ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS 

Appeal of--

Dyno Group, Inc. 

Under Contract No. W912P4-11-C-0016 

APPEARANCE FOR THE APPELLANT: 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT: 

ASBCA No. 59074 

Edward Everett Vaill, Esq. 

Malibu, CA 

Thomas H. Gourlay, Jr., Esq. 

Engineer Chief Trial Attorney 

Lauren M. Turner, Esq. 

Assistant District Counsel 

U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo 

OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE MELNICK 

The United States Corps of Engineers withheld liquidated damages due to the late 

completion of a contract by Dyno Group, Inc. (Dyno ). Dyno challenged that assessment 

in a claim submitted to the contracting officer, which was denied. Dyno has now 

appealed and elected to proceed under the Board's Expedited Procedure (Rule 12.2). 1 

The appeal is denied. 

FINDINGS OF FACT 

1. On 22 September 2011, the United States Army Corps of Engineers awarded 

Contract No. W912P4-11-C-0016 to Dyno (R4, tab 5). The contract was for the removal 

and replacement of staircases inside the Mount Morris Dam in Mount Morris, New York. 

The Scope of Work contained a base bid item that required the removal and replacement 

of two sections of the south gallery staircase, and five additional optional items, 

designated A through E, for the removal and replacement of additional staircases and the 

replacement of stair landings. (!d. at 279) The contract was signed for Dyno by 

Christopher Wan, its president (id. at 257). 

2. Part 1.3 of the section of the contract addressing procedures required Dyno to 

"complete the entire work ready for use not later than one-hundred eighty ( 180) calendar 

1 The Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109, implemented by Board Rule 

12.2, provides that this decision will have no value as precedent, and in the 

absence of fraud shall be final and conclusive and may not be appealed or set 

aside. 
days from the date of receipt by the Contractor of the Notice to Proceed." It added that 

"[ t]or each Option awarded, the Contractor will be given an additional one hundred fifty 

(150) days to complete that option." It noted that "[o]ptions may be awarded at any 

time within one year of original contract award and options may be awarded 

concurrently." (R4, tab 5 at 324) 

3. The contract contained 13 contract line item numbers (CLINs). CLINs 1 

through 3 were for the base work. The initial award also exercised Options C through E, 

reflected in CLINs 8 through 13. (R4, tab 5 at 259-64) The scheduled period of 

performance for CLINs 1 through 3 was 180 days, and for CLINs 8 through 13 it was 329 

days (id. at 265-66).2 The contract contained the FAR 52.211-12, LIQUIDATED 

DAMAGES-CONSTRUCTION (SEP 2000) clause. In the event Dyno failed to complete the 

work within the time specified in the contract, that clause required Dyno to pay $450 in 

liquidated damages to the government for each calendar day of delay until the work was 

completed or accepted. (!d. at 275) The contract also incorporated the FAR 52.236-2, 

DIFFERING SITE CONDITIONS (APR 1984) clause, and the FAR 52.236-3, SITE 

INVESTIGATION AND CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE WORK (APR 1984) clause (id. at 268). 

4. On 30 September 2011, after the contract was awarded, Mr. Wan sent an email 

to Brian Steils, the contracting officer representative (COR) (R4, tab 9; compl., tab 17, 

,-r 4 ). The email asked whether "the completion timeframe for this job [was] 180 calendar 

days?" It noted the "[a]ward amount consists of Base bid and Options C, D, and E" and 

asked "do these options give more time for completion (ie does Dyno have 150 days x 3 

= 450 additional days), or is it still180 days?" (R4, tab 9) Mr. Steils's 3 October 2011 

response referred Mr. Wan to an email from Mr. Walter Kamad from "Contracting." 

Mr. Kamad had advised the following: 

Just looked over the specs, base bid is 180 days. Since 

options C, D and E are awarded with base bid, the breakdown 

would be 180 for base bid and an additional 150 days for the 

options. The NTP would read 180 days for base bid and to 

complete all options in 330 days[.] 

