# United States Court **of Appeals**  **f or the Fifth Circuit** 

No. 21

- 60456

**Rachel Harris,** Guardian of Steven Jessie Harris, on behalf of Steven Jessie Harris **,** Plaintiff

— Appellee **,**

versus
**Clay County, Mississippi; Laddie Huffman,** Former Sheriff, in his Individual and Official Capacities **; Eddie Scott,** Sheriff, in his Individual and Official Capacities **,** Defendants

— Appellants

**.**

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi USDC No. 1:18

- CV

- 167

Before **Smith, Costa,** and **Wilson,** Circuit Judges

**. Gregg Costa,**  Circuit Judge **:** Treating the petition for rehearing en banc as a petition for panel rehearing, t he petition for panel rehearing is **GRANTED** . Because no member of the panel or judge in regular active service requested that the court be polled on rehearing en banc, the peti tion for rehearing en banc is
**DENIED** . Our prior opinion, Harris v. Clay Cnty. , 40 F.4th 266, is **WITHDRAWN** and the following opinion is **SUBSTITUTED** therefor: United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED August 24, 2022

Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

- 60456

2 When a defendant is found incompetent to stand trial with no reasonable expectation of restored co mpetency , the state must either civilly commit the defendant or release him

. Jackson v. Indiana , 406 U.S. 715, 738 (1972). That simple commit

- or

- release rule was not followed in this case. Steven Harris was found incompetent to stand trial , and his civil commitment proceeding was dismissed . Yet Harris stayed in jail for six more years. This suit challenges his years

- long detention when there was no basis to hold him. W e consider whether his jailers are entitled to qualified immunity

. **I**

**A**

This case stems from a horrific crime spree in 2005

. 1 Harris was charged with murdering his father, shooting three law enforcement officers, shooting into occupied vehicles, carjacking, and kidnapping. He pleaded not guilty in a Clay County c ir cuit c ourt , 2 and the court ordered that he be held in custody without bail. While Harris was in custody, his counsel requested a mental evaluation to determine Harris’s competency to face trial. Harris had a long history of suffering from schizophrenia

. The c ircuit court agreed to the evaluation and transferred him to a hospital. There, doctors concluded that

1 Given the summary judgment posture, we recount the facts in the light most favorable to Harris. See Tolan v. Cotton , 572 U.S. 650 , 6 57 (2014) (emphasizing that this basic summary judgment principle applies in qualified immunity cases).

2 Mississippi circuit courts hear felony criminal proceedings and civil lawsuits. About the Courts , **S TATE OF**  **M ISSISSIPPI**  **J UDICIARY**  , https://courts.ms.g ov/ aboutcourts/aboutthecourts.php (last visited June 2 6 , 202 2 ). Chancery courts have jurisdiction over matters of equity, including, as relevant here, civil commitment proceedings. Id. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 2 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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3 there was “no substantial probability that Mr. Harris [could] be restored to competence to proceed legally in the foreseeable future.”

Harris returned to jail and awaited competency proceedings

. The court held a hearing on October 12, 2010 and agreed with the doctors that Harris was not competent. It therefore ordered Mississippi to pursue civil commitment proceedings in the chancery court

. Importantly, t he court also ruled on Harris’s detention status: H e should be held “ unti l the determination of said civil proceedings.” But the civil commitment case did not last long

. O n the same day the circuit court removed Harris’s criminal case from its active docket (October 20, 2010) , the chancery court dismissed the just

- filed commitment proceeding for lack of jurisdiction . It based that dismissal on the pending criminal charges

— yes, the charges that had just become inactive

— in the circuit court. The circuit court apparently never caught wind of the chancery court’s dismissal, sending Har ris into legal limbo

. No one disputes that Harris remained in Clay County jail from that point forward. It is hard to explain , then, what happened next. On October 25, 2010, Sheriff Laddie Huffman and Deputy Eddie Scott , the ones in charge of the jail , signed a “Diligence Dec laration

. ” The declaration purportedly related to a separate indictment against Harris for assaulting a jailer while in custody. 3 In that declaration, they said the following: “After diligent search and inquiry, [we] have been unable to find the within named Steven J. Harris in [our] county.” It appears that they submitted th e declaration to the circuit

