# Patent

## Title
Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon nano-hetero anode material and production method thereof

## Abstract

The conventional Pt/second component/electroconductive carbon type anode materials to be utilized as polymer fuel cell-oriented solid electrolytes and in various sensors have been problematic in several aspects such as activities for oxidizing CO, price, and the like. The present invention aims at providing a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon nano-hetero anode material that is free of such problems, and a production method thereof. The present invention has been carried out by earnestly and continuously conducting investigations in view of the problems in the related art, and resultingly finding that there can be prepared an anode material which is inexpensive and has an extremely high electrode activity by dispersing an electrode active material on electroconductive carbon, the electrode active material being obtained by first controlling a article size of ceria (CeO2) to a nano-size and then car in nano-sized Pt on the CeO2, to thereby narrowly carry out the polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon nano-hetero anode material to be exemplarily utilized as a polymer fuel cell-oriented solid electrolyte and in various sensors, and a production method thereof.
BACKGROUND ART
Pt/electroconductive carbon anode materials are representative electrode materials to be used as polymer fuel cell-oriented electrode materials. Although such electrodes have exhibited higher electrode activities, they have been subjected to such restriction to necessarily use high purity hydrogen as fuels. It is known that when a small amount of combustible impurity is mixedly present in a fuel to be used for power generation by a fuel cell, the combustible impurity component is combusted on a surface of platinum (Pt) to generate gas components such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), such that even an extremely small amount of CO strongly adsorbs onto the Pt surface to considerably deteriorate an activity of the Pt surface (patent-unrelated reference 1).
As such, it has been conventionally considered to use high purity hydrogen as a fuel for a fuel cell. However, it is difficult to keep and utilize high purity hydrogen in homes, thereby bringing about difficulty in widespread use of fuel cell systems.
To solve such a problem, it has been attempted to disperse a metallic element such as metallic ruthenium (Ru), metallic iron (Fe), and metallic manganese (Mn) in a Pt/electroconductive carbon anode material, to thereby adopt a combustible alcohol such as methanol or ethanol as a fuel (patent-unrelated reference 2).
Although much hydrogen and CO are generated on a Pt surface in case of adoption of such alcohol as a fuel, the generated CO is oxidized on the added metallic element such as Ru, Fe, or Mn and converted into CO2, thereby enabling utilization of a fuel cell over a long period of time without deteriorating a higher electrode activity of Pt.
Unfortunately, since Ru metal to be added is expensive, its activity for oxidizing CO is still insufficient, and other inexpensive compounds such as iron oxide, manganese oxide and the like also fail to exhibit activities for oxidizing CO as high as Ru, there has not been practiced an anode material including such Pt/second component/electroconductive carbon yet.
Referenced Literature/Publication:
Patent-Unrelated Reference 1: M. Watanabe, et al., Denki Kagaku, Vol. 38, pp. 927-932, 1970, Electrochemical Society of Japan; and
Patent-Unrelated Reference 2: Masahiro Watanabe, Catalysis and Catalyst, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 182-188, 2002, Catalyst Society of Japan
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Problem to be Solved by the Invention
As described above, the conventional Pt/second component/electroconductive carbon type anode materials have been problematic in several aspects such as activities for oxidizing CO, price, and the like. The present invention aims at providing a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon nano-hetero anode material that is free of such problems, and a production method thereof.
Means for Solving Problem
The present inventors have earnestly and continuously conducted investigations in view of the problems in the related art, and resultingly found that there can be prepared an anode material which is inexpensive and has an extremely high electrode activity by dispersing an electrode active material on electroconductive carbon, the electrode active material being obtained by firstly controlling a particle size of ceria (CeO2) to a nano-size and then carrying nano-sized Pt on the CeO2, to thereby narrowly carry out the present invention.
Namely, the present invention provides technical configurations devised as solving means for solving the above problems, as described in the following items (1), (2), and (3).
(1) A polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material characterized in that the nano-hetero anode material is represented by a general formula:

X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON

(where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦x≦0.4, 0.1≦y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon); and
that the nano-hetero anode material comprises:
an undoped CeO2 powder including nano-size particles free of components such as rare earth elements dissolved therein in a solid state, wherein the nano-size particles have primary particle diameters between 10 nanometers inclusive and 50 nanometers inclusive and secondary particle diameters between 60 nanometers inclusive and 300 nanometer inclusive, wherein a numerical percentage of spherical particles based on spherical and columnar particles is 50% or more, and wherein the columnar particles have aspect ratios of 20 or less and breadths of 300 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions;
platinum particles having primary particle diameters of 50 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of 300 nanometers or less; and
electroconductive carbon as a balance component.
(2) A production method of a polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material characterized in that the method comprises the steps of: in order to attain the nano-hetero anode material having a composition formula:

X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON

(where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦x≦0.4, 0.1≦y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon);
firstly preparing a cerium nitrate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 3 mole/liter (M) inclusive), and dropping the water solution into an ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 9 mole/liter (M) inclusive, in either case) heated to a temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, to prepare ceria precursors in the mixed water solution;
holding the mixed water solution for a period of time between 30 minutes inclusive and 48 hours inclusive to separate a ceria precursor powder as solid from liquid, washing the ceria precursor powder in water and then drying it, and calcining the ceria precursor powder at a temperature between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive in circulation of oxygen to prepare a crystalline ceria nano-powder; and
mixing the obtained ceria nano-powder with a chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6.6H2O) water solution (having a concentration between 0.05 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 1 mole/liter (M) inclusive) and an electroconductive carbon fine powder, drying the mixture by evaporating the solvent in the mixture in circulation of inert gas to obtain a product, and calcining the product at a temperature between 300° C. inclusive and 500° C. inclusive in circulation of hydrogen.
(3) A production method of a polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material characterized in that the method comprises the steps of:
in order to attain the nano-hetero anode material having a composition formula:

X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON

(where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦x≦0.4, 0.1≦y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon);
firstly preparing a cerium nitrate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 3 mole/liter (M) inclusive), and dropping the water solution into an ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 9 mole/liter (M) inclusive, in either case) heated to a temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, to prepare ceria precursors in the mixed water solution;
holding the mixed water solution for a period of time between 30 minutes inclusive and 48 hours inclusive to separate a ceria precursor powder as solid from liquid, washing the ceria precursor powder in water and then drying it, heat treating the ceria precursor powder within a temperature range between 150° C. inclusive and 300° C. inclusive for a period of time between 1 hour inclusive and 20 hours inclusive, and calcining the heat-treated powder at a temperature between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive in circulation of oxygen to prepare a crystalline ceria nano-powder; and
mixing the obtained ceria powder with platinum and an electroconductive carbon fine powder, to lower an onset potential (i.e., electric potential where oxidation reaction of CO is initiated) in an anode reaction.
Effect of the Invention
The present invention has succeeded in remarkably improving characteristics of an anode electrode utilizable in a fuel cell and the like, by using the material obtained by the above specific process as a catalytic active material for an electrode, and the material is expected to be used in fuel cells, various sensors, and the like from now on, thereby extensively contributing to improvement of performances thereof and to long-term stability of such improved performances. Particularly, the material of the present invention is expected to remarkably contribute to downsizing and increased outputs of recently noticed polymer fuel cells, with an extremely significant and important meaning.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph of timewise change of electric-current values at a constant electric potential in a non-stirred state of a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material of the present invention, and a commercially available Pt/Ru/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material.
FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction diagram of a ceria powder synthesized by a production method of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a SEM photograph of the ceria powder synthesized by the production method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a TEM photograph of a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material synthesized by the production method of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a comparative cyclic voltammogram of anode material, showing an electrode property of Example 1 represented by a solid line, and an electrode property of Comparative Example 17 represented by a broken line (electrolytic solution: 0.5M sulfuric acid water solution+0.5M methanol; and scanning speed: 50 mV/sec).



BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Here, the sintered body of the present invention is represented by a general formula: X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON (where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦x≦0.4, 0.1≦y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon), and preferably is an electrode active material.
X's lower than the above described range lead to excessively lower amounts of Pt acting as a main component for exhibiting activity such that sufficient hydrogen generation from a fuel (alcohols such as methanol and ethanol) is not attained, thereby resultingly and disadvantageously failing to improve a power generation property of a fuel cell.
Further, X's higher than the above described range only allow for expectation of commensurate effects while leading to usage of a large amount of expensive Pt, thereby disadvantageously and excessively increasing a cost of an electrode itself.
Meanwhile, CeO2 in the general formula is considered to serve to oxidize CO adsorbed onto a platinum surface. By hydrogen which is generated from a fuel at the Pt surface, there is lowered a partial pressure of oxygen near a CeO2 surface (partial pressure of hydrogen is increased), so that numerous oxygen defects are formed at the CeO2 surface, and simultaneously therewith, numerous active oxygen radicals are generated.
The active oxygen radicals are considered to immediately convert CO adsorbed on the platinum surface into CO2, thereby removing an influence of CO poisoning at the Pt surface. However, Y's lower than the above described range lead to insufficient CeO2 and thus an insufficient effect of CO poisoning mitigation, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating activity and stability of an electrode.
The function of such an anode electrode catalyst containing CeO2 can also be confirmed in an electrochemical manner. Namely, such an electrode catalyst function can be confirmed by plotting a timewise change of an electric-current density while adopting, as a constant electric potential, a peak electric potential measured in cyclic voltammetry to be utilized in evaluating an electrode property.
FIG. 1 shows a timewise change of electric-currents of a commercially available Pt/Ru/electroconductive carbon anode material (produced by ISHIFUKU Metal Industry Co., Ltd.) and a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon anode material synthesized by the present invention. As seen from this graph, the Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon anode material synthesized by the present invention exhibited a change having a gradient of about 0.5, while the commercially available Pt/Ru/electroconductive carbon anode was rate-controlled by reaction and thus exhibited a change having a gradient of about 1.
This suggests that the reaction of the anode electrode synthesized according to the present invention has a rate controlled by oxygen diffusion. In each electrode, methanol is oxidized on Pt, and CO as a reaction intermediate adsorbs onto Pt. The Pt/Ru/electroconductive carbon anode material exhibits such an electrode reaction mechanism that a hydroxide radical (OH radical) having a higher activity for oxidation is generated on the Ru surface, and thereafter the OH radical removes CO adsorbed on the platinum into a form of CO2. Contrary, in case of the Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon anode material, CO adsorbed on the platinum is oxidized and removed by a catalytic action based on desorption and adsorption of an oxygen species generated from CeO2, so that the reaction rate is controlled by diffusion of such an oxygen species.
In this way, the anode material obtainable by the present invention can be regarded to have a significant feature to exhibit an electrode reaction fully different from that of the conventional Pt/Ru/electroconductive carbon anode material.
Meanwhile, Y's higher than the above described range lead to excessive amounts of CeO2 on an electroconductive carbon such that CeO2 tend to mutually aggregate to form larger aggregations, which disadvantageously deteriorates an activity of the electrode and an effect of CO poisoning mitigation.
In turn, the value of Z is determined by the balance between the X and Y values, and is thus uniquely determined when the X and Y are set within appropriate ranges, respectively.
CeO2 particles included in the general formula constitute an undoped CeO2 powder without dissolving therein other components such as rare earth element and alkaline earth element, and the powder preferably has primary particle diameters between 10 nanometers inclusive and 50 nanometers inclusive. Adopting CeO2 having large primary particle diameters exceeding this range as an electrode active material component, decreases an amount of Pt to be carried on CeO2 and simultaneously deteriorates an interaction between Pt and CeO2, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity and failing to mitigate CO poisoning.
Note that the interaction between Pt and CeO2 refers to such a series of chemical reactions that: hydrogen generated on the Pt surface by conversion from a fuel forms oxygen defects on the CeO2 surface to thereby generate active oxygen radicals, and the active oxygen radicals oxidize CO adsorbed on the Pt surface.
Meanwhile, the primary particle diameters of CeO2 have a possible lower limit such that a process for preparing CeO2 having extremely small primary particle diameters leads to a drastically increased production cost of an electrode as a whole, thereby justifying adoption of CeO2 nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 10 nanometers or more from an industrial standpoint.
Further, secondary particle diameters of CeO2 are preferably between 60 nanometers inclusive and 300 nanometer inclusive. Exceeding this range decreases an amount of Pt to be carried on CeO2 and simultaneously deteriorates an interaction between Pt and CeO2, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity and failing to mitigate CO poisoning.
Meanwhile, the secondary particle diameters of CeO2 have a possible lower limit such that preparation of CeO2 having extremely small secondary particle diameters, i.e., adoption of a process for preparing a CeO2 powder in a monodispersion state, leads to a drastically increased production cost of an electrode as a whole, thereby justifying adoption of CeO2 nanoparticles having secondary particle diameters of 60 nanometers or more from an industrial standpoint.
Concerning shapes, CeO2 nanoparticles preferably include 50% or more of spherical particles in terms of a numerical percentage based on spherical and columnar particles. In a state where the numerical percentage is low so that columnar particles take the majority, the amount of Pt to be carried on CeO2 is decreased and the interaction between Pt and CeO2 is simultaneously deteriorated, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity and failing to mitigate CO poisoning. It is thus more preferable that all CeO2 particles are spherical, and increase of presence ratio of spherical particles importantly leads to improvement of electrode activity.
Among CeO2 particles, aspect ratios of columnar particles are preferably 20 or less. Columnar CeO2 particles having aspect ratios larger than the above value fail to carry thereon sufficient Pt in a uniform manner, and the interaction between Pt and CeO2 is simultaneously deteriorated, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity and failing to mitigate CO poisoning.
Further, breadths of columnar CeO2 particles in minor axis directions are preferably 300 nanometers or less. Breadths exceeding the above value cause columnar CeO2 particles to fail to carry thereon sufficient Pt in a uniform manner, and the interaction between Pt and CeO2 is simultaneously deteriorated, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity and failing to mitigate CO poisoning.
Additionally, platinum particles present on CeO2 particles or extremely near them preferably have primary particle diameters of 50 nanometers or less. On surfaces of larger Pt particles having sizes exceeding the above value, the rate of reaction for preparing hydrogen from a fuel is decreased, thereby disadvantageously and considerably deteriorating an electrode activity.
Similarly, secondary particle diameters of Pt are preferably 300 nanometers or less. Adoption of Pt particles strongly aggregated to have diameters exceeding the above range decreases the rate of reaction for preparing hydrogen from a fuel, thereby disadvantageously and considerably deteriorating an electrode activity.
Further, while it is necessary to blend materials in a manner to attain the composition formula X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON (where 0.1≦x≦0.4, 0.1≦y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon) so as to prepare the Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon nano-hetero anode material in the present invention, extreme importance is given to: synthetic methods for nanoparticles of respective components before blending; and blending manners.
Firstly, it is necessary to prepare a cerium nitrate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5M inclusive and 3M inclusive) so as to prepare CeO2 particles in nano-sizes. The concentration of the water solution of the material is an important factor largely affecting shapes (spherical or columnar) of CeO2 particles to be synthesized. Concentrations lower than the range specified by the present invention generate plate-like particles in addition to columnar particles, thereby disadvantageously decreasing the number of spherical particles required for preparing an electrode exhibiting a higher activity. Concentrations higher than the above range mainly generate columnar particles, thereby disadvantageously decreasing the number of spherical particles.
Next, the water solution is required to be dropped into an ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5M inclusive and 9M inclusive, in either case) heated to a temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, to prepare ceria precursors. At this time, the temperature of the ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution acting as a precipitator has to be controlled to be between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive.
Temperatures lower than the above range increase secondary particle diameters of CeO2 particles to be generated (i.e., aggregation is enhanced), thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity. Temperatures higher than the above range lead to initiation of decomposition of ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate, to thereby not only decrease the concentration thereof but also increase secondary particle diameters of CeO2 particles to be generated (i.e., aggregation is enhanced), thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity.
The concentration of ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution is preferably between 0.5M inclusive and 9M inclusive. Concentrations lower than the above range generate numerous needle-like CeO2 particles which are small in particle size but large in aspect ratio, thereby resultingly and disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity. Concentrations higher than the above range generate numerous columnar CeO2 particles which are small in aspect ratio but extremely large (thick) in minor axis of the columnar particles, thereby also resultingly and disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity.
Although there is not particularly imposed a limitation on a rate for dropping the cerium nitrate water solution into the ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to the temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, it is desirable to conduct dropping at a rate slower than 2 milliliter/minute since dropping at excessively faster rates causes aggregation of precipitation.
Further, in order to prepare spherical particles in nano-sizes, it is desirable to subject the precipitation prepared by the above operation to continuous stirring for 30 minutes or longer (achievement of maturation treatment) at a temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive in the ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to the temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, even after completion of the dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution thereinto. Excessively shorter periods of time for maturation enhance aggregation of the powder, thereby disadvantageously leading to deterioration of electrode activity. Contrary, excessively longer periods of time for maturation rather lead to occurrence of aggregation of precipitation, so that the maturation treatment is preferably conducted for a period of time in a range between 30 minutes inclusive and 48 hours inclusive.
The thus obtained precursors are required to be subjected to filtration and water washing several times in a repeated manner, and to sufficient drying in circulation of inert gas, followed by calcination in circulation of oxygen at a temperature between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive. Failure of circulation of oxygen upon calcination leads to a large amount of combustible impurities in the product, and the impurities disadvantageously and considerably deteriorate an electrode activity.
Further, calcination temperatures are preferably between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive. Temperatures lower than the aforementioned range lead to insufficient crystallization of CeO2 such that CeO2 are brought to have crystal structures other than a fluorite crystal structure. In this case, there is not sufficiently conducted the expected interaction between Pt and CeO2, thereby disadvantageously leading to insufficient exhibition of an electrode activity, an effect of CO poisoning mitigation on a Pt surface, and the like. Contrary, temperatures higher than the aforementioned range cause CeO2 particles to associate with one another to form larger secondary particles, thereby resultingly and disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity.