(R4, tab 1 0) Mr. Steils commented that "[t]he contract states 330 days, however USACE 

would expect Dyno group to complete the project as soon as possible" (id.). On 

3 October 2011, the contracting officer issued a Notice to Proceed to Dyno, which Dyno 

acknowledged receiving that day, stating Dyno could commence performance on 

4 October and had until 1 April2012 (180 days) to complete the work (R4, tab 6). 

2 It is not clear why the scheduled period for CLINs 8 through 13 was not 330 days, as 

Part 1.3 suggests it should have been. 

2 
5. On 10 February 2012, the contracting officer sent Dyno a letter expressing 

concern about whether Dyno could complete the project by 31 March 2012. The letter 

noted there were still outstanding submittal issues requiring resolution before work could 

start on the site. The letter sought an updated schedule showing anticipated completion 

of deliverables and construction by 17 February 2012. (R4, tab 17) 

6. On 16 February 2012, Dyno requested a 150-day extension of contract 

completion to 29 August 2012. Among other things, Dyno argued that the 1 April2012 

completion date in the Notice to Proceed was inconsistent with the contract, suggesting 

that the 180 days allotted only accounted for the base work, and added no time for the 

options. It claimed to be entitled to at least an additional 150 days. (R4, tab 19) On 

5 April2012, the contracting officer executed Modification No. P00001, effective 3 April 

2012. The document purports to change the deadline for completion of each of the active 

CLINs to 2 July 2012.3 This would add additional days to perform the base work 

contained in CLINs 1 through 3, while reducing the days permitted for Options C through 

E in CLINs 8 through 13. This document is not executed by Dyno. (R4, tab 24) 

However, Dyno concedes in its submittal that "[a]n extension of the contract was granted 

on April3, 2012," citing an unexecuted document purporting to make the same changes 

in the performance periods contained in Modification No. P00001 (compl. at 6, tab 14). 

7. On 28 June 2012, Mr. Wan and the contracting officer executed a bilateral 

modification to the contract, effective 25 June 2012. The modification exercised Options 

A and B, designated as CLINs 4 through 7, which involved additional removal and 

replacement of stairs. It designated the period for performing those CLINs to be from 

26 June through 24 September 2012, which was 90 days. The modification also changed 

the deadline for completing the base work and Options C through E, CLINs 1 through 3 

and 8 through 13, to 1 August 2012. (R4, tab 29) 

8. On 26 July 2012, Dyno requested a 31-day extension oftime to complete the 

base work, and Options C through E, from 1 August to 1 September 2012. Dyno 

provided two reasons for the request. First, Dyno stated that it had encountered uneven 

concrete pitch in the north stairs, requiring adjustment and adding additional labor and 

fabrication time. However, Dyno did not indicate that this added work had delayed 

completion of the job beyond the current deadline. The only item requiring additional 

time was installation of new fiberglass railings due to fabrication delays. (R4, tab 30) 

There is no record the request was acted upon by the government. 

9. On 22 August 2012, the contracting officer sent another letter to Dyno, 

expressing concern about Dyno's timely completion of the contract work. The letter 

observed that the government had expected the base work to be completed by 1 August 

3 The first page of the modification purports to change each CLIN's deadline to 2 July, 

while the subsequent Summary Changes refer to 1 July. 

3 
2012, which had not occurred, and the remaining option work was to be completed by 

24 September 2012. The government was concerned that Dyno's current progress was 

insufficient to enable it to comply with its deadline. The contracting officer warned that 

"further delays will increase our ability to assess liquidated damages." (R4, tab 32) 

10. On 10 September 2012, Dyno requested an extension of the contract's 

completion deadline to 24 November 2012. Dyno provided six reasons for the extension. 

First, Dyno complained again about uneven concrete, indicating it had found more of it. 

