# Patent

## Title
Methods and systems for automated authentication, processing and issuance of digital certificates

## Abstract

A computer system and process for issuing digital certificates use domain-control vetting to issue certificates. A requestor requests a certificate from a certificate authority, which identifies at least one approver to approve issuance of the digital certificate. If approved, the certificate authority accepts the request, creates and signs the certificate, and the signed certificate is sent to the requester.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/271,255, filed Oct. 15, 2002, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/328,766, filed Oct. 12, 2001, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Application Ser. No. 10/907,636, filed Apr. 8, 2005, is a co-pending divisional of Ser. No. 10/271,255. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office public patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods and systems for identification, processing and issuance of server based digital certificates.
In order to secure information transmitted over the Internet, methods have been developed to secure the connection between web browsers and web servers. Secure sockets layer (SSL), recently re-named TLS but substantially the same protocol, is a protocol designed to enable communications on an insecure network such as the Internet. SSL provides encryption and integrity of communications along with server authentication using digital certificates. However, an SSL connection does not ensure the identity of the recipient of the information nor does it secure the information once it is decrypted at the web server. Therefore, it is important to be certain that the web server is legitimate.
It has become common practice to use web server digital certificates to authenticate the identity of a web server to visiting browsers. A user's browser will access the web server's digital certificate when directed to enter a secure session. The certificate, which contains the web server's public key is then used by the browser to authenticate the identity of the website, that is, the web server and to provide the web browser with the web server's public key so that the web browser can encrypt a session key for use in encryption of transmitted data. Since only the web server has the private key to decrypt the user's information, such information remains secure. The web server certificate is issued by a certification authority. Applicants' assignee, GeoTrust, Inc. is a certification authority. Most web browsers are published with a number of root digital certificates (containing public keys) for CA's already installed and hence the web browser will recognize the CA's signature and trust the certificate.
Generally, in order to obtain a certificate, the website owner, the Requestor, will submit a certificate signing request (CSR), or its equivalent, containing the web server's public key, along with other information, to a certification authority (CA) and the CA, when satisfied as to the identity of the Requestor, will issue a certificate containing the web server's public key and sign the certificate using the CA's private key. A traditional method for vetting the web server Requestor is shown in FIG. 1. The present invention is directed to methods and systems for automating the identification of the web server Requestor in issuing web server certificates.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A computer system and process for automated authentication, processing and issuance of digital certificates, wherein web server domain-control vetting is employed in the identification and authorization of the Requestor. Domain-control vetting, in accordance with the present invention, includes the mandatory selection of Approver contact addresses by the Requestor wherein the Approver contact addresses, for example, email addresses, have been generated based on domain information. A Requestor requests a web server certificate from a certificate authority, the certificate authority receives the request. The certificate authority generates Approver email addresses, and the Requestor is required to select an Approver email address or addresses. On the other hand, the Requestor can submit one or more email addresses and if one or more of these email addresses are also certificate authority generated Approver email addresses, then the certificate authority can accept the Requestor submitted email addresses that match. The certificate authority contacts the Approver using the selected email address or addresses and requests that the Approver approve issuance of the certificate. If approved, the certificate authority accepts the request, and creates and signs the certificate and the signed certificate is sent to the Requestor.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows one example of the traditional vetting process.
FIG. 2 shows one preferred embodiment of the vetting process of the present invention, namely, the QuickSSL vetting process.
FIGS. 3a and 3b shows an Initial QuickSSL Premium enrollment page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a CSR Review and confirmation page in accordance with the present invention.
FIGS. 5a and 5b show a Order Contact information page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows an Approval selection page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows a Payment page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 8a and 8b show an Order Summary and Requestor (Subscriber) confirmation page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows a Confirmation page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows a Requestor (Applicant) confirmation email in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 shows an Approver email in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 shows an Approver review and confirmation page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 shows an Approver confirmation page in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 14a and 14b show a Fulfillment email in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 15a and 15b show the initial certificate order pages in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 16a, 16b and 16c show a enrollment form in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 17 shows the enrollment form in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention wherein a CSR has been pasted into the required field.
FIGS. 18a and 18b show one manifestation of how the enrollment form and other pages in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention are interactive and self-correcting, requiring the Requestor (Subscriber) to correct errors and add omitted but necessary information before proceeding.
FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d show the enrollment information conformation and Subscriber Agreement process in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20 shows the automatic response back to the Requestor (Subscriber) who has submitted the completed certificate request properly in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21 shows a version of the email message the Approver receives requesting approval of the certificate request from the Requestor (Subscriber) in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 22 shows information, terms and conditions, and agreements for the Approver to agree to in approving or disapproving the certificate request in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 23 shows an automated notice confirming the approval of the certificate request in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 24 shows the web server certificate as issued in an email after approval in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 25 shows an automated notice confirming the disapproval by the Approver in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 26 shows a provisioning algorithm in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 27 shows a provisioning architecture in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.



DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings. What follows are preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is illustrative only and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. All the features disclosed in this description may be replaced by alternative features serving the same purpose, and equivalents or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Therefore, numerous other embodiments of the modifications thereof are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as defined herein and equivalents thereto. Use of absolute terms, such as “will not . . . will,” “shall,” “shall not,” “must,” and “must not,” are not meant to limit the present invention as the embodiments disclosed herein are merely exemplary.
This is a description for how the invention would apply to automated identification, processing, and issuance of digital certificates. For example, SSL server certificates, in this case through an Issuer's Web portal. This is only one of many potential systems, process flows and applications for the invention.
A First Preferred Embodiment
In accordance with the present invention the automated methods and systems for Requestor identification may be referred to as domain-control vetting, an example of the process for domain-control vetting is shown in FIG. 2. Domain control vetting is the process for verifying that a Requestor has permission from an Approver to obtain and install the product. The Approver must demonstrate control of the domain. Thus, in the present invention the Approver is differentiated from the Requestor. The Approver is an individual who has domain-control and has the responsibility for approving the Requestor's request for a domain-control vetted product (such as QuickSSL). The Requestor is the end user requesting the SSL certificate. In domain-control vetted orders the Requestor selects the Approver email address from a list of authoritative email addresses.
In initiating the request, the Requestor fills out an order form including Certificate Signing Request (CSR), and order contact information. See FIGS. 3a, 3b, 4, 5a and 5b. The Certificate Signing Request (CSR) is a block of information typically generated by the Web Server software that is meant to be submitted to a Certificate Authority (CA) in return for a SSL certificate. The CSR provides the Certificate Authority with the information necessary to generate the SSL Digital Certificate. When the Web Server generates the CSR it is actually generating a Private and Public Key pair. The private key is kept secret and the public key is bundled into the CSR. The CSR is digitally signed by the private key which proves to the CA that the Web Server has possession of the private key (called “proof of possession”).
Next the Requestor is presented with a list of potential Approver emails. See FIG. 6. This list may be generated by combining domain related information. Disclosed below are three types of addresses which may be utilized. Of course there are other ways of determining the Approver's email address in accordance with the present invention. In this step of the process, the choices offered in the form for email address for the Approver (Approver Email Address or Addresses) are limited to those chosen by the Issuer, and cannot be altered or amended by the Requestor. The Approver Email Address choices offered on this page (FIG. 6) are not created by Requestor or entered into the Enrollment Form by the Requestor, and so the Requestor cannot divert or “short circuit” the approval process by directing the email message requesting official approval of the certificate issuance request to the Requestor or to an unauthorized person. This provides a security element of the automated process and system of the present invention.
In the first type, the system obtains the technical and administrative contacts from the WhoIs system—a database mandated by ICANN to be maintained by the domain registrars. In the case the system cannot determine the exact role of the person it will, in certain instances, pull out any e-mail address, for example the e-mail addresses in the response message could be for administrative, technical, billing or other e-mail addresses.
In the second type, the following list of mail box names, namely: admin, administrator, hostmaster, info, root, ssladmin, sysadmin, webmaster, or other names, may be pre-appended to the 2, 3, 4, . . . N component domain of the certificate being requested. For example, if the requested certificate was for “us.secure.geotrust.com”, then the system in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention would allow the following: admin@us.secure.geotrust.com; admin@secure.geotrust.com; and admin@geotrust.com for each and every of the “mail boxes” listed above.
In the third type, “standard”, fixed address sent to the CA's customer support group (support@CA.com) where they will address this on a case by case basis. For example, by sending it to support@ca.com or support@geotrust.com.
The Requestor chooses an Approver email, reviews the order information, agrees to the subscriber agreement and completes the order, including payment, and can review the order. See FIGS. 6, 7, 8a and 8b. 
An e-mail is sent to the administrative and technical contacts acknowledging the receipt of the order, and the Approver e-mail is sent to the Approver. See FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. Approver receives email with embedded link to the approval site back at the CA and the Approver reviews the order information and either approves or rejects. See FIGS. 11, 12 and 13. Requestor receives digital certificate (and/or other fulfillment) via email. See FIGS. 14a and 14b. 
A Second Preferred Embodiment
The Requestor in this embodiment is either the Web domain name registrant who will receive and use the SSL server certificate on the site, or a hosting company/Internet service provider or other agent acting upon the registrant's behalf, views initial certificate order pages and chooses to “order now.” This brings Subscriber to a detailed instruction page, including technical assistance and hyperlinks to other resources and instructions. To proceed, Requestor clicks on “apply now” and is taken to the next page. See FIGS. 15a and 15b. 
