### 2

The Agency is concerned about non

- listed and listed nontarget terrestrial invertebrate s from the use of dinotefuran. The chemical is highly toxic to bees through oral (LD 50 

### = 0.0076 g a.i./bee, MRID 45639727) and direct contact (LD 50 

### = 0.024 g a.i./bee, MRID 45639727)

. Dinotefuran applied at 0.13 lbs a.i./A will remain toxic to bees for more than 24 hours (MRID 45639728) after the application, if dinotefuran residues contact blooming, pollen

- shedding or nectar

- producing parts of plants. This means that dinotefuran should not be applied to blooming, pollen

- shedding, or nectar

- producing

par ts of plants. When translocated from pollen and nectar to bee hives, residues of dinotefuran can be detected in stored honey inside hives at least 85 days after application (MRID 48120501), which suggests the occurrence of long

- term chronic exposure inside the hive and has implications for overwintering success. In addition, h igher application rates are expected to cause longer residual toxicity time. Furthermore, the chemical is systemic (may persist in the plant post

- bloom, potentially contaminating necta r in extrafloral nectaries), and persistent in the field (average field dissipation half

- life ~46.83 days), meaning there is the possibility of acute and long

- term exposure to terrestrial

invertebrates. Should exposure occur, EFED expects dinotefuran to b e a potential risk to

non

- listed and listed terrestrial invertebrates , and any listed species that relies on terrestrial invertebrates during its life

- cycle

.

For the proposed tree injection use, t he total mass of dinotefuran applied to treated trees ranges from 1,600 mg a.i. to 28,800 mg a.i.. Therefore, there is sufficient mass applied to trees to potentia lly affect birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates. For example, t he

fraction of the mass of dinotefuran applied to a tree consumed by a 20

- gram bird would

need to be < 0.002 (0.2 %) of the total mass applied for a small tree and <0.0001 (0.0 1%) of the total mass applied for a large tree to result in no LOC exceedances for birds. Similarly, t he fraction of the mass of dinotefuran applied to a tree consumed by a 15

- gram mammal would need to be < 0.004 (0.4 %) of the total mass applied for a small tree and <0.0002 (0.02 %) of the total mass applied for a large tree to result in no LOC

exceedances for birds.

Consideration of dilution within the tree did not reduce potential risks to levels that are

below concern levels. Estimated leaf concentrations were sufficient to result in risk concerns for organisms that may eat leaves of treated trees. This evaluation assumed that 100% of the injected chemical was translocated to the leaves. However, even translocation of a relatively small fraction of dinotefuran to the leaves could result in potential effects to terrestrial organisms (particularly, the invertebrates ) . Estimates of

whole

- tree pesticide concentrations assuming that the chemical is evenly distributed throughout the above ground biomass were also above levels that may be of concern to

non

- target terrestrial invertebrates . Therefore, the available data suggest that potential

risks as a result of tree injection to non

- target terrestrial organisms are of concern. Submission of a magnitude of residues study that quantifies potential exposure levels after tree injection would be of high value to this risk a ssessment. Risks may be further quantified and refined if a magnitude of residues study in treated trees is submitted that

evaluates concentrations of dinotefuran in edible parts of treated trees, including leaves, fruit, s eeds as well as blooming, pollen

- shedding, and nectar producing parts of plants.

### 3

The above analysis only considered potential acute effects. However, there is also potential for repeated or prolonged exposures to terrestrial animals because dinotefuran is not expected to rapidly dissip ate from trees after it is injected and translocated. Therefore, there is also potential risk to reproduction and/or growth endpoints from the proposed tree injection use.

Past Ecological Risk Assessments

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division ( EFED) most recently evaluated a proposed new use of the insecticide dinotefuran in the products Dinotefuran 20SG (EPA Reg. No.

3 3657

- 17), Starkle 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 38 ) and Dinotefuran 70SG ( EPA Reg.

No. 59639

- 135) on l eafy B rassica (Subgroup 5B), including turnip greens. EFED had

reviewed the IR

- 4 petition (DP Barcode: D358860; 2009) and found that the application rate, number of applications and interval between applications were similar to crops already assessed such as cotto n, head and stem bra ssica, grapes and leafy vegetables

. That assessment extensively relied on the work of previous risk assessments (USEPA reviews dated 6/30/04, 8/9/04, 10/16/06 and 10/31/06; DP Barcodes D285633, D304957, D324854 and D332829, respectively). Previous assessme nts would contain the most detail on the available data, data needs, and risk characterization.

### 4

EFED evaluated dinotefuran‟s potential risks to non

- target species for aquatic and terrestrial (other than invertebrates) organisms (including plants) in the U SEPA 6/30/04 and 10/31/06 reviews (DP Barcodes D285633 and D304957). T he se screening

- level

assessments show that the proposed uses of dinotefuran do not trigger acute risks to non

target non

- listed or listed terrestrial (e.g., birds, mammals, plants) and aquatic species (e.g., fish, aquatic invertebrates, plants). Additionally, no chronic risks are expected to these taxa, with the exception of fish (no data available). However, the assessment of June 30, 2004 (D285633) for the proposed uses of dinotefuran ( i.e., leafy vegetables, turf, which were also a surrogate for ornamental uses) raised a precautionary note with regard to the possibility of honey bee concerns and future dinotefuran uses. It was a generic precaution at the time reflecting the family of n eonicotinoid compounds and their potential for risk to honey bees and other beneficial insects. Since the completion of that assessment, an interim LOC (0.05) for listed terrestrial invertebrates has been established.

A risk concern for listed terrestrial invertebrates implies risk to other listed as well as

non

- listed species that rely on them. Similarly, the assessment of August 9, 2004 (D304957) concluded that the Agency was concerned about the protection of pollinators

from chemicals in the neonicotino id class (which includes acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin, thiamethozam, and imidacloprid). The neonicotinoid chemicals are systemic and EFED was concerned about the possibility of acute and chronic exposure to bees from residues that re main in pollen and nectar of flowering crops. In addition, dinotefuran is persistent in the field (average field dissipation half

- life ~ 46.83 days); higher application rates would cause longer residual toxicity time. Again, it was

recommended that dinotef uran should not be applied to blooming, pollen

- shedding or

nectar

- producing parts of plants.

Summary of Risk conclusions

a. Foliar, Airblast & Broadcast spray application , soil application (i.e., soil media drench, chemigation), basal trunk spray appli cation

These particular application types (ground/aerial spray, soil incorporation) and/or maximum application rates (0.54 lbs a.i./A) are found in the 2004 risk assessments (DP Barcodes: D285633, D304957) with use on ornament al plants , which are listed on the current label in conjunction with the proposed forestry uses

. The risk conclusions described above for the 2004 assessments apply to the proposed uses as well.

b. Tree injection

Overall, the screening level analysis conducted for the tree injection use pattern, which assumes total mass of chemical applied to the terrestrial and aquatic environments as well as distribution of concentrations in tree trunks and leaves, suggests that translocation of

### 5

dinotefuran from the site of injection to edible port ions of a tree may result in effects to birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates . Potential risks to saltwater invertebrates could not be precluded given the sensitivity of the mysid shrimp to relatively low

concentrations of dinotefuran

. Additional data, including a chronic study on the saltwater invertebrate, magnitude of residues study in injected trees and treated plants, and an additional bee field study would allow for refinements of potential risks.

New Data

Due to risk concerns for terres trial invertebrates, additional studies were required as part of the conditional registration of dinotefuran. Three studies were submitted (MRIDs 48120501, 48120502, and 48120503) by Landis, International on behalf of Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc. in 2010. The three new studies were reviewed by EFED ; the

outcomes of the reviews are included in this assessment ( Table 1 )

. Respectively, these include studies with the following titles: Field Evaluation of Foraging Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera ) and Hives after Expo sure to Dinotefuran Applied to Cotton [Landis lab protocol No. 43421F008]; Evaluation of the Freezer Storage Stability of Dinotefuran in Cotton Nectar, Honey, Beeswax, and Pollen [Wildlife Int lab study No. 236C

- 157]; and, Laboratory Validation of Methods for the Analysis of Dinotefuran in Nectar, Honey, Beeswax, and Pollen Obtained from Hives of Bees Foraging on Cotton. These studies apply to the following OCSPP Guidelines: 850.3040 Field Testing for Pollinators, 860.1380 Storage Stability Data, and 860.13 40 Residue Analytical Method. The honeybee field study and the studies that accompany it utilized a different dinotefuran formulation ( Venom® Dinotefuran 70SG; 70% a.i.; Reg No. 59639

- 135 ) than the formulation currently being assessed (Dinotefuran 20%; Reg . No. 86203

- 11).

It is very important to note that as a result of the Field Evaluation of Foraging Honey Bees study (MRID 48120501) having a poor study design, inadequate raw data reporting, and multiple additional considerations (see Table 1 , environmen tal toxicity section, and Appendix C for a fuller description), the toxicity determinations cannot be used for risk

assessment purposes . However, information regarding residue detections may be informative assuming freezer stability (MRID 48120502) was con ducted at

- 20 o 

### C (as reported in the field study) or at an alternative, representative temperature. Therefore, solely on the basis of the residue data, the field study may still be utilized to address long

term exposure (but not toxicity ) of honey bees to dinotefuran.

### 6

Table 1. Classification of Environmental Fate and Effects Data Submitted for Dinotefuran

Guideline

Number MRID Study Title Classification Remarks

860.1340 48120503 Data Evaluation Record on the Laboratory Validation of Methods For The Analysis

of Dinotefuran in Cotton Nectar, Honey, Beeswax

and Pollen Obtained From Hives of Bees Foraging In

Cotton S upplemental No independent laboratory validation was provided.

860.1380 48120502 Data Evaluation Record on

the Evaluation of the Freezer Storage Stability of

Dinotefuran in Cotton Nectar, Honey, Beeswax

and Pollen Unacceptable 1
but may be upgraded No details on the freezer storage

conditions (temperature, etc.) were provided.

850.3040 48120501 Field evaluation of Foraging Honey Bees (

Apis mellifera ) and Hives After Exposure to Dinotefuran Applied to

Cotton Supplemental (qualitative use only; not upgradable) Poor study design (e.g., evidence

for cross contamination between control and treatment plots). Toxicity endpoints are not to be

used in risk assessment.

1 The study is a fate study and under a different classification system than the bee field study, whi ch is an effects study.



### Endangered Species

Since dinotefuran is toxic to honeybees, it is assumed that it may be toxic to listed terrestrial invertebrates (those that are federally listed as endangered or threatened) leading to direct effects on these populations. In addition, should invertebrate prey populations decline to a point where they would negatively impact predator populations, then dinotefuran applications could have indirect effects on various insectivorous taxa including mammals and birds. In other words, any listed species that relies on terrestrial

invertebrates during its life

- cycle is potentially at risk. A listing of threatened and endangered species occurring in the counties throughout the U.S. where dinotefuran is applied is provided in Appendix E

.

Incidents

Four incidence databases are available: 1) maintained and catalogued by EFED in the Ecological Incident Information System v. 2.1.1 (EIIS) , which was last updated Oct. 15, 2010 but contains incident reports since 1994; 2) mainta ined by ITRMD in the Aggregate Incident Reports v.1.1, which was last updated Jan. 26, 2011; 3) and the American Bird Conservancy and USEPA program maintaining the Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS), which was last updated June 2005; and, 4) the Incid ent Data System (IDS), a component of the PRISM database, which was checked for incidences occurring in the last three years.

### 7

No incidents have been reported ( i.e., no records were found) in which dinotefuran has been associated with some type of environm ental effect ; this is the case for all four

incident databases searched. The absence of documented incidents does not necessarily mean that such incidents did not occur. Mortality incidents must be seen, reported, investigated, and submitted to the Agency in order to be recorded in the incident

databases.

Incidents may not be noticed because the carcasses decayed, were removed by scavengers, or were in out

- of

- the

- way or hard

- to

- see locations. Due to the voluntary nature of incident reporting, an incident may not be reported to appropriate authorities capable of investigating it. In addition, incident reports for non

- target organisms typically provide information only on mortality events and plant damage

. Sublethal effects in organisms such as abnormal beh avior, reduced growth and/or impaired reproduction are rarely reported, except for phytotoxic effects in terrestrial plants. EPA‟s changes in the registrant reporting requirements for incidents in 1998 may account for a reduced number of reported incident s. Registrants are now only required to submit detailed information on „major‟ fish, wildlife, and plant incidents. Minor fish, wildlife, and plant incidents , as well as all other non

- target incidents, are generally reported aggregately and are not

inclu ded in EIIS. In addition, there have been changes in state monitoring efforts due to a lack of resources. Reporting by states is only voluntary, and individuals discovering incidents may not be informed on the procedure of reporting these occurrences.

The refore, the number of reports listed in the EIIS database is believed to be only a small fraction of the total incidents involving mortality and other damage to non

- target plants and animals from pesticide use. Although there were no reported incidences fo r this chemical, this does not rule out any existing risks that may potentially impact nontarget organisms.

I. Use Characterization

Dinotefuran is used in a variety of crops, such as cotton, head and stem brassica, leafy brassica greens (including turn ip greens), cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, grapes, leafy vegetables, potato, turfgrass

, v egetable t ransplants g rown in enclosed structures, ornamental plants. The chemical may be soil applied or applied foliarly; however, the

use of both soil and foliar applications on the same use site generally is not allowed. Ground and aerial foliar applications are allowed for most crops. The maximum application rate is on turf, with a single application at 0.54 lb a.i./A.

Mitsui Chemicals Agro, Inc., through Land is International, has requested to add use of dinotefuran on Christmas trees, trees in plantations, reforestation nurseries, forests, and woodland areas to its Dinotefuran 20% Turf, Ornamental, and Vegetable Transplants in Enclosed Structures label (EPA Re g. No. 86203

- 11). Applications are proposed by foliar or broadcast spray, soil drench (i.e. soil media drench for containerized plants), basal bark spray, and tree trunk injection.

### 8

For the proposed crops, the maximum seasonal application rate is 0.54 l b a.i./A, with the exception of tree injection, which has no maximum seasonal application rate limit. A summary of the current and proposed use patterns for dinotefuran is shown in Appendix A ; whereby the shaded area of Table A 1 shows the new use pattern for the chemical. A detailed summary of proposed use patterns addressed in this assessment is

shown in Table 2 below

.

Table 2 . Proposed Use Pattern

Crop Sites Max. Single Application Rates Remarks

Foliar , airblast & broadcast spray application

Christmas Trees

Trees in Plantations including Conifers & Deciduous Trees

Reforestation Nurseries

Forests & Wooded Are a s ( National, Private & State ) 0.2 lb ai/A

0.1 lb ai/100 gal A second application may be

made after 14

- 21 days. Maximum seasonal applic ation rate of 0.54 lb ai/A/year.

Soil application (i.e. soil media drench for containerized plants)

Christmas Trees

Trees in Plantations including Conifers & Deciduous Trees

Reforestation Nurseries

Forests & Wooded Are a s ( National, Private & State ) 0.3 lb ai/100 gal

0.003 lb ai/gal

2.4 g ai/inch of trunk diameter at breast height Maximum seasonal application rate of 0.54 lb ai/A/year.

C hemigation

Christmas Trees

Trees in Plantations including Conifers & Deciduous Trees

Reforestation Nurseries

Forests & Wooded Are a s ( National, Private & State ) 0.1 to 0.2 lb ai/A

0.05 to 0.1 lb ai/100 gal Maximum seasonal application rate of 0.54 lb ai/A/year.

Basal trunk spray application

Christmas Trees

Trees in Plantations including Conifers & Deciduous Trees

Reforestation Nurseries

Forests & Wooded Are a s ( National, Private & State ) 0.00 0 3 lb ai/gal

2.12 g ai/inch of trunk diameter at

breast height Maximum seasonal application rate of 0.54 lb ai/A/year.

Tree trunk injection

Ornamental trees

Trees in Plantations including Conifers & Deciduous Trees

Forests & Wooded Are a s ( National, Private & State ) 2 g ai (0.83 tsp, or 0.001 lb) per

inch of trunk diameter at breast

height Do not inject trees less than 2

inches in diameter. Do not inject trees more than

once per year.

### 9

III. Environmental Fate and Toxicity

The environmental fate and toxicity of dinotefuran have been discussed in depth in a previous risk assessment (D332829, 2006 ; esp.D285633, 2004 ) ; a brief summary is provided below. No new environmental fate data have been submitted.

Mode of Action

Dinotefuran is a furanicotinyl insecticide and member of the neonicotinoids that were developed as an analog of nicotine. Dinotefuran acts as an agonist at ( i.e., it binds to) the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) to which the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) would otherwise bind. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the endogenous agonist and excitatory neurotransmitter of the cholinergic nervous system.

1. Environmental Fate Summary

Nomenclature and structures of dinotefuran and its transformation products are presented

in Appendi ces B1 and B2

. A selection of important physicochemical and environmental fate properties are given in Table 3

. Dinotefuran has a very hig h water solubility (39,830 ppm) and a low octanol/water partition coefficient (Log K

ow 

### of

- 0.549) , which suggests the potential for runoff and low bioaccumulation. The low vapor pressure (1.275 x 10 - 8


### mm Hg) and a low Henry ‟s Law Constant (8.63 x 10 - 14 

### Atm • M 3 

### /mol) suggest that this compound is not expected to volatilize substa ntially from water or soils in natural

environment.

Table 3. Summary Results of Environmental Fate and Physico/Chemical Parameters for

Dinotefuran

Parameter Value Reference/Comments *

Selected Physical/Chemical Parameters

Chemical Name [CAS] N

- methyl

- N‟

- nitro

- N”

- ((tetrahydro

- 3

- furanyl)methyl)guanidine]

[IUPAC] (EZ)

- (RS)

- 1

- methyl

- 2

- nitro

3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidine Pesticide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004); and, http://www.alanwood.net/pesticide

s/dinotefuran.html

Common Name Dinotefuran Pesticide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004)

Trade Name Dinotefuran, MTI

- 446 Pesti cide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004)

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) No. 165252

- 70

- 0 Pesticide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004)

Chemical Class Neo

- nicotinoid Pesticide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004) Year of Initial Registration 2004 Pesticide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004) Registrant Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Pesticide Fact Sheet (Sept. 2004)

Chemical Classification Nitroguanidine

Pesticide Classification Systemic Insecticide

### 10

Table 3. Summary Results of Environmental Fate and Physico/Chemical Parameters for

Dinotefuran

Parameter Value Reference/Comments *

Chemical Formula C 7 

### H 14 

### N 4 

### O 3 

### http://www.alanwood.net/pesticide

s/dinotefuran.html

Chemical Structure http://www.alanwood.net/pesticide

s/dinotefuran.html

Molecular Weight 202.2 g/mol MRID # 45640101 Water Solubility (20 o 

### C) 39,830 ppm MRID# 45640112 Vapor pressure (30 o 

### C) <1.275x10 - 8 

### mm Hg MRID# 45640105 Henry's Law Constant 8.63 x 10 - 14 

### Atm m 3 

### /mol Calculated
Octanol/Water Partition,

K
ow 

### 0.283 MRID # 45639702

log K OW 

### - 0.549 MRID # 45639702

K
oc 

### 6

- 45 (very highly mobile

– ASTM classification) MRID # 45640114, 45640115

Hydrolysis t 1/2 

### Parent and degradates are stable at environmental temperatures and pHs No major transformation products were identified in any buffer solution Minor degradate 1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl) urea (UF) was <0.2% of the applied MRID# 45640101 (s), MRID# 45640102 (c) MRID# 45640103 (s) MRID# 45640104 (s)

Photolysis t 1/2 

### in water

Parent 1.8 days (pH 7 buffer solution) Major products: UF, MG hydrogen chloride,

DN

- 2

- OH, DN

- 3

- OH, BCDN succinate, CO 2 

### , Minor Product : DN MRID# 45640105 (s)

Photolysis t 1/2 

### in water

MNG 2.4 days (assuming 12

- hr light/dark cycle) in pH 7.1

- 7.2 buffer solution. Major products: G (max. 50.6% @ 6.8 days), MU (max. 18.6% @ 6.8 days).

Minor Products: NG, and MG MRID# 45640107 (s)

Photolysis t 1/2 

### in water

DN

- Phosphate pH 5

pH 7 pH 9 53.4 days (12

- hr light/dark cycle);

major product: MG; 533.2 (12

- hr. Light/dark cycle), minor product: MG;

stable MRID# 45640108 (s)

### 11

Table 3. Summary Results of Environmental Fate and Physico/Chemical Parameters for

Dinotefuran

Parameter Value Reference/Comments *

Aerobic Soil metabolism

t 1/2 

### parent US Soil

- LS 63 days (neutral extraction) 100 days (total extraction of residues) major degradate MNG (max. 13.7% @ 225 d.) Five US soils, half

- lives range: 17

- 89 days major degradates MNG (max. 23.96% @ 42days) and NG (max. 14.3% @ 42 days) nitroguanidine (NG),

1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)urea (UF), and

2

- nitro

- 1

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidine (FNG),

Major transformation products:

1

- Methyl

- 2

- nitroguanidine (MNG, maximum 15.7% of applied)

CO 2 

### ( maximum 52.1% of applied)

Minor transformation products: Minor transformation products: Nitroguanidine (NG, maximum 5.2%)

1

- Methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)urea (UF, maximum 1.5%)

2

- Nitro

- 1

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidine (FNG, maximum 1.3%) MRID# 45640112 (s)

MRID# 45640111 (s)

MRID# 46711201 (s)

Anaerobic Soil/Aquatic

metabolism t 1/2 

### parent SiL soil from Switzerland 62 days; water 51 days, major degradate

- DN (max. 29.2%@120 d) MRID# 45891616 (s)

Aerobic Aquatic

metabolism t 1/2 

### parent Study using two radiolabeled

materials: 79.3 days (total river system); 76 days (total pond system); major degradate: DN [max. 23.1% (17.6% in sediment + 5.5 % in water)@ 180d in river system and 32.6%(31.1% in sediment+1.5% in water) @ 103d in pond system] MRID # 45640117 (s)

### 12

Table 3. Summary Results of Environmental Fate and Physico/Chemical Parameters for

Dinotefuran

Parameter Value Reference/Comments *
Anaerobic Aquatic

metabolism t 1/2 

### parent Study using radiolabeled material. The total system half

- life was 65 days: 51 days (water), 62 days (soil); major degradate: none in water phase. MRID# 45891616 (s)

The major route of dissipation for dinotefura n appears to be aqueous photolysis (half

- life 1.8 days) and leaching. Since there is no valid soil photolysis data, it is unknown if dinotefuran parent residues break down quickly in soil via photolysis. Dinotefuran appears to be relatively persistent to metabolism, both in aerobic (half

- life = 63

- 100 days) and anaerobic soil (half

- life = 65 days) conditions. It appears that under metabolic conditions, dinotefuran degrades to MNG and subsequently to NG. Dinotefuran is stable to hydrolysis in a range of pH‟s of 4

- 9. It is considered to be very highly mobile (K

oc 

### = 6

- 45) in various soil types. It is also very highly soluble (39,830 ppm). Since dinotefuran may persist in soils, it may have a high potential to leach to subsurfaces. Furthermore, it

can m igrate to adjacent bodies of water through spray drift and in runoff events, probably dissolved in the water column. Once in the rivers, ponds, or other bodies of water, the fate of dinotefuran is somewhat uncertain. Aqueous photolysis should be importan t in clear and shallow bodies of water; however, in deep ponds or rivers or flowing bodies of water, it is more likely to dissipate via dissolution, and subsequently via metabolism.

As indicated earlier, it appears that the major route of dissipation for dinotefuran is aqueous photolysis (half

- life 1.8 days), with the formation of multiple photolysates. Due to the fast dissipation of dinotefuran by aqueous photolysis, there is a like lihood that it may also dissipate via soil photolysis, but no data are available at this time. The photolysis half

- life of a major transformation product, MNG, in a pH 7 buffer was 2.4 days, assuming a 12

- hour light/dark cycle. A separate aqueous photoly sis study of DN

phosphate 2 

### , another transformation product of dinotefuran, in pH 7 buffer, resulted in an extrapolated half

- life of 533 days assuming a 12

- hour light/dark cycle.

There were six major transformation products ( Figure 1, Appendix B ) identifi ed in the laboratory studies (MNG, DN, UF, MG

- HCl, DN

- 2

- OH + DN

- 3

- OH, and BCDN succinate). The degradate MNG was identified as a major product in aerobic soil metabolism and in the terrestrial field dissipation studies. The degradate, DN, was

identified as a major product in anaerobic soil metabolism and aerobic aquatic metabolism studies. The other degradates were mostly photolysates.

2 DN phosphate (1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidinium dihydrogen phosphate) was identified as a degradation product of dinotefuran in photodegr adation in soil (MRID 45640109), photodegradation in water (MRID 45640106, 45640105) and anaerobic soil metabolism (MRID 45891616) studies. Although the phosphorus is not an elemental constituen t of parent dinotefuran, D N phosphate was formed as a salt of orthophosphate and 1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidinium. Because the DN phosphate salt will dissociate in soil and aquatic environments to form (1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidinium) and phosp horic acid, it is not expected to alter the environmental fate or toxicity of the organic moiety of DN phosphate (1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidinium).

### 13

Figure 1. Dinotefuran and degradates of dinotefuran (MTI

- 466)

MNG contains the nitro guanidine structure and therefore is considered to possess similar toxicity as the parent. DN is also structurally similar to the parent and therefore considered to share similar toxicity as the parent. None of the dinotefuran degradates are

### 14

expected to have any higher toxicity than the parent (HED Memo of 01/20/04. L. Cheng, D293759).

Dinotefuran, and its degradates, MNG and DN

- phosphate are highly soluble in water (39,830 ppm, 11,480 ppm and 619,400 ppm, respectively). Similar to the parent compound MNG and DN are stable to h ydrolysis and have high metabolic persistence.

DN

- phosphate, a salt of DN, was used by the registrant in lieu of DN, because it is a stable substance, to conduct laboratory studies.

The batch equilibrium

- adsorption/desorption studies conducted on the p arent and major degradates MNG and DN

- phosphate, indicate that the parent dinotefuran, and MNG are very highly mobile (K

oc 

### <50), while DN is slightly to highly mobile. K

oc 

### values for dinotefuran ranged from 6 to 45 for eight soils tested (four from Japan a nd four domestic). K

oc 

### values for MNG ranged from 8 to 31 for five domestic and foreign soils. The study on DN

- phosphate yielded a wide range of K

oc 

### values (between 58 and 2502).

In field dissipation studies dinotefuran was sprayed twice (at 14

- day inte rval) using ground application equipment at three different sites (California, Georgia, and New York) at an application rate of 0.268 lb a.i./A/application. Rainfall was supplemented with irrigation to exceed the 10

- year average rainfall at each test site

. All soils were silt loams. The soil pHs at these sites ranged from 6.5 (GA) to 8.8 (CA). The half

- lives of dinotefuran were 65.2 days (CA), 19.4 days (GA), and 55.9 days (NY), indicating moderate persistence for the parent. These results are in agree ment with the results observed in the laboratory. In these field studies, the degradate MNG was the only one detected in substantial amounts. At the California site, MNG was 31.5% of the applied at 45 days after the second application in the 0

- 15 cm soil depth. MNG was also detected at lower concentrations at the GA (5.3%) and NY (6.6%) sites. Even though the field studies did not show substantial leaching, EFED believes that leaching of both dinotefuran, and MNG are highly possible and may have gone un detected.

2. Environmental Toxicity Summary

An ecological effects characterization for dinotefuran has been previously conducted by

EFED

. A more robust discussion of toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms is presented in previous risk assessments (esp. US EPA 2004; DP Barcode: D285633). The toxicity endpoints for available studies are summarized in Tables 4

- 10 below. Values in bold indicate definitive endpoint s and, of these, some were used as inputs for risk quotient calculations for the tree injection screening assessment. The default 35

- day foliar dissipation half

- life was assumed due to dinotefuran‟s persistence; this value was used in a previous risk asses sment (US EPA 2006; DP Barcode: D324854). Prior assessments cited an acute contact honey bee study 48

- hour LD 50 

### of 0.047 g a.i./bee (MRID 45639725) as the most sensitive terrestrial invertebrate endpoint. Instead, this assessment

uses an even more sensiti ve endpoint (48

- hour LD 50 

### of 0.0076 g a.i./bee) obtained from an acute oral honey bee study (MRID 45639727). In addition, a new study was submitted

### 15

and reviewed for this assessment. The field study of foraging honey bees after exposure to dinotefuran appl ied to cotton fields in Georgia (MRID 48120501) is supplemental and is only used for qualitative purposes in this assessment.

Terrestrial Toxicity Summary (Acute/ Chronic)

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Dinotefuran technical, MTI

- 446, (MRID 45639725) is hi ghly toxic to bees on an acute

contact basis ( 48

- hr LD 50 

### = 0.047 g ai /bee) and on an acute oral basis ( 48

- hr LD 50 

### = 0.023 g ai/bee). Similarly, the dinotefuran formulation, MTI

- 446 20%WG (MRID 45639726, with control; MRID 45639727, without negative but with solvent control) is also highly toxic to bees on an acute contact ( 48

- hr LD 50 

### = 0.061 g a.i./bee and 0.024 g a.i./bee, respectively) and on an acute oral basis (48

- hour LD 50 

### = 0.032 g a.i./bee and

0.0076 g a.i./bee, respective ly) . The RT 25 

### (or residual time to cause 25% mortality ) derived from the exposure to residues on alfalfa study (MRID 45639728) with the

formulation MTI

- 446 20% WG indicated that bees were most sensitive to the 8 hour aged

residue (RT 25 

### = 4.8 hours) and least sensitive to treatment when exposed to 48 hour aged

residue (RT 25 

### = 90 hours)

. In addition, exposure to dinotefuran formulation MTI

- 446 20% SG applications (of varying exposure periods) led to survivorship and reproductive

effects on non

-

Apis terrest rial invertebrates including p arasitoid wasp (MRID 45640121 ), predaceous bug (MRID 45640122 ), and predatory mite ( an arachnid, MRID 45640120) indicating LC 50 

### values of 6.89x10 - 5 

### lbs a.i./ A , 1.19x10 - 5 

### lbs a.i./A, and 0.027 lbs a.i./A, respectively. It is im portant to note that the lowest non

- definitive chronic endpoint NOAEC (<1.21 x 10 - 6 

### lbs a.i./A) reported for the predaceous bug study implies that we do not know, at this time, how much lower the application would need to be to elicit no response in terres trial invertebrates. For additional comparative analyses including a comparison of dinotefuran and imidacloprid toxicities to insects refer to USDA Forest Service risk assessment (Durkin 2009; MRID 47814402).

