# Patent

## Title
Poppet valve for an internal combustion engine

## Abstract

An internal combustion engine 10 has a cylinder head 11 slideably supporting one or more poppet valves 30. At least one of the poppet valves 30 in each combustion chamber of the engine 10 has a primary electrode 69, 269a, 269b, 369a, 369b connected thereto so as to be electrically insulated from the cylinder head 11. The primary electrode 69, 269a, 269b, 369a, 369b forms in combination with one or more secondary electrodes 33, 133, 233, 333, 433, 533 one or more electrode pairs between each of which an electrical discharge is selectively caused to flow so as to initiate combustion in the respective combustion chamber.

## Background
FIELD
This description relates to internal combustion engines, and in particular to a poppet valve for an engine which uses an electrical discharge or spark to initiate combustion.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
It is well known to provide a spark plug having first and second electrodes to initiate combustion in a cylinder of an engine by causing an electrical discharge or spark to pass from the first to the second electrode.
It is a problem with such an arrangement that the spark plug takes up space in the cylinder head thereby limiting the size and positioning of the valves used to control the flow of gas into and out of the combustion chamber.
In order to overcome this problem, it has been proposed in European Patent Application 0898058 to combine a spark plug with one of the poppet valves controlling the flow of gas into a combustion chamber of the engine. Although this arrangement eliminates the disadvantage of a conventional spark plug ignited engine by enabling the poppet valves of the engine to be of a larger size and be positioned in a less limited manner, it has several disadvantages.
Firstly, the point of ignition is, as with a conventional spark plug ignited engine, located at a single point in the combustion chamber and so complex inlet and combustion chamber design is required in order to ensure that the mixture to be ignited is positioned at the location where the spark will be generated at the precise time the spark is requested. Secondly, because only a single spark is produced, the time taken for the flame front to propagate throughout the combustion chamber is relatively lengthy and so sufficient time has to be allowed for the combustion process to occur to a satisfactory degree while the piston of the engine is still within a small range of crank rotation representing an optimum position after top dead center where combustion will produce the maximum torque. This means that the timing of the spark has to occur sufficiently before top dead center for combustion to be virtually complete while the piston is still within the optimum range after top dead center. The position the spark occurs before top dead center is known as the ignition advance angle of the engine and in general terms this ignition advance angle must be increased as the speed of the engine is increased due to the reduction in time available for combustion to occur. However, it is known that the use of large ignition advance angles tend to increase the susceptibility of an engine to knock and this is often a limitation to the maximum running speed of an engine.
In addition, the longer the period taken for combustion to occur the longer the time available for heat to transfer into the engine thereby reducing the thermal efficiency of the engine.
It is an object of this description to provide an improved internal combustion engine.
According to a first aspect of the description, there is provided a poppet valve for an internal combustion engine comprising a valve stem to slideably support the poppet valve in a cylinder head of the engine, a valve head to selectively open and close a gas flow path through a port formed in the cylinder head and a primary electrode for cooperation in use with at least one secondary electrode not formed as part of the poppet valve wherein the primary electrode is located on the valve head of the poppet valve and at least part of the poppet valve is made from an electrical insulating material so as to electrically insulate the primary electrode from the cylinder block.
The poppet valve may be made from an electrically insulating material so as to electrically insulate the primary electrode from the cylinder block.
The poppet valve may have an electrically conductive core to connect the primary electrode to a source of electrical energy.
Alternatively, the poppet valve may be made from an electrically conductive material and the primary electrode is electrically insulated from the cylinder block by means of an insulating washer interposed between the primary electrode and the valve head of the poppet valve.
The poppet valve may have an internal cavity and the primary electrode may be connected to a source of electrical energy by a central conductor housed within an internal member made from an insulating material located in the internal cavity of the poppet valve.
According to a second aspect of the description, there is provided an internal combustion engine having a cylinder block defining at least one cylinder, a piston slideably supported in each cylinder, a cylinder head defining in combination with each cylinder and piston a respective combustion chamber, each combustion chamber having at least two poppet valves to selectively allow gas to flow into and out of the respective combustion chamber wherein at least one of the poppet valves is a poppet valve as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5.
The at least one poppet valve may have a primary electrode attached thereto for cooperation in use with at least one secondary electrode not formed as part of the poppet valve so as to form at least one electrode pair between each of which an electrical discharge is selectively caused to flow during operation of the engine so as to initiate combustion in the respective combustion chamber of the engine wherein each primary electrode is attached to the respective poppet valve so as to be electrically insulated therefrom.
