# Patent

## Title
Support device with discrete getter material microelectronic devices

## Abstract

The specification teaches a system for manufacturing microelectronic, microoptoelectronic or micromechanical devices (microdevices) in which a contaminant absorption layer improves the life and operation of the microdevice. In an embodiment, a system for manufacturing the devices includes efficiently integrating a getter material in multiple microdevices.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This Patent Application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/201,657, filed Jul. 19, 2002, U.S. Pat. No. 6,897,551 entitled SUPPORT FOR MICROELECTRONIC, MICROOPTOELECTRONIC OR “MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES, which is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/211,426, filed Jul. 19, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,180,163 entitled SUPPORT WITH INTEGRATED DEPOSIT OF GAS ABSORBING MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING MICROELECTRONIC, MICROOPTOELECTRONIC OR MICROMECHANICAL DEVICES, which claim priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 to Italian Applications MI-2001-A-001558, filed Jul. 20, 2001 and MJ-2002-A-000688 filed Apr. 3, 2002, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.


BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to systems and apparatuses for manufacturing microelectronic, microoptoelectronic, or micromechanical devices.
Microelectronic devices (also called integrated electronic circuits, or ICs) are the base of the integrated electronics industry. Microoptoelectronic devices comprise, for example, new generations of infrared radiation (IR) sensors which, unlike traditional ones, do not require cryogenic temperatures for their operation. These IR sensors are formed of an array of semiconductor material deposits, for example silicon, arranged in an evacuated chamber. Micromechanical devices (better known in the field under the definition “micromachines” or referred herein as MMs) are being developed for applications such as miniaturized sensors or actuators. Typical examples of micromachines are microaccelerometers, which are used as sensors to activate automobile airbags; micromotors, having gears and sprocket wheels of the size of a few microns (μm); or optic switches, wherein a mirror surface with a size of the order of a few tens microns can be moved between two different positions, directing a light beam along two different directions, one corresponding to the “on” condition and the other to the “off” condition of an optical circuit. In the following description, these devices will also all be referred to within the general definition of solid-state devices.
ICs are manufactured by depositing layers of material with different electric (or magnetic) functionalities on a planar then selectively removing them to create the device. The same techniques of depositions and selective removal create microoptoelectronic or micromechanical devices as well. These devices are generally contained in housings formed, in their turn, with the same techniques. The support most commonly used in these productions is a silicon “slice” (usually referred to as a “wafer”), about 1 mm thick and with a diameter up to 30 cm. On each of these wafers a very high number of devices may be constructed. At the end of the manufacturing process, individual devices, in the case of micromachines, or parts, in the case of IR sensors, are separated from the slices using mechanical or laser means.
The deposition steps are carried out with such techniques as, for example, chemical deposition from vapor state, (“Chemical Vapor Deposition” or “CVD”) and physical deposition from vapor state (“Physical Vapor Deposition” or “PVD”). The latter is commonly known in the art as “sputtering.” Generally, selective removals are carried out through chemical or physical attacks using proper masking techniques. Such techniques are well-known in the field and will not be discussed here except as they relate to specific embodiments of the invention.
The integrated circuits and the micromachines are then encapsulated in polymeric, metallic or ceramic materials, essentially for mechanical protection, before being put to final use (within a computer, an automobile, etc.). In contract, IR radiation sensors are generally encapsulated in a chamber, facing one wall thereof, transparent to the IR radiation and known as a “window.”
In certain integrated circuits it is important to be able to control the gas diffusion in solid state devices. For example, in the case of ferroelectric memories, hydrogen diffuses through device layers and can reach the ferroelectric material, which is generally a ceramic oxide, such as lead titanate-zirconate, strontium-bismuth tantalate or titanate, or bismuth-lanthanum titanate. When the hydrogen reaches the ferroelectric material, it can alter its correct functioning.