Table 4. Acute effect (mortality) concentrations (LD 50 

### / LC 50 

### ) for terrestrial invertebrates following exposure to Dinotefuran (Technical MTI

- 446, Formulation MTI

- 446 20% WG, Formulation MTI

446 20% SG) and Dinotefuran (Formulation MTI

- 446 20% SG) residues on alfalfa.

Species %a.i. Study Parameters LD 50 /LC 50 ; NOAEL/NOAEC MRID Classification /Category

Technical MTI

- 446 Honey bee Apis mellifera 99.5 48

- hour, acute

contact toxicity

Worker bees, 1

- 7 days old 3 reps; 10 bees/rep

Solvent: 0.1% triton

x

- 100 48

- hour LD 50 : 0.047 g a.i./bee

(95% CI: 0.039

- 0.057 g a.i./bee)

48

- hour NOAEL: 0.0063 g a.i./bee Probit slope: 2.60

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality. 45639725 Acceptable / Highly toxic 1

### 16 Nominal

concentrations: 0 (negative, solvent control), 0.0063, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05,
0.1, and 0.2 g a.i./bee (Sub)lethal effects : By 48 hours, 0,

10, 16.7, 46.7, 76.7, and 100% mortality was observed in the test treatments, respectively. Negative conrol mortality was 3.3%; solvent control mortality was 0%. After 24 hours, symptoms of ataxia were

observed in the 0.1 g a.i./bee

grou p.

Honey bee Apis mellifera 99.5 48

- hour, acute oral toxicity

Worker bees, 1

- 7 days old 3 reps; 10 bees/rep

Solvent: 0.1% triton

x

- 100

Nominal

concentrations: 0 (negative, solvent control), 0.00315,
0.0063, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 g a.i./bee

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0,
0.003, 0.006, 0.012,
0.023, 0.046, 0.09 g a.i./bee 48

- hour LD 50 : 0.023 g a.i./bee

(95% CI: 0.019

- 0.027 g a.i./bee)

48

- hour NOAEL: 0.003 g a.i./bee Probit slope: 3.75

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality.

(Sub)lethal effects : By 48 hours, 30, 26.7, 56.7, 86.7, and 100% mortality was observed in the test treatments, respectively. Negative control mortality was 1 3.3%; solvent control mortality was

16.7%.

*An important note is that the control mortality exceeded 10% (an OECD requirement), but not the 20% guideline limit set for an acute contact study (OPPTS 850.3020). 45639725 Supplemental 2 / Highly toxic 1

Formulation MTI

- 446 20%WG Honey bee Apis mellifera 21.4 48

- hour, acute contact toxicity

Worker bees, 1

- 7 days old 3 reps; 10 bees/rep

Solvent: Triton x

- 100 (wetting agent), 1 g/L

Nominal

concentrations: 0 (negative, solvent control), 0.0125,
0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2,

and 0.4 g a.i./bee 48

- hour LD 50 : 0.061 g a.i./bee
(95% CI: 0.05

– 0.073 g a.i./bee)

48

- hour NOAEL: 0.0125 g a.i./bee Probit slope: 3.48

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality.

(Sub)lethal effects : By 48 hours, 0, 6.7, 36.7, 73.3, 100, and 100% mortality was observed in the test treatments, respectively. Negative conrol mortality was 0%; solvent control mortality was 0%. After 4 hours, symptoms of ataxia were

observed in the 0.2 and 0.4 g a.i./bee groups. 45639726 Acceptable / Highly toxic 1

### 17

Honey bee Apis mellifera 21.4 48

- hour, acute oral toxicity

Worker bees, 1

- 7 days old 3 reps; 10 bees/rep

Solvent: Triton x

- 100 (wetting agent), 1 g/L

Nominal

concentrations: 0 (negative, solvent control), 0.0063,
0.0125, 0.025, 0.05,
0.1, and 0.2 g a.i./bee

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0,
0.005, 0.011, 0.021,
0.046, 0.088, 0.173 g a.i./bee 48

- hour LD 50 : 0.032 g a.i./bee

(95% CI: 0.025

– 0.041 g a.i./bee)

48

- hour NOAEL: 0.005 g a.i./bee Probit slope: 2.26

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality.

(Sub)lethal effects : By 48 hours, 6.7, 16.7, 43.3, 53.3, 90, and 100% mortality was observed in the test treatments, respectively. Negative control mortality was 3.3%; solvent control mortality

was 6.7%. 45639726 Supplemental 2 / Highly toxic 1

Formulation MTI

- 446 20%WG

- no negative control Honey bee Apis mellifera 21.4 48

- hour, acute contact toxicity

Adult worker bees, age not specified 3 reps; 10 bees/rep

Solvent: Triton x

- 100 (wetting agent), 1 g/L

Nominal

concentrations: 0 (solvent control),
0.0014, 0.0032,
0.0072, 0.016, 0.036,

0.08 g a.i./bee

*No negative (water)

control was used 48

- hour LD 50 : 0.024 g a.i./bee
(95% CI: 0.018

– 0.031 g a.i ./bee)

48

- hour NOAEL: 0.0032 g a.i./bee Probit slope: 2.0

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality.

(Sub)lethal effects : By 48 hours, 3, 3, 7, 43, 63, and 87% mortality was observed in the test treatments, respectively. Solvent control mortality was

0%. At 4 ho urs, there were stumbling and knockdown bees

in the 0.036 and 0.08 g a.i./bee

groups. 45639727 Acceptable / Highly toxic 1

Honey bee Apis mellifera 21.4 48

- hour, acute oral toxicity

Adult worker bees, age not specified 3 reps; 10 bees/rep

Solvent: Triton x

- 100 (wetting agent), 1 g/L 48

- hour LD 50 : 0.0076 g a.i./bee (95% CI: 0.004

– 0.012 g a.i./bee)

48

- hour NOAEL: 0.0013 g a.i./bee Probit slope: 3.0

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality. 45639727 Supplemental 2 / Highly toxic 1

### 18 Nominal

concentrations: 0 (solvent control),
0.00056, 0.0013, 0.0028, 0.0064,
0.014, and 0.032 g a.i./bee

Mean

- measured

concentrations: 0 (solvent control),
0.00056, 0.0013, 0.0028, 0.0061,
0.013, and 0.029 g a.i./bee

*No negative (water)

control was used (Sub)lethal effects : By 48 hours, 13, 3, 17, 43, 97, and 90% mortality was observed in the test treatments, respectively. Solvent control mortality was
20%. However, a concurrent

dimethoate test had 13% mortality in the solvent control. At 4 hours, there were stumbling

and/o r knockdown bees observed in every treatment and control group, except for the

0.00056 g a.i./bee

*An important note is that the control mortality exceeded 10% (an OECD requirement), but not the 20% guideline limit set for an acute contact study (OPPTS 8 50.3020).

Formulation MTI

- 446 20%WG

- residues on alfalfa *(OPPTS 850.3030; honey bee toxicity of residues on foliage) Honey bee Apis mellifera Not

reported 72

- hour, toxicity to

residues on alfalfa (foliar spray application)

1

- 7 days old 6 reps; 25 bees/rep

Solvent: water ( i.e., negative control)

Single nominal application rate: 150 g a.i./ha (60.75 g

a.i./A or 0.1338 lbs

a.i./A † )

Bees exposed to

residues on leaves collected at 3, 8, 24, and 48 hours pos t

treatment

*Foliar residues of MTI

446 were not measured 3

- hour aged residue

♠ RT 25 = 6.7 (3.3

- 14) hour Probit slope = 2.37 ± 0.431

8

- hour aged residue

RT 25 = 4.8 (2.4

- 9.6) hour Probit slope = 2.66 ± 0.436

24

- hour aged residue

RT 25 = 24 (14

- 44) hour

Pr obit slope = 4.63 ± 1.54

48

- hour aged residue

RT 25 = 90 (75

- 110) hour Probit slope = 6.36 ± 3.78

Endpoints considered: Mortality, behavior, toxicological response (at 3, 24, 48, 72, and a single obs. at 100 hours post

- exposure for 48 hour group)

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality.

(Sub)lethal effects : After 24 and 48 hours of exposure to 3, 8, and 24 hour aged residue, there was significant mortality relative to

the controls for each residue group. After 72 hours, mortality was 95, 98, and 97% for b ees exposed to 3, 8, and 24 hour residues. There appeared to be no significant effect on mortality to bees exposed to 48 hour aged 45639728 Acceptable

### 19 residue, regardless of exposure period. By 72 hours, negative control mortality was 7, 12, 73,

and 12% in the 3

- , 8

- , 24

- , an d

48

- hour post

- treatment groups, respectively. The positive control (dimethoate) was only reported

for the 3

- hour residue group and had significant mortality in the 24 and 48 hour exposure periods

relative to controls and 64% mortality after 72 hours of

ex posure.

Hyperactivity observed in bees exposed to 3 and 8 hour post

treatment residues. Ataxia in some bees exposed to 3, 8, 24, and 48 hour post

- treatment
residues and in controls of the 3 and 8 hour groups.

Formulation MTI

- 446 20% SG

– Also, nonguideline studies

Parasitoid

wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) 21.09 13

- day, survival ( exposure phase: 2 day exposure; 11 day obs) and separate repro study ( fecundity phase: 1 day exposure; 10 day obs)

1

- 2 days old

Nom inal applications: 0 (negative control), 2,
7, 20, 70, and 200 mg a.i./ha (1.79x10 - 6

, 6.25x10 -

6 , 1.79x10 - 5 , 6.25 x

10 - 5 , and 0.0002 lbs a.i./A)

*Only the underlined

concentrations were used for the parasitism effect component ( i.e., fecundity phase), in which aphids ( Rhopalosiphum padi ) were fed to ♀ wasps only; note: ♂ & ♀ wasps were used in presumed equal numbers in the mortality component ( i.e. , exposure phase)

Note: test substance was 13

- d LC 50 : 77.2 mg a.i./ha

(6.89x10 - 5 lbs a.i./A) (95% CI: 59.4

– 102.6 mg a.i./ha;

5.30 x 10 - 5

– 9.16x10 - 5 lbs a.i./A)

NOAEC: 7 mg a.i./ha (6.25x10 - 6 lbs a.i./A)

Endpoints considered: Mortality and reproductive effects (parasitism)

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality, parasitism success.

(Sub)lethal effects: Corrected mortality (using Schneider

Orelli‟s fomula 4 ) was

- 7,

- 2, 9, 50, and 74% in the test

treatments, resp ectively. Significant mortality obs in the two highest concentrations. Negative control mortality was

10%.

Percent reduction in parasitism success (#of aphid mummies per ♀) was

- 1 and 67% for the two concentrations tested (7 and 20 mg a.i./ha). Significan t reduction in parasitism obs in 20 mg a.i./ha group. Control parasitization 45640121 Supplemental 3

### 20 sprayed on the top and bottom glass plates of the

test units with a calibrated track sprayer; 2 treated glass plates were placed in ventilated glass cages success was 8.4 aphid mummies

per ♀ per 22 hour parasitization period.

Predaceous bug

Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) 21.09 21 day (9 day exposure; 12 day obs), survival (9 days) and reproduction (12 days) study

Nymphs, 5

- 6 days

old

Nominal applications: 0 (negative control),
1.36, 2.72, 5 , 8.8, and 13.6 mg a.i./ha (1.21x10 - 6

, 2.43x10 -

6 , 4.46x10 - 6

, 7.86x10 -

6 , and 1.21x10 - 5 lbs a.i./A)

*On ly the underlined

concentrations were used for the reproductive effect component ( i.e., fecundity phase), in which only ♀ bugs were present; note: ♂ & ♀ bugs were used in the mortality component ( i.e.

, exposure phase)

Note: The test substance was sprayed on all inner parts of the test units with

a calibrated lab track

sprayer. 21

- d LC 50 : 13.3 mg a.i./ha

(1.19x10 - 5 lbs a.i./A) (95% CI: 7.0

- 25.1 mg a.i./ha;

6.25x10 - 6

– 2.24x10 - 5 lbs a.i./A)

NOAEC <1.36 mg a.i./ha (1.21x10 - 6 lbs a.i./A) Probit slope: 2.11 LOAEC: 8.8 mg a.i./ha

Endpoints considered: Mortality and reproductive effects (oviposition, egg hatch success)

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality.

(Sub)lethal effects: Corrected mortality (using Schneider

Orelli‟s fomula 4 ) was 15, 1, 13, 43, and 49% in the test treatments, respectively. Significant mortality obs in the lowest and two highest concentrations. Negative control mortality was 16%.

Percent reduction in mean #of eggs produced per day per ♀ was

4 and

- 2% and percent inhibition for egg hatch were 0 and

- 1% for

the two concentrations tested (2.72 and 5 mg a.i./ha). Fecundity was not significantly affected by treatment. Reproductive success was 6.9 eggs per ♀ per day and average egg hatch success was 92%. 45640122 Supplemental 3

Predaceous

mite Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) 21.09 14 day (7 day exposure; 7 day obs), survival (7 days) and reproduction (7 days) study

Protonymphs, 1 day

old

Nominal applications: 15, 20, 30, 40, and 60 g a.i./ha ( 0.013, 0.018

, 14

- d LC 50 : 30.1 g a.i./ha

(0.027 lbs a.i./A) (95% CI: 26.7

- 34.2 g a.i./ha;

0.024

– 0.030 lbs a.i./A)

NOAEC <15 g a.i./ha (0.013 lbs a.i./A)

Endpoints considered: Mortality and reproductive effects (# of eggs and oviposition)

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality, 45640120 Supplemental 3

### 21 0.027, 0.036, and

0.053 lbs a.i./A)

*Only the underlined

concentrations were used for the reproductive effect component ( i.e., fecundity phase); note: ♂ & ♀ mites

were used both in the reproductive effect component and in the mortality component ( i.e.

, exposure phase)

Note: Th e test substance was sprayed on inner parts of glass cage and petri

dishes with a calibrated lab track sprayer. fecundity.

(Sub)lethal effects: Corrected mortality (using Schneider

Orelli‟s fomula 4 ) was 39, 32, 79, 47, and 96% in the test

treatment s, respectively. Significant mortality obs in all test concentrations. Negative control mortality was 10%.

Percent reduction in mean #of eggs produced per day per ♀ was

41 and 51% for the two concentrations tested (15 and 20 g a.i./ha). Fecundity was significantly reduced in the 20 g a.i./ha treatment. Reproductive success was 9 eggs per ♀ per day.

1 Based on acute contact LD 50 ( g a.i./bee) <2 highly toxic; 2

- 10.99 moderately toxic; ≥11 practically non

- toxic

2 The study is a non

- guideline study and does not fulfill an OPP guideline requirement.

3 The test species is not a US EPA

- recommended species for toxicity testing with terrestrial invertebrates; SEP guidelines do not exist for this species.

4 Schneider

- Or elli‟s formula: Corrected % = (%mortality in treated

- %mortality in control) / (100

- %mortality in control) *100

† The application is below (constitutes 25% of) the maximum seasonal application rate (0.54 lbs a.i./A/yr) for the proposed lab el (Reg.

No. 862 03

- 11) applications (foliar, airblast, broadcast spray; soil applications; chemigation; basal trunk spray).

♠ RT 25 = residual time to cause 25% mortality; bees were most sensitive to the 8 hour aged residue and least sensitive to treatment when exposed to 48 hour aged residue. Bee mortality on 48 hour aged residues did not differ from bees exposed to control leaves after 48

hours.



### Honey Bee Field Study Classification and Conclusions The submitted field study of foraging honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) after exposure to dinotefuran 70 SG (70% a.i.) applied to cotton fields in Georgia, USA (MRID 48120501) was deemed supplemental (for qualitative use only and not upgradable). It is very important to note that on account of a poor study design, inadequate raw dat a reporting 3



### , and multiple additional considerations (see below and Appendix C ), the toxicity determinations cannot be used for risk assessment purposes. However, information regarding residue detections may be informative assuming freezer stability (MRID 48120502) was conducted at

- 20 o 

### C (as reported in the field study), or at an alternative, representative temperature. Therefore, solely on the basis of the residue data, the field study may still be utilized to address long

- term exposure of honey bees to d inotefuran.

Although bees were exposed to dinotefuran, the dinotefuran residue levels detected in treatment plot samples of nectar, honey, beeswax, and pollen, did not, for the most part, differ greatly from those detected in the control samples, which is indicative of cross contamination in the control plot blossoms and hives (of all three trials in pollen and/or nectar samples) and likely foraging of treatment groups on control plots and of control

3 S tatistical verification of the adult bee mortality was not possible as the raw data c ounts were not provided by the study author.

### 22

groups on treated plots. For example, only trial 1 sampl es of nectar in flowers for days 7

and 17 indicated a clear distinction between no residue detected in controls and detected levels (0.012

- 0.021 ppm) in both treatment plots; and, in trial 3 day 26 flower nectar samples where no residues were detected in t he control, but were detected in the two treatments as 0.013 ppm and <LOQ (0.004 ppm). As a result of the cross

- contamination, this study is inconclusive in terms of the toxicity of dinotefuran applications on cotton to honey bee hives. In addition, the l ack of quantitative data rather than simply presence/absence on overwintering parameters such as egg abundance, larval abundance, pupal abundance renders the study inconclusive in terms of assessing overwintering success. The data suggest that all colonies (control and treatment) for all three trials were healthy (w/ >4 frames of adults) by approximately 200 days after exposure ( i.e. , Spring colony assessment performed in February for all three trials), with presence of queen, larvae, and eggs. However, the numbers on these hive attributes are not included. Instead, the quantitative data for this time step indicates that all colonies had adults present in all 10 frames of each colony; this was the case for all three trials. Also, an estimate of the

number of capped brood was only provided for trial 1, but the difference between control and treatment groups did not appear to be significant. In addition, presence of queens may not be an indicator of overwintering success as new queens were added to hives when q ueen loss occurred during the study . While re

- queening hives is a common management practice, it is not particularly desirable for field studies as it prevents a test from quantifying the colony's ability to supersede naturally.

The data on toxic effects in this study cannot be used for risk assessment purposes on account of poor study design. Similarly, residue values below the LOQ ( i.e. , a <LOQ value that was calculated by integration for samples where residue values were <0.010mg/kg) cannot be used qu antitatively in the risk assessment; therefore, the residue analysis is of limited value other than characterizing qualitatively the presence/absence of dinotefuran residues over time. In addition, there are two major metabolites, MNG and DN, for which no residue data are provided in this study. The presence/absence data for residues, particularly in nectar, are important, however, because they suggest that residues could potentially be present in extra floral nectaries once flowers have been shed, and dino tefuran (or, total) residues will be present in stored food inside hives for long periods of time ( i.e. , at least 85 days after application). Therefore, honeybee adults and brood will likely be exposed to low levels of dinotefuran for relatively long peri ods of time, but the toxicity of these levels of residues remains an uncertainty.

Field Study: Exposure Concentrations of dinotefuran residues appear to be higher in flower nectar compared to flower pollen. Residues were detected in nectar samples from t reated flowers up to 27 days after application in trial 1 and up to 26 days after application in trials 2 and 3. These time points represent the latest time points that residues were collected from flowers in treated plots. The fact that residues were st ill present in these flower nectar samples, including one sample that had quantifiable residues of 0.013 ppm (LOQ = 0.004 ppm) after 26 days (trial 3), indicates that residues could potentially be found in nectar from extra floral nectaries in cotton plant s as well as the flowers. These nectaries, which are

### 23

not part of the blossom, may continue to produce nectar even after bloom that bees will use as a sugar source. Therefore, continual chronic exposure is likely to occur.

Given detections of dinotefura n in hive nectar (plot 1) at day 34, may suggest that nectar was collected by bees from either available flowers or extrafloral nectaries (which are present, but may or may not be active, continuously

– even when flowers fall off). Though dinotefuran detec tions were not made on the extrafloral nectaries of cotton plants, the presence of dinotefuran in flower nectar (e.g., up to day 27 post

- application for plot 1 samples) lends strong support for dinotefuran concentrations in extrafloral nectaries given the common phloem source and dinotefuran‟s systemic properties, which would have implications for long

- term exposure post

- bloom.

Furthermore, trial 2 shows that dinotefuran residues can be detected in stored honey inside hives at least 85 days after applicati on, which also suggests the occurrence of long

term chronic exposure inside the hive, which has implications for overwintering success

as well.

Terrestrial Animals (birds/mammals) Dinotefuran was tested on various species of birds (Japanese quail

, northern bobwhite quail, and mallard duck for acute oral and dietary studies; and, bobwhite quail and mallard duck for chronic reproduction studies). The parent compound is practically nontoxic to Japanese quail (LD 50 

### > 2,000 mg a.i. /kg

- bw ; MRID 45639720 ) and bobwhite quail (LD 50 

### > 2,25 0 mg a.i. /kg

- bw ; MRID 47353601 ) on an acute oral basis and to mallard duck (LC 50 

### > 5,000 mg a.i. /kg

- diet ; whereby the mean test item intake is 997.9 mg a.i./kg

- diet; MRID 45639722 ) and Japanese quail (LC50 > 5,000 mg a.i. /kg

- diet ; whereby the mean test item intake is 1301 mg a.i./kg

- diet ; MRID 45639721 ) on a subacute dietary basis. However, sublethal effects (somnolence up to 3 hours after administration of the test compound) were observed in the highest test concentration (2 ,000 mg a.i./kg

- bw) of the acute oral Japanese quail study leading to a NOAEL determination of 1,000 mg a.i./kg

- bw. Although there appeared to be no significant

treatment

- related effects on bobwhite quail (MRID 45639724) reproductive parameters,

chronic te sting on mallard duck (NOAEC = 2,150 mg a.i./kg

- diet; MRID 45639723) showed significant reductions in the percentages of number of hatchlings/eggs laid, eggs set, and 14

- day old survivors.

Dinotefuran is slightly to practically nontoxic on an acute basis to surrogate wild mammal species (laboratory rat) (female LD 50 

### = 2000 mg/kg

- bw ; MRID 45639823 ).

Chronic studies indicated effects on rats and rabbits. A 2

- generation reproduction study

for MTI

- 446 technical on the rat indicated a reproductive NOAEL of 3,0 00 mg/kg

- diet (MRID 45639913) based on decreased uterine weights and microscopic alterations in the utrus and estrous cyclicity in F

o 

### and F 1 

### females, slight increases in abnormal sperm morphology in F

o 

### and F 1 

### males, and slight decreases in testicular sperm count in F

o 

### males and sperm mortality in F 1 

### males. The developmental toxicity NOAEL for MTI

- 446

technical on rabbits is ≥ 300 mg/kg

- bw/day , while the maternal toxicity NOAEL is 52 mg/kg

- bw/day based on decre ased body weight gain, decreased food consumption, and gross necropsy findin gs (pale discoloration of the liver and gray white plaques in the

stomach ). The rabbit study is included here to illustrate that sublethal effects as a result of

### 24

chronic exposure t o dinotefuran occur in multiple mammalian species ; the endpoint is

utilized in additional calculations at a later section in the risk assessment. T he degradates MNG and DN were not tested on birds or surrogate mammals.

Table 5. Acut e effect (mortality) concentrations (LD 50 

### / LC 50 

### ) for terrestrial animals (birds/mammals) following exposure to Dinotefuran (Technical MTI

- 446).

Species %a.i. Study

Parameters LD 50 /LC 50 ; NOAEL/NOAEC MRID Classification /Category

Birds Japanese quail

Coturnix japonica 97.26 14

- day, acute oral study (gavage)

8

- wks old

Nominal

concentrations:

vehicle control (H 2 O), 200, 1000, 2000 mg a.i./kg

- bw 14

- day LD 50 >2000 mg a.i./kg

- bw

14

- day NOAEL: 1000 mg a.i./kg

bw

Endpoint(s) affected: None.

(Sub)lethal effects : No mortality

observed. All ♂ & ♀ birds showed
somnolence up to 3 hours after gavage in 2000 mg a.i./kg

- bw

level which was the basis for a NOAEL of 1000 mg a.i./kg

- bw; otherwise, none 45639720 Supplemental /Practically non

toxic 1

Northern

Bobwhite quail

Colinus virginianus 94.7±1.04 14

- day, acute oral study (gavage) (limit test)

25

- wks old

Nominal

concentrations: 0 and 2250 mg a.i./kg

- bw 14

- day LD 50 >2250 mg a.i./kg

- bw

14

- day NOAEL ≥ 2250mg a.i./kg

bw

Endpoint(s) affected: None.

(Sub)lethal effects : None. 47353601 Acceptable /Practically non

toxic 1

Japanese quail

Coturnix japonica 8

- day (5

- day exposure; 3

- day obs), acute dietary study (limit test)

16

- days old

Nominal

concentrations: 0 and 5000 mg a.i./kg

- diet

Mean

measured

concentrations: 8

- day LC 50 >5000 mg a.i./kg

- diet

8

- day NOAEC ≥ 5000 mg a.i./kg

diet

Endpoint(s) affected: None.

Sublethal effects : None. 45639721 Supplemental /Practically non

toxic 2

### 25 0 and 4936 mg a.i./kg

- diet;

mean test item

intake = 1301 mg a.i./kg

- diet

Mallard duck

Anas platyrhynchos 99.2 8

- day (5

- day exposure; 3

- day obs), acute dietary study (limit test)

16

- days old

Nominal

concentrations: 0 and 5000 mg a.i./kg

- diet

Mean

measured

concentrations: 0 and 4732 mg a.i./kg

- diet;

mean test item

intake = 997.9 mg a.i./kg

- diet 8

- day LC 50 >5000 mg a.i./kg

- diet

8

- day NOAEC ≥ 5000 mg a.i./kg

diet

Endpoint(s) affected: None.

Sublethal effects : None. 45639722 Acceptable /Practically non

toxic 2

Mammals Laboratory

rat

Rattus norvegicus 99.1 14

- day acute oral toxicity ♂ LD 50 = 2,804 mg/kg

- bw

♀ LD 50 = 2,000 mg/kg

- bw

Endpoint(s) affected: Morbidity. 45639823 Acceptable (Tox. Category III)

1 Acute Oral (avian/mammal): Based on LD 50 (mg/kg) <10 very highly toxic; 10

- 50 highly toxic; 51

- 500 moderately toxic; 501

- 2000 slightly toxic; >2000 practically nontoxic

2 Acute Dietary (avian): Based on LC 50 (mg/kg) <50 very highly toxic; 50

- 500 highly to xic; 501

- 1000 moderately toxic;

1001

- 5000 slightly toxic; >5000 practically nontoxic

*Values in bold indicate definitive endpoint and/or one which is used in risk quotient calculation.



### Table 6

. Chronic effect concentrations ( NOAEC/LOAEC) for terrestrial animals (birds/mammals) following exposure to Dinotefuran (Technical MTI

- 446).

Species %a.i. Study Parameters NOAEC/LOAEC MRID Classification /Category

Birds

Northern

bobwhite quail

Colinus virginianus 99.3 1

- generation (21 wks) reproductive study (dietary)

21

- wks old at initiation

Mean

- measured

concentrations: 0, 764, 2150, and 5270 21

- wk NOAEC ≥ 5270 mg a.i./kg

- diet

21

- wk LOAEC > 5270 mg a.i./kg

- diet

Endpoi nt(s) affected:

None. 45639724 Supplemental

### 26 mg a.i./kg

- diet (Sub)lethal effects : Two incidental mortalities, one each in control and 5270 mg a.i./kg

- diet level. Incidental injuries due to

pen

- wear; slight (not

considered treatment related), but statistically significant reduction in

food cons umption at 5270 mg a.i./kg

- diet level and percentage of viable 3

- week embryos at 764 mg a.i./kg

- diet level

Mallard duck

Anas platyrhynchos 99.3 1

- generation (20 wks) reproductive study (dietary)

21

- wks old at initiation

Mean

- measured

concentrations: 0, 764, 2150, and 5270 mg a.i./kg

- diet 20

- wk NOAEC: 2150 mg a.i./kg

- diet

20

- wk LOAEC: 5270 mg a.i./kg

- diet

Endpoint(s) affected: number of hatchlings/eggs laid and set, 14

- day old survivors/eggs set

(Sub)lethal effects : One incidental mortality in control. Incidental injuries due to pen

- wear. Reproductive effects resulted in endpoint

determination. 45639723 Acceptable

Mammals Laboratory

rat

Rattus norvegicus 98.9 2

- generation repro. study (dietary)

Dietary concentrations: 0, 300, 1000, 3000, and 10000 mg/kg

Pre

- mating doses:

F

o males
0, 24.1, 79.9, 241, 822.1 mg/kg

- bw/day

F

o females
0, 26.8, 90.1, 267.9, 907 mg/kg

- bw/day

F 1 males
0, 27.2, 90.5, 269, 934.7 mg/kg

- bw/day

F 1 females Repro. NOAEL = 3,000 mg/kg

- diet

(241

- 269 mg/kg

- bw/day ♂;

267

- 292.6 mg/kg

- bw/day ♀)

Repro. LOAEL = 10,000 mg/kg

- diet

(822.1

- 934.7 mg/kg

- bw/day ♂;

907

- 1004.8 mg/kg

- bw/day ♀)

Endpoint(s)

affected/ Sublethal effects : Decreased ut erine weights, microscopic

alteration in uterus and vagina of F

o ♀; decreased numbers of primordial

follicles in F 1 ♀, altered estrous cyclicity in F

o ♀; slight increases in abnormal sperm morphology in F

o and F 1 45639913 (definitive test); 45639914 (range

finding test) Acceptable

### 27 0, 29.6, 96.5, 292.6, 1004.8 mg/kg

- bw/day ♂, and slight decreases in
testicular sperm count in

F

o ♂ and sperm mortality

in F 1 ♂.

Laboratory rat

Rattus norvegicus 92.9 Prenatal development (gavage)

Dose levels:
0, 100, 300, 1000 mg/kg

- bw/day on gestation days 6

- 15 (inclusive) Dev. NOAEL ≥ 1,000 mg/kg

- bw/day

Dev. LOAEL Not

established

Endpoint(s) affected: None. No statistically significant effects on developmental endpoints.

Sublethal effects: Maternal toxicity was

evident at a dose of 1000 mg/kg

- bw/day. After initiation, decreases in body wt gain (5.5, 40, and 56% of controls) and

decreased food consumption (88, 87, and 90% of controls) at gestation days (6

- 7, 7

- 8,

and 9

- 10). 45654207 (definitive test) 45639910 (ra nge finding test) Acceptable

Rabbit 92.9 Prenatal development (gavage)

Dose levels: 0, 52, 125, 300 mg/kg

bw/day on gestation days 6

- 18 (inclusive) Dev. NOAEL ≥ 300 mg/kg

- bw/day

Dev. LOAEL Not

established

Maternal NOAEL = 52 mg/kg

- bw/day

Maternal LOAEL = 125 mg/kg

- bw/day

Endpoint(s) affected: None. No statistically significant effects on developmental endpoints

Sublethal effects : Maternal toxicity was

evident at doses of 125 and 300 mg/kg

- bw/day. Decreased bw gain (80% of controls) in ♀ in the

12 5 mg/kg

- bw/day group at gestation days 6

- 18 and

transient decrease in food consumption (84

- 90% of controls) after initiation (gestation days 6

- 10). 45654208 (definit ive test) 45639911 (range finding test) 45639912 (range finding test) Acceptable

### 28 Other findings include: liver discoloration, stomach plaque, transient neurological signs

*Values in bold indicate definitive endpoint and/or one which is used in risk quotient calculation.



