NO. 07-09-0116-CR 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 

AT AMARILLO 

PANEL E 

 MARCH 31, 2010 

 DANNY LEE WARD, 

 Appellant 

v. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

 Appellee 

_____________________________ 

FROM THE 251st DISTRICT COURT OF RANDALL COUNTY; 

NO. 20297-C; HONORABLE ANA ESTEVEZ, PRESIDING 

Memorandum Opinion 

Before QUINN, C.J., HANCOCK, J., and BOYD, S.J.1

 In three points of asserted error, appellant Danny Lee Ward argues his 

convictions of one count of robbery and one count of aggravated robbery must be 

reversed. In his points, he reasons: 1) the trial court erred in allowing his common law 

wife to testify; 2) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the 

conviction of aggravated robbery; and 3) he received an excessive sentence on the 

 1

John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment. Tex. Gov=t 

Code Ann. '75.002(a)(1) (Vernon 2005). 
2 

charge of aggravated robbery because the trial court failed to make a requisite 

enhancement finding. Disagreeing that reversal is required, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. 

Factual Background 

 Trial testimony revealed that in August of 2008, Loretta Robinson rented a house 

from Glenna and Johnnie Lowrance. At the time they rented the house to Robinson, the 

Lowrances knew that appellant would be living in the house with her. On November 4, 

2008, when the Lowrances went to the house to collect the November rent, Robinson 

gave a money order in the amount of $750. Glenna then informed Robinson that she 

was giving her 30 days notice to vacate the property.2

 Appellant became angry and 

informed the Lowrances that “[n]o one is getting out of the house until I get the money.” 

Glenna refused to go cash the money order. With a knife in his hand, appellant 

knocked Johnnie to the ground. When Johnnie got to his feet, appellant pushed him 

down again, which caused Johnnie to hit his head against a brick planter. As Glenna 

took out her cell phone to call 911, appellant shoved a chair into her and she dropped 

the telephone. Appellant then pulled Glenna’s purse away from her which caused the 

purse strap to break. He searched the purse in an effort to locate the money order, and 

after not finding it, he searched Glenna’s pockets and eventually found it. He then 

allowed the Lowrances to leave. These are the facts underlying the jury’s verdict. 

First Issue 

 Appellant argues the testimony of Robinson was sufficient to show that she was 

his common law wife and thus entitled to claim a marital privilege against testifying 

 2

Glenna was unhappy because Robinson had acquired a dog without notifying her, had never 

turned on the gas in the house, and had waited a month to notify her of a water leak. 
3 

against him. See Tex. R. Evid. 504. That being so, he claims he was entitled to have 

the question of whether a common law marriage existed submitted to the trial jury. 

 Questions concerning the existence of a privilege generally are to be determined 

by the court. Tex. R. Evid. 104(a). Where, as here, the trial court’s decision turns upon 

the credibility and demeanor of a witness, we review its decision in a light most 

favorable to its ruling. Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413, 419 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). 

The burden was upon appellant to establish that he and Robinson were married. 

Freeman v. State, 230 S.W.3d 392, 402 (Tex. App.–Eastland 2007, pet. ref’d). In order 

to do so, appellant needed to show that 1) they had agreed to be married, 2) they lived 

together after the agreement, and 3) they represented to others that they were married. 

Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d at 419; Colburn v. State, 966 S.W. 2d 511, 514 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1998). 

 Robinson averred that she and appellant had an agreement to be married and 

that for the past six years they had represented to others that they were married, 

including to co-workers and family. She also averred that she had told the Lowrances 

that she and appellant had a common law marriage, and, on November 11, 2008, she 

had told Detective Vogel that she was common law married. Nevertheless, in her 

handwritten sworn statement to police, she had only referred to appellant as her 

“boyfriend.” 

When further queried about the matter, she opined that a boyfriend was “just 

somebody that is around you part of the time.” A common law husband, according to 

her, is “someone that is with you for a long time, that helps you take care of your 

household and family,” which, she said, appellant had done. Even so, they did not have 
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a joint bank account, they had not taken a loan together, they did not own any real 

property together, she did not believe they had bought or rented any furniture together 

as husband and wife, they each owned a separate vehicle, and she had last filed her 

income tax return as a single person. 

 Although the evidence was sufficient to raise a fact question as to the existence 

of a common law marriage, we cannot say that the trial court’s resolution of that 

question was erroneous. See Freeman v. State, 230 S.W.3d at 402-03; Welch v. State, 

908 S.W.2d 258, 265 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1995, no pet.). Appellant’s first point is 

overruled. 

