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%2341. Seizure of Computer ContentsThe warrant authorized the seizure of personalcommunications related to the offense. Although there werepresumably communications on the computers that did notrelate to the offenses, "[a] search does not become invalidmerely because some items not covered by a warrant areseized."United States v. Henson, 848 F.2d 1374, 1383 (6thCir. 1988). InHenson, a case affirming convictions involvingfalse odometer statements, we rejected a Fourth Amendmentchallenge to the seizure of documents and computer files thatwere unrelated to the offenses because we concluded that itwould have been unreasonable to require police to sortthrough extensive files in a suspect’s office in order toseparate out those items that were outside the warrant.Id.at1383-84;see alsoDavis v. Gracey, 111 F.3d 1472, 1481 (10thCir. 1997) (finding no Fourth Amendment violation whendefendants seized a bulletin board system computer thatcontained personal communications unrelated to the crimeunder investigation);United States v. Hay, 231 F.3d 630, 637-38 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding no Fourth Amendment violationin the search and seizure of a computer system in a childpornography investigation);United States v. Upham, 168 F.3d532, 536 (1st Cir. 1999) (same). In the instant cases, whenthe seizures occurred, defendants were unable to separaterelevant files from unrelated files, so they took the computersto be able to sort out the documents off-site. Because of thetechnical difficulties of conducting a computer search in asuspect’s home, the seizure of the computers, including theircontent, was reasonable in these cases to allow police tolocate the offending files.2. E-mail SearchPlaintiffs also allege that defendants read their e-mail, anallegation defendants deny. Plaintiffs rely for evidence on thefollowing. A plaintiff testified as an expert witness thatcertain log records were missing from theGuestCCC BBScomputers when the computers were returned; these logsnormally keep a record of the use of the computer, and the%234

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%2343ODLQWLIIV DUJXH WKDW GHIHQGDQWV DUH QRW HQWLWOHG WR TXDOLILHGLPPXQLW\ EHFDXVH WKH RIILFHUV GLG QRW IROORZ WKH DGYLFH RI WKH SURVHFXWRUVZKR UHYLHZHG WKHZDUUDQW 6LQFH ZH KDYH IRXQG QR FRQVWLWXWLRQDOYLRODWLRQ WKH DGYLFH RI WKH SURVHFXWRUV LV LUUHOHYDQW WR RXU GHFLVLRQF. Qualified ImmunityAccording to plaintiffs, "Defendants Leis, Hamilton CountySheriff’s Department and RECI cannot assert qualifiedimmunity" as "political subdivisions."GuestBr. at 46.Qualified immunity may be asserted by government officialssued in their individual capacity.Harlow, 457 U.S. at 807.As the district court granted qualified immunity only to theindividual defendants, plaintiffs’objections about immunityfor the sheriff’s department and RECI are unfounded. SheriffLeis was sued in his individual capacity (as well as in hisofficial capacity), so he may properly assert the defense in hisindividual capacity. Because we have concluded that therewere no Fourth Amendment violations, the individualdefendants are all entitled to qualified immunity on the FourthAmendment claims asserted against them in their individualcapacities.
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9expert testified that defendants must have deleted the log filesor prevented them from generating. TheGuestplaintiffs alsorefer to a paper printout of the computer directories, whichshowed defendants’check marks next to several directorynames, including a directory labeled "e-mail."The printout and absence of log files are not evidence thatthe defendants read private communications. Plaintiffs areessentially relying on an assumption that because defendantscould haveread e-mail, there is evidence that they did read email. Defendants may legitimately have checked to see thatthe contents of the directories corresponded to the labelsplaced on the directories. Suspects would otherwise be ableto shield evidence from a search simply by "misfiling" it in adirectory labeled "e-mail." In theGuestcase, defendants hada list of file names and thus could conduct their search byreviewing the file names in a directory, without actuallyopening the files and viewing the contents. While weconstrue the facts on summary judgment in the light mostfavorable to the nonmoving party, "[t]he mere existence of ascintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff’s position willbe insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jurycould reasonably find for the plaintiff."Mitchell v. ToledoHosp., 964 F.2d 577, 581 (6th Cir. 1992) (quotingAndersonv. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)). Plaintiffs’assumptions are insufficient to establish a genuine issue offact regarding an e-mail search.3. Search of Subscriber InformationPlaintiffs argue that defendants violated the FourthAmendment by accessing bulletin board subscriberinformation. These records include information such assubscribers’names, addresses, birthdates, and passwords. Aswe have noted above, a person must have a reasonableexpectation of privacy in the matter searched in order tochallenge a search under the Fourth Amendment. Individualsgenerally lose a reasonable expectation of privacy in theirinformation once they reveal it to third parties.SeeUnitedStates v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 443 (1976),limited by statute.