### Aquatic Animals The data submitted by the registrant show that dinotefuran (technical MTI

- 446) is practically nontoxic on an acute basis to freshwater and estuarine/marine fish (96

- hour

LC 50 

### > 99 mg a.i./L), as w ell as freshwater invertebrate ( D. magna 48

- hour LC 50 

### > 968.3 mg a.i./L; MRID 45639709) and saltwater invertebrate (eastern oyster 96

- hr EC 50 

### > 141 mg a.i./L ; MRID 45639711 ) . The degradate of dinotefuran (DN phosphate) is also considered practially non

- toxic to the freshwater invertebrate ( D. magna 48

- hour LC 5 0 

### > 110.6 mg a.i./L; MRID 45639710); however, on the basis of 10% immobility in the highest concentration tested a NOAEC of 10 mg a.i./L was determined. However, on an acute basis dinotefuran appears to be highly toxic to the estuarine/marine invertebrates (mysid shrimp LC 50 

### = 0.79 mg a.i./L; MRID 45639713 ). Chronic toxicity testing on freshwater fish (rainbow trout; MRID 45639719) and invertebrates ( D. magna ; MRID 45639718) showed no treatment related effects and NOAECs of > 6.36 mg a.i./L and > 95.3 mg a. i./L, respectively. Since estuarine/marine chronic toxicity studies were not
submitt ed for this compound there is uncertainty regarding chronic risk to estuarine/marine fish, but a major uncertainty regarding chronic risk to estuarine/marine

invertebrates. Based on the available data the estuarine/marine invertebrates (mysid, LC 50 

### = 0.79 mg a.i./L) are significantly more sensitive to dinotefuran than freshwater invertebrates (daphnia, LC 50 

### >110.6 mg a.i./L) on an acute exposure basis. Given that the

acute a nd chronic endpoints for the freshwater invertebrate are non

- definitive, estimates

for the chronic saltwater invertebrates on the basis of an acute

- to

- chronic ratio would not be reliable. Therefore, a chronic mysid study is needed to address this uncertain ty.

Table 7. Acute effect concentrations (LC 50 

### /EC 50 

### ) for aquatic animals and plants following exposure to Dinotefuran (Technical MTI

- 446; unless otherwise stated).

Species %a.i. Study Parameters LD 50 /LC 50 /EC 50 ; NOAEL/NOAEC MRID Classification /Category

Freshwater fish

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 97.26 96

- hour acute toxicity (limit test)

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 100 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0, 99.5 mg a.i./L 96

- hr LC 50 > 99.5 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 99.5 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: mortality, intoxication

Endpoint(s) affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects : 45639714 Acceptable / Practically non

toxic 1

### 29 None. Bluegill sunfish Lepomis

macrochirus 97.26 96

- hour acute toxicity (limit test)

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 100 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0, 99.3 mg a.i./L 96

- hr LC 50 > 99.3 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 99.3 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: mortality, intoxication

Endpoint(s) affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects :
None. 45639715 Acceptable / Practically non

toxic 1

Carp Cyprinus carpio 97.26 96

- hour acute toxicity (limit test)

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 100 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0, 99.1 mg a.i./L 96

- hr LC 50 > 99.1 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 99.1 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: mortality, intoxication

Endpoint(s) affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects :
None. 45639716 Supplemental †
/Practically non

toxic 1

Freshwater invertebrate

Waterflea Daphnia magna 97.26 48

- hour acute toxicity (limit test)

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 1000 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0, 968.3 mg a.i./L 48

- hr LC 50 > 968.3 mg

a.i./L

48

- hr NOAEC ≥ 968.3 mg a.i./L

Endpoints considered: immobility

Endpoint(s) affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects :
None. 45639709 Acceptable /Practically non

toxic 1

Waterflea Daphnia

magna Not

reported

Metabolite (DN Phosphate) 48

- hour acute toxicity

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured

concentrations: <5.04 (<LOQ, control), and 110.6 mg a.i./L (for 48

- hr LC 50 > 110.6 mg

a.i./L

48

- hr NOAEC: 10 mg

a.i./L

48

- hr LOAEC: 110.6 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: mortality/immobility 45639710 Acceptable / Practically non

toxic 1

### 30 the highest treatment group) Endpoint(s) affected: After 48 hours, there was 10% immobility in the 110.6 mg a.i./L treatment

group which was the

basis for a NOAEC o f 10 mg a.i./L . The control

and other treatment groups had 0% immobility.

(Sub)lethal effects :
None.

Saltwater fish Sheepshead

minnow Cyprinodon variegatus 99.2 96

- hour acute toxicity (limit test)

Flow

- through

Nominal concentrations: 0, 120 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0, 109 mg a.i./L 96

- hr LC 50 > 109 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 109 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: mortality, intoxication

Endpoint(s) affected:

None.

(Su b)lethal effects :
None. 45639717 Supplemental ♠
/Practically non

toxic 1

Saltwater invertebrate Eastern oyster

Crassostrea virginica 99.6 96

- hour acute toxicity

Flow

- through

Nominal concentrations: 0, 16, 26, 43, 72, and 120

mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0, 15, 24, 47, 75 and 141 mg

a.i./L 96

- hr EC 50 > 141 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 141 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: shell deposition

Endpoint(s) affected:

None. After 96 hours of exposure, mean shell growth was 2.2 mm for negative control, 2.26, 2.43, 1.96, 1.71, and 2.22

for the test concentrations, respectively.

(Sub)lethal effects :
None. 45639711 Acceptable /Practically non

toxic 1

Mysid shrimp Americamysis

bahia 99.2 96

- hour acute toxicity

Flow

- through

Nominal concentrations: 0, 96

- hr LC 50 : 0.79 mg a.i./L (95% C.I.: 0.49

- 1.0 mg a.i./L)

96

- hr NOAEC: 0.49 mg

a.i./L 45639713 Accepta ble / Highly toxic 1

### 31 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 mg

a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: 0,
0.065, 0.13, 0.25, 0.49, 1.0, and 2.0 mg

a.i./L 96

- hr LOAEC: 1.0 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: Mortality, sublethal

effects

Endpoint(s) affected: Mortality, sublethal

effects

(Sub)lethal effects : At 96 hours, mortality was 5% in the contol and 5, 5, 0, 5, 75, and 100% for the

test concentrations, respectively. Erratic swimming and loss of equilibrium were observed in surviving mysids from the 1.0 and 2.0 mg a.i./L treatment levels during the test. Lethargic mysids were observed in the 1.0 mg

a.i./L treatment level.

1 Based on EC 50 (mg/L): < 0.1 very highly toxic; 0.1

- 1 highly toxic; >1

- 10 moderately toxic; >10

- 100 slightly toxic; >100 practically nontoxic

† The common carp is not a recommended species

♠ Mean fish weight of 0.35g, determined from control fish at test termination, was less than the required initial weight range of 0.5 to 5g

*Values in bold indicate definitive endpoint and/or one which is used in risk quotient calculation.



### Table 8

. Chronic effect concentrations (NOAEC/LOAEC) for aquatic animals following exposure to Dinotefuran (Technical MTI

- 446).

Species %a.i. Study Parameters NOAEC/LOAEC MRID Classification /Category

Freshwater fish


### Rainbow

Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss 98.9 Early life stage (94 days: 34

- day hatching period; 60

- day post hatch period) (limit test)

Flow

- through

Nominal

concentrations: 0 and 10 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured

concentrations: 0 and 10.4 mg a .i./L 94

- d NOAEC > 6.36 mg

a.i./L

94

- d LOAEC ≥ 6.36 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: Fertilization / hatching success, time to hatch, time to swim up, post

hatch survival, terminal length, wet or dry weights

Endpoint(s) affected:

None. 45639719 Acceptable 1

### 32 (Sub)lethal effects :
None.

Freshwater invertebrate


### Waterflea Daphnia

magna 97.26 21

- day chronic toxicity

Static renewal

Nominal concentrations: 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured

concentrations (for highest concentration only): 95.3 mg a.i./L 21

- d LC 50 /EC 50 > 95.3 mg a.i./L

21

- d NOAEC > 95.3 mg

a.i./L

21

- d LOAEC ≥ 95.3 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: Mortality, reproductive effects (number of offspring per surviving adult), terminal length.

Endpoint(s) affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects :
None. 45639718 Acceptable

Saltwater fish

– NA

Saltwater invertebrate

- NA

1 Study was previously classified invalid on account of low recoveries of test concentrations and highly variable analytical results; however, as no endpoints were affected at the lowest, measured dinotefuran concentration (that is, 6.36 mg a.i./L) and the limit testing on guildeline 72

- 4 is allowable, the study was reclassified to acceptable in 2006 (USEPA, DP Barcodes

D331699 & D316645 add to refs)



### Plants

Terrestrial plant testing (Tier I seedling emergence, MRID 45639729, and vegetative vigor, MRID 45639730) on ten species indicated no effects as a result of a single application of LX1414

- 01 MTI

- 446 20% SG (dinotefuran) Lot # 01i

- 6252 at a rate of

0.54 lbs a.i./A. For some plants, considered endpoints exhibited reductions relative to the controls which were < 25% (see Table 9 ), which indicates that further testing ( i.e. , Tier II) is not required. The 14

- day EC 25 

### and NOAEL for both studies were >0.54 lbs a.i ./A and ≥ 0.54 lbs a.i./A, respectively.

Acute toxicity testing on aquatic vascular plant ( L. gibba ; MRID 45639731 ) showed no

treatment related effects yielding 7

- day EC 50 

### annd NOAEC of > 110 mg a.i./L and ≥ 110 mg a.i./L, respectively. Non

- vascular plant ( P. subcapitata ) acute toxicity testing on two degradates MNG (MRID 45639733) and DN (DN

- phosphate; MRID 45639734) also

showed no treatment related effects and thus 96

- hour EC 50 

### and NOAEC values of > 98.7/ ≥98.7 mg a.i./L and > 100.4 / ≥100.4 mg a.i./L, respectively. However, testing with the TGAI (MTI

- 446) indicated a significant effect on cell density for P. subcapitata at the two highest test concentrations yielding a 96

- hour NOAEC of 2 5 mg a.i./L; the EC 50 

### for cell density, biomass, and growth rate endpoints, however, is >97.6 mg a.i./L (the highest concentration tested).

### 33

Table 9

. Effect concentrations (EC 25 

### /NOAEC) for terrestrial plants following exposure to Din otefuran (TEP: MTI

– 446 20%SG).

Species %a.i. Study Parameters EC 25 / NOAEL MRID Classification /Category Seedling

emergence 20.39 Tier I, 14

- day test;

utilized overhead track

sprayer

Single application rate: 600 g a.i./ha ( i.e.

, 0.5352 lbs a.i./A)

Dicots : bean, cabbage, lettuce, radish, soybean, tomato

Monocots : corn, onion, ryegrass, wheat 14

- d EC 25 > 0.54 lbs a.i./A

14

- d NOAEL ≥ 0.54 lbs

a.i./A

Endpoints considered: Emergence, survival, dry weight, plant height.

Endpoint(s) affected: None.

No single monocot or dicot

was most sensitive than the rest; there were no significant effects of treatment on any species or endpoint; however,

observed reductions (relative to the control) for the considered endpoints across species were ≤ 14%.

(Sub)lethal effects : None. By 2 weeks, no treatment related signs of toxicity were observed. 45639729 Acceptable

Vegetative vigor 20.39 Tier I, 14

- day test;

utilized overhead track

sprayer

Single application rate: 600 g a.i./ha ( i.e.

, 0.5352 lbs a.i./A)

Dicots : bean, cabbage, lettuce, radish, soybean, tomato

Monocots : corn, onion, ryegrass, wheat 14

- d EC 25 > 0.54 lbs a.i./A

14

- d NOAEL ≥ 0.54 lbs

a.i./A

Endpoints considered: Dry weight, plant height.

Endpoint(s) affected: None. No single monocot or dicot

was most sensitive than the rest; however, by 14 days soybean dry weight exhibited a significant reduction (7%) relative to the control, which yields a NOAEL of <0.54 lbs a.i./A;

but other reductions include lettuce plant ht (8%), onion dry wt (4%) and plant h t (10%), radish dry wt (3%) and plant ht (10%).

(Sub)lethal effects : None. By 2 weeks, no treatment related signs of 45639730 Acceptable

### 34 toxicity were observed.



### Table 10. Effect concentrations (EC 50 

### /NOAEC) for aquatic plants following exposure to Dinotefuran (Technical MTI

- 446, unless otherwise stated).

Species %a.i. Study Parameters EC 50 ; NOAEC MRID Classification /Category

Vascular

Duckweed Lemna gibba 99.2 7

- day acute toxicity

Static renewal

Nominal concentrations: 11, 20, 35, 62, and 110 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations: N/A,

but a mean

- measured

test concentration averaged 101% of nominal 100 mg

a.i./L All endpoints:

7

- d EC 50 >110 mg a.i./L

7

- d NOAEC ≥ 110 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: dry weight, growth rate,

biomass

Endpoints affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects : Compared to the control, frond dry wt decreased by 21.5, 2.9, 12.9, 2.3, and 4.3%, biomass decreased by 11.2, 3, 17.5, 12.5, and 8.4%, growth rate decreased by 4.8, 2.3, 6.9, 4.7, and 3.2%. 45639731 Supplemental 1

Non

- vascular Green Algae

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (a.k.a . Selenastrum capricornutum ) 97.26 96

- hour acute toxicity

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentrations (for highest concentration only): 97.6 mg a.i./L Cell density

96

- hr EC 50 > 97.6 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr EC 05 : 21 mg a.i./L (95% C.I. 24

- 190 mg a.i./L)

96

- hr NOAEC: 25 mg

a.i./L Probit slope: 0.535 ±

0.325

AUG curve (biomass) & growth rate

96

- hr EC 50 >97.6 mg

a.i./L NOAEC ≥ 97.6 mg a.i./L

Endpoints considered: Cell density, AUG curve (biomass), growth rate

Endpoint(s) affected: Cell density.

(Sub)lethal effects : 45639732 Acceptable

### 35 Cell density significantly

reduced in the two highest test

concentrati ons, thus the

determination of NOAEC of 25 mg a.i./L. The 96

- hr %inhibition of growth
rate was 1.5, 0, 0.5, 1.6, and 2.0%; of AUG curve
was 12,

- 3.2,

- 1.1, 5.9,

and 3.6% for test concentrations, respectively. Shape of

cells was unaffected. Green Algae

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (a.k.a . Selenastrum capricornutum ) Not reported

Metabolite

MNG 96

- hour acute

toxicity (limit test)

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 1.0, 10, and 100 mg

a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentration (for highest concentration only): 98.7 mg a.i./L All endpoints:

96

- hr EC 50 > 98.7 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 98.7 mg

a.i./L

Endpoints considered: cell density, growth rate, AUG curve (biomass)

Endpoints affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects : Compared to the con trol,

96

- hr %inhibition for cell density was 34,

- 8, and 23%, for growth rate was
20,

- 1.7, and 8.3%, for biomass was 30,

- 9.8, and

14% 45639733 Supplemental 2

Green Algae

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (a.k.a . Selenastrum capricornutum ) Not reported

Metabolite DN (DN

Phosphate) 96

- hour acute

toxicity (limit test)

Static

Nominal concentrations: 0, 1.0, 10, and 100 mg

a.i./L

Mean

- measured concentration (for highest concentration only): 100.4 mg

a.i./L All endpoints:

96

- hr EC 50 > 100.4 mg

a.i./L

96

- hr NOAEC ≥ 100.4 mg a.i./L

Endpoints considered: cell density, growth rate, AUG curve (biomass)

Endpoints affected:

None.

(Sub)lethal effects : Compared to the control,

96

- hr %inhibition for cell density was 31,

- 6, and 1%, for growth rate was
7, 0, and 2%, for biomass was 15, 2, and 4% 45639734 Supplemental 2

Freshwater Diatom NA NA NA NA NA

### 36

Navicula pelliculosa

Marine Diatom

Selenastrum costatum NA NA NA NA NA

Freshwater Alga Anabaena flosaquae NA NA NA NA NA

1 The study is scientifically sound, but does not satisfy guideline requirements for a tier II acute toxicity study with aquati c vascular plants because there were an insufficient number of plants per replicate, test concentrations were not analytically

det ermined, and replicate data were only provided for frond number.

2 As there is no requirement for testing with a degradate, the study is classified as supplmenetal.

*Values in bold indicate definitive endpoint and/or one which is used in risk quotient calc ulation.



### 3. Data Uncertainties and Data Gaps

Fate Studies

835.4100 Aerobic Soil Metabolism (MRID#s 45640111 and #45640112). These two studies were found to be supplemental. One of the studies (#45640111) was conducted as a preliminary study and many details of the study methods were not reported. In addition, the study was terminated after only 90 days. The other study (#456 40112) did not satisfy the guideline requirement for an aerobic soil biotransformation because the extraction methods failed to extract a significant fraction of the identifiable [14C]residues, including dinotefuran, from the soil. None of these supplemen tal studies provided any data on the degradation rate of the major transformation products of dinotefuran. The combined studies provide sufficient data to determine the rate of degradation of dinotefuran, but neither study provides information about the fa te of the major transformation products of dinotefuran. This study (MRID#45640112) can be upgraded if the registrant addresses the characterization of the major degradates at various sampling intervals. Otherwise, a new study is required to fully address t he data requirement.

835.4100 & 835.4300 Anaerobic Aquatic/Soil Metabolism (MRID# 45891616). This anaerobic aquatic metabolism study, conducted along with the anaerobic soil metabolism study, was found to be supplemental. In this study the test substance was added to anaerobic flooded soil rather than being added to soil left under aerobic condition for at least 30 days or to its half

- life prior to being placed under anaerobic conditions. The study does not meet the requirements for an anaerobic aquatic m etabolism study because the study was terminated after 120 days, which was not sufficient to establish the pattern of formation and decline of the major degradate. No additional data are required at this time. However, to assess any future aquatic uses for this chemical a new study may be

needed.

835.4300 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism (MRID# 45640117). This study provides supplemental information about a system that was partially aerobic (water) and partially anaerobic (sediment). No additional data are requi red at this time. However, to assess any future aquatic uses for this chemical a new study may be needed.

### 37

Ecotox Studies OPPTS 850.1350 Mysid Chronic Toxicity Test

Since estuarine/marine chronic toxicity studies were not submitted for this compound

ther e is an uncertainty regarding chronic risk to estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates. However, given that dinotefuran technical is highly toxic to mysid shrimp ( i.e. , <1 mg a.i./L) on an acute basis (MRID 45639713) and the hydrolysis half

- life (MRID

45640 101) of dinotefuran indicates that the parent is stable in water at pH 4

- 7 and is ~48 days at pH 9, a mysid chronic toxicity study is required under 40 CFR §158.

Non

- Guideline Magnitude of Residues Study: Field Residue Analysis of Edible Parts of

Trees/Pl ants (Whole flowers, Leaves, Fruit, Seeds, Pollen, and Nectar [from flowers and, if present, extrafloral nectaries]) Submission of a magnitude of residues study that quantifies potential exposure levels after tree injection and other application types would be of high value to this risk assessment. Risks may be further quantified and refined if a magnitude of residues study

in treated trees and plants is submitted that evaluates concentrations of dinotefuran in edible parts of treated trees and plants , including leaves, fruit, s eeds as well as blooming, pollen

- shedding, and nectar producing parts ( i.e. , flowers and, if present, extrafloral nectaries) of plants. The reason for asking for multiple test species and plant part residues stems from open lite rature data available for imidacloprid, another systemic

neonicotinoid. The studies reveal that imidacloprid will move into the plant parts at different concentrations based on the type of plant ( i.e.

, corn pollen will have different

concentrations of imid acloprid compared to sunflower pollen) and the part of the plant ( i.e.

, pollen will have different concentrations of imidacloprid compared to nectar). In addition, given that there is no information on rate of degradation of dinotefuran inside the plant, concentrations of degradates of dinotefuran in these plant parts would also be of high value to this risk assessment. Therefore, the EFED concludes tha t information on dinotefuran/degradate concentrations, in various plant parts for different crops is essential

to und erstanding the potential exposure levels of dinotefuran and degradates to terrestrial

non

- target invertebrates , mammals, and birds over tim e

. A study protocol should be submitted for Agency review prior to study initiation.

OPPTS 850.3040 Field Testing for Pollinators A new honey bee field study that provides relevant and reliable toxicity information on the performance of the colonies aft er exposure to dinotefuran is recommended. A study protocol should be submitted for Agency review prior to study initiation.

Dinotefuran is highly toxic to bees on an acute oral and contact basis and when applied as a foliar spray at a rate of 0.13 lbs a .i./A it will remain toxic to bees on foliage for more than 24 hours after application (MRID 45639728). Because of this, EFED recommends that dinotefuran not be applied to blooming, pollen

- shedding or nectar

- producing parts of plants; but the test crop sho uld be one on which bees will actively forage for both nectar and pollen (e.g., cotton, melon, alfalfa). EFED expects the study design will include maximum dinotefuran application rates, at minimum intervals, and maximum number of applications. EFED does n ot know how much dinotefuran can be expected to be

### 38

translocated to the nectar and pollen when applied as a foliar, soil, or tree injection application to plants before nectar or pollen production. Though the currently reviewed field study had detected resi dues in pollen and nectar of flowers after foliar application, the study design was such that toxicity endpoints could not be reliably determined. If dinotefuran is being translocated to the nectar and pollen, there is uncertainty as to

whether there is an y adverse effect to foragers or to the hive over time.

IV. Exposure Estimates

Exposure estimates for the proposed use patterns for Christmas trees, trees in plantations including conifers & deciduous trees, reforestation nurseries, forests & wooded areas (National, private, & State) are outlined below. Refer to Table 2 for a summary of label information. All use/application types/rates except for the tree trunk injection application have been addressed in previous risk assessments for other crop sites. The risk conclusions for those use patterns can be found in the cited assessments (see below and Appendix A). The primary focus of this assessment, therefore, will be on the tree injection use pattern.

a. Foliar, Airblast & Broadcast spray application , soil ap plication (i.e., soil media drench, chemigation), basal trunk spray application

These particular application types (ground/aerial spray, soil incorporation) and/or maximum application rates (0.54 lbs a.i./A) are found in the 2004 risk assessments (DP

Barc odes: D285633, D304957) with use on ornament al plants , which are listed in the current label in conjunction with the proposed forestry uses

. However, it is important to note that at the time the assessment (D285633, June 30, 2004) was completed, there was uncertainty regarding application timing and dosage of residential ornamental uses. As a result the assessment focused on outdoor agricultural uses (i.e. leafy vegetables and turf). For leafy vegetables, granular soil incorporation, a one

- time application of 0.54 lbs a.i./A was allowed (note that: leafy vegetables are not listed in the current label for soil injection); for foliar sprays up to two applications were allowed with a total maximum of 0.268 lbs a.i./A/yr, which is consistent with the current la bel but not applicable for the application rates proposed for forestry uses. However, turfgrass applications may be more applicable as the single spray application rate was also a seasonal maximum of 0.54 lbs a.i./A. The second assessment (D304957, August 9, 2004), among other uses, included ornamental plant beds at 0.52 lbs a.i./A; the first assessment was cited for additional information. Neither of the two previous assessments addresses basal trunk sprays, but for the purpose of this assessment basal tr unk sprays are assumed to lead to approximately equivalent levels of exposure to other spray applications, given the seasonal application maxima are equivalent. Exposure of surface waters to dinotefuran is possible through surface water runoff, soil erosio n, and off

- target spray drift. Due to the low adsorption potential of dinotefuran (K

oc 

### <45), the exposure to surface and ground water is expected to be high.

### 39 b. Tree Trunk Injection

The amount of chemical injected depends on the size of the treated tree. A 1⁄4

- 3 

### / 8 

### ” drill bit

is used to drill two holes into the trunk for each inch of trunk di ameter. Holes 3 

### / 8 

### - 1⁄2” deep are drilled into healthy xylem at a 45 o 

### downward angle and spaced evenly at 4

- 8” above the ground. The maximum proposed label rate for trunk injection is 2.0 g/inch of trunk diameter at breast height (dbh ~ 4.5 ft above ground), which is equivalent to 400 mg a.i./inch of dbh ( i.e. , 2.0g x 0.2 a .i. x 1000 mg/g). The amount of formulation that may be applied to various size trees as specified on the proposed label is summarized in

Table 11

.

### 40

Table 11 . Summary of Maximum Application Rates for Various Tree Sizes

Tree Diameter (DBH, Inches) g of pro duct/ tree a (mg a.i./tree applied) b No. of Injection Sites (average)

Low High

4

– 6 8 (1600) 12 (2400) 8

- 12 (10)

7

– 9 14 (2800) 18 (3600) 14

- 18 (16)

10

– 12 20 (4000) 24 (4800) 20

- 24 (22)

13

– 15 26 (5200) 30 (6000) 26

- 30 (28)

16

– 18 32 (6400) 36 (7200) 32

- 36 (34)

19

– 21 38 (7600) 42 (8400) 38

- 42 (40)

22

– 24 44 (8800) 48 (9600) 44

- 48 (46)

25

– 27 50 (10,000) 54 (10,800) 50

- 54 (52)

28

– 30 56 (11,200) 60 (12,000) 56

- 60 (58)

31

– 33 62 (12,400) 66 (13,200) 62

- 66 (64)

34

– 36 68 (13,600) 72 (14,400) 68

- 72 (70)

37

– 39 74 (14,800) 78 (15,600) 74

- 78 (76)

40

– 42 80 (16,000) 84 (16,800) 80

- 84 (82)

43

– 45 86 (17,200) 90 (18,000) 86

- 90 (88)

46

– 48 92 (18,400) 96 (19,200) 92

- 96 (94)

49

– 51 98 (19,600) 102 (20,400) 98

- 102 (100)

52

– 54 104 (20,800) 108 (21,600) 104

- 108 (106)

55

– 57 110 (22,000) 114 (22,800) 110

- 114 (112)

58

– 60 116 (23,200) 120 (24,000) 116

- 120 (118)

61

– 63 122 (24,400) 126 (25,200) 122

- 126 (124)

64

– 66 128 (25,600) 132 (26,400) 128

- 132 (130)

67

– 69 134 (26,800) 138 (27,600) 134

- 138 (136)

70

– 72 140 (28,000) 144 (28,800) 140

- 144 (142)

a Calculated as dbh * 2 g/inch of dbh

b Calculated as dbh * 400 mg a.i./inch of dbh

### 41 i. Conceptual diagram

For the proposed tree injection use, t he potential routes of exposure to terrestrial organisms is expected to be primarily through consumption of various parts of the tree after dinotefuran has been translocated throughout the tree after injection. It is assumed that the pesticide may enter foliage, fruit, seeds, a nd pollen, which can in turn be used as food items by other organisms. In addition, secondary exposure may occur for animals that consume invertebrates that have been exposed to the chemical. There are no data on the rate of translocation or decay of din otefuran in trees nor has the presence of transformation products in trees been evaluated . Degradates of toxicological concern have been identified (MNG and DN); however, they have been shown to form via aerobic

soil metabolism and terrestrial field dissi pation (MNG) and anaerobic soil metabolism and aerobic aquatic metabolism (DN)

– the other four are mostly photolysates

- an d it is unknown whether any of the six may form within a treated tree . MNG contains the nitro guanidine structure and therefore is con sidered to possess similar toxicity as the parent. DN is also structurally similar to the parent and therefore considered to share similar toxicity as the parent. None of the degradates of dinotefuran are expected to have any higher toxicity than the pare nt (HED Memo of 01/20/04. L. Cheng, D293759). Therefore, the focus of this assessment is on the parent with the assumption that it does not degrade rapidly in treated trees. However, this assumption may be re

- evaluated if a residue study

in trees is submi tted.

Given the specificity of the tree injection use pattern, the predominant transport mechanism consists of translocation/uptake to foliage, fruit, seeds, and pollen in treated trees. The transport mechanism ( i.e ., source) is depicted in the concept ual model below ( Figure 2 ) along with the receptors of concern and the potential attribute changes in the receptors due to exposures of dinotefuran. The conceptual model also depicts the potential for dinotefuran residues in leaves, fruits, and seeds to e nter adjacent water

bodies.

### 42

Figure 2. Conceptual Model for Dinotefuran Application via Tree Injection 

## Stressor

Source

Receptors

Attribute Change Dinotefuran applied to use site (tree injection)

Direct application

Individual organisms

Reduced survival Reduced growth

Reduced reproduction Terrestrial food items (fruit, seeds, foliage, and pollen)

Mammals 

## Exposure

Media

Direct Contact/

Ingestion Ingestion Ingestion Translocation/uptake

Birds Terrestrial

insects Aquatic

Animals Shedding

leaves

### 43 ii. Analysis Plan : Measures of Exposure There is no currently approved model for estimating potential exposure to organisms from tree inj ection methods. Evaluating exposure for this use pattern requires information on concentrations of the pesticide in animal food items after the chemical is translocated throughout the tree from the application site. This information is not

available for dinotefuran. Therefore, exposure estimates used in this assessment are screening level estimates . Additional data, if available in the future, may allow for a refinement of the screening level estimates. The method used to estimate exposure is

discussed in a couple of recently completed assessments (USEPA, 2010a; USEPA 2010b) in EFED; the screen is based on the following assumptions:

(1) Total mass of chemical applied (Terrestrial and Aquatic Assessments)

a. Terrestrial Assessment: The total mass of chemical applied to the tree was compared to toxicity values of terrestrial animals; EEC = total mass of chemical applied

b. Aquatic Assessment

- 1 : The total mass of chemical applied to a given number of trees per acre assumed to enter a 20,000,000 L water body directly; EEC = total mass of chemical applied to trees on one acre/ 20,000,000 L

c. Aquatic Assessment

- 2 : The total mass of chemical applied t o the tree was assumed to be available for runoff to a nearby water body. The maximum application rate was assumed to be 0.54 lbs a.i./A/year. EECs were estimated using GENEEC2 (surface water) assuming that 100% of the

chemical reached the soil.

