2024 IL App (4th) 230660-U 

NO. 4-23-0660 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 

MICHAEL S. SWANSON, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of

Boone County 

No. 23CF14 

Honorable 

Ryan A. Swift,

Judge Presiding.

 

JUSTICE LANNERD delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Steigmann and Doherty concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The appellate court affirmed, concluding (1) the trial court did not commit plain 

error in keeping defendant shackled during one pro se pretrial motion hearing and 

(2) the record does not establish defendant was physically restrained in any way 

during his pro se bench trial.

¶ 2 Following a June 2023 bench trial, defendant, Michael S. Swanson, was convicted 

of one count of violation of an order of protection (720 ILCS 5/12-3.4(a)(1) (West 2022)). The 

trial court sentenced defendant to 30 months’ imprisonment, to be followed by 4 years’ 

mandatory supervised release (MSR). Defendant appeals, arguing the court committed plain 

error when it required him to be shackled during his pro se pretrial motion hearings and pro se 

bench trial without conducting the requisite hearing to determine whether keeping him shackled 

on those occasions was appropriate. We affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

FILED

April 16, 2024

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL

NOTICE

This Order was filed under 

Supreme Court Rule 23 and is 

not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1). 
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¶ 4 In September 2022, defendant was served with an order of protection issued by 

the circuit court of Boone County, prohibiting him from having contact with his ex-girlfriend, 

A.B. On January 18, 2023, defendant e-mailed A.B. three times, in violation of the order of 

protection. The next day, the State charged defendant with one count of violation of an order of 

protection (720 ILCS 5/12-3.4(a)(1) (West 2022)). The State charged this offense as a Class 4 

felony since defendant had been convicted the previous year of violation of an order of 

protection. (720 ILCS 5/12-3.4(d) (West 2022)).

¶ 5 A. Defendant’s Pretrial Hearings

¶ 6 Defendant attended numerous pretrial hearings, beginning with his initial 

appearance on February 1, 2023, when he demanded a speedy trial and stated he intended to hire 

an attorney. The trial court appointed the public defender to represent defendant in the interim. 

On May 5, 2023, the court granted the public defender’s motion to withdraw and allowed 

defendant to proceed pro se. The court and/or public defender stated on the record defendant was 

“in custody” at each hearing from his initial appearance up to and including the May 26, 2023, 

status hearing except the March 16, 2023, hearing, at which the public defender informed the 

court of defendant’s insistence on proceeding pro se. The only indication defendant was in 

custody at the June 7, 2023, hearing on his pro se motion to dismiss is the statement on the cover 

page of the transcript, “Defendant appears in custody pro se.”

¶ 7 The trial court continued the hearing on defendant’s pro se motion to dismiss to

June 16, 2023. On that date, though the court did not state defendant was “in custody,” the cover 

page of the transcript of the hearing reflects he was. After hearing additional argument, the court 

denied defendant’s motion to dismiss.
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¶ 8 The same day, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s pro se “Motion to 

Suppress Police Report” and “Motion to Suppress Search Warrant.” The court first denied the 

motion to suppress the police report. During the hearing on the motion to suppress the search 

warrant, the following exchange occurred: 

“THE DEFENDANT: Well, it says that [Belvidere police detective 

Richard Zapf] found, seized and took possession of” *** “certain property and 

hereby [makes an] inventory of all said property as seized, you know, talking 

about file types downloaded on a USB flash drive on June 6th, you know, so 

that’s when he allegedly seized it *** and they got 96 hours to execute it, but then 

they also have to return whatever they find, you know—I mean, I don’t have it in 

front of me because I’m cuffed but— 

THE COURT: I understand perfectly what you’re saying. I think it’s well 

taken. I can’t find that Google only has 96 hours to turn that over, though, is my 

point.” (Emphasis added.)

¶ 9 The trial court then denied defendant’s “Motion to Suppress Search Warrant.” 

Thereafter, defendant demanded a “[b]ench trial ASAP.” During the colloquy regarding 

defendant’s waiver of his right to a jury trial, the court observed he was “in custody.” The court 

accepted defendant’s jury waiver as “freely and voluntarily made.”