3 That indictment was filed under seal. The seal was never lifted because Harris was never served with the indictment. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 3 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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4 court

— further misleading the circuit court that the civil commitment proceedings went according to plan

. Fast forward to 2012. The district attorney pr osecuting Harris’s case, Forrest Allgood, found out about the state court snafu

. After put ting the pieces together , he went to Sheriff Huffman to inquire about Harris’s confinement. This time Huffman acknowledged that Harris was still in jail but indicated that his mental health seemed to be improving. So Allgood submitted a Motion for Reevaluation to the circuit court, asking the court to again determine whether Harris was competent to stand trial. T he circuit court never ruled on that motio n , perhaps because the case was on its inactive docket , and Allgood never followed up

. Harris stayed in jail. Four more years pass ed with no change

. That is, until a Mississippi news outlet started asking questions about the case. 4 At that point, Scott , who had been elected Sheriff , reached out to the newly elected district attorney to “try[] to push and get things moving” in Harris’s case. And then

— the day before the newspaper published its article

— the district attorney filed a motion for the chancery court to reconsider its dismissal of Harris’s civil commitment case. Things moved fast after the reconsideration motion. After holding that its earlier dismissal was inadvertent, the c hancery c ourt finally took up the civil case in June 2016

. T h e court determined that Harris was a danger to himself and others, so it committed him to a medical facility. While there , H arris’s mental capacity was reevaluated one last time . The result was the

same

— he was not competent to stand trial and had no hope of regaining

4 See Jerry Mi tchell, Man in Mississippi J ail 11 Y ears W ithout T rial , **Clarion Ledger**  (May 21, 2016), https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2016/05/21/man

still

- in

- mississippi

- jail

- 11

- years

- later/84253880/

. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 4 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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5 competence

. T he c ircuit c ourt dismissed his criminal charges in 2017. Harris was released to his family soon after . He continues to receive medical care for his mental disorders

. B Harris’s mother, on his behalf, sued D istrict Attorney All good, Sheriffs H uffman and Scott, and Clay County under S ection 1983

. 5 The suit alleges that the defendants violated Harris’s Fourteenth Amendment due process rights by unlawfully detaining him for years. The complaint also

conten d s that , at one point, Huffman held Harris down and forced him to take unwanted medication

. As to Clay County, Harris argued that Sheriff s Huffman and Scot t were final policymakers, making the county liable under Monell

. The defendants sought summary judgment ; Harris re sponded with

a motion for partial summary judgment. The district court first dismissed Allgood from the case , concluding he had absolute prosecutorial immunity and qualified immunity. I t came out the other way as to Huffman and Scott . It determined that the y were not entitled to qualified immunity on the detention claim because

— taking Harris’s account as true

— their constitutional violations were obvious. It denied summary judgment to Clay County too, finding that there was strong evidence that Huffman and Scott were final policymakers for the county. Next, the court addressed the forced medication claim. It granted Huffman qualified immunity , concluding that Harris did not prove that the sheriff’s actions violated clearly established law

. T he court did, however, let the

5 Harris also brought claims against the state court judges, but those claims are not part of this appeal. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 5 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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6 medication claim proceed against Clay County as municipal liability claims do not require plaintiffs to prove a violation of clearly established law. So after summary judgment, the following claims remain: the detention c laim against Huffman, Scott, and Clay County; the forced medication claim against Clay County alone. Huffman, Scott, and Clay County appeal.

II Before we address the merits, we must clear the jurisdictional thicket

. Harris contends we cannot hear any of the defendants’ appeals at this interlocutory stage. That is right for some but not all defendants.