(2) T ree tru nk concentration (Terrestrial Assessment, cont.)

a. Concentrations in the tree trunk were estimated by assuming that the chemical was evenly distributed within the tree trunk . Estimates of tree mass were based on information published by the University of Ar kansas Cooperative Extension Service; EEC = total mass of chemical applied /

mass of stem or trunk of tree

. These dietary based EEC s were converted

to a dose

- basis by assuming that 20g birds consume 114% and 15g

herbivorous mammals consume 95% of their bod y weight daily. These assumptions are based on feeding rates provided in the Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1993) and are consistent with T

- REX.

(3) Concentration of chemical in leaves (Terrestrial Assessment, cont.)

a. Leaf concentration was estimate d by assuming that 100% of the chemica l was translocated to the leaves only . Leaf mass was estimated using allometric equations developed for blue oak trees presented by the USDA Forest Service ( Karlik and McKay 2002). EEC = total mass of chemical applie d / leaf mass on tree

. These dietary based EEC s were converted to

a dose

- basis by assuming that 20g birds consume 114% and 15g

herbivorous mammals consume 95% of their body weight daily. These assumptions are based on feeding rates provided in the Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 1993) and are consistent with T

- REX.

### 44

Exposure analysis

Given the tree injection use pattern, a major route of exposure to terrestrial organisms is expected to occur through uptake and translocation of the chemical to foli age, fruit, pollen, and seeds which can be used as food items. However, organisms could also be exposed to dinotefuran if it spills from the injection site or as a result of the chemical entering the terrestrial or aquatic environment via fallen leaves or other tree parts. Biodegradation data suggest that dinotefuran does not biodegrade fast in soils, when it does it is expected to degrade to MNG and DN, which are also persistent and expected to be of proximate toxicity to the parent.

In order to quantit atively assess exposure, data pertaining to the amount and rate of translocation and decay of dinotefuran in trees following application are needed. This type of data would facilitate estimation of potential residues in foliage/fruit/pollen which

can be u sed as food items for terrestrial organisms. Currently, there are no data on the rate of translocation or decay of dinotefuran in trees after injection . Therefore, quantitative estimates of exposure are difficult. As a conservative screening approach,

t hree exposure approaches were used to estimate exposures that were based on (1) total

mass of dinotefuran applied to various sizes of trees (terrestrial and aquatic EECs), (2) estimated concentration in leaves assuming 100% of the chemical translocates to the

leaves (terrestrial EECs) , and (3) estimated whole tree concentrations (terrestrial EECs). In order to refine these exposure estimates, data that evaluate uptake, translocation, and degradation of dinotefuran in situ are needed.

1. Estimates based on total mass of dinotefuran applied (Terrestrial and Aquatic EECs)

a. Terrestrial EECs

A range of the total mass of dinotefuran that may be applied to trees is summarized in

Table 12. According to the label the diameter at breast height is measured in inches. A

1⁄4

- 3 

### / 8 

### ” drill bit is used to drill two holes into the trunk for each inch of trunk diameter.

Holes 3 

### / 8 

### - 1⁄2” deep are drilled into healthy xylem at a 45 o 

### downward angle and spaced evenly at 4

- 8” above the ground. The maximum proposed label rate for trunk injection is 2.0 g/inch of trunk diameter at breast height (dbh ~ 4.5 ft above ground), which is equivalent to 400 mg a.i./inch of dbh ( i.e. , 2.0g x 0.2 a.i. x 1000 mg/g). Given the two injection holes per inch of trunk diameter, a maximum of 1 gram of dinotefuran is injected per injection hole. This is equivalent to 0.00044 lbs a.i./injection hole (0.00088 lbs a.i./inch of dbh). These values were compared with terrestrial animal toxicity values to determine if there is a potential for LOC exceedances

.

### 45

Table 12. Exposure Screen for Dinotefuran for Tree Injection

Tree Size

diameter at breast height (dbh), in Amount of formulation injected (from proposed label)

in lbs a.i. /tree c 

### in mg a.i. /tree d



### Small, 4 a



### – 6 in. 0.00352

– 0.00528 1,600

– 2,400
Medium, 12

- 24 in b 

### 0.01056

– 0.02112 4,800

– 9,600 Large, 70

– 72 in. 0.0616

– 0.06336 28,000

– 28,800

a The label indicates that trees less than two inches in diameter should not be injected with 20% Dinotefuran. In addition, all trees should not be injected more than once per year.

b Landis representative indicated that the majority of trunk injections will be with trees in this range.

c Calculated as dbh * 0.00088 lbs a.i./inch of dbh

d Calculated as dbh * 400 mg a.i./inch of dbh



### b. Aquatic EECs

i. Direct contamination with tree parts

There is also potential for aquatic systems to be exposed to dinotefuran either directly from contaminated tree parts (e.g., leaves, sticks, flowers, pollen) entering the water or from tree parts falling onto land and subsequent runoff into aquatic systems. As a screen, the total amount of chemical applied to a tree was added to a 20,000,000 liter pond. The resulting water concentration would result in a conservative screen, but could be used to preclude risks to taxo nomic groups if no LOCs are exceeded. The resulting pesticid e concentrations range from 0.08 g a.i. /L to 1.44 g a.i. /L ( 1,600 mg a.i. to 28,800 m g
a.i. / 20,000,000 L / 0.001 mg * g - 1 

### = 0.08 g a.i. /L to 1.44 g a.i. /L) depending on the amount of pesticide applied to the tree.

Table 13. Exposure Screen for Dinotefuran for Tree Injection

Tree Size

diameter at breast height (dbh), in Concentrations expected in a 20,000,000 L pond

in g a.i. /L

Small, 4 a



### – 6 in. 0.08

– 0.12
Medium, 12

- 24 in b 

### 0.24

– 0.48 Large, 70

– 72 in. 1.4

– 1.44

a The label indicates that trees less than two inches in diameter should not be injected with 20% Dinotefuran. In addition, all trees should not be injected more than once per year.

b Landis representative indicated that the majority of trunk injections will be with trees in this range.



### ii. Direct application to soil

In addition, aquatic exposures could occur from the chemical entering soil environments and subsequently entering aquatic environments. This could occur if the chemical is translocated primarily to the leaves, and the leaves fall to the soil and decompose. As an initial screen, it was assumed that the total mass of the chemical applied to a tree via injection was a pplied directly to soil. Assuming 1 tree per acre is treated, the applied mass was used as an application rate ( in lbs a.i./Acre), and GENEEC2 was used to

### 46

estimate potential aquatic concentrations in surface water . The application rate resulting

from 160 0 mg a.i. (small tree) to 28,800 mg a.i. (large tree) would be 0.004 lbs a.i./Acre

to 0.063 lbs a.i./Acre ( = 1,600 mg a.i. to 28,800 m g a.i. / tree / 453

, 592 mg/lb x 1

tree/A cre ). The upper end of the range could represent application to one large tree or

n umerous smaller trees per acre. On the other hand the application rate was also calculated with the assumption of multiple trees per acre: 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 trees per acre ( Table 14 ). Realistically, the number of trees planted depends on and is lim ited by the desired or observed spacing of trees in the field, tree size or age, and canopy cover. For example, for a spacing of trees of 5 x 5 feet the number of trees per acre is 1,742 trees estimated by the University of Georgia, School of Forestry (Cod er, 1996). The larg er the density of trees in Table 14 the more applicable the values become to seedlings.

Table 14. Exposure Screen for Dinotefuran for Tree Injection

Tree Size

diameter at breast height (dbh), in Assumed application rate to soil in lbs a.i./A

1 tree/ A 10 trees/ A 100 trees/ A 1,000 trees/A 10,000 trees/A

Small, 4 a



### – 6 in. 0. 004

- 0.005 0.035

– 0.053 0.353

- 0.529 3.53

– 5.29 35.3

– 52.9
Medium, 12

- 24 in b 

### 0.011

- 0.021 0.106

– 0.212 1.06

– 2.12 10.6

– 21.2 106

– 212 Large, 70

– 72 in. 0.062

- 0.063 0.617

– 0.635 6.17

– 6.35 61.7

– 63.5 617

- 635

a The label indicates that trees less than two inches in diameter should not be injected with 20% Dinotefuran. In addition, all trees should not be injected more than once per year.

b Landis representative indicated that the majority of trunk injections will be with trees in this range.

c Calculated as mg a.i./tree / 453,592 mg/lb x # of trees/Acre



### Example for Context 1 Hemlock

- Hardwood forests According to the USDA Forest Service Risk Assessment (MRID 47814402), [softwood, gymnosperm, conifer: cone

- bearing] hemlock ( Tsuga spp.) will be treated for a non

native fluid

- feeding predatory (on the tree) insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges

tsug ae ) and [hardwood, angiosperm; flower bearing] ash trees ( Fraxinus spp.) for the

non

- native predatory (on the tree) emerald ash borer 4 

### ( Agrilus planipennis )

. Silviculture guides for hemlock

- hardwood type stands (including white pine

- hemlock, eastern

hemlock or Tsuga canadensis , and hemlock

- hardwood or hemlock

- yellow birch) in Wisconsin (DNR, 1990) and the hardwood stands of north

- central America (Tubbs 1977)

i ndicate that the number of trees per acre varies by stand composition, age, and size

- class and basal area distribution ( Figures 3 and 4, extracted from the DNR 1990 and Tubbs

1977 , respectively )

.

4 Current label EPA

- Reg. No. 86203

- 11 has excluded emerald ash borer as a pest for which dinotefuran could be used in tree injection

### 47

Figure 3

. Hemlock

- hardwood stands where B‟ accounts for forest types containing 20

- 49% hemlock (softwood) but predominantly hardwood and B accounts for forest types having 50

- 100% hemlock. Stands are more dense ( i.e. , higher trees/acre) where the ratio of hemlock to hardwoods is greater; in other words, hemlock s need less space to grow than hardwoods do in comparable or greater numbers as hardwoods. The younger the stands ( i.e. average dbh) the more dense the forest ( i.e. , higher trees/acre) and the greater the ratio of hemlock to hardwoods for comparable averag e size class. Therefore, the range of trees per acre captured by this diagram can be approximately 40

- 500 trees/A given stand structure, age and size class differences. (DNR 1990; Tubbs 1977)

### 48

Figure 4. Northern hardwood stand density (by size class) th at is desirable for continuous growth: 320 trees of varying sizes per acre (Tubbs 1977)

GENEEC

– Surface Water Using the values from Table 14 as application rates and inputting the chemical properties

for dinotefuran listed in Table 15 results in peak EECs that range from 0.19 g/L to
34,357 g/L (see Table 16 ). Raw o utputs from the modeling exercise are in Appendix

D . These E ECs are intended as screening level values that can be used to preclude

### 49

potential risks to taxonomic groups if toxicity data indicate that effects are not likely to occur at these levels. If LOCs are exceeded based on these EECs, then additional refinements are needed to better characterize potential risks.

Table 15 . GENEEC2 input parameter values for tree in jection

PARAMETER (units) VALUE(S) SOURCE COMMENT

Maximum Application Rate (lb a.i./A) 0.54

-- Assumed maximum. Not specified on label.

Number of Applications per

Year 1

-- Represents most

- conservative scenario in which the maximum rate is applied once per year.

Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (K

oc ; mL/g) 31.4 MRID 45640114 Represents the mean of the following values: 42, 45, 42, 6, 22 mL/g for the parent compound. There is more than

three

- fold variation among values.

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half

life (days) 6 8 MRID 45640111, 45640112/46751101,

46711201 Represents the u pper 90 th percentile of the following seven values: 87.7, 38, 17, 78, 89, 20, 15.9 days.

Solubility limit (ppm) 39,830 MRID# 45640112 Upper Limit on concentration value

Aerobic aquatic metabolic half life (days) 82.73 MRID # 45640117 (s) Upper 90 th percentile of study using two radiolabeled materials: 79.3 days (total river system); 76 days (total pond system)

Photolysis half life (days) 1.8 MRID# 45640105 (s) Single Available Value

Other GENEEC Assumptions

--

-- Pesticide is wetted in; Granular application method; 0 inch incorporation depth

1. Parameters are selected as per Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides; Version II, February 28, 2002.



### Given the linear relationship of the peak EEC and maximum application rate in GENEEC, taking the ratio of the peak EEC (28.75 g a.i./A) and the assumed maximum application rate (0.54 lbs a.i./A) and multiplying by the application rates for given tree size and spacing from Table 14 yields expected EECs in surface water for the given tree size and spacing classes ( Table 16 ).

Table 16 . GENEEC Outputs for Tree Injection

Tree Size

diameter at breast height (dbh), in Peak EECs in g a.i./L

1 tree/ A 10 trees/ A 100 trees/ A 1,000 trees/A 10,000 trees/A

Small, 4

– 6 in. 0.19

- 0.28 1.9

- 2.8 19

- 28 188

- 282 1,878

- 2,817
Medium, 12

- 24 in 0.56

- 1.13 5.6

- 11 56

- 113 563

- 1,127 5,634

- 11,268 Large, 70

– 72 in. 3.29

- 3.38 33

- 34 329

- 338 3,287

- 3,380 32,865

- 33,804

With the given conservative assumption that what is intended for tree injection is directly applied to soil, t hese modeling results indicate that dinotefuran may runoff into surface water. Further, field and laboratory data indicate that when dinotefuran residues reach

surface water, they may persist particularly in deep water (as it is stable to aerobic and

anae robic soil metabolism and hydrolysis; but not to aqueous photolysis) and potentially

accumulate as a r esult of continual applications. However, as indicated previously, once

### 50

in rivers, ponds, or other bodies of water, the fate of dinotefuran is somewhat un certain. Aqueous photolysis should be important in clear and shallow bodies of water; but in deep ponds or rivers or flowing bodies of water, it is more likely to dissipate via dissolution, and subsequently via metabolism.

2. Estimates Based on Tree Trun k Concentrations (Terrestrial EECs)

The tree injection formula of dinotefuran is designed to be dist ributed throughout the tree,

but the fate of the chemical within a tree after injection is uncertain. Therefore, potential exposures to terrestrial orga nisms that feed on treated trees were estimated using

estimated tree trunk concentrations and leaf concentrations. These estimates were used to design a screening

- level analysis of risk and to determine the value of a magnitude of residues study that measures potential exposures to organisms that may feed on treated

trees.

Tree trunk concentration estimates assume that the chemical is evenly distributed throughout the tree trunk . Submission of a magnitude of residues study would reduce uncertainty in these estimates. Pesticide mass applied to trees was obtained from the proposed label. Tree weight estimates were obtained from the Cooperative Extension Service of the University of Arkansas, and they repre sent estimates for standing

hardwood trees. The estimate was based on the merchantable portion of the tree (stem or trunk of the tree). The estimate does not include tops, foliage, or limbs and, therefore, provides a conservative measure of whole

- tree co ncentration. However, the estimates were comparable to the values calculated for above ground biomass for similar size trees (esp. 12 in dbh or 30 cm dbh size class) reported by Tritton and Hornbeck (1982, USDA Forest Service). Therefore, the estimate wa s not further refined for this assessment.

### 51

The largest tree included in the U. of Arkansas publication was a 36 inch dbh tree. Therefore, estimates were only made for this assessment for tr ees that range from 12 to

36 dbh (inches). Tree trunk concentra tions were compared with toxicity values to characterize potential risks to terrestrial organisms by converting the concentrations in

the trunk to a dose value. Tree trunk pesticide concentration was converted to dose by assuming that 20g birds consume 11 4% and 15g herbivorous mammals consume 95% of their body weight daily using the following equation:

Body weig ht adjusted EEC for residues in tree trunk mg/kg bw

= X m g/kg tree x 1.14 or 0.95 kg tree /kg

- bw

Table 17 . Range of Tree Trunk Concentration Estimates of Dinotefuran

DBH (inches) Tree Wt (kg) Mass of pesticide injected in tree (mg

a.i./tree ) a 

### Pesticide concentration mg a.i./kg Dietary

based mg a.i./kg

tree Dose based mg

a.i./kg

- bw

birds mammals

12 680 4,800 7.06 8.05 6.71

24 3,221 9,600 2.98 3.40 2.83

36 7,448 14,400 1.93 2.20 1.83

a Calculated as dbh * 400 mg a.i./inch of dbh



### 3. Estimates Based on Leaf Concentrations (Terrestrial EECs)

Dinotefuran concentration was also estimated in leaves of treated trees. Estimated leaf concentrations resulting from tree injection assume that 100% of the chemical was translocated to the leaves and that the chemical was evenly distributed across the le af mass. Submission of a magnitude of residues study would reduce uncertainty in these assumptions.

Pesticide mass applied to trees was obtained from the proposed label (Table 11). Estimated leaf mass was based on an allometric equation for oak trees published by the

USDA Forest Service that relate s tree size to estimated leaf mass (Karlik and McKay 2002): Leaf mass (g) = 1.78x 2



### – 12.4x

– 108.5

x = tree circumference at breast height (cm), where dbh (cm) = tree circumference at breast height (cm)/

### 52

Resulting estimates of leaf concentrations are summarized in Table 18 . The resulting leaf concentration estimates were compared to toxicity values from terrestrial organisms to characterize potential risks by converting the concentrations in leaves to a dose value. Pesticide concentration on leaves was converted to dose by assuming that 20g birds consume 114% and 15g herbivorous mammals consume 95% of their body weight daily using the following equati on:

Body weight adjusted EEC for residues on leaves mg/kg bw = X mg/kg leaf x 1.14 or 0.95 kg leaf/kg

- bw

Table 18 . Range of Estimated Concentrations of Dinotefuran in Leaves

DBH (in.) Leaf mass (kg) Pesticide mass (mg a.i./tree) a 

### Pesticide concentration mg a.i./kg

Dietary based mg a.i./kg

- leaf Dose based

mg a.i./kg

- bw

birds mammals

4 1.3 1,600 1

, 224 1,395 1,162

12 15 4,800 320 365 304

24 63 9,600 153 174 145

36 143 14,400 101 115 96

72 580 28,800 50 57 47

a Calculated as dbh * 400 mg a.i./inch of dbh



### V. Risk Characterization

Potential risks to terrestrial organisms are described below. The lack of quantifiable exposure levels precludes derivation of refined RQs. Submission of a study that measures the fate, uptake and translocation (magnitude of residue study) of dinotefuran in edible parts of trees (e.g., leaves, fruit, seeds, pollen, nectar) to estimate exposure to honey bees, pollinators, and other terrestrial animals is of high value to this assessment. Because such a study is currently not available, the risk estimates included in this assessment are screening level estimates of risk. In addition, a marine/estuarine chronic study and an additional bee field study are needed to allow for refinements of potential

risks.

### 53 a. Foliar, Airblast & Broadcast spray application

, soil application (i.e., soil media drench, chemigation), basal trunk spray application

These particular application types (ground/aerial spray, soil incorporation) and/or maximum application rates (0.54 lbs a.i./A) are found in the 2004 risk assessments ( DP Barcodes: D285633, D304957) with use on ornament al plants , which are listed in the current label in conjunction with the proposed forestry uses

. That assessment of June 30, 2004 (D285633) concluded that the proposed uses of dinotefuran ( i.e., leafy vege tables, turf, which were also a surrogate for ornamental uses) should not result in acute or

chronic effects to non

- listed or listed terrestrial (e.g., birds and mammals) and aquatic species (e.g., fish and aquatic invertebrates). However, a precautionary note was raised with regard to the possibility of honey bee concerns and future dinotefuran uses. It was a generic precaution at the time reflecting the family of neonicotinoid compounds and their potential for risk to honey bees and other beneficial insec ts. Since the completion of that assessment, an interim LOC (0.05) for listed terrestrial invertebrates has been established. A risk concern for listed terrestrial invertebrates implies risk to other listed as well as

non

- listed species that rely on them.

Similarly, the assessment of August 9, 2004 (D304957) concluded that the Agency was concerned about the protection of pollinators from chemicals in the nonicotinoid class (which includes acetamiprid, thiacloprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin, thiamethozam, a nd imidacloprid). The neonicotinoid chemicals are systemic and EFED is concerned about the possibility of long term exposure to bees from residues that remain in pollen and nectar of flowering crops. In addition, dinotefuran is persistent in the field (ave rage field dissipation half

- life ~ 46.83 days); higher application rates would cause longer residual toxicity time. Again, it was recommended that dinotefuran should not be applied to blooming, pollen

- shedding or nectar

- producing parts of plants.

b. Tree injection

There is no standard methodology currently used by EFED to evaluate potential ecological risks from tree injection of insecticides. However, this screening level risk assessment identified potential risks to terrestrial birds (assuming the non

- definitive endpoint is definitive on account of sublethal effects observed in the study), mammals

and terrestrial invertebrates that forage on treated trees . Potential risks to birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates also presumably exceed levels of concern, and potential risks to saltwater invertebrates could not be precluded.

The proposed application method is tree injection at a rate of approximately 1.0

- 2.0 g of product per inch of trunk diameter at breast height (approximately 1,600 mg to 28, 800 mg a.i./tree , for trees ranging in size from 4 to 72 inches at dbh). The amount of chemical applied depends on the size of the tree and no maximum application limit (aside from injecting once per year) for this use type is supplied by the label. After dinotefuran (a systemic neonicotinoid) is injected into a tree, it is translocated thr oughout the tree by the xylem.

### 54

Risk estimates were derived that were based on (1) the total mass of dinotefuran applied to a tree, (2) estimated concentration of dinotef uran in the tree trunk assuming that the pesticide is evenly distributed throughout the tree trunk, and (3) estimated concentrations

of dinotefuran in leaves assuming 100% translocation of the applied pesticide to the

leaves . The total mass assumption and translocation to leaves resulted in risk concern for birds and mammals, but not the assumption of tree trunk concentrations. All three screens

result in risk concern for terrestrial invertebrates.

In addition, if dinotefuran is translocated primarily to leaves, then the chemical could enter the soil and be available for runoff into aquatic environments when the leaves fall to the ground. The amount of chemical that could enter the soil and water is related to the number and type of trees that are treated in a given area and the amount of chemical in

the leaves. Freshwater and saltwater invertebrates and non

- vascular plants are likely not at risk of effects from direct contamination with tree parts

. Freshwater invertebrates and

non

- vascular plants are likely not at risk of effects from exposure in surface and/or ground water. However, potential risks to saltwater invertebrates could not be precluded.

i. Potential Risk to Terrestrial Organisms

Birds a nd Mammals There are no definitive acute avian endpoints. However, the acute oral study on Japanese quail (MRID 45639720; mean weights: ♂181g; ♀ 204g; average of which, 193g, is used

in T

- REX v. 1.4.1 to derive the adjusted LD 50 

### ) yielded a NOAEL of 1000 mg a.i./kg

- bw on account of sublethal effects at the highest test concentration, but an LD 50 

### of >2000 mg a.i./kg

- bw. Given the assumption that this endpoint is definitive, the adjusted LD 50 

### = 1,423 mg/kg

- bw for a 20g bird, which corresponds to consumption o f approximately 28.5 mg (= 1,423 mg/kg

- bw * 0.02 kg) for a 20 g bird. There is a definite endpoint for mammals, given by an acute oral study on the rat (MRID 45639823) for the female LD 50 

### = 2,000 mg/kg

- bw. The adjusted LD 50 

### = 4,396 mg/kg

- bw for a 15 g mamm al, which corresponds to consumption of approximately 65.9 mg (= 4396 mg/kg

- bw * 0.015kg) for a 15 g mammal. Therefore, consumption of 2.85 mg a.i. (for birds) to 6.59 mg a.i. (for mammals) or more would result in exceedance of the endangered terrestrial animal species level of concern ( LOC ) of 0.1. Consumption of 14.3 mg a.i. (for birds) to 32.9 mg a.i. (for mammals) or more would result in exceedance of the acute terrestrial animal

LOC of 0.5.

Similarly, given the assumption that the acute avian endpoi nt is definitive, the adjusted

LD 50 

### = 1423 mg/kg

- bw for a 20g bird and the acute mammalian endpoint is the adjusted

LD 50 

### = 4396 mg/kg

- bw for a 15 g mammal, exposure to doses of 142 mg a.i./kg

- bw (for birds) and 440 mg a.i./kg

- bw (for mammals) or more from tree parts would result in exceedance of the endangered terrestrial animal species LOC of 0.1. Exposure of 712 mg a.i./kg

- bw (for birds) and 2,198 mg a.i./kg

- bw (for mammals) or more from tree parts

would result in exceedance of the acute terrestrial anim al LOC of 0.5. Body weight adjusted EECs for residues in the whole tree do not lead to an LOC exceedance of either type for the tree size classes assessed (12

- 36 in dbh) in either birds or mammals. However, body weight adjusted EECs for residues in leaves do lead to endangered

### 55

species LOC exceedances in birds for trees approximately between 4 to 36 inch dbh and in mammals for trees approximately between 4 to12 inch dbh; leaf residues could potentially lead to acute LOC exceedances for birds and mammals in s mall trees (~4

- 12 in dbh).

The exceedances predicted from single tree exposures are complicated by several factors including feeding/foraging behavior of the given organism, visitation of multiple contaminated tree parts, and availability of the pesticide residues in edible portions of the tree. Although it is not reasonable to expect that a single organism will consume an entire tree exposed to dinotefuran, it is possible that repeat visitation of contaminated tree parts may lead to chronic effec ts

– for example, the 20

- week NOAEC for mallard duck is 2,150 mg a.i./kg

- diet (MRID 45639723); the reproduction NOAEL for the lab rat is 3,000 mg/kg diet (or 241 mg/kg

- bw

- day for the lowest value in males; MRID 45639913) which adjusts to 530 mg/kg

- bw for a 15g mammal; and, the maternal NOAEL for the rabbit is 52 mg/kg

- bw/day (MRID 45654208), which adjusts to 114 mg/kg

- bw for a 15g mammal.

Terrestrial Invertebrates The lowest honey bee acute oral LD 50 

### (0.0076 g a.i. /bee ; MRID 45639727 ) based on the

dinotef uran formulation (MTI

- 446 20% WG) is reported in the table below, but all acute oral (range of 0.0076

- 0.032 g a.i. /bee ) and contact (range of 0.024

- 0.061 g a.i. /bee )

LD 50 

### ‟s indicate high sensitivity to dinotefuran, both as technical and formulation.

Acc ording to the USEPA classification system, these values indicate that dinotefuran is highly toxic to honey bees. In addition, the interim listed species LOC for terrestrial invertebrates is 0.05. To lead to LOC exceedances (given the toxicity value is 0.05 94 g a.i./g of bee, whereby the LD 50 

### is 0.0076 g a.i. /bee and one bee weighs approximately 0.128g), the EEC would have to equal or exceed 0.003 g a.i./g of bee (or ppm).

Three non

- guideline studies testing terrestrial invertebrate (non

- Apis spp.) mortality and reproductive success parameters indicated significant toxic effects as a result of spray exposure of dinotefuran formulation (MTI

- 446 20% SG) to parasitoid wasps ( Aphidius rhopalosiphi, hymenoptera, MRID 45640121), predaceous bugs ( Orius laev igatus, hemiptera, MRID 45640122), and predaceous mites ( Typhlodromus pyri, acari , the only

non

- insect

– i.e., arachnid, tested, MRID 45640120). Effects on mortality (13

- day LC 50 

### = 6.89 x 10 - 5 

### lbs a.i./A, 21

- d LC 50 

### = 1.19 x 10 - 5 

### lbs a.i./A, and 14

- d LC 50 

### = 0.027 lbs a.i./A) were observed for the wasp, bug, and mite, respectively. Significant reproductive effects, parasitism success in wasps and fecundity (#of eggs produced/female/day) in mites, were also observed. These studies suggest that terrestrial in vertebrates may be affected at application rates that are much lower than the maximum seasonal application rate (0.54 lbs a.i./A) for the proposed use patterns (spray and soil applications). For example, the ratio of application rate to LC 50 

### ranges from 20

– 45,378, which implies that contact with the pesticide at current application rates will lead to mortality.

For tree injection uses, assuming 1 tree is treated per acre, the amount of formulation injected would be 2,400 mg a.i. (small tree , 6 in dbh ) t o 9,600 mg a.i. ( medium

- sized tree

, 24 in dbh ) . Assuming that an acre of hemlock

- hardwood stands contains 40

- 500 trees (see Figure 3), the application rate would range from 0.85 lbs a.i./Acre ( = 9,600 m g

### 56

a.i. / tree ÷ 453 ,592 mg/lb x 40 tree/A cre ) to 2.65 lbs a.i./Acre ( = 2,400 mg a.i./tree ÷

453 ,592 mg/lb x 500 tree/A cre )

. Although the exposure route is different (for the studies above, exposure is via contact to residues from a spray application; and for tree injection, the exposure is the ingestion of pl ant parts in which dinotefuran has been translocated), this calculation indicates that the potential tree injection rates per acre are considerably higher than the LC 50 

### values in the terrestrial invertebrate studies ( i.e. , the ratio of application rate to LC 50 

### ranges from 12,287

- 38,397 for the wasp, 71,140

- 222,315 for the bug, and 31

- 98 for the mite) . This implies a potential for acute risk to terrestrial invertebrates from the tree injection application. These studies have implications for long

term eff ects also. In particular, the chron ic endpoint available from a 21

- day predaceous bug study indicated a non

- definitive endpoint (NOAEC <1.36 mg a.i./ha = 1.21x 10 - 6 

### lbs a.i./A), which i mplies that it is not known, at this time, how much lower the applicati on would need to be to elicit no response in terrestrial invertebrates.

According to a study (MRID 45639728) assessing effects of dinotefuran (formulation

MTI

- 446 20% WG) residues (on alfalfa) on the RT 25 

### (residual time to cause 25% mortality) in honey be es, it was determined that dinotefuran applied as a foliar spray at a rate of 0.13 lbs a.i./A will remain toxic to bees on foliage for more than 24 hours after application ( i.e.

, exposure to 8

- hour aged residue leads to RT 25 

### of 4.8 hours; whereas

exposure to 24

- hour aged residue leads to RT 25 

### of 24 hours 5 

### ).

Though the bee field study (MRID 48120501) provides highly uncertain information on the toxicity of dinotefuran 70 SG (70% a.i.) to bee colo nies, it does, however, provide information regarding the tra nslocation of residues from sprayed co tton plants to bee hive colony beeswax, pollen, nectar, and honey. The residue results suggest long

- term chronic

exposure post

- bloom ( i.e. , flower nectar concentrations were up to 0.115 ppm approximately 5 days after a pplication and 0.013 ppm a pproximately 26 days after application, which implies presence of dinotefuran in and potential exposure via nectar from extrafloral nectaries post

- bloom) as well as inside the hive (e.g., dinotefuran residues detected, < LOQ: 0.00 8 ppm in beeswax <LOQ: 0.003 ppm in honey, at least 85 days after application). As a result, persistent concentrations inside the hive could potentially affect overwintering success of the colonies.