Second, Dyno claimed it could only perform a limited amount of work at any one time to 

ensure that it was appropriately supervised and performed safely. Third, it claimed it was 

experiencing difficulty hiring qualified personnel. Fourth, it opined that the award of 

Options A and B entitled it to an additional 300 days. Fifth, it complained about the 

government's handling of its submittals. Sixth, it claimed to have encountered financial 

hardship. (R4, tab 34) 

11. The project schedules Dyno submitted through 30 October 2012 showed 

completion by 19 or 20 November 2012 and closeout by the 23rd. They did not indicate 

the government was preventing completion. (R4, tabs 35, 36) On 19 November 2012, a 

government official commented in an email to Dyno that it appeared Dyno would not be 

complying with this schedule and sought an accurate submission. Dyno's response on 

the same day forecasted completion by 1 7 December and closeout by the 19th. Dyno 

added two comments. First, it said its receipt of material for the production of swing 

gates had been delayed because of Hurricane Sandy, but should arrive the first week of 

December for installation by the middle of the month. Second, Dyno claimed it was 

waiting for guidance on certain landings and approaches that it said the government 

wanted that were beyond the contract's scope of work. It emphasized that its new 

schedule was dependent on receiving an answer "ASAP." (R4, tab 37) With respect to 

the landings, an email dated 17 September 2012 from the COR informed Dyno that he 

"plan[ ned] on sending ... the RFP for the three top landings (modification) early this week" 

(compl., tab 11). Dyno submitted 55 quality control reports mentioning landings (compl. 

at 5; answer ,-r 16). Also, the first page of a five page Dyno quality control report from 

14 November 2012 states that Dyno is "[w]aiting for direction on 

landings/approaches/top plates for all Staircases." It does not say that Dyno was 

prevented from performing any contract work until it received the direction. (Compl., 

tab 10) 

12. In a letter dated 20 November 2012, the contracting officer once again 

expressed concern about Dyno's completion of the project by its latest suggested 

completion date of 19 December 2012. The letter acknowledged Dyno's representation 

that factory production of the swing gate material had been delayed due to Hurricane 

Sandy. It notified Dyno that any extension request for that purpose would have to show 

when the order was placed and that it was supposed to be delivered timely, along with a 

letter from the manufacturer confirming the delay. The contracting officer's letter also 

4 
referred to Dyno's inquiries about landing work outside the contract's scope. The 

contracting officer stated the government had not issued any requests for this work and 

Dyno should proceed without regard to those items. The contracting officer also 

informed Dyno that he would deduct $23,934.75 from Dyno's latest payment "in 

anticipation of assessing liquidated damages," observing that the contract's completion 

date was 24 September 2012. (R4, tab 38) 

13. On 21 November 2012, Dyno formally requested an extension of the contract 

completion date to 19 December 2012. One ofDyno's cited reasons was the delay 

obtaining the swing gate material. It explained that it submitted its order for that material 

to the manufacturer in early October with the intent to receive it on site by the first week 

of November for fabrication and installation by 23 November. Dyno enclosed a letter 

from the manufacturer confirming the storm delays and predicting delivery of the 

materials by 30 November. Dyno also contended that it had been waiting for guidance on 

the landings and approaches since 2 August, and that the delay had prevented it from 

performing any work. Dyno also referred to the safety and financial hardship issues it 

had raised in its 10 September 2012 request for extension. (R4, tab 39) There is no 

evidence this request was acted upon. 

14. On 13 February 2013, the contracting officer declared Dyno's work complete 

and accepted. The contracting officer considered the three-year warranty period to have 

commenced on 21 December 2012. (R4, tab 40) The government withheld $39,600 in 

liquidated damages (R4, tab 41 ). The amount reflects 88 days worth of damages, from 

24 September 2012 until21 December, at $450 a day. 

15. On 3 April2013, Dyno submitted a "Letter-Relief from Liquidated Damages" 

to the contracting officer, challenging the government's retention of liquidated damages 

(R4, tab 3). The contracting officer treated that letter as a claim. On 30 September 2013, 

he issued a final decision denying it. (R4, tab 2) Dyno filed a notice of appeal from that 

decision on 13 December 20 13. Its cover letter with the notice elected to proceed under 

the SMALL CLAIMS (EXPEDITED) procedure referred to in Board Rule 12.1(a) and 

explained by Board Rule 12.2. 