Still more important is gas control and elimination in IR sensors and in micromachines. In the case of IR sensors, the gases which may be present in the chamber can either absorb part of the radiation or transport heat by convection from the window to the array of silicon deposits, altering the correct measurement. In the case of micromachines, the mechanical friction between gas molecules and the moving part, due to the very small size of the latter, can lead to detectable deviations from the device's ideal operation. Moreover, polar molecules such as water can cause adhesion between the moving part and other parts, such as the support, thus causing the device's failure. In the IR sensors with arrays of silicon deposits or in the micromachines, it is therefore fundamental to ensure the housing remains in vacuum for the whole device life.
In order to minimize the gas amount in these devices, their production is usually conducted in vacuum chambers and resorting to pumping steps before the packaging. However, the problem is not completely solved by pumping because the same materials which form the devices can release gases, or gases can permeate from outside during the device life.
To remove the gases entering in solid state devices during their life the use of materials that can sorb these destructive gases may be helpful. These absorptive materials are commonly referred to as “getters,” and are generally metals such as zirconium, titanium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum, or alloys thereof combined with other transition elements, rare earths or aluminum. Such materials have a strong chemical affinity towards gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, water, carbon oxides and in some cases nitrogen. The absorptive materials also include the drier materials, which are specifically used for moisture absorption, which usually include the oxides of alkali or alkaline-earth metals. The use of materials for absorbing gases, particularly hydrogen, in ICs, is described for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,433 by Ramer et al. Ramer teaches that the chemically reactive getter material is formed as part of the process of fabricating the integrated circuit. The use of getters in IR sensors is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,461 by Kennedy et al. Kennedy teaches that a getter is deposited onto preselected regions of the interior of the package. Finally, the use of gas absorbing materials in micromachines is described in the article “Vacuum packaging for microsensors by glass-silicon anodic bonding” by H. Henmi et al., published in the technical journal Sensors and Actuators A, vol. 43 (1994), at pages 243-248.
The above references teach that localized deposits of gas absorbing materials can be obtained by CVD or sputtering during solid-state device production steps. However, this procedure can be costly and time consuming if done during the solid-state manufacturing CVD or sputtering process. This is because gas absorbing material deposition during device production implies the step involved in localized deposition of the gas absorbing or getter material. This is generally carried out through the steps of resin deposition, resin local sensitization through exposure to radiation (generally UV), selective removal of the photosensitized resin, gas absorbing material deposition and subsequent removal of the resin and of the absorbing material thereon deposed, leaving the gas absorbing material deposit in the area in which the photosensitized resin had been removed. Moreover, depositing the gas absorbing material in the production line is disadvantageous because there are an increased number of steps required in the manufacturing process. Increasing deposits, in turn, requires that more materials be used, which also significantly increases the risk of “cross-contamination” among the different chambers in which the different steps are carried out. Also, there is a possible increase of waste products because of contamination.
SUMMARY
In various embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated.
In a non-limiting embodiment, a system includes a support device with discrete deposits of contaminant removing material on a base layer of a material. The base layer of material may be selected from, by way of example but not limitation, glasses, ceramics, semiconductors, or metals. The contaminant removing material may be selected from, by way of example but not limitation, getter materials and drier materials.
In another non-limiting embodiment, a manufacturing layer may cover the contaminant removing material. The manufacturing layer may include a substrate layer. The substrate layer may be used in the manufacture of a microdevice.
In another non-limiting embodiment, passages are formed in the manufacturing layer by removing selected portions of the manufacturing layer. This may expose the contaminant removing material to atmosphere. The passages may or may not create cavities.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the system may include operational parts formed in one or more of the cavities by removing selected portions of said manufacturing layer. According to this embodiment, when operationally configured, the support device covers the operational parts.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the support layer may be placed in storage container including an inert atmosphere. This enables the support layer to be stored in the inert atmosphere of the storage container prior to use.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the contaminant removing material is formed to a thickness of between about 0.1 to 5 μm. In yet another embodiment, the manufacturing layer is formed to a thickness of between about 1 to 20 μm.
