Reported WildlifeReportedWildlifeIncidents forIncidentsforRodenticidesP t tithresentationtoeSAPNovember29,2011JustinHousengerS,M..EnvironmentalFateandEffectsDivision1Outline•Purpose•Methods used in analysis•Exposure (primary vs. secondary)•Location (urban/suburban vs. rural)•Results•Raw incident counts•Spatial analysisy•Monitoring studies from open literature•Conclusions2Purpose•To compile wildlife incident reports and investigatewhat they reveal about the following:•Incident reports resulting from primary and secondarypoisoningwithg•Brodifacoum•Difethialone•Warfarin•Bromethalin•ChlorophacinoneDi h i•pacnone•The occurrence of accumulated residues of rodenticidesin wildlifeinwildlife•Evaluation of where documented wildlife incidents occur3Incident Reports•DO NOTallow for a quantification ofth f f ildlif t litthefrequency ofwildlife mortalityassociated with rodenticide use•DOdemonstrate that rodenticides areassociatedwith wildlifemortalitya ed d e o a y4It’s Important to Remember That...•Reported incidents likely representsmall fraction of actual incidents thatoccur:•Size of carcass•Incidents maybe seen but not reportedp•An incident may be reported but notlinked to a cause•Rodenticide incidents generallyinvolve one animalinvolveoneanimal5Wildlife Incident Analysis•Incidents compiled for terrestrialvertebrates•Multiple incident databases werequeried:•Ecological Incident Information System(EIIS)•Incident Database System (IDS)•Contaminant Exposure and Effects –Terrestrial Vertebrates Database (CEE-TV)•Avian Incident Monitoring System (AIMS)6Information in a Typical RodenticideIncident Report•HabitatN d ti i ti•Necropsy andtissue examination•Residue analysis•GI tract examinationGItractexamination7Inclusion of Incidents•Incidents included based on:•Legality (Registered use misuse orLegality(Registereduse,misuse,orundetermined)•Misuses were not countedMisuseswerenotcountedC t i t (R f l t d t•Certainty(Rangesfrom unrelatedtohighly probable)•Likelihood that the chemical caused theobserved effects in the incident reportU l d d lik l d•Unrelatedandunlikely not counted8Discovery of Carcass9Hosea et al, Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure inan Urban Population ofthe San Joaquin Kit FoxNecropsy of Carcass10Hosea et al, Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure inan Urban Population ofthe San Joaquin Kit FoxHemorrhage in Abdominal Cavity11Hosea et al, Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure inan Urban Population ofthe San Joaquin Kit FoxProportion of Incident ReportsbyCertaintyLevelProportion of Incident ReportsbyCertaintyLevely2%8%10%Highly ProbableProbable53%PossibleUnlikelyUnrelated27%12Reported Wildlife Mortality IncidentsRodenticideActiveIngredientBird Total Mammal Total OverallTotalBrodifacoum 188 79 267Difethialone415Warfarin 6 2 8Chlorophacinone 7 4 11Diphacinone 6 13 19Bromethalin 0 1 1Total Incident211100311TotalIncidentReports21110031113Assigning Exposure Route to Incidents•Incidents were characterized as a primary,secondary, or unknown exposure•Stomach/crop contents (when available)were considered for omnivoreswereconsideredforomnivoresD i ti b d i di t•Designation wasbasedon speciesdiet14Determining Location InformationI id h “h bi ”I id l iIncidenthas“habitat”field entryYIncidentlocationclassified as unknownNoIncident report hast l ti- Incident counted as rural orurban/suburban.- Incident not included inGIS (f b difYesexactcarcasslocationinformationGISmaps(forbrodifacoumonly)No- Incident counted in analysisas rural or urban/suburban.