1 **UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY**

**WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION**  **PREVENTION**

**MEMORANDUM**
**DATE** : March 12, 2013 , updated 12/27/13 **SUBJECT** : ChemSAC Revie w of the Analysis of the USDA IR

- 4 Crop Grouping Proposal to

Establish a New Crop Group 2 4 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit

– In e dible Peel, and Amend the Commodity Definitions [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] Related to the Proposed Crop Group. **FROM** : Bernard A. Schnei der, Ph.D., Senior Plant Phy siologist

Chemistry

and Exposure Branch Health Effects Division (7509P) **TO** : Stephen Funk, Chairperson HED Chemistry Science Advisory

Council (ChemSAC) and Members Jennifer Selwy

n, and Monica Le, and Susan Wong, Health Cana da, PMRA Alma L iliana Tovar Díaz, Deputy Director of Certification and Recognition S enasica

- S agarpa , Mexico Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer, RD (7505P)

cc: IR

- 4 Project, Bill Barney, Jerry Baron, Dan Kunkel, Debbie Carpenter, Van Starner **ACTION REQ UESTED**  : William P. Barney , Crop Grouping Project Coordinator, and Kathry n Homa, Assistant Coordinator, USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR

- 4), State Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University have submitted a petition (November 1 5 , 201 0) on behalf of the IR

- 4 Project, and the Tropical Fruits Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (I CGCC) to establish a new Crop Group (40 CFR § 180.41) Crop Group 2 4 , Tropical and Subtropical Fruit

– Ine dible Peel Group, and pro pose addition of C ommodity Definitions 40 CFR 180.1 (g).2

The above

- mentioned Tropical and Subtropical fruit crop group petition requested the following five proposals: 1. Establish a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Tropical and Subtropical Fru it, Inedible Peel”. 2. Add the following 104 commodities in this new crop group: 1. Abiu, Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk, ( Sapotaceae) 2. Aisen, Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam., ( Capparaceae (also placed in Brassicaceae )) 3. Akee apple, Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig, ( Sapindaceae ) 4. Atemoya, Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L., ( Annonaceae ) 5. Avocado, Persea americana Mill., ( Lauraceae ) 6. Avocado, Guatemalan, Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis , ( Lauraceae ) 7. Avocado, Mexican, Persea americana M ill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake, ( Lauraceae ) 8. Avocado, West Indian, Persea americana var. americana , ( Lauraceae ) 9. Bacury, Platonia insignis Mart., ( Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae )) 10. Bael fruit, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, ( Rutaceae) 11. Ban ana, Musa spp. and hybrids, ( Musaceae ) 12. Banana, dwarf, Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla, ( Musaceae ) 13. Binjai, Mangifera caesia Jack, ( Anacardiaceae ) 14. Biriba, Annona mucosa Jacq., ( Annonaceae ) 15. Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, ( Moraceae ) 16. Burmese grape, Baccaurea ramiflora Lo ur., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae )) 17. Canistel, Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni, ( Sapotaceae ) 18. Cat's

- eyes, Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus Leenh., ( Sapindaceae ) 19. Champedak, Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr., ( Moraceae ) 20. Cherimoya, Annona cherimola Mill., ( Annonaceae ) 21. Cupuacú, Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum., ( Malvaceae (also placed in Sterculiaceae )) 22. Custard apple, Annona reticulata L., ( Annonaceae ) 23. Dragon fruit, Hy locereus undatus (Haw .) Britton & Rose, ( Cactaceae ) 24. Durian, Durio zibethinus L., ( Malvaceae (also placed in Bombacaceae , Durionaceae)) 25. Elephant

- apple, Limonia acidissima L., (Rutaceae ) 26. Etam be, Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) Hook. F., ( Anacardiaceae ) 27. Grana dilla, Passiflora ligularis Juss., (Passifloraceae ) 28. Granadilla, Giant, Passiflora quadrangularis L., (Passifloraceae ) 29. Ilama, Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm., ( Annonaceae ) 30. Ingá, Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ) (also placed in Mimosaceae )) 31. Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., ( Moraceae ) 32. Jatobá, Hymenaea courbaril L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae)) 33. Karuka, Pandanus julianettii Martelli, (Pandanaceae ) 34. Kei apple, Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae) ) 35. Langsat, Lansium domesticum Corrêa, ( Meliaceae ) 36. Lanjut, Mangifera lagenifera Griff., ( Anacardiaceae ) 37. Longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour., ( Sapindaceae) 38. Lucuma, Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze, ( Sapotaceae ) 39. Lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonn., ( Sapindaceae )3

40. Mabolo, Diospyros blancoi A. DC., (Ebenaceae ) 41. Madras

- thorn, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ); (also placed in Mimosaceae )) 42. Mammy

- apple, M

ammea americana L. Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae )) 43. Manduro, Balanites maughamii Sprague, (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in Balanitaceae)) 44. Mango, Mangifera indica L., ( Anacardiaceae ) 45. Mango, horse, Mangifera foetida Lour., ( Anacardiaceae) 46. Mango, Saipan, Mang ifera odorata Griff., ( Anacardiaceae) 47. Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., ( Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae )) 48. Marang, Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco, ( Moraceae ) 49. Marmaladebox, Genipa americana L., (Rubiaceae) 50. Matisia, Matisia cordata Humb. & Bonpl., ( Malva ceae (also placed in Bombacaceae )) 51. Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw .) DC., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ); (also placed in Mimosaceae )) 52. Mongongo, Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.