The thus obtained ceria nano-powder is required to be subsequently mixed with a chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6.6H2O) water solution (having a concentration between 0.05 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 1.0 mole/liter (M) inclusive) and an electroconductive carbon fine powder, and the mixture is dried by evaporating the solvent in the mixture in circulation of inert gas. Concentrations of chloroplatinic acid higher than the above-described range disadvantageously lead to occurrence of aggregation of Pt particles to cause deterioration of an electrode activity, and concentrations of chloroplatinic acid lower than the above-described range lead to insufficient Pt particles carried on CeO2 nanoparticles, thereby disadvantageously deteriorating an electrode activity and an effect of Co poisoning mitigation.
Although it is possible to adopt water or distilled water as the solvent upon mixing, it is more desirable to adopt an organic solvent such as ethanol so as to obtain a uniformly mixed state. Further, the mixedly obtained electrode active material is required to be subjected to slow evaporation of the solvent thereof, in circulation of inert gas. When removal of the solvent is exemplarily conducted by a heat treatment without using inert gas, particles narrowly dispersed in nano-sizes are caused to associate with one another to form large-sized aggregations, thereby resultingly, disadvantageously and considerably deteriorating an electrode activity.
The thus obtained electrode component is to be calcined at a temperature between 300° C. inclusive and 500° C. inclusive in circulation of hydrogen. The heat treatment conducted in circulation of hydrogen reduces an oxide film at a Pt surface to thereby sufficiently exhibit an activity of the Pt surface, and the calcination temperature is preferably between 300° C. inclusive and 500° C. inclusive. Temperatures lower than the above-described range lead to insufficient expression of an effect of hydrogen for removing an oxide film at a Pt surface to thereby disadvantageously fail to improve an electrode activity, and temperatures higher than the above-described range rather cause Pt particles to associate with one another to form larger Pt particle aggregations, thereby disadvantageously and considerably deteriorating an activity of the resultingly obtained electrode.
The electrode performance is not defined by an electric-current value of the electrode only, and it is also important that an onset potential, at which an oxidation reaction of CO is initiated, is low. Lower values of such a potential mean that oxidation of CO adsorbed on Pt is easily caused.
Further, adopting an anode having a lower onset potential as a fuel cell-oriented electrode enables to decrease an anode loss to be caused upon power generation of the fuel cell, and to take larger electric-current density and output out of the fuel cell.
Thus, onset potentials are to be sufficiently low.
Upon synthesizing CeO2 particles to be included in a Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon anode material, it is an effective method for lowering the onset potential, to: previously heat-treat CeO2 precursors at a temperature in a range between 150° C. inclusive and 300° C. inclusive for a period of time between 1 hour inclusive and 20 hours; calcine the precursors at a temperature between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive in circulation of oxygen, thereby preparing CeO2 nanoparticles having higher crystallinity; and adopt the CeO2 powder as an electrode performance.
CeO2 precursors obtained by a coprecipitation method are considered to form nuclei of ceria at a temperature in a range between 150° C. inclusive and 300° C. inclusive. Thus, heat treatments conducted at temperatures lower than the above-described temperature range fail to sufficiently enhance the crystallinity of CeO2, thereby resultingly and disadvantageously failing to cause an oxidation reaction of CO at a lower electric potential. In turn, heat treatments conducted at temperatures higher than the above-described temperature range only allows for commensurate effects and fail to lower onset potentials, thereby making it enough to adopt an upper limit of 300° C.
Further, the heat treatment requires a period of time longer than 1 hour, and heat treatments conducted for periods of time extremely shorter than the above-described period of time fail to enhance crystallinity of CeO2, thereby resultingly and disadvantageously failing to cause an oxidation reaction of CO at a lower electric potential. In turn, heat treatments conducted for periods of time longer than 20 hours only allows for commensurate effects and fail to lower onset potentials, thereby making it enough to conduct a heat treatment for about 20 hours.
EXAMPLE
The present invention will be now described based on Examples, accompanying drawings, and Comparative Examples. Note that these Examples are merely disclosed to concretely show the present invention and to aid in readily understanding the present invention, and the aspects of the present invention are not limited to the Examples.
Example 1
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test.
FIG. 2 shows an identification result for the crystal phase by the X-ray diffraction test. The calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 50 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 200 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 15 and breadths of 250 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 90%.
FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation photograph of the above obtained electrode substance.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
Since Pt particles in the prepared electrode active material were extremely small and not observable by a SEM, FIG. 4 is a photograph showing an observation result of forms of Pt particles on ceria by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). As seen from the photograph, it was found that Pt particles were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry at a scanning speed of 50 mV/s for the electrode active material placed in a mixed water solution including an H2SO4 water solution having a concentration of 0.5 mole/liter and a methanol water solution having a concentration of 0.5 mole/liter.
FIG. 5 shows a cyclic voltammogram of the electrode active material obtained by this Example. As seen from this diagram, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 7.8 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE. The magnitude of the peak represents an index for evaluating an efficiency of conversion from: CO generated as by-product upon generation of hydrogen from methanol; into CO2; in a manner that larger values of attained electric-current imply easier progress of conversion reaction from CO into CO2; thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 1 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.48 (V vs. RHE).
The resultant data obtained in Example 1 are collectively shown in Table 1 through Table 6.
Example 2
To attain a composition of 15 wt % Pt/35 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 150 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 17 and breadths of 150 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 90%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 45 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 180 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 7.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 2 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.49 (V vs. RHE).
The resultant data obtained in Example 2 are collectively shown in Table 1 through Table 6, similarly to Example 1.
Example 3
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 70° C. for 10 hours.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 500° C. for 6 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 120 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 18 and breadths of 240 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 80%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 41 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 7.7 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 3 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.48 (V vs. RHE).
The resultant data obtained in Example 3 are collectively shown in Table 1 through Table 6, similarly to Example 1.
Example 4
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 45 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 85%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 350° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 150 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 7.2 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 4 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.48 (V vs. RHE).
The resultant data obtained in Example 4 are collectively shown in Table 1 through Table 6, similarly to Example 1.
Example 5
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 120 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 18 and breadths of 240 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 80%.
Next, the ceria nano-powder prepared in this Example was weighed to meet the above composition formula and dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.90 mole/liter of prepared chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing prepared carbon black into distilled water; to thereby substantially disperse applicable three kinds of electrode active materials in the resultant mixed solution; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 7.7 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 5 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.49 (V vs. RHE).
The resultant data obtained in Example 5 are collectively shown in Table 1 through Table 6, similarly to Example 1.
Example 6
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 70° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 500° C. for 6 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 120 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 18 and breadths of 240 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 80%.
Next, the ceria nano-powder prepared in this Example was weighed to meet the above composition formula and dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.10 mole/liter of prepared chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing prepared carbon black into distilled water; to thereby substantially disperse applicable three kinds of electrode active materials in the resultant mixed solution; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute. The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers. The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 7.7 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 6 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.49 (V vs. RHE).
The resultant data obtained in Example 6 are collectively shown in Table 1 through Table 6, similarly to Example 1.
Example 7
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 150° C. for 2 hours, then heated to 800° C. without temperature fall, and calcined for 2 hours, in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute), to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. The calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 50 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 150 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 12 and breadths of 200 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 93%.
The CeO2 nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
It was found that Pt particles in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 8.5 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE. The magnitude of the peak represents an index for evaluating an efficiency of conversion from: CO generated as by-product upon generation of hydrogen from methanol; into CO2; in a manner that larger values of attained electric-current imply easier progress of conversion reaction from CO into CO2; thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 7 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.44 (V vs. RHE).
Example 8
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 150° C. for 15 hours, then heated to 800° C. without temperature fall, and calcined for 2 hours, in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute), to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test. The calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 50 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 130 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 12 and breadths of 200 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 94%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
It was found that Pt particles in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers. The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 8.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE. The magnitude of the peak represents an index for evaluating an efficiency of conversion from: CO generated as by-product upon generation of hydrogen from methanol; into CO2; in a manner that larger values of attained electric-current imply easier progress of conversion reaction from CO into CO2; thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 8 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.43 (V vs. RHE).
Example 9
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 280° C. for 15 hours, then heated to 800° C. without temperature fall, and calcined for 2 hours, in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute), to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test.
The calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 50 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 130 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 10 and breadths of 170 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 95%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
It was found that Pt particles in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a larger electric-current value of 8.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE. The magnitude of the peak represents an index for evaluating an efficiency of conversion from: Co generated as by-product upon generation of hydrogen from methanol; into CO2; in a manner that larger values of attained electric-current imply easier progress of conversion reaction from CO into CO2; thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Example 8 caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO, and easy progress of the CO as by-product into CO2, to exhibit an extremely higher electrode activity.
Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as sufficiently low as 0.44 (V vs. RHE).