- Address or relatedinformation transferred to GISYesinformationtransferredtoGIScoordinates and populated intolocation maps (forbrodifacoum only)151617NewYorkRochesterSyracuseUtica AlbanyBuffaloJamestownNew York181819Albany,NY20Brodifacoum AnalysisExposure Location TotalUrban/Suburban Rural Unknown/OtherPrimary 34 4 6 44Secondary 97 50 39 186Unknown 19 8 10 37Primary Exposure Species Reported:•Deer•OpossumSilSecondary Exposure Species Reported:•Barn, barred, eastern screech, long-eared,and great horned owlsG ld d A i b ld l•Squirrel•Raccoon•Chipmunk•Raven•Golden andAmericanbaldeagles•Red-tailed, red-shouldered, Cooper’sand broad winged hawks•Turkeyand black vultures•Goose•Robin•Pigeony•Falcon•Mountain lion*•Bobcat•W lease•Skunk•Gray and red foxes•Coyote21Difethialone AnalysisExposure Location TotalUrban/Suburban Rural UnknownPrimary 1 0 0 1Secondary 4 0 0 4Primary Exposure SpeciesReported:Secondary Exposure SpeciesReported:p•Key Deer•Red-tailed and red-shoulderedhawks•Red foxRedfox22Warfarin AnalysisExposure Location TotalUrban/Suburban Rural UnknownPrimary 0 1 2 3Secondary 1 1 3 5Primary Exposure SpeciesReported:SilSecondary Exposure SpeciesReported:C ’h k•Squirrel•Bobwhite quail•Cooper’shawk•Bald eagle•Peregrine falcon•Great horned owl23Chlorophacinone AnalysisExposure Location TotalUrban/Suburban Rural UnknownPrimary 3 3 0 6Secondary 1 1 2 4Unknown0101Primary Exposure SpeciesReported:Q ilSecondary Exposure SpeciesReported:dil d h k•Quail•Turkey•Squirrel•Red-tailedhawk•Bobcat•Badgerq•Coyote24Diphacinone AnalysisExposure Location TotalUrban/Suburban Rural UnknownPrimary 5 1 4 10Secondary 2 2 5 9Primary Exposure SpeciesSecondary Exposure SpeciesPrimaryExposureSpeciesReported:•QuailPiSecondaryExposureSpeciesReported:•Turkey vultureB dd l•Pigeon•Kangaroo rat•Squirrel•Barredandsnowy owls•Red-tailed hawk•Coyoteq•Deer•San Joaquin kit fox•Raccoon•Mountain lionMountainlion25Bromethalin AnalysisExposure Location TotalUrban/Suburban Rural UnknownPrimary 0 0 1 1Primary Exposure Species Reported:hi k•CpmunkBromethalin is not normallyincluded in the analytical screen foryrodenticides conducted on carcasses, which typically include only ascreen of anticoagulant rodenticidesBromethalin, unlike the anticoagulant rodenticides, shows minimalsigns of toxicity during necropsy (i.e, no hemorrhaging)26Wildlife Monitoring Studies ShowingSecondary Exposure to Rodenticides•Additional line of evidence for secondaryAdditionallineofevidenceforsecondaryexposure route•Not necessarily assigned as a causalagent for mortality•When causal, they were included as anincident in the analysisincidentintheanalysis27Rodenticides in Raptors, CentralMassachusetts, 2006-2010 (Murray, 2011)SpeciesNBrodifacoumDifethialoneRed-TailedHawks80 89 % 1.3%Owls 81 83 % 1.2%28Rodenticides in Raptors, San Diego County andCentral Valley, California (Lima and Salmon, 2010)County N Brodifacoum Difethialone ChlorophacinoneSanDiegoCounty53 83 % 9.4 % 0 %CentralValley43 12 % 0 % 4.7 %29Rodenticides in Bobcats and Mountain Lions,Southern California 1997- 2003 (Riley et al., 2007)SpeciesNBrodifacoumDifethialoneDiphacinoneBobcats 39 79 % 26 % 31 %Mountain4100 %25 %0 %lions4100%25%0%30Rodenticides in San Joaquin Kit Fox, CentralCalifornia 1999 – 2007(McMillin et al., 2008))Species N Brodifacoum ChlorophacinoneSan Joaquin KitFox30 87 % 3 %31Carcass Recovery Locations32Cypher et al, Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in an Urban Population of the San Joaquin Kit FoxIncident Analysis ConclusionsBirdsChemical Primary Exposure Secondary Exposure Urban/SuburbanBrodifacoumDifethialone No dataWarfarinChlorophacinoneDiphacinoneBromethalinNo dataNo dataNo dataNodataNodataNodataMammalsBrodifacoumDifethialoneWarfarin No data No dataChlorophacinone33DiphacinoneBromethalin No data No data