- Sm, (Euphorbiaceae ) 53. Monkey

- bread

- tree, Adansonia digitata L., ( Malv aceae (also placed in Bombacaceae )) 54. Monstera, Monstera deliciosa Liebm., ( Araceae ) 55. Nicobar

- breadfruit, Pandanus leram Jones ex Fontana, (Pandanaceae ) 56. Paho, Mangifera altissima Blanco, ( Anacardiaceae ) 57. Pandanus, Pandanus utilis Bory, (Pandanaceae ) 58. Papaya , Carica papaya L., ( Caricaceae ) 59. Passionflower, Winged

- stem, Passiflora alata Curtis, (Passifloraceae ) 60. Passionfruit, Passiflora edulis Sims, (Passifloraceae ) 61. Passionfruit, Banana, Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm

- Niels. & P. Jorg., (Passifloraceae ) 62. Passionfruit, Purple, Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis , (Passifloraceae ) 63. Passionfruit, Yellow, Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg., (Passifloraceae ) 64. Paw paw , Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, ( Annonaceae ) 65. Paw paw , Small

- flower, Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal, ( Annonaceae ) 66. Pelipisan, Mangifera casturi Kosterm., ( Anacardiaceae) 67. Pequi, Caryocar brasiliense Cam bess, ( Caryocaraceae ) 68. Pequia, Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers., ( Caryocaraceae ) 69. Persimmon, American, Diospyros virginiana L., (Ebenaceae ) 70. Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., (Bromeliaceae ) 71. Pitahaya, Hylocereus polyrhizus (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose, ( Cactaceae ) 72. Pitaya, Hylocereus spp. Including H. megalanthus , H. ocamponis and H. polychizus , ( Cactaceae ) 73. Pitaya Amari lla, Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton & Rose , ( Cactaceae ) 74. Pitaya Roja, Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm

- Dyck) Britton & Rose , ( Cactaceae ) 75. Pitaya, Yellow, Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer, ( Cactaceae) 76. Plantain, Musa paradisiaca L. ( Musaceae ) 77. Pomegranate, Punica granatum L. ( Lythraceae (also placed in Punicaceae )) 78. Poshte, Annona liebmanniana Baill. ( Annonaceae ) 79. Prickly pear, fruit, Opuntia ficus

- indica (L.) Mill. ( Cactaceae ) 80. Prickly pear, Texas, fruit, Opuntia engelmannii Salm

- Dyc k ex Engelm. var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) B. D. Parfitt & Pinkava, ( Cactaceae ) 81. Pulasan, Nephelium ramboutan

- ake (Labill.) Leenh., ( Sapindaceae ) 82. Quandong, Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) DC., ( Santalaceae ) 83. Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L., ( Sapindaceae ) 84. Sagu aro, Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose, ( Cactaceae ) 85. Sapodilla, Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, ( Sapotaceae )4

86. Sapote, black, Diospyros digyna Jacq., (Ebenaceae ) 87. Sapote, green, Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist, ( Sapotaceae ) 88. Sapote, mamey, Po uteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn, ( Sapotaceae ) 89. Sapote, w

hite, Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex, (Rutaceae) 90. Sataw, Parkia speciosa Hassk., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ); also placed in Mimosaceae ) 91. Satinleaf, Chrysophyllum oliviforme L., ( Sapotace ae ) 92. Screw

- pine, Pandanus tectorius Parkinson, (Pandanaceae ) 93. Sierra Leone

- tamarind, Dialium guineense Willd., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ); (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae )) 94. Soncoya, Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal, ( Annonaceae) 95. Soursop, Annona m uricata L., ( Annonaceae ) 96. Spanish lime, Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq., (Sapindaceae ) 97. Star apple, Chrysophyllum cainito L., ( Sapotaceae) 98. Sugar apple, Annona squamosa L., ( Annonaceae ) 99. Sun Sapote, Licania platypus (Hem sl.) Fritsch, ( Chrysobalanaceae ) 100. Tamarin d

- of

- the

- Indies, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel., (Rubiaceae ) 101. Velvet Tamarind, Dialium indum L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae ); (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae )) 102. Wampi, Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, (Rutaceae ) 103. White star apple, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don, (Sapotaceae) 104. Wild loquat, Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae ; (also placed in Euphorbiaceae , Uapacaceae )) And cultivars, varieties and/or hybrid s of these. ” 3. Recommend the following eight commodities: Atemoya, avocado, dragon fruit, lychee, passionfruit, pineapple, pomegranate, and prickl y pear to be representative commodities for the new crop group. 4. Propose the following five tropical and subtropical inedible peel crop subgroups. Subgroup 24A. Tropical and Subtropical, S mall Fruit, Inedible Peel Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop : Lychee Subgroup 24B. Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to L arge Fruit, Smooth, Inedible