Each combustion chamber may have two or more poppet valves having a primary electrode forming in combination with at least one secondary electrode at least one electrode pair.
All of the poppet valves of each cylinder may have an electrode forming part of at least one electrode pair.
Advantageously, the ignition timing of each primary electrode may be independently controlled.
The ignition timing of each primary electrode may be independently controlled based upon the operating conditions of the engine so as to improve combustion in the respective combustion chamber.
The at least one secondary electrode may be a fuel injector nozzle located within the combustion chamber of the engine.
The at least one secondary electrode may be part of the cylinder head located adjacent the primary electrode.
The part of the cylinder head may be an integrally formed projection.
The at least one secondary electrode may be fastened to the cylinder head so as to provide an electrical connection therebetween at a position adjacent the primary electrode.
Advantageously, there may be several secondary electrodes so that several electrode pairs are formed between the primary electrode and the secondary electrodes.
The primary electrode may have a number of discharge tips to form in combination with the at least one secondary electrode a number of electrode pairs.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The description will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing of which:-
FIG. 1 is an outline drawing of a motor vehicle having an engine in accordance with this description;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section through part of a cylinder head of the engine shown in FIG. 1 showing a combustion initiator in the form of a poppet valve according to the description;
FIG. 3 is an end view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4a is a scrap cross-section showing an alternative secondary electrode arrangement;
FIG. 4b is an end view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 4a; 
FIGS. 5 and 6 are views similar to FIG. 4b showing alternative secondary electrode arrangements;
FIG. 7a is a scrap cross-section showing an alternative primary electrode arrangement to that shown in FIG. 4a; 
FIG. 7b is an end view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 7a; 
FIG. 8a is a scrap cross-section showing an alternative secondary electrode arrangement to that shown in FIG. 7a; 
FIG. 8b is an end view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 8a; 
FIG. 9 is a plan view of the cylinder head shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 10a is a side view of a first alternative poppet valve to that shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 10b is an end view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 10a; 
FIG. 11 is an end view of an alternative primary electrode arrangement to that shown in FIG. 10b; 
FIG. 12a is a side view of a second alternative poppet valve to that shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 12b is an end view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 12a; 
FIG. 13 is an end view of an alternative primary electrode arrangement to that shown in FIG. 12b; and
FIG. 14 is a side view of the poppet valve shown in FIG. 2 showing the internal construction of the poppet valve.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With particular reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a motor vehicle 5 having an internal combustion engine configured as an inline three cylinder spark ignited engine 10.
The engine 10 comprises a cylinder head 11 and a cylinder block 12. The cylinder block 12 defines three cylinders (not shown) in each of which is slideably supported a piston (not shown). The cylinder head 11 and the cylinders form in combination with the pistons three combustion chambers (not shown).
Each of the combustion chambers is arranged to receive a supply of fuel via a respective fuel injector 14a, 14b, 14c fed with fuel via a supply line 13 from a reservoir (not shown). In this case, the fuel injectors 14a, 14b, 14c inject fuel directly into the combustion chambers, but it will be appreciated that they could alternatively inject the fuel by port injection. The fuel injectors 14a, 14b, 14c are controlled by an electronic control unit 15 which in this case is also used to control the ignition of the engine 10.
Combustion of the mixture in each combustion chamber is initiated by the discharge of an electrical current between primary and secondary electrodes. The primary electrodes are connected via respective tension connectors 18a, 18b, 18c and tension leads 17a, 17b, 17c to a source of voltage electricity in the form of a tension generator 16 controlled by the electronic control unit 15. The secondary electrodes are connected to an earth point on the motor vehicle 5.
The electronic control unit 15 is operable to control the flow of fuel into each of the combustion chambers and the timing or phasing of the electrical discharge to each cylinder so as to produce efficient combustion within the engine 10.
With particular reference to FIGS. 2, and 3, there is shown part of the cylinder head 11 in the region of an inlet port 20 of one of the combustion chambers of the engine 10. The cylinder head 11 is in this case made from an electrically conductive material such as aluminum or cast iron.
A poppet valve 30 is provided to selectively open and close a gas flow path through the inlet port 20. The poppet valve 30 is made from an electrical insulating material such as a ceramic material and comprises a valve stem 31 to slideably support the poppet valve 30 in the cylinder head 11 of the engine and a valve head 32 to selectively open and close a gas flow path through the inlet port 20.