16. On 10 January 2014, the Board convened a conference call with counsel for 

the parties. During that call, the parties waived discovery and the government waived a 

hearing. Dyno represented that the packet of materials it submitted on 13 December 

2013 was its substantive submission for the record. (Bd. mem. conf. call dtd. 15 January 

2014) The government responded with an answer dated 23 January 2014. By letter dated 

28 January 2014, Dyno notified the Board that it also waived a hearing. Dyno then filed 

a substantive reply to the government's answer dated 4 February 2014. 

5 
DECISION 

Dyno's primary argument is that, as originally awarded, the contract granted it 

330 days to perform the base work and Options C through D. It claims that after Options 

A and B were exercised, it should have received at least an additional 150 days, making 

the contract completion date 26 January 2013. (Compl. at 1) It later contends that it 

should have received 150 days each for Options A and B, totaling 300 additional days 

(id. at 6). Still later in its reply submission, Dyno contends that it originally received 

330 days to perform the contract. It was then granted an additional 90 days by the April 

modification and another 90 days by the June modification, totaling 510 days. (App. 

reply at 34

) It contends its 21 December 2012 completion ofthe contract was early under 

any of these scenarios and therefore no liquidated damages should have been assessed. 

The contract's original terms provide 180 days from receipt of the Notice to 

Proceed to complete the base work, and grant 150 additional days for each option, which 

could be awarded concurrently (finding 2). On 3 October 2011, Dyno received the 

Notice to Proceed with its performance of the base work and Options C through E 

(finding 4). Thus, it had until 31 March 2012 to complete CLINs 1 through 3 relating to 

the base work.5 It then had until28 August 2012 to complete CLINs 8 through 13, 

relating to Options C through E. Modification No. POOOOI, which was not executed by 

Dyno, purports to change all of those deadlines to 2 July 2012, granting more time for the 

base work while reducing the time for Options C through E (finding 6). The subsequent 

28 June 2012 bilateral modification is executed by both parties. It expressly provides that 

Dyno had until I August 2012 to complete both the base work and Options C through E. 

It then exercises Options A and B, designated as CLINs 4 through 7. However, instead 

of granting 150 days for Dyno to perform those CLINs, as originally permitted by the 

contract, it only permits Dyno 90 days, until24 September 2012. Mr. Wan signed this 

modification and therefore agreed to its terms. (Finding 7) Dyno suggests that its 

agreement to this earlier deadline for Options A and B is invalid because it did not 

receive any consideration for the reduction (app. reply at 5). However, Dyno received an 

extension of its deadline for performing the base work. To the extent consideration was 

necessary to validate its acceptance of the reduced deadline for Options A and B, Dyno 

received it. Thus, after the 28 June 2012 modification was executed, Dyno had until 

1 August to complete the base work and Options C through E, and until 24 September to 

complete Options A and B. Dyno has not demonstrated that it completed any of the 

required work prior to 21 December 2012. 

Dyno presents several additional grounds for attacking the assessment of 

liquidated damages. First, it contends that uneven pitch in the concrete was not visible 

during its initial walk through and could not be seen until the stairs were removed. It 

4 The reply does not contain page numbers. 

5 The Notice to Proceed purports to permit Dyno until 1 April. 

6 
therefore claims it encountered an unforeseen site condition that caused delay in 

fabrication and installation. (Compl. at 4, tab 17, ~ 7) Under the contract's incorporated 

Differing Site Conditions clause, Dyno could be entitled to an equitable adjustment to the 

contract in the event it encountered "unknown physical conditions at the site, of an 

unusual nature, which differ materially from those ordinarily encountered and generally 

recognized as inhering in work of the character provided for in the contract." FAR 