Peel Subgroup Proposed Representative Crops : Avocado and Pomegranate Subgroup 24C. Tropical and Su btropical, Medium to L arge Fruit, Rough or Hairy , In edible Peel Subgroup Proposed Representative Crop : Atemoya and Pineapple Subgroup 24D. Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Cactus Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop : Dragon fruit and Prickly pear, fruit Subgroup 24 E

. Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Vine Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop : Passionfruit5

5. Add Commodity

Definition s [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] for Avocado, banana, and passionfruit. A B Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Avocado (Persea americana Mill.); Avocado, Guatemalan (Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis); Avocado, Mexican (Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake); Avocado, West Indian (Persea americana var. americana) Banana ( Musa spp.) Banana ( Musa spp.); Banana, Dwarf ( Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla); Plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L. ) Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims ); Passionfruit, Purple (Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis ); Passi onfruit, Yellow (Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg.)
**BACKGROUND** : The Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel proposal was initiated at the USDA/IR

- 4 Crop Grouping S ymposium in Washington, DC, October 2002. This workgroup was Chaire d by Michael Braverman (IR

- 4) and Co

- Chaired b y J onathan Crane (University of Florida), Edith Lurvey (IR

- 4) , Nancy

Dodd (EPA), Will Donovan (EPA), and Maria Rodriguez (EPA). This new crop group was further discussed and developed within the Tropical Fruit, In edible Peel Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (I CGCC), which consisted of 62 U.S. crop or regulatory experts from agriculture commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry , IR

- 4 Project, USDA, and EPA, and also 33 international crop or regulatory

experts representing over 30 countries. An important aspect of developing this new crop group is the harmonization with the Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. The Codex classification sy stem is cur rentl y under revision with many proposed tropical fruit additions. The USDA IR

- 4/EPA Crop Grouping Working Group and the ICGCC are making every effort to collaborate with the revision of the Codex crop classification. In the current Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds, assorted tropical and sub

- tropical fruits

– inedible peel are included in Group 006 which is classified in Type 01 Fruits. The IR

- 4/ICGCC submission w as forwarded to the Codex Electronic Working Group for the revision of th e Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. This submission includes man y of the recently proposed additions of tropical fruits, inedible peel to the Codex classification. Four proposed tropical fruits with an inedible peel from the palm famil y ( ( Arecaceae (alt. Palmae )) were rejected from consideration to the inedible peel crop group either because none of the commodities met the criteria for a representative commodity and/ or there was no production in the US. These rejected tropical fruits inclu de: (1) Guriri ( Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze); (2) Muriti (

Mauritia flexuosa L. f.); (3) Palmy ra palm ( Borassus flabellifer L. ) ; and (4) Salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss). Other proposed tropical fruits with an inedible peel (ceibillo, Florida gooseberry , marolo, pindaiba, tucum palm and umari) were also rejected from consideration from the crop group because there was not enough information available to properl y classify them into crop groups and subgroups or they are rarel y cultivated.6

Many publications have documented the relationship between surface area and mass of a commodity

(D.J. Maclachlan and D. Hamilton, 2010; B.D. Ripley , G.M. Ritcey , R. Harris, M.A. Denomme, L. Lissemore, 2003; F. Matsumura , G.M . Boush, T. Misato, eds., 1972; and B

. Schneider, 2002). In general, the smaller the fruit, the larger the ratio of surface area to weight becomes. For example, pesticide deposits on grapes can be expected to be about 3X the pesticide deposit on apples due to the higher surface area per uni t weight (Bates, 1990). Nonbell peppers are also often cited as an example. Because of their size, they normally have a higher residue than bell peppers with the same good agricultural practices (GAP) and are likel y to drive a tolerance or MRL for pepper s. There is also indication that surface area/mass ratio play s a more important role on pesticide deposits than pubescence/serration present on surfaces (Sundaram, 1991). To classify

Tropical and Subtropical fruits into groups (edible versus inedible p eel) and subgroups, Excel spreadsheets were developed by I R

- 4 to be able to sort commodities with common characteristics. These spreadsheets include information regarding the common name, scientific name, taxonomic family name, production in the US, fruit shape, maximum radius (cm) and maximum height (cm) from the literature, calculated volume, calculated surface area, surface area to mass (volume) ratio, texture description and peel texture. These spreadsheets allowed the sorting of commodities into smal l versus medium to large fruit and smooth peel versus a rough or hairy

peel. Fruits described in the literature as small fruit generall y had a surface area/mass (volume) ratio of >1.5:1; so this criteria was used to separate small versus medium to large f

ruit (surface area/mass (volume) ratio of ≤1.5:1). S orting the spreadsheets into size (small versus medium to large fruit) based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio as well as peel texture (rough or hairy , or smooth) with the addition of inedible peel vine crops resulted in the proposed crop grouping scheme. B ased on the background and the input from the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (I CGCC) , USDA IR