TABLE 1








Concentration of





ammonium





carbonate or




Concentration
ammonium




of cerium
hydrogencarbonate


Exam.
Electrode Composition
nitrate
aqueous solution (M)


















Ex. 1
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
1.0
2.5


Ex. 2
15 wt % Pt/35 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
1.0
2.5


Ex. 3
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Ex. 4
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Ex. 5
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Ex. 6
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Ex. 7
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
1.0
2.5


Ex. 8
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
1.0
2.5


Ex. 9
30 wt % Pt/26 wt % CeO2/44 wt % C
1.0
2.5






















TABLE 2








Heat
Heat







treatment
treatment
Calcination
Calcination





temp.
time
temp.
time



Maturation
Maturation
(° C.)
(hour)
(° C.)
(hour)



temp.
time
of ceria
of ceria
of ceria
of ceria


Exam.
(° C.)
(hour)
precursor
precursor
precursor
precursor





















Ex. 1
75
1
undone
0
800
2


Ex. 2
75
1
undone
0
800
2


Ex. 3
70
10
undone
0
500
6


Ex. 4
75
1
undone
0
700
2


Ex. 5
75
1
undone
0
800
2


Ex. 6
70
1
undone
0
500
6


Ex. 7
75
1
150
2
800
2


Ex. 8
75
1
150
15
800
2


Ex. 9
75
1
280
15
800
2






















TABLE 3











Percentage





Primary
Secondary
of





particle
particle
spherical




Crystal
diameter
diameter
ceria




phase
(nm)
(nm)
particle



Exam.
of ceria
of ceria
of ceria
(%)






















Ex. 1
Fluorite
50
200
90




structure



Ex. 2
Fluorite
40
150
90




structure



Ex. 3
Fluorite
40
120
80




structure



Ex. 4
Fluorite
45
180
85




structure



Ex. 5
Fluorite
40
120
80




structure



Ex. 6
Fluorite
40
120
80




structure



Ex. 7
Fluorite
50
150
93




structure



Ex. 8
Fluorite
50
130
94




structure



Ex. 9
Fluorite
50
130
95




structure






















TABLE 4








Aspect ratio
Minor axis
Concentration (M)




of columnar
breadth (nm)
of chloroplatinic




ceria
of columnar
acid



Exam.
particle
ceria particle
water solution





















Ex. 1
15
250
0.15



Ex. 2
17
150
0.15



Ex. 3
18
240
0.15



Ex. 4
20
245
0.15



Ex. 5
18
240
0.90



Ex. 6
18
240
0.10



Ex. 7
12
200
0.15



Ex. 8
12
200
0.15



Ex. 9
10
170
0.15





















TABLE 5






Calcination
Calcination
Primary
Secondary



temperature (° C.)
time (hour)
particle
particle



of electrode
of electrode
diameter
diameter



active
active
(nm)
(nm)


Exam.
material
material
of platinum
of platinum



















Ex. 1
400
2
40
200


Ex. 2
400
2
45
180


Ex. 3
450
2
41
190


Ex. 4
350
2
40
150


Ex. 5
450
2
40
200


Ex. 6
450
2
40
190


Ex. 7
400
2
40
200


Ex. 8
400
2
40
200


Ex. 9
400
2
40
200




















TABLE 6








Electric-current





value (milli-ampere)




at electric potential of
Onset potential



Exam.
0.70 V vs. RHE
(V vs. RHE)




