For this court to have interlocutory jurisdiction, the distr ict court’s decision as to each defendant must qualify as a collateral order. See Swint v. Chambers Cnty. Comm’n. , 514 U.S. 35, 42 (1995). A collateral order is one that is “ conclusive, that resolve [ s ] important questions separate from the merits, and that [ is ] effectively unreviewable on appeal from the fi nal judgment in the underlying action. ” Id. The answer is straightforward f or the decision denying summary judgment to Huffman and Scott in their individual capacities. An officer’s qualified immunity is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability,” and “ it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Mitchell v. Forsyth , 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985). The district court ’s denial of summary judgment

— based o n its determination that the officers were not entitled to qualified immunity

— therefore qualifies as a collateral order. See id. That conclusion is not altered by Harris’s argument that we lack jurisdiction because the district court’s denial turned on a genuine dispute of

mater ial fact. True, this court does not have jurisdiction to decide the Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 6 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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7 genuineness of factual disputes. Cole v. Carson , 935 F.3d 444, 452 (5th Cir. 2019) (en banc). But we can determine whether those factual disputes, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are “ material to the application of qualified immunity.” Samples v. Vadzemnieks , 900 F.3d 655, 660 (5th Cir. 2018). And we limit our jurisdiction to just that

— whether, viewing factual disputes in the light most favorable to Harris, Huffman and Scott violated clearly established law. Harris is correct, however, that we lack jurisdiction over the ruling keeping Clay County in the case

. Unlike the sheriffs, municipalities do not enjoy immunity. Owen v. City of Indep endence , 445 U.S. 622, 638 (1980)

. The argument that a municipality does not have a policy or custom that violate s federal law is merely a defense to liability that , like most other defenses, can be reviewed after final judgment. Burge v. Parish of St. Tammany , 187 F.3d 452, 476 (5th Cir. 1999). We thus h a ve repeatedly refused to treat summary judgment denials involving municipalities or officers sued in their official capacities as appealable collateral orders

. See Poole v. City of Shreveport , 13 F.4th 420, 423 n.3 (5th Cir . 2021) ; Trent v. Wade , 776 F.3d 368, 388

– 89 (5th Cir. 2015); Kinney v. Weaver , 367 F.3d 337, 347 n.10 (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc)

. Nor do we have pendent party jurisdiction over Clay County. Defendants a ssume that if Clay County’s liabilit y is “inextricably intertwined” with that of the individual officers, that provides “support [for] pendent appellate jurisdiction

. ” But this court has never permitted

— and has indeed rejected

— pendent party (as opposed to pendent clai m) interlocutory jurisdiction. See Johnson v. Bowe , 856 F. App’x 487, 491 n.5 (5th Cir. 2021) (“ [T]he discretion to exercise pendent interlocutory appellate jurisdiction does not include pendent party interlocutory appellate jurisdiction

. . . .”); Zarnow v. City of Wichita Falls , 500 F.3d 401, 407 (5th Cir. 2007) (refusing to recognize “so strange an animal as pendent party interlocutory appellate jurisdiction” ( citation omitted) ); Burge , 187 F.3d at Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 7 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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8 477

– 78 (no pendent party jurisdiction over municipality ’s appeal) . Other circuits do sometimes exercise pendent party jurisdiction over orders involving municipalities when individuals with qualified immunity also appeal, 6 but we do not. Bryan Lammon, Municipal Piggybacking in Qualified

Immunity Appeals , 126 **Pa. St. L. Rev.** 123, 141 (2021) (“ [T] he Fifth Circuit [] appears to have rejected [municipal piggybacking]. . . . I could not find any Fifth Circuit decisions to the contrary.”)

. Often the practical difference in these appro aches will be negligible. If, for example, we rule in an interlocutory appeal of a defendant with qualified immunity that there is no underlying constitutional violation, then it should be perfunctory on remand for the district court to enter an order
app lying that ruling to the benefit of a municipality. See McKee v. City of Rockwall , 877 F.2d 409, 413 (5th Cir. 1989) (“[T] he municipality will usually be able to reap in district court the benefits of a successful appeal by the city ’ s individual co

- defend ants .”). But our rule against pendent party interlocutory jurisdiction has a greater impact in this case: It means we cannot consider the forced medication claim that survived only against Clay County. And, of course, it means that we do not have interl ocutory jurisdiction to decide whether any constitutional violation for detaining Harris is attributable to the count y

. We thus dismiss Clay County’s appeal and proceed to the merits of the individuals’ appeal.