- 4 propose that the tropical and subtropical Fruits, Inedible Peel crop group b e established as a new crop group , and f ive subgroups are proposed: (1) Subgroup 2 4 A

- Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruit, Inedible Peel Subgroup; (2) Subgroup 2 4 B

- Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to L arge Fruits, Smooth, Inedible Peel Subgroup; (3) S ubgroup 2 4 C

- Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to L arge Fruit, Rough or Hairy , Inedible Peel Subgroup; (4) Subgroup 2 4 D

- Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Cactus Subgroup and (5) Subgroup 2 4 E

- Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Vine Subgroup

. Selection of representative commodities are based on a representative commodity that is most likely

to (1) contain the highest residues; (2) be major in terms of production and/or consumption and (3) similar in morphology , growth habit, pest problems and edible portion to the related commodities within a group or subgroup. Based on these criteria, one representative commodity

is proposed (lychee) for Subgroup 2 4 A; two representative commodities (avocado and pomegranate) are proposed for Subgroup 2 4 B; two representative commodities (atemoya and pineapple) are proposed for Subgroup 2 4 C; two representative commodities (dragon fruit and prickl y pear) are proposed for Subgroup 2 4 D and one representative commodity (passionfruit) is proposed for Subgroup 2 4 E.7

**HED RECOMMENDATIONS:** Each of the proposals and recommendations will be discussed below, followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology , database development, and harmonization with Codex. The EPA would like to commend the valuable and high qualit y input of the I CGCC, all its members, and the Committee Chairperson Bill Barney , USDA IR

- 4, and Kathry n Homa, Assistant Coordinator, USDA IR

- 4 for her research and high quality and comprehensive monographs that were used to develop the IR

- 4 pr oposal. We also want to commend Dr. Yuen

Shaung Ng, Biologist, HED, Andrew Ertman, Sidney Jackson, and Laura Nollen, Biologists, RD, EPA for their input and development of various databases in this report and Dr. Paul Schwartz, USDA, Office of Minor Use P esticides for his advice, peer review, and research office location.

**IR -**  **4 Proposals 1 and 2:** 1. Establish a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Inedible Peel”. and 2. “ Add the following 104 commodities to this new crop group : See the list of 104 proposed commodities for this crop group under the Action Requested Section Proposal 2.”
**HED Recommendations for IR -**  **4 Proposal 1 and 2:** We agree with the IR

- 4 scientific approach and logic used in developing this crop group and the five crop subgroups. Specificall y the development of the proposed Tropical and Subtropical fruits, in edible peel, with the crop group consist s of a diverse group of plants from twenty
- eight plant families. Within this group, fruit size r anges from an approximate diameter of 1 centimeter (0.39 inches) for the f ruit of satinleaf, Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.) to 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) for the fruit of jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. ). In addition to size, the peel texture of tropical and subtropical fruit varies from a smooth peel such as banana ( Musa spp. ) ; mango (

Mangifera indica L. ), papaya (C arica papaya L. ), and pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) to a knobby peel texture on atemoya ( Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L. ), bumpy peel texture in breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg ) or spin y peel texture in rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum L. ). I also agree that subgroups based on fruit size ( small versus medium to large fruit) based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio as well as peel texture (rough or hairy , or smooth) with the addition of inedible peel vine crops resulted in the proposed crop grouping scheme. We also agree with IR

- 4 on rejecting f our proposed tropical fruits with an inedible peel from the palm famil y ( (

Arecaceae (alt. Palmae )) , because none of the commodities met the8

criteria for a representative commodity in a crop subgroup or there was no production in the US. These rejected tropical fruits include: (1) Guriri ( Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze); (2) Muriti ( Mauritia flexuosa L. f.); (3) Palm yra palm ( Borassus flabellifer L. ); and (4) Salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss). Other proposed tropical fruits with an inedible peel (ceibillo, Florida gooseberry , marolo, pindaiba, tucum p alm and umari) were also rejected from consideration from the crop group because there was not enough information available to properl y classify them into crop groups and subgroups or they are rarel y cultivated. Most however, are discussed in the anal ys is of this petition. **Therefore, based on similarities in fruit size and having an in**  **edible peel, and cultural practices, geographical**  **distribution, lack of animal feed items, comparison of available established tolerances, and**  **similarities of pest proble**  **ms, and for international harmonization purposes, I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish a new Tropical**  **and Subtropical in**  **edible peel crop group with 10 4**  **commodities and five**  **crop subgroups.** Adding these commodities into a group will benefit growe rs b y enabling tools for crop protection. S ome “minor orphan” tropical fruit commodities such as dragon fruit and pomegranate have become more popular in some countries and areas today than they were ten ye ars ago . Increased globalization of cooking in the United States has resulted in different fruits to be enjoyed worldwide. Some of these “minor” fruits have great potential to be grown on a larger scale in some areas in the future due to their unique nutritional and medicinal values. Being excluded from the crop groups, means that tolerances requested for these commodities would have to be established based on separate residue studies. The inclusion of tropical fruits with inedible peels will ultimately benefit US growers in exporting commodities that would have Codex MRL ’s established based on a harmonized tropical and subtropical fruits, inedible peel crop group. A new tropical and subtropical fruit inedible peel crop group would also benefit growers and consumers, save considerable taxpayer’s money on residue studies, save precious resource time for government agencies on review of residue data and also facilitate the establishment of import tolerances. Also, this crop group regulation w ill facilitate the establishment of pesticide tolerances on numerous pesticides that are needed to control a wide diversity of tropical and subtropical fruit pests, as well as developing integrated pest control (IPM) programs to incorporate reduced risk pesticides, organic pesticides, and cultural practices to reduce the development of pesticide resistance. The list of acceptable Tropical and Subtropical fruits

