115TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 469 

AN ACT 

To impose certain limitations on consent decrees and settlement agreements by agencies that require the agencies 

to take regulatory action in accordance with the terms 

thereof, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 
2 

•HR 469 EH

1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

2 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

3 ‘‘Congressional Article I Powers Strengthening Act’’. 

4 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

5 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

TITLE I—SUNSHINE FOR REGULATIONS AND REGULATORY 

DECREES AND SETTLEMENTS 

Sec. 101. Short title. 

Sec. 102. Definitions. 

Sec. 103. Consent decree and settlement reform. 

Sec. 104. Motions to modify consent decrees. 

Sec. 105. Effective date. 

TITLE II—JUDGMENT FUND TRANSPARENCY 

Sec. 201. Short title. 

Sec. 202. Judgment fund transparency. 

TITLE III—ARTICLE I AMICUS AND INTERVENTION 

Sec. 301. Short title. 

Sec. 302. Congressional intervention as of right. 

Sec. 303. Intervention and amicus authority for house of representatives. 

6 TITLE I—SUNSHINE FOR REGU7 LATIONS AND REGULATORY 

8 DECREES AND SETTLEMENTS 

9 SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. 

10 This title may be cited as the ‘‘Sunshine for Regula11 tions and Regulatory Decrees and Settlements Act of 

12 2017’’. 

13 SEC. 102. DEFINITIONS. 

14 In this title— 
3 

•HR 469 EH

1 (1) the terms ‘‘agency’’ and ‘‘agency action’’ 

2 have the meanings given those terms under section 

3 551 of title 5, United States Code; 

4 (2) the term ‘‘covered civil action’’ means a civil 

5 action— 

6 (A) seeking to compel agency action; 

7 (B) alleging that the agency is unlawfully 

8 withholding or unreasonably delaying an agency 

9 action relating to a regulatory action that would 

10 affect the rights of— 

11 (i) private persons other than the per12 son bringing the action; or 

13 (ii) a State, local, or tribal govern14 ment; and 

15 (C) brought under— 

16 (i) chapter 7 of title 5, United States 

17 Code; or 

18 (ii) any other statute authorizing such 

19 an action; 

20 (3) the term ‘‘covered consent decree’’ means— 

21 (A) a consent decree entered into in a cov22 ered civil action; and 

23 (B) any other consent decree that requires 

24 agency action relating to a regulatory action 

25 that affects the rights of— 
4 

•HR 469 EH

1 (i) private persons other than the per2 son bringing the action; or 

3 (ii) a State, local, or tribal govern4 ment; 

5 (4) the term ‘‘covered consent decree or settle6 ment agreement’’ means a covered consent decree 

7 and a covered settlement agreement; and 

8 (5) the term ‘‘covered settlement agreement’’ 

9 means— 

10 (A) a settlement agreement entered into in 

11 a covered civil action; and 

12 (B) any other settlement agreement that 

13 requires agency action relating to a regulatory 

14 action that affects the rights of— 

15 (i) private persons other than the per16 son bringing the action; or 

17 (ii) a State, local, or tribal govern18 ment. 

19 SEC. 103. CONSENT DECREE AND SETTLEMENT REFORM. 

20 (a) PLEADINGS AND PRELIMINARY MATTERS.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—In any covered civil action, 

22 the agency against which the covered civil action is 

23 brought shall publish the notice of intent to sue and 

24 the complaint in a readily accessible manner, includ25 ing by making the notice of intent to sue and the 
5 

•HR 469 EH

1 complaint available online not later than 15 days 

2 after receiving service of the notice of intent to sue 

3 or complaint, respectively. 

4 (2) ENTRY OF A COVERED CONSENT DECREE

5 OR SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT.—A party may not 

6 make a motion for entry of a covered consent decree 

7 or to dismiss a civil action pursuant to a covered set8 tlement agreement until after the end of proceedings 

9 in accordance with paragraph (1) and subpara10 graphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (2) of subsection 

11 (d) or subsection (d)(3)(A), whichever is later. 

12 (b) INTERVENTION.— 

13 (1) REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION.—In consid14 ering a motion to intervene in a covered civil action 

15 or a civil action in which a covered consent decree 

16 or settlement agreement has been proposed that is 

17 filed by a person who alleges that the agency action 

18 in dispute would affect the person, the court shall 

19 presume, subject to rebuttal, that the interests of 

20 the person would not be represented adequately by 

21 the existing parties to the action. 