Ex. 1
7.8
0.48



Ex. 2
7.6
0.49



Ex. 3
7.7
0.48



Ex. 4
7.2
0.48



Ex. 5
7.7
0.49



Ex. 6
7.7
0.49



Ex. 7
8.5
0.44



Ex. 8
8.6
0.43



Ex. 9
8.6
0.44










The term “onset potential” used herein is a value defined based on a potential corresponding to an intersection in the cyclic voltammogram shown in FIG. 4, between: a horizontal straight line drawn from a point on the ordinate at an electric-current value of 0 mA, parallelly to the potential axis (abscissa); and a firstly occurring peak of an applicable plot line.
Comparative Example 1
To attain a composition of 5 wt % Pt/25 wt % CeO2/70 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to the data of Example 1 shown in FIG. 1.
The calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 50 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 200 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 15 and breadths of 250 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 90%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
Since Pt particles in the prepared electrode active material were extremely small and not observable by a SEM, forms of Pt particles on ceria were observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). From the observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry at a scanning speed of 50 mV/s for the electrode active material placed in a mixed water solution including an H2SO4 water solution having a concentration of 0.5 mole/liter and a methanol water solution having a concentration of 0.5 mole/liter.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.8 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 1 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low.
Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.56 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 1 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 2
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/50 wt % CeO2/20 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 800° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 550 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 17 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 90%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute. The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface. From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 45 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 180 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1. From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 2 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.55 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 2 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 3
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/5 wt % CeO2/65 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 70° C. for 10 hours.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 500° C. for 6 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 120 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 18 and breadths of 240 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 80%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 41 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.9 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 3 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.57 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 3 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 4
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 0.1 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 45 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions, and plate-like ceria particles having an averaged length of about 100 nanometers and an averaged width of about 200 nanometers.
The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical, columnar, and plate-like CeO2 particles was about 17%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 350° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 150 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 4 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.56 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 4 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 5
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 5.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 160 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 19 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 14%, thereby meaning dominant presence of columnar particles.
Next, the ceria nano-powder prepared in this Comparative Example was weighed to meet the above composition formula and dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of prepared chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing prepared carbon black into distilled water; to thereby substantially disperse applicable three kinds of electrode active materials in the resultant mixed solution; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 200 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.1 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 5 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.58 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 5 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 6
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 15.0 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 70° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 70° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 170 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 17 and breadths of 500 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 20%, thereby meaning dominant presence of columnar particles.
Next, the ceria nano-powder prepared in this Comparative Example was weighed to meet the above composition formula and dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of prepared chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing prepared carbon black into distilled water; to thereby substantially disperse applicable three kinds of electrode active materials in the resultant mixed solution; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same experiment conditions as Comparative Example 1.
As a result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.7 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 6 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.56 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 6 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12, similarly to Comparative Example 1.
Comparative Example 7
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 30° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 30° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 490 nanometers, columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 250 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions, and plate-like ceria particles having an averaged length of about 100 nanometers and an averaged width of about 200 nanometers. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical, columnar, and plate-like CeO2 particles was about 17%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.4 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 7 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.56 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 7 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 8
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 90° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 90° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 420 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 247 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 19%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.5 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 8 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.56 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 8 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 9
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation.
After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, and without conducting maturation at a temperature of 75° C., the thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 520 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 23 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 60%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 2.0 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 9 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.55 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 9 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 10
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 72 hours.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 560 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 21 and breadths of 246 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 57%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.7 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 10 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.57 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 10 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 11
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 200° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute), and the resultant product was subjected to an X-ray diffraction test to investigate its crystal phase, such that diffraction lines originating from a fluorite structure were not observed while observing a diffraction line considered to be originating from cerium carbonate.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, although the calcinedly obtained powder was not ceria (CeO2), it included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical particles based on spherical and columnar particles was about 85%.
The calcinedly obtained nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of an extremely small electric-current value of 0.1 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 11 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.58 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 11 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 12
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 1,000° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, particle aggregations having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 1,200 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 18 and breadths of 290 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of aggregated spherical CeO2 particles based on aggregated spherical CeO2 particles and columnar CeO2 particles was about 80%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.2 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 12 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.55 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 12 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 13
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 85%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.01 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 190 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 0.3 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 13 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.59 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 13 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 14
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 85%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 2.0 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 470 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 2.5 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 14 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.54 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 14 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 15
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 85%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 100° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 110 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 2.3 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 15 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.55 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 15 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 16
To attain a composition of 35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C, 2.5 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 7.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation. After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently calcined at a temperature of 700° C. for 2 hours in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute) to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite by an X-ray diffraction test, similarly to Example 1.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 180 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 20 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 85%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 700° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface. From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into particle aggregations having primary particle diameters of 40 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 820 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.1 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 16 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.57 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 16 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 17
For comparison, there was adopted an anode material (made by ISHIFUKU Metal Industry Co., Ltd.) commercially available as having a composition of 30 wt % Pt/15 wt % Ru/55 wt % C, and this electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of Pt surface.
From a TEM observation result of the prepared electrode active material, it was found that Pt particles on ceria in the electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having an averaged primary particle diameter of about 10 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of about 90 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of an electric-current value of 2.1 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE (see FIG. 4), and the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.53 (V vs. RHE). Thus, although the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 17 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO as well as a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2, the anode material had an activity which was not necessarily sufficient.
Comparative Example 18
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/50 wt % CeO2/20 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation.
After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 100° C. for 15 hours, then heated to 800° C. without temperature fall, and calcined for 2 hours at 800° C., in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute), to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 550 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 17 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 90%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation.
The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute. The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface.
From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 45 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 180 nanometers. The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1.
From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 18 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.55 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 18 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.
Comparative Example 19
To attain a composition of 30 wt % Pt/50 wt % CeO2/20 wt % C, 1.0 mole/liter of cerium nitrate (purity 99.99%) and 2.5 mole/liter of ammonium carbonate water solution (purity 99.5%) were prepared as starting materials, respectively, and the cerium nitrate water solution was dropped into the ammonium carbonate water solution heated to 75° C. at a rate of 1 milliliter/minute, to prepare a precipitation.
After completion of dropping of the cerium nitrate water solution, maturation was conducted at a temperature of 75° C. for 1 hour. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to water washing treatments and filtration alternately repeated three times, followed by drying in a dry nitrogen gas for 2 days, thereby preparing a precursor powder. The precursor powder was subsequently subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 180° C. for 6 minutes, then heated to 800° C. without temperature fall, and calcined for 2 hours at 800° C., in circulation of oxygen (250 milliliter/minute), to prepare a crystalline ceria powder, which was confirmed to comprise a single crystal phase of fluorite similarly to Example 1 by an X-ray diffraction test.
From a SEM observation result of the prepared electrode substance, the calcinedly obtained powder included, in a coexistent manner, spherical particles having an averaged primary particle diameter of 40 nanometers and an averaged secondary particle diameter of 550 nanometers, and columnar particles having an averaged aspect ratio of 17 and breadths of 245 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions. The numerical percentage of spherical CeO2 particles based on spherical and columnar CeO2 particles was about 90%.
The ceria nano-powder was dispersed into a mixed solution of: 0.15 mole/liter of chloroplatinic acid water solution; and a solution obtained by dispersing carbon black into distilled water; and the mixed solution was stirred for 2 hours by a magnetic stirrer, followed by filtration by a suction filter to obtain a precipitation. The thus obtained precipitation was subjected to a process for washing the precipitation by alcohol and then filtering it, which process was repeated three times, followed by drying for 2 days in circulation of dry nitrogen gas at a rate of 150 milliliter/minute.
The obtained electrode active material was calcined at 400° C. for 2 hours within a tubular furnace in circulation of high purity hydrogen (250 milliliter/minute), thereby conducting an activation treatment of a Pt surface. From an observation result of TEM, it was found that Pt particles on ceria of the prepared electrode active material were brought into nanoparticles having primary particle diameters of 45 nanometers and secondary particle diameters of about 180 nanometers.
The thus obtained electrode active material was subjected to an electrode activity evaluation, by conducting cyclic voltammetry under the same conditions as Comparative Example 1. From the measurement result, there was confirmed a peak of a smaller electric-current value of 1.6 mA exhibiting methanol oxidation at an electric potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, thereby confirming that the anode material obtained in Comparative Example 1 certainly caused conversion of methanol into hydrogen and CO and a conversion reaction of CO as by-product into CO2. However, the anode material had a low activity, thereby confirming that its electrode activity was low. Also, the onset potential, as an index representing readiness of occurrence of an oxidation reaction of CO, was as high as 0.55 (V vs. RHE), thereby exhibiting a result that oxidation of CO was difficult to start.
The resultant data obtained in Comparative Example 19 are collectively shown in Table 7 through Table 12.