 Second Issue 

 Appellant next argues the evidence is not sufficient to sustain his conviction for 

aggravated robbery. In doing so, he primarily contends the evidence is not sufficient to 

show that the knife allegedly used was a deadly weapon. 

 A person commits the offense of aggravated robbery if he commits a robbery and 

uses or exhibits a deadly weapon in the course of doing so. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§29.03(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). A knife is not a deadly weapon per se but can be one if the 

actor intends to use it in a way in which it would be capable of causing death or serious 

bodily injury. McCain v. State, 22 S.W.3d 497, 502-03 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A 

serious bodily injury is one that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, 

serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any 

bodily member or organ. Tex. Penal Code Ann. §1.07(a)(46) (Vernon Supp. 2009). 

Factors to be considered in making the determination whether a knife is a deadly 

weapon include the proximity of the parties, threats or words used by the defendant, the 
5 

size, shape and sharpness of the knife, the manner in which it was used, and the 

wounds inflicted, if any. Brown v. State, 716 S.W.2d 939, 946 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 

 Glenna testified that appellant had threatened that no one could leave until he 

got the money. She also said that appellant had a kitchen “steak” knife about three 

inches long in his hand just before pushing her husband to the floor and she was afraid 

that appellant was going to stab him. Johnnie, her husband, also described the knife 

as a “steak” knife, although he only saw it after he had been pushed into the brick 

planter. 

 Robinson also corroborated that the knife was a “steak” knife and was held by 

appellant in his hand as he argued with the Lowrances. Although no one was actually 

cut with the knife and she said it was pointed toward the ground, Robinson agreed that 

it was sharp enough to cut a thick piece of meat and had a sharp pointed end. 

 The mere fact that a knife was brandished and placed a person in fear is not 

enough. In re J.A.W., 108 S.W.3d 573, 576 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2003, no pet.). 

However, in this case, there was testimony that in addition to the knife being held by 

appellant, that holding was combined with a verbal threat, there was physical violence, 

there was close proximity, and there was a description of the knife as being sharp, 

pointed, and capable of cutting a thick piece of meat. The evidence was sufficient to 

support a jury conclusion that the knife was used in a manner that was capable of 

causing death or serious bodily injury. See Billey v. State, 805 S.W.2d 417, 422-23 

(Tex. App.–Amarillo 1995, pet. ref’d) (evidence that the defendant exposed a concealed 

knife in response to a question as to whether he was kidding when he demanded 

money, placed his hand on the handle and partially withdrew a knife with a shiny silver 
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blade, and was in close proximity to the victim who could estimate the length and shape 

of the knife and its capacity to inflict death or serious bodily injury, was sufficient to 

show an implied threat that the knife would be used if the money was not given). The 

jury finding here is not so against the great weight of the evidence as to undermine our 

confidence in it. Accordingly, we hold the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to 

sustain the conviction. 

 Third Issue 

 Appellant finally contends that his sentence of twenty-three years confinement for 

the conviction of aggravated robbery was excessive because the trial court did not 

make a finding on the enhancement paragraph in count one of the indictment. In 

considering that argument, we note the record does not show that at the time it was 

pronounced, appellant made any objection to the sentence. Such a failure to object 

generally waives any error on appeal. Mercado v. State, 718 S.W.2d 291, 296 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1986). Even so, a sentence that is void for being outside the range of 

punishment may be addressed at any time, even sua sponte. Baker v. State, 278 

S.W.3d 923, 926 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d). Aggravated robbery 

is a first degree felony. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §29.03(b) (Vernon 2003). The range 

of punishment for a first degree felony is for life or any term of not more than 99 or less 

than five years. Tex. Penal Code Ann. §12.32(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009). Thus, the 

sentence assessed was within the permissible range of punishment even without an 

enhancement. 

 Moreover, although appellant contends that his last “effective” plea to the 

enhancement paragraph was “not true,” after that plea was taken and a recess was 
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held, appellant’s counsel represented to the trial court that “[w]e are pleading true to 

those, Your Honor, this morning.” In response, the court stated, “. . . I will accept your 

plea of true . . .” Accordingly, we must, and do hereby, overrule this issue. 

 In sum, all of appellant’s points are overruled and the judgment of the trial court 

is affirmed. 

 John T. Boyd 

 Senior Justice 

Do not publish.