The valve stem 31 is slidingly engaged with a sleeve or valve guide 25 and as is shown in FIG. 14 supports a central conductor 68 used to supply electrical energy to a first or primary electrode 69.
The valve head 32 is arranged to selectively abut against a valve seat 34 made from an electrical insulating material such as a ceramic material.
The valve seat 34 is used to fasten a secondary electrode in the form of an electrode ring 33 to the cylinder head 11 and ensures that any electrical discharges occur between the primary electrode 69 and the secondary electrode ring 33. The electrode ring 33 has four inwardly directed projections each of which forms a secondary electrode 35. The electrode ring 33 is electrically connected to the cylinder head 11 via direct contact therewith so as to provide a connection to earth.
An upper end of the valve stem 31 is adapted to allow the valve 30 to be reciprocally moved between open and closed positions by means of a valve actuation means (not shown). The type of valve actuation means can be of any known type. In this case, the valve 30 is moved by means of a cam operated rocker arm (not shown) which acts against a ceramic tappet 21 resting on an upper end of the valve stem 31.
A valve spring 23 is provided to bias the valve 30 towards its closed position. The valve spring 23 acts between a washer 26 held onto the valve stem 31 by means of a retainer 27 and an abutment surface formed as part of the valve guide 25.
The tension connector 18a is electrically insulated from the cylinder head 11 by means of the ceramic tappet 21 and is connected to the tension generator 16 by the tension lead 17a. 
It will be appreciated that, although the description is being described with reference to a poppet valve used as an inlet valve, the poppet valve could be an exhaust valve and that the description is not limited to the use of an inlet valve as an ignition initiator.
In use, the electrical control unit 15 is operable to command the tension generator 16 to supply a voltage via the tension lead 17a to the tension connector 18a when combustion is required in the respective combustion chamber with which the valve 30 cooperates.
The voltage flows through the central conductor 68 to the primary electrode 69 and the potential difference between the primary electrode 69 and the secondary electrodes 35 which are grounded via the cylinder head 11 is such that electrical discharges or sparks occur between the edge of the primary electrode 68 and the secondary electrodes 35. Therefore, four electrode pairs are formed between the primary electrode 69 and the secondary electrodes 35 on the secondary electrode ring 33.
This has the advantage that the area in which combustion can first occurs is potentially larger than is the case with a conventional spark plug and in addition a relatively large kernel of initial combustion is produced which can then readily propagate within the combustion chamber. In addition, as there are four potential spark gaps, the probability of a no spark situation is reduced.
Although only one poppet valve 30 is shown in FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that each combustion chamber will have several poppet valves and that more than one of these can be used to initiate combustion.
With reference to FIGS. 4a and 4b, there is shown an alternative arrangement to the secondary electrode shown in FIG. 2 and which is intended as a direct replacement for that electrode. The poppet valve 30 is identical to that previously described and has a valve head 32 and a valve stem 31. However, instead of the secondary electrodes being separate components they are formed as part of the cylinder head 11 surrounding a ceramic valve bush 134. In the example shown, there are four secondary electrodes 133, each of which has an inwardly directed projection 135 that extends over the valve seat 134 towards the primary electrode 69.
With reference to FIG. 5 is shown an alternative arrangement to the secondary electrode shown in FIG. 2 and which is intended as a direct replacement for that electrode. The poppet valve 30 is identical to that previously described and has a valve head 32 and a valve stem (not shown). In this case, the secondary electrodes comprise of eight separate electrodes 233 formed as part of the cylinder head 11 surrounding a ceramic valve bush 234. Each of the secondary electrodes 233 has an inwardly directed projection 235 that extends over the valve seat 134 towards the primary electrode 69.
With reference to FIG. 6, there is shown an alternative arrangement to the secondary electrode arrangement shown in FIG. 2 and which is intended as a direct replacement for that electrode arrangement. The poppet valve 30 is identical to that previously described and has a valve head 32 and a valve stem (not shown). In this case, the secondary electrode comprises of three separate electrodes 333 formed as part of the cylinder head 11 which overlap a ceramic valve bush 334. Each of the secondary electrodes 333 has an inwardly directed projection 335 that extends over the valve seat 334 towards the primary electrode 69. The main difference between this embodiment and those shown in FIGS. 4b and 5 is that the secondary electrodes 333 are all located within one quadrant of the valve head 32 so as to produce initial combustion in a more closely defined location.
