PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 20-7250

KEVIN PITTS,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA; ANDERSON COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT; 

MINDY HERVEY, Solicitor, individual and official capacity; CHARLES WHITEN, 

Attorney, individual and official capacity; J. CARPENTER, Attorney, individual and 

official capacity; KEVIN MATHERSON, State Officer, individual and official capacity; 

J. MARTIN, State Officer, individual and official capacity; MIKE J. PELUSO, State 

Officer, individual and official capacity; R. GEBING, State Officer, individual and official 

capacity,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at 

Anderson. Joseph F. Anderson, Jr., Senior District Judge. (8:20-cv-00092-JFA)

Argued: December 8, 2022 Decided: April 13, 2023

Before HARRIS and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges, and Patricia Tolliver GILES, United 

States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

Vacated in part and remanded by published opinion. Judge Harris wrote the majority 

opinion, in which Judge Giles joined. Judge Richardson wrote a dissenting opinion.

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ARGUED: Kathryn L. Wynbrandt, JENNER & BLOCK LLP, Washington, D.C., for 

Appellant. Erin B. Ashwell, MCGUIREWOODS, LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for CourtAppointed Amicus. ON BRIEF: Amir H. Ali, RODERICK & SOLANGE 

MACARTHUR JUSTICE CENTER, Washington, D.C.; Ian Heath Gershengorn, JENNER 

& BLOCK LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Alan Wilson, Attorney General, L. 

David Leggett III, Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL 

OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Columbia, South Carolina, for Appellees. Robert S. Day, Evan 

X. Tucker, MCGUIREWOODS LLP, Richmond, Virginia, for Court-Assigned Amicus 

Counsel. 

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PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:

Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s “three-strikes rule,” an incarcerated 

plaintiff who has previously filed three lawsuits dismissed on certain grounds ordinarily 

will not be granted in forma pauperis status to file a new suit. When Kevin Pitts filed his 

first pro se § 1983 complaint as a prisoner, the district court dismissed his complaint and 

then declared its dismissal a “strike” for purposes of the three-strikes rule. On appeal, Pitts 

argues that the district court lacked authority to prospectively adjudicate a strike, and we 

agree. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgment in part and remand for issuance 

of a revised order. 

I.

A.

We begin by briefly explaining the “three-strikes rule” in the background of this 

case. The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), enacted in 1996, is intended to limit 

the number of frivolous lawsuits filed by prisoners. To that end, the PLRA regulates the 

circumstances under which prisoners may obtain in forma pauperis status, which allows 

them to pay court filing fees on a schedule instead of all up front. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915. 

As relevant here, a prisoner generally may not proceed in forma pauperis, or “IFP,” if he 

has previously filed three complaints dismissed for “fail[ure] to state a claim” or as 

“frivolous” or “malicious”: 

[I]f the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or 

detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United 

States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or 

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fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, [he may not proceed 

in forma pauperis] unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious 

physical injury.

28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The question here is whether a district court dismissing a prisoner 

complaint is authorized, at that time, to rule that its dismissal is a “strike” for purposes of 

future litigation.

B.

We turn now to the proceedings in this case. Plaintiff Kevin Pitts is incarcerated in 

South Carolina state prison after pleading guilty to murder. In 2020, he filed a pro se 

§ 1983 complaint in federal court, seeking damages for alleged constitutional violations 

committed by the State of South Carolina; various state entities and officials, including his 

prosecutor; and his defense counsel. According to Pitts, he was illegally arrested without 

a warrant, the prosecutor in his case engaged in misconduct, and his defense counsel was 

constitutionally ineffective. Pitts, who was filing his first civil rights suit as a prisoner, 

moved for leave to proceed in forma pauperis under 28 U.S.C. § 1915, and the district court 

granted his motion. 

The case was then assigned to a magistrate judge for screening. When a prisoner 

sues a governmental defendant, the PLRA’s screening provision tasks the court with an 

initial review to determine whether the complaint is “frivolous, malicious, or fails to state 

a claim upon which relief may be granted” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who 

is immune” from damages. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. For cases filed in forma pauperis – like 

Pitts’s – a partially overlapping provision requires dismissal if the court determines that 

the action is “(i) frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be 

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granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 

28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). 