– inedible fruit commodities and their scientific names for the 104 commodities were also updated and are listed in the Table below. “HED Corrected Propo sed Tropical and Subtropical Fruit

– In ed ible Peel 2 4

- 13 ”. Commodities Abiu, Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk Aisen, Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. Akee apple, Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig Atemoya, Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L. Avocado, Persea americana Mill. Avocado, Guatemalan, Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis Avocado, Mexican, Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blak Avocado, West Indian, Persea americana var. americana Bacury, Platonia insignis Mart.9

Commodities Bael fruit, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Banana, Musa spp. and hybrids Banana, dwarf, Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla Binjai, Mangifera caesia Jack Biriba, Annona mucosa Jacq. Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fo sberg Burmese grape, Baccaurea ramiflora Lo ur. Canistel, Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Cat's

- eyes, Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus Leenh. Champedak, Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Cherimoya, Annona cherimola Mill. Cupuacú, T

heobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum. Custard apple, Annona reticulata L. Dragon fruit, Hylocereus undatus (Haw .) Britton & Rose Durian, Durio zibethinus L. Elephant

- apple, Limonia acidissima L. Etam be, Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) H ook. F. Granadilla, Passiflora ligularis Juss. Granadilla, Giant, Passiflora quadrangularis L. Ilama, Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm. Ingá , Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn. Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Jatobá, Hymenaea courbaril L. Karuka, Pandanus julianettii Martelli Kei apple, Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb. Langsat, Lansium domesticum Corrêa Lanjut, Mangifera lagenifera Griff. Longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour. Lucuma, Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze Lychee, Litchi chinensis Sonn. Mabolo, Diospyros blancoi A. DC. Madras

- thorn, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mammy

- apple, Mammea americana L. Manduro, Balanites maughamii Sprague Mango, Mangifera indica L. Mango, horse, Ma ngifera foetida Lour. Mango, Saipan, Mangifera odorata Griff. Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. Marang, Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco Marmaladebox, Genipa americana L. Matisia, Matisia cordata Humb. & Bonpl. Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw

. ) DC. Mongongo, fruit, Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.

- Sm Monkey

- bread

- tree, Adansonia digitata L. Monstera, Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Nicobar

- breadfruit, Pandanus leram Jones ex Fontana Paho, Mangifera altissima Blanco Pandanus, Pand

anus utilis Bory Papaya, Carica papaya L. Passionflower, Winged

- stem, Passiflora alata Curtis Passionfruit, Passiflora edulis Sims Passionfruit, Banana, Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm

- Niels. & P. Jorg.10

Commodities Passionfruit, Purple, Pa ssiflora edulis Sims forma edulis Passionfruit, Yellow, Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg. Paw paw , Common, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Paw paw , Small

- flower, Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal Pelipisan, Mangifera casturi Kosterm. Pequi, Caryocar brasiliense Cambess Pequia, Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. Persimmon, American, Diospyros virginiana L. Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Pitahaya, Hylocereus polyrhizus (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose Pitaya, Hylocereus sp. Includi ng H. megalanthus , H. ocamponis and H. polychizus Pitaya Amarilla, Hylocereus triangularis Britton & Rose Pitaya Roja, Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm

- Dyck) Britton & Rose Pitaya, Yellow, Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer Plantain, Musa paradisiaca L. Pomegranate, Punica granatum L. Poshte, Annona liebmanniana Baill. Prickly pear, fruit Opuntia ficus

- indica (L.) Mill. , Opuntia spp. Prickly pear, Texas, fruit Opuntia engelmannii Salm

- Dyck ex Engelm. var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) B. D. Parfitt & Pinkava Pulasan, Nephelium ramboutan

- ake (Labill.) Leenh. Quandong, Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) DC. Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose Sapodilla, Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Sapote, black, Diospyros digyna Jacq. Sapote, green, Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist Sapote, mamey, Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn Sapote, w hite, Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex Sataw, Parkia speciosa Hassk. Satinleaf, Chrysop hyllum oliviforme L. Screw

- pine, Pandanus tectorius Parkinson Sierra Leone

- tamarind, Dialium guineense Willd. Soncoya, Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal Soursop, Annona muricata L. Spanish lime, Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Star apple, Chryso

phyllum cainito L. Sugar apple, Annona squamosa L. Sun Sapote, Licania platypus (Hem sl.) Fritsch Tamarind