The Requestor completes an Enrollment Form providing Requestor Contact and Technical Contact information (including email address) for future communications from Issuer. Requestor generates a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) through standard computer software, and pastes a copy of the CSR in the field indicated on the Enrollment Form to request the SSL server certificate. This page and other pages contain relevant terms and conditions for the transaction and process (e.g., references to the applicable Certificate Practice Statement. To proceed, Requestor clicks “submit.” See FIGS. 16a, 16b and 16c. The Enrollment Form showing a CSR pasted into required field is shown on FIG. 17.
The Enrollment form and other pages in the process are interactive and self-correcting, requiring the Requestor to correct errors and add omitted but necessary information before proceeding. FIGS. 18a and 18b. 
After submitting the Enrollment Form, the Requestor is asked to confirm basic information elements extracted from the Form, including information concerning the Requestor's server's fully qualified domain name, organization, organizational unit, city, state, and country that was extracted from the CSR generated by the Requestor and pasted into the form. This data is presented for approval in the exact form that it will be inserted automatically in the SSL server certificate generated by this process and invention. See FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d. 
The Requestor is also required to select an email address for the official person (the “Approver”) associated with the domain name who will be asked to approve the issuance of the certificate with the specific data elements contained in the CSR. See FIGS. 19b, 19c and 19d. In this step of the process, the choices offered in the form for email address for the Approver, the Approver Email Addresses, are limited to those chosen by the Issuer, and cannot be altered or amended by the Requestor. Please note that the Approver Email Address choices offered on this page are not created by the Requestor or entered into the Enrollment Form by the Requestor, and so the Requestor cannot divert or “short circuit” the approval process by directing the email message requesting official approval of the certificate issuance request to the Requestor or to an unauthorized person. This provides a security element of the automated process and invention.
The Approver Email Addresses can be generated or selected according to different algorithms designed for security or other purposes. They may be selected by automated and/or online processes which are also part of the automated process and invention, or they may be selected by off-line processes. As an example, the Approver Email Addresses can be composed some or all of the following data and algorithms: (1) elements created dynamically and automatically from Issuer or third party data sources in response to data or choices made by the Requestor, (2) elements created dynamically and automatically from data submitted by the Requestor, and (3) elements created dynamically and automatically or statically from off-line or pre-set Issuer or other algorithms. It should also be noted that alternately, instant messaging or other such electronic communication means could be implemented in addition to or in place of email technology for this aspect to the present invention.
In this case, as shown in FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d, the choice of Approver Email Addresses combines all three features. For this example, the addresses in the screen shots are “billing@PHPWEBHOSTING.COM-” and “support@PHPVWEBHOSTING.COM”, which are the official contact email addresses listed for this domain name in the official registries. The two choices in the left column under the heading “Authorized Domain Name Administrators” were generated automatically and dynamically in real time by looking up and recording the official listed email addresses for the Administrative Contact and Technical Contact for the domain name that is contained within the Certificate Signing Request (CSR) as received from the Registrant, as those email addresses are registered for the domain in one of many “WhoIs” domain name registries (the “Official Email Addresses”). The domain name can be read from the Common Name or CN field in the CSR (using X.509 format).
In another embodiment, the Requestor's domain name as entered into an enrollment form and/or as contained in the contact email addresses entered into an enrollment form submitted by the Requestor is compared with the domain name contained in the CN field of the CSR submitted by the Requestor, and the application is rejected if the two names do not match.
In another embodiment, the Requestor's 0 or OU name(s) (organization and organization unit), L (city), S (state or province), and/or C (country) information contained in the CN field of the CSR submitted by the Requestor is compared with the corresponding data submitted by the Requestor or other data, and the application is rejected if the two names do not match. IN still yet another embodiment the proceeding comparisons are both employed.
These automatic and dynamic features can (1) provide additional protection against fraud or mistake, (2) help ensure that the CSR is only approved by an authorized person associated with the domain name that is the CN of the certificate, and (3) help ensure that the certificate is delivered to persons associated with the domain name that is the CN in the certificate.
The process could also include an automated check of any public or private information source via the Internet or any other communications means, including the Issuer's own data or the data of an official or unofficial third party source, followed by a comparison and decision process (e.g., approval or rejection), and this subprocess could occur at any time in the enrollment and certificate request and issuance process. In accordance with this algorithm, the chance of fraud or error in generation and delivery of the certificate to the wrong party is substantially reduced. In this case, the checking of the Official Email Addresses associated with the domain name contained in the CSR occurs automatically after the Requestor submits the Enrollment Form with the CSR pasted in, and the subsequent Enrollment pages were modified by using the information obtained through that automatic checking of a third party data source.