The magistrate judge accordingly screened Pitts’s complaint at the outset of the 

proceedings, prior to service of process on the defendants. After reviewing Pitts’s claims 

in some detail, the magistrate judge recommended that his action be dismissed. Pitts’s 

claims based on his arrest and prosecution, the magistrate judge found, were barred by 

Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994), under which a § 1983 plaintiff seeking damages 

for an unconstitutional conviction must first show that his conviction was reversed or 

otherwise set aside. Moreover, Pitts’s claims against South Carolina were barred by 

sovereign immunity, and his claims against his prosecutor by prosecutorial immunity. The 

magistrate judge also recommended dismissal of Pitts’s other claims for reasons not at 

issue on appeal, and then, finally, recommended that Pitts’s action be “designated a ‘strike’ 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).” Report of Magistrate Judge at 9.1

The district court accepted the magistrate’s recommendation over Pitts’s objections

and dismissed Pitts’s complaint at the screening stage. Pitts v. South Carolina, No. 8:20-

cv-00092-JFA-KFM, 2020 WL 4506681, at *4 (D.S.C. Aug. 5, 2020). The district court 

agreed that because Pitts “was convicted of murder and there is no evidence that he has 

successfully invalidated this conviction, [his] claims are barred by Heck.” Id. at *2. The 

court went on to identify additional grounds on which Pitts had “fail[ed] to state a claim 

1 The magistrate’s report is not included in the Joint Appendix filed by the parties 

with this court but is available on the district court’s docket at ECF No. 22.

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for relief,” id., including the sovereign immunity of the state of South Carolina and the 

absolute prosecutorial immunity of the lawyer who prosecuted his case. Id. at *2–3. 

Accordingly, the district court dismissed Pitts’s complaint without prejudice and without 

issuance and service of process. Id. at *4.

If the district court had stopped there, then we would have a very different case. But 

instead, the district court went on to declare in its opinion that the dismissal of Pitts’s 

lawsuit “constitutes a strike” under § 1915(g), id. at *4, and that it was so designating its 

ruling, id. (“[T]he court adopts the Report [of the magistrate judge] and designates this 

action as a ‘strike’ pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).”). Its dismissal constituted a strike, 

the court explained, because it was for “failure to state a claim,” one of the grounds listed 

by § 1915(g). Id.; see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The order’s “Conclusion” gave effect to this 

reasoning: “Thus, Plaintiff’s complaint is dismissed without prejudice and without 

issuance and service of process. This action shall serve as a ‘strike’ in accordance with 28 

U.S.C. § 1915(g).” Pitts, 2020 WL 4506681, at *4; see also J.A. 3 (docket order) (same). 

Pitts, now with counsel, timely appealed, challenging only the district court’s strike 

designation. First, Pitts argued, the district court erred by adjudicating the strike question 

at all: According to Pitts, district courts lack authority to prospectively label a dismissal a 

strike under § 1915(g) for purposes of a subsequent IFP application. And second, Pitts 

contended, the district court’s strike ruling was incorrect, because neither an immunitybased nor a Heck-based dismissal counts as a strike under § 1915(g). Immunity-based 

dismissals, Pitts argued, were conspicuously omitted by Congress from § 1915(g)’s 

enumerated grounds. Compare 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (covering dismissals on grounds that 

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the complaint is “frivolous” or “malicious” or “fails to state a claim”), with 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915(e)(2)(B) (authorizing dismissal of in forma pauperis action that is “frivolous or 

malicious,” “fails to state a claim,” or “seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is 

immune from such relief”). And application of the Heck bar effectively deems a claim 

premature, Pitts reasoned, making it analogous to a dismissal for failure to exhaust – which 

this court has held falls outside § 1915(g)’s scope. See Green v. Young, 454 F.3d 405, 410 

(4th Cir. 2006).

