NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 15-3550

____________

FRANK JEFFS,

 Appellant

v.

SECRETARY PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; 

THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA; 

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 2-14-cv-00827)

District Judge: Honorable Jan E. DuBois

____________

Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

November 9, 2017

Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge, and 

BRANN, District Judge.

*

(Filed: November 16, 2017)

 

* The Honorable Matthew W. Brann, United States District Judge for the Middle 

District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
2

____________

OPINION**

____________

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.

Frank Jeffs appeals an order of the District Court denying his petition for a writ of 

habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Because the state courts did not unreasonably apply 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), we will affirm.

I

On a spring morning in Philadelphia, firefighters found Robert Kerwood, Jr. 

sitting in his SUV with a bullet in his brain. The district attorney charged petitioner Frank 

Jeffs with Kerwood’s murder. Jeffs admitted shooting Kerwood from the driver’s seat of 

his own car, but claimed he had acted in self-defense after Kerwood followed him, drove 

into his lane, and “point[ed] something black and shiny at [him],” App. 336, all the while 

screaming death threats out an open window. Unpersuaded, the jury convicted Jeffs of 

first-degree murder, along with possession of an instrument of crime. The Pennsylvania 

courts affirmed that verdict both on direct appeal and in collateral proceedings under the 

Pennsylvania Post-Conviction Relief Act (PCRA). See 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9501 et seq.

After exhausting his remedies in state court, Jeffs petitioned the District Court for 

a writ of habeas corpus. Among other claims not relevant to this appeal, Jeffs argued that 

his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to call as a witness Joseph 

 

** This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does 

not constitute binding precedent.
3

Criniti, a friend of Kerwood’s who had testified previously that Kerwood had a history of 

aggressive behavior behind the wheel. Concluding that the Pennsylvania Superior Court 

did not apply Strickland unreasonably, the District Court denied the petition under 28 

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). This Court subsequently granted a certificate of appealability 

limited to the question of whether the failure to call Criniti as a witness amounted to 

ineffective assistance of counsel.

II

1

Based on Criniti’s testimony at a prior hearing, the PCRA court characterized 

Criniti’s anticipated trial testimony as follows:

Criniti testified that he had known [Kerwood] for about 15 years. He 

indicated that, while riding as a passenger in [Kerwood’s] vehicle, he had 

observed [Kerwood] yelling out the window at other drivers, spitting at them, 

and giving other drivers the finger. . . . He confirmed that not only had he 

warned [Kerwood] about his behavior but that he had knowledge that a 

couple of [Kerwood’s] friends had done so as well. Mr. Criniti testified that 

these incidents of road rage that he had observed had occurred about eight or 

nine years earlier.

App. 319 (internal citations omitted). At trial, as the defense case wound to a close, the 

judge asked Jeffs’s lawyer whether he still intended to call Criniti. Although the judge 

had already ruled that Criniti’s testimony would be admissible, counsel replied that he did 

not wish to call Criniti because he did not want to open the door to evidence of 

Kerwood’s peaceful character. The district attorney confirmed that it planned to present 

 

1 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 2241(a). We have 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1253.
4

such evidence if Criniti testified, but did not identify any witnesses. The trial judge then 

inquired whether Jeffs agreed with the decision not to call Criniti and Jeffs concurred.

The Superior Court held that Jeffs had not been denied effective assistance, “as 

trial counsel’s advice [not to call Criniti] was both legally sound and rationally-based trial 

strategy.” App. 346–47. The Superior Court did not explain its reasons for this 

conclusion. Pennsylvania’s standard for ineffective assistance of counsel “constitute[s] 

the same rule” as that announced in Strickland. Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 

976 (Pa. 1987). We therefore review the Superior Court’s decision to determine whether 

it unreasonably applied Strickland. The question on appeal is whether the Superior 

Court’s application of Strickland’s performance-and-prejudice standard was so beyond 

the pale “that no fair-minded jurist could agree with it.” Johnson v. Lamas, 850 F.3d 119,

135 (3d Cir. 2017).

III

Where, as here, the state court decides a habeas petitioner’s claim on the merits 

without explanation, we “must determine what arguments or theories . . . could have 

supported[] the . . . decision; and then . . . ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists 

could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a 

prior decision of [the Supreme] Court.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011).

Jeffs argues that the decision not to call Criniti was objectively unreasonable for two 

reasons.

First, Jeffs argues that our decision in Branch v. Sweeney, 758 F.3d 226 (3d Cir. 

2014), compels a finding of deficient performance because Criniti’s testimony “tended to 
5

exculpate [Jeffs] and aligned almost perfectly with [Jeffs’s] account of what happened.”