An alternative non-limiting embodiment includes a compound structure for providing multiple microdevices. In an embodiment, the compound structure may include a first base and a second base. The first base may include a plurality of microdevice bases, where each microdevice base is provided with at least one component. The second base, juxtaposed with the first base when in an operational configuration, may include a plurality of covers having recesses and getter material. The getter material may be formed within the recesses of the plurality of covers. Two or more of the plurality of covers may be juxtaposed over two or more of the plurality of microdevice bases. In another embodiment, a plurality of microdevices each comprising one or more of the microdevice bases, one or more of the covers, and the at least one component are separable from the compound structure.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the first base further includes at least one hollow formed therein. In another embodiment, at least one component is formed in the hollow. In an alternative embodiment, the second base further includes at least one hollow formed therein. In another embodiment, the getter material is formed in the hollow.
In another non-limiting embodiment, a cavity is at least partially defined by the first base and the second base. When operationally configured, the at least one component and the getter material may be exposed to an atmospheric environment of the cavity.
In another non-limiting embodiment, a layer is formed on the second base. In an embodiment, the layer includes material compatible with the production of microelectronic or micromechanical devices or parts thereof. In another embodiment, passages in the layer may facilitate atmospheric contact between the getter material and an atmospheric environment of the at least one component.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the getter material is formed to a thickness of between about 0.1 to 5 μm. In yet another embodiment, the production process layer is formed to a thickness of between about 1 to 20 μm.
In an alternative non-limiting embodiment, an apparatus includes a base and a production process-compatible layer. In an embodiment, the base may include a plurality of covers. In another embodiment, each cover may be provided with a recess holding a getter. In another embodiment, the production process-compatible layer may be formed on the base. The production process layer may include a material compatible with the production of microelectronic or micromechanical devices or parts thereof. The base may or may not be provided to a production process in which passages are formed in the production process-compatible layer.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the base may further include at least one hollow formed therein. At least one component may be formed in the at least one hollow.
In another non-limiting embodiment, passages formed in the production process-compatible layer during the production process may facilitate atmospheric contact between the getter and a hermetically isolated atmospheric environment at least partially contained in the recess and including at least one component. In another embodiment, passages formed in the production process-compatible layer may facilitate contact between the getter and an atmospheric environment of a microdevice component.
In another non-limiting embodiment, the getter may be formed in each cover of the base. In another embodiment, the getter may be formed to a thickness of between about 0.1 to 5 μm. In another embodiment, the production process-compatible layer may be formed to a thickness of between about 1 to 20 μm.
In another non-limiting embodiment, a second base includes a plurality of microdevice bases. In an embodiment, each microdevice base may be provided with at least one component of a microdevice. In an embodiment, when the first base is engaged with the second base the component of the microdevice is located within a cavity at least partially defined by the recess holding the getter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the figures. However, the embodiments and figures are illustrative rather than limiting; they provide examples of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows in perspective, partially in section, a first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of the support in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3-5 represent operative phases for constructing a solid-state device starting from the support of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 shows in perspective, partially in section, a second possible support according to the invention.
FIG. 7 shows a sectional view of support in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 represents a solid-state device obtainable from support of FIG. 6.
FIG. 9 shows a sectional view of another solid state-device constructed starting from the support of FIG. 6.



