[Cite as State v. West, 2016-Ohio-5032.]

COURT OF APPEALS 

MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO 

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES: 

 : Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J. 

 Plaintiff - Appellee : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J. 

 : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. 

-vs- : 

 : 

KENNETH R. WEST : Case No. CT2015-0050 

 : 

 Defendant - Appellant : O P I N I O N 

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Muskingum County 

Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 

CR2014-0293 

JUDGMENT: Affirmed 

DATE OF JUDGMENT: July 18, 2016 

APPEARANCES: 

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant 

GERALD V. ANDERSON II DAVID A. SAMS 

Muskingum County Prosecutor's Office P.O. Box 40 

24 North Fifth Street, P.O. Box 189 Jefferson, Ohio 43162 

Zanesville, Ohio 43702-0189 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 2 

Baldwin, J.

{¶1} Appellant Kenneth R. West appeals a judgment of the Muskingum Common 

Pleas Court denying his motion to suppress. Appellee is the State of Ohio. 

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE 

{¶2} On September 15, 2015, shortly after midnight, Deputy Angelo, an officer 

of eleven and a half years, responded to an attempted robbery at the Speedway on the 

corner of Military and Maple in Zanesville, Ohio. Deputy Angelo took Dresden Road 

towards the Speedway in attempt to come across the perpetrator, as Dresden is a road 

commonly used by those robbing the Speedway at Military and Maple. While turning 

from Maple onto Dresden, Deputy Angelo noticed a Dodge pickup truck, license plate 

GDK 3393, attempting to turn South onto Maple from Dresden. After relaying the license 

plate number to dispatch, Deputy Angelo asked for a hold on the plate number in case a 

vehicle description came in from the Speedway robbery. Deputy Angelo was only able 

to note that the driver was a white male with a black t-shirt. 

{¶3} Shortly after arriving at the Speedway, Deputy Angelo received notice that 

the Duke and Duchess station on Maple and Forest had also been robbed. Given his 

experience with robberies of both singular and successive gas stations in the Zanesville 

area, he knew that the next likely point of contact after the Speedway at Maple and 

Military would be the Duke and Duchess on Maple and Forest. From there, string 

robberies would carry on to the Duke and Duchess at Blue and Adair. 

{¶4} While en route to the Duke and Duchess on Maple and Forest, Deputy 

Angelo noticed the same Dodge pickup, license plate GDK 3393, turning off of Forest 

and onto Blue, towards Adair, he became suspicious of the presence of the same vehicle 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 3 

on yet another common escape route, this one from the robbery of the Duke and 

Duchess on Maple and Forest and in the direction of the Duke and Duchess at Blue and 

Adair. Deputy Angelo testified that, given the light traffic and the time between the two 

sightings of the Dodge, the pickup would have only been at the second location if it had 

stopped somewhere between the Speedway on Maple and Military and making the turn 

from Forest onto Blue. 

{¶5} At this time, Deputy Angelo made an investigatory stop of the pickup. During 

this investigatory stop, the driver related to the deputy inconsistent and contradictory 

information. This contact led to the defendant’s arrest and the subsequent search of his 

vehicle. Appellant was indicted on or about September 17, 2014, on one count of 

Robbery with a Repeat Violent Offender specification and one count of Theft. A 

suppression hearing was held on March 6, 2015, where the trial court ultimately denied 

Appellant’s motion to suppress. A jury trial on July 30, 2015, returned a guilty verdict to 

the count of Robbery with the Repeat Violent Offender specification. Appellant was 

sentenced on September 8, 2015, for eight (8) years on the Robbery count and five (5) 

years on the Repeat Violent Offender specification, to be served consecutively, for an 

aggregated thirteen (13) year sentence. 

{¶6} Appellant assigns one error on appeal arising from the March 6, 2015, 

suppression hearing: 

{¶7} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT SUPPRESSING EVIDENCE 

OBTAINED FROM A WARRANTLESS STOP OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT’S 

VEHICLE IN THE ABSENCE OF REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE SUSPICION.” 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 4 

{¶8} There are three methods of challenging on appeal a trial court's ruling on a 

motion to suppress. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court's findings of fact. In 

reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether said 

findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio 

St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d 

1141(1991); State v. Guysinger, 86 Ohio App.3d 592, 621 N.E.2d 726(1993). Second, an 

appellant may argue the trial court failed to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the 

findings of fact. In that case, an appellate court can reverse the trial court for committing 

an error of law. State v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (1993). Finally, 

assuming the trial court's findings of fact are not against the manifest weight of the 

evidence and it has properly identified the law to be applied, an appellant may argue the 

trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final issue raised in the motion to 

suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate court must independently 

determine, without deference to the trial court's conclusion, whether the facts meet the 

appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 641 

N.E.2d 1172 (1994); State v. Claytor, 85 Ohio App.3d 623, 620 N.E.2d 906 (1993); 

Guysinger, supra. As the United States Supreme Court held in Ornelas v. U.S., 517 U.S. 