Because the defendants in this action, including the state of South Carolina, had not 

been served or appeared in the district court at the time of the dismissal and declined to 

participate in the appeal, we appointed amicus counsel to defend the district court’s 

judgment. See Hill v. Madison County, 983 F.3d 904, 907 (7th Cir. 2020) (appointing 

amicus counsel to argue in support of district court’s judgment in same posture). 

II.

The threshold question in this appeal is whether § 1915(g) authorized the district 

court to adjudicate Pitts’s complaint a strike for purposes of the three-strikes rule. If the 

district court did have that authority, then we are asked to address a second set of questions, 

weighing in on the correctness of its strike determination.

We conclude that we need not – indeed, cannot – reach the merits of the district 

court’s strike designation, because we agree with Pitts that the district court lacked 

authority to make that call in the first place. Accordingly, and as explained below, we 

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vacate the district court’s judgment in part and remand for issuance of a modified order 

consistent with this opinion.

A.

This is an unusual case in that the parties before us – along with every federal court 

of appeals to address the question – agree on the central issue presented: whether a district 

court, at the time it dismisses a complaint under the PLRA, is authorized to make a binding 

determination that its dismissal will count as a strike in future applications of § 1915(g)’s 

three-strikes rule. Joining the consensus, we hold that a district court may not 

contemporaneously rule that its dismissal of a complaint constitutes a strike.

We return to the text of § 1915(g):

In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action . . . under this section if the 

prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained 

in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States 

that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to 

state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under 

imminent danger of serious physical injury.

28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (emphasis added). Like other courts, we read this language to require 

a “backwards-looking inquiry” by a court faced with an application to proceed in forma 

pauperis. Simons v. Washington, 996 F.3d 350, 352 (6th Cir. 2021). What § 1915(g) 

contemplates is a “prisoner” who is currently attempting to “bring a civil action” in forma 

pauperis (“under this section”) after having had three “prior” suits “dismissed” in the past. 

§ 1915(g) (emphasis added); see Dooley v. Wetzel, 957 F.3d 366, 377 (3d Cir. 2020). At 

that point, § 1915(g) “calls on a fourth (or at least later) court that has before it a civil action 

brought by the prisoner” to look backwards, Simons, 996 F.3d at 352, “evaluat[ing] whether 

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‘prior’ suits ‘brought’ by the same plaintiff were dismissed on enumerated grounds,” 

Dooley, 957 F.3d at 377. If and when Pitts files a future motion to proceed IFP under 

§ 1915(g), it will be up to that district court – not a district court who previously dismissed 

one of his suits – to go back, count dismissals, and determine for itself whether there are 

three that qualify as strikes under the terms of § 1915(g). See Fourstar v. Garden City 

Grp., Inc., 875 F.3d 1147, 1152 (D.C. Cir. 2017); Hill, 983 F.3d at 906 (“[Section] 1915(g) 

commits to a later tribunal the toting up of ‘strikes’ in earlier suits . . . .”).

2

 

As noted above, the federal courts of appeals to consider the question are unanimous 

on this threshold point. See also Deleon v. Doe, 361 F.3d 93 (2d Cir. 2004) (per curiam); 

Gonzalez v. United States, 23 F.4th 788 (8th Cir. 2022). Pitts suggests that we go further, 

finding that the district court lacked not only statutory authority but also Article III 

jurisdiction to make a strike determination, on the theory that whether a dismissal 

constitutes a strike becomes ripe for adjudication only after a subsequent request for IFP 

status. We decline that invitation. It is true, as Pitts argues, that some courts have framed 

2 Although Amicus does not disagree with this reading of § 1915(g), it does point 

to our decision in Blakely v. Wards, 738 F.3d 607 (4th Cir. 2013) (en banc), in which we 

held that that a subsequent court applying § 1915(g)’s three-strikes rule may not reevaluate

the basis for dismissal given by a prior court. We see no inconsistency there. Under 

Blakely, a subsequent court applying the three-strikes rule to Pitts must take as a given that 

his prior action was properly dismissed under Heck and on immunity grounds. But that is 

a distinct question from whether those grounds qualify the dismissal as a “strike” under 

§ 1915(g). Cf. Fourstar, 875 F.3d at 1153 n.2 (“[T]he question of whether a prior district 

court properly labeled the case as a strike is distinct from the question of whether a prior 

district court properly dismissed a case for failure to state a claim, or as frivolous or 

malicious. The former is not binding on the later district court; the latter is binding on the 

later district court.”).