In the FIGS., similar reference numerals may denote similar components.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the sake of description clarity, in the drawings height-diameter ratio of supports of the invention and lateral dimensions of gas absorbing material deposits upon the base are exaggerated with respect to real dimensions. Moreover, in the drawings, supports are always represented with a wafer geometry, that is a low disk of material, because this is the geometry commonly adopted by the producers of solid state devices, but this geometry could be also different, for example square or rectangular.
In FIG. 1 is shown a partial sectional view of a support 10 according to a first embodiment of the invention. Said support, 10, comprises a base, 11, having the only function of backing the support and devices deriving therefrom, and constitutes nearly the whole thickness of support 10 (within the range of millimeters). Base material can be a metal, a ceramic, a glass or a semiconductor, preferably silicon.
In areas 12, 12′, . . . , of the surface of base layer 11, discrete deposits 13, 13′, . . . of a contaminant removing material (also referred to as gas absorbing material) are obtained. Then these deposits are covered with a layer 14 of a material compatible with ICs or MMs production process. The covering layer 14 can act as the anchor for layers subsequently deposed thereon to construct ICs, microoptoelectronic devices or MMs. In a preferred embodiment the covering layer can be even itself the layer in which these devices are constructed (for example the moving parts of micromachines can be obtained in this layer by removing parts of it). Moreover the final device's soldering can be possibly made directly on the edge of covering layer 14.
As shown in FIG. 2, in covering layer 14, in correspondence of deposits 13, 13′, . . . , are realized passages 15, 15′, . . . , having function of exposing the gas absorbing or contaminant removing material 13, 13′, . . . to the atmosphere surrounding support 10. Passages 15, 15′, . . . , can be made by selective removal of covering layer 14 upon deposits 13, 13′, . . . through removing techniques that are known by those skilled in the art.
The gas absorbing material utilized for deposits 13, 13′, . . . can be any material free from the phenomenon of lost (or losing) particles, chosen among materials commonly called getter materials, which are capable of absorbing various gas molecules, and drier materials, which are specifically used for the absorption of water vapor.
In one embodiment of the invention a getter material may be used as a contaminant removing material. The getter material can be a metal such as Zr, Ti, Nb, Ta, V; an alloy of these metals or one or more of these elements and additional element(s), preferably chosen from Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Al, Y, La and rare-earths, like binary alloys Ti—V, Zr—V, Zr—Fe and Zr—Ni, ternary alloys like Zr—Mn—Fe or Zr—V—Fe, or alloys with more components. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, getter materials are titanium, zirconium, the alloy of weight percentage composition Zr 84%—Al 16%, produced and sold by the Applicant under the trade name St 101®, the alloy of weight percentage composition Zr 70%—V 24.6%—Fe 5.4%, produced and sold by the Applicant under the trade name St 707® and the alloy of weight percentage composition Zr 80.8%—Co 14.2%—TR 5% (wherein TR stands for a rare-earth, yttrium, lanthanum or mixtures thereof), produced and sold by the Applicant under the trade name St 787®. In case the getter material is not completely free of the “lost particles” phenomenon, it can be properly treated so as to reduce or eliminate this phenomenon, through a partial sintering or annealing treatment or other techniques which are appreciated by those skilled in the art.
In another embodiment of the invention, drier materials are used for the contaminant-removing material 13, 13′, . . . In the case of the drier materials, these are preferably chosen among the oxides of alkali or alkaline-earth metals. Calcium oxide, CaO, is used in a preferred embodiment, because it does not pose safety or environmental problems during production, use or disposal of devices containing it. An oxide layer may be obtained, for instance through the so-called “reactive sputtering” technique, depositing the alkali or alkaline-earth metal under an atmosphere of a rare gas (generally argon) in which a low percentage of oxygen is present, so that the metal is converted to its oxide during deposition. These layers are generally compact and free from the problem of lost particles. In a preferred embodiment, there is only getter material, but in alternate embodiments there are getter and drier materials or just drier materials.
Deposits 13, 13′, . . . , can be obtained through known techniques of selective deposition, and have thickness in the range between about 0.1 and 5 μm: with thickness values lower than the indicated ones, gas sorption capability is excessively reduced, while with higher thickness values deposition times are extended without any real advantages on the sorption properties of the contaminant removing materials. These deposits have lateral dimensions variable within wide ranges and depend on the intended use of a completed device. For example, if utilization is expected in ICs, lateral dimension will be within the range of a few microns or less, while in the case of MMs, dimensions can be between a few tens and a couple thousands of microns.
Material constituting layer 14 is one of the materials normally used as substrate in solid state devices production; it can be a so-called “III-V material” (for example, GaAs, GaN, or InP), or silicon in a preferred embodiment. Covering layer 14 can be obtained by sputtering, epitaxy, CVD or by others techniques known to those skilled in the art. It has a variable thickness, which is generally lower than 60 μm in areas free from deposits 13, 13′, . . . , and preferably within the range of about 1-20 μm.
In order to help adhesion, covering layer 14 is may be made from the same material as base 11. In a preferred embodiment the combination is silicon (mono- or polycrystalline) for base 11, and silicon grown by epitaxy for layer 14. However, those skilled in the art would appreciated that other materials with similar adhesion properties could be used as well and that the base and adhesion layer do not need to be made from the same material in an alternate embodiment.
The upper surface of covering layer 14 can also be treated by modifying its chemical composition, for example forming an oxide or a nitride, allowing the following operations included in device production to occur.
Various embodiments can therefore be used in the production of solid-state devices of every kind. In completed devices which are ready for utilization or commercialization, deposits of gas absorbing material are “uncovered,” that is, exposed to external atmosphere. To avoid the risk of excessive passivation and damaging of the absorbing or contaminant-removing material, it is preferable to keep devices inside boxes under inert atmosphere, for instance argon or dry nitrogen, as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