6 See , e.g. , Taffe v. Wengert , 775 F. App’x 459, 462 n.2 (11th Cir. 2019); Novoselsky v. Brown , 822 F.3d 342, 357 (7th Cir. 2016); Clubside, Inc. v. Valentin , 468 F.3d 144, 161 (2d Cir. 2006) (Sotomayor, J.); H uskey v. City of San Jose , 204 F.3d 893, 905 (9th Cir. 2000). Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 8 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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9 III

The remaining merits issue is whether Huffman and Scott are entitled

to qualified immunity for jailing Harris for six years after courts had found him incompetent and dismissed the commitment case

. We decide that question de novo, accept ing Harris’s version of the fact s and drawing inferences in his favor

. Kinney , 367 F.3d at 347

– 4 9

. The first qualified immunity question is whether the evidence allows a jury to find that the defendants violated Harris’s due process right s

. See Ashcroft v. al

- Kidd , 563 U.S. 731, 735 ( 2011)

. The second is whether that right is “ clearly established.” I d

. An official’s conduct violates a clearly established right when the “contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing v iolates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton , 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). That clearly established right , however , can not be defined “ at too high a level of generality

. ” City of Tahlequah v. Bond , 142 S. Ct. 9, 11 (2021)

. It must be “‘particularized’ to the facts of the case” establishing the right. White v. Pauly , 137 S. Ct. 548, 552 (2017) (quoting Anderson , 483 U.S. at 640).

A

The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a state from confining a criminal defendant “solely on account of his incapacity to proceed to trial” for more than “ the reasonable period of time necessary to determine whether there is substantial probability that he will attain that capacity in the foreseeable future.” Jackson , 406 U.S. at 738. If the re is no real probability that defendant will become competent, the state must institute civil commitment proceedings

— to gauge the dangerousness of the defendant

— or release him. Id.

Harris ’s prolonged detention violated Jackson

. The circuit court held that he was inco mpetent and would not regain competency. Almost Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 9 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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10 immediately after that, the chancery court dismissed the civil commitment proceeding. Without a chance at his competency being restored or a pending civil proceeding that could result in his commitment base d on dangerousness, Harris was entitled to go free. Yet he remained in jail for six years. This violated the commit

- or

- release rule that the Supreme Court recognized a half century ago. See id. The sheriffs do not push back much against the notion that the Constitution required Harris’s release

. 7 They instead mostly argue that they are not responsible for any constitutional violation. Any fault, they contend, lies with the courts or prosecutor

. Courts, including ours, have rejected jailers ’ just

- following

- orders defense s in cases with much briefer unlawful detentions. See Jones v. Jackson , 203 F.3d 875 (5th Cir. 2000). Even when a detention was “pursuant to a valid court order,” we held that detaining a defendant for nine months without br inging him before a judge offended his due process rights. See id.

at 8 8 0

– 8 1

. A recent case similarly held that “ prolonged detention ”

— 96 days

— “ without the benefit of a court appearance violate [d] the detainee’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process .” Jauch v. Choctaw Cty. , 874 F.3d 425, 436 (5th Cir. 2017). Other circuits have come to similar conclusions whe n defendants were detained at length without being brought in front of a judge. See Hayes v. Faulkner Cty

. , 388 F.3d 669, 67 5 (8th Cir. 2004) ( 38

- day detention); Armstrong v. Squadrito , 152 F.3d 564, 567, 573

– 76

7 We reject the sheriffs’ argument that the state ’s commencement of the proceedings in 2010 was enough to satisfy the Supreme Court’s command. Jackson would have no meaning if states could start commitment proceedings, terminate them, and then jail defendants indefinitely. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 10 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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11 (7th Cir. 1998) (57 day s ); Oviatt v. Pearce , 954 F.2d 1470, 147 4

– 7 7 (9th Cir. 1992) (114 day s )

. Harris did not see a judge from October 2010 to June 2016. D uring those more than 2,000 days, the circuit court never set a hearing

. And no case was pending in chancery court. In fact, judges had reason to believe that Harris was no longer detained. A few days after Harris should have been released , Huffman and Scott signe d the declaration testifying that Harris was not in the jail (this in a relatively small county with approximately 20,000 citizens and roughly 100 inmates at a given time )