¶ 10 B. Defendant’s Bench Trial

¶ 11 During defendant’s June 29, 2023, bench trial, defendant appeared in court 

wearing an orange and white jumpsuit. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court reserved 

issuing its verdict. The court stated, “[defendant] is obviously in custody so I don’t want to take 

too much time.”
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¶ 12 On July 3, 2023, the trial court rendered a verdict of guilty. Although the court did 

not state defendant was “in custody,” the cover page of the transcript of the hearing reflects he 

was.

¶ 13 At the beginning of the July 21, 2023, sentencing hearing, the trial court noted 

defendant appeared “in custody and [was] about to be seated at counsel table.” The court

sentenced defendant to 30 months’ imprisonment, followed by 4 years’ MSR. 

¶ 14 This appeal followed.

¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 16 On appeal, defendant argues he was denied due process when the trial court kept 

him shackled during his pro se pretrial hearings and bench trial. Acknowledging he did not 

preserve this issue for review, defendant asserts the court committed plain error when it did not 

conduct a hearing pursuant to People v. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d 261, 362 N.E.2d 303 (1977), on the 

propriety of keeping him shackled on those occasions. The State responds no plain error 

occurred because (1) defendant has not provided a record adequate to establish he was shackled 

during pretrial hearings, (2) even if he was shackled during pretrial hearings, this would not 

implicate the due process concerns identified by the Illinois Supreme Court in Boose and later 

codified in Illinois Supreme Court Rule 430 (eff. July 1, 2010), and (3) the record reflects he was 

merely “in custody,” not shackled at trial, and he has not provided a record adequate to establish 

otherwise.

¶ 17 “To preserve a purported error for consideration by a reviewing court, a defendant 

must object to the error at trial and raise the error in a posttrial motion. [Citation.] Failure to do 

either results in forfeiture.” People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48, 89 N.E.3d 675. However, 

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), “[p]lain errors or defects 
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affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the 

trial court.” An appellate court may review a forfeited issue in two circumstances. Those are: 

“(1) when a ‘clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely 

balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the 

defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error,’ or (2) when ‘a clear or 

obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of 

the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless 

of the closeness of the evidence.’ [Citation.]” Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48. 

¶ 18 Defendant contends we should review this issue for second-prong plain error. 

“The initial step in conducting plain-error analysis is to determine whether error occurred at all.”

People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124, 902 N.E.2d 691, 697 (2009).

¶ 19 A. Shackling Criminal Defendants During Trial

¶ 20 1. Boose 

¶ 21 In Boose, the Illinois Supreme Court held: 

“A defendant may be shackled when there is reason to believe that he may 

try to escape or that he may pose a threat to the safety of the people in the 

courtroom or if it is necessary to maintain order during the trial. [Citations.] *** 

The trial judge should state for the record his reasons for allowing the defendant 

to remain shackled, and he should give the defendant’s attorney an opportunity to 

present reasons why the defendant should not be shackled. These proceedings

should take place outside the presence of the jury. [Citations.]” Boose, 66 Ill. 2d at 

266. 
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¶ 22 The supreme court then identified a series of factors trial judges should consider 

in determining whether to keep defendants shackled during trials:

“ ‘[T]he seriousness of the present charge against the defendant; 

defendant’s temperament and character; his age and physical attributes; his past 

record; past escapes or attempted escapes, and evidence of a present plan to 

escape; threats to harm others or cause a disturbance; self-destructive tendencies; 

the risk of mob violence or of attempted revenge by others; the possibility of 

rescue by other offenders still at large; the size and mood of the audience; the 

nature and physical security of the courtroom; and the adequacy and availability 

of alternative remedies.’ [Citations.]” Boose, 66 Ill. 2d at 266-67. 

¶ 23 The supreme court held these principles applied to pretrial competency hearings 

as well as trials. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d at 268. The court quoted its decision in People v. Bender, 20 

Ill. 2d 45, 47-48, 169 N.E.2d 328, 330 (1960), where it noted the importance of such hearings 

being conducted without prejudicial error given they are intended to protect a defendant’s 

constitutional right not to be tried while mentally incompetent. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d at 268-69. 