- of

- the

- Indies, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel. Velvet Tamarind, Dialium indum L. Wampi, Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels White star apple, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don Wild loquat, Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg. Cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of these commodities. Additional notes:  HED also recommends changing the preferred commodity name for Paw paw to Paw

paw, common (

Asimina tri loba (L.) Dunal ) or common paw paw to distinguish it from the commodity papaya ( Carica papaya L. ) , which New Zealand calls papaw in commercial trade

.  The commodity Mongongo will be changed to Mongongo, fruit to distinguish from the Mongongo, nut that is a me mb er in the Tree nut crop group 14

- 12.  HED also recommends that in the crop group table the term “ varieties and/or hybrids of these” should be11 changed to, “Cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of these commodities” to avoid all confusion with terminology re garding whether they are cultivars, varieties, or hybrids of the tropical fruit inedible peel commodities. **IR -**  **4 Proposal 3:** 3. “Recommend the following eight commodities: Atemoya, avocado, dragon fruit, lychee, passionfruit, pineapple, pomegranate and prickl y pear to be representative commodities for the new crop group.” **HED Recommendations for IR -**  **4 Proposal 3**  **:** I recommend ChemSAC concur to add atemo ya, avocado, dragon fruit, lychee, passionfruit, pineapple, and prickly pear as representative commodities for the new Tropical and subtropical fruit

–in edible peel Crop Group 2 4

. Also sugar apple should be added as an alternative commodity to atemoya since there are several tolerances already established for sugar apple. I also recommend banana to be an alternative representative commodity to pomegranate based on its high consumption, production, large number of established tolerances. Pomegranate is increasing in popularity and acres in the U.S. and makes a good alternate representative commodity

to b anana based on more acreage in the U.S. and wider geographical representation. These representative commodities will account for > 9 9 % of the harvested U.S. acres for the members of the new crop group. The representative commodities are based on similari ties in fruit surface area, edible portions, and cultural practices and geographical locations, pest problems, as well as their high production (both acres and yi eld) and consumption. We expect that all proposed members of the proposed crop group will hav e similar residue levels based on similarities of the raw agricultural commodities (RAC’s), cultural practices, and pest problems , and a comparison of established tolerances on these commodities supports that residue levels will cover the wide number of co mmodities.
**IR -**  **4 Proposal 4**  **: “** Propose establishing five tropical and subtropical inedible peel crop subgroups with their representative commodities and list of commodities in each crop subgroup are shown below:” 1) Subgroup 24A; Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruit, Inedible Peel Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop : Lychee There are eighteen commodities proposed for this subgroup and include: Aisen; Bael fruit; Burmese grape; Cat’s eyes; Ing á ; Lychee; Madras

- thorn; Manduro; Matisia; Mesqui te; Mongongo , fruit ; Pawpaw, small

- flower; Satinleaf; Sierra Leone

- tamarind; Spanish lime; Velvet tamarind; Wampi; White star apple 2) Subgroup 24B; Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Smooth, In edible Peel Subgroup

Proposed Repres entative Crops: Avocado and Pomegranate or Banana12

There are fort y - two commodities proposed for this subgroup and include: Abiu; Akee apple; Avocado; Avocado, Guatemalan; Avocado, Mexican; Avocado, West Indian; Bacury ; Banana; Banana, dwarf; B injai; Canistel; Cupuac ú ; Etambe; Jatob á; Kei apple; L angstat; Lanjut; Lucuma; Mabolo; Mango; Mango, horse; Mango, Saipan; Mangosteen; Paho; Papaya; Pawpaw , common ; Pelipisan; Pequi; Pequia; Persimmon, American; Plantain; Pomegranate; Poshte; Quandong; Sapote, black; Sapote, green; Sapote, white; Sataw; Screw

- pine; Star apple; Tamarind

- of

- the

- Indies; Wild loquat 3) Subgroup 24C; Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Rough or Hairy , In edible Peel Subgroup

Propos ed Representative Crop : Atemoya and Pineapple There are twenty
- seven commodities proposed for this subgroup and include: Atemoya; Biriba; Breadfruit; Champedak; Cherimoya; Custard apple; Durian; Elephant

- apple; Ilama; Jackfruit; Karuka; Longan; Mammy

- apple; Marmalade

box; Marang; Monkey

- bread tree; Nicobar

- breadfruit; Pandanus; Pineapple; Pulasan; Rambutan; Sapodilla; Sapote, mamey ; Soncoya; Soursop; Sugar apple; Sun sapote 4) Subgroup 24D; Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Cactus Subgroup

Proposed Representative Crop : Dragon fruit and Prickly pear, fruit There are nine commodities proposed for this subgroup and include: Dragon fruit; Pitahaya; Pitaya; Pitaya Amarilla; Pitaya Roja; Pitaya, yellow; Prickly pear; f ruit Texas Prickly

pear; Saguaro 5) Subgroup 24E; Tropical and Subtropical, Inedible Peel, Vine Subgroup