690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1663, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996), “. . . as a general matter 

determinations of reasonable suspicion and probable cause should be reviewed de novo

on appeal.” When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier 

of fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate the credibility 

of witnesses. See State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 1995–Ohio–243, 652 N.E.2d 

988; State v. Fanning , 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 5 

{¶9} In the instant case, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding that 

the officer had a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to justify stopping his vehicle. 

{¶10} In order for a stop to be constitutional, it must be made on reasonable, 

articulable facts that, when viewed in the totality of circumstances, infer that criminal 

activity may be afoot. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 

(1968). According to State v. Spradlin 5th Dist. Licking No. 11 CA 59, 2012-Ohio-1211, 

at ¶ 21, “an officer may ‘approach a person for purposes of investigating possible criminal 

behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest.’ However, . . . an 

officer must rely upon reasonable, articulable facts and inferences indicating that criminal 

activity is in progress or is about to be committed.” (citing Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 

1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889) (citation omitted). Reviewing this reliance on 

“reasonable, articulable facts and inferences” requires that “an investigative stop by a 

police officer must be viewed in light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” 

State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177, 524 N.E.2d 489, syllabus one (1988). 

{¶11} Conversely, a stop is unconstitutional when it is made on merely a hunch 

that criminal activity is afoot. See State v. Hill, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 21604, 2006-

Ohio-6118 (stating an officer executing an arrest because the vehicle and defendant were 

simply in an area of high crime did not rise to be more than a hunch in order to satisfy the 

reasonable, articulable suspicion standard); See also State v. Cunningham, 9th Dist. 

Medina No. 14CA0032–M, 2015-Ohio-4306 (stating the officer lacked any reasonable, 

articulable suspicion because there were no facts presented that raised an inference 

connecting the defendant to criminal activity). 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 6 

{¶12} We engage in this totality of the circumstances test now because “[n]o 

judicial opinion can comprehend the protean variety of the street encounter, and we can 

only judge the facts of the case before us.” Terry v. Ohio, supra, 392 U.S. at 15. Terry 

comprehended the complexity and minutia of evaluating the constitutionality of 

warrantless stops, thus giving rise to the “totality of circumstances” factors test that this 

Court uses today to evaluate the case before us. 

{¶13} Under the “totality of circumstances” test put forth in Bobo and Spradlin, it 

is evident that a reviewing court must weigh a series of factors, none of which are solely 

dispositive, in order to determine whether a reasonable and articulable suspicion that 

criminal activity was afoot existed. In Bobo, officers made a constitutional stop and search 

of the Defendant because the location of the stop was known for a high number of drug 

transactions, the stop was made late at night, the experience of the officer and his 

knowledge of drug transactions, the furtive movement of the defendant, and the necessity 

of safety of the officer upon leaving his vehicle. 37 Ohio St. 3d at 178-79. 

{¶14} In Spradlin, officers were dispatched to a subdivision for a robbery in 

progress in Pataskala, Ohio. The subdivision had one main road, which the Court found 

the officers had effectively blocked off. The small blockade at the subdivision stopped a 

green, late-model car and a brown SUV. This stop was made on the basis of the 

knowledge that the robbers would need to leave the subdivision along that pathway and 

the close time and proximity of the stop to the site of the robbery. After the vehicles had 

been stopped, the officers were told that the suspects committing the robbery were two 

white males driving a green, beat-up car and were notified of their names, one of which 

being the Defendant. Upon confirming that it was the Defendant driving the green, late-
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 7 

model car, the suspects were removed from the vehicle. This Court found that “[t]he 

‘totality of the circumstances’ in this case consists of a limited set of facts occurring 

rapidly within a few minutes. [This Court] conclude[d] that these facts, when viewed in 

total and taken together with rational inferences from those facts, create a reasonable 

and articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot and warranted a brief traffic 

stop.” Spradlin, 2012-Ohio-1211, ¶ 30. 

{¶15} Conversely, Appellant, sub judice, points to two distinct instances where 

officers were not found to have reasonable, articulable suspicion. In Hill, supra, the officer 

relied almost entirely on the knowledge that the vehicle was parked in an area with a high 

rate of drug crime. Originally, the stop was allegedly made on a taillight violation or a 

window tint violation, but on appeal, the court found the State failed to show that the 

defendant had committed either of those violations. 2006-Ohio-6118, ¶ 10. Without a 

reason for the stop based on an apparent crime, the stop had to be based on reasonable 

and articulable suspicion. However, the singular fact that the car was in an area that deals 

drugs, without more, led the court to find that the stop was based upon merely the officer’s 

hunch. Id. at ¶ 14. 

