THIRD DIVISION

ELLINGTON, P. J.,

BETHEL, J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 1, 2018

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A18A0267. LINGO v. EARLY COUNTY GIN, INC.

ELLINGTON, Presiding Judge.

Earnest Lingo appeals from the order of the Superior Court of Early County

which affirmed the decision of the Appellate Division of the State Board of Workers’

Compensation denying benefits to Lingo based primarily on a positive drug screen.

The appellate division found that Lingo’s employer, Early County Gin, Inc. (“the

Employer”), was entitled to a rebuttable presumption pursuant to OCGA § 34-9-17

(b) that Lingo’s workplace injury was caused by his illegal marijuana use and that

Lingo had failed to present evidence overcoming that presumption. Pursuant to a

granted application for a discretionary appeal, Lingo contends that (1) the superior

court erred in failing to consider whether the Employer met the statutory prerequisites

for availing itself of the rebuttable presumption of OCGA § 34-9-17 (b); (2) the
superior court erred in finding a sufficient chain of custody for Lingo’s urine sample;

and (3) even if the rebuttable presumption applied, Lingo submitted sufficient

evidence to rebut the presumption that his drug use caused the workplace accident.

For the reasons that follow, we vacate the order of the superior court and remand to

the appellate division.

In reviewing a workers’ compensation award, this Court must construe

the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing before

the appellate division. The findings of the State Board of Workers’

Compensation, when supported by any evidence, are conclusive and

binding, and neither the superior court nor this Court may substitute

itself as a factfinding body in lieu of the State Board.

(Footnotes omitted.) Laurens County Bd. of Educ. v. Dewberry, 296 Ga. App. 204,

206 (674 SE2d 73) (2009). However, “[w]e review questions of law in a workers’

compensation appeal de novo upon a plain legal error standard of review.” Selective

HR Solutions, Inc. v. Mulligan, 305 Ga. App. 147, 148 (699 SE2d 119) (2010).

So viewed, the evidence shows that Lingo worked at a cotton gin company as

a “module feeder.” He directed drivers as they backed their large, heavily-laden

module trucks into a loading dock area where he would then assist in unloading

modules of unginned cotton onto a platform for ginning. On November 20, 2014,

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Lingo and one other employee, Raul Flores, were on duty at the loading dock. Early

that afternoon, as Lingo was sweeping up cotton from the module table near the gin,

a truck began backing toward the loading dock. Because Lingo was facing the

loading dock, he did not see the truck as it backed in. The truck struck Lingo from

behind, crushing him against the loading dock. The truck that struck Lingo did not

have a functional back-up beeper. The evidence is disputed as to whether Flores

directed the truck driver to back into the loading area. 

There is conflicting evidence regarding whether Lingo should have been able

to hear the truck as it backed up, despite the absence of a warning beeper. The noise

of the cotton gin machinery running nearby was sufficiently loud to preclude normal

conversation. Lingo’s employer offered himearplugsto protect his hearing, butLingo

was not wearing them at the time of the accident. Lingo presented evidence from an

expert witness who took sound measurements at the loading dock and opined that

“the sound of the module truck was not distinguishable from the background noise”

of the cotton gin. Thus, the expert opined that, regardless of Lingo’s level of

alertness, he would not have been able to hear the truck backing up. The gin’s general

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manager, however, testified that the truck’s air brakes were loud enough to be audible

over the general din of the workplace. 

Lingo was taken to a hospital in Dothan, Alabama for emergency surgery to

address several injuries, including pelvic, chest, and rib fractures and damage to his

stomach, spleen, and colon. The Employer requested a post-injury drug test from a

lab technician that it had retained, and she went to the hospital to obtain a urine

sample. Because Lingo was undergoing surgery, the technician was not permitted in

the operating room. The technician told an operating room nurse that she needed a

urine sample. Shortly after the request, the nurse returned with a urine sample, which

the technician bagged, sealed, and labeled. The technician testified that she has no

first-hand knowledge of who collected the sample or what protocols that person

followed. The sample wastaken to a drug testing company, and a subsequent analysis

revealed the presence of cannabinoid metabolites.

One of Lingo’s co-workers, Jaime Garza, testified that Lingo was a friend of

his, that they smoked marijuana together daily, and that he and Lingo had been

smoking marijuana on the premises throughout the morning of the accident. He

claimed Lingo must have been really “messed up” not to hear the truck’s beeper,

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which he argued Lingo should have heard if he was not texting on his phone. He

claimed that Lingo kept a “pouch” of marijuana on him. Lingo disputed the

testimony, testifying that he only smoked marijuana when he was not working. The

Employer’s general manager testified that he had no evidence that the employees

were intoxicated on the job or were smoking marijuana on the premises. None of the

employees had failed any of the random drug screens conducted during 2014. The

record shows that no marijuana or drug paraphernalia was recovered from the

clothing that Lingo had been wearing on the day of the accident. The ALJ found that

Garza’s testimony had “significant discrepancies” and that Garza lacked credibility. 

Lingo also presented an expert witness who criticized the lab’s chemical

analysis of Lingo’s urine, noting that because the results were not “validity tested,”

he could make no judgment on whether the urine sample had been diluted or

concentrated. He also noted that a urine sample is generally inadequate to evaluate

the extent to which a person is under the influence of marijuana for the following

reasons. When marijuana is smoked, it will be metabolized out of a person’s “blood

system from anywhere between half an hour and an hour and a half,” depending on

a number of factors, such as the person’s height and weight. However, because

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marijuana metabolites are “lipophilic” and can be stored in fat cells, it is possible that

metabolites will continue to leach into the urine for days or even weeks after the drug

waslastsmoked. The expert asserted that only a blood plasma test accurately reveals

the extent to whichmarijuana is currently affecting cognition.Thus, the expert opined

that the lab results neither validated nor discredited Lingo’s account of his marijuana

usage. Rather, he concluded that the urine test provided no “empirical data that

[Lingo] was or was not impaired” at the time of the accident.

The Employer asserted it was not liable under OCGA § 34-9-17 (b) (2), which

provides in relevant part that: 

If any amount of marijuana . . . is in the employee’s blood within eight

hours of the time of the alleged accident, asshown by chemical analysis

of the employee’s blood, urine, breath, or other bodily substance, there

shall be a rebuttable presumption that the accident and injury or death

were caused by the ingestion of marijuana[.]

The ALJfound that the Employer was unable to avail itself of this presumption

because the Employer was unable to show who had obtained the sample as the lab

technician did not observe the sample being taken and there was no testimony or

other evidence establishing this initial link in the chain of custody. Absent the

evidence of the urine sample, the ALJ found the Employer was otherwise unable to

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carry its burden of proving that the accident was caused byLingo’s marijuana use and

awarded him benefits. 

TheEmployer appealed to the appellate division, which reversed.The appellate

division relied upon chain of custody rulings from criminal cases, holding that any

defect in the chain of custody went to the weight of the evidence rather than its

admissibility. Because there was no real suggestion that the urine sample had been

tampered with, the appellate division found it sufficiently reliable to permit the

Employer to avail itself of the rebuttable presumption that Lingo’s injuries were

caused by his use of marijuana. The appellate division further found that Lingo failed

to rebut the presumption of causation because the evidence was conflicting regarding

whether he could have heard the truck backing up absent his drug use. Lingo

appealed the appellate division’s award to the superior court, which affirmed under

the “any evidence” standard. 

1. In his first two claims of error, Lingo contends that the Superior Court erred

in affirming the appellate division’s ruling that the Employer could rely on the

rebuttable presumption of OCGA § 34-9-17 (b) because the Employer failed to satisfy

the statutory prerequisites of OCGA § 34-9-415 (d) (5) governing the collection of

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samplesfor employee drug screens. Further, the court erred in allowing the Employer

to rely on criminal cases concerning proving the chain of custody of samples

collected in a workers’ compensation matter. For the following reasons, we agree.

In conducting our review, we are guided by the purpose of the Workers’

Compensation Act, which is to “alleviate the suffering of injured workers and their

families by providing immediate and certain financial assistance, regardless of

whether the injury resulted from the fault of the employer, as long as the injury arose

out of and in the course of employment.” Travelers Ins. Co. v. Southern Elec., 209

Ga. App. 718, 719 (1) (434 SE2d 507) (1993). The Supreme Court of Georgia has

held “that a liberal construction must be given to effectuate the humane purposes for

which the [Workers’] Compensation Act was enacted.” (Citation omitted.) Schwartz

v. Greenbaum, 236 Ga. 476, 477 (1) (224 SE2d 38) (1976). 

