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The following table provides EPA’s current estimates of the number of applicators and applications of pesticides that fall within pesticide use patterns that result in the application of pesticides to and over, including near, waters of the United States. The information has not undergone peer review , and EPA intends to update these estimates as additional data become available. There are two ma in limitations to the data provided. First, there is not a direct source of information on the number of applic ators and applications made for these pesticide use patterns. As a result, the estimates were derived from secondary sources of information, and generalizing assumptions were sometimes made

. The second limitation is that the definition of an application and an applicator is derived from the best available data by use pattern . Therefore the definition may be different by use pattern
. More detail, by pesticide use pattern , is provided in the calculation notes. Following the table is a listing of informatio n sources used in EPA’s estimation of the number of pesticide applicators and applications. Information sources are l isted by pesticide use pattern. NPDES Applicator & Application Estim ates
Use Patterns Number of

Applicators Number of

Applications Calcul ation Notes Mosquito Adulticides 1,200 461,450 There are 400 mosquito abatement districts and approximately 800 other public agencies that apply mo squito control pesticides

-- it is assumed that each represents an applicator. There w ere 103 million acre

tr eatments with insecticides in 2005 (99 million for adulticides and 4 million for larvicides). Assuming that 77% of adulticide application s are made by ground and 23% are made by air and that an average adulticide application by ground covers 180 acres and that an adulticide application by air covers 600 acres, there are an estimated 461,450 annual adulticide applications. Mosquito Larvicides 1,200 18,800 There are 400 mosquito abatement districts and approximately 800 other public agencies that apply mo squ ito control pesticides

-- it is assumed that each represents an applicator. There w ere 103 million acre

treatments with insecticides in 2005 (99 million for adulticides and 4 million for larvicides). Assuming that 77% of larvicide application s are made by ground and 23% are made by air and that an average larvicide application by gro und covers 180 acres and that a larvicide application by air covers 600 acres, there are an estimated 18,800 annual larvicide applications. Aquatic Weed Control

- Lakes and Pond s 23,200 4,524,000 OPP data show approximately 23,200 applicators holding certification in the aquatic category. The estimate of applications to lakes, ponds, irr igation systems and waterways is the result of 23,200 multiplied by 1 application per day ov er 195 work days (5 work days per w eek multiplied by 3 9 w eeks [9 mo nths of the year] ) , which equals 4,524 ,000 applications per year. EPA cannot determine what applications are made to each site , so one overall number has been calculated fo r all aquatic wee d control in lakes, ponds, irrigation systems, and waterways
.

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Use Patterns Number of

Applicators Number of

Applications Calcul ation Notes Aquatic Weed Control

- Irrigation Sy stems and Waterways See Aquatic

Weed Control

- Lakes and Ponds See Aquatic

Weed Control

- Lakes and Ponds See Aquatic Weed Control

- Lakes and Ponds

Aquati c Weed Control

– Ditchbanks 330,000 660,000 About 15%, or 330,000, of 2.2 million U.S. farms are irrigated. EPA assumes that each farm is treated twice per year. This d oes not account for types of irrigation. Aquatic Nuisance Animal Control Not

Available Not

Available Includes use of pesticides for the control of fish,

lam prey s, and mollusks. EPA currently does not have an estimate of the number of applicators and applications within this use pattern. Wide Area Pest Control

- Insects 170 5,000 Based on grass hopper & Mormon cricket control. E stimate of 5 million acres treated with a minimum of 1,000 acres per application. This is a low estimate because it does not include east of the Mississippi, and parts of w est. Number of applicators is based on NAAA survey estimate of available aircraft. Wide Area Pest Control

- Invasive Weeds 5,000 10,000 Herbicides are usually not feasible for control of large wide area infestations. They are most likely used to control and/or eradicate smaller new er infestations. Applicators may be individual land owners or government agencies. No data is available for number of applicators and applications, but EPA estimates that there are at least 5,000 applicators and 10,000 applications, and that these estimate s may be low

. Forestry 4,500 4,500 There are 5,175 tracts of forest in the U.S. and 2.7 million acre s of forest are treated per year. Assuming that an average pesticide application to forests is 600 acres (based on NAAA survey), the number of applications is calculated as the number of acres treated per year divided by the number of acres treated per application

. It is assumed that the 4,500 applications are evenly distributed across the 5,175 forest tracts, thus it is assumed that there is one applicator per treated tra ct. The estimate of the num ber of applications and applicators may be low because data are not available on pesticides applied by ground. Total 365,270 5,683,750

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NPDES Applicator & Application Inform ation Sources Mosquito Control CDC, 2009. Infectiou s disease information: Mosquito

- borne diseases. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

. Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm EPA P roprietar Marketing Research Data. EPA and CDC, 2007. Joint statement on mosquito control in the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/health/mosquitoes/mosquitojoint.htm Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control, 1998. Florida mosquito control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito contro llers, regulators, and environmental managers, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL. NAAA, 2004. Pesticide use survey report for agricultural aviation. National Agricultural Aviation Association, Washington, DC. University of Florida, IFAS Extension,(undated). Integrated mosquito management (IMM). Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory . Available online at: http://mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu/Integrated_Mosquito_Management.htm Aqu atic Weed Control Baker Hughes Incorporated, 2004. MAGNACIDE ® H h erbicide: Most cost e ffective a quatic w eed c ontrol