22 (2) STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GOVERN23 MENTS.—In considering a motion to intervene in a 

24 covered civil action or a civil action in which a cov25 ered consent decree or settlement agreement has 
6 

•HR 469 EH

1 been proposed that is filed by a State, local, or tribal 

2 government, the court shall take due account of 

3 whether the movant— 

4 (A) administers jointly with an agency that 

5 is a defendant in the action the statutory provi6 sions that give rise to the regulatory action to 

7 which the action relates; or 

8 (B) administers an authority under State, 

9 local, or tribal law that would be preempted by 

10 the regulatory action to which the action re11 lates. 

12 (c) SETTLEMENT NEGOTIATIONS.—Efforts to settle 

13 a covered civil action or otherwise reach an agreement on 

14 a covered consent decree or settlement agreement shall— 

15 (1) be conducted pursuant to the mediation or 

16 alternative dispute resolution program of the court 

17 or by a district judge other than the presiding judge, 

18 magistrate judge, or special master, as determined 

19 appropriate by the presiding judge; and 

20 (2) include any party that intervenes in the ac21 tion. 

22 (d) PUBLICATION OF AND COMMENT ON COVERED

23 CONSENT DECREES OR SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS.— 

24 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 60 days be25 fore the date on which a covered consent decree or 
7 

•HR 469 EH

1 settlement agreement is filed with a court, the agen2 cy seeking to enter the covered consent decree or 

3 settlement agreement shall publish in the Federal 

4 Register and online— 

5 (A) the proposed covered consent decree or 

6 settlement agreement; and 

7 (B) a statement providing— 

8 (i) the statutory basis for the covered 

9 consent decree or settlement agreement; 

10 and 

11 (ii) a description of the terms of the 

12 covered consent decree or settlement agree13 ment, including whether it provides for the 

14 award of attorneys’ fees or costs and, if so, 

15 the basis for including the award. 

16 (2) PUBLIC COMMENT.— 

17 (A) IN GENERAL.—An agency seeking to 

18 enter a covered consent decree or settlement 

19 agreement shall accept public comment during 

20 the period described in paragraph (1) on any 

21 issue relating to the matters alleged in the com22 plaint in the applicable civil action or addressed 

23 or affected by the proposed covered consent de24 cree or settlement agreement. 
8 

•HR 469 EH

1 (B) RESPONSE TO COMMENTS.—An agency 

2 shall respond to any comment received under 

3 subparagraph (A). 

4 (C) SUBMISSIONS TO COURT.—When mov5 ing that the court enter a proposed covered con6 sent decree or settlement agreement or for dis7 missal pursuant to a proposed covered consent 

8 decree or settlement agreement, an agency 

9 shall— 

10 (i) inform the court of the statutory 

11 basis for the proposed covered consent de12 cree or settlement agreement and its 

13 terms; 

14 (ii) submit to the court a summary of 

15 the comments received under subparagraph 

16 (A) and the response of the agency to the 

17 comments; 

18 (iii) submit to the court a certified 

19 index of the administrative record of the 

20 notice and comment proceeding; and 

21 (iv) make the administrative record 

22 described in clause (iii) fully accessible to 

23 the court. 

24 (D) INCLUSION IN RECORD.—The court 

25 shall include in the court record for a civil ac-
9 

•HR 469 EH

1 tion the certified index of the administrative 

2 record submitted by an agency under subpara3 graph (C)(iii) and any documents listed in the 

4 index which any party or amicus curiae appear5 ing before the court in the action submits to the 

6 court. 

7 (3) PUBLIC HEARINGS PERMITTED.— 

8 (A) IN GENERAL.—After providing notice 

9 in the Federal Register and online, an agency 

10 may hold a public hearing regarding whether to 

11 enter into a proposed covered consent decree or 

12 settlement agreement. 

13 (B) RECORD.—If an agency holds a public 

14 hearing under subparagraph (A)— 

15 (i) the agency shall— 

16 (I) submit to the court a sum17 mary of the proceedings; 

18 (II) submit to the court a cer19 tified index of the hearing record; and 

20 (III) provide access to the hear21 ing record to the court; and 

22 (ii) the full hearing record shall be in23 cluded in the court record. 

24 (4) MANDATORY DEADLINES.—If a proposed 

25 covered consent decree or settlement agreement re-
10 

•HR 469 EH

1 quires an agency action by a date certain, the agen2 cy shall, when moving for entry of the covered con3 sent decree or settlement agreement or dismissal 

4 based on the covered consent decree or settlement 

5 agreement, inform the court of— 

6 (A) any required regulatory action the 

7 agency has not taken that the covered consent 

8 decree or settlement agreement does not ad9 dress; 

10 (B) how the covered consent decree or set11 tlement agreement, if approved, would affect 

12 the discharge of the duties described in sub13 paragraph (A); and 

14 (C) why the effects of the covered consent 

15 decree or settlement agreement on the manner 

16 in which the agency discharges its duties is in 

17 the public interest. 