¶ 24 2. In re Staley

¶ 25 In In re Staley, 67 Ill. 2d 33, 364 N.E.2d 72 (1977), the supreme court extended 

its holding in Boose to the context of a bench trial. While there was no jury trial at issue in 

Staley, 

“[t]he possibility of prejudicing a jury *** is not the only reason why courts 

should not allow the shackling of an accused in the absence of a strong necessity 

for doing so. The presumption of innocence is central to our administration of 

criminal justice. *** It jeopardizes the presumption’s value and protection and 
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demeans our justice for an accused without clear cause to be required to stand in a 

courtroom in manacles or other restraints while he is being judged.” Staley, 67 Ill. 

2d at 37.

The court held, in the absence of a showing of its necessity, “an accused cannot be tried in 

shackles whether there is to be a bench trial or a trial by jury.” Staley, 67 Ill. 2d at 38. 

¶ 26 3. People v. Allen

¶ 27 In People v. Allen, 222 Ill. 2d 340, 347, 856 N.E.2d 349, 353 (2006), the supreme 

court held “[its] holdings in Boose and Staley regarding shackles apply equally to those 

defendants who are restrained by means of an electronic stun belt worn under their clothing at 

trial.” The court required trial courts to apply the Boose standard to the determination of whether 

“there has been a showing of manifest need” for defendants to wear such devices during trial. 

Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 347. The court held that “[a] trial court’s failure to follow the procedures set 

forth in Boose before ordering that defendant continue to wear an electronic stun belt during his 

trial constitutes a due process violation.” Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 349. However, “although the failure 

to conduct a Boose hearing under these circumstances is an error, defendant’s failure to object 

and to carry his burden of persuasion amounts to forfeiture of the error, where he cannot 

establish that it prevented him from obtaining a fair trial.” Allen, 222 Ill. 2d at 353-54. See 

People v. Bell, 2020 IL App (4th) 170804, ¶ 127, 145 N.E.3d 740 (noting the Allen court 

disagreed with the proposition that restraining a defendant without a Boose hearing automatically 

constituted plain error and held, instead, “the issue of second-prong plain error must be 

considered on a case-by-case basis”). 

¶ 28 4. Rule 430
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¶ 29 The supreme court codified its holdings in Boose and Allen in Illinois Supreme 

Court Rule 430 (eff. July 1, 2010); People v. Reese, 2017 IL 120011, ¶ 48, 102 N.E.3d 126. In

pertinent part, Rule 430 provides: 

“An accused shall not be placed in restraint of any form unless there is a 

manifest need for restraint to protect the security of the court, the proceedings, or 

to prevent escape. Persons charged with a criminal offense are presumed innocent 

until otherwise proven guilty and are entitled to participate in their defense as free 

persons before the jury or bench. Any deviation from this right shall be based on 

evidence specifically considered by the trial court on a case-by-case basis. The 

determination of whether to impose a physical restraint shall be limited to trial 

proceedings in which the defendant’s innocence or guilt is to be determined, and 

does not apply to bond hearings or other instances where the defendant may be 

required to appear before the court prior to a trial being commenced.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 

430 (eff. July 1, 2010).

¶ 30 B. Defendant’s Pretrial Hearings

¶ 31 This court has observed that while Rule 430 is a codification of the holdings in 

Boose and Allen, it is not a precise replication. We have noted “while the supreme court stated in 

its comments to Rule 430 *** the rule codified Boose and Allen (Ill. S. Ct. R. 430, Commentary 

(adopted Mar. 22, 2010)), a conflict exists with the Boose finding its determination applied to 

pretrial competency hearings and the language of the rule.” People v. Kelley, 2013 IL App (4th) 

110874, ¶ 19, 986 N.E.2d 770.

¶ 32 While the record reflects defendant appeared “in custody” at various pretrial 

hearings, it also only establishes he was physically restrained for one hearing on his various 
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pretrial motions. As the supreme court stated in Boose, the requirements a trial court must satisfy 

before allowing a defendant to be shackled during trial apply as well to pretrial competency

hearings because of the fundamental due process concerns inherent in determining if a defendant 

is mentally competent before subjecting him to trial. Boose, 66 Ill. 2d at 268-69 (quoting Bender, 

20 Ill. 2d at 47-48). However, the pretrial hearing on defendant’s motions to suppress was not 

such a hearing. Citing the Third District’s decision in People v. Rippatoe, 408 Ill. App. 3d 1061, 

945 N.E.2d 132 (2011), defendant argues the Boose requirements should apply to “a substantive 

pretrial hearing,” such as the one at issue here. The Third District read Boose and Allen as 

holding “it is error for a court to order or permit a defendant to be shackled at any point in a 

criminal proceeding unless the court has conducted a hearing in which it determines a manifest 

need for such restraints.” (Emphasis added.) Rippatoe, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 1066-67. However, 

this court disagreed with the Rippatoe court’s interpretation of Boose and Allen, noting both 

decisions “addressed the use of restraints in the presence of a jury but did not discuss the use of 

restraints at all criminal proceedings.” (Emphasis added.) Kelley, 2013 IL App (4th) 110874, 

¶ 21. 