With reference to FIGS. 7a and 7b, there is shown an alternative arrangement to the primary electrode shown in FIG. 2 and which is intended as a direct replacement for that electrode. The secondary electrode is the same as that shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b having four electrodes 433 formed as part of the cylinder head 11 which surround a ceramic valve bush 434. Each of the secondary electrodes 433 has an inwardly directed projection 435 that extends over the valve seat 434 towards the primary electrode 69. However, in this embodiment the primary electrode 69 has four outwardly extending projections or discharge tips 450 each of which is aligned with one of the secondary electrodes 433. That is to say, ideally the projections 450 are aligned with the projection 435 as shown in FIG. 7b. In practice, this alignment is unlikely to remain unless the valve 30 is provided with a means of holding it in one rotational position. However, as is the case in most engines, it is desirable to permit a poppet valve to rotate slowly relative to its valve seat in order to bed the valve head to the valve seat. There may therefore be a variation in the spark gap with this arrangement as the poppet valve rotates. As an alternative to the arrangement shown, there may be a differing number of projections 450 on the valve head 32 to the number of secondary electrodes 433 located on the cylinder head 11.
With reference to FIGS. 8a and 8b, there is shown an alternative arrangement of secondary electrode to that shown in FIGS. 7a and 7b. The poppet valve is identical to that previously described with respect to FIGS. 7a and 7b and the primary electrode 69 has four outwardly extending projections or discharge tips 550.
However, in this embodiment the secondary electrode comprises of a single tungsten ring electrode 533 embedded in a ceramic valve bush 534. One end of the ring electrode 533 is in contact with the cylinder head 11 and the other end projects out from the ceramic valve seat 534 so as to be positioned adjacent the four projections 550 on the primary electrode 69. Therefore, in this case, even if the poppet valve 30 is permitted to rotate slowly relative to the valve seat 534, the spark gap will not alter.
As yet another alternative, the secondary electrode arrangement shown in FIGS. 8a and 8b can be combined with the poppet valve shown in FIG. 2 so that a spark can be produced at any position around the edge of the valve head 32 and the surrounding secondary electrode or, if sufficient energy is available, a continuous ring of discharge can be produced between the edge of the primary electrode 69 and the surrounding secondary electrode.
As yet another alternative, several independent electrodes could be embedded in the ceramic valve bush 534 to replace the ring electrode.
Although the secondary electrodes as shown in FIGS. 4a, 5, 6 and 7b are all formed as part of the cylinder head 11, it will be appreciated that they could be separate components attached to the cylinder head 11. In this case, it would be desirable to manufacture each of the secondary electrodes from a tungsten material to reduce spark erosion.
With particular reference to FIG. 9, there is shown the cylinder head 11 in the region of one combustion chamber. The cylinder head 11 has a recess 60 formed therein of approximately the same diameter as the cylinder with which it cooperates. A fuel injector nozzle 75 is centrally located in the recess 60 so as to be positioned on a center line of the cylinder with which the cylinder head 11 co-operates. This means that the injector nozzle 75 is equidistantly positioned with respect to the wall of the cylinder.
The combustion chamber has four poppet valves associated with it, each of the poppet valves has a head 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d which supports a respective primary electrode 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d. Two of the poppet valves are inlet valves and their heads 32a, 32b are moved away from a cooperating valve seat 634 to admit air into the combustion chamber during an inlet stroke of the engine 10 and two of the poppet valves are exhaust valves and their heads 32c, 32d are moved away from a co-operating valve seat 634 to allow the by-products of combustion to escape from the combustion chamber during an exhaust stoke of the engine 10.
In the example shown, the valve heads 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d, the primary electrodes 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d, the secondary electrodes 633 and the valve seat 634 are of the same form as those shown and described with respect to FIG. 6, but it will be appreciated that other forms of poppet valve, primary electrode, secondary electrode or valve seat could be used. Note that, not only are ignition initiators located at spaced apart positions of the combustion chamber (the four corners), but at each of these locations more than one discharge pair is formed.
Because all of the poppet valves have a primary electrode 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d forming part of at least one electrode pair, various combustion strategies can be followed.
Firstly, all of the primary electrodes 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d can be supplied with a voltage pulse at the same time so as to produce electrical discharges simultaneously between all of the primary electrodes 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d and the secondary electrodes 633. That is to say, the ignition timing for all of the electrode pairs is the same.
This has the advantage that the time taken for the flame fronts produced by combustion in the combustion chamber to propagate throughout the combustion chamber is reduced compared to a single point spark arrangement. A further advantage is that, because electrical discharges are occurring at a number of points in the combustion chamber, there is no need to accurately control the flow of the mixture in the combustion chamber so as to position it precisely by a source of discharge at a particular point in time. This means that the shape or configuration of the combustion chamber and inlet port can be less complex and so less time and expenditure is required to design the combustion chamber.