18 (e) SUBMISSION BY THE GOVERNMENT.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—For any proposed covered 

20 consent decree or settlement agreement that con21 tains a term described in paragraph (2), the Attor22 ney General or, if the matter is being litigated inde23 pendently by an agency, the head of the agency shall 

24 submit to the court a certification that the Attorney 

25 General or head of the agency approves the proposed 
11 

•HR 469 EH

1 covered consent decree or settlement agreement. The 

2 Attorney General or head of the agency shall person3 ally sign any certification submitted under this para4 graph. 

5 (2) TERMS.—A term described in this para6 graph is— 

7 (A) in the case of a covered consent decree, 

8 a term that— 

9 (i) converts into a nondiscretionary 

10 duty a discretionary authority of an agency 

11 to propose, promulgate, revise, or amend 

12 regulations; 

13 (ii) commits an agency to expend 

14 funds that have not been appropriated and 

15 that have not been budgeted for the regu16 latory action in question; 

17 (iii) commits an agency to seek a par18 ticular appropriation or budget authoriza19 tion; 

20 (iv) divests an agency of discretion 

21 committed to the agency by statute or the 

22 Constitution of the United States, without 

23 regard to whether the discretion was 

24 granted to respond to changing cir25 cumstances, to make policy or managerial 
12 

•HR 469 EH

1 choices, or to protect the rights of third 

2 parties; or 

3 (v) otherwise affords relief that the 

4 court could not enter under its own au5 thority upon a final judgment in the civil 

6 action; or 

7 (B) in the case of a covered settlement 

8 agreement, a term— 

9 (i) that provides a remedy for a fail10 ure by the agency to comply with the 

11 terms of the covered settlement agreement 

12 other than the revival of the civil action re13 solved by the covered settlement agree14 ment; and 

15 (ii) that— 

16 (I) interferes with the authority 

17 of an agency to revise, amend, or 

18 issue rules under the procedures set 

19 forth in chapter 5 of title 5, United 

20 States Code, or any other statute or 

21 Executive order prescribing rule22 making procedures for a rulemaking 

23 that is the subject of the covered set24 tlement agreement; 
13 

•HR 469 EH

1 (II) commits the agency to ex2 pend funds that have not been appro3 priated and that have not been budg4 eted for the regulatory action in ques5 tion; or 

6 (III) for such a covered settle7 ment agreement that commits the 

8 agency to exercise in a particular way 

9 discretion which was committed to the 

10 agency by statute or the Constitution 

11 of the United States to respond to 

12 changing circumstances, to make pol13 icy or managerial choices, or to pro14 tect the rights of third parties. 

15 (f) REVIEW BY COURT.— 

16 (1) AMICUS.—A court considering a proposed 

17 covered consent decree or settlement agreement shall 

18 presume, subject to rebuttal, that it is proper to 

19 allow amicus participation relating to the covered 

20 consent decree or settlement agreement by any per21 son who filed public comments or participated in a 

22 public hearing on the covered consent decree or set23 tlement agreement under paragraph (2) or (3) of 

24 subsection (d). 

25 (2) REVIEW OF DEADLINES.— 
14 

•HR 469 EH

1 (A) PROPOSED COVERED CONSENT DE2 CREES.—For a proposed covered consent de3 cree, a court shall not approve the covered con4 sent decree unless the proposed covered consent 

5 decree allows sufficient time and incorporates 

6 adequate procedures for the agency to comply 

7 with chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code, 

8 and other applicable statutes that govern rule9 making and, unless contrary to the public inter10 est, the provisions of any Executive order that 

11 governs rulemaking. 

12 (B) PROPOSED COVERED SETTLEMENT

13 AGREEMENTS.—For a proposed covered settle14 ment agreement, a court shall ensure that the 

15 covered settlement agreement allows sufficient 

16 time and incorporates adequate procedures for 

17 the agency to comply with chapter 5 of title 5, 

18 United States Code, and other applicable stat19 utes that govern rulemaking and, unless con20 trary to the public interest, the provisions of 

21 any Executive order that governs rulemaking. 