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their analysis in constitutional terms, see Deleon, 361 F.3d at 95, or suggested that reading 

§ 1915(g) to authorize prospective strike adjudications would raise ripeness concerns, see 

Dooley, 361 F.3d at 377. But other courts have reasoned – we think persuasively – that

this is a “misnomer,” and that the problem with allowing a dismissing district court to issue 

a binding strike ruling is statutory, not constitutional. See Hill, 983 F.3d at 906; Simons, 

996 F.3d at 354 (“[T]he text of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, not the text of the 

Constitution, resolves this case.”). 

In any event, we need not reach out to resolve constitutional questions here. 

Whether or not Congress could have written the PLRA, as the Hill court hypothesized, to 

require that a court dismissing an action also decide conclusively whether its dismissal 

counts as a strike, see 983 F.3d at 906, it plainly did not do so. See Fourstar, 875 F.3d at 

1152 (“If Congress wanted district courts to contemporaneously label dismissals as strikes 

or wanted those labels to bind future district courts, Congress could have said so in the 

PLRA. Congress said no such thing.”). Instead, § 1915(g) makes clear that the strike 

decision is solely for the district court considering a subsequent request for IFP status, and 

that courts are not authorized to make binding strike determinations when they dismiss 

prisoners’ complaints. That is enough to resolve the matter. See Sinochem Int’l Co. v. 

Malaysia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007) (explaining federal courts’

discretion to “choose among threshold grounds for denying audience to a case on the 

merits”); cf. Am. Petrol. Inst. v. EPA, 862 F.3d 50, 75 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (declining to reach 

Article III jurisdiction after finding lack of statutory jurisdiction).

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B.

As explained above, the parties here agree, as we have just held, that district courts 

lack authority to adjudicate conclusively whether their dismissals of prisoner actions

constitute strikes under the three-strikes rule. We turn now to the question on which the 

parties – and the courts – are divided: What happens if a district court nevertheless purports 

to do just that, as the district court did here? One might assume that a strike adjudication 

that exceeds a district court’s authority must be vacated, and at least two circuits have taken 

that straightforward approach. See Deleon, 361 F.3d at 95; Dooley, 957 F.3d at 378; see 

also Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 791 (Gruender, J., dissenting) (explaining that vacatur is 

appropriate remedy when district court “decides a question outside its jurisdiction”). Other 

courts, however, have endeavored to save these pronouncements by treating them as nonbinding dicta, see Simons, 996 F.3d at 352–53; Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 790–91, and Amicus 

urges us to do the same. We do not think that is a viable approach.

Our starting point is that the district court’s strike determination against Pitts was 

intended and presented as an actual adjudication of the issue, equally as binding as the 

court’s other rulings. The strike designation appears in the “Conclusion” section of the 

court’s order, side by side with the rest of the court’s decretal language: “Thus, Plaintiff’s 

complaint is dismissed without prejudice and without issuance and service of process. This 

action shall serve as a ‘strike’ in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).” Pitts, 2020 WL 

4506681, at *4. The docket text is the same: The “complaint is dismissed without 

prejudice” and the “action shall serve as a strike” under § 1915(g). J.A. 3. All agree, of 

course, that the district court’s dismissal of Pitts’s action is a binding court ruling. And 

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nothing on the face of the court’s order suggests a different status for the strike designation

paired with that dismissal. 