FIGS. 3-5 show a possible implementation of an embodiment of the invention, where the support 10 is used in solid-state device production, particularly micromachine production. However, the same support could be utilized for manufacturing other solid-state devices, such as integrated circuits or miniature IR sensors.
Upon areas of surface of layer 14 without passages 15, 15′, . . . , are manufactured structures comprising micromachine mobile parts, labelled as elements 30, 30′, . . . in FIG. 3. When the production for structures 30, 30′, . . . (including contacts for outside electric connection of every single micromachine, not shown in the drawing) is finished, a covering element 40 is placed over support 10, as shown in section in FIG. 4. This covering element 40 is generally constructed with the same materials as the base 11 and it has to be easily fixable to layer 14. Silicon is used in a preferred embodiment. The covering element 40 can have holes, 41, 41′, . . . , in correspondence with areas wherein, on support 10, structures 30, 30′, . . . , are obtained and deposits 13, 13′, . . . , of gas absorbing material are exposed. In particular each of said holes will be so wide that, when support 10 and covering element 40 are fixed together, a space 42, 42′, . . . , is obtained wherein a structure like 30, 30′, . . . , and a passage 15, 15′, . . . , giving access to the gas absorbing material, are contained, so that this latter is in direct contact with space 42, 42′, . . . , and is able to sorb gas possibly present or released during time in said space. Finally, single micromachines, as the one represented in FIG. 5, are obtained by cutting the whole made up of support 10 and covering element 40 along their adhesion areas.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show, partially in section, a second possible embodiment of the invention. Also in this embodiment the support 60 includes a base 61 of the same kind and dimensions of base 11 previously described, but in which hollows 65, 65′, . . . , are created in localized areas 62, 62′, . . ., and fitted to contain gas absorbing material deposits 63, 63′, . . . . Because of the hollows configuration, the base 61 in this embodiment can substitute the assembly made up of base 11 and layer 14 in the embodiment described above.
FIG. 8 represents a solid-state device 80, in particular a micromachine, which can be obtained from the support of an alternate embodiment of the invention 60 of FIGS. 6 and 7, through a process similar to the one described with reference to FIGS. 3-5 and utilizing a covering element 70 provided with holes 71, 71′, . . . , in correspondence with areas wherein, on support 60, structures 72, 72′, . . . , are disposed and gas absorbing material deposits 63, 63′, . . . , are exposed.
In another alternate embodiment as shown in FIG. 9, micromachine 90 uses the support 60 as a covering element of a solid-state device instead of as base. In this embodiment, the base on which micromachine is constructed is a traditional one as is known by those skilled in the art, without gas absorbing material deposits. The hollow 65 obtained inside base 61, forms thus a space for housing the mobile structure 91 and, at the same time, creates the passage 64) giving access to gas absorbing material.
The invention is applicable to microdevices of any type which can benefit from an internally deposed gettering layer as defined by the invention. A microdevice is described as any of microelectronic, microoptoelectronic, or micromechanical device. However, any small-scale device which requires purification for contaminants which passes through channels cut into the substrate layer, which allow deposits of contaminant removing material to capture contaminants will benefit from the scope and spirit of the invention and the invention should not be limited to only the three types of applications recited, but rather be defined by the claims below.
It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the preceding examples and preferred embodiments are exemplary and not limiting to the scope of the present invention. It is intended that all permutations, enhancements, equivalents, and improvements thereto that are apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings are included within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A system comprising:
a support device including discrete deposits of contaminant removing material on a base layer of a material selected from the group consisting essentially of glasses, ceramics, semiconductors and metals, wherein said contaminant removing material is selected from among the group of materials consisting essentially of getter materials and drier materials; and
a manufacturing layer covering said contaminant removing material, wherein said manufacturing layer includes a substrate layer which may be used in the manufacture of a microdevice; and
passages formed in said manufacturing layer by removing selected portions of said manufacturing layer, such that said contaminant removing material is exposed to atmosphere, wherein said passages create cavities.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising operational parts formed in one or more of the cavities by removing selected portions of said manufacturing layer, wherein, when operationally configured, the support device covers said operational parts.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a storage container including an inert atmosphere, wherein said covered support device is stored in the inert atmosphere of the storage container prior to use.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the contaminant removing material is formed to a thickness of between about 0.1 to 5 μm.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing layer is formed to a thickness of between about 1 to 20 μm.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the base layer further includes at least one hollow formed therein, wherein the contaminant removal material is located in the at least one hollow.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing layer further includes at least one hollow formed therein, wherein a microdevice may be formed in the at least one hollow.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing layer is covered by a covering layer, the covering layer separating the atmosphere of the apparatus from an external atmosphere.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the atmosphere of the apparatus is an evacuated atmosphere.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein the atmosphere of the apparatus is an inert atmosphere.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the base layer is divided into discrete base structures, and wherein each base structure includes a manufacturing layer and a discrete deposit of contaminant removing material.