¶ 33 Moreover, the supreme court expressly restricted the application of Rule 430 to 

“trial proceedings in which the defendant’s innocence or guilt is to be determined” and 

separately excluded “bond hearings or other instances where the defendant may be required to 

appear before the court prior to a trial being commenced” from its application. Ill. S. Ct. R. 430 

(eff. Jan. 1, 2010). “Where the language [of an Illinois Supreme Court rule] is plain and 

unambiguous, we may not add provisions not contained therein or read exceptions or limitations 

into the rule that conflict with the drafters’ expressed intent.” In re H.L., 2015 IL 118529, ¶ 6, 48 

N.E.3d 1071.
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¶ 34 Here, under the express language of Rule 430, the pretrial motion hearing where

defendant was shackled was not a “trial proceeding[ ] in which [his] innocence or guilt [was] to 

be determined” but is, instead, one of those “other instances where [he was] required to appear 

before the court prior to a trial being commenced” to which the requirements of Rule 430 do not 

apply. Ill. S. Ct. R. 430 (eff. Jan. 1, 2010). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err in 

allowing defendant to be physically restrained during the pretrial hearing at issue without first 

holding a hearing to determine its necessity. As the court did not err, there can be no plain error. 

People v. Johnson, 218 Ill. 2d 125, 139, 842 N.E.2d 714, 722 (2005). 

¶ 35 C. Defendant’s Bench Trial

¶ 36 Defendant argues his shackling at his bench trial can be established by 

“reasonable inferences” from the record. Defendant refers to points during the bench trial where 

he was assisted by the bailiff with handling exhibits to “strongly indicate[ ] that he was 

shackled.” Specifically, defendant references three instances where the trial court invited him to 

hand an exhibit to the bailiff. 

First: 

“THE DEFENDANT: Your Honor, am I able to have him read Lines 7 

through 12 from his police report for the Court?

THE COURT: Sure. Yeah, if you want to approach? Or have—why don’t 

you give that to my bailiff, have him approach.”

Second: 

“THE DEFENDANT: Can the defense ask the Court— 

THE COURT: —want to hand that to my bailiff to provide to the officer?” 

Third and finally: 
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“THE DEFENDANT: Okay. So this is going to be Defendant’s Exhibit 

No. 15.

THE COURT: 15?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

THE COURT: Okay. And then if you want to hand that to my bailiff to 

hand to the officer.”

¶ 37 However, the foregoing examples illustrate only that defendant was assisted by 

the bailiff in his presentation of exhibits during his bench trial. Nowhere in the record do we find

any evidence that could be reasonably construed as implying defendant was shackled during 

trial. “On appeal, it is generally the appellant’s burden to provide the reviewing court with a 

sufficient record to establish the error that he complains of.” Doe v. Readey, 2023 IL App (1st) 

230867, ¶ 36. “[A] reviewing court cannot look beyond the record and speculate on what may 

have occurred in the trial court. A court of review is limited to the record before it.” Webster v. 

Hartman, 195 Ill. 2d 426, 436, 749 N.E.2d 958, 964 (2001). While the record reflects defendant 

was (1) “in custody,” (2) wearing an orange and white jumpsuit, and (3) assisted by the bailiff,

these facts do not establish he was physically restrained. To conclude defendant was shackled 

during trial on this record would require us to engage in speculation beyond the record, which we 

will not do.

¶ 38 Accordingly, defendant has not met his burden of demonstrating error by the trial 

court. See People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 593, 893 N.E.2d 653, 659-60 (2008) (“When a 

defendant fails to establish plain error, the result is that the ‘procedural default must be 

honored.’ ”). 

¶ 39 III. CONCLUSION
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¶ 40 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 41 Affirmed.