Separating dictum from holding in a court’s opinion can sometimes be tricky. See 

United States v. Rubin, 609 F.2d 51, 69 n.2 (2d Cir. 1979) (Friendly, J., concurring); 

Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 791–92 (Gruender, J., dissenting) (disagreeing with majority’s 

treatment of strike designation as dicta). But at bottom, dicta are statements that help to 

explain a court’s decision – not “by providing a legal basis for it,” as “holdings do,” but by 

“clarifying or providing context for it.” Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 792 (Gruender, J., dissenting) 

(citing BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019)). Here, it is undisputed that the district 

court was authorized to make one and only one decision: how to dispose of Pitts’s 

complaint. Its strike designation – stated in mandatory and conclusive terms in its opinion, 

Pitts, 2020 WL 4506681, at *4 (“The dismissal of the instant action constitutes a strike[.]”), 

as well as in its ultimate ruling, see J.A. 3 – does nothing to expand on or explain that 

decision. We see no way to read that language as “anything other than a second decision: 

a pronouncement that purports to settle whether the dismissal counts as a strike within the 

meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).” Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 792 (Gruender, J., dissenting)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

To be fair, courts treating similar strike designations as dicta are not really 

disagreeing with our reading of those pronouncements. However a strike designation 

reads, they seem to reason, it must be dictum, and we know that because § 1915(g) does 

not permit it to be an actual and binding court ruling. See Simons, 996 F.3d at 352–53. 

Perhaps that approach has some virtue when it comes to construing ambiguous language 

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in an opinion, which could be cast either as a holding or as something more akin to a 

“warning” about the potential consequences of a dismissal in later litigation. See id. at 353. 

But we are aware of no other context in which decretal language that unmistakably purports 

to set out a court’s judgment may be reverse engineered into dicta because it otherwise 

would be legal error. 

And in this context, allowing to stand as “dicta” what looks to all the world like an 

actual court ruling may pose special risks. First, there is the risk that other courts – the 

“fourth” courts charged with applying the three-strikes rule – will defer to these purported 

judgments. See Hill, 983 F.3d at 908 (explaining that strike designations by dismissing 

courts “draw a future judge’s attention”). The dismissing court, without an IFP request 

before it, may have given less attention than it otherwise would to evaluating whether its 

dismissal qualifies as a § 1915(g) “strike.” See Deleon, 361 F.3d at 95 n.1 (recognizing 

that “[c]ontemporaneous classification of dismissals as strikes or non-strikes at a time when 

the ruling has no immediate consequences” may lead to less careful or thorough decisions). 

But even so, its apparent ruling on the matter may “induce the [future] judge to deny forma 

pauperis status,” and to do so “wrongly.” Hill, 983 F.3d at 908; Dooley, 957 F.3d at 377 

(discussing “risk that dismissing courts will make haphazard or erroneous determinations 

to which subsequent courts might defer”).3

 

3 We in no way cast doubt on the efforts of the district court here, and we express 

no view on the merits of its strike designation. But in connection with the risks outlined 

above, we note that the strike question in this case is not entirely free from doubt. Whether 

a Heck-based dismissal qualifies as a “strike” under § 1915(g), for instance, is a difficult 

enough question that the federal courts of appeals are divided on the answer. See Lomax v. 

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Second, the distinction between an actual strike-designation ruling and dicta that 

just looks like a strike-designation ruling may well be lost on the pro se litigants most 

directly affected. Pitts, for instance, would have had no way of knowing that when the 

district court decreed both that his complaint was dismissed and that his action constituted 

a strike under § 1915(g), J.A. 3; Pitts, 2020 WL 4506681, at *4, the first part of that decree 

was a binding court ruling but the second part somehow was not. To be sure, Pitts had 

filed only one prisoner civil rights complaint at the time – but even a first strike may 

influence a prisoner’s thinking as to whether filing a second complaint is worth the risk. 

See Belanus v. Clark, 796 F.3d 1021, 1028 (9th Cir. 2015). And when a dismissing court 

purports to call a third strike, a prisoner taking the court at its word will understand that 

the matter is settled: He has no further recourse to the federal courts and must forgo any 

future litigation, no matter how meritorious the case or serious the constitutional violation. 

