NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 09a0520n.06

No. 08-4004

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

PAUL KEENE and MARY FEHSKENS,

Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

SUSAN TAVE ZELMAN and THE OHIO BOARD

OF EDUCATION,

Defendants-Appellants.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN

DISTRICT OF OHIO

BEFORE: MERRITT, GRIFFIN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

Defendants Ohio Board of Education and Susan Zelman, Ohio Board of Education

Superintendent and Director, appeal a district court order granting plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’

fees under the fee-shifting provision of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”).

20 U.S.C. § 1415. We affirm. In doing so, we hold that no special circumstances militated against

the attorney fee award, and the district court did not abuse its discretion. 

I.

The $81,093.62 fee award contested in this appeal stems from the settlement of a class action

lawsuit filed by plaintiffs Paul Keene and Dr. MaryFehskens on behalf of their son, “S.K.,” claiming

that the Westerville City School District and defendants “impos[ed] unlawfully stringent and
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technical pleading requirements upon requests for administrative hearings in special education

cases.” Although our jurisdiction is limited to our review of the fee-award order, defendants’

“special circumstances” argument presumes an understanding of the IDEA’s due process procedures.

For this reason, we provide the following background of the IDEA’s administrative review process.

A.

In exchange for federal funding, the IDEA requires states to identify, locate, and evaluate “all

children with disabilities residing in the State . . . and who are in need of special education and

related services . . . .” 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(3)(A). States must provide all such disabled children

a “free appropriate public education” (“FAPE”), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(a), and school districts

receiving IDEA funds must establish an individualized education program (“IEP”) for each disabled

child. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1). 

Under the IDEA, the IEP must contain a specific statement of the child’s current performance

levels, the child’s short-term and long-term goals, the proposed educational services, and criteria for

evaluating the child’s progress. The IDEA also requires the school district to review the IEP on an

annual basis for any necessary adjustments or revisions. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d). 

The IDEA provides an administrative review process through which parents who disagree

with the appropriateness of an IEP can seek relief. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b). The process begins with

a due process complaint to the school district, often termed a due process hearing request, which is

followed by a due process hearing, where the parents can voice their concerns to an independent

hearing officer (“IHO”). 20 U.S.C. § 1415(c)(2)(A). Any party may appeal the IHO’s decision to
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a state-level review officer (“SLRO”). 20 U.S.C. § 1415(g)(2). Finally, any party aggrieved by the

SLRO’s decision can file a lawsuit in state or federal court. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2). 

A due process complaint must contain the following information: 

(I) the name of the child, the address of the residence of the child (or available

contact information in the case of a homeless child), and the name of the school the

child is attending; 

(II) in the case of a homeless child or youth . . . available contact information for the

child and the name of the school the child is attending; 

(III) a description of the nature of the problem of the child relating to such proposed

initiation or change, including facts relating to such problem; and 

(IV) a proposed resolution of the problem to the extent known and available to the

party at the time. 

20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(7)(A)(ii). 

B.

In February 2006, plaintiffs were dissatisfied with Westerville’s IEP for their son, S.K., who

suffers from a mixed receptive and expressive language disorder and suspected autism. Plaintiffs’

conflicts with Westerville began in August 2002, when they first approached the school district to

discuss the type of special education services available to S.K. to counteract hisspeech and language

delays. Westerville had previously rejected S.K.’s physician’s IEP recommendations, determining

that S.K. was ineligible to receive special education services if he enrolled in its kindergarten

program. Based on this decision, plaintiffs decided to provide private speech and language services

to S.K. at their own expense. 
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In January 2005, plaintiffs requested a meeting with Westerville and presented a

speech-language evaluation from their private speech therapist and a second evaluation from his

physician. S.K.’s physician also recommended placing S.K. at the Marburn Academy, a school

specially designed for children with learning disabilities. Following the January 2005 meeting,

Westerville again denied S.K. special education services. At that time, plaintiffs sent a notice to

Westerville stating that they would unilaterally enroll S.K. at the Marburn Academy for the

2005-2006 academic year. Thereafter, Westerville refused plaintiffs’ request for public payment of

S.K.’s Marburn Academy tuition. 

In November and December 2005, Westerville reversed their prior assessments, proposing

an IEP that terminated S.K.’s attendance at the Marburn Academy and offered S.K. comparable

special education services at Westerville. Westerville’s IEP, however, was untimely because it was

proposed after the first day of the academic school year. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(2)(A). 

Plaintiffs sent a three-page due process complaint, pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6), to the

Superintendent of the Westerville School District, George Tombaugh, requesting a hearing regarding

Westerville’s proposed IEP and seeking, among other things, reimbursement for tuition paid at

Marburn and expenses related to S.K.’s private educational evaluations. 