Propose , fruit d Representative Crop : Passionfruit There are eight commodities proposed for this subgroup and include: Granadilla; Granadilla, Gi ant; Monstera; Passionflower, Winged

- stem; Passionfruit; Passionfruit, banana; Passionfruit, purple; Passionfruit, yellow **HED Recommendations for Proposal 4**  **:** I recommend ChemSAC concur to approve the five proposed crop subgroups because of similarities between cultural practices, potential residue exposure due to fruit size area, and lack of animal feed items

. The majority of tolerances established on avocado, l ychee, papaya, and sugar apple are based on the proposed approved commodity definition s by

ChemSAC in 1998 and the established banana and sugar apple commodity definitions in the Federal Register.13

Existing tolerances also support the proposed subgroups and representative commodities (Table 35) by covering a wide range of residues such as l yc hee (Rep 24A) tolerances are generall y higher than avocado (Rep for 24B) and atemoya (Rep for 24C), and passionfruit (Rep for 24E). Cactus the representative commodity for subgroup 24D has higher tolerances than lychee (Rep for 24A) where direct compari sons are available. Detailed comparisons of established tropical fruit tolerances for these proposed representative are discussed in the “comparison of potential residue levels in the tropical and subtropical fruit

- inedible peel” as well as c omparisons of existing US and Cod ex tolerances (MRL’s) established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits with an inedible peel (see Tables 35

– 44 in separate analy sis )

. As stated previously , I recommend banana to be an alternative representative commodity to pomegranate based on its high consumption, production, large number of established tolerances. Pomegranate is increasing in popularity

and acres in the U.S. and makes a good alternate representative commodity to banana based on more acreage in the U.S. and wider geo graphical representation. These representative commodities will account for > 9 9 % of the harvested U.S. acres for the members of the new crop group. I also recommend that Subgroup 24C; Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to L arge Fruit, Rough or Hairy , Ined ible Peel Subgroup with the p roposed r epresentative crops being atemo ya and pineapple should also have sugar apple added as an alternative crop to atemoya based on several tolerances being established on sugar apple. The representative commodities for crop subgroup 24C would be “atemo ya or sugar apple and pineapple”.
**IR -**  **4 Proposal 5**  **:** “ Add Commodity Definition s [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] for Avocado, banana, and passionfruit.

A B Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Avocado (Persea americana Mill.); Avocado, Guate ma lan (Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis); Avocado, Mexican (Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake); Avocado, West Indian (Persea americana var. americana) Banana ( Musa spp.) Banana ( Musa spp.); Banana, Dwarf ( Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla); Plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L. ) Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims ); Passionfruit, Purple (Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis ); Passionfruit, Yellow (Passiflora edulis Sims forma f lavicarpa O. Deg.) “ **HED Recommendations for IR -**  **4 Proposal 5**  **:** Currently there are two established commodity definitions [(40 CFR § 180.1(g)] which apply to the proposed for tropical and subtropical fruits

– inedible peel group. They are banana and sugar apple (Table 65). The tropical fruits having no crop group have had to set tolerances on a case b y case basis for each commodity

. Before the Tropical and subtropical fruit

– inedible peel group proposal, to help the U.S. tropical fruit growers, and to facilitate residue data generation and tolerance establishment on tropical and subtropical fruits, USDA IR

- 4 requested commodity

definitions for avocado, l yc hee, papaya, and an update to sugar apple and ChemSAC approved these commodity definitions in 1998 ( Schneider, B.A. 1998 b, c, d, and e) . The six proposed new or revised commodity definitions will be discussed below

. Except for the case of the established commodity definition for banana and sugar apple, ChemSAC approved14

commodity

definition for avocad o and it has been successful in establishing 36 tolerances for avocado, papaya, caimito (star apple), black sapote , mango , sapodilla , canistel , and mamey sapote (See Tables 36, 38, and 39)

. The definition for lychee has been successful in establishing 1 6 tolerances for lychee, longan, Spanish lime, pulasan, and rambutan (Table s 37 and 43 ). The commodity

definition for sugar apple has been successful in establishing ten tolerances for s ugar apple, atemo ya, custard apple, cherimo ya, ilama, soursop, and biriba (Tables 41, 44, and 47). Banana has 22 established tolerances (Table 39). When the Tropical and subtropical fruit group

- inedible peel is established the need for all the proposed tropical fruit commodity definitions except for banana and sugar apple will no longer be necessary

. **With the proposed established of the Tropical and subtropical fruit** 

**– inedible peel group 24,**  **I recommend ChemSAC approve deleting the previously ChemSAC approved**  **avocado, lychee and papaya commodity definition**  **s under 40 CFR**  **Pa rt 180.1(g) because each of these commodities are**  **listed separately as members of the new proposed Tropical and subtropical fruit**

**– in**  **edible peel crop group**  **, as well as members of crop subgroups . Since the**  **se three commodity**  **definition s**  **w ere**  **not publishe d in the Federal Register there is no issue deleting**  **them .**  HED recommendations for revisions to commodity definitions both established and proposed as follows: **Commodity Definition Proposed Decision**  Avocado Recommend **not** to establish this commodity defi nition since all of the commodities except mamey sapote will be a member of crop subgroup 24B