Cf. Fourstar, 875 F.3d at 1153 (recognizing that strike designations are the “key to the 

courthouse door”); Margo Schlanger, Trends in Prisoner Litigation, as the PLRA 

Approaches 20, 28 CORR. L. REP. 69, 70 (2017) (“[L]itigation remains one of the few 

avenues for prisoners to seek redress for adverse conditions or other affronts to their 

rights.”).4

Ortiz-Marquez, 140 S. Ct. 1721, 1723–24 & n.2 (2020) (recognizing and leaving open 

circuit split). As the court observed in Dooley, the “possibility for error” on such issues is 

“greatly reduced” if they are decided by a future court, “when the strike question has an 

immediate impact” and “with the benefit of briefing by the parties.” 957 F.3d at 377. 

4 As noted above, § 1915(g) does have a narrow exception for prisoners “under 

imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). But as Pitts explains, 

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Recognizing those problems, Amicus proposes a solution. Neither future courts nor 

prisoners will be misled by purported-but-not-really strike rulings that prove incorrect, 

Amicus reasons, if we review and correct those non-rulings on appeal. We do not see how 

this can work. The premise here, advanced by Amicus, is that the district court’s strike 

designation against Pitts need not be vacated because it is nothing more than dicta. But if 

that is so, then it follows that we cannot review it; we are authorized to review judgments, 

not dicta. See Everett v. Pitt Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 678 F.3d 281, 291 (4th Cir. 2012). Amicus 

cannot have it both ways: If we are going to convert prospective strike adjudications into 

dicta for purposes of allowing them in court orders, then we cannot turn around and convert 

them back into binding rulings when it comes time for appellate review. Two courts have 

held as much. See Simons, 996 F.3d at 354 (declining to review merits of prospective strike 

designation after deeming it dicta); Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 791 (same). And while one court 

has tried to thread this needle, see Hill, 983 F.3d at 908, we respectfully disagree that the 

same strike designation can be “dicta in the sense that [it is] not binding” but non-dicta in 

the sense that it may be appealed.

5

even very significant constitutional violations – including past physical abuse, the denial 

of religious accommodations, or the deprivation of property – will fall outside that 

exception. 

5 As Amicus points out, this court has on previous occasions reviewed the merits of 

district courts’ contemporaneous strike determinations. See, e.g., Jackson v. Jackson, 764 

F. App’x 326 (4th Cir. 2019) (per curiam); Walker v. Laundry, 697 F. App’x 179 (4th Cir. 

2017) (per curiam). Those unpublished and nonprecedential decisions apparently assumed 

both the district court’s authority to make strike calls and our jurisdiction to review them; 

in none of them were the issues raised by Pitts’s appeal squarely presented or addressed. 

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To be clear, none of these concerns are implicated when a district court, in 

dismissing a complaint under the PLRA, includes in its opinion actual dicta regarding 

§ 1915(g) strikes – say, a warning that its dismissal could later be deemed a strike under 

the three-strikes rule. See Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 792 (Gruender, J., dissenting) (explaining 

that a “mere[] warn[ing]” about a dismissal’s “potential consequences” could be “construed 

as clarifying or providing context” for the dismissal decision and so properly treated as 

dicta). Indeed, such “non-binding” warnings as to the consequences of a judgment “appear 

all the time” – for instance, when a court warns a party that defiance of an injunction will 

lead to a contempt citation, or a defendant that failure to abide by the terms of a supervised 

release order will result in revocation. See Simons, 996 F.3d at 353; see also Hill, 983 F.3d 

at 906. Here, too, a comparable warning could provide helpful “notice to the inmate that 

may inform his later litigation strategies or decisions.” Simons, 996 F.3d at 353. And 

critically, because these warnings look like the dicta they are and do not purport to 

conclusively resolve the strike question, there is little risk they will induce unwarranted 

deference from future courts or mislead litigants, and thus no need to imagine a category 

of “appealable dicta” to mitigate those effects.