The latter two studies not only have implications for s pray applications, but suggest that bees could be affected if dinotefuran residues translocate from the tree injection site to blooming, pollen

- shedding, or nectar producing parts of plants. Submission of a study that measures the fate, uptake and translo cation (magnitude of residue study) of

dinotefuran in trees after injection to allow for an estimation of exposure to terrestrial invertebrates (and other terrestrial organisms) is of high value to this assessment.

As shown in Table 19 , screening level EECs exceeded levels that may result in potential risk to terrestrial organisms

.

5 48

- hour aged residue leads to RT 25 of 90 hours; bees were the least sensiti ve to treatment when exposed to 48 hour aged residue. Bee mortality on 48 hour aged residues did not differ from bees exposed to control

leaves after 48 hours.

### 57

Table 19 . Risk Summary for Terrestrial Animals Screening EEC Toxicity Value Risk Summary Assumption EEC Birds (20g) c 

### Mammals (15g) d 

### Inverts. e

Total

Mass 4

- 6 in dbh 1,600

- 2,400 mg a.i. >28.5

mg a.i. 65.9

mg a.i. 0.0076 g

a.i./bee b Sufficient mass is

available to potentially affect birds, mammals, and

terrestrial

invertebrates. 12

- 24 in dbh 4,800

- 9,600

mg a.i.

70

- 72 dbh 28,000

- 28,800

mg a.i.

Tree

trunk

conc. 12

- 36 in

dbh Birds: 2

– 8 mg

a.i./kg

- bw a

Mammals: 2

– 7 mg a.i./kg

bw a Adj. LD 50

>1,423 mg a.i./kg

- bw Adj. LD 50 4,396 mg

a.i./kg

- bw 0.0076 g

a.i./bee Estimated

concentrations of

dinotefuran are

sufficient to result in potential risks to

terrestrial

invertebrates.

Leaf

Conc. 4

- 72 in dbh Birds: 57

– 1,395 mg a.i./kg

- bw a

Mammal: 47

– 1,162 mg a.i./kg

- bw a Adj. LD 50

> 1

, 423 mg a.i./kg

- bw Adj. LD 50 4,396 mg

a.i./kg

- bw 0.0076 g

a.i./bee Estimated

concentrations of

dinotefuran are

sufficient to result in potential risks to birds, mammals, and

invertebrates.

a Pesticide concentrations in whole tree and on leaves were converted to dose by assuming that birds and mammals consume, respectively, 114% and 95% of their body weight daily. Estimated pesticide concentration was 1.93

- 7.06 mg a.i./kg

- whole tree (for trees ranging in size 12

- 36 in dbh) and 50

- 1,224 mg/kg

- leaf (for trees ranging in size 4

- 72 in dbh).

b This is equivalent to 7.6x10 - 6 mg a.i./bee

c Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) MRID 45639720 ; LD 50 of >2000 mg a.i./kg

- bw with sublethal effects

d Laborato r y rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) MRID 45639823; the female LD 50 = 2,000 mg/kg

- bw based on mor bidity

e Honey bee (

Apis mellifera ) MRID 45639727; acute oral study



### Terrestrial Plants The tier I, seedling emergence (MRID 45639729) and vegetative vigor (MRID 45639730), studies indicated that no endpoints (for 10 plant species tested) were affected up to or beyond 25% relative to the controls and that the plants did not show treatment

rel ated signs of toxicity at the single application rate of 0.54 lbs a.i./A. This application rate is a maximum for all proposed non

- tree injection uses and the assumed maximum for the tree injection use. Risk to terrestrial plants is, therefore, not expected as a result of dinotefuran applications at the maximum applications designated on the current label.

Conclusions The total mass of dinotefuran applied to treated trees ranges from 1,600 mg a.i. to 28,800 mg a.i.. Therefore, there is sufficient mass app lied to trees to potentia lly affect birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates. For example, t he fraction of the mass of

dinotefuran applied to a tree consumed by a 20

- gram bird would need to be < 0.002 (0.2 %) of the total mass applied for a small tree and <0.0001 (0.0 1%) of the total mass applied for a large tree to result in no LOC exceedances for birds. Similarly, t he fraction

of the mass of dinotefuran applied to a tree consumed by a 15

- gram mammal would need

### 58

to be < 0.004 (0.4 %) of the total mass applied for a small tree and <0.0002 (0.02 %) of the total mass applied for a large tree to result in no LOC exceedances for birds.

Consideration of dilution within the tree did not reduce potential risks to levels that are

below concern levels. Estimated leaf concentrations were sufficient to result in risk concerns for organisms that may eat leaves of treated trees. This evaluation assumed that 100% of the injected chemical was translocated to the leaves. However, even

translocation o f a relatively small fraction of dinotefuran to the leaves could result in potential effects to terrestrial organisms (particularly, the invertebrates) . Estimates of

whole

- tree pesticide concentrations assuming that the chemical is evenly distributed

thro ughout the above ground biomass were also above levels that may be of concern to

non

- target terrestrial invertebrates . Therefore, the available data suggest that potential

risks as a result of tree injection to non

- target terrestrial organisms are of conc ern. Submission of a magnitude of residues study that quantifies potential exposure levels after tree injection would be of high value to this risk assessment. Risks may be further quantified and refined if a magnitude of residues study in treated trees is submitted that

evaluates concentrations of dinotefuran in edible parts of treated trees, including leaves, fruit, s eeds as well as blooming, pollen

- shedding, and nectar producing parts of plants.

The above analysis only considered potential acute effec ts. However, there is also potential for repeated or prolonged exposures to terrestrial animals because dinotefuran is not expected to rapidly dissipate from trees after it is injected and translocated. Therefore, there is also potential risk to reproduc tion and/or growth endpoints from the proposed tree injection use.

ii. Potential Risk to Aquatic Organisms

There is also potential for aquatic systems to be exposed to dinotefuran either directly from contaminated tree parts (e.g., leaves, sticks, flowers, pollen) entering the water or from tree parts falling onto land and subsequent runoff into aquatic systems. As a screen, the total amount of chemical applied to a tree was added to a 20,000,000 liter pond. In addition, aquatic exposures could occur from the chemical entering soil environments and subsequently entering aquat ic environments. The resulting water concentration would result in a conservative screen, but could be used to preclude risks to taxonomic groups if

no LOCs are exceeded. EECs and tox icity values are summarized in Table 20

.

The most sensitive aquatic organisms were chosen for the aquatic risk characterization. Given the comparison of endpoints and EECs (Table 20) calculated as a result of direct contamination with tree parts in a 20, 000,000 L pond ( i.e. , the application is to a single tree of a given size that is diluted in the pond), it is not likely that aquatic organisms (freshwater/saltwater invertebrates and non

- vascular plants) will be at risk. In addition, on an acute basis, th e freshwater fish (trout, MRID 45639714; bluegill, MRID 45639715; carp, MRID 45639716) and saltwater fish (sheepshead minnow, MRID 45639717) showed no effects as a result of exposure to dinotefuran (technical MTI

- 446) at the limit

concentrations tested. Si milarly, on an acute basis freshwater invertebrate (waterflea, MRID 45639709) and saltwater invertebrate (eastern oyster, MRID 45639711) showed

### 59

no effects as a result of exposure to dinotefuran (technical MTI

- 446). On a chronic basis, the freshwater fish ( trout, MRID 45639719) and freshwater invertebrate (wateflea, MRID 45639718) showed no effects as a result of exposure to dinotefuran (technical MTI

- 446). However, the freshwater invertebrate, waterflea, study (MRID 45639710) indicated effects on mobility a s a result of exposure to 110.6 mg a.i./L DN

- phosphate, a metabolite of dinotefuran, which led to a definitive NOAEC of 10 mg a.i./L; similarly, the non

vascular plant, green algae, study (MRID 45639732) indicated effects on cell density as a result of exp osure to 50 and 100 mg a.i./L dinotefuran (technical MTI

- 446), which led to a definitive NOAEC of 25 mg a.i./L. Assuming the metabolite and parent compound are present in equivalent concentrations a comparison of the NOAECs to the EECs indicates

that conce ntrations to cause sublethal effects could be achieved through exposure in surface water if an application rate equivalent to that used for 10,000 trees/A (of 12

- 72 in dbh) were to leach into the soil.

The most sensitive aquatic organism is the saltwater invertebrate, mysid shrimp. The study (MRID 45639713) indicated an LC 50 

### of 0.79 mg a.i./L and a classification of dinotefuran (technical MTI

- 446) being highly toxic to the saltwater invertebrate.
Exposure to 39.5 g a.i./L or more would result in exceedan ce of the endangered aquatic

animal species level of concern ( LOC ) of 0.05

. This could be achieved through exposure in surface water if an application rate equivalent to that used for 100

- 10,000 trees/A (of

4

- 72 in dbh) were to leach into the soil. On the other hand, exposure to 395 g a.i./L or

more would result in exceedance of the acute aquatic animal species level of concern ( LOC ) of 0.5

. This could be achieved through exposure in surface water if an application rate equivalent to that used for 1,000

- 10,000 trees/A (of 4

- 72 in dbh) were to leach into

the soil. This analysis i ndicates that potential risks to marine invertebrates cannot be precluded on an acute basis . Submission of a marine/estuarine chronic study and a magnitude of residues study previously described would be of high value to this assessment and may allow for further refinement of the EECs included in Table 20

.

### 60

Table 20 . Risk Summary for Aquatic Animals Screening EEC Toxicity Value ( g a.i./L) Risk Summary
Assumption EEC 1 

### FW

Invert 2 

### SW

Invert 3 

### Non

- vasc.

Plant 4

Direct Deposition/

Contamination

with tree parts 4

- 6 in dbh 0.08

– 0.12 g a.i./L LC 50

>1.1 x 10 5

NOAEC: 10,000 LC 50

790

NOAEC:

490 EC 50

>9.8 x10 4

NOAEC: 25,000 Risk to f reshwater and

saltwater invertebrates as

well as non

- vascular plants is assumed to be

low from direct

contamination with tree

parts. 12

- 24 in dbh 0.24

– 0.48 g a.i./L

70

- 72 in dbh

1.4

– 1.44 g a.i./L

Runoff from

Soil (surface water)

GENEEC2 4

- 6 in dbh 0.19

– 2,817 g a.i./L Risk to f reshwater

invertebrates and non

vascular plants is assumed to be low based solely on the available toxicity data and estimated exposures

from surface water. However, potential risks

to saltwater invertebrates could not be precluded. 12

- 24 in dbh 0.56

- 1 1,268 g a.i./L

70

- 72 in dbh 3.29

- 33,804 g a.i./L

1 EECs from the runoff from soil (in surface water) include tree spacings of 1 tree/A to 10,000 trees/A

2 Waterflea ( Daphnia magna ) MRID 45639710; the study was conducted with DN

- phosphate, a metabolite of dinotefuran

3 Mysid shrimp (

Americamysis bahia ) MRID 45639713

4 Green algae ( Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ) MRID 45639732



### VI. Summary

This analysis suggests that translocation of dinotefuran from the site of injection to edible portions of a tree may result in effects to birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates

. Potential risks to saltwater invertebrates could not be precluded given the sensitivity of the mysid shrimp to rela tively low concentrations of dinotefuran

. Additional data, including a magnitude of residues study in treated plants, a marine/estuarine chronic study, and an additional bee field study are needed to allow for refinements of potential

risks.

### 61

Uncertainties

There is currently no standard methodology for evaluating potential ecological risks from application of pesticides via tree injection. This assessment was based on conservative estimates of exposure, and a primary uncertainty in this ass essment is that the screening level exposure estimates cannot be refined based o n the currently available data. In addition, as there is no limit indicated on the label on the maximum number of trees injected per acre, conservative estimates up to 10,000 t rees per acre were used to calculate exposure. This is an uncertainty as we do not know the maximum number of trees injected per acre of any given crop type. Screening level exposure values were used in this assessment that identified potential risks to no n

- target terrestrial and aquatic animals. However, these screening

- level values were likely conservative, and submission of a magnitude of residues study that evaluates pesticide concentrations in various parts of the tree that may serve as food for birds , mammals, and invertebrates is necessary to allow for refinements of potential risks. This type of study requires submission of a formal protocol by the registrant.

The fate of the pesticide within the tree is also largely unknown. It was assumed tha t dinotefuran may leach from leaves or other parts of a tree after they have fallen to the ground. However, the fate of the chemical within the tree remains unknown. Also, degradates of toxicological concern were observed to form via aqueous photolysis. It is not known if degradates of concern form within a treated tree, and if they do form, to

what extent non

- target organisms may be exposed.

Estimates of exposure included estimations of pesticide concentra tions in leaves and in

the tree trunk . Estim ated pesticide concentrations in leaves were determined by assuming that 100% of the chemical is translocated to leaves. Leaf mass was estimated using the following allometric equation developed for blue oak trees presented by the USDA Forest Service ( Kar lik and McKay 2002):

Leaf mass (g) = 1.78x 2



### – 12.4x

– 108.5 x = tree circumference at breast height (cm)

The regression was developed based on a study of 14 blue oak trees harvested in the

Sierra Nevada foothills with an r 2 

### value of 0. 98. The extent to which the equation estimates leaf mass for other types of trees or for blue oak trees in other locations has not

been evaluated for this assessment.

Estimates of pesticide concentration in the tree trunk assumed that the chemical was evenly distribu ted within the tree and required an estimate of tree mass. Estimates of tree mass were based on information published by the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service and included only the merchantable portion of the tree ( stem or trunk

of the tree ). The estimate did not include tops, foliage, or limb s and it , therefore, provides a conservative measure of whole

- tree concentration. However, the estimates were comparable to the values calculated for above ground biomass for similar size trees (e sp. 12 in dbh or 30 cm dbh size class) reported by Tritton and Hornbeck (1982, USDA

### 62

Forest Service). Therefore, the estimate was not further refined for this assessment. However, use of a tree trunk concentration may not be conservative because the estim ate assumes that the pesticide is evenly distributed throughout the tree trunk , which could lead to an underestimation of exposure and risk if the chemical concentrates in an edible portion of the tree. It is also possible that when a tree is not growing r apidly that the pesticide within it may not be diluted via the generated biomass.

Aquatic exposure estimates assumed either that 100% of the chemical entered the soil and was available for runoff or that 100% of the chemical entered a water body directly. These are conservative estimates of exposure to aquatic organisms. Submission of a magnitude or residues study previously discussed may allow for refinement of potential aquatic exposures. Also, leaves and some other tree parts that enter the water cou ld ultimately end up in the sediment. Exposure estimates for sediment organisms were not

included in this assessment.

R EFERENCES



### Coder, K.D. 1996. Number of Trees per Acre by Spacing. December 1996. Warnell School of Forestry. Available at: http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/for96

- 054/index.html (accessed March 7, 2011).

DNR, 1990. Silviculture Handbook. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

2 431.5, Ch. 39; Dec. 5, 1990 http://dnr.wi.gov/forestry/publications/Handbooks/24315/24315.pdf

Durkin. P.R. 2009. Administrative Materials: Dinotefuran Human Health and Ecological

Risk Assessment. Vol 5. USDA Forest Service, Southern Region. Contract No.

AG

- 3187

- C

- 06

- 0010. Submitted by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. c/o Landis International, Inc. April 24, 2009. MRID 47814402.

Hummel, Robert L. Evaluation of Toxicity of Residue s of MTI

- 446 on Alfalfa to Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera ). Unpublished study submitted by Landis International, Inc. P.O. Box 5126 3185 Madison Highway Valdosta, GA, and sponsored by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Chiyoda

- ku, Tokio. Febru ary 17, 2001. DP Barcode 2 83465.

MRID 45639728.

Karlik, J.F. and A.H. McKay. 2002. Leaf area index, leaf mass density, and allometri relationships derived from harvest of blue oaks in California oak Savanna. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW

- GTR

- 184.2002. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr184/061_Karlik.pdf

Suchail, S., D. Guez, and L.P. Belzunces. 2001. Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidaloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera

. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 20 (11): 2482

– 2486.

### 63

Tubbs, C.H. 1977., Manager‟s handbook for northern hardwoods in the north central

states. USDA

– Forest Service, North Central For. Exp. S ta.: St. Paul, MN. General Technical Report NC

- 39 http://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nc039.pdf

Tritton L.M. and J. W. Hornbeck. 1982. Biomass Equations for Major Tree Species of

the Northeast. U SDA

- Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.General Technical Report NE

- 69. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/tec hnical_reports/pdfs/scan ned/gtr69.pdf

University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture (David W. Patterson). Undated. Landowner‟s guide to determining weight of standing hardwood trees. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service. FSA 5021

- PD

- 5

- 08N. http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA

- 5021.pdf

USEPA 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Volume I of II. EPA/600/R

93/187a. Office of Research and Development, Wa shington, DC 20460.

US EPA. 2004. Revised Section 3 Environmental Risk Assessment for the Registration of Dinotefuran on Leafy Vegetable, Turfgrasses, Ornamentals and Residential Use. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC

. June 30, 2004. (DP Barcode D285633).

US EPA. 2004. FIFRA Section 3, Environmental Risk Assessment for the New Use Registration of Dinotefuran on Cotton, Potato, Head and stem Brassica, Fruiting Vegetables, Cucurbits, Grapes, Ornamental Plants and Flower Beds, Lawn,

Shrubs and Additional Resid ential Uses. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC

. August 9, 2004. (DP Barcode: D304957).

USEPA 2006. Environmental Fate and Effects Division‟s (EFED‟s) Response to Dinotefuran Ecological Concerns Dealing with Upgrading a Chronic Freshwater Fish Study, the Acceptabil ity of an Acute Study Using Japanese Quail as the Test Species, and the Registrants‟ Request for a Meeting to Discuss a Honey Bee Field Study. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC. Agency. October 20, 2006. ( DP Barcodes

D331699 & D316645 )

.

US EPA. 2006. FIFRA Section 3, Environmental Risk Assessment for Increasing the Use Rates for the Registration of Dinotefuran on Head and Stem Brassica, Cucurbits, Fruiting Vegetables, Grapes, Leafy Vegetables, and Potatoes. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC

. October 16, 2006. (DP Barcode: D324854)

USEPA. 2006. Section 18 Request for Use of Dinotefuran in Texas on Leafy Brassica to Control Whitefly. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC

. October 31, 2006. ( DP Barcode 332829).

### 64

USEPA. 2008. Section 18 Request for Use of Dinotefuran in Tex as on Rice to Control Rice Stink Bug. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC. October 28, 2008. (DP Barcode D355010)

USEPA. 2009. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC.

Available at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm (Accessed November 12, 2010).

USEPA, 2010a. Ecological Risk Assessment for the Propo sed Section 24C New Use of Triisopropanolamine Salt of Aminopyralid for Control of Herbaceous Broadleaf Weeds and Woody Plants in Forests, Non

- cropland, Grazed areas, and Industrial

Non

- crop Areas in Arkansas. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC. December 7, 2010. ( D P Barcode 383620 )

.

USEPA. 2010b

. Section 3 Product Registration For Expansion of Tree Species for Emammectin Boenzoate Tree Injection Use to Control Arthropod Pests. OPP/EFED, Washington, DC. October 5, 2010. ( DP Barcode 381025 )

.

### 65 Appendix A. Current and Proposed Application Rates and Use Patterns

Table A 1. Current and Proposed Application Rates for Dinotefuran (data obtained from current and proposed labels for DINOTEFURAN 20SG (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 17), STARKLE 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 3 3657

- 38), DINOTEFURAN 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 59639

- 135) and DINOTEFURAN 20% (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 16 ; and the new label with altered EPA Reg. No. 86203

- 11 ). The new use appears shaded

.

Crop Maximum application
rate per application (lb a.i./A) Maximum

seasonal application rate (lb a.i./A) Foliar or Soil application

allowed? Ground or

Aerial allowed

for foliar applications? Year Assessed

DP Barcode

Forests: Christmas trees*, trees in plantations (conifers, deciduous trees),

reforestation nurseries*, forests

and wooded areas (national, private, and state)

Ornamental trees (new for tree injection only)

*Not included in tree injection use Foliar

0.2 (≤1 apps. @ max app. , but if necessary, make

a second application after

14

- 21 days)

Or

Soil

Varies with use type (soil drench, chemigation)

Or

Basal trunk

spray 12

- 24 oz/gallon

for all but

Christmas trees:

1.5

- 6.0 oz/gallon

Or

Trunk injection 2.0 g/inch of

trunk diameter at breast height (dbh) (0.00044 lb a.i./injection hole) 0.54*

*Assumed for tree injection use, but is specified as

such for all

other uses F or Broadcast spray

Or

Tree injection Maximum rate is 2 g EUP/inch at dbh; 2 injection holes proposed

for each inch of trunk diameter, which leads to a maximum of 1 g EUP per injection hole which is equivalent to 0.00044 lb a.i./injection hole. Under ideal conditions, an applicator can make 600 trunk injections/day. Range of dbh is 12

- 24” but

a rare maximum dbh is expected to be 60” Trees

less than 2 inches dbh should not be injected G Present RA

Ornamental plants in greenhouses, nurseries, interior plantscapes,

lath and shadehouses and outdoor landscapes (commercial, industrial, recreational and residential) or

Ornamental

containerized or in ground plants (including Shrubs, Bedding Plants, Flowering Plants, Foliage Plants, Ground Foliar 0.2 (≤1 apps. @ max app., but if necessary, make

a second application after

14

- 21 days)

Or

Soil

Varies with use

type

Or

Basal trunk 0.54 F w. airblast (for trees and vines) or Broadcast spray, S

Do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or three months,

whichever is shorter. G 2004,

D285633 ; 2004,

D304957

### 66

Table A 1. Current and Proposed Application Rates for Dinotefuran (data obtained from current and proposed labels for DINOTEFURAN 20SG (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 17), STARKLE 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 3 3657

- 38), DINOTEFURAN 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 59639

- 135) and DINOTEFURAN 20% (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 16 ; and the new label with altered EPA Reg. No. 86203

- 11 ). The new use appears shaded

.

Crop Maximum application
rate per application (lb a.i./A) Maximum

seasonal application rate (lb a.i./A) Foliar or Soil application

allowed? Ground or

Aerial allowed

for foliar applications? Year Assessed

DP Barcode Covers, Evergreens,

Ornamental Plants and
Trees, Non

- Bearing Fruit Trees, Non

Bearing Nut Trees and

Non

- Bearing Vines) spray 12

- 24 oz/ gallon

Leafy Brassica

Greens: Broccoli Raab, Chinese Cabbage (Bok Choy), Collards, Kale, Mizuna, Mustard Greens, Mustard Spinach, Rape Greens, Turnip

Greens 0.134 @ 7 days

interval 1 0.268 F

No more than 3 applications per season are

allowed. G, A 2006,

D332829 ; 2009 (IR

- 4 Petition),

D358860

Cotton 0.134 @ 7 days

interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.) 0.268 F G, A 2004,

D304957

Head and Stem Brassica: Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cavalo Broccolo, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage,

Chinese mustard cabbage, Kohlrabi Foliar: 0.179 @ 7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.)

Or

Soil: 0.33 @7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.) 0.33 Foliar

Or

0.536 Soil F, S

Do not combine foliar app. with soil applications, or

vice versa. G, A 2004,

D304957

Cucurbits: Balsam pear (bitter melon), Calabaza, Chayote (fruit), Chinese okra, Chinese waxgourd, Citron melon, Cucumber, Gherkin, Gourds, Edible melons including hybrids (including cantaloupe, casaba, Chinese preserving melon, Crenshaw, honeydew melons, honey balls, mango melon, muskmelon, Persian melon, winter melon), Pumpkin, Squash (including summer, winter acorn, spaghetti), Watermelon Foliar: 0.179 @ 7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.)

Or

Soil: 0.33 @ 7 days interval ( ≤2 apps. @ max app.) 0.33 Foliar

Or

0.536 Soil F, S

Do not combine foliar app. with soil applications, or

vice versa. G, A 2004,

D304957

### 67

Table A 1. Current and Proposed Application Rates for Dinotefuran (data obtained from current and proposed labels for DINOTEFURAN 20SG (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 17), STARKLE 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 3 3657

- 38), DINOTEFURAN 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 59639

- 135) and DINOTEFURAN 20% (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 16 ; and the new label with altered EPA Reg. No. 86203

- 11 ). The new use appears shaded

.

Crop Maximum application
rate per application (lb a.i./A) Maximum

seasonal application rate (lb a.i./A) Foliar or Soil application

allowed? Ground or

Aerial allowed

for foliar applications? Year Assessed

DP Barcode including hybrids Fruiting Vegetables: Eggplant, Ground Cherry, Pepinos, Pepper (including bell peppers, chili peppers, cooking peppers, pimentos and sweet peppers), Tomatillo, Tomato (do not apply

to varieties of tomatoes

which are less than 2 inches in size, such as cherry and grape tomatoes) Foliar: 0.179 @ 7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.)

Or

Soil: 0.33 @7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.) 0.268 Foliar

Or

0.536 Soil F, S

Do not combine foliar app. with soil applications, or

vice versa. G, A 2004,

D304957

Grapes Foliar: 0.132 @ 14 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.)

Or

Soil: 0.33 (≤1 apps. @ max app.) 0.264 Foliar

Or

0.33

Ground

0.528 overall per

season 2 F, S

Make only one soil application. G w. airblast, A 2004,

D304957

Leafy Vegetables (Except Brassica Vegetables): includes: Amaranth, Arugula, Cardoon, Celery,

Chinese Celery, Celtuce, chervil,

Edible

- leaved &

Garland Chrysanthemum, Corn Salad, Garden & Upland Cress, Dandelion, Dock, Endive, Florence Fennel, Head & Leaf Lettuce, Orach, Parsley, Garden & Winter Purslane, Radichio, Rhubarb, Spinach, New Zealand & Vine Spin ach, Swiss

Chard Foliar: 0.134 @ 7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.)

Or

Soil: 0.33 @7 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.) 0.268 Foliar

Or

0.536 Soil F, S

Do not combine foliar app. with soil applications, or

vice versa. G, A 2004,

D285633 ; 2006,

D324854

Potato Foliar: 0.176 @ 14 days interval (≤2 apps. @ max app.) 0.198 Foliar

(given

modeled max single app. rate of F, S

Do not combine foliar app. with soil applications, or vice versa. G w. airblast, A 2004,

D304957 ; 2006,

D324854

### 68

Table A 1. Current and Proposed Application Rates for Dinotefuran (data obtained from current and proposed labels for DINOTEFURAN 20SG (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 17), STARKLE 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 3 3657

- 38), DINOTEFURAN 70SG (EPA Reg. No. 59639

- 135) and DINOTEFURAN 20% (EPA Reg. No. 33657

- 16 ; and the new label with altered EPA Reg. No. 86203

- 11 ). The new use appears shaded

.

Crop Maximum application
rate per application (lb a.i./A) Maximum

seasonal application rate (lb a.i./A) Foliar or Soil application

allowed? Ground or

Aerial allowed

for foliar applications? Year Assessed

DP Barcode

Or

Soil: 0.33 (≤1 apps. @ max app.) 0.099 lbs

a.i./A)

Or

0.33 Soil Turfgrass (commercial, residential, recreational) Foliar

0.54 0.54 F G 2004,

D285633

Leafy Brassica

Greens: Broccoli Raab, Chinese Cabbage (Bok Choy), Collards, Kale, Mizuna, Mustard
Greens, Mustard Spinach, Rape Greens, Turnip

Greens Foliar 0.134 @ 7 days

interval 1

Or

Soil 0.179 @ 7 days

interval 0.268

Or

0.536 F

No more than 3 applications per season are

allowed. G, A 2006 (Section 18) 3

, D332829

Rice 0.131 0.262 N/A A 2008 (Section 18) 4

, D355010

1 A typographical error was noted in the label for Dinotefuran 20SG, which shows a maximum individual application rate of 0.141 lb a.i./A for leafy brassica greens.

2 For risk assessment purposes, EFED had assumed 2 foliar applications are made at the maximum application rate (0.132 lbs a.i./A) and 1 soil treatment at 0.264 lbs a.i./A. The label states that the maximum seasonal combined foliar and soil seasonal applica tion rate cannot exceed 0.528 lbs a.i./A.

3 Label name: VENOM 20SG INSECTICIDE (20% a.i. as soluble granule); Section 18: Emergency Exemption request from Texas Department of Agriculture

4 Label name: TENCHU 20 SG INSECTICIDE (20% a.i. as soluble granule) ; Section 18: Emergency Exemption request from Texas Department of Agriculture

### 69

Appendix B. Nomenclature and structures of dinotefuran and its transformation products



### Table B2

- 1. Nomenclature

Applicant's Code IUPAC Chemical CAS Name CAS No.

Dinotefuran/MTI

- 446 (RS)

- 1

- methyl

- 2

- nitro

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethy l) guanidine N

- methyl

- N‟

- nitro

- N”

- [(tertra

hydro

- 3

- furanyl) methyl] guanidine. 165252

- 70

- 0 (PC Code 044312)

DN

- Phosphate 1

- Methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl) guanidinium dihydrogen phosphate NA NA

MNG 1

- Methyl

- 2

- nitroguanidine N

- methyl

- N‟

- nitro

- guanidine 4245

- 76

- 5

UF 1

- methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)urea NA NA

DN

- 2

- OH + DN

- 3

- OH Bis[1

- (3

- hydroxytetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)

- 3

- methylguanidinium] terephthalate NA NA

Mg

- HCl 1

- methylguanidinium chloride NA NA

BCDN succinate 3

- (methylamino)

- 9

- oxa

- 2

- aza

- 4

- azoniabicyclo[4.3.0]non

- 3

- ene hydrogen succinate NA NA



### Table B2

- 2. Nomenclature and structures of dinotefuran and its transformation products (extracted from Section 18 of October 28, 2008 DP Barcode D355010)

Dinotefuran [MTI

- 446]

– Parent Compound

IUPAC Name: ( EZ )

- ( RS )

- 1

- Methyl

- 2

- nitro

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidine.

CAS Name: N

- Methyl

- N ′

- nitro

- N ′′

- [(tetrahydro

- 3

- furanyl)methyl]guanidine.

CAS Number: 165252

- 70

- 0.

SMILES String: CNC(=NN(=O)=O)NCC1COCC1 (ISIS v2.3/Universal SMILES).

No EPI Suite, v3.12 SMILES String found as of 9/29/06.

1

- Methyl

- 2

- nitroguanidine [N

- Methyl

- N’

- nitro

- guanidine; MNG]

IUPAC Name: 1

- Methyl

- 2

- nitroguanidine.

CAS Name: N

- methyl

- N‟

- nitro

- guanidine.

CAS Number: 4245

- 76

- 5.

SMILES String: NC(=NN(=O)=O)NC (ISIS v2.3/Universal SMILES). N(=O)(=O)NC(=N)NC EPI Suite, v3.12 SMILES String found as of 07/02/08.