Initially, plaintiffs’ request for a due process hearing proceeded without incident. Defendants

sent a letter to plaintiffsidentifying three potential IHOs to preside over their hearing. This process

was interrupted, however, when Westerville faxed a “sufficiency challenge” to Matthew J.
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The IDEA provides that “[a] party may amend its due process complaint notice [] if . . . the 1

other party consents in writing to such amendment and is given the opportunity to resolve the

complaint . . . or . . . the hearing officer grants permission, except that the hearing officer may only

grant such permission at any time not later than 5 days before a due process hearing occurs.” 20

U.S.C. § 1415(c)(2)(E)(i)(I)-(II).

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Rohrbacher (an IHO unilaterally selected by Westerville), seeking the dismissal of plaintiffs’ due

process complaint because it provided “insufficient notice” under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(7)(A)(ii). 

Plaintiffs faxed a response to Rohrbacher arguing, inter alia, that their due process complaint

satisfied § 1415(b)(7)(A)(ii) and Westerville’s sufficiency challenge failed to address any pivotal

issues concerning S.K.’s IEP. Shortly thereafter, Rohrbacher dismissed plaintiffs’ due process

complaint because it allegedly failed to identify the IEP’s flaws, as required under 20 U.S.C. §

1415(b)(7)(A)(ii)(III). Upon receiving the dismissal notice, Westerville cancelled plaintiffs’ due

process hearing. 

Two days later, defendants sent a letter to plaintiffs stating that they were closing their “case”

and that “no further action would be taken.” In this letter, defendants informed plaintiffs that they

could file a new complaint, but failed to disclose their right to seek leave to amend it before

Westerville cancelled their hearing. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(c)(2)(E).1

Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal with an SLRO. The SLRO, however, dismissed plaintiffs’

appeal as premature, concluding that there was “no final decision” to review because their request

for a due process hearing had been dismissed for “lack of specificity.” 

In May 2006, plaintiffs filed a ten-count class action complaint in the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Ohio on behalf of S.K., alleging, inter alia, that Westerville and
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Plaintiffs negotiated a separate settlement agreement with the Westerville defendants.

2

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the state-agency defendants unlawfully dismissed their due process complaint, illegally closed their

case, and created and perpetrated policies and procedures that caused widespread, unlawful

dismissals of due process complaints throughout the state of Ohio. Plaintiffs also alleged that

defendants instructed the IHO assigned to their case “to do nothing” for the first thirty days (other

than to schedule a hearing) and to bill for no more than one hour of time. Plaintiffs’ complaint

sought declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as compensatory damages related to S.K.’s tuition

and special education services. 

In April 2007, eleven months after filing their complaint, plaintiffs entered into a settlement

agreement with defendants. In it, “[t]he State Defendants agree[d] that Plaintiffs [were] prevailing 2

parties with respect to systemic issues related to sufficiency challenges in the . . . litigation. The

Parties [also] reserve[d] all rights with respect to the issue of attorney’s[sic] fees . . . .” Defendants

also agreed to institute changes to their due process procedures, including retraining their IHOs about

employing the proper standard of review under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(7)(A)(ii) when evaluating the

sufficiency of due process complaints. 

Following the settlement, plaintiffs moved for attorneys’ fees under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i). The

district court granted plaintiffs’ motion, but excluded claimed attorneys’ fees generated during the

administrative process. 

Defendants timely appeal the $81,093.62 attorney fee award, arguing that the district court

erred in rejecting their claim that “special circumstances” warranted the denial of plaintiffs’ motion.
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II.

Section 1415(i) of the IDEA provides, in pertinent part, that “the court, in its discretion, may

award reasonable attorneys’ fees as part of the costs . . . to a prevailing party who is the parent of

a child with a disability.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)(i). A “prevailing party” is one who “succeed[s]

on any significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing

suit.” Tompkins v. Troy Sch. Dist., 199 F. App’x 463, 465 (6th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (quoting

Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983)). 

“An award of costs to a prevailing party . . . is considered under an abuse of discretion

standard.” Deal v. Hamilton County Bd. of Educ., 392 F.3d 840, 850 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing

Jefferson v. Jefferson County Pub. Sch. Sys., 360 F.3d 583, 591 (6th Cir. 2004). “A clear example

of an abuse of discretion exists where the trial court fails to consider the applicable legal standard

or the facts upon which the exercise of its discretionary judgment is based.” Days Inns Worldwide,

Inc. v. Patel, 445 F.3d 899, 906 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting In re Walter, 282 F.3d 434, 440 (6th Cir.

2002)). In IDEA lawsuits, we have “require[d] . . . district court[s] [to] award attorney fees to a

prevailing party where no special circumstances militate[d] against such an award.” Tompkins, 199

F. App’x at 466 (emphasis added) (quoting Wikol v. Birmingham Pub. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 360 F.3d

604, 611 (6th Cir. 2004)). 