Also, because the flame front or to be more precise the four flame fronts take less time to reach the remote parts of the combustion chamber, as there is less distance for each flame front to travel, the amount of ignition advance relative to top dead center can be reduced. This is important because the amount of ignition advance is a limiting factor regarding the maximum running speed of an engine. If the time taken for the flame fronts to reach the remote parts of the combustion chamber is reduced, the maximum operating speed of the engine can be safely increased without increasing the probability of knock occurring.
A second strategy that can be followed is to independently control the ignition timing of each primary electrode 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d using the electronic control unit 15. This allows combustion initiation to occur at any of the poppet valves at any particular point in time so as to improve combustion efficiency.
So, for example, the primary electrodes 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d could be energized sequentially starting with any one of the poppet valves and continuing with the other poppet valves in a predetermined order.
Alternatively, the ignition timing of each primary electrode 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d can be independently controlled based upon the operating conditions of the engine so as to improve combustion in the respective combustion chamber.
That is to say, the independent control of the ignition timing of the primary electrodes 69a, 69b, 69c, 69d allows the point of ignition to be moved around in the combustion chamber to match a predicted position of the mixture within the combustion chamber for any load state based upon experimental flow work. The location of the optimum mixture in the combustion chamber is in this case stored in a look-up table or is calculated based upon an algorithm derived from the experimental flow work and then an appropriate ignition timing for each of the primary electrodes is selected based upon the current engine speed and load.
This has the advantage that the point of ignition can be matched to a predicted location of the mixture to be ignited rather than relying on a complex combustion chamber shape to manipulate the flow of the mixture in the combustion chamber. This at least partially eliminates the need for a complex inlet and combustion chamber design to be used.
Therefore, accelerating the burn rate by creating flame fronts at more than one location and by reducing the distance for these flame fronts to propagate permit a reduced spark advance to be used for the same speed/load condition thus leading to a decreased likelihood of knock and reduced heat losses through the cylinder walls. Conversely, for a given spark advance a given engine may be run at a higher speed.
Care must be taken if the interaction of the separate flame fronts causes engine knock. To compensate for this effect, different spark locations and combinations or locations at the same or different times can be used to improve the beneficial effects of multipoint ignition. Creating ignition at each valve sequentially so as to separate in time and space the ignition events can be used to alter the point of ignition to compensate for charge motion.
Because the motion of the fuel/air charge within the cylinder may be different for different speed/load conditions, it is possible to ignite the mixture at any valve location within the combustion chamber so as to match the point of ignition with the mixture location. This allows the mixture to be ignited at the appropriate valve given the predicted location of the charge for the current speed/load condition and allows the ignition point to be moved as the speed/load changes.
The use of an ignition system according to this description on an engine would therefore lead to a simplification of the air intake system as the ignition point may be adjusted to follow the charge rather than being forced to design the air intake system such that the charge is guaranteed to be located with a fixed ignition point.
The deliberate use of late ignition through use of one or more exhaust valves having primary electrodes can be used as a means of enhancing catalyst heating in order to reduce emissions at engine start. Following normal combustion in a direct injection engine, an additional late injection event is used during the exhaust stroke with the primary electrodes formed as part of the exhaust valves being energized as the mixture flows out of the combustion chamber so as to ignite the mixture flowing out of the engine. This post engine combustion then facilitates catalyst heating. This would enable the spark advance to be optimal during engine start up to warm the engine as rapidly as possible and so reduce friction/heat losses.
Although the use of one or more valves as primary electrodes as described above works well in all direct injection engines, it is desirable, if used in a port injected engine to either increase the depth of the valve seat around the valve head within the intake port to remove the possibility of arcing occurring within the intake port which could cause combustion in the intake port or use only the exhaust valves as primary electrodes which would reduce risk of ignition occurring within the intake port.
Although the description has so far been described with reference to embodiments utilizing several electrode pairs for each poppet valve, it will be appreciated that only a single electrode pair could be used.
In FIGS. 10a and 10b, an alternative design of poppet valve is shown which is intended as a direct replacement for the poppet valve shown in FIG. 2. The poppet valve 230 comprises a valve stem 231 to slideably support the poppet valve 230 in a cylinder head of an engine and a valve head 232 to selectively close off an inlet or exhaust port.