22 (g) ANNUAL REPORTS.—Each agency shall submit to 

23 Congress an annual report that, for the year covered by 

24 the report, includes— 
15 

•HR 469 EH

1 (1) the number, identity, and content of covered 

2 civil actions brought against and covered consent de3 crees or settlement agreements entered against or 

4 into by the agency; and 

5 (2) a description of the statutory basis for— 

6 (A) each covered consent decree or settle7 ment agreement entered against or into by the 

8 agency; and 

9 (B) any award of attorneys fees or costs in 

10 a civil action resolved by a covered consent de11 cree or settlement agreement entered against or 

12 into by the agency. 

13 SEC. 104. MOTIONS TO MODIFY CONSENT DECREES. 

14 If an agency moves a court to modify a covered con15 sent decree or settlement agreement and the basis of the 

16 motion is that the terms of the covered consent decree or 

17 settlement agreement are no longer fully in the public in18 terest due to the obligations of the agency to fulfill other 

19 duties or due to changed facts and circumstances, the 

20 court shall review the motion and the covered consent de21 cree or settlement agreement de novo. 

22 SEC. 105. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

23 This title shall apply to— 

24 (1) any covered civil action filed on or after the 

25 date of enactment of this title; and 
16 

•HR 469 EH

1 (2) any covered consent decree or settlement 

2 agreement proposed to a court on or after the date 

3 of enactment of this title. 

4 TITLE II—JUDGMENT FUND 

5 TRANSPARENCY 

6 SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE. 

7 This title may be cited as the ‘‘Judgment Fund 

8 Transparency Act of 2017’’. 

9 SEC. 202. JUDGMENT FUND TRANSPARENCY. 

10 (a) TRANSPARENCY REQUIREMENT.—Section 1304 

11 of title 31, United States Code, is amended by adding at 

12 the end the following: 

13 ‘‘(d)(1) Unless the disclosure of such information is 

14 otherwise prohibited by law (other than section 552a of 

15 title 5, United States Code) or court order, the Secretary 

16 of the Treasury shall make available to the public on a 

17 website, as soon as practicable, but not later than 30 days 

18 after the date on which a payment under this section is 

19 tendered on or after January 1, 2016, the following infor20 mation with regard to that payment: 

21 ‘‘(A) The name of the specific agency or entity 

22 whose actions gave rise to the claim or judgment. 

23 ‘‘(B) The name of the plaintiff or claimant. 

24 ‘‘(C) The name of counsel for the plaintiff or 

25 claimant. 
17 

•HR 469 EH

1 ‘‘(D) The amount paid representing principal li2 ability, and any amounts paid representing any an3 cillary liability, including attorney fees, costs, and 

4 interest. 

5 ‘‘(E) A brief description of the facts that gave 

6 rise to the claim. 

7 ‘‘(F) The name of the agency that submitted 

8 the claim. 

9 ‘‘(G) Any information available on reports gen10 erated by the Judgment Fund Payment Search ad11 ministered by the Treasury Department. 

12 ‘‘(2) In addition to the information described in para13 graph (1), if a payment under this section is made to a 

14 foreign state on or after January 1, 2016, the Secretary 

15 of the Treasury shall make available to the public in ac16 cordance with paragraph (1), the following information 

17 with regard to that payment: 

18 ‘‘(A) A description of the method of payment. 

19 ‘‘(B) A description of the currency denomina20 tions used for the payment. 

21 ‘‘(C) The name and location of each financial 

22 institution owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, 

23 by a foreign state or an agent of a foreign state 

24 through which the payment passed or from which 

25 the payment was withdrawn, including any financial 
18 

•HR 469 EH

1 institution owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, 

2 by a foreign state or an agent of a foreign state that 

3 is holding the payment as of the date on which the 

4 information is made available. 

5 ‘‘(3) Not later than January 1, 2018, and annually 

6 thereafter, the Secretary of the Treasury shall make avail7 able to the public on the website described in paragraph 

8 (1)— 

9 ‘‘(A) the total amount paid under this section 

10 during the year preceding the date of the report; and 

11 ‘‘(B) the amount paid under this section during 

12 the year preceding the date of the report— 

13 ‘‘(i) for attorney fees; 

14 ‘‘(ii) for interest; and 

15 ‘‘(iii) for all other payments. 

16 ‘‘(4) In this subsection, the term ‘foreign state’ has 

17 the meaning given the term in section 1603 of title 28. 

18 ‘‘(e) Except with regard to children under eighteen, 

19 the disclosure of information required in this section shall 

20 not be considered a ‘clearly unwarranted invasion of per21 sonal privacy’ for purposes of title 5, United States Code. 

22 ‘‘(f) No payment may be made under this section to 

23 a state sponsor of terrorism, as defined in section 

24 1605A(h) of title 28, or to an organization that has been 

25 designated as a foreign terrorist organization under sec-
19 

•HR 469 EH

1 tion 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

2 1189).’’. 