4245

- 76

- 5

### 70

Nitroguanidine [NG]

IUPAC Name: Nitroguanidine.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

1

- Methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)urea [UF]

IUPAC Name: 1

- Methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)urea.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

1

- Methyl

- 3

- (tetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)guanidinium dihydrogen phosphate [DN phosphate] (a salt of DN)

IUPAC Name: Not reported.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

3

- (Methylamino)

- 9

- oxa

- 2

- aza

- 4

- azoniabicyclo[4.3.0]non

- 3

- ene hydrogen succinate [BCDN Succinate]

IUPAC Name: 3

- (Methylamino)

- 9

- oxa

- 2

- aza

- 4

- azoniabicyclo[4.3.0]non

- 3

- ene hydrogen succinate.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

### 71

1

- Methylguanidinium chloride [MG Hydrogen chloride]

IUPAC Name: 1

- Methylguanidinium chloride.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

Guanidine [G]

IUPAC Name: Guanidine.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

N

- Methylurea [MU]

IUPAC Name: N

- Methylurea.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

Bis[1

- (3

- hydroxytetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)

- 3

- methylguanidinium] terephthalate [ DN

- 3

- OH ]

IUPAC Name: Bis[1

- (3

- hydroxytetrahydro

- 3

- furylmethyl)

- 3

- methylguanidinium] terephthalate.

CAS Name: Not reported.

CAS Number: Not reported.

### 72 Appendix C. Additional Information on the Honey Bee Field Study

Classification and Conclusions

The submitted field study of foraging honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) after exposure to dinotefuran 70 SG (70% a.i.) applied to cotton fields in Georgia, USA (MRID 48120501) was deemed supplemental (for qualitative use only and not upgradable). It is very important to note that o n account of a poor study design, inadequate raw data reporting 6



### , and multiple additional considerations (see below and Appendix C ), the toxicity determinations cannot be used for risk assessment purposes . However, information regarding residue detections may be informative assuming freezer stability (MRID 48120502) was conducted at

- 20 o 

### C (as reported in the field study), or at an alternative, representative temperature. Therefore, solely on the basis of the residue data, the field study may still be utilized to address long

- term exposure (but not toxicity ) of honey bees

to dinotefuran.

Although bees were exposed to dinotefuran, the dinotefuran residue levels detected in treatment plot samples of nectar, honey, beeswax, and pollen, did not, for the most part, differ greatly from those detected in the control samples, which is indicative of cross contamination in the control plot blossoms and hives (of all three trials in pollen and/or nectar samples) and l ikely foraging of treatment groups on control plots and of control groups on treated plots. For example, only trial 1 samples of nectar in flowers for days 7

and 17 indicated a clear distinction between no residue detected in controls and detected levels ( 0.012

- 0.021 ppm) in both treatment plots; and, in trial 3 day 26 flower nectar samples where no residues were detected in the control, but were detected in the two treatments as 0.013 ppm and <LOQ (0.004 ppm). As a result of the cross

- contamination,

this s tudy is inconclusive in terms of the toxicity of dinotefuran applications on cotton to honey bee hives. In addition, the lack of quantitative data rather than simply presence/absence on overwintering parameters such as egg abundance, larval abundance,

pup al abundance renders the study inconclusive in terms of assessing overwintering success. The data suggest that all colonies (control and treatment) for all three trials were healthy (w/ >4 frames of adults) by approximately 200 days after exposure ( i.e. , S pring colony assessment performed in February for all three trials), with presence of queen, larvae, and eggs. However, the numbers on these hive attributes are not included. Instead, the quantitative data for this time step indicates that all colonies had adults present in all 10 frames of each colony; this was the case for all three trials. Also, an estimate of the number of capped brood was only provided for trial 1, but the difference between control and treatment groups did not appear to be significant . In addition, presence of queens may not be an indicator of overwintering success as new queens were added to hives when queen loss occurred during the study . While re

- queening hives is a common management practice, it is not particularly desirable for fi eld studies as it prevents a test from quantifying the colony's ability to supersede naturally.

The data on toxic effects in this study cannot be used for risk assessment purposes on account of poor study design. Similarly, residue values below the LOQ ( i.e. , a <LOQ

6 S tatistical verification of the adult bee mortality was not possible as the raw data counts were not provided by the study author.

### 73

value that was calculated by integration for samples where residue values were <0.010mg/kg) cannot be used quantitatively in the risk assessment; therefore, the residue analysis is of limited value other than characterizing qualitatively the presence/absence of dinotefuran residues over time. In addition, there are two major metabolites, MNG and DN, for which no residue data are provided in this study. The presence/absence data for residues, particularly in nectar, are important, however, beca use they suggest that residues could potentially be present in extra floral nectaries once flowers have been shed, and dinotefuran (or, total) residues will be present in stored food inside hives for long periods of time ( i.e. , at least 85 days after appli cation). Therefore, honeybee adults and brood will likely be exposed to low levels of dinotefuran for relatively long periods of time, but the toxicity of these levels of residues remains an uncertainty.

Hive placement Three separate trials were performe d (over two years: July

- Aug. 2008; July

- Sept. 2009; August 2009). For each trial, twelve honey bee hives were prepared and maintained on new hive components. Two treated plots were approximately five acres each; one plot received two foliar applications o f 40.5 g a.i./A, and the other plot received two foliar applications of 60.75 g a.i./A. A third plot in the same field was maintained as the non

treated control area. Four hives were randomly assigned to each of three treatments, and placed into the center of the appropriate plot seven days following the final foliar application (non

- treated hives were placed at the far edge of the non

- treated cotton area).

Dinotefuran (initial application) was applied to cotton plants approximately two weeks prior to peak flowering period. The second application was applied one week prior to peak flowering. At the initiation of approximate peak flowering, i.e., 1 week after the second treatment, four test hives were moved to the approximate center of each treated plot. An area of approximately 9 by 9 meters was cleared by mowing. The clearing was made accessible by mowing a 3

- meter wide path from the edge of the field. A shade structure was erected in each treated plot to provide hives relief from direct sunlight.

All hives within a trial location were positioned in the assigned field for a minimum of 27 days ( i.e. , 4

- week exposure period). After removal from the assigned field, all hives were maintained at a common location for the remainder of the study. A final evalu ation of all hives was performed in February following initial exposure of the hives to the test area.

Study design concerns While no statistically significant adverse effects were observed by the study author, this

absence of effects could not be verifie d. The study author did not submit raw data for critical endpoints of concern. Furthermore, the study design does not allow for statistical comparisons. In each of the three trials, large fields were divided into 3 plots which were

used as treatment unit s. Only one plot (ranging in size from 4.7

– 8 acres) per treatment
level within one field (ranging in size from 18

- 30 acres) per year precludes any meaningful statistical comparison within and across trials. Comparison of plots within a trial is not pos sible on account of having no replicates for a given plot within a given trial, which implies that this is an un

- replicated longitudinal study. Also, each year

### 74

represents a unique trial given different environmental conditions and field/hive

management reg imes. Therefore, comparison across trials is also not possible.

The data show that residues were sometimes detected in nectar and pollen from control plots ( e.g. 0.011 ppm in flower nectar at 15 days post

- application in trial 3 and detectable in flower po llen at 27 days post

- application in trial 1). These detections suggest that the plots were so close in each field trial that the control plots likely were exposed to drift from the spray applications in treated plots. The control contamination in flower samples could also be from previous applications of dinotefuran where the residues are still in the soil and available for uptake. Alternatively, it may be possible that control bees foraging on treated plots transferred pollen to control plots and/or hive s. Control hive samples of pollen in every trial (detected at every time point) and nectar in every trial were contaminated with dinotefuran, even in the absence of detectable residues in the sampled flowers from control plots. Given detections of dinotefu ran in hive nectar (plot 1) at day 34, may suggest that nectar was collected by bees from either available flowers or extrafloral nectaries (which are present, but may or may not be active, continuously

– even when flowers fall off). Though dinotefuran det ections were not made on the extrafloral nectaries of cotton plants, the presence of dinotefuran in flower nectar (e.g., up to day 27 post

- application for plot 1 samples) lends strong support for dinotefuran concentrations in extrafloral nectaries given th e common phloem source and dinotefuran‟s systemic properties, which would have implications for long

- term exposure
post

- bloom.

Many of the results for parts of the plants and hive that were sampled were below the level of quantitation; therefore, althoug h detected the magnitude of the residues is unavailable. In addition, a non

- guideline freezer storage stability study (MRID 48120502) did not provide details on the freezer storage conditions (temperature, etc.) and was subsequently classified as „unaccept able, but upgradable.‟ This study would validate whether freezing the samples in

- 20 o 

### C (as reported in this field study MRID 48120501) had an effect on the stability of the samples. Nonetheless, with the

information at hand these residue results indicate t hat the plots were too close together and allowed control bees to forage in treated plots and vice versa. Given the cross

contamination, this study is inadequate to fully assess toxicity to field pollinators.

Other causes of concern in the study design a re listed below:

The study authors only state the limit of quantitation (LOQ), but they do not state the limit of detection. Furthermore, the study employs LC/MS/MS with a limit of quantitation at 0.01 ppm, which is not sensitive enough to quantitatively assess exposure through contaminated food

sources. Given the toxicity of dinotefuran on an acute oral basis (48

- hour

LD 50 

### = 0.0076 g a.i./bee, MRID 45639727), concentrations comparable
( i.e. , 0.06 ppm, where 0.0076 g a.i./bee * [1 bee/0.128g] = 0.06 g a.i./g of bee) to the LOQ (0.01 ppm) may be toxicologically relevant. Bees may have used alternative forage sites since cotton is not a good pollen (protein) source, though it is a very good nectar (carbohydrate)

### 75 source. In addition, all hives within a trial location were positioned in the assigned field for a minimum of 27 days ( i.e. , 4

- week exposure period). It is possible that bloom was in successive decline over the exposure period such that suitable forage for the bees was also reduced.

Colonies ar e potentially fairly young as new foundation and new boxes were used. It appears that frame foundations were constructed close to study initiation in the Spring, so it is unclear how long the bees had to equilibrate (the study authors indicate that hives w ere provided with new foundation stock several weeks before test initiation). Typically, 6

- 8 weeks are required for package bees to equilibrate in their colonies to lay down brood; otherwise, the bees may exert more energy building up the colony rather tha n laying down stores for the test duration. The colonies were treated for disease/pests; however, these treatments apparently were on an as needed basis and were not uniform across study

colonies. The treatment units were treated with a variety of compoun ds including aldicarb (Temik), which is highly toxic to honeybees; however, residue analyses beyond those for dinotefuran were not provided. A full spectrum residue analysis (on pollen and nectar) would have been preferred to

account for additional contami nants and metabolites/degradates of

dinotefuran. Study authors intentionally destroyed queen cells to prevent swarming. Typically, additional frames are added to allow colonies to expand and thus prevent swarming. T he presence of queen cells may be an indicator of colony (queen) performance as bees will not typically attempt to supersede the queen if she is functioning normally and conditions are not crowded in the colony . The fact that several hives swarmed suggests that the colonies

were not suffi ciently monitored and accommodated. New queens were added to hives when queen loss occurred during the study . While re

- queening hives is a common management practice, it is not particularly desirable for field studies as it prevents a test from quantifying the colony's ability to supersede naturally.
Reliance on a flat sheet of fabric (5 x 6 ft) placed on the ground in front of the hive to monitor adult bee mortality may result in counts that are negatively biased as dead bees may be removed by scavengers

. Dead zone dead bee traps (boxes fitted with screens) would have been a better method to employ since they prevent bees and scavengers from removing

dead bees from these observation areas.

Removin g all of the bees from the hive periodically through the stu dy ( i.e.

, right after placement to and before removal from the test site, at 42

- 50 days, and 65

- 78 days) by shaking the frames into a large funnel to get an

estimate of adult bee mass is likely a major stress factor. Trial 1 may have been compromised by the 7.6 inches of rain which fell during an August tropical storm event . Since the compound is systemic, presumably a significant portion of the amount applied roughly one month earlier had been taken up into the plant; however, bees would not have

### 76 forage d on the treated plants for about two days. Pretreatment analysis of hive vigor for trial 2 indicated that there was a difference in the estimated number of capped brood between the control hives and the 300 g ai/ha treatment group. This pretreatment diff erence may affect any future comparisons hive vigor through the study period. The management practices in the “incubation period” were not described. This period immediately followed the exposure period after which the

hives were evaluated for overwinteri ng success. These management practices should be characterized to evaluate the environmental conditions to which the hives were exposed.

Field Study: Exposure Concentrations of dinotefuran residues appear to be higher in flower nectar compared to flower pollen. Residues were detected in nectar samples from treated flowers up to 27 days after application in trial 1 and up to 26 days after application in trials 2 and 3. These time points represent the latest time points that residues were collected from flowers in treated plots. The fact that residues were still present in these flower nectar samples, including one sample that had quantifiable residues of 0.013 ppm (LOQ = 0.004 ppm) after 26 days (trial 3), indicates that residues could potentially be found in nectar from extra floral nectaries in cotton plants as well as the flowers. These nectaries, which are not part of the blossom, may continue to produce nec tar even after bloom that bees will use as a sugar source. Therefore, continual chronic exposure is likely to occur.

Given detections of dinotefuran in hive nectar (plot 1) at day 34, may suggest that nectar was collected by bees from either available flowers or extrafloral nectaries (which are present, but may or may not be active, continuously

– even when flowers fall off). Though dinotefuran detections were not made on the extrafloral nectaries of cotton plants, the presence of dinotefuran in flower nectar (e.g., up to day 27 post

- application for plot 1 samples) lends strong support for dinotefuran concentrations in extrafloral nectaries given the common phloem source and dinotefuran‟s systemic properties, which would have implications for long

- term e xposure post

- bloom.

Furthermore, trial 2 shows that dinotefuran residues can be detected in stored honey inside hives at least 85 days after application, which also suggests the occurrence of long

term chronic exposure inside the hive, which has implicati ons for overwintering success

as well.

### 77 Appendix D . Raw GENEEC Input/Output

RUN No. 1 FOR Dinotefuran ON Forestry * INPUT VALUES *

-------------------------------------------------------------------- RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO

- SPRAY INCORP

ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

-------------------------------------------------------------------- .540( .540) 1 1 31.4 39830.0 GRANUL( .0) .0 .0

FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS)

--------------------------------------------------------------------

METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND

- EFF) (PO ND) (POND)

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 68.00 0 N/A 1.80

- 223.20 82.73 60.36

GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

-------------------------------------------------------------------- PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

------------------------------------------ -------------------------- 28.75 28.48 26.98 23.92 21.89

### 78 Appendix E. LOCATES Output

Species numbers include endangered and threatened bird, mammal, amphibian, reptile, fish (freshwater, freshwater/saltwater) , crustacean, bivalve, gastropod, arachnid, insect, and plant species



### Table E 1 . Number of Endangered Species Potentially Exposed to Dinotefuran with the Proposed Use

Mammals Amphibians Birds Reptiles Arachnids Insects Conf/Cyc Dicot Ferns Lichen Monocots



### Counties 1305 138 1295 372 15 240 8 892 43 22 512

Species 69 17 62 30 12 55 3 569 15 2 58

States 48 11 47 34 5 30 3 46 9 5 45

Table E 2. Number of Endangered Species Potentially Exposed to Dinotefuran with the Proposed Uses

Bivalve Crustacean Fish Gastropod



### Counties 552 74 797 56

Species 70 20 112 72

States 30 13 40 18



# Taxon Count by State for Selected Crops

No species exclusions.

Minimum of 1 Acre Terrestrial, Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater, Subterraneous, Vernal pool, Coastal, Floodplain, Seas. wetland, Perm. wetland


### almonds, chestnuts, hazelnuts (filberts), macadamia nuts, nuts

- all, orchards, other fruits,

nuts and tree crops, other nuts, pecans

- all,

pecans

- improved, pecans

- native and seedling, pistachios, walnuts

- english, christmas

trees, short rotation woody crops, woodland

- all

AL, AK, AS, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FM, FL, GA, GU, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA,

ME, MH, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, MP, an, OA, OP, OH, OK, OR, PW, PA, PR, RI, SC, SD, TN,

TX , UM, UT, VT, VI, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY

Amphibian, Arachnid, Bird, Bivalve, Conf/cycds, Coral, Crustacean, Dicot, Ferns, Fish,

Gastropod, Insect, Lichen, Mammal, Monocot, Reptile

1166 species with crop co

- occurrence:

Frog, California Red

- legged (Rana aurora draytonii) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Frog, Chiricahua Leopard (Rana chiricahuensis) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi DPS) (Rana capito sevosa) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Frog, Mountain

### 79 Yellow

- legged (Rana muscosa) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Barton Springs (Eurycea sosorum) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, California Tiger (Ambystoma californiense) Amphibian Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Salamander, Cheat Mountain (Plethodon nett ingi) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, Desert Slender (Batrachoseps aridus) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods (Ambystoma cingulatum) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, Salamander, Red Hills (Phaeognathus hubrich ti) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Vernal pool

Salamander, San Marcos (Eurycea nana) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, Santa Cruz Long

- toed (Ambystoma macrodactylum Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, croceum) Vernal pool

Salamander, Sh enandoah (Plethodon shenandoah) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Salamander, Sonora Tiger (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, Vernal pool

Salamander, Texas Blind (Typhlomolge rathbuni) Amphibian Freshwater, Toad, Arroyo Southwestern (Bufo californicus (=microscaphus)) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Subterraneous

Toad, Houston (Bufo houstonensis) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave (Texella reddelli) Arachnid Terrestrial,

Subterraneous

Harvestman, Bone Cave (Texella reyesi) Arachnid Terrestrial, Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave (Texella cokendolpheri) Arachnid Terrestrial,

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave (Cicurina venii) Arachnid Terrestrial, Meshweaver,

Governm ent Canyon Bat Cave (Cicurina vespera) Arachnid Terrestrial,

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Madla's Cave (Cicurina madla) Arachnid Terrestrial, Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave (Cicurina baronia) Arachnid Terrestrial,

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave (Tartarocreagris texana) Arachnid Terrestrial, Spider, Government Canyon Bat Cave (Neoleptoneta microps) Arachnid Terrestrial,

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf (Adelocosa anops) Arachnid Terr estrial, Spider, Spruce

fir Moss (Microhexura montivaga) Arachnid Terrestrial

Subterraneous

Spider, Tooth Cave (Leptoneta myopica) Arachnid Terrestrial, 'Akepa, Hawaii (Loxops coccineus coccineus) Bird Terrestrial

Subterraneous

'Akepa, Maui (Loxops c occineus ochraceus) Bird Terrestrial 'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus procerus) (Hemignathus Bird Terrestrial procerus)

'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus munroi) (Hemignathus munroi) Bird Terrestrial Albatross,

Short

- tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater Bobwhite, Masked (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) Bird Terrestrial Caracara, Audubon's Crested (Polyborus plancus audubonii) Bird Terrestrial

Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) Bird Terrestrial Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) (Fulica americana alai) Bird Terrestrial

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Creeper, Hawaii (Oreomystis mana) Bird Terrestrial Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) (Paroreomyza maculata) Bird Terrestrial

Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) (Corvus hawaiiensis) Bird Terrestrial Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) Bird Terrestrial

Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) (Anas wyvilliana) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Eagle, Bald (Halia eetus leucocephalus) Bird Terrestrial

Elepaio, Oahu (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) Bird Terrestrial Falcon, Northern Aplomado (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) Bird Terrestrial

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) Bird Terrestrial Gnatcatcher, Coastal California (Polioptila californica californica) Bird Terrestrial

### 80 Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) (Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) (Buteo solitarius) Bird Terrestrial

Honeycreeper, Crested ('Akohekohe) (Palmeria dolei) Bird Terrestrial Kite, Everglades Snail (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) Bird Terrestrial

Moorhen, Hawaiian Common (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) Bird Terrestrial Murrelet, Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus) Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater,

Saltwater

'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) (Moho braccatus) Bird Terrestrial 'O'u (Honeycreeper) (Psittirostra psittacea) Bird Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) Bird Terrestrial Owl, Northern Spotted (Strix occide ntalis caurina) Bird Terrestrial

Palila (Loxioides bailleui) Bird Terrestrial Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) Bird Terrestrial

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark

- rumped (Pterodroma phaeopygia Bird Terrestrial Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) Bird Terrestrial sandwichensis)

Plover, Western Snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Bird Terrestrial Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) Bird Terrestrial

Prairie

- chicken, Attwater's Greater (Tympanuchus cupido Bird Terrestrial Rail, California Clapper (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) Bird Terrestrial attwateri)

Rail, Light

- footed Clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes) Bird Terrestrial Rail, Yuma Clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Bird Terrestrial

Scrub

- Jay, Florida (Aphelocoma coerulescens) Bird Terrestrial Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's (Puffinus auricularis newelli) Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) Bird Terrestrial Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) Bird Terrestrial

Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum Bird Terrestrial Sparrow, San Clemente Sage (Amphispiza belli clementeae) Bird Terrestrial floridanus)

Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) Bird Terrestrial Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) Bird Terrestrial

Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro) (Aerodramus vanikorensis Bird Terrestrial Tern, California Least (Sterna antillarum browni) Bird Terrestrial bartschi)

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) Bird T errestrial Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) Bird Terrestrial

Thrush, Large Kauai (Myadestes myadestinus) Bird Terrestrial Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) (Myadestes palmeri) Bird Terrestrial

Vireo, Black

- capped (Vireo atricapilla) Bird Terrestrial Vireo, Least Bell's (Vireo bellii pusillus) Bird Terrestrial

Warbler (=Wood), Golden

- cheeked (Dendroica chrysoparia) Bird Terrestrial Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) Bird Terrestrial

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) Bird Terrestrial Woodpecker, Ivory

- billed (Campephilus principalis) Bird Terrestrial

Woodpecker, Red

- cockaded (Picoides borealis) Bird Terrestrial Bankclimber, Purple (Elliptoideus sloatianus) Bivalve Freshwater

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent mussel) (E pioblasma penita) Bivalve Freshwater Combshell, Upland (Epioblasma metastriata) Bivalve Freshwater

Elktoe, Appalachian (Alasmidonta raveneliana) Bivalve Freshwater Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) Bivalve Freshwater

Fatmucket, Arkansas (Lampsilis powelli) Bivalve Freshwater Kidneyshell, Triangular (Ptychobranchus greenii) Bivalve Freshwater

Mucket, Orange

- nacre (Lampsilis perovalis) Bivalve Freshwater Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Acornshell Southern (Epioblasm a othcaloogensis) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) Clubshell (Pleurobema curtum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) Bivalve Freshwater

### 81 Mussel , Coosa Moccasinshell (Medionidus parvulus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe (Alasmidonta atropurpurea) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe (Pleurobema gibberum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Dark Pigtoe (Pleurobema furvum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Fat Threeridge (Amblema neislerii) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Fine

lined Pocketbook (Lampsilis altilis) B ivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Fine

- rayed Pigtoe (Fusconaia cuneolus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's Mussel) (Pleurobema marshalli) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Heavy

P igtoe (=Judge Tait's Mussel) (Pleurobema Bivalve Freshwater taitianum)

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina (Lasmigona decorata) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated (Potamilus inflatus) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ochlockonee Moccasinshell (Medion idus simpsonianus) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Oval Pigtoe (Pleurobema pyriforme) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Oyster (Epioblasma capsaeformis) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly) (Obovaria retusa) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe (Fusconaia cor) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Shiny

- rayed Pocketboo k (Lampsilis subangulata) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Southern Clubshell (Pleurobema decisum) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) Bivalve Freshwater Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook (Lampsilis streckeri) Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel , Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlshell, Louisiana (Margaritifera hembeli) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp (Lampsilis virescens) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Appalachian Monkeyface (Quadrula sparsa) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Birdwing (Conradilla caelata) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean (Villosa trabalis) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Cumberland Monkeyface (Quadrula interme dia) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Curtis' (Epioblasma florentina curtisii) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Dromedary (Dromus dromas) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel,

Green

- blossom (Epioblasma torulosa Bivalve Freshwater gubernaculum)

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel,

Little

- wing (Pegias fabula) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Orange

- footed (Plethobasus cooperianus) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput (Toxolasma cylindrellus) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel,

Tubercled

- blossom (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Turgid

- blossom (Epioblasma turgidula) Bivalve Freshwater Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus) Bivalve Freshwater Pearl ymussel,

Yellow

- blossom (Epioblasma florentina florentina) Bivalve Freshwater

Purple Bean (Villosa perpurpurea) Bivalve Freshwater Rabbitsfoot, Rough (Quadrula cylindrica strigillata) Bivalve Freshwater Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) Bivalve Freshwater Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri)) Bivalve Freshwater

Rock

- pocketbook, Ouachita (=Wheeler's pm) (Arkansia Bivalve Freshwater Slabshell, Chipola (Elliptio chipolaensis) Bivalve Freshwater

Spinymussel, James River (Pleurobema collina) Bivalve Freshwater Spinymussel, Tar River (Elliptio steinstansana) Bivalve Freshwater

Stirrupshell (Quadrula stapes) Bivalve Freshwater Cypress, Gowen

### 82 (Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana) Conf/cycds Terrestrial

Cypress, Santa Cruz (Cupressus abramsiana) Conf/cycds Terrestrial Torreya, Florida (Torreya taxifolia) Conf/cycds Terrestrial

Amphipod, Illinois Cave (Gammarus acherondytes) Crustacean Freshwater, Amphipod, Kauai Cave (Spelaeorchestia koloana) Crustacean Freshwater,

S ubterraneous Subterraneous

Amphipod, Noel's (Gammarus desperatus) Crustacean Freshwater Amphipod, Peck's Cave (Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki) Crustacean Freshwater, Subterraneous

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus aculabrum) (Cambarus aculabrum) Crustacean Freshwater Crayfish, Nashville (Orconectes shoupi) Crustacean Freshwater

Crayfish, Shasta (Pacifastacus fortis) Crustacean Freshwater Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy (Branchinecta conservatio) Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn (Branchinecta longiantenna) Crustacean Vernal pool Fairy Shrimp, Riverside (Streptocephalus woottoni) Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, San Diego (Branchinecta sandiegonensis) Crustacean Vernal pool Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Branchinecta lynchi) Crustacean Vernal p ool

Isopod, Lee County Cave (Lirceus usdagalun) Crustacean Freshwater Isopod, Madison Cave (Antrolana lira) Crustacean Freshwater

Isopod, Socorro (Thermosphaeroma thermophilus) Crustacean Freshwater Shrimp, Alabama Cave (Palaemonias alabamae) Crustacean Freshwater

Shrimp, California Freshwater (Syncaris pacifica) Crustacean Freshwater Shrimp, Kentucky Cave (Palaemonias ganteri) Crustacean Freshwater

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave (Palaemonetes cummingi) Crustacean Freshwater, Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Lepidurus packardi) Crustacean Vernal pool

Subterraneous

Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) (Abutilon sandwicense) Dicot Terrestrial Achyranthes mutica (ncn) (Achyranthes mutica) Dicot Terrestrial

Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (ncn) (Achyranthes Dicot Terrestrial Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin (Pseudobahia peirsonii) Dicot Terrestrial splendens var. rotundata)

A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum) (Zanthoxylum Dicot Terrestrial A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) Dicot Terrestri al dipetalum var. tomentosum)

'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) (Nothocestrum breviflorum) Dicot Terrestrial 'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) (Nothocestrum peltatum) Dicot Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana) (Chamaesyce Dicot Terrestr ial 'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) (Chamaesyce deppeana) Dicot Terrestrial celastroides var. kaenana)

'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) (Chamaesyce herbstii) Dicot Terrestrial 'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) Dicot Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) (Chamaesyce rockii) Dicot Terrestrial 'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbe (Chamaesyce Dicot Terrestrial skottsbergii var. kalaeloana)

'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) (Euphorbia haeleeleana) Dicot Terrestrial Alani (Melicope adscendens) (Melicope adscendens) Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope balloui) (Melicope balloui) Dicot Terrestrial Alani (Melicope haupuensis) (Melicope haupuensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope knudsenii) (Melicope knudsenii) Dicot Terrestrial Alani (Melicope lydgatei) (Melicope lydgatei) Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope mucronulata) (Melicope mucronulata) Dicot Terrestrial Alani (Melicope ovalis) (Melicope ovalis) Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope pallida) (Melicope pallida) Dicot Terrestrial Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) (Melicope quadrangularis) Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope saint

-

johnii) (Melicope saint

-

johnii) Dicot Terrestrial Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) (Melicope zahlbruckneri) Dicot Terrestrial

Allocarya, Calistoga (Plagioboth rys strictus) Dicot Vernal pool Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) (Alsinidendron obovatum) Dicot Terrestrial

### 83 Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) (Alsinidendron trinerve) Dicot Terrestrial Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) (Alsinidendron viscosum) Dicot Terrestrial

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) Dicot Coastal Ambrosia, San Diego (Ambrosia pumila) Dicot Terrestrial

Ambrosia, South Texas (Ambrosia cheiranthifolia) Dicot Terrestrial Amphianthus, Little (Amphianthus pusillus) Dicot Freshwater

'Anaunau (Lepidiu m arbuscula) (Lepidium arbuscula) Dicot Terrestrial 'Anunu (Sicyos alba) (Sicyos alba) Dicot Terrestrial

Aster, Decurrent False (Boltonia decurrens) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Aster, Florida Golden (Chrysopsis floridana) Dicot Terrestrial

Aster, Ruth's Golden (Pityopsis ruthii) Dicot Terrestrial Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) (Isodendrion hosakae) Dicot Terrestrial

Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) (Isodendrion laurifolium) Dicot Terrestrial Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) (Isodendrion longifolium) Dicot Terrestrial

Avens, Spreading (Geum radiatum) Dicot Terrestrial 'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) (Centaurium sebaeoides) Dicot Terrestrial

'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) (Hedyotis cookiana) Dicot Terrestrial Ayenia, Texas (Ayenia limitaris) Dicot Terrest rial

Baccharis, Encinitas (Baccharis vanessae) Dicot Terrestrial Barbara Buttons, Mohr's (Marshallia mohrii) Dicot Terrestrial

Barberry, Island (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis) Dicot Terrestrial Barberry, Nevin's (Berberis nevinii) Dicot Terrestrial

Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf (Arctomecon humilis) Dicot Terrestrial Beardtongue, Penland (Penstemon penlandii) Dicot Terrestrial

Bedstraw, El Dorado (Galium californicum ssp. sierrae) Dicot Terrestrial Bedstraw, Island (Galium buxifolium) Dicot Terrestrial

Bell flower, Brooksville (Campanula robinsiae) Dicot Terrestrial Birch, Virginia

Round

- leaf (Betula uber) Dicot Floodplain

Bird's

- beak, Palmate

- bracted (Cordylanthus palmatus) Dicot Terrestrial Bird's

- beak, Pennell's (Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris) Dicot Terrestrial