- Tropical and subtropical, medium to large fruit, smooth inedible peel. Mamey sapote will become member of crop subgroup 24C

- Tropical and subtropical, medium to large fruit, rough or hairy , inedible peel. The other proposed avocado commodities listed in Table 66 will be listed as separate distinct members of the crop group and a definition will not be needed. Banana The proposed change to the banana commodity definition is to add dwarf banana and their scientific names. Because of the success of the current banana commodity

definition we recommend **not** to add these two items because they are included in the current commodity

definition or in the case of dwarf banana it is included as a distinct member of the Tropical and subtropical fruit

– inedible peel.
Lychee The commodity definition for lychee will no longer be needed, since l ych ee will be the representative commodity

for crop subgroup 24A

- Tropical and subtropical, small fruit, inedible peel subgroup. Several of the commodities including longan, rambutan, and pulusan will be in crop subgroup 24C

- Tropical and subtropical, medium to large15

**Commodity Definition Proposed Decision**  fruit, rough or hairy , inedible peel. Papaya The commodity definition for papaya will also no longer be needed since it will become a member of crop subgroup 24B

- Tropical and subtropical, medium to large fruit, smooth inedible peel with avocado as the representative commodity

. Passionfruit The proposed commodity definition for passionfruit is **not** necessary

since crop subgroup 24E

- Tropical and subtropical, vine subgroup with passionfruit as the representative commodity , and all the proposed commodities are in this subgroup.

Sugar Apple The addition of ilama and biriba to the established sugar apple definition is also not recommended since there are ten established tolerances based on the established definition and these two commodities are listed as members of the crop group and are in the same subgroup 24C as sugar apple. Atemo ya and sugar apple are proposed representative commodities to crop subgroup 24C

- Tropical and subtropical, medium to large fruit, rough or hairy , inedible peel subgroup. **However the scientific names to the current commodity definiti**  **on for sugar apple needs to be updated as follows:**  Current sugar apple definition: “Sugar apple = (

Annona squamosa L. (sugar apple, sweetsop, anon), and its hy brid A. squamosa L. x A. cherimoya M. (atemoya). Also true custard apple.” Revise Sugar apple definition to: “Sugar apple = sugar apple ( Annona squamosa L. and its hy brid atemoya (

Annona cherimola Mill X A. squamosa L.) Also includes true custard apple ( Annona reticulata L. ). Sweetsop and Anon are lookup terms for sugar apple and can be deleted from this revised definition”.
**Additional HED Recommendations/Conclusions: HED Conclusion 6:** 16

Another important aspect of crop grouping is the harmonization effort with the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. The proposed EPA crop group for Tropical and subtropical fruit group

– in edible peel is very similar to the corresponding Codex Assorted tropical and sub

- tropical fruit s group
– in edible peel. The Codex Group 00 6 , Assorted tropical and sub

- tropical fruit s group
– in edible peel (Cro p Group 00 6, letter code FI ) , consists of sixty

two commodities including matches to the proposed EPA commodities and crop group (T able 48 )

. The differences are several of the Codex commodities refer to another commodity such as “ Egg, fruit see Canistel” whereas in the U.S crop grouping sy stem canistel is a distinct commodity . The sixty

- two Codex commodities really consist of fort y - seven distinct commodities with the rest being multiple entries, or varieties of cultivar of other commodities listed. The U.S. is proposing to add several commodities such as abiu, aisen, binji, Burmese grape, and wampi that are not yet in the Codex system. Several Codex names are equivalent to lookup terms in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

like Java apple is wax jambu

. Some of the commodities like guava and tamarind are being placed in the tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel group. Note that the current Codex crop group does not have representative commodities. A revision of the Codex Classification i s underway with consideration to include adding new commodities, creating subgroups, and selecting representative commodities. The expanded Tropical and Subtropical Fruit

– In edible Peel Group 24 and the representative commodities proposed in this petitio n would facilitate the harmonization of the U.S. and the Codex crop classification sy stems. Codex uses multiple commodity terms for the same commodity and refers to the preferred commodity , while EPA has the Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

website that has many lookup terms that link to the preferred commodity term used for establishing tolerances/MRL. **HED Conclusion 7:** Guidance for HED SOP 99.6

- “Classification of Food Forms with Respect to L evel of Blending” issued Augus t 20, 1999, and HED SOP 2000.1

– “ Guidance for Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect the amendment to the Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Group 2 4

. The updates are discussed in the HED SOP 2001 .1 Section of this anal ys is. **HED Conclusion 8:** Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the new Tropical and subtropical fruit

- i nedible peel 24 are discussed under the “Tolerance expression guidance section of this anal ys is. New lookup and preferred EPA terms for the members of the Tropical and subtropical fruit group

- in edible peel Crop Group are listed in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

section of this report and these terms will be added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity

Vocabulary

website (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed).