# 1 

# Particulate Matter (PM) Emission Factors

For Processes/Equipment at

Asphalt, Cement, Concrete, a nd Aggregate Product Plants

June 2007

This document provides emission factors for estimating total suspended particulate matter (PM)

emissions (not PM 10 

# ) for individual emission source at aggregate (sand and gravel), brick and tile, hot

mix asphalt, cement, and concrete batch plants. Th ese factors are also applicable to emission sources

other than processes identified in recently adopted Rules 1156 and 1157.

The factors and equations are extracted from the US EPA AP-42 document. Some of the complex

equations are simplified with either default settings or assumptions that are applicable to the conditions

and operations existing in the South Coast Air Basin as shown in the Reference column of the attached

table.

Facility is encouraged to apply specific parameters th at are applicable to its operations to calculate

emissions from the equipment/proce sses including the results from approved source tests. Supporting

documents must be submitted with the Annual Emissi on Report to show the use of such parameters or

source test results in calculating annual emissions.

In the absence of specific parameters and/or source t ests, facility can calculate its annual emissions using

the factors provided in the attached table and the following equation.



# EF TP E × =

Where: E = Emission (tons/year)

TP = Annual Throughput

EF = Emission Factor

The unit for TP in this equation must be consistent w ith the unit of EF. For example, if EF is in pound

per ton of material transferred (lb/ton), then TP must be tons of transferred material. For unique emission

sources, additional data must be used in determini ng the factor (EF or TP) before it can be used in

emission calculation as discussed in the following notes:

Note 1: For mining/quarrying, emission factor is expressed in pound per blast (lb/blast) and is

calculated as:

1.5 

# A 0.000014 EF × =

Where: A = Total horizontal blasted area in squared foot (ft 2 

# ), provided that the blast

depth is less than 70 ft.

In this case, the throughput (TP) is number of blast per year.

# 2 Note 2: For road emissions (E) caused by vehicle traffic, the throughput is expressed in annual

vehicle miles traveled (VMT) as follows:



#      

×      

×  

 

 

 

× = = 5,280ft 1Mile

Year

Days #

Day Trips Truck # Length Road VMT TP

Where: Road Length = One-way distance in f eet (ft) of paved or unpaved road within

the facility, used by haul tr ucks and non-haul trucks.

# Truck Trips = the number of roundtrips the vehicle made.

Definitions:

Haul Road: an unpaved road used by haul tr ucks to carry materials fr om the quarry to the

unloading/processing area within the facility.

Non-Haul Road: unpaved and/or paved road u sed by non-haul trucks to carry materials from

one location to another location within the fac ility, usually between the facility’s entrance/exit

to loading/unloading/processing areas.

Note 3: For PM emissions (E) at each conveyor transfer point, the emission factor (lb/ton of material

transferred) can be determined using the following equation:

4

. 1 3

. 1



# 2 5 0.0032 k EF

           

× × =

M U

Where: k = Particle Size Multiplier (dimensionless)

U = Average Wind Speed (mile per hour)

M. = Average Moisture Content (%)

Note 4: In addition to PM emissions, VOC emissions are also expected from asphalt product during

loading out and silo filling operations. Emission factor (lb/ton of product loaded) is expressed

in as follows:



# ASPHALT LOAD-OUT



# ( ) ) 43

. 20 )) 460 ( 0251

. 0 ((

PM 

# V

- 0.00141 0.000181 EF

− + × 

# + = T 

# e 

# ( ) ) 43

. 20 )) 460 ( 0251

. 0 ((

VOC 

# V

- 0.0172 EF

− + ×



# = T 

# e

SILO FILLING



# ( ) ) 43

. 20 )) 460 ( 0251

. 0 ((

PM 

# V

- 0.00105 0.000332 EF

− + × 

# + = T 

# e 

# ( ) ) 43

. 20 )) 460 ( 0251

. 0 ((

VOC 

# V

- 0.0504 EF

− + ×



# = T 

# e

Where: V = Asphalt Volatility (in negative %); (Example -2.5%)

T = Asphalt Product Mix Temperature (degree F)Emission FactorReferencesOperation/Emission SourcesUnit AndUNCONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDAssumptions3ROAD EMISSIONS FROMVEHICLE TRAFFIC•PAVED ROADb3Wa2sLkVMTE×××=Where:E = PM emissionsTP = VMT = annual vehicle mile traveled(seeNote 2)b3Wa2sLkEF××=k = particle size multipliera, b = constantssL = road surface silt loading (g/m2)W = average weight (tons) of the vehicleAggregate / Crushed Material PlantsEF = 11.65EF = 2.33Hot Mix Asphalt PlantsEF = 14.73EF = 2.95Concrete BatchingEF = 4.91EF = 0.98Cement/Other PlantsEF = 4.19EF = 0.84lb/VMTlb/VMTlb/VMTlb/VMTChapter 13.2.1, Equation 1Assumptions:k = 0.082, a = 0.65, b = 1.5Aggregate / Crushed MaterialsL = 53 g/m2*Hot Mix AsphaltsL = 76 g/m2*Cement / Concrete / OtherssL = 11 g/m2*Control Efficiency = 80%WLoaded= 30 tonsWUnloaded= 5 tonsWUnloaded for concrete Batching= 12 tons*Per agreement between theDistrict & IndustryEmission FactorReferencesOperation/Emission SourcesUnit AndUNCONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDAssumptions4•UNPAVED ROADb3Wa12SkVMTE×××=Where:E = PM emissionsTP = VMT = annual vehicle mile traveled(seeNote 2)b3Wa12SkEF××=k = particle size multipliera, b = constantsS = surface material silt content (%)W = average weight (tons) of the vehicleAggregate PlantsHAUL VEHICLEEF = 16.36EF = 3.27NON-HAUL VEHICLEEF = 8.79EF = 1.76Other PlantHAUL VEHICLEEF = 14.66EF = 2.93NON-HAUL VEHICLEEF = 5.26EF =1.05lb/VMTlb/VMTlb/VMTlb/VMTAssumptions:k = 4.9, a = 0.7, b = 0.45HAULWLoaded= 120 tonsWUnloaded= 45 tonsSAggregate= 8.3%SOthers= 7.1%NON-HAULWLoaded= 30 tonsWUnloaded= 5 tonsSAggregate= 10%SOthers= 4.8 %Control Efficiency = 80%OPEN STORAGE PILETP = annual tonnage of stored material =amount of material loaded into, or out of,the pileEF = 0.33EF = 0.0165lb/tonChapter 11.19.1, Final Report,Table 4-1Control Efficiency = 95%Emission FactorReferencesOperation/Emission SourcesUnit AndUNCONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDAssumptions5MINING/QUARRYING•DRILLINGTP = number of hole drilled•BLASTING(seeNote 1)TP = number of blastEF = 1.3EF = 0.000014 (A)1.5lb/holelb/blastChapter 11.9, Table 11.9-4Chapter 11.9, Table 11.9-1LOADING / UNLOADING•CONVEYOR TRANSFER POINT4.13.1250032.0kEF××=MUk= Particle size multiplierM = Material moisture contentU = Mean wind speedFor a system of multiple transfer points, thisEF must be multiplied by the number oftransfer points (wherematerials drop fromone point to another). Refer to Rule 1157definition for more detail. Also seeNote 3.Aggregate/Crushed Miscellaneous Base/Asphalt PlantsEF = 0.00234EF = 0.00012Concrete Batching and OthersSAND:EF = 0.0021EF = 0.00011AGGREGATE:EF = 0.0069EF = 0.00035lb/tonlb/tonlb/tonChapter 13.2.4, Equation 1(b)Assumptions:k = 0.74U = 6.3 mphM = 2.5%Control Efficiency = 95%Emission FactorReferencesOperation/Emission SourcesUnit AndUNCONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDAssumptions6•WEIGHT HOPPER / SURGE BIN•SILOSCementCement Supplements (Fly Ash)•CONCRETE TRUCK MIXLOADING•CONCRETE CENTRAL MIXLOADING•ASPHALT PRODUCTS LOAD OUT(seeNote 4)•ASPHALT SILO FILLING(seeNote 4)EF = 0.0051EF = 0.00026EF = 0.72EF = 0.00099EF = 3.14EF = 0.0089EF = 0.995EF = 0.0568EF = 0.544EF = 0.0173PM:EF = 0.00052VOC:EF = 0.0042PM:EF = 0.00059VOC:EF = 0.0122lb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonChapter 11.12, Table 11.12-2Control Efficiency = 95%Chapter 11.12, Table 11.12-2Control Efficiency = 99%Chapter 11.12, Table 11.12-2Chapter 11.12, Table 11.12-2Chapter 11.1, Table 11.1-14V=-0.5, T=325oFChapter 11.1, Table 11.1-14V=-0.5, T=325oFEmission FactorReferencesOperation/Emission SourcesUnit AndUNCONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDAssumptions7CRUSHING•PRIMARY CRUSHER•TERTIARY CRUSHER•FINE CRUSHEREF = 0.014*EF = 0.00031EF = 0.055*EF = 0.0012EF = 0.136*EF = 0.003* Based on using controlled EF & controlefficiency of 97.8%lb/tonlb/tonlb/tonChapter 11.6, Table 11.6-4Control Efficiency = 97.8%Chapter 11.19.2, Table 11.19.2-2Control Efficiency = 97.8%Chapter 11.19.2, Table 11.19.2-2Control Efficiency = 97.8%SCREENING•COARSE•FINE•SANDEF = 0.056*EF = 0.0022EF = 0.092*EF = 0.0036EF = 0.21*EF = 0.0083*Based on using controlled EF & controlefficiency of 96.1%lb/tonlb/tonlb/tonChapter 11.19.2, Table 11.19.2-2Control Efficiency = 96.1%Chapter 11.19.2, Table 11.19.2-2Control Efficiency = 96.1%Chapter 11.19.1, Final Report,Table 4-3Control Efficiency = 96.1%Emission FactorReferencesOperation/Emission SourcesUnit AndUNCONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDAssumptions8MILLING•GENERAL•CEMENTRaw MillFinish Grinding MillEF = 0.62*EF = 0.0062EF = 1.2*EF = 0.012EF = 0.8*EF = 0.008* Based on using controlled EF & controlefficiency of 99%lb/tonlb/tonlb/tonChapter 11.3, Table 11.3-1Control Efficiency = 99%Chapter 11.6, Table 11.6-4Control Efficiency = 99%OTHER PROCESS/EQUIPMENT•MATERIAL DRYERSAND and GRAVELBATCH MIX ASPHALTDRUM MIX ASPHALTBRICK MANUFACTURING•KILNSBRICKCEMENTCLINKER COOLEREF = 2.0EF = 0.039EF = 32EF = 0.042EF = 28EF = 0.033EF = 0.187EF = 0.96EF = 109*EF = 1.09EF = 14.7*EF = 0.147* Based on using controlled EF & controlefficiency of 99%lb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonlb/tonChapter 11.19.1, Table 11.19.1-1Chapter 11.1, Table 11.1-1Chapter 11.1, Table 11.1-3Chapter 11.3., Table 11.3-1Chapter 11.3., Table 11.3-1Chapter 11.6, Table 11.6-2Control Efficiency = 99%