Other Approver Email Address choices are included in three additional columns to the right shown on FIGS. 19b, 19c and 19d. These addresses were selected by the issuer using the other two data and algorithm sources described above: (1) elements created dynamically and automatically from data submitted by the Requestor; and (2) elements created dynamically and automatically or statically from off-line or pre-set Issuer or other algorithms. In this case, the Approver Email Addresses listed in the three columns to the right on FIGS. 19b, 19c and 19d include: (1) the Level 4 domain name contained in the CSR (i.e., elements created dynamically and automatically from data submitted by the Requestor) and (2) prefixes consisting of the most commonly-used official email contact addresses for domain names (i.e., elements created dynamically and automatically or statically from off-line or pre-set Issuer or other algorithms). These alternatives are offered in case the Requestor (which may include a hosting company or Internet service provider, as described above) wishes to choose a different Approver Email Address from those dynamically generated based on the official domain name registry information (for example, because the domain name registrant has delegated the upkeep and operation of the associated Web site to the hosting company or Internet service provider, who is applying for the certificate on the domain name registrant's behalf).
In other circumstances, the Approver Email Address choices could be composed of all three of the data and algorithms sources described above, or any combination thereof, or any other relevant sources.
As shown in FIG. 19d, the Requestor in this embodiment is required to agree to a Requestor Agreement with the Issuer before the process can continue. Clicking “I Agree” triggers the next step.
FIG. 20 shows an automatic response back to the Requestor who has submitted the completed certificate request properly, and includes instructions for further communications. FIG. 21 shows a version of the email message the Approver receives requesting approval of the certificate request from the Requestor. It contains a hyperlink taking the Approver to the Issuer's approval site. Because of the invention features described in connection with FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d above, this message and link to an approval page can only go to one of the Approver Email Addresses offered by the Issuer based on the selected algorithms.
The Issuer's approval site may contain additional information, terms and conditions, and agreements for the Approver to agree to, or may simply contain a button, or other mechanism, allowing the Approver to approve or disapprove the certificate request. Because of the invention features described in connection with FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d above, this approval step can only be taken by an individual associated with one of the Approver Email Addresses offered by the Issuer based on the selected algorithms, thereby enhancing authenticity and security in the certificate issuance process. See FIG. 22.
If the Approver approves the request, the Approver (and others, such as the other contact persons listed in the original Enrollment Form) receives an automated notice confirming the approval. See FIG. 23. Because of the invention features described in connection with FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d above, this approval message will necessarily be sent to an individual associated with one of the Approver Email Addresses offered by the Issuer based on the selected algorithms, thereby enhancing authenticity and security in the certificate issuance process.
If the Approver approves the certificate request, the Issuer's Certificate Authority automatically and dynamically generates the certificate and sends it by email to the Approver (and others, in accordance with the particular embodiment, such as the other contact persons listed in the original Enrollment Form). See FIG. 24.
A sample automated message transmitting the digital certificate is shown as FIG. 24. The message may also contain instructions or hyperlinks to instructions for installation. Because of the invention features described in connection with FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d above, a copy of this certificate transmittal message will necessarily be sent to an individual associated with one of the Approver Email Addresses offered by the Issuer based on the selected algorithms, thereby enhancing authenticity and security in the certificate issuance process.
If the Approver disapproves the request, the Approver (and others, such as the other contact persons listed in the original Enrollment Form) receives an automated notice confirming the disapproval. See FIG. 25. Because of the invention features described in connection with FIGS. 19a, 19b, 19c and 19d above, this disapproval message will necessarily be sent to an individual associated with one of the Approver Email Addresses offered by the Issuer based on the selected algorithms, thereby enhancing authenticity and security in the certificate issuance process. In the process described in FIGS. 23, 24 and 25, if the Approver rejects the request, they can not later approve it. If they approve it, they can not later reject it. The state is changed.
Additional Embodiments
Alternative process feature: The Enrollment Form can request payment information (e.g., credit card information) from the Requestor, and the process can automatically and dynamically check for payment authorization and post the charge upon approval of the certificate request by the Approver. As a further alternative, information gained through the automatic payment process can be used for comparison and/or verification of other information contained in the Enrollment Form and/or CSR, and further process decisioning (e.g., accept or reject) can be based on specific algorithms.
Having now described preferred embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is illustrative only and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. All the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same purpose, and equivalents or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Therefore, numerous other embodiments of the modifications thereof are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereto.