Bird's

- beak, salt marsh (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus) Dicot Saltwater Bird's

- beak, Soft (Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) Dicot Brackish, Saltwater

Birds

- in

- a

- nest, White (Macbridea alba) Dicot Terrestrial Bittercress,

Small

- anther ed (Cardamine micranthera) Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs (Lesquerella congesta) Dicot Terrestrial Bladderpod, Kodachrome (Lesquerella tumulosa) Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, Lyrate (Lesquerella lyrata) Dicot Terrestrial Bladderpod,

Missouri (Lesquerella filiformis) Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains (Lesquerella kingii ssp. Dicot Terrestrial Bladderpod, Spring Creek (Lesquerella perforata) Dicot Floodplain bernardina)

Bladderpod, White (Lesquerella pallida) Dicot Terr estrial Bladderpod, Zapata (Lesquerella thamnophila) Dicot Terrestrial

Blazing Star, Ash Meadows (Mentzelia leucophylla) Dicot Terrestrial Blazing Star, Heller's (Liatris helleri) Dicot Terrestrial

Blazing Star, Scrub (Liatris ohlingerae) Dicot Terrestrial Bluecurls, Hidden Lake (Trichostema austromontanum ssp. Dicot Terrestrial compactum)

Blue

- star, Kearney's (Amsonia kearneyana) Dicot Terrestrial Bluet, Roan Mountain (Hedyotis purpurea var. montana) Dicot Terrestrial

Bonamia menziesii (ncn) (Bonamia menziesii) Dicot Terrestrial Bonamia, Florida (Bonamia grandiflora) Dicot Terrestrial

Boxwood, Vahl's (Buxus vahlii) Dicot Terrestrial Broom, San Clemente Island (Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae) Dicot Terrestrial

Buckwheat, Cushenbury (Eriogon um ovalifolium var. vineum) Dicot Terrestrial Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) (Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. Dicot Terrestrial prostratum))

Buckwheat, Scrub (Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium) Dicot Terrestrial Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild (Eriogonum kennedyi var. Dicot Terrestrial

### 84 austromontanu m)

Buckwheat, Steamboat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. williamsiae) Dicot Terrestrial Bush

- mallow, San Clemente Island (Malacothamnus clementinus) Dicot Terrestrial Bush

- mallow, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. Dicot Terrestrial Buttercup, Autumn (Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis)) Dicot Terrestrial nesioticus)

Butterfly Plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis) Dicot Terrestrial But terweed, Layne's (Senecio layneae) Dicot Terrestrial

Butterwort, Godfrey's (Pinguicula ionantha) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Button

- celery, San Diego (Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog (Echinocereus trigloch idiatus var. Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Bakersfield (Opuntia treleasei) Dicot Terrestrial arizonicus)

Cactus, Black Lace (Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Brady Pincushion (Pediocactus bradyi) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Bunched Cory (Coryphantha ramillosa) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Chisos Mountain Hedgehog (Echinocereus chisoensis var. Dicot Terrestrial chisoensis)

Cactus, Cochise Pincushion (Coryphantha robbinsorum) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Knowlton (Pediocactus kno wltonii) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog (Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Lee Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa (Echinomastus mariposensis) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Mesa Verde (Sclerocactus mesae

- verdae) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Nellie Cory (Coryphantha minima) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head (Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. Dicot Terrestrial nicholii)

Cactus, Peebles Navajo (Pediocactus peeblesianus peeblesianus) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Pima Pineapple (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, San Rafael (Pediocactus despainii) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Siler Pincushion (Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) Dico t Terrestrial sileri)

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Star (Astrophytum asterias) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook (Ancistrocactus tobuschii) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Uinta

Basin hookless (Sclerocactus wetlandicus) Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Winkler (Pediocactus winkleri) Dicot Terrestrial Cactus, Wright Fishhook (Sclerocactus wrightiae) Dicot Terrestrial

Campion, Fringed (Silene polypetala) Dicot Terrestrial Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) Dicot Terrestrial

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) (Catesbaea melanocarpa) Dicot Terrestrial Cat's

- eye, Terlingua Creek (Cryptantha crassipes) Dicot Terrestrial

Ceanothus, Coyote (Ceanothus ferrisae) Dicot Terrestrial Ceanothus, Pine Hill (Ceanoth us roderickii) Dicot Terrestrial

Ceanothus, Vail Lake (Ceanothus ophiochilus) Dicot Terrestrial Centaury, Spring

- loving (Centaurium namophilum) Dicot Terrestrial

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) Dicot Terrestrial Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) (Cham aesyce halemanui) Dicot Terrestrial

Checker

- mallow, Keck's (Sidalcea keckii) Dicot Terrestrial Checker

mallow, Kenwood Marsh (Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida) Dicot Terrestrial

Checker

- mallow, Nelson's (Sidalcea nelsoniana) Dicot Terrestrial Checker

mallow, Pedate (Sidalcea pedata) Dicot Terrestrial

Checker

- mallow, Wenatchee Mountains (Sidalcea oregana var. Dicot Terrestrial Clarkia, Pismo (Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata) Dicot Terrestrial calva)

Clarkia, Presidio (Clarkia franciscana) Dicot Terrestrial Clarkia, Springville (Clarkia springvillensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Clarkia, Vine Hill (Clarkia imbricata) Dicot Terrestrial Cliffrose,

### 85 Arizona (Purshia (=cowania) subintegra) Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Fleshy Owl's (Castilleja campestris ssp. su cculenta) Dicot Vernal pool Clover, Leafy Prairie (Dalea foliosa) Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Monterey (Trifolium trichocalyx) Dicot Terrestrial Clover, Prairie Bush (Lespedeza leptostachya) Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) Dicot Terrestrial Clover, Showy Indian (Trifolium amoenum) Dicot Terrestrial

Coneflower, Smooth (Echinacea laevigata) Dicot Terrestrial Coneflower, Tennessee Purple (Echinacea tennesseensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Coyote

- thistle, Loch Lomond (Eryngium constancei) Dicot Terrestrial Crownbeard, Big

- leaved (Verbesina dissita) Dicot Terrestrial

Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley (Atriplex coronata var. notatior) Dicot Terrestrial Cyanea undulata (ncn) (Cyanea undulata) Dicot Terrestrial

Cycladenia, Jones (Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)) Dicot Terrestrial Daisy, Lakeside (Hymenoxys herbacea) Dicot Freshwater

Daisy, Maguire (Erigeron maguirei) Dicot Freshwater Daisy, Parish's (Erigeron parishii) Dicot Freshwater

Daisy, Willamette (Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens) Dicot Terrestrial Dawn

- flower, Texas Prairie (=Texas Bitterweed) (Hymenoxys Dicot Terrestrial texana)

Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) (Delissea rhytidosperma) Dicot Terrestrial Dogweed, Ashy (Thymophylla tephroleuca) Dicot Terrestrial

Drop wort, Canby's (Oxypolis canbyi) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Dubautia latifolia (ncn) (Dubautia latifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) (Dubautia pauciflorula) Dicot Terrestrial Dudleya, Conejo (Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva) Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Marcescent (Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens) Dicot Terrestrial Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley (Dudleya setchellii) Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island (Dudleya nesiotica) Dicot Terrestrial Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains (Dudley a cymosa ssp. Dicot Terrestrial ovatifolia)

Dudleya, Verity's (Dudleya verityi) Dicot Terrestrial Dwarf

- flax, Marin (Hesperolinon congestum) Dicot Terrestrial

Evening

- primrose, Antioch Dunes (Oenothera deltoides ssp. Dicot Terrestrial Evening

primrose , San Benito (Camissonia benitensis) Dicot Terrestrial howellii)

Fiddleneck, Large

- flowered (Amsinckia grandiflora) Dicot Terrestrial Flannelbush, Mexican (Fremontodendron mexicanum) Dicot Terrestrial

Flannelbush, Pine Hill (Fremontodendron californicum ssp. Dicot Terrestrial Fleabane, Zuni (Erigeron rhizomatus) Dicot Terrestrial decumbens)

Four

- o'clock, Macfarlane's (Mirabilis macfarlanei) Dicot Terrestrial Frankenia, Johnston's (Frankenia johnstonii) Dicot Terrestrial

Fringe Tree, Pygmy (Chionanthus pygmaeus) Dicot Terrestrial Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island (Thysanocarpus conchuliferus) Dicot Terrestrial

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) (Geocarpon minimum) Dicot Terrestrial Geranium,

Hawaiian Red

- flowered (Geranium arboreum) Dicot Terrestrial

Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) Dicot Terrestrial Gilia,

Hoffmann's Slender

- flowered (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. Dicot Terrestrial hoffmannii)

Gilia, Monterey (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria) Dicot Terrestrial Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's (Pseudobahia bahiifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge (Solidago spithamaea) Dicot Terrestrial Goldenrod, Houghton's (Solidago houghtonii) Dicot Terrestrial

Goldenrod, Short's (Solidago shortii) Dicot Terr estrial Goldenrod,

White

- haired (Solidago albopilosa) Dicot Terrestrial

Goldfields, Burke's (Lasthenia burkei) Dicot Terrestrial Goldfields,

### 86 Contra Costa (Lasthenia conjugens) Dicot Terrestrial

Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Ribes echinellum) Dicot Terrestrial Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) (Gouania hillebrandii) Dicot Terrestrial

Gouania meyenii (ncn) (Gouania meyenii) Dicot Terrestrial Gouania vitifolia (ncn) (Gouania vitifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Gourd, Okeechobee (Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. Dicot Terrestria l Grass, Hairy Orcutt (Orcuttia pilosa) Dicot Vernal pool okeechobeensis)

Grass, Sacramento Orcutt (Orcuttia viscida) Dicot Vernal pool Grass, Slender Orcutt (Orcuttia tenuis) Dicot Vernal pool

Ground

- plum, Guthrie's (Astragalus bibullatus) Dicot Terrestrial Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks (Senecio franciscanus) Dicot Terrestrial

Gumplant, Ash Meadows (Grindelia fraxino

- pratensis) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea acuminata) (Cyanea acuminata) Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) (Cyanea asarif olia) Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii) (Cyanea copelandii ssp. Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis) (Cyanea copelandii Dicot Terrestrial copelandii) ssp. haleakalaensis)

Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia crispa) (Cyanea (=Rollandia) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea glabra) (Cyanea glabra) Dicot Terrestrial crispa)

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana) (Cyanea grimesiana Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. ob atae) (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Dicot Terrestrial ssp. grimesiana) obatae)

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) (Cyanea hamatiflora Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora) (Cyanea hamatiflora Dicot Terrestrial ssp. Carlsonii) s sp. hamatiflora)

Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) (Cyanea humboldtiana) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) (Cyanea koolauensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea lobata) (Cyanea lobata) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea longiflora) (Cyanea longiflora) Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) (Cyanea mceldowneyi) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) (Cyanea pinnatifida) Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) (Cyanea platyphylla) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea recta) (Cyanea recta) Dicot Terre strial

Haha (Cyanea remyi) (Cyanea remyi) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) (Cyanea shipmannii) Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) (Cyanea stictophylla) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea

St

- Johnii) (=Rollandia St

- Johnii) (Cyanea st

- Dicot Terrestrial johnii)

Haha (Cyanea superba) (Cyanea superba) Dicot Terrestrial Haha (Cyanea truncata) (Cyanea truncata) Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) (Cyrtandra crenata) Dicot Terrestrial Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) (Cyrtandra dentata) Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) (Cyrtandra giffardii) Dicot Terrestrial Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) (Cyrtandra munroi) Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) (Cyrtandra polyantha) Dicot Terrestrial Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra subumbell ata) (Cyrtandra subumbellata) Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) Dicot Terrestrial Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) (Cyrtandra viridiflora) Dicot Terrestrial

Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) (Haplostachys haplostachya) Dicot Terrestrial Harebells, Avon Park (Crotalaria avonensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) Dicot Freshwater Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus woodi) (Hibiscadelphus woodii) Dicot Terrestrial

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus distan s) (Hibiscadelphus distans) Dicot Terrestrial Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus) (Hibiscadelphus Dicot Terrestrial giffardianus)

### 87 Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis) (Hibiscadelphus Dicot Terrestrial Heartleaf,

Dwarf

- flowered (Hexastylis n aniflora) Dicot Terrestrial hualalaiensis)

Heather, Mountain Golden (Hudsonia montana) Dicot Terrestrial Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) (Exocarpos luteolus) Dicot Terrestrial

Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) (Hedyotis degeneri) Dicot Terrestrial Hedyotis parvula (ncn) (Hedyotis parvula) Dicot Terrestrial

Hedyotis St.

- Johnii (ncn) (Hedyotis st.

- johnii) Dicot Terrestrial Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn) (Hesperomannia arborescens) Dicot Terrestrial

Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) (Hesperomannia arbuscula) Dicot Terre strial Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) (Hesperomannia lydgatei) Dicot Terrestrial

Hibiscus, Clay's (Hibiscus clayi) Dicot Terrestrial Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) Dicot Freshwat er Hypericum, Highlands Scrub (Hypericum cumulicola) Dicot Terrestrial

Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) (Wilkesia hobdyi) Dicot Terrestrial Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost (Ipomopsis sancti

- spiritus) Dicot Terrestrial

Ivesia, Ash Meadows (Ivesia kingii var. eremica) Dicot Terrestrial Jacquemontia, Beach (Jacquemontia reclinata) Dicot Terrestrial, Coastal

Jewelflower, California (Caulanthus californicus) Dicot Terrestrial Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon (Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus) Dicot Terrestrial

Jewelflower, Tiburon (Streptanthus niger) Dicot Terrestrial Joint

- vetch, Sensitive (Aeschynomene virginica) Dicot Terrestrial, Brackish

Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae) (Labordia cyrtandrae) Dicot Terrestrial Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) (Labordia lydgatei) Dicot Terrestria l

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaen) (Labordia Dicot Terrestrial Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) (Colubrina oppositifolia) Dicot Terrestrial tinifolia var. wahiawaensis)

Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) Dicot Terrestrial Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) (Hedyotis coriacea) Dicot Terrestrial

Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa) (Phyllostegia racemosa) Dicot Terrestrial Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) (Kokia drynarioides) Dicot Terrestrial

Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) (Kokia kauaiensis) Dicot Terrestrial Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae) (Hibiscus Dicot Terrestrial waimeae ssp. hannerae)

Kolea (Myrsine juddii) (Myrsine juddii) Dicot Terrestrial Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) (Myrsine linearifolia) Dicot Terres trial

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha) (Bidens micrantha Dicot Terrestrial Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) (Abutilon menziesii) Dicot Terrestrial ssp. kalealaha)

Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron lychnoides) (Alsinidendron Dicot Terrestrial Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) (Nototrichium humile) Dicot Terrestrial lychnoides)

Larkspur, Baker's (Delphinium bakeri) Dicot Terrestrial Larkspur, San Clemente Island (Delphinium variegatum ssp. Dicot Terrestrial kinkiense)

Larkspur, Yellow (Delphiniu m luteum) Dicot Terrestrial Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago hawaiensis) (Plantago hawaiensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago princeps) (Plantago princeps) Dicot Terrestrial Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) (Schiedea stellarioides) Dicot Terrestrial

Layia, Beach (Layia carnosa) Dicot Terrestrial, Coastal Lead

- plant, Crenulate (Amorpha crenulata) Dicot Terrestrial

Leather

- flower, Alabama (Clematis socialis) Dicot Terrestrial Leather

- flower, Morefield's (Clematis morefieldii) Dicot Terrestrial

Lessingia, San Francisco (Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. Dicot Terrestrial Liliwai (Acaena exigua) (Acaena exigua) Dicot Terrestrial germanorum))

Liveforever, Laguna Beach (Dudleya stolonifera) Dicot Terrestrial Liveforever,

### 88 Santa Barbara Island (Dudleya traskiae) Dicot Terrestrial

Lobelia monostachya (ncn) (Lobelia monostachya) Dicot Terrestrial Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) (Lobelia niihauensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) (Lobelia oahuensis) Dicot Terrestrial Locoweed, Fassett's (Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea) Dicot Terrestrial

Lomatium, Bradshaw's (Lomatium bradshawii) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Lomatium, Cook's (Lomatium cookii) Dicot Vernal pool

Loosestrife, Rough

- leaved (Lysimachia asperulaefolia) Dicot Te rrestrial Lousewort, Furbish (Pedicularis furbishiae) Dicot Terrestrial

Lupine, Clover (Lupinus tidestromii) Dicot Coastal Lupine, Kincaid's (Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii Dicot Terrestrial (=var. kincaidii))

Lupine, Nipomo Mesa (Lupinu s nipomensis) Dicot Coastal Lupine, Scrub (Lupinus aridorum) Dicot Terrestrial

Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) (Lysimachia filifolia) Dicot Terrestrial Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) (Lysimachia lydgatei) Dicot Terrestrial

Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) (Alectryon macrococcus) Dicot Terrestrial Makou (Peucedanum sandwicense) (Peucedanum sandwicense) Dicot Terrestrial

Malacothrix, Island (Malacothrix squalida) Dicot Terrestrial Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothrix indecora) Dicot Terrestrial

Mallow, Kern (Er emalche kernensis) Dicot Terrestrial Mallow, Peter's Mountain (Iliamna corei) Dicot Terrestrial

Manioc, Walker's (Manihot walkerae) Dicot Terrestrial Manzanita, Del Mar (Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Manzanita, Ione (Arctostaphylos myrtifolia) Dicot Terrestrial Manzanita, Morro (Arctostaphylos morroensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Manzanita, Pallid (Arctostaphylos pallida) Dicot Terrestrial Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island (Arctostaphylos confertiflora) Dicot Terrestrial

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) (Schiedea apokremnos) Dicot Terrestrial Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) (Schiedea kealiae) Dicot Terrestrial

Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) Dicot Terrestrial Meadowfoam, Butte County (Limnanthes floccos a ssp. Dicot Vernal pool californica)

Meadowfoam, Large

- flowered Woolly (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Dicot Vernal pool Meadowfoam, Sebastopol (Limnanthes vinculans) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Grandiflora)

Meadowrue, Cooley's (Thalictrum cooleyi) Dicot Terrestrial Mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea) (Flueggea neowawraea) Dicot Terrestrial

Milkpea, Small's (Galactia smallii) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Applegate's (Astragalus applegatei) Dicot Terrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Ash Meadows (Astragalus phoenix ) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Braunton's (Astragalus brauntonii) Dicot Terrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Clara Hunt's (Astragalus clarianus) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Coachella Valley (Astragalus lentiginosus var. Dicot Terrestrial coachellae)

Milk

- vetch, Coastal Dunes (Astragalus tener var. titi) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Cushenbury (Astragalus albens) Dicot Terrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Deseret (Astragalus desereticus) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Heliotrope (Astragalus montii) Dicot Terrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Holmgren (Astragalus holmgreniorum) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Jesup's (Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi) Dicot Terrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Mancos (Astragalus humillimus) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Osterhout (Astragalus osterhoutii) Dicot Te rrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Pierson's (Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Sentry (Astragalus cremnophylax var. Dicot Terrestrial

Milk

- vetch, Triple

- ribbed (Astragalus tricarinatus) Dicot Terrestrial Milk

- vetch, Ventura Marsh ( Astragalus pycnostachyus var. Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

### 89 lanosissimus)

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) Dicot Terrestrial Milkweed, Welsh's (Asclepias welshii) Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, Garrett's (Dicerandra christmanii) Dicot Terrestrial Mint, Lakela's (Dicerandra immaculata) Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, Longspurred (Dicerandra cornutissima) Dicot Terrestrial Mint, Otay Mesa (Pogogyne nudiuscula) Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, San Diego Mesa (Pogogyne abramsii) Dicot Terrestrial Mint, Scrub (Dicerandra fr utescens) Dicot Terrestrial

Monardella, Willowy (Monardella linoides ssp. viminea) Dicot Terrestrial Monkey

- flower, Michigan (Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Monkshood, Northern Wild (Aconitum noveboracense) Dicot Terr estrial Morning

- glory, Stebbins (Calystegia stebbinsii) Dicot Terrestrial

Mountainbalm, Indian Knob (Eriodictyon altissimum) Dicot Terrestrial Mountain

mahogany, Catalina Island (Cercocarpus traskiae) Dicot Terrestrial

Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) (Munroidendron racemosum) Dicot Terrestrial Mustard, Carter's (Warea carteri) Dicot Terrestrial

Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen (Eutrema penlandii) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Mustard,

Slender

- petaled (Thelypodium stenopetalum) Dicot Terrestrial

Na'ena'e ( Dubautia herbstobatae) (Dubautia herbstobatae) Dicot Terrestrial Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis) (Dubautia Dicot Terrestrial plantaginea ssp. humilis)

Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis) (Viola Dicot Terrestrial Nanu (Gard enia mannii) (Gardenia mannii) Dicot Terrestrial kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis)

Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) (Gardenia brighamii) Dicot Terrestrial Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola coriacea) (Scaevola coriacea) Dicot Terrestrial

Navarretia, Few

- flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Dicot Terrestrial, Vernal pool Navarretia, Many

- flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Dicot Terrestrial, Vernal pool Pauciflora) plieantha)

Navarretia, Spreading (Navarretia fossalis) Dicot Vernal pool Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla) (Lipochaeta lobata Dicot Terrestrial var. leptophylla)

Neraudia angulata (ncn) (Neraudia angulata) Dicot Terrestrial Neraudia ovata (ncn) (Neraudia ovata) Dicot Terrestrial

Neraudia sericea (ncn) (Neraudi a sericea) Dicot Terrestrial Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) (Eugenia koolauensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Niterwort, Amargosa (Nitrophila mohavensis) Dicot Terrestrial Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) (Geranium multiflorum) Dicot Terrestrial

Oak, Hinckley (Quercus hinckleyi) Dicot Terrestrial 'Oha (Delissea rivularis) (Delissea rivularis) Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha (Delissea subcordata) (Delissea subcordata) Dicot Terrestrial 'Oha (Delissea undulata) (Delissea undulata) Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii koo lauensis) (Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. Dicot Terrestrial 'Oha Wai (Clermontia drepanomorpha) (Clermontia Dicot Terrestrial koolauensis) drepanomorpha)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) (Clermontia lindseyana) Dicot Terrestrial 'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongi folia ssp. mauiensis) (Clermontia Dicot Terrestrial oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) (Clermontia peleana) Dicot Terrestrial 'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) (Clermontia pyrularia) Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) (Clermontia samuelii) Dicot Terrestrial 'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) (Sesbania tomentosa) Dicot Terrestrial

'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa) (Tetraplasandra Dicot Terrestrial 'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) (Brighamia insignis) Dicot Terrestrial gymnocarpa)

### 90 Opuhe (Urera kaalae) (Urera kaalae) Dicot Terrestrial Oxytheca, Cushenbury (Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana) Dicot Terrestrial

Paintbrush, Ash

- grey Indian (Castilleja cinerea) Dicot Terrestrial Paintbrush, Golden (Castilleja levisecta) Dicot Terrestrial

Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian (Castilleja grisea) Dicot Terrestrial Paintbrush,

Soft

- leaved (Castilleja mollis) Dicot Terrestrial

Paintbrush, Tiburon (Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta) Dicot Terrestrial Pamakani (Viola chamisso niana ssp. chamissoniana) (Viola Dicot Terrestrial

chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana)

Pawpaw, Beautiful (Deeringothamnus pulchellus) Dicot Terrestrial Pawpaw, Four

petal (Asimina tetramera) Dicot Terrestrial

Pawpaw, Rugel's (Deeringothamnus rugelii) Dic ot Terrestrial Penny

- cress, Kneeland Prairie (Thlaspi californicum) Dicot Terrestrial

Pennyroyal, Todsen's (Hedeoma todsenii) Dicot Terrestrial Penstemon, Blowout (Penstemon haydenii) Dicot Terrestrial

Pentachaeta, Lyon's (Pentachaeta lyonii) Dicot Terrestrial Pentachaeta,

White

- rayed (Pentachaeta bellidiflora) Dicot Terrestrial

Peppergrass, Slick Spot (Lepidium papilliferum) Dicot Terrestrial, Floodplain Phacelia, Clay (Phacelia argillacea) Dicot Terrestrial

Phacelia, Island (Phacelia insularis ss p. insularis) Dicot Terrestrial Phacelia, North Park (Phacelia formosula) Dicot Terrestrial

Phlox, Texas Trailing (Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis) Dicot Terrestrial Phlox, Yreka (Phlox hirsuta) Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) (Phyllostegia hirs uta) Dicot Terrestrial Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) (Phyllostegia kaalaensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) (Phyllostegia knudsenii) Dicot Terrestrial Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) (Phyllostegia mannii) Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) (Phyllostegia mollis) Dicot Terrestrial Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) (Phyllostegia parviflora) Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) (Phyllostegia velutina) Dicot Terrestrial Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) (Phyllostegia waimeae) Dicot Terrestr ial

Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) (Phyllostegia warshaueri) Dicot Terrestrial Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) (Phyllostegia wawrana) Dicot Terrestrial

Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) (Hedyotis mannii) Dicot Terrestrial Pinkroot, Gentian (Spigelia gentianoides) Dicot Terrestrial

Pitaya, Davis' Green (Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii) Dicot Terrestrial Pitcher

- plant, Alabama Canebrake (Sarracenia rubra alabamensis) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Pitcher

- plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Pitcher

- plant, Mountain Sweet (Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Plum, Scrub (Prunus geniculata) Dicot Terrestrial Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) (Portulaca sclerocarpa) Dicot Terrestrial

Polygala, Lewton's (Polygala l ewtonii) Dicot Terrestrial Polygala, Tiny (Polygala smallii) Dicot Terrestrial

Polygonum, Scott's Valley (Polygonum hickmanii) Dicot Terrestrial Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump Killifish) (Empetrichthys lat os) Dicot Freshwater Popcornflower, Rough (Plagiobothrys hirtus) Dicot Vernal pool

Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum sandwicense) (Solanum Dicot Terrestrial Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum incompletum) (Solanum incompletum) Dicot Terrestrial sandwicense)

Poppy, Sacramento Prickly (Argemone pleiacantha ssp. Dicot Terrestrial Poppy

- mallow, Texas (Callirhoe scabriuscula) Dicot Terrestrial pinnatisecta)

Potato

- bean, Price's (Apios priceana) Dicot Terrestrial Potentilla, Hickman's (Potentilla hickmanii) Dico t Terrestrial

Prickly

- apple, Fragrant (Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans) Dicot Terrestrial Primrose, Maguire (Primula maguirei) Dicot Terrestrial

### 91 Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) (Brighamia rockii) Dicot Terrestrial Pussypaws, Mariposa (Calyptridium pulchellum) Dicot Terrestrial

Rattleweed, Hairy (Baptisia arachnifera) Dicot Terrestrial Reed

- mustard, Barneby (Schoenocrambe barnebyi) Dicot Terrestrial

Reed

- mustard, Shrubby (Schoenocrambe suffrutescens) Dicot Terrestrial Remya kauaiensis (ncn) (Remya kauaiensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Remya montgomeryi (ncn) (Remya montgomeryi) Dicot Terrestrial Remya, Maui (Remya mauiensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Rhododendron, Chapman (Rhododendron chapmanii) Dicot Terrestrial Ridge

- cress (=Pepper

- cress), Barneby (Lepidium barnebyanum) Dicot Terrestrial

Rock

- cress, Braun's (Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla Dicot Terrestrial Rock

- cress, Hoffmann's (Arabis hoffmannii) Dicot Terrestrial Rollins)

Rock

- cress, McDonald's (Arabis mcdonaldiana) Dicot Terrestrial Rock

- cress, Santa Cruz Island (Sibara filifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Rock

- cress, Shale Barren (Arabis serotina) Dicot Terrestrial Rock

- cress, Small (Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. perstellata Dicot Terrestrial Fernald)

Rosemary, Apalachicola (Conradina glabra) Dicot Terrestrial Rosemary, Cumberland (Conradina verticillata) Dicot Terrestrial

Rosemary, Etonia (Conradina etonia) Dicot Terrestrial Rosemary,

Short

- leaved (Conradina brevifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Roseroot, Leedy's (Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi) Dicot Te rrestrial Rush

- pea, Slender (Hoffmannseggia tenella) Dicot Terrestrial

Rush

- rose, Island (Helianthemum greenei) Dicot Terrestrial Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) (Santalum freycinetianum var. Dicot Terrestrial lanaiense)

Sandlace (Polygonella myriophylla) Dicot Terrestrial Sand

- verbena, Large

- fruited (Abronia macrocarpa) Dicot Terrestrial

Sandwort, Bear Valley (Arenaria ursina) Dicot Terrestrial Sandwort, Cumberland (Arenaria cumberlandensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Sandwort, Marsh (Arenaria paludicola) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Sanicula mariversa (ncn) (Sanicula mariversa) Dicot Terrestrial

Sanicula purpurea (ncn) (Sanicula purpurea) Dicot Terrestrial Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) (Schiedea haleakalensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea helleri (ncn) (Schiedea helleri) Dicot Terrestrial Schiedea hookeri (ncn) (Schiedea hookeri) Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea kaalae (ncn) (Schiedea kaalae) Dicot Terrestrial Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) (Schiedea kauaiensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea membranacea (ncn) (Schiedea membranacea) Dicot Terrestrial Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) (Schiedea nuttallii) Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (ncn) (Schiedea spergulina var. Dicot Terrestrial Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (ncn) (Schiedea spergulina var. Dicot T errestrial leiopoda) spergulina)

Schiedea, Diamond Head (Schiedea adamantis) (Schiedea Dicot Terrestrial Sea

- blite, California (Suaeda californica) Dicot Terrestrial adamantis)

Silene hawaiiensis (ncn) (Silene hawaiiensis) Dicot Terrestrial Silene lanceolata (ncn) (Silene lanceolata) Dicot Terrestrial

Silene perlmanii (ncn) (Silene perlmanii) Dicot Terrestrial Silversword, Haleakala ('Ahinahina) (Argyroxiphium sandwicense Dicot Terrestrial

ssp. macrocephalum)

Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium kauense) (Argyroxiphium Dicot Terrestrial Silversword, Mauna Kea ('Ahinahina) (Argyroxiphium Dicot Terrestrial kauense) sandwicense ssp. sandwicense)

Skullcap, Florida (Scutellaria floridana) Dicot Terrestrial Skullcap, Large

flowered (Scutellaria montana) Dicot Terrestrial

### 92 Snakeroot (Eryngium cuneifolium) Dicot Terrestrial Sneezeweed, Virginia (Helenium virginicum) Dicot Vernal pool

Snowbells, Texas (Styrax texanus) Dicot Terrestrial Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn) (Spermolepis hawaiiensis) Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Ben Lomond (Chorizanthe pungens var. Dicot Terrestrial Spineflower, Howell's (Chorizanthe howellii) Dicot Terrestrial hartwegiana)

Spineflower, Monterey (Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens) Dicot T errestrial Spineflower, Orcutt's (Chorizanthe orcuttiana) Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Robust (Chorizanthe robusta va r. robusta) Dicot Terrestrial Spineflower, Scotts Valley (Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii) Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Slender