“[L]ittle guidance has been provided by the Supreme Court as to precisely what constitutes

a special circumstance that would defeat a fee award, and [this court] ha[s] recently opted for a

case-by-case approach rather than adopting a predetermined formula.” Deja Vu v. Metro. Gov’t of
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Nashville, 421 F.3d 417, 422 (6th Cir. 2005) (quotations omitted) (discussing uncertainty of “special

circumstances” that would warrant denying attorneys’ fees in a civil rights action brought under §

1988). In a case-by-case inquiry, “the burden is on the non-prevailing party to make a strong

showing that ‘special circumstances warrant a denial of fees.’” Id. (quoting Morscott, Inc. v. City

of Cleveland, 936 F.3d 271, 273 (6th Cir. 1991)). 

“First, while there are no bright line rules regarding special circumstances, the courts have

made clear that special circumstances should not be easily found.” Cleveland v. Ibrahim, 121 F.

App’x 88, 90 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (citing Wikol, 360 F.3d at 611). “Second, there is no

support for the proposition that the closeness or difficultyof a case constitutes a special circumstance

under which a district court may deny attorney’s fees . . . .” Id. “Finally, we must consider that the

purpose of the fee-shifting provision is to make it easier for a plaintiff of limited means to bring a

meritorious suit, by offering some incentive for attorneys to take such cases.” Id. (citing N.Y.

Gaslight Club, Inc. v. Carey, 447 U.S. 54, 63 (1980)). 

Defendants assert the existence of three special circumstances: 1) they did not have the

ability to address the administrative decisions prompting plaintiffs’ lawsuit; 2) they acted to correct

the disputed administrative decisions as soon as practicable; and 3) the Westerville school district

was the culpable party, and it alone should bear the litigation costs associated with plaintiffs’ lawsuit.

Specifically, defendants contend that 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(1)(A) prevented their ability to

address the dismissal of plaintiffs’ due process complaint because the IDEA mandates that all due
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process decisions are final, unless or until these decisions are overturned by an SLRO. Specifically,

§ 1415(i)(1)(A) states: 

A decision made in a [due process] hearing . . . shall be final, except that any party

involved in such hearing may appeal such decision under the provisions of subsection

(g) of this section and paragraph (2). 

Id. Contrary to defendants’ contention, § 1415(i)(1)(A) is wholly inapposite. Section 1415(i)(1)(A)

involves an IHO ruling made pursuant to a due process hearing. As defendants are aware, plaintiffs

never received a due process hearing in the present case. 

In Wikol v. Birmingham Pub. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 360 F.3d at 611, we held that a party’s

submission of “false and misleading [attorney] billing” was not a special circumstance that warranted

the denial of attorneys’ fees. In Morscott, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, 936 F.3d at 273, we concluded

that the district court abused its discretion because it did not identify a special circumstance that

justified its denial of an award. In doing so, we stated that: 

we must articulate reasons for any departure from the general rule that prevailing

parties are to be awarded fees, identifying any special circumstances and explaining

why they render an award unjust. The defendant has the burden of showing special

circumstances warrant a denial of fees, and the defendant’s showing must be a strong

one. 

Morscott, 936 F.2d at 273 (quoting Herrington v. County of Sonoma, 883 F.2d 739, 744 (9th Cir.

1989)). Here, the district court carefully analyzed and rejected each of defendants’ asserted special

circumstances. Moreover, we have yet to reverse a district court’s order awarding attorneys’ fees

under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i) for an abuse of discretion where it ruled that a party failed to meet its

burden of demonstrating special circumstances. 
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Defendants’ second and third alleged special circumstances are equally without merit.

Defendants assert that they acted to correct the disputed administrative decision as soon as they had

the ability to do so. The record belies this argument. As a preliminary matter, a party’s good faith

is not a special circumstance that justifies the denial of attorney’s fees. Morscott, 936 F.2d at 273.

In addition, defendants’ first opportunity to address the premature dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint

was during the SLRO appeal process. At that time, defendants elected to affirm the complaint’s

dismissal without substantively addressing plaintiffs’ arguments under 20 U.S.C. §

1415(b)(7)(A)(ii). 

Finally, the district court properly rejected defendants’ argument that Westerville was the

only culpable party. As it noted in its order: 

[t]he claims against the Westerville defendants involve primarily the decision of the

Westerville defendants to refuse to pay for the placement of plaintiff S.K. in a

suitable school. The claims against the state defendants involve the alleged

deficiencies in the procedures for litigating due process notices. The state defendants

cannot be characterized as being less culpable than the Westerville defendants in this

case. 

Simply put, plaintiffs’ lawsuit was based, in part, upon defendants’ duty to “establish”

procedures that “ensure that children with disabilities and their parents are guaranteed procedural

safeguards . . . with respect to a free appropriate public education.” Ohio Rev. Code § 3323.05; see

also 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(11)(A)(i). A parent’s right to a due process hearing provides the only

vehicle to preserve those safeguards. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)-(f). Defendants were not blameless

regarding plaintiffs’ claims because they were charged with establishing the due process procedures

that provided the impetus for plaintiffs’ lawsuit. 
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III.

For these reasons, we affirm the order of the district court. In addition, we remand this case

to the district court for its determination of an appropriate award of plaintiffs’ appellate attorneys’

fees under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i).