For example, the techniques may be implemented in hardware or software, or a combination of the two. Preferably, the techniques are implemented in computer programs executing on programmable computers that each include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device and one or more output devices. Program code is applied to data entered using the input device to perform the functions described and to generate output information. The output information is applied to one or more output devices. Each program is preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system, however, the programs can be implemented in assembly or machine language or other computer language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.
Still Additional Embodiments of the Present Invention
In another embodiment of the present invention the Requestor may engage a partner of the CA to assist in obtaining the certificate for the Requestor. The partner may perform varying levels of the ordering process workflow.
A telephone verification step could be added to the process where by the person requesting the certificate, or the Approver are called via a computer program and asked to enter some information that is displayed on the web browser. The intent of this is to collect another verified piece of information—the phone number (in addition to the Approver e-mail address) to reduce risk and improve security while at the same time making this an automated, quick process. The person called may be requested to say something that is then recorded by the system. This voice print can be used later to verify user identity if needed (for example, by law enforcement). At the very least, a voice recording further inhibits attempts at fraud.
For example, when the Requestor gets to the order summary page and presses confirm a new page is displayed with a code (PIN) on it and some instructions. They are asked to be ready for a phone call at the specified phone number (entered as part of the contact information earlier, or from a corporate data registry (DUNS or similar), or from the WhoIs server data, or other sources). They agree, then the system calls them and asks them to enter the PIN into the phone when prompted. They are also asked to say their name and other information which is recorded for later use. The phone system passes this PIN back to the enrollment engine where the values are compared. If successful, the system has verified that the Requestor is at the particular phone number and this creates a better audit trail for finding this person later and reduces the risk of fraud.
If the Approver is the individual to be called (as opposed to the Requestor as described above), the phone call would be performed after they receive their Approver e-mail, come to the Approver site, review the order and press the Approve button. At that point the system would call them and perform the verification. If successful, the system would then issue the certificate.
Another embodiment of the present invention would also employ corporate registration data. A record for each order/company in a public registration database would be created or accessed with a globally unique identifier with user disclosed information about them or their company—much like DUNs numbers today (www.dnb.com). This is currently a perceived important aspect of traditional vetting where companies are highly encouraged to get a DUNs number by self-reporting some information about the company. This would preferably be a globally unique ID that can be used to track the certificate back to some additional identifying profile information.
This profile data would be linked to and from the certificate (which would have the number included, and probably the URL to the data), and perhaps elsewhere at the CA. Users would be able to opt-out of this data being published if they desired. The CA would collect the information, post to this repository, create or obtain the globally unique number, and include it in the certificate for the user. Currently users need to go and do this prior to requesting the certificate, so this is a quicker, easier process. Finally, if users have a number already, they can enter it during enrollment and the CA would link to that previously registered entity.
Use of DNS server ownership for verifying domain-control. In the case a CA partner is hosting the Requestor's web site, such service normally includes entering and maintaining the DNS entry. This is a mapping between the domain name and the IP address where the server actually resides. Every web connection made by a browser looks up the domain name in a DNS server, obtains the IP address, and then connects to that IP address. If an entity has control over the DNS server for this domain, it has control over the domain.
If a request for a certificate for domain name “domain.com” is from a partner (Partner A), the CA can do a DNS look-up and find the authoritative DNS server for this domain. The CA can compare this with the list of DNS servers registered with us for Partner A. If they match, the CA can automatically approve the request, generate the certificate and e-mail to the requester, tech, billing and Partner A registered contact, or send an approval e-mail to a previously registered e-mail address for Partner A. As before, it should also be noted that alternately, instant messaging or other such electronic communication means could be implemented in addition to or in place of email technology for this aspect to the present invention.
Each such computer program is preferably stored on a storage medium or device (e.g., CD-ROM, hard disk or magnetic diskette) that is readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage medium or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described in this document. The system may also be considered to be implemented as a computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in a specific and predefined manner. For illustrative purposes the present invention is embodied in the system configuration, method of operation and product or computer-readable medium, such as floppy disks, conventional hard disks, CD-ROMS, Flash ROMS, nonvolatile ROM, RAM and any other equivalent computer memory device. It will be appreciated that the system, method of operation and product may vary as to the details of its configuration and operation without departing from the basic concepts disclosed herein.