OCGA § 34-9-17 sets forth grounds for denying a claimant workers’

compensation benefits based upon the claimant’s misconduct. Subsection (b) of this

statute provides, inter alia, “[n]o compensation shall be allowed for an injury or death

due to . . . being under the influence of marijuana[.]” As noted above, subsection (b)

(2) provides for a rebuttable presumption that marijuana use caused a work injury if

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any amount of marijuana is “in the employee’s blood within eight hours of the time

of the alleged accident, asshown by chemical analysis of the employee’s blood, urine,

breath, or other bodily substance[.]” With respect to the manner in which these

chemical tests are to be performed, the Supreme Court of Georgia has explained:

[A]s a matter of statutory construction, OCGA § 34-9-17 (b) (3)

incorporates only the applicable drug testing procedures of OCGA §

34-9-415, and . . . [the a]pplicability of the rebuttable presumption is,

therefore, dependent entirely upon compliance with the procedural

requirements for testing established by OCGA § 34-9-415[.] . . . [I]f the

drug test fails to comply with procedures of OCGA § 34-9-415, the

employer will not be entitled to rely upon the rebuttable presumption

authorized by OCGA § 34-9-17 (b) (3).

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Georgia Self-Insurers Guaranty Trust Fund v.

Thomas, 269 Ga. 560, 561 (501 SE2d 818) (1998). OCGA § 34-9-415 (d) provides,

in relevant part:

All specimen collection and testing under this Code section shall be

performed in accordance with the following procedures: . . . (5) A

specimen for a test may be taken or collected by any of the following

persons:(A) A physician, a physician assistant, a registered professional

nurse, a licensed practical nurse, a nurse practitioner, or a certified

paramedic who is present at the scene of an accident for the purpose of

rendering emergency medical service or treatment; (B) A qualified

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person certified or employed by a laboratory certified by the National

Institute on Drug Abuse, the College of American Pathologists, or the

Georgia Department of Community Health; (C) A qualified person

certified or employed by a collection company[.]

Here, the lab technician did not know who collected the specimen from Lingo.

Nor is there evidence in the record that allows a fact-finder to deduce who collected

the sample. Because the specimen was taken while Lingo was in an operating room,

it is reasonable to assume it was taken by a nurse, but assumptions based on

speculation are not evidence.1 The person who actually drew the urine sample could

1

[When an inference] is founded on speculation, it is without

evidentiary value. As we have held, no inference of fact may be

drawn from a premise which is wholly uncertain. And,

inferences must be based on probabilities rather than mere

possibilities. Moreover, when a party relies on inferences to

prove a point, not only must those inferences be factually based,

they must tend in some proximate degree to establish the

conclusion sought and render less probable all inconsistent

conclusions.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Ogletree v. Navistar Intl. Transp. Corp., 245 Ga. App.

1, 6-7 (1) (535 SE2d 545) (2000). If, for example, the Employer in this case had identified

everyone in the operating room as qualified to draw the sample, then it would be

reasonable to assume that the person who drew the sample was qualified. In this case,

though, there is no evidence establishing who was in the operating room. 

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have been a nurse’s assistant, an intern, or some other hospital employee who did not

meet the statutory criteria. In this case, the Employer’s failure to establish that a

person authorized under the Code Section to collect the sample is fatal to the

Employer’s ability to rely upon the rebuttable presumption in OCGA § 34-9-17 (b)

(2).2“Because the Workers’ Compensation Act is in derogation of common law, its

provisions must be strictly construed.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Metroplitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Auth. v. Bridges, 276 Ga. App. 220, 224 (623

SE2d 1) (2005). 

In this case, the superior court erred in applying chain of custody precedent

from the criminal law instead of analyzing whether the collection method met the

requirements of OCGA § 34-9-415 in determining whether to apply the rebuttable

presumption. Lingo was not a criminal defendant. He was not being prosecuted for

2

 We also note that Lingo’s expert witness gave uncontradicted testimony that the

urine sample take from Lingo was inadequate to assess the extent to which Lingo had

marijuana in his blood within eight hours of the accident, as required by OCGA § 34-9-17

(b) (2). In order to avail itself of the rebuttable presumption, the Employer must

demonstrate that one may infer from the chemical test performed that marijuana or any

other controlled substance wasin the employee’s blood during the requisite period. In this

case, the Employer also failed to show that one could infer that marijuana was in Lingo’s

blood within eight hours of the accident based upon the results of the specific chemical test

given. This, too, is fatal to the Employer’s ability to rely upon the rebuttable presumption

in OCGA § 34-9-17 (b) (2).

