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5 

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1. Seizure of Computer ContentsThe warrant authorized the seizure of personal

communications related to the offense. Although there werepresumably communications on the computers that did notrelate to the offenses, "[a] search does not become invalidmerely because some items not covered by a warrant areseized." United States v. Henson, 848 F.2d 1374, 1383 (6th

Cir. 1988). In Henson, a case affirming convictions involving

false odometer statements, we rejected a Fourth Amendmentchallenge to the seizure of documents and computer files thatwere unrelated to the offenses because we concluded that itwould have been unreasonable to require police to sortthrough extensive files in a suspect’s office in order toseparate out those items that were outside the warrant. Id. at1383-84; see also Davis v. Gracey, 111 F.3d 1472, 1481 (10th

Cir. 1997) (finding no Fourth Amendment violation whendefendants seized a bulletin board system computer thatcontained personal communications unrelated to the crimeunder investigation); United States v. Hay, 231 F.3d 630, 637-

38 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding no Fourth Amendment violationin the search and seizure of a computer system in a childpornography investigation); United States v. Upham, 168 F.3d532, 536 (1st Cir. 1999) (same). In the instant cases, whenthe seizures occurred, defendants were unable to separaterelevant files from unrelated files, so they took the computersto be able to sort out the documents off-site. Because of thetechnical difficulties of conducting a computer search in asuspect’s home, the seizure of the computers, including theircontent, was reasonable in these cases to allow police tolocate the offending files.

2. E-mail SearchPlaintiffs also allege that defendants read their e-mail, an

allegation defendants deny. Plaintiffs rely for evidence on thefollowing. A plaintiff testified as an expert witness thatcertain log records were missing from the Guest CCC BBScomputers when the computers were returned; these logsnormally keep a record of the use of the computer, and the

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F. Qualified ImmunityAccording to plaintiffs, "Defendants Leis, Hamilton County

Sheriff’s Department and RECI cannot assert qualified

immunity" as "political subdivisions." Guest Br. at 46.

Qualified immunity may be asserted by government officialssued in their individual capacity. Harlow, 457 U.S. at 807.

As the district court granted qualified immunity only to theindividual defendants, plaintiffs’ objections about immunityfor the sheriff’s department and RECI are unfounded. SheriffLeis was sued in his individual capacity (as well as in hisofficial capacity), so he may properly assert the defense in hisindividual capacity. Because we have concluded that therewere no Fourth Amendment violations, the individualdefendants are all entitled to qualified immunity on the FourthAmendment claims asserted against them in their individualcapacities.


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expert testified that defendants muor prevented them from generating

refer to a paper printout of the coshowed defendants’ check marks names, including a directory label

The printout and absence of log 

the defendants read private commessentially relying on an assumptiocould have read e-mail, there is evimail. Defendants may legitimatelthe contents of the directories coplaced on the directories. Suspectto shield evidence from a search sidirectory labeled "e-mail." In the G

a list of file names and thus coulreviewing the file names in a dopening the files and viewing tconstrue the facts on summary jufavorable to the nonmoving party, scintilla of evidence in support of t

be insufficient; there must be evcould reasonably find for the plaiHosp., 964 F.2d 577, 581 (6th Cirv. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 24

assumptions are insufficient to esfact regarding an e-mail search. 

3. Search of Subscriber InformPlaintiffs argue that defenda

Amendment by accessing buinformation. These records inclsubscribers’ names, addresses, birt

we have noted above, a person expectation of privacy in the machallenge a search under the Fourth generally lose a reasonable expecinformation once they reveal it to 

States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 443 
 

 %234

A bank customer, for instance, does not have a legitimateexpectation of privacy in the information that he or she hasconveyed to the bank; by placing the information undercontrol of a third party, the customer assumes the risk that thebank will convey the information to the government. Id.Courts have applied this principle to computer searches andseizures to conclude that computer users do not have alegitimate expectation of privacy in their subscriberinformation because they have conveyed it to anotherperson

the system operator. See Maxwell, 45 M.J. at 418;

United States v. Kennedy, 81 F. Supp. 2d 1103, 1110 (D. Kan.2000) (rejecting a privacy interest in subscriber informationcommunicated to an internet service provider); United Statesv. Hambrick, No. 99-4793, 2000 WL 1062039, at *4 (4th Cir.Aug. 3, 2000) (unpublished) (holding that defendantdestroyed any privacy interest in his subscriber informationwhen he conveyed it to an internet service provider) (citingMiller, 425 U.S. at 442). We conclude that plaintiffs in thesecases lack a Fourth Amendment privacy interest in theirsubscriber information because they communicated it to thesystems operators. In addition, in the 

O’Brien case,

subscriber information would be that of the users, who do nothave Fourth Amendment standing. 

4. Software SearchPlaintiffs also assert that defendants exceeded the scope of

the warrant when they searched for unlicenced software. Theonly individual with a privacy interest in the software wouldbe the person possessing the software, i.e., the computer’sowner or the system operator. In the Guest case, the ownerand bulletin board operator, Robert Emerson, is not a party tothe case. In the 

O’Brien case, although the owner and

operator are parties, the warrant listed the offense of"possession of unlicenced property," so the search forunlicenced software in that case was clearly authorized by thewarrant.

%234 

D. ParticularityPlaintiffs argue that the warran

sufficient particularity the things tbase this argument on the warranidentify communications or subscrwarrant must particularly describe the description, whose specificcircumstances of the case, will be the circumstances and the natuinvestigation permit." Henson, 8United States v. Blum, 753 F.2d 99

In the instant cases, the wa

communications and computer reoffenses. Defendants could not haidentification of e-mails and subscaccessible to them. The descripenough as the circumstances peMoreover, since plaintiffs have communications were searched, than alleged defect in the warracommunications. 

E. Probable Cause Plaintiffs assert that the warran

cause to believe that the Plain

communications, and their subevidence of a crime." Guest Brie

dispute in their briefs that defendasearch for evidence of crimes on thalready determined, the difficulty these images meant that a seizursystem was not unreasonable, so lcause to conclude that evidence of the computer. An analysis of promaterials is unnecessary since establish that their communicationlack a privacy interest in their sub