12. An apparatus, comprising:
a support device including discrete deposits of contaminant removing material in a base layer of a material selected from the group consisting essentially of glasses, ceramics, semiconductors and metals, wherein said contaminant removing material is selected from among the group of materials consisting essentially of getter materials and drier materials, the contaminant removing material deposited in hollows of the base layer; and
a manufacturing layer covering said contaminant removing material, wherein said manufacturing layer includes a substrate layer which may be used in the manufacture of a microdevice; and
passages formed in said manufacturing layer by removing selected portions of said manufacturing layer, such that said contaminant removing material is exposed to atmosphere, wherein said passages create cavities.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the manufacturing layer is covered by a covering layer, the covering layer separating the atmosphere of the apparatus from an external atmosphere.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the atmosphere of the apparatus is an evacuated atmosphere.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the atmosphere of the apparatus is an inert atmosphere.

16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the base layer is divided into discrete base structures, and wherein each base structure includes a manufacturing layer and a discrete deposit of contaminant removing material.

17. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising operational parts formed in one or more of the cavities by removing selected portions of said manufacturing layer, wherein, when operationally configured, the support device covers said operational parts.

18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the contaminant removing material is formed to a thickness of between about 0.1 to 5 μm.

19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the manufacturing layer is formed to a thickness of between about 1 to 20 μm.

20. An apparatus, comprising:
a support device including discrete deposits of contaminant removing material in a base layer of a material selected from the group consisting essentially of glasses, ceramics, semiconductors and metals, wherein said contaminant removing material is selected from among the group of materials consisting essentially of getter materials and drier materials, the contaminant removing material deposited in hollows of the base layer; and
a manufacturing layer covering said contaminant removing material, wherein said manufacturing layer includes a substrate layer which may be used in the manufacture of a microdevice;
passages formed in said manufacturing layer by removing selected portions of said manufacturing layer, such that said contaminant removing material is exposed to atmosphere, wherein said passages create cavities; and
a covering layer covering the manufacturing layer, the covering layer separating the atmosphere of the apparatus from an external atmosphere.