3 (b) IMPLEMENTATION.—The Secretary of the Treas4 ury shall carry out the amendment made by this section 

5 by not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of 

6 this title. 

7 TITLE III—ARTICLE I AMICUS 

8 AND INTERVENTION 

9 SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE. 

10 This title may be cited as the ‘‘Article I Amicus and 

11 Intervention Act of 2017’’. 

12 SEC. 302. CONGRESSIONAL INTERVENTION AS OF RIGHT. 

13 (a) DEADLINE FOR REPORT ON LIMITATION ON EN14 FORCEMENT OF LAWS.—Paragraph (2) of section 

15 530D(b) of title 28, United States Code, is amended to 

16 read as follows: 

17 ‘‘(2) under subsection (a)(1)(B), within such 

18 time as will reasonably enable the House of Rep19 resentatives and the Senate to take action, sepa20 rately or jointly, to intervene in a timely fashion in 

21 the proceeding, but in no event— 

22 ‘‘(A) later than 30 days after the making 

23 of each determination; and 
20 

•HR 469 EH

1 ‘‘(B) later than 21 days before any appli2 cable deadline for filing any pleading nec3 essary— 

4 ‘‘(i) to defend or assert the constitu5 tionality of the provision at issue; or 

6 ‘‘(ii) to request review of any judicial, 

7 administrative, or other determination ad8 versely affecting the constitutionality of 

9 such provision;’’. 

10 (b) INTERVENTION AS OF RIGHT.—Section 530D of 

11 title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 

12 end the following: 

13 ‘‘(f) INTERVENTION AS OF RIGHT.—The Senate or 

14 House of Representatives may intervene as of right in any 

15 proceeding referenced in subsection (a)(1)(B) in order to 

16 defend or assert the constitutionality of any provision of 

17 any Federal statute, rule, regulation, program, policy, or 

18 other law, or to appeal or request review of any judicial, 

19 administrative, or other determination adversely affecting 

20 the constitutionality of any such provision. Notwith21 standing any otherwise applicable time limits or other pro22 visions of law to the contrary, if such intervention is filed 

23 not later than 21 days after receipt of the notice required 

24 by this section the intervention shall be deemed timely and 

25 shall preserve the right of the Senate or House of Rep-
21 

•HR 469 EH

1 resentatives to advance any applicable legal arguments in 

2 favor of the constitutionality of any such provision.’’. 

3 SEC. 303. INTERVENTION AND AMICUS AUTHORITY FOR 

4 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

5 Section 101 of the Legislative Branch Appropriations 

6 Act, 2000 (2 U.S.C. 5571), is amended— 

7 (1) by striking subsection (d); and 

8 (2) by inserting after subsection (b) the fol9 lowing (and redesignating succeeding subsections ac10 cordingly): 

11 ‘‘(c) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES INTERVENTION

12 AND AMICUS AUTHORITY.— 

13 ‘‘(1) ACTIONS OR PROCEEDINGS.—When di14 rected to do so in accordance with the Rules of the 

15 House of Representatives, the General Counsel of 

16 the House of Representatives shall intervene or ap17 pear as amicus curiae in the name of the House, or 

18 in the name of an officer, committee, subcommittee, 

19 or chair of a committee or subcommittee of the 

20 House, or other entity of the House, in any legal ac21 tion or proceeding pending in any court of the 

22 United States or of a State or political subdivision 

23 thereof. 

24 ‘‘(2) INTERVENTION OR APPEARANCE AS OF

25 RIGHT.—Intervention as a party or appearance as 
22 

•HR 469 EH

1 amicus curiae shall be of right and may be denied 

2 by a court only upon an express finding that such 

3 intervention or appearance is untimely and would 

4 significantly delay the pending action or, in the case 

5 of intervention, that standing to intervene is re6 quired and has not been established under section 2 

7 of article III of the Constitution of the United 

8 States. 

9 ‘‘(3) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in 

10 this section shall be construed to confer standing on 

11 any party seeking to bring, or jurisdiction on any 

12 court with respect to, any civil or criminal action 

13 against Congress, either House of Congress, a Mem14 ber of Congress, a committee or subcommittee of a 

15 House of Congress, any office or agency of Con16 gress, or any officer or employee of a House of Con17 gress or any office or agency of Congress.’’. 

Passed the House of Representatives October 25, 

2017. 

Attest: 

Clerk. 

115TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION H. R. 469 

AN ACT 

To impose certain limitations on consent decrees 

purposes. accordance with the terms thereof, and for other quire the agencies to take regulatory action in and settlement agreements by agencies that re-