. Available online at: http://www.bakerhughesdirect.com/cgi/hello.cgi/BPC/public/agriculture/pdf/BakerPetrolie_costeffective.pd f Bronzini, Michael S., 1997. Inland waterways: Still or t urbulent w aters ahead? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Scienc e , Vol. 553, Transport at the Millennium (Sep., 1997), 66

- 74
. California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Pesticide Information Portal, 2009. Pesticide Use Reporting . Available online at: http: //www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm EPA Proprietar Marketing Research Data. EPA. 2007. Survey of the Nation’s l akes: A f act s heet for c ommunities. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, National Lakes Assessment . Available online at: http://epa.gov/owow /lakes/lakessurvey/ Smith, S.V., W.H. Renwick, J.D. Bartley, and R.W. Buddenmier , 2002. Distribution and significance of sm all, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape. The Science of T he Total Environment

, Volume 299, Issues 1

- 3, 1 November 2002, 21

- 36. University of Kentuchy , 2009. Aquatic w eed c ontrol. Univ. of Kentucky Pesticide Education Program

. Available online at: http://www.uky.edu/Ag/PAT/cat5/cat5.htm U.S. Census Bureau, 2003. 2002 Census of Governments , Volum e 1, Number 1, Government Organization , GC02(1)

- 1, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC . Available online at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/gc021x1.pdf USDA NASS, 2005 Census of Aquaculture, Volume 3, Special Studies, Part 2, AC

- 02

- SP

- 2, 2006
. Available online at: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/Aquaculture/index.asp

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USDA NASS. 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service . Available online at: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/ Wide Area Pest Control Evans, E.W. and E.W. Hodgdon, 2008. Grasshoppers , Utah Pests Fact Sheet ENT

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- 08
. Utah State U. Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory, June 2008. NAAA , 2004. Pesticid e use survey report for agricultural aviation. National Agricultural Aviation Association, Washington, DC. Plant Protection Act, Public Law 106

- 224 of June 20, 2000, Title IV, as amended by Public Law 108

- 412, Section 1, Noxious Weed Control and Eradicati on, October 30, 2004. Roe, Alan, 2000. Grasshoppers and their c ontrol, Fact Sheet No.48

. Utah State U. Dept of Biology

. USDA/APHIS. 2002. Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression Program, Final Envir onmental Impact Statement

-- 2002 . Availabl e online at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/domestic/downloads/eis.pdf Forestry Baker, J. and S. Bambara, 2001. White pine weevil. North Carolina Cooperative Extension, NC State University, retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note33/note33.html C hristopherson J., (no date). Mountain pine beetle. Nevada Division of Forestry, Forest Health Program, retrieved 3/12/09 at http://www.forestry.nv.gov/main/health_pine.htm Day , E. and S. Salom, 2003. White pine weevil. Virginia State University, Cooperati ve Extension. Publication Number 444

- 270, retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/entomology/444

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- 270.html Duddles, R.E. and M. Cloughesy, 2002. I ntroduction to conifer release. The Woodland Workbook: Reforestation , retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1388.pdf Dun and Bra dstreet, 2009. Query, retrieved 2/14/09 . Available online at: https://pdp.dnb.com/pdpepa/PDPLogin.asp Fitzgerald. S.A.,1998. Site preparation: an Introduction for the w oodland owner. The Woodland Wo rkbook: Reforestation , retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1188.pdf Jackson, D., 2007. Herbicides and forest vegetation manage ment: Controlling unwanted trees, brush, and other competing forest vegetation, Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research Cooperative Extension, retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/UH174.pdf Kelley, T., 2007. Gypsy moth infestation may kill 17,000 acres of trees in New Jersey. New York Times, July 20, 2007, retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/20/nyregion/20gypsy.html?fta=y Kucera, D. and P. Orr, (no date). Spruce budworm in the Eastern United States, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 160. U.S Department of Agricultur e, Forest Service. retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/sbw/budworm.htm

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Leatherman, D.A., J.W. Brewer, and R.E. Stevens, 2009. Western spruc e budworms. Colorado State University, retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05543.html McManus, M, N. Schneeberger, R. Reardon, and G. Mason, ( no date). Gypsy moth, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 162, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, retrieved 3/12 /09. Available online at: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pu bs/fidls/gypsymoth/gypsy.htm Michael, J., 2004. Best management practices for silvicultural chemicals and the science behind them. Water, Air, and Pollution: Focus. 4(1), 95

- 117. NAAA, 2004. Pesticide use survey report for agricultural aviation. Nationa l Agricultural Aviation Association, Washington, DC. Robbins, J., 2008. Bark beetles kill millions of acres of trees in West. New York Times, Novem ber 17, 2008, retrieved 3/12/09. Available online at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/science/18trees.html USDA APHIS, 2008. Gypsy moth program manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, retrieved 3/16/09 . Available online at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/domestic/downloads/gypsy_moth.pdf USDA FS, 2008. The cooperative state

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- landowner gypsy moth suppress ion program in West Virginia. West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service/United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, retrieved 3/12/09 . Available online at: http://home.comcast.net/~wvdanewcreek/2008_2009_CSCL_Program_Brochure.pdf Wickman, B.E., R.R. Mason, and G.C. Trostle. Douglas

- fir Tussock moth, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 86. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, retrieved 3/12/09

. Available online at: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/tussock/fidl

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