52.236-2(a)(2). However, Dyno has done nothing more than assert that such conditions 

existed. Dyno has not shown that the uneven pitch could not be discovered from a 

reasonable site investigation. See Huntington Constr., Inc., ASBCA No. 33526, 89-3 

BCA ~ 22,150 at 111,4 79. Nor has it shown that the condition would be unexpected to a 

reasonably prudent contractor. Consolidated Constr., Inc., ASBCA No. 46498, 99-1 

BCA ~ 30,148 at 149,157, aff'd, 230 F.3d 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (table). Finally, 

assuming uneven pitch constituted an unforeseen condition, Dyno has presented no 

evidence showing the number of days, if any, that condition delayed its completion of the 

work. 

Dyno's second ground for attacking liquidated damages is that Hurricane Sandy's 

impact upon its swing gate material supplier during the week of28 October 2012 

constitutes an excusable delay. An excusable delay is "due to causes that are 

unforeseeable, beyond the contractor's control, and not resulting from its fault or 

negligence." ECC, International, ASBCA No. 55781, 13 BCA ~ 35,207 at 172,744. 

"The delay must be to overall contract completion." !d. Dyno has demonstrated that its 

supplier was delayed due to Hurricane Sandy, but it has not shown that is the reason 

Dyno failed to comply with its 1 August and 24 September 2012 CLINs' deadlines. 

Indeed, Dyno's evidence shows that it did not order the materials from its supplier until 

early October 2012, after its contract deadlines had already expired (finding 13). Had 

Dyno timely performed, it would have ordered the materials and received them before 

Hurricane Sandy occurred. Accordingly, Dyno has failed to show that its supplier's 

Hurricane Sandy delays constitute an excusable delay. 

Dyno also suggests that it encountered excusable delays because it had originally 

intended to use two work crews on each set of stairs. One would demolish the old stairs 

while a second would install the new stairs. It says it only discovered during 

performance that using two crews in the confined, inclined spaces containing the stairs 

was inefficient and unsafe because one crew would have to work above the other. Given 

that the contract's entire purpose was to work in these spaces, Dyno has not demonstrated 

why those safety and efficiency issues were unforeseeable. 

Dyno also argues its delay is excused because the COR told it that additional work 

would be ordered by the government for the landings. Dyno says it could not perform 

until it received final guidance on that issue. It says it waited 110 days for that 

information, from 2 August 2012 until the contracting officer's 20 November letter 

stating no requests for additional work had been made. Assuming Dyno is correct, its 

7 
argument does not explain its failure to meet its 1 August 2012 deadline for the base 

work and Options C through E. Additionally, the COR is not authorized to make any 

commitments or changes affecting delivery or any other term or condition of the contract. 

ECC, International, 13 BCA ~ 35,207 at 172,738 (quoting Winter v. Cath-dr!Balti Joint 

Venture, 497 F.3d 1339, 1344-45 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). Dyno bore the risk of its reliance 

upon any such representations. Furthermore, the evidence fails to support the contention 

that Dyno's performance was delayed for this reason. Dyno's 10 September 2012 request 

for a 61-day extension to 24 November 2012 fails to mention the matter (finding 10). 

Dyno's project schedules submitted through 30 October 2012 state that it would complete 

its work by 20 November, with no mention that the government was preventing 

completion (finding 11). Only on 19 November 2012, when it became clear that Dyno 

would not meet its self-imposed 23 November deadline, did it raise the landing issue as a 

possible excuse for its failure to timely perform (finding 11).6 Dyno received the 

clarification it sought from the government the next day. Accordingly, Dyno has not 

demonstrated the landing issue excused its failure to timely complete the contract work. 

Dyno also argues that the assessment of liquidated damages is invalid because the 

government suffered no real loss due to its late completion of the project. It also claims 

the contracting officer acted in bad faith, invoking the liquidated damages clause after the 

COR orally informed Dyno that its request for more time would be granted and that the 

contracting officer had to assess liquidated damages on the date they started accruing. 

