG argues we also rejected Dudnikov and Bancroft in Maxchief Investments, Ltd. v. Wok & Pan Industry, 

Inc., 909 F.3d 1134 (Fed. Cir. 2018). We do not agree. In 

Maxchief, we held a patentee’s suit against a company in 

California did not give rise to specific personal jurisdiction 

over the patentee in Tennessee, the home state of a downstream distributor of the California company. 909 F.3d at 

1138. “[I]t is not enough that [the patentee’s] lawsuit 

might have ‘effects’ in Tennessee. Rather, jurisdiction 

‘must be based on intentional conduct by the defendant’ directed at the forum.” Id. (quoting Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 

277, 286 (2014)). The lawsuit filed in California was directed at California, not Tennessee, and any effects that 

might be felt in Tennessee were too attenuated to satisfy 

minimum contacts. Id. at 1139. There was no enforcement 

action, or any action at all, taken against the Tennessee 

distributor or directed at Tennessee. Here, however, LDG 

purposefully directed the APEX Agreement, through Amazon in Washington, at SnapPower in Utah. LDG’s express 

aim was the removal of SnapPower’s Amazon.com listings, 

which would necessarily affect sales, marketing, and other 

activities in Utah. 

Fourth, LDG argues Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 

(2014), requires affirmance. The Supreme Court in Walden 

held Nevada did not have specific personal jurisdiction over 

a Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) officer in a suit seeking 

money damages under Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). Walden, 571 U.S. at 281. 

The Court explained “the plaintiff cannot be the only link 

between the defendant and the forum. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the necessary connection 

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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 9

with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction 

over him.” Id. at 285 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 478). 

The Court concluded that the defendant’s actions of approaching, questioning, searching, and seizing the money 

of plaintiffs in the Atlanta airport was not directed at Nevada, the home state of the plaintiffs. Id. at 288. The Court 

also concluded that drafting a “false probable cause affidavit” in Georgia, sent to the United States Attorney’s Office 

in Georgia, did not connect the defendant to Nevada. Id. 

The plaintiffs’ connections to Nevada did not satisfy minimum contacts of the defendant with Nevada. Id. at 289.

The Walden Court distinguished the result in Calder v. 

Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984), where the out-of-state action 

“connected the defendants’ conduct to California, not just 

to a plaintiff who lived there.” Id. at 288 (emphasis in original). In Calder, the Court found specific personal jurisdiction where an out-of-state defendant wrote an allegedly 

libelous article about a resident of California. Calder, 465 

U.S. at 791. The Walden Court explained that the effects 

of the alleged libel, loss of reputation through communication to third persons, connected the defendant to California 

and not just the resident of California. Walden, 465 U.S.

at 287. Here as well, the intended effect would necessarily

affect marketing, sales, and other activities within Utah. 

We therefore conclude LDG’s actions were purposefully directed at residents of Utah.

II.

The second factor in the test for whether specific personal jurisdiction comports with due process asks whether 

the claim arises out of or relates to the defendant’s activities with the forum. Xilinx, 848 F.3d at 1353. LDG argues 

SnapPower’s action for declaratory judgment of noninfringement does not arise from or relate to any activity by 

LDG in Utah because the APEX Agreement was sent to 

Washington, not Utah. Because we hold LDG’s action of 

submitting the APEX Agreement was directed towards 

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10 SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP

SnapPower in Utah and aimed to affect marketing, sales, 

and other activities in Utah, we also conclude SnapPower’s 

suit arises out of defendant’s activities with the forum.

III.

Having satisfied the first two factors, specific jurisdiction is “presumptively reasonable.” Xilinx, 848 F.3d at 

1356. LDG argues, under the third factor, the assertion of 

specific personal jurisdiction over it in Utah would be unfair and unreasonable. The “crux” of LDG’s argument is 

“based on concerns about how ruling for SnapPower in this 

matter opens the floodgates of personal jurisdiction and allow lawsuits against any APEX participant anywhere in 

the country.” Response Br. at 51. The district court agreed 

with LDG, noting under our case law, “principles of fair 

play and substantial justice afford a patentee sufficient latitude to inform others of its patent rights without subjecting itself to jurisdiction in a foreign forum.” Decision at *5 

(quoting Red Wing Shoe, 148 F.3d at 1360–61)). We conclude LDG did not meet its burden to present “a compelling 

case that the presence of some other considerations would 

render jurisdiction unreasonable.” Burger King, 471 U.S. 

at 477.

First, we are unpersuaded that our holding will open 

the floodgates of personal jurisdiction, or that such a result 

is inherently unreasonable. Parties who participate in 

APEX by submitting an Agreement will only be subject to 

specific personal jurisdiction where they have targeted a 

forum state by identifying listings for removal that, if removed, affect the marketing, sales, or other activities in 

that state. LDG has not presented any compelling argument for why this result is unreasonable. 

Second, our holding does not disturb the policy of Red 

Wing Shoe. Red Wing Shoe held principles of fair play and 

substantial justice protected a patentee from being subject 

to specific personal jurisdiction in a forum where the only 

contact with the forum is sending a cease and desist letter. 

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SNAPRAYS v. LIGHTING DEFENSE GROUP 11

148 F.3d at 1361. We explained that a “patentee should 

not subject itself to personal jurisdiction in a forum solely 

by informing a party who happens to be located there of 

suspected infringement.” Id. Here, LDG did more than 

send a cease and desist letter. LDG initiated a process 

that, if SnapPower took no action, would result in SnapPower’s listings being removed from Amazon.com, necessarily affecting sales activities in Utah. LDG has not 

articulated a compelling argument why it would be unfair 

or unreasonable for it to be subject to specific personal jurisdiction in Utah under these circumstances. 

CONCLUSION

We have considered LDG’s other arguments and find 

them unpersuasive. Because LDG’s actions satisfy the

three-factor test for specific personal jurisdiction, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

REVERSED AND REMANDED

COSTS

No costs. 

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