But as we have explained, that is not this case. Here, the district court purported to 

make a conclusive ruling as to the strike status of its dismissal, an act in excess of its 

statutory authority. The only appropriate remedy is to vacate that portion of the district 

court’s decision. See Deleon, 361 F.3d at 95 (vacating contemporaneous strike designation 

and remanding with instructions to modify); cf. U.S. Bancorp Mortg. Co. v. Bonner Mall 

P’ship, 513 U.S. 18, 21–22 (1994) (explaining that it is appropriate for appellate courts to 

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vacate a decision made outside district court jurisdiction). We are no more authorized than 

the district court to settle the merits of the strike designation in this posture; review of the 

merits “will have to wait” until a “fourth or later court” decides, pursuant to § 1915(g), 

whether the dismissal of Pitts’s action constituted a strike under the three-strikes rule. See 

Simons, 996 F.3d at 354. 

III.

For the reasons given above, the judgment of the district court is vacated in part and 

the matter remanded to the district court for modification of its order consistent with this 

opinion.

VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED

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RICHARDSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

One way that the Prison Litigation Reform Act limits frivolous prisoner litigation is 

by denying in forma pauperis status to prisoners who have “on 3 or more prior occasions, 

while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the 

United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to 

state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). This is a backwardlooking inquiry. Whenever a prisoner files a new suit or appeal, and applies to proceed in 

forma pauperis, the court considering that application must review all of the prisoner’s 

prior suits and appeals to determine whether at least three were dismissed as frivolous, 

malicious, or for a failure to state a claim. See id. This ultimate determination that a 

dismissal will count as a strike belongs to that later court. So far, the majority and I agree 

(as do all the other circuit courts to consider the issue∗

).

But does the conclusion that the strike determination is to be made by a later court 

bar a district court from saying anything about that future strike determination? Of course 

not. On this too, the majority and I agree: The district court can provide its opinion that a 

∗ Courts have traveled different paths to this conclusion. Some say, as I have just 

described, that a contemporaneous-strike ruling exceeds the statutory authority under 

§ 1915(g). Others have decided such a ruling violates Article III’s case-or-controversy 

requirement. Though reaching the same conclusion, these different paths may—and I 

emphasize may—lead to different results. Courts reading this limitation as stemming from 

Article III often vacate orders purporting to contemporaneously call a strike. See, e.g., 

Dooley v. Wetzel, 957 F.3d 366, 377–78 (3d Cir. 2020). But those that find the limitation 

in § 1915(g) have either affirmed the appealed order, even where the district court purports 

to definitively assess a strike, see Simons v. Washington, 996 F.3d 350, 353–54 (6th Cir. 

2021), or else dismissed the appeal. See Gonzalez v. United States, 23 F.4th 788, 790–91 

(8th Cir. 2022).

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dismissal will constitute a strike under § 1915(g). The district court’s view, expressed in 

what we might call dicta, is not binding on a future court. And like other non-binding 

statements—warnings about contempt, converting motions to §2255 applications, and

supervised-release revocation—it is nonetheless permissible. See Simons, 996 F.3d at 353.

These areas of agreement are what matters most here: The ultimate strike 

designation is to be made by a later court considering a prisoner’s future suit, but the district 

court dismissing a suit can opine that the dismissal is a strike. 

The majority, however, takes another step. It says that, while the district court can 

express its view, it becomes reversible error if the court doesn’t accompany that view with 

the proper hedge. True, the district court here did not hedge its statement that its dismissal 

“constitutes a strike”; the court did not say that the dismissal “should constitute a strike,” 

or that it “may constitute a strike,” or that it “likely constitutes a strike.” In other words, 

the district court did not affirmatively flag that its statement will not bind a future court. 

Yet the majority’s opinion does so now. Even so, the majority demands that the district 

court redo its order, just to preface its statement with a dicta disclaimer. Since the district 

court’s strike statement is dicta—and since that is the only portion of the district court’s 

order that the defendant challenges here—there is nothing left for our court to do. We 

should simply dismiss the appeal. See Gonzalez, 23 F.4th at 790–91. I thus respectfully 

dissent.

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