The contract's liquidated damages clause will be enforced unless the amount 

specified is "so extravagant, or disproportionate to the amount of property loss, as to 

show that compensation was not the object aimed at or as to imply fraud, mistake, 

circumvention or oppression." DJ Mfg. Corp. v. United States, 86 F.3d 1130, 1133 (Fed. 

Cir. 1996) (quoting Wise v. United States, 249 U.S. 361, 365 (1919)). The test is 

objective. A liquidated damages clause is valid as long as the stipulated amount is 

reasonable as ofthe time the agreement is made. !d. at 1137. Dyno bears the burden of 

proving the liquidated damages clause is unenforceable. !d. at 1134. In the absence of 

such proof, liquidated damages agreed to by competent persons freely, fairly, and 

understandingly will be enforced. !d. at 1133-34. 

Dyno suggests that its late completion of the contract work caused no harm to the 

government. It claims the stairs are seldom used. To the extent they are used for tours 

there was no disruption, and the dam staff was not inconvenienced because an elevator 

was available to take them to the dam's various levels. However, the entire reason for the 

6 Although Dyno submitted 55 quality control reports mentioning landings, only the first 

page of a five-page report from 14 November 2012 is included in the record. That 

page says Dyno is "[ w ]aiting for direction on landings/approaches/top plates for 

all Staircases." It does not say that Dyno was prevented from performing any 

contract work until it received the direction. (Finding 11) 

8 
clause is to agree upon a fixed rate in the event of a breach to relieve the government of 

proving it suffered damages. 86 F.3d at 1134-35. Permitting Dyno to escape the clause's 

application by showing no damages were suffered in this particular instance would 

undermine that purpose. Downing Electric, Inc., ASBCA No. 37851, 90-3 BCA ,-r 23,001 

at 115,504 ("That no actual damages might have been suffered is not proof that the 

amount was unreasonable."). Additionally, Dyno's opinion as to the universe of potential 

costs the government might have suffered does not prove that the rate was unreasonable. 

An important component for determining liquidated damages rates in construction 

contracts is the additional cost to the government of inspection and supervision. 

FAR 11.502(b ). Dyno has not shown that the $450 daily rate upon which it agreed has 

no relation to that cost. Moreover, Dyno's suggestion that the staffs access to an 

elevator proves they did not need stairs seems meritless on its face. Access to stairs is 

typically necessary for safety purposes, and that would seem to especially be the case 

inside a dam. At bottom, there is nothing inherently unreasonable about the $450 daily 

liquidated damages rate provided in this contract, and Dyno has failed to present any 

evidence proving it is. Accordingly, Dyno's attempt to invalidate the liquidated damages 

clause is rejected. 

Dyno has also failed to prove its final point that the contracting officer acted in 

bad faith. It purports to support this contention by claiming the COR told it that its 

10 September 20 12 extension request would be granted, and that liquidated damages had 

to be assessed on the date they began accruing. Government officials are presumed to act 

in good faith and Dyno must overcome that presumption with clear and convincing 

evidence that the contracting officer did not act in good faith. Croman Corp. v. United 

States, 724 F.3d 1357, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2013). As previously observed, the COR is not 

authorized to make any commitments or changes affecting any terms or conditions of the 

contract. ECC, International, 13 BCA ,-r 35,207 at 172,738. Thus, the COR's alleged 

representation that Dyno's extension request would be granted is not attributable to the 

contracting officer. Nor has Dyno cited any authority holding that the contracting officer 

waives the government's right to assess liquidated damages unless he does so on the date 

they begin accruing. Dyno has failed to show there was anything improper about the 

contracting officer's behavior here, and therefore its bad faith claim is rejected. 

9 
CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated, the appeal is denied. 

Dated: 11 April 2014 

~<1-~ A. MELNICK 

Administrative Judge 

Armed Services Board 

of Contract Appeals 

I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the 

Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 59074, Appeal ofDyno 

Group, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter. 

Dated: 

10 

JEFFREY D. GARDIN 

Recorder, Armed Services 

Board of Contract Appeals