%234A bank customer, for instance, does not have a legitimateexpectation of privacy in the information that he or she hasconveyed to the bank; by placing the information undercontrol of a third party, the customer assumes the risk that thebank will convey the information to thegovernment.Id.Courts have applied this principle to computer searches andseizures to conclude that computer users do not have alegitimate expectation of privacy in their subscriberinformation because they have conveyed it to anotherpersonthe system operator.See Maxwell, 45 M.J. at 418;United States v. Kennedy, 81 F. Supp. 2d 1103, 1110 (D. Kan.2000) (rejecting a privacy interest in subscriber informationcommunicated to an internet service provider);United Statesv. Hambrick, No. 99-4793, 2000 WL 1062039, at *4 (4th Cir.Aug. 3, 2000) (unpublished) (holding that defendantdestroyed any privacy interest in his subscriber informationwhen he conveyed it to an internet service provider) (citingMiller, 425 U.S. at 442). We conclude that plaintiffs in thesecases lack a Fourth Amendment privacy interest in theirsubscriber information because they communicated it to thesystems operators. In addition, in theO’Briencase,subscriber information would be that of the users, who do nothave Fourth Amendment standing.4. Software SearchPlaintiffs also assert that defendants exceeded the scope ofthe warrant when they searched for unlicenced software. Theonly individual with a privacy interest in the software wouldbe the person possessing the software, i.e., the computer’sowner or the system operator. In theGuestcase, the ownerand bulletin board operator, Robert Emerson, is not a party tothe case. In theO’Briencase, although the owner andoperator are parties, the warrant listed the offense of"possession of unlicenced property," so the search forunlicenced software in that case was clearly authorized by thewarrant.%234

D. ParticularityPlaintiffs argue that the warrant failed to describe withsufficient particularity the things to be seized. They seem tobase this argument on the warrant’s failure to particularlyidentify communications or subscriber information. A searchwarrant must particularly describe the things to be seized, butthe description, whose specificity will vary with thecircumstances of the case, will be "valid if it is as specific asthe circumstances and the nature of the activity underinvestigation permit."Henson, 848 F.2d at 1383 (quotingUnited States v. Blum, 753 F.2d 999, 1001 (11th Cir. 1985)).In the instant cases, the warrants required that thecommunications and computer records pertain to the listedoffenses. Defendants could not have obtained more specificidentification of e-mails and subscriber data, which were notaccessible to them. The description was thus particularenough as the circumstances permitted for these items.Moreover, since plaintiffs have not established that theircommunications were searched, there would be no harm froman alleged defect in the warrant regarding any of thecommunications.E. Probable CausePlaintiffs assert that the warrants did not state "probablecause to believe that the Plaintiffs’public and privatecommunications, and their subscriber information, wasevidence of a crime."GuestBrief at 43. Plaintiffs do notdispute in their briefs that defendants had probable cause tosearch for evidence of crimes on the computers. As we havealready determined, the difficulty of locating and extractingthese images meant that a seizure of the whole computersystem was not unreasonable, so long as there was probablecause to conclude that evidence of a crime would be found onthe computer. An analysis of probable cause to search thematerials is unnecessary since plaintiffs have failed toestablish that their communications were searched, and theylack a privacy interest in their subscriber information.