The poppet valve 230 is a hollow electrically conductive component defining an internal cavity used to house an internal member 267 made from an insulating material such as a ceramic. The internal member 267 houses a central conductor 266 which is attached at one end to a primary electrode 269a. The primary electrode 269a is electrically insulated from the valve head 232 by means of an insulating spacer or washer 268 which is interposed between the primary electrode 269a and the valve head 232. It will be appreciated that the insulating washer 268 may cover virtually the entire surface of the valve head 232 and that the spacer may be formed as part of the valve head 232 by coating the face of the valve head 232 with an insulating material by any suitable means such as plasma or flame spraying. Alternatively, the insulating washer 268 could be formed as an integral part of the internal member 267 if required.
Voltage is selectively supplied to the poppet valve 230 via a collet 265 slidingly engaged with an annular contact located towards an upper end of the valve stem 231. The tension connector 18a is connected to the collet 265 to supply voltage from a tension lead (not shown) to the collet 265. The collet 265 cooperates with the annular contact which is electrically connected to the electrically conductive central conductor 266 but is electrically insulated from the valve stem 231 by means of a ceramic insert 222.
The lower end of the central conductor 266 is attached to a head like member which forms the primary electrode 269a. 
In use, a voltage pulse received via the collet 265 is transferred to the primary conductor 269a which is located close to one or more secondary electrodes formed as part of or attached to the cylinder head. One or more electrode pairs are thereby produced which are used to initiate combustion in the combustion chamber in which the valve head 232 is located.
One of the advantages of this embodiment is that the valve head 232 and valve stem 231 can be made of a conventional poppet valve material and the primary electrode 269a can be made of a spark erosion resistant material such as tungsten.
FIG. 11 shows an alternative form of primary electrode 269b to that shown in FIG. 10b. The head 269b has four radially extending projections or discharge tips to ensure that several electrode pairs are produced.
In FIGS. 12a and 12b, an alternative design of poppet valve 330 is shown which is intended as a direct replacement for the poppet valve shown in FIG. 2. The poppet valve 330 comprises a valve stem 331 to slideably support the poppet valve 330 in a cylinder head of an engine and a valve head 332 to selectively close off an inlet or exhaust port.
The poppet valve 230 is made from an electrically insulating material such as ceramic and has an internal cavity used to house an electrically conductive central conductor 366 attached to a head like member forming a primary electrode 369a. 
Voltage is selectively supplied to the poppet valve 330 via a collet 365 slidingly engaged with an annular contact located towards an upper end of the valve stem 331. The tension connector 18a is connected to the collet 265 to supply voltage from a tension lead (not shown) to the collet 265. The collet 265 cooperates with the annular contact which is electrically connected to the electrically conductive central conductor 266.
In use, a voltage pulse received via the collet 365 is transferred to the primary electrode 369a which is located close to one or more secondary electrodes 380 formed in a valve pocket 381 of the cylinder head. One or more electrode pairs are thereby produced which are used to initiate combustion in the combustion chamber in which the valve head 332 is located.
One of the advantages of this embodiment is that the electrically conductive primary electrode 369a can be made of a spark erosion resistant material such as tungsten.
FIG. 13 shows an alternative form of head 369b to that shown in FIG. 12b. The head 369b has four radially extending projections or discharge tips to ensure that several electrode pairs are produced in combination with the secondary electrodes 380.
Therefore, in summary the description provides an improved apparatus for initiating combustion in a cylinder of an internal engine by utilizing one or more of the poppet valves used to control the flow of gas into and out of the cylinder as one electrode of an electrode pair.
Although a number of poppet valve arrangements have been shown, it will be appreciated that the description is not limited to these embodiments and any poppet valve arrangement that permits one or more electrical discharges to be transmitted to a second component located close to the poppet valve but not formed as part of the poppet valve could be used in any engine manufactured according to this description.
It will also be appreciated that other arrangements of secondary electrode could be used without departing from the scope of this description. For example, the secondary electrode could be formed by a fuel injector nozzle or could be a pimple formed on the piston or the cylinder head could be made from an electrically insulating material and have secondary electrodes embedded in it.
It will be further appreciated that the description is not limited to use with a three cylinder engine of an inline configuration but could be applied to other engine configurations having more or less cylinders.
It will also be appreciated that the description could be applied to spark assist engines in which an electrical discharge is used to start the engine or any other types of internal combustion engine having poppet valves requiring spark ignition during specific operating conditions.
It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that although the description has been described by way of example with reference to one or more embodiments, it is not limited to the disclosed embodiments and that one or more modifications to the disclosed embodiments or alternative embodiments could be constructed without departing from the scope of the description.