- h orned (Dodecahema leptoceras) Dicot Terrestrial Spineflower, Sonoma (Chorizanthe valida) Dicot Terrestrial

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) Dicot Terrestrial Spurge, Deltoid (Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea) Dicot Terrestrial

Spurge, Garber's (Chamaesyce garberi) Dicot Terrestrial Spurge, Hoover's (Chamaesyce hooveri) Dicot Vernal pool

Spurge, Telephus (Euphorbia telephioides) Dicot Terrestrial Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) (Stenogyne angustifolia var. Dicot Terrestrial angustifolia)

Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) (Stenogyne campanulata) Dicot Terrestrial Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) (Stenogyne kanehoana) Dicot Terrestrial

Stickseed, Showy (Hackelia venusta) Dicot Terrestrial Stickyseed, Baker's (Blennosperma bakeri) Dicot Vernal pool

Ston ecrop, Lake County (Parvisedum leiocarpum) Dicot Vernal pool Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxii) Dicot Terrestrial

Sunflower, Pecos (Helianthus paradoxus) Dicot Terrestrial, Perm. Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly (Eriophyllum latilobum) Dicot Terrestrial

wetland

Sunflower, Schweinitz's (Helianthus schweinitzii) Dicot Terrestrial Sunray, Ash Meadows (Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata) Dicot Terrestrial

Taraxacum, California (Taraxacum californicum) Dicot Terrestrial Tarplant, Gaviota (Deinandra incres cens ssp. villosa) Dicot Terrestrial

Tarplant, Otay (Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens) Dicot Terrestrial Tarplant, Santa Cruz (Holocarpha macradenia) Dicot Terrestrial

Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) (Tetramolopium arenarium) Dicot Terrestrial Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) (Tetramolopium capillare) Dicot Terrestrial

Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) (Tetramolopium filiforme) Dicot Terrestrial Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (ncn) (Tetramolopium Dicot Terrestrial lepidotum ssp. lepidotum)

Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) (Tetramolopium remyi) Dicot Terrestrial Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular (Thelypodium howellii Dicot Terrestrial spectabilis)

Thistle, Chorro creek Bog (Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater Thistle,

F ountain (Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale) Dicot Terrestrial

Thistle, La Graciosa (Cirsium loncholepis) Dicot Freshwater, Brackish, Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri) Dicot Terrestrial

Coastal

Thistle, Sacramento Mountains (Cirsium vinaceum) Dicot Terrestrial Thistle, Suisun (Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum) Dicot Terrestrial, Brackish

Thornmint, San Diego (Acanthomintha ilicifolia) Dicot Terrestrial Thornmint, San Mateo (Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii) Dicot Terrestrial

Townsendia, Last Chance (Townsendia aprica) Dicot Terrestrial Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) (Trematolobelia singularis) Dicot Terrestrial

Tuctoria, Green's (Tuctoria greenei) Dicot Vernal pool Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs (Physaria obcordata) Dicot Terrestrial

Uhiuhi (Caesa lpinia kavaiensis) (Caesalpinia kavaiense) Dicot Terrestrial Umbel,

### 93 Huachuca Water (Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Vervain, California (Verbena californica) Dicot Terrestrial Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) (Vicia menziesii) Dicot Terrestrial

Vigna o

- wahuensis (ncn) (Vigna o

- wahuensis) Dicot Terrestrial Viola helenae (ncn) (Viola helenae) Dicot Terrestrial

Viola oahuensis (ncn) (Viola oahuensis) Dicot Terrestrial Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion pyrifolium) (Isodendr ion Dicot Terrestrial pyrifolium)

Wallflower, Ben Lomond (Erysimum teretifolium) Dicot Terrestrial Wallflower, Contra Costa (Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum) Dicot Terrestrial

Wallflower, Menzie's (Erysimum menziesii) Dicot Terrestrial Warea, Wide

leaf (Warea amplexifolia) Dicot Terrestrial

Watercress, Gambel's (Rorippa gambellii) Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater, Water

- willow, Cooley's (Justicia cooleyi) Dicot Terrestrial

Brackish

Whitlow

- wort, Papery (Paronychia chartacea) Dicot Terrestrial Wild

buckwheat, Clay

- loving (Eriogonum pelinophilum) Dicot Terrestrial

Wild

- buckwheat, Gypsum (Eriogonum gypsophilum) Dicot Terrestrial Wings, Pigeon (Clitoria fragrans) Dicot Terrestrial

Wireweed (Polygonella basiramia) Dicot Terrestrial Woodland

- star, San Clemente Island (Lithophragma maximum) Dicot Terrestrial

Woolly

- star, Santa Ana River (Eriastrum densifolium ssp. Dicot Terrestrial Woolly

- threads, San Joaquin (Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii) Dicot Terrestrial sanctorum)

Xylosma crenatum (ncn) (Xylosma crenatum) Dicot Terrestrial Yellowhead, Desert (Yermo xanthocephalus) Dicot Terrestrial

Yerba Santa, Lompoc (Eriodictyon capitatum) Dicot Terrestrial Ziziphus, Florida (Ziziphus celata) Dicot Terrestrial

Diellia erecta (ncn) (Diellia erecta) Ferns Terrestrial Diellia falcata (ncn) (Diellia falcata) Ferns Terrestrial

Diellia pallida (ncn) (Diellia pallida) Ferns Terrestrial Diellia unisora (ncn) (Diellia unisora) Ferns Terrestrial

Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) (Diplazium molokaiense) Ferns Terr estrial Fern, Alabama

Streak

- sorus (Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis) Ferns Terrestrial

Fern, American hart's

- tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. Ferns Terrestrial Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus periens) (Adenophorus Ferns Terrestrial americanum)

'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) (Marsilea villosa) Ferns Terrestrial, Vernal pool Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) (Ctenitis squamigera) Ferns Terrestrial

Pteris lidgatei (ncn) (Pteris lidgatei) Ferns Terrestrial Quillwort,

Black

- spored (Isoetes melanospora) Fern s Vernal pool

Quillwort, Louisiana (Isoetes louisianensis) Ferns Terrestrial, Freshwater Quillwort, Mat

forming (Isoetes tegetiformans) Ferns Vernal pool

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (=Huperzia) mannii) (Huperzia Ferns Terrestrial Catfish, Yaqui (Ictalurus pricei) Fish Freshwater mannii)

Cavefish, Alabama (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni) Fish Freshwater Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) Fish Freshwater Chub, Chihuahua (Gila nigrescens) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Gila (Gila intermedia) Fish Freshwater Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Hutton Tui (Gila bicolor ssp.) Fish Freshwater Chub, Mohave Tui (Gila bicolor mohavensis) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Oregon (Oregonichthys crameri) Fish Freshwater Chub,

Pahra nagat Roundtail (Gila robusta jordani) Fish Freshwater Chub, Slender (Erimystax cahni) Fish Freshwater Chub, Sonora (Gila ditaenia) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) Fish Freshwater Chub, Virgin

### 94 River (Gila seminuda (=robusta)) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Yaqui (Gila purpurea) Fish Freshwater Cui

- ui (Chasmistes cujus) Fish Freshwater

Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis) Fish Freshwater Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) Fish Freshwater

Dace, Clover Valley Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus) Fish Freshwater Dace, Desert (Eremichthys acros) Fish Freshwater

Dace, Foskett Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus ssp.) Fish Freshwater Dace, Independence Valley Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus Fish Freshwater lethopor us)

Dace, Moapa (Moapa coriacea) Fish Freshwater Darter, Amber (Percina antesella) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Bayou (Etheostoma rubrum) Fish Freshwater Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) (Etheostoma sp.) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Boulder (Etheostoma wapiti) Fish Freshwater Darter, Cherokee (Etheostoma scotti) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Duskytail (Etheostoma percnurum) Fish Freshwater Darter, Etowah (Etheostoma etowahae) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Fountain (Etheostoma fonticola) Fish Freshwater Darter, Goldline (Percin a aurolineata) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Leopard (Percina pantherina) Fish Freshwater Darter, Maryland (Etheostoma sellare) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Niangua (Etheostoma nianguae) Fish Freshwater Darter, Okaloosa (Etheostoma okaloosae) Fish Freshwater

Darte r, Relict (Etheostoma chienense) Fish Freshwater Darter, Slackwater (Etheostoma boschungi) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) Fish Freshwater Darter, Vermilion (Etheostoma chermocki) Fish Freshwater

Darter, Watercress (Etheostoma nuchale) Fish Freshwater Gambusia, Big Bend (Gambusia gaigei) Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, Clear Creek (Gambusia heterochir) Fish Freshwater Gambusia, Pecos (Gambusia nobilis) Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, San Marcos (Gambusia georgei) Fish Freshwater Goby, Tidewater (E ucyclogobius newberryi) Fish Freshwater

Logperch, Conasauga (Percina jenkinsi) Fish Freshwater Logperch, Roanoke (Percina rex) Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Neosho (Noturus placidus) Fish Freshwater Madtom, Pygmy (Noturus stanauli) Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Scioto (Noturus trautmani) Fish Freshwater Madtom, Smoky (Noturus baileyi) Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Yellowfin (Noturus flavipinnis) Fish Freshwater Minnow, Devils River (Dionda diaboli) Fish Freshwater

Minnow, Loach (Tiaroga cobitis) Fish Freshwater Minno w, Rio Grande Silvery (Hybognathus amarus) Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa (Cyprinodon nevadensis Fish Freshwater Pupfish, Comanche Springs (Cyprinodon elegans) Fish Freshwater mionectes)

Pupfish, Desert (Cyprinodon macularius) Fish Freshwater Pupfish, Devils Hole (Cyprinodon diabolis) Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Leon Springs (Cyprinodon bovinus) Fish Freshwater Pupfish, Warm Springs (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) Fish Freshwater

Salmon, Atlantic (Salmo salar) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Salmon, Chinook (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Fish Freshwater, Brackish,

Saltwater Saltwater

Salmon, Chum (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Salmon, Coho (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) Fish Freshwater, Brackish,

Saltwater Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Sawfish, Smalltooth (Pristis pectinata) Fish Freshwater, Brackish,

### 95 Saltwater Saltwate Sculpin, Pygmy (Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus)) Fish Freshwater S hiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Beautiful (Cyprinella formosa) Fish Freshwater Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Cahaba (Notropis cahabae) Fish Freshwater Shiner, Cape Fear (Notropis mekistocholas) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Palezone (Notropis albizonatus) Fish Freshwater Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose (Notropis simus pecosensis) Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Fish Freshwater Silverside, Waccamaw (Menidia extensa) Fish Freshwater

Smelt, Delta (Hypomesus transpacificus) Fish Freshwater, Brackish Spikedace (Meda fulgida) Fish Freshwater

Spinedace, Big Spring (Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis) Fish Freshwater Spinedace, Little Colorado (Lepidomeda vittata) Fish Fresh water

Spinedace, White River (Lepidomeda albivallis) Fish Freshwater Springfish, Hiko White River (Crenichthys baileyi grandis) Fish Freshwater

Springfish, Railroad Valley (Crenichthys nevadae) Fish Freshwater Springfish, White River (Crenichthys baileyi baileyi) Fish Freshwater

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) Fish Freshwater Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine (Gasterosteus aculeatus Fish Freshwater Sturgeon, Alabama (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) Fish Freshwater williamsoni)

Sturgeon, Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater Sturgeon, North American green (Acipenser medirostris) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus al bus) Fish Freshwater Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sturgeon, White (Acipenser transmontanus) Fish Freshwater, Saltwater Sucker, June (Chasmistes liorus) Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) Fish Freshwater Sucker, Modoc (Catostomus microps) Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) Fish Freshwater Sucker, Santa Ana (Catostomus santaanae) Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) Fish Freshwater Sucker, Warner (Cato stomus warnerensis) Fish Freshwater

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) Fish Freshwater Trout, Apache (Oncorhynchus apache) Fish Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) Fish Freshwater Trout, Gila (Oncorhynchus gilae) Fish Freshwa ter

Trout, Greenback Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias) Fish Freshwater Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) Fish Freshwater

Trout, Little Kern Golden (Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei) Fish Freshwater Trout, Paiute

Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris) Fish Freshwater

Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) Fish Freshwater Abalone, White (Haliotis sorenseni) Gastropod Saltwater

Ambersnail, Kanab (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater Campeloma,

Slend er (Campeloma decampi) Gastropod Freshwater

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek (Antrobia culveri) Gastropod Freshwater, Elimia, Lacy (Elimia crenatella) Gastropod Freshwater

Subterraneous

Limpet, Banbury Springs (Lanx sp.) Gastropod Freshwater Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) (Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe) Gastropod Terrestrial

Pebblesnail, Flat (Lepyrium showalteri) Gastropod Freshwater Riversnail, Anthony's (Athearnia anthonyi) Gastropod Freshwater

Rocksnail, Painted (Leptoxis taeniata) Gastropod Freshwater Rocksnail, Plicate (Leptoxis plicata) Gastropod Freshwater

Rocksnail, Round (Leptoxis ampla) Gastropod Freshwater Shagreen, Magazine Mountain (Mesodon magazinensis) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Armored (Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta) Gastropod Freshwa ter Snail, Bliss

### 96 Rapids (Taylorconcha serpenticola) Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber (Succinea chittenangoensis) Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater Snail, Flat

spired Three

- toothed (Triodopsis platysayoides) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene (Discus macclintocki) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical (Lioplax cyclostomaformis) Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Morro Shoulderband (Helminthoglypta walkeriana) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Newcomb's (Erinna newcombi) Gastro pod Freshwater

Snail, Noonday (Mesodon clarki nantahala) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella abbreviata) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial abbreviata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella apexfulva) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella bellula) (Achatinella bellula) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella buddii) (Achatinella buddii) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella bulimoides) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial

bulimoide s)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella byronii) (Achatinella byronii) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella caesia) (Achatinella caesia) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella casta) (Achatinella casta) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella cestus) (Achatinella cestus) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella concavospira) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella curta) (Achatinella curta) Gastropod Terrestrial concavospir a)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella decipiens) (Achatinella decipiens) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella decora) (Achatinella decora) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella dimorpha) (Achatinella dimorpha) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella elegans) (Achatinella elegans) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella fulgens) (Achatinella fulgens) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella fuscobasis) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestr ial fuscobasis)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella juddii) (Achatinella juddii) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella juncea) (Achatinella juncea) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lehuiensis) (Achatinella lehuiensis) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella leucorraphe) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial leucorraphe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) (Achatinella lila) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella livida) (Achatinella livida) G astropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lorata) (Achatinella lorata) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella mustelina) (Achatinella mustelina) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella papyracea) (Achatinella Gastrop od Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella phaeozona) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial phaeozona)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella pulcherrima) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella pupukanioe) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial pulcherrima) pupukanioe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella rosea) (Achatinella rosea) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella sowerbyana) (Achatinella Gastropod Terrestrial sowerbyana)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella spaldingi) (A chatinella spaldingi) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella stewartii) (Achatinella stewartii) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella swiftii) (Achatinella swiftii) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella taeniola ta) (Achatinella taeniolata) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella thaanumi) (Achatinella thaahumi) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella turgida) (Achatinella turgida) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella valida) (Achatinella valida) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella viridans) (Achatinella viridans) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella vittata) (Achatinella vittata) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella vul pina) (Achatinella vulpina) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest (Anguispira picta) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Pecos Assiminea (Assiminea pecos) Gastropod Freshwater

### 97 Snail, Snake River Physa (Physa natricina) Gastropod Terrestrial Snail, Tulotoma (Tulotoma magnifica) Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain (Polygyriscus virginianus) Gastropod Terrestrial Springsnail, Alamosa (Tryonia alamosae) Gastropod Freshwater

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot (Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis) Gastropod Freshwater Springsnail, Koster's (Juturnia kosteri) Gastropod Terrestrial

Springsnail, Roswell (Pyrgulopsis roswellensis) Gastropod Freshwater Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold (Batris odes texanus) Insect Subterraneous Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid (Stygoparnus comalensis) Insect Freshwater,

Subterraneous

Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle (Heterelmis comalensis) Insect Freshwater, Beetle, Delta Green Ground (Elaphrus viridis) Insect Terr estrial, Vernal pool

Subterraneous

Beetle, Helotes Mold (Batrisodes venyivi) Insect Subterraneous Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling Water (Brychius hungerfordi) Insect Freshwater

Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold (Texamaurops reddelli) Insect Subterraneous Beet le, Mount Hermon June (Polyphylla barbata) Insect Terrestrial,

Subterraneous

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis) Insect Terrestrial Beetle, Ohlone Tiger (Cicindela ohlone) Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Puritan Tiger (Cicindela puritana) Insect Terrestrial, Coastal Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground (Rhadine persephone) Insect Subterraneous Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn (Desmocerus californicus Insect Terr estrial dimorphus)

Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot (Wright's euphydryas) (Euphydryas Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot (Speyeria zerene behrensii) Insect Terrestrial editha bayensis)

Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot (Speyeria callippe callippe) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, El Segundo Blue (Euphilotes battoides allyni) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Fender's Blue (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark (Apodemia mormo langei) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Lotis Blue (Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Mission Blue (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neon ympha mitchellii mitchellii) Insect Terrestrial, Perm.

wetland

Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue (Glauco psyche lygdamus Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. Insect Terrestrial palosverdesensis) wrighti))

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii francisci) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, San

Bruno Elf in (Callophrys mossii bayensis) Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Smith's Blue (Euphilotes enoptes smithi) Insect Terrestrial Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary (Boloria acrocnema) Insect Terrestrial

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) Insect Terrestrial, Freshwater Fly, Delhi

Sands Flower

- loving (Rhaphiomidas terminatus Insect Terrestrial abdominalis)

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila heteroneura) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila montgomeryi) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila aglaia) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila tarphytrichia) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila mulli) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila musaphilia) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila neoclavisetae) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila obatai) Insect Terrestrial

### 98 Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila substenoptera) Insect Terrestrial Fly, Hawaii an picture

- wing (Drosophila hemipeza) Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture

- wing (Drosophila ochrobasis) Insect Terrestrial Grasshopper, Zayante Band

- winged (Trimerotropis infantilis) Insect Terrestrial

Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx (Manduca blackburni) Insect Terrestrial Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx (Euproserpinus euterpe) Insect Terrestrial

Naucorid, Ash Meadows (Ambrysus amargosus) Insect Terrestrial Rhadine exilis (ncn) (Rhadine exilis) Insect Terrestrial,

Subterraneou Rhadine infernalis (ncn) (Rhadi ne infernalis) Insect Terrestrial, Skipper, Carson Wandering (Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus) Insect Terrestrial

Subterraneous

Skipper, Laguna Mountain (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae) Insect Terrestrial Skipper, Pawnee Montane (Hesperia leonardus montana) Inse ct Terrestrial

Cladonia, Florida Perforate (Cladonia perforata) Lichen Terrestrial Lichen, Rock Gnome (Gymnoderma lineare) Lichen Terrestrial

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Hawaiian Hoary (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) Mammal Terrestrial,

Subterraneous Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long

- nosed (Leptonycteris curasoae Mammal Terrestrial,

Subterraneous yerbabuenae) Subterraneous

Bat, Mexican Long

- nosed (Leptonycter is nivalis) Mammal Terrestrial, Bat, Ozark Big

eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Mammal Terrestrial,

Subterraneous ingens) Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big

- eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Mammal Terrestrial, Bear, American

Black (Ursus americanus) Mammal Terrestrial virginianus) Subterraneous

Bear, Grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) Mammal Terrestrial Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) Mammal Terrestrial

Caribou, Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) Mammal Terrestrial Deer,

Columbian White

- tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) Mammal Terrestrial

Ferret, Black

- footed (Mustela nigripes) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, San Joaquin Kit (Vulpes macrotis mutica) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, San Miguel Island (Urocyon litt oralis littoralis) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, Santa Catalina Island (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Cruz Island (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) Mammal Terrestrial Fox, Santa Rosa Island (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) Mammal Ter restrial

Jaguar (Panthera onca) Mammal Terrestrial Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast (Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi Mammal Terrestrial cacomitli)

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno (Dipodomys nitratoides exilis) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Giant (Dipodomys ingens) Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Merriam's (Dipodomys merriami Mammal Terrestrial parvus)

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' (Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus)) Mammal Terrestrial Kangaroo Rat, Tipton (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) Mammal Terrestrial

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) Mammal Terrestrial Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) Mammal Saltwater

Mountain Beaver, Point Arena (Aplodontia rufa nigra) Mamm al Terrestrial, Freshwater Mouse, Alabama Beach (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach (Peromyscus polionotus phasma) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach (Peromyscus polionotus Mamm al Terrestrial, Coastal allophrys)

Mouse, Pacific Pocket (Perognathus longimembris pacificus) Mammal Terrestrial Mouse, Perdido Key Beach (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis) Mammal Coastal

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping (Zapus hudsonius preblei) Mammal Terrestrial Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest (Reithrodontomys raviventris) Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Southeastern Beach (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris) Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal Mouse, St. Andrew Beach (Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis) Mammal Te rrestrial, Coastal

### 99 Ocelot (Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis) Mammal Terrestrial Otter, Southern Sea (Enhydra lutris nereis) Mammal Saltwater

Panther, Florida (Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi) Mammal Terrestrial Prairie Dog, Utah (Cynomys parvidens) Mammal Terrestrial,

Subterraneous

Pronghorn, Sonoran (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) Mammal Terrestrial Puma (=Cougar), Eastern (Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. Mammal Terrestrial except coryi))

Rabbit, Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis) Mammal Terrestrial Rabbit, Riparian Brush (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) Mammal Terrestrial

Seal, Guadalupe Fur (Arctocephalus townsendi) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal Seal, Hawaiian Monk (Monachus schauinslandi) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, spotted (Phoca largh a) Mammal Saltwater Sea

- lion, Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) Mammal Terrestrial Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn (Ovis canadensis sierrae) Mammal Terrestrial

Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate (Sorex ornatus relictus) Mammal Terrestrial Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) Mammal Terrestrial

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox (Sciurus niger cinereus) Mammal Terrestrial Squirrel, Mount Graham Red (Tamiasciurus h udsonicus Mammal Terrestrial grahamensis)

Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground (Spermophilus brunneus Mammal Terrestrial Vole, Florida Salt Marsh (Microtus pennsylvanicus Mammal Terrestrial, Brackish brunneus) dukecampbelli)

Vole, Hualapai Mexican (Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis) Mammal Terrestrial Whale, Blue (Balaenoptera musculus) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Finback (Balaenoptera physalus) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae ) Mammal Saltwater Whale, North Atlantic right (Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis)) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, North Pacific right (Eubalaena japonica) Mammal Saltwater Whale, Sei (Balaenoptera borealis) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Sperm (Physeter catodon (= macrocephalus)) Mammal Saltwater Wolf, Red (Canis rufus) Mammal Terrestrial

Woodrat, Riparian (Neotoma fuscipes riparia) Mammal Terrestrial Alopecurus, Sonoma (Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis) Monocot Terrestrial

Amole, Cammatta Canyon (Chlorogalum purpureum var. Monocot Terrestrial Amole, Purple (Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum) Monocot Terrestrial reductum)

Arrowhead, Bunched (Sagittaria fasciculata) Monocot Freshwater Beaked

- rush, Knieskern's (Rhynchospo ra knieskernii) Monocot Terrestrial

Beargrass, Britton's (Nolina brittoniana) Monocot Terrestrial Beauty, Harper's (Harperocallis flava) Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Bluegrass, Hawaiian (Poa sandvicensis) Monocot Terrestrial Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa man nii) (Poa mannii) Monocot Terrestrial

Bluegrass, Napa (Poa napensis) Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater Bluegrass, San Bernardino (Poa atropurpurea) Monocot Terrestrial

Brodiaea, Chinese Camp (Brodiaea pallida) Monocot Terrestrial Brodiaea,

Thread

- leaved (Brodiaea filifolia) Monocot Terrestrial

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle) (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater Fritillary, Gentner's (Fritillaria gentneri) Monocot Terrestrial

Grass, California Orcutt (Orcuttia californica) Mo nocot Terrestrial, Vernal pool Grass, Colusa (Neostapfia colusana) Monocot Vernal pool

Grass, Fosberg's Love (Eragrostis fosbergii) Monocot Terrestrial Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt (Orcuttia inaequalis) Monocot Vernal pool

Grass, Solano (Tuctoria muc ronata) Monocot Terrestrial, Vernal pool Grass,

Tennessee Yellow

- eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) Monocot Terrestrial

Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) (Pleomele hawaiiensis) Monocot Terrestrial Hilo Ischaemum

### 100 (Ischaemum byrone) (Ischaemum byrone) Monocot Terrestrial

Iris, Dwarf Lake (Iris lacustris) Monocot Terrestrial Irisette, White (Sisyrinchium dichotomum) Monocot Terrestrial

Kamanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides) (Cenchrus agrimonioides) Monocot Terrestrial Ladies'

- tresses, Canelo Hills (Spiranthes delitescens) Monocot Terrestrial

Ladies'

- tresses, Navasota (Spiranthes parksii) Monocot Terrestrial Ladies'

- tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) Monocot Terrestrial

Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) (Panicum niihauense) Monocot Terrestrial Lily, Minnesota

Tro ut (Erythronium propullans) Monocot Terrestrial

Lily, Pitkin Marsh (Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense) Monocot Freshwater Lily, Tiburon Mariposa (Calochortus tiburonensis) Monocot Terrestrial

Lily, Western (Lilium occidentale) Monocot Terrestrial Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) (Pritchardia affinis) Monocot Terrestrial

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) (Pritchardia kaalae) Monocot Terrestrial Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) (Pritchardia napaliensis) Monocot Terrestrial

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) (Pritchardia schattaueri) Monocot Terrestrial Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) (Pritchardia viscosa) Monocot Terrestrial

Onion, Munz's (Allium munzii) Monocot Terrestrial Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) Monocot Terrestrial

Orchid, We stern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) Monocot Terrestrial Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum fauriei var.carteri) (Panicum fauriei Monocot Terrestrial var. carteri)

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater Piperia, Yadon's (Piperia yadonii) Monocot Terrestrial

Platanthera holochila (ncn) (Platanthera holochila) Monocot Terrestrial Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) (Poa siphonoglossa) Monocot Terrestrial

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) Monocot Terrestrial Pondweed,

Littl e Aguja Creek (Potamogeton clystocarpus) Monocot Freshwater

Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) (Cyperus trachysanthos) Monocot Terrestrial Seagrass, Johnson's (Halophila johnsonii) Monocot Saltwater, Coastal

Sedge, Golden (Carex lutea) Monocot Terrestrial Sedge, Navajo (Carex specuicola) Monocot Terrestrial

Sedge, White (Carex albida) Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater Trillium, Persistent (Trillium persistens) Monocot Terrestrial

Trillium, Relict (Trillium reliquum) Monocot Terrestrial Water

- plantain, Kral's (Sagittaria secundifolia) Monocot Freshwater

Wild

- rice, Texas (Zizania texana) Monocot Freshwater Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater,

Brackish

Crocodile, American (Crocodylus acutus) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Lizard, Blunt

nosed Leopard (Gambelia silus) Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe

- toed (Uma inornata) Reptile Terrestrial Lizard, Island Night (Xantusia riversiana) Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, St. Croix Ground (Amei va polops) Reptile Terrestrial Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge

- nosed (Crotalus willardi Reptile Terrestrial obscurus)

Sea turtle, green (Chelonia mydas) Reptile Saltwater Sea turtle, hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal Sea turtle, leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Sea turtle, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Reptile Saltwater, Coastal Sea turtle, olive ridley (Lepidochelys oli vacea) Reptile Saltwater

Skink, Blue

- tailed Mole (Eumeces egregius lividus) Reptile Terrestrial Skink, Sand (Neoseps reynoldsi) Reptile Terrestrial

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh (Nerodia clarkii taeniata) Reptile Terrestrial, Brackish, Snake, Concho

Water (Nerodia paucimaculata) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Saltwater

Snake, Eastern Indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) Reptile Terrestrial Snake, Giant

### 101 Garter (Thamnophis gigas) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snake, Lake Erie Water (Nerodia sipedon insularum) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water (Nerodia erythrogaster Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater neglecta)

Snake, San Francisco Garter (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii) Reptile Terrestrial

Tortoise, Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) Reptile Terrestrial Turtle, Alabama

Red

- bellied (Pseudemys alabamensis) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Tur tle, Flattened Musk (Sternotherus depressus) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Ringed Map (Graptemys oculifera) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater Turtle, Yellow

blotched Map (Graptemys flavimaculata) Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), Alameda (Masticophis lateralis Reptile Terrestrial euryxanthus)



### No species were selected for exclusion.

Dispersed species included in report.

Marine Species



## Fish (Actinopterygii)

Common name Scientific name Family Order
Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Chinook Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Chum Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Coho Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch Salmonidae Salmoniformes
Salmon, Sockeye Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Sawfish, Smalltooth Pristis pectinata Pristidae Pristiformes

Steelhead Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss Salmonidae Salmoniformes
Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes
Sturgeon, North American green Acipenser medirostris Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes
Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum A cipenseridae Acipenseriformes
Sturgeon, White Acipenser transmontanus Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes 

## Gastropod (Gastropoda)

Common name Scientific name Family Order
Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni Haliotidae Vetigastropoda 

## Mammal (Mammalia)

Common name Scientific name Family Order Bear, polar Ursus maritimus Ursidae Carnivora

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus Trichechidae Sirenia

Otter, Northern Sea Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mustelidae Carnivora

Otter, Southern Sea Enhydra lutris nereis Mustelidae Carnivora
Seal, Guadalupe Fur Arctocephalus townsendi Phocidae Carnivora

Seal, Hawaiian Monk Monachus schauinslandi Phocidae Carnivora
Seal, spotted Phoca largha Phocidae Carnivora

Sea

- lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus Otariidae Carnivora

Whale, Blue Balaenoptera musculus Balaenopteridae Cetacea

Whale, Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Balaenidae Cetacea

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus Balaenopteridae Cetac ea



## Mammal (Mammalia)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

### 102 Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Balaenopteridae Cetacea
Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis) Balaenidae Cetacea
Whale, North Pacific right Eubalaena japonica Balaenidae Cetacea

Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis Balaenopteridae Cetacea
Whale, Sperm Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus) Physeteridae Cetacea 

## Monocot (Liliopsida)

Common name Scientific name Family Order Seagrass, Johnson's Halophila johnsonii Hydrocharitacea Alismatales 

## Reptile (Reptilia)

Common name Scientific name Family Order Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas Cheloniidae Testudines

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata Cheloniidae Testudi nes Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii Cheloniidae Testudines

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Dermochelyidae Testudines
Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta Cheloniidae Testudines
Sea turtle, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea Cheloniidae Testudines

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh Nerodia clarkii taeniata Colubridae Squamata