TABLE 7








Concentration of





ammonium





carbonate or




Concentration
ammonium




of
hydrogencarbonate


Com.

cerium
aqueous


Exam.
Electrode Composition
nitrate (M)
solution (M)







Com. Ex. 1
 5 wt % Pt/25 wt % CeO2/70 wt % C
1.0
2.5


Com. Ex. 2
30 wt % Pt/50 wt % CeO2/20 wt % C
1.0
2.5


Com. Ex. 3
30 wt % Pt/5 wt % CeO2/65 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Com. Ex. 4
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
0.1
7.5


Com. Ex. 5
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
5.0
7.5


Com. Ex. 6
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
15.0 


Com. Ex. 7
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Com. Ex. 8
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Com. Ex. 9
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


10


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


11


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


12


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


13


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


14


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


15


Com. Ex.
35 wt % Pt/15 wt % CeO2/50 wt % C
2.5
7.5


16


Com. Ex.
30 wt % Pt/15 wt % Ru/55 wt % C
N/A
N/A


17


Com. Ex.
30 wt % Pt/50 wt % CeO2/20 wt % C
1.0
2.5


18


Com. Ex.
30 wt % Pt/50 wt % CeO2/20 wt % C
1.0
2.5


19






















TABLE 8








Heat
Heat







treatment
treatment
Calcination
Calcination





temp.
time
temp.
time



Maturation
Maturation
(° C.)
(hour)
(° C.)
(hour)



temp.
time
of ceria
of ceria
of ceria
of ceria


Com. Ex.
(° C.)
(hour)
precursor
precursor
precursor
precursor





















Com. Ex. 1
75
1
undone
0
800
2


Com. Ex. 2
75
1
undone
0
800
2


Com. Ex. 3
70
10
undone
0
500
6


Com. Ex. 4
75
1
undone
0
700
2


Com. Ex. 5
75
1
undone
0
700
2


Com. Ex. 6
70
1
undone
0
700
2


Com. Ex. 7
30
1
undone
0
700
2


Com. Ex. 8
90
1
undone
0
700
2


Com. Ex. 9
75
0
undone
0
700
2


Com. Ex.
75
72
undone
0
700
2


10


Com. Ex.
75
1
undone
0
200
2


11


Com. Ex.
75
1
undone
0
1000
2


12


Com. Ex.
75
1
undone
0
700
2


13


Com. Ex.
75
1
undone
0
700
2


14


Com. Ex.
75
1
undone
0
700
2


15


Com. Ex.
75
1
undone
0
700
2


16


Com. Ex.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A


17


Com. Ex.
75
1
100
15
800
2


18


Com. Ex.
75
1
180
0.1
800
2


19




















TABLE 9








Secondary
Percentage of




Primary
particle
spherical




particle
diameter
ceria



Crystal phase
diameter
(nm)
particle


Com. Ex.
of ceria
(nm) of ceria
of ceria
(%)







Com. Ex. 1
Fluorite
50
200
90



structure


Com. Ex. 2
Fluorite
40
550
90



structure


Com. Ex. 3
Fluorite
40
120
80



structure


Com. Ex. 4
Fluorite
45
180
17



structure


Com. Ex. 5
Fluorite
40
160
14



structure


Com. Ex. 6
Fluorite
40
170
20



structure


Com. Ex. 7
Fluorite
40
490
17



structure


Com. Ex. 8
Fluorite
40
420
19



structure


Com. Ex. 9
Fluorite
40
520
60



structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
560
57


10
structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
(40)
(180)
(85)


11
structure was



unrecognizable


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
1,200  
80


12
structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
180
85


13
structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
180
85


14
structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
180
85


15
structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
180
85


16
structure


Com. Ex.
—
—
—
—


17


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
550
90


18
structure


Com. Ex.
Fluorite
40
550
90


19
structure





*Values of Comparative Example 11 were listed as reference values in brackets, because ceria was not crystallized.
















TABLE 10







Minor axis
Concentration



Aspect ratio
breadth (nm)
(M)



of columnar ceria
of columnar
of chloroplatinic acid


Com. Ex.
particle
ceria particle
water solution







Com. Ex. 1
15
250
0.15


Com. Ex. 2
17
245
0.15


Com. Ex. 3
18
240
0.15


Com. Ex. 4
20
245
0.15


Com. Ex. 5
19
245
0.15


Com. Ex. 6
17
500
0.15


Com. Ex. 7
20
250
0.15


Com. Ex. 8
20
247
0.15


Com. Ex. 9
23
245
0.15


Com. Ex.
21
246
0.15


10


Com. Ex.
20
245
0.15


11


Com. Ex.
18
290
0.15


12


Com. Ex.
20
245
0.01


13


Com. Ex.
20
245
2.0 


14


Com. Ex.
20
245
0.15


15


Com. Ex.
20
245
0.15


16


Com. Ex.
—
—
—


17


Com. Ex.
17
245
0.15


18


Com. Ex.
17
245
0.15


19




















TABLE 11






Calcination






temperature
Calcination
Primary
Secondary



(° C.)
time (hour)
particle
particle



of electrode
of electrode
diameter
diameter



active
active
(nm)
(nm)


Com. Ex.
material
material
of platinum
of platinum



















Com. Ex. 1
400
2
40
200


Com. Ex. 2
400
2
45
180


Com. Ex. 3
450
2
41
190


Com. Ex. 4
350
2
40
150


Com. Ex. 5
450
2
40
200


Com. Ex. 6
400
2
40
190


Com. Ex. 7
400
2
40
190


Com. Ex. 8
400
2
40
190


Com. Ex. 9
400
2
40
190


Com. Ex.
400
2
40
190


10


Com. Ex.
400
2
40
190


11


Com. Ex.
400
2
40
190


12


Com. Ex.
400
2
40
190


13


Com. Ex.
400
2
40
470


14


Com. Ex.
100
2
40
110


15


Com. Ex.
700
2
40
820


16


Com. Ex.
400
2
10
90


17


Com. Ex.
400
2
45
180


18


Com. Ex.
400
2
45
180


19




















TABLE 12








Electric-current value





(milli-ampere)




at electric potential
Onset potential



Com. Ex.
of 0.70 V vs. RHE
(V vs. RHE)




