## Claims

1. A method for issuance of a digital credential by a certificate authority, the method comprising:
receiving, by the certificate authority, a request for a digital credential from a requestor, wherein the digital credential is for an internet site with a domain name;
subsequent to the receiving, identifying at least one approver to approve issuance of the digital credential, wherein the identifying the at least one approver includes obtaining contact information for the at least one approver from a third entity, and wherein the at least one approver is associated with the internet site;
contacting an identified approver using the contact information to obtain approval for issuance of the digital credential to the requestor;
receiving a response from the approver; and
issuing a digital credential upon receipt of approval from the approver.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the submitting includes submitting a certificate signing request (CSR).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the requestor is a hosting company that makes a request to obtain a digital certificate for a web site registrant.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the third entity is the WhoIs system.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the contact information includes transmitting the domain name to the third entity and receiving the contact information.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the contact information includes one or more e-mail addresses.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the processes of the certificate authority are performed by a microprocessor and in an automated manner.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the third entity is a data registrar, and further comprising the certificate authority obtaining information about the requestor from the data registrar.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the process of the certificate authority obtaining information about the requestor from the data registrar is automated.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the information about the requestor obtained from the data registrar is used by the certificate authority to identify the at least one approver.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the identifying of the at least one approver includes generating a list of one or more approvers, and further comprising:
providing the list to the requestor; and
the requestor selecting an approver for the certificate authority to contact from the approver list.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the list includes contact information for each approver, including an e-mail address.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the digital credential is requested for a server.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the server is a web server.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the credential is a digital certificate.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the requestor is a web domain name registrant, and the credential is an SSL server certificate.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the requestor selects an email address for the approver associated with the domain name, wherein the submitting includes submitting a certificate signing request (CSR), and wherein the approver is asked to approve the issuance of a digital certificate with data elements contained in the CSR.

18. A computer readable medium encoded with a plurality of instructions for controlling a computing system to perform a method for issuance of a digital credential by a certificate authority, the instructions comprising:
receiving, by the certificate authority, a request for a digital credential from a requestor, wherein the digital credential is for an internet site with a domain name;
subsequent to the receiving, identifying at least one approver to approve issuance of the digital credential, wherein the identifying the at least one approver includes obtaining contact information for the at least one approver from a third entity, and wherein the at least one approver is associated with the internet site;
contacting an identified approver using the contact information to obtain approval for issuance of the digital credential to the requestor;
receiving a response from the approver; and
issuing a digital credential upon receipt of approval from the approver.

19. The computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the third entity is the WhoIs system.

20. The computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein the identifying of the at least one approver includes generating a list of one or more approvers, and further comprising:
providing the list to the requestor; and
the requestor selecting an approver for the certificate authority to contact from the approver list.

21. The computer readable medium of claim 20, wherein the list includes contact information for each approver, including an e-mail address.

22. The computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein obtaining the contact information includes transmitting the domain name to the third entity and receiving the contact information.

23. The computer readable medium of claim 22, wherein the contact information includes one or more e-mail addresses.