{¶16} Secondly, in Cunningham, it was again found that the arresting officer did 

not have enough to stop and seize the defendant because there was nothing to connect 

him to a recent robbery. 2015-Ohio-4306, ¶ 18. The officer in Cunningham witnessed an 

unfamiliar truck pull abruptly into the driveway of a home the officer was familiar with, due 

to his nightly patrol, which was approximately one-quarter mile away from the site of the 

robbery. The officer did not confirm matching descriptors prior to the stop and was not 

relying on his experience with robberies to evaluate behavior. The officer was admittedly 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 8 

unsure of who the driver of the vehicle might have been, whether it was “the robbery 

suspect, . . . somebody there to rob the house, . . . someone who had just gotten home 

drunk, you know, and passed out at the wheel.” Id. at ¶ 19. This lack of certainty, coupled 

with the lack of other relevant and reasonable, articulable factors showed that the officer 

possessed merely a hunch when he stopped the defendant. Id. at ¶ 20. 

{¶17} In the instant case, Deputy Angelo had the requisite reasonable, articulable 

suspicion necessary to effectuate the stop of Appellant’s vehicle given his experience 

with singular and successive local gas station robberies. Further, the presence of the 

same vehicle, with Appellant inside, on two separate occasions on common avenues of 

travel for those committing successive gas station robberies within close proximity to and 

around the time of the attempted and successful robberies. Much like the experience, 

proximity, and time factors seen in Bobo and Spradlin, this case, too, presents a series 

of factors where any one of them may only give rise to a hunch, but when evaluated 

together, produce the reasonable, articulable suspicion required for a stop. Specifically, 

the stop was based upon (1) Deputy Angelo’s eleven and a half years of experience with 

gas station robberies, both successive and singular, (2) the closeness of proximity and 

time of the Dodge pickup to the first, attempted robbery, (3) the nexus of proximity and 

time of the same Dodge pickup to the second, successful robbery, and (4) the knowledge 

that the same Dodge pickup would have only been spotted at the second location if it had 

briefly stopped somewhere between where it was spotted after the first robbery and where 

it was spotted after the second robbery. 

{¶18} Appellant misplaces his confidence in Hill and Cunningham, as both of 

those cases outlined situations where the officer prematurely made a stop without enough 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 9 

factual information to draw a reasonable inference. The officer in Hill attempted to justify 

the stop solely on her knowledge of the area as being rife with drug crime and the officer 

in Cunningham had no way of tying the potentially suspicious vehicle to the crime for 

which the stop was made, admitting there were several reasons why he approached the 

vehicle, most of which were not related to criminal activity. Here, Deputy Angelo not only 

knew the area and understood how gas station robberies are executed, but he waited to 

gather more information before stopping the Dodge pickup. If he had stopped the Dodge 

immediately after the first robbery on a road travelled by past perpetrators, this case would 

more closely align with Hill, as the stop would have been based solely on the fact that the 

pickup was in a specific location, or Cunningham, as there would be no reasonable 

inferences connecting the vehicle to the initial, attempted robbery. But because of Deputy 

Angelo’s prudence, he waited, asked dispatch to hold the plate, and sought to gather 

more information. Upon witnessing the same vehicle appearing in such close time and 

proximity to the second gas station, Deputy Angelo gained enough factual information to 

draw an inference in order to create a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the Dodge 

pickup and its driver may be involved with criminal activity. 

{¶19} “The Fourth Amendment does not require a police officer who lacks the 

precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his 

shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary, Terry

recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate 

response.” Bobo, supra, at 180 (citing Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-146 (1972)) 

(citations omitted). Here, we are not asking that Deputy Angelo had enough information 

to meet the threshold of probable cause, all that we seek is proof that Deputy Angelo 
Muskingum County, Case No. CT2015-0050 10 

could articulate reasonable suspicion of the vehicle in question, a lower threshold that this 

Court finds he met through his experience, prudence in gathering information, and 

identification of the suspect vehicle in close proximity and time to two robberies in 

Zanesville, Ohio. Under the totality of circumstances, we conclude that the facts gathered 

and articulated by Deputy Angelo and Appellee, when aggregated and taken with rational 

inferences, create a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot 

and warranted the brief traffic stop of Appellant, which gave rise to his arrest, indictment, 

and conviction. 

{¶20} The assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶21} Accordingly, the judgment of the Muskingum County Common Pleas Court 

is affirmed. Costs are assessed to appellant. 

By: Baldwin, J. 

Farmer, P.J. and 

Delaney, J. concur.