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his marijuana use and his employer was not required to prove his “guilt” beyond a

reasonable doubt. Lingo is a worker whose claim must be evaluated within the

context of the Workers Compensation Act.

2. Lingo also contends the Superior Court erred in concluding that he had

failed to adduce evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption that the accident was

caused by his marijuana use. We decline to address this issue because neither we nor

the superior court have had the benefit of the appellate division’s analysis of the facts

of this case without the application of the presumption. Consequently, we vacate the

order of the superior court and remand to the appellate division for further

proceedings so that it may consider whether the Employer satisfied its burden of

proving that Lingo wasimpaired by marijuana use at the time of his accident and thus

ineligible for benefits pursuant to OCGA § 34-9-17 (b). 

Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. Senior Appellate Judge

Herbert E. Phipps concurs. Bethel, J., concurs fully and specially.

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A18A0267. LINGO v. EARLY COUNTY GIN, INC.

BETHEL, Judge, concurring fully and specially.

If Earnest Lingo wasinjured due to his being under the influence of marijuana,

he is not eligible for compensation. OCGA § 34-9-17 (b).

I agree with the majority that the Employer failed to satisfy the statutory testing

protocols set forth in OCGA § 34-9-415 (d). I further agree that this failure on the

part of the Employer deprived it of the rebuttable presumption that Lingo was

impaired by his use of marijuana at the time of the accident in which he sustained his

injuries. And I agree that this matter should be remanded for factual and legal

consideration without reference to or reliance upon the statutory presumption.
I write separately to note that the failure to follow the collection procedure

required to claim the rebuttable presumption does not result in the automatic

exclusion of the evidence collected. Despite the failure to follow the statutory

collection procedure, the evidence collected may be admitted and considered so long

as it is otherwise admissible.

Despite concerns regarding the chain of custody and the reliability of the drug

sample taken from Lingo expressed by the ALJ, the Employer should be permitted

to introduce the results of the test as well as other evidence (including the testimony

of Lingo’s co-worker ) in regard to whether Lingo was impaired due to his use of

marijuana at the time he was injured. As the Presiding Judge correctly notes,

compliance with the testing protocols set forth in OCGA § 34-9-415 (d) is a

prerequisite that must be established by the employer in order to give rise to the

rebuttable presumption in OCGA § 34-9-17 (b). See Thomas, 269 Ga. at 561(the

“[a]pplicability of the rebuttable presumption is, therefore, dependent entirely upon

compliance with the procedural requirements for testing established by OCGA §

34-9-415”). But nothing in our case law suggests that compliance with the testing

statute is a prerequisite for admissibility of the results of the test. As the appellate

division ruled, reflecting upon standards utilized for the admission of evidence in

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criminal cases, the fact that the test failed to comply with these requirements goes

merely to the weight such evidence should be given in determining whether Lingo

wasimpaired by the use of marijuana at the time of the accident not whether evidence

of the test can be considered by the trier of fact at all.

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Although the Employer should not have the benefit of the statutory rebuttable

presumption in this case, it should be permitted to introduce, and the fact finder

should consider, the results of the drug testing performed on Lingo by the Employer.

It is for the fact finder to determine the weight and credibility to be assigned to such

test and the results thereof.

1

See, e.g., Nations v. State, 345 Ga. App. 92, 99 (2) (b) (812 SE2d 346) (2018)

(“When the State seeks to introduce into evidence an item that is subject to the chain of

custody rule, it must establish with reasonable assurance that the item seized is the same

asthe item being offered into evidence. Nevertheless, the State is not required to foreclose

every possibility of tampering; it need only show reasonable assurance of the identity of

the evidence. . . . Also, this court hasrecognized that where, as here, there is no affirmative

evidence of tampering or substitution, a missing link in the chain of custody does not alone

require exclusion of the evidence. . . . Whatever doubt may have arisen from the alleged

mishandling of evidence in this specific case could have been argued to, and considered

by, the jury, and the jury is charged with deciding how much weight to give evidence.

Where there is only a bare speculation of tampering it is proper to admit the evidence and

let whatever doubt remains go to its weight.” (citation omitted)).

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