Com. Ex. 1
1.8
0.56



Com. Ex. 2
1.6
0.55



Com. Ex. 3
1.9
0.57



Com. Ex. 4
1.6
0.56



Com. Ex. 5
1.1
0.58



Com. Ex. 6
1.7
0.56



Com. Ex. 7
1.4
0.56



Com. Ex. 8
1.5
0.56



Com. Ex. 9
2.0
0.55



Com. Ex.
1.7
0.57



10



Com. Ex.
0.1
0.58



11



Com. Ex.
1.2
0.55



12



Com. Ex.
0.3
0.59



13



Com. Ex.
2.5
0.54



14



Com. Ex.
2.3
0.55



15



Com. Ex.
1.1
0.57



16



Com. Ex.
2.1
0.53



17



Com. Ex.
1.6
0.55



18



Com. Ex.
1.6
0.55



19










The term “onset potential” used herein is a value defined based on a potential corresponding to an intersection in the cyclic voltammogram shown in FIG. 4, between: a horizontal straight line drawn from a point on the ordinate at an electric-current value of 0 mA, parallelly to the potential axis (abscissa); and a firstly occurring peak of an applicable plot line.
Comparing the above Examples and Comparative Examples with one another, it has been clarified that the anode material defined by the general formula recited in the claims of the present application, where the averaged particle diameters, forms, and aspect ratios of the electrode active materials have values in the specific ranges, respectively, have extremely higher electrode activities as compared with those outside the ranges. Namely, according to the above data, the respective requirement items defined in the claims can be regarded as defining particularly significant items.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
Recently, there has been emphasized decrease of carbon dioxide as part of countermeasure against global warming, while small-sized and high output fuel cells have been and are being vigorously developed.
Necessary and indispensable for developing such fuel cells, are investigation and development of fuel cell-oriented solid electrolytes which exhibit higher outputs in a temperature range between 500° C. and 700° C. To exactly meet such needs, the present invention provides a solid electrolyte made of ceria based sintered body exhibiting a larger electrical conductivity at a temperature of 700° C., which is expected to be utilized to a great extent from now on.
Since the solid electrolyte made of ceria based sintered body of the present invention having a larger electrical conductivity has been subjected to success of development after obtaining new knowledges at a nano-level based on extremely diversified and basic standpoints, there is guaranteed an extremely stabilized quality thereof, and the solid electrolyte is expected to be provided and utilized as excellent one not only in fuel cells but also in various technical fields from now on.
Particularly, since the solid electrolyte of the present invention is excellent in heat resistance, the solid electrolyte has a wider utilization field and is expected to progress to creation of novel industry.

## Claims

1. A polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material characterized in that the nano-hetero anode material is represented by a general formula:


X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON

(where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦X≦0.4, 0.1≦Y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon); and
that the nano-hetero anode material comprises:
an undoped CeO2 powder including nano-size particles free of components such as rare earth elements dissolved therein in a solid state, wherein the nano-size particles have primary particle diameters between 10 nanometers inclusive and 50 nanometers inclusive and secondary particle diameters between 60 nanometers inclusive and 300 nanometer inclusive, wherein a numerical percentage of spherical particles based on spherical and columnar particles is 50% or more, and wherein the columnar particles have aspect ratios of 20 or less and breadths of 300 nanometers or shorter in minor axis directions;
platinum particles having primary particle diameters of 50 nanometers or less and secondary particle diameters of 300 nanometers or less; and
electroconductive carbon as a balance component.

2. A production method of a polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material characterized in that the method comprises the steps of:
in order to attain the nano-hetero anode material having a composition formula:


X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON


(where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦X≦0.4, 0.1≦Y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon);
firstly preparing a cerium nitrate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 3 mole/liter (M) inclusive), and dropping the water solution into an ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 9 mole/liter (M) inclusive, in either case) heated to a temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, to prepare ceria precursors in the mixed water solution;
holding the mixed water solution for a period of time between 30 minutes inclusive and 48 hours inclusive to separate a ceria precursor powder as solid from liquid, washing the ceria precursor powder in water and then drying it, and calcining the ceria precursor powder at a temperature between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive in circulation of oxygen to prepare a crystalline ceria nano-powder; and
mixing the obtained ceria nano-powder with a chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6.6H2O) water solution (having a concentration between 0.05 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 1 mole/liter (M) inclusive) and an electroconductive carbon fine powder, drying the mixture by evaporating the solvent in the mixture in circulation of inert gas to obtain a product, and calcining the product at a temperature between 300° C. inclusive and 500° C. inclusive in circulation of hydrogen.

3. A production method of a polymer fuel cell-oriented Pt/CeO2/electroconductive carbon type nano-hetero anode material characterized in that the method comprises the steps of:
in order to attain the nano-hetero anode material having a composition formula:


X*Pt/Y*CeO2/Z*CARBON


(where X, Y, and Z are content ratios by weight of platinum Pt, CeO2, and CARBON; 0.1≦X≦0.4, 0.1≦Y≦0.4, and Z=1−X−Y; and CARBON represents electroconductive carbon);
firstly preparing a cerium nitrate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 3 mole/liter (M) inclusive), and dropping the water solution into an ammonium carbonate or ammonium hydrogencarbonate water solution (having a concentration between 0.5 mole/liter (M) inclusive and 9 mole/liter (M) inclusive, in either case) heated to a temperature between 50° C. inclusive and 80° C. inclusive, to prepare ceria precursors in the mixed water solution;
holding the mixed water solution for a period of time between 30 minutes inclusive and 48 hours inclusive to separate a ceria precursor powder as solid from liquid, washing the ceria precursor powder in water and then drying it, heat treating the ceria precursor powder within a temperature range between 150° C. inclusive and 300° C. inclusive for a period of time between 1 hour inclusive and 20 hours inclusive, and calcining the heat-treated powder at a temperature between 400° C. inclusive and 900° C. inclusive in circulation of oxygen to prepare a crystalline ceria nano-powder; and
mixing the obtained ceria powder with platinum and an electroconductive carbon fine powder, to lower an onset potential in an anode reaction.