## Claims

1. A poppet valve for use in an internal combustion engine, the poppet valve comprising:
a valve stem to slideably support said poppet valve in a cylinder head of said internal combustion engine;
a valve head at one end of said a poppet valve to selectively open and close a gas flow path through a port formed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, said valve head having a primary electrode used in cooperation with at least a secondary electrode to create a spark, said primary electrode being located on said valve head of said poppet valve, and said at least a secondary electrode integrated into said cylinder head, wherein said poppet valve has a plurality of electrodes incorporated into said valve head.

2. The poppet valve of claim 1 wherein said poppet valve is made from an electrically insulating material so as to electrically insulate the primary electrode from said cylinder block.

3. The poppet valve of claim 2 wherein said poppet valve has an electrically conductive core to connect the primary electrode to a source of electrical energy.

4. The poppet valve of claim 1 wherein said poppet valve is made from an electrically conductive material and said primary electrode is electrically insulated from said cylinder head by means of an insulating washer interposed between the primary electrode and said valve head of said poppet valve.

5. A poppet valve for use in an internal combustion engine, the poppet valve comprising:
a valve stem to slideably support said poppet valve in a cylinder head of said internal combustion engine;
a valve head at one end of said a poppet valve to selectively open and close a gas flow path through a port formed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, said valve head having a primary electrode used in cooperation with at least a secondary electrode to create a spark, said primary electrode being located on said valve head of said poppet valve, and said at least a secondary electrode integrated into said cylinder head, wherein said poppet valve has an internal cavity and said primary electrode is connected to a source of electrical energy by a central conductor housed within an internal member made from an insulating material located in the internal cavity of said poppet valve.

6. An internal combustion engine having poppet valves for regulating flow into and out of at least a cylinder of the engine, the internal combustion engine comprising:
at least a combustion chamber comprised of a piston, a cylinder block, and a cylinder head;
at least two poppet valves that can selectively regulate flow into and out of said combustion chamber, at least one of said at least two poppet valves having at least a primary electrode that cooperates with a secondary electrode that is incorporated into said cylinder head to generate spark in said cylinder, wherein fuel is directly injected to said cylinder.

7. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein said at least a combustion chamber has two or more poppet valves, at least one of said two poppet valves having a primary electrode forming in combination with at least one secondary electrode, at least one electrode pair.

8. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein all of the poppet valves of said at least a cylinder have an electrode forming part of at least one electrode pair.

9. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein the ignition timing of each primary electrode is independently controlled.

10. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein said primary electrode cooperates with more than one secondary electrode to produce more than one spark event.

11. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein said cylinder has a secondary electrode that is insulated from said poppet valve when said poppet valve is in a closed position.

12. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein said primary electrode is circular in shape.

13. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein said primary electrode is in the shape of an “X.”

14. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein said secondary electrode is in the shape of a ring.

15. A poppet valve for use in an internal combustion engine, the poppet valve comprising:
a valve stem to slideably support said poppet valve in a cylinder head of said internal combustion engine;
a valve head at one end of said a poppet valve to selectively open and close a gas flow path through a port formed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, said valve head having a primary electrode used in cooperation with at least a secondary electrode to create a spark, said primary electrode being located on said valve head of said poppet valve, at least part of said poppet valve being made from an electrical insulating material so as to electrically insulate the primary electrode from the cylinder head, and said at least a secondary electrode integrated into said cylinder head, wherein said primary electrode is comprised of tungsten.

16. The poppet valve of claim 15 wherein said primary electrode is circular in shape.

17. The poppet valve of claim 15 wherein said primary electrode is in the shape of a crossed pair of lines.