Reply Br. 9 (quoting Branch, 758 F.3d at 238). Criniti’s testimony, however, is quite 

unlike the evidence left unpresented in Branch. Our decision in that case was based on 

our judgment that it was “difficult to see how the jury could have returned a guilty 

verdict . . . if it credited [the uncalled witnesses’] testimony.” Branch, 758 F.3d at 236. 

We analogized the unpresented testimony, if credited, to testimony that identified a 

different perpetrator altogether. Id. Criniti’s evidence was not so compelling. Even under 

the best of circumstances, a reasonable jury could have fully credited Criniti’s testimony 

that Kerwood had a reputation for aggressive driving and still convicted Jeffs of firstdegree murder. And Jeffs’s counsel had significant reason to doubt that the best would 

come to pass. For one thing, Criniti’s evidence of Kerwood’s character was stale. 

Although his original statements to the police did not indicate such staleness, Criniti later 

clarified that the only incidents of aggression he recalled had taken place eight or nine 

years prior—“nothing recently,” in Criniti’s words. App. 49 (Tr. 21:10–22:11).

Moreover, Criniti, who was a close friend of Kerwood’s, had declared himself a hostile 

witness. At an evidentiary hearing to determine his testimony’s admissibility, Criniti 

insisted that he was “not going to cooperate with [Jeffs’s counsel].” App. 45 (Tr. 6:16–

22).

Jeffs’s second point is that his lawyer’s performance was deficient because it was 

uninformed. To be sure, it appears that Jeffs’s counsel decided not to call Criniti at least 

in part because he did not want to open the door to evidence of Kerwood’s peaceful 

character, despite not knowing what that evidence would be. And we have held that 
6

uninformed decisions are not entitled to the ordinary deference that the Strickland

standard affords counsel’s strategic choices. See, e.g., Rolan v. Vaughan, 445 F.3d 671, 

682 (3d Cir. 2006). There is no indication in the record, however, that the desire to close 

the door to evidence of Kerwood’s peacefulness was the sole basis for the decision not to 

call Criniti. Jeffs tries to characterize one sentence in the PCRA court’s decision as a 

factual finding to that effect, entitled to deference under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). That 

attempt is unavailing. The PCRA court’s bare recital adds nothing to Jeffs’s attorney’s 

own statement, which itself contained nothing to suggest that counsel had considered 

testimony as to Kerwood’s peacefulness to the exclusion of other concerns. 

Indeed, as the district attorney points out, “it would represent an exceptionally . . . 

unrealistic view of the trial process to presume that counsel considered only the prospect 

of rebuttal testimony.” Commonwealth Br. 45 n.17. While we do not conjure scenarios 

that “contradict” the evidence of what counsel considered, “neither [do we] insist counsel 

confirm every aspect of the strategic basis for his or her actions. There is a strong 

presumption that counsel’s attention to certain issues to the exclusion of others reflects 

trial tactics rather than sheer neglect.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 109 (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted).

Because we have no factual finding about counsel’s thought process,2 we must ask 

whether any theory provides reasonable support for the Superior Court’s conclusion that 

the decision not to call Criniti was an acceptable exercise of professional judgment. See 

 

2

Jeffs’s trial counsel was unavailable to testify at the evidentiary hearing before the 

PCRA court because he was deceased.
7

id. at 102. We think one does. Criniti’s testimony about Kerwood’s trait of 

aggressiveness would not only have opened the door to evidence of Kerwood’s peaceful 

character—it would also have permitted the district attorney to introduce evidence of 

Jeffs’s aggressive nature. See PA. R. EVID. 404(a)(2)(B)(ii). The district attorney, if given 

the opportunity, planned to call Jeffs’s supervisor and coworker to testify that Jeffs was 

an aggressive man, and was not allowed to drive a truck at work because he was “always 

yelling and screaming at other drivers.” App. 109–110 (Tr. 12:6–13:10).

Jeffs’s counsel was well aware that calling Criniti would open the door to strong 

evidence of Jeffs’s aggressive behavior. And the record clearly shows that during the 

trial, counsel weighed that possibility in deciding whether to call Criniti. App. 110 (Tr. 

15:2–19) (noting that, given the evidence of Jeffs’s aggressiveness, calling Criniti would 

come “at my own peril or my client’s own peril”). Counsel knew that Criniti’s testimony 

would have permitted the district attorney to introduce potentially devastating character 

evidence. Criniti’s own testimony corroborated the defense case, but—in light of the 

doors it would have opened and the risk of losing control of a hostile witness—it was 

hardly so essential or so compelling that calling Criniti was the only reasonable choice.

On this record, we cannot conclude that the Superior Court unreasonably applied 

Strickland.

* * *

Applying our deferential standard of review to the state court’s decision that 

Jeffs’s counsel’s performance was not constitutionally deficient, we will affirm the

judgment of the District Court.