. T hat lie allows a factfinder to infer that Huffman and Scott w ere covering somethi ng up

— that they knew there was no longer any basis to hold Harris. 8 See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc. , 530 U.S. 133, 147 (2000) (discussing the “general principle of evidence law that the factfinder is entitled to consider a party’s dishonesty about a material fact as ‘affirmative evidence of guilt’” (quoting Wright v. West , 505 U.S. 277, 296 (1992) ). Thus, the length of time Harris was held without a pending hearing

— substantial as it was

— is not the only basis for tying the sheriffs to the due process violation. Indeed, this is not a case about jailers ’ following court orders that turned out to be unconstitutional

. These sheriffs held Harris in violation of a court order that followed Jackson ’s commit

- or

- release rule

. After its
comp etency ruling, t he circuit court ordered that Harris “shall remain in custody until the determination of said civil proceedings.” Until that point ,

8 Other holes in the sheriffs’ story might also lead a jury to conclude th at they knew it was unlawful to continue holding Harris on the initial charges. For example, She riff Huffman told DA Allgood in 2012 that Harris was still in jail, contradicting his declaration. And while t he sheriffs claim the prison assault capias was their basis for holding Harris, that could not be the case because the indictment was never serve d on Harris (and thus there was never a trial date or any other court hearing relating to that case). Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 11 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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12 no t longer. That meant that once the chancery court end ed the civil commitment proceedings

— and remember it soon did

— Harris should have been released

. This case is thus an easier one than the cases cited above in which jailers should have pieced together the need to release the defendant based on the passage of time without court action

. Here , the court’s order informed the jailers what due process required. H olding Harris for six more years violated the court ’s instruction

. The sheriffs ignore that commit

- or

- release order and instead argue that they were detaining Harris “pursuant ” to a different to court order

. The order they refer to is the initial order to detain Harris issued after his bond hearing in April 2006

. It cannot be that the initial detention order in a case overrides subsequent release orders and allows jailers to indefinitely hol d defendants without consequence. As we said long ago of another sheriff’s defense to a prolonged detention claim

— he argued that h is ignoran ce of a

court ’s order ing the defendant’s release excused him from liability

— if that were the law then “nine months could easily be nine years, and those nine years, ninety

- nine years, and still as a matter of law no redress would follow.” Whirl v. Kern , 407 F.2d 781, 792 (5th Cir. 1968)

. Taking the evidence in Harris’s favor, Huffman and Scott violated his due process right by detaining him for six years in violation of t he commit

- or

release rule and the circuit court ’s order enforcing that rule

. B The final question is whether this constitutional violation was clearly established

. The district court answered “yes,” concluding that the sheriffs’ actions were an “obvious” constitutional violation

. See Hope v. Pelzer , 536 U.S. 730 , 741 (2002); s ee also Taylor v. Riojas , 141 S. Ct. 52 (2020) ( reversing grant of qualified immunity because the violation was obvious). We agree. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 12 Date Filed: 08/24/2022No. 21

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13 The commit

- or

- release rule is fifty years old. The rule has no wiggle room; its line is as bright as they come: A n incompetent defendant who has no reasonable expectation of restored competency must be civilly committed or released. Jackson , 406 U.S. at 738. It is also clear as day that Harris’s detention after the October 2010 dismissal of his civil proceeding violated Jackson ’s rule.

And i t has long been the law that sheriffs can be held responsible for unlawful detentions, especially when a court order tells them that the detainee should be released. See, e.g. , Whirl , 407 F.2d at 792. That is the case here, as the circuit court’s order i nformed the jailers that Harris should remain detained only so long as his commitment proceeding was pending

. Detaining Harris for more than six years after he should have been released under Supreme Court precedent and a state court order is a violation of clearly established law. Qualified immunity thus does not protect Huffman and Scott

.

***

We **DISMISS** Clay County’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction and **AFFIRM** the district court’s denial of summary judgment as to Huffman and Scott. Case: 21-60456 Document: 00516445794 Page: 13 Date Filed: 08/24/2022