1 | Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy eere.energy.gov 

## [INSERT PICTURE(S) OF PRODUCT(S)]

[INSERT PICTURE(S) OF PRODUCT(S)]

Energy Conservation Standards for Gas Compressors: Request for Information

December 17, 2014 Jim Raba, Project Manager Department of Energy Building Technologies Office EERE

- 2014

- BT

- STD

- 0051 GasCompressors2014STD0051@ee.doe.gov Source: http ://www.ge

energy.com/products_and_services/products/compressors/axial.jsp http://www.ge

- energy.com/content/multimedia /_ files/downloads/GE_HSR_AMS

- 9x12x4_040513

- WEB.pdf

https://mysolar.cat.com/cda/files/2816226/7/ds70cs.pdf2 

##  Introductions
 Role of the Facilitator
 Ground Rules (Norms)



## • Listen as an ally 

## • Use short, succinct statements/keep to the point 

## • Hold sidebar conversations outside the room 

## • Focus on issues, not personalities 

## • One person speak at a time (raise hand to be recognized; state your name for the record) 

## • Set cell phones to silent/vibrate 

##  Housekeeping Items
 Agenda Review
 Opening Remarks 

# Welcome and Introduction3 

### 9:00
– 9:05 am Welcome

9:05

– 9:30 am Opening Remarks, Introductions, and Agenda Review 9:30

– 9:45 am Introduction 9:45

– 10:30 am Rulemaking Process Overview

10:30
– 10:45 am Break

10:45

– 11:30 am Legislative History & Scope of Coverage 11:30

– 11:45 am Metrics & Test Procedure

11:45 – 12:00 pm Break 

# Agenda4 

### 12:00

– 12:30 pm Market Assessment

12:30

– 1:00 pm Technology Assessment 1:00

– 1:25 pm Screening Analysis

1:25
– 1 :30 pm Closing Remarks 

# Agenda5 

## Interested parties who contacted DOE to request an opportunity to issue an opening statement should speak
now. 

# Opening Remarks6 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks7 

## Purpose of Today’s Public Meeting

 Provide overview preliminary information from the RFI and other sources concerning the market and technology of gas compressors
 Invite interested parties to review information and discuss the impact of potential standards to the industry and the Nation
 Describe the legal context as well as the procedural and analytical approaches DOE uses when considering energy c onservation standards
 Encourage and facilitate input from interested parties 

# Introduction8 

# Introduction

Request for Comment

Item #
- # : DOE solicits comment on a range of specific issues throughout today’s presentation.

• Throughout this presentation, these issues will be highlighted for discussion in comment boxes such as this.

• Item numbers cor respond to sections in the Market and Technology Assessment (MTA) document.

• DOE welcomes comments concerning these specific issues and any other issues related to this rulemaking.9 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks10 

## Standards Development

 The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA) sets forth provisions for the “Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment”

• EPCA specifies a list of 11 types of equipment and provides a twelfth provision for any other type of industrial equipment which the Secretary of Energy classifies as covered equipment

• To classify equipment as covered, the Secretary must determine that doing so is necessary for the purposes of Part A

- 1 of EPCA

– namely, to improve the efficiency of certain industrial equipment 

###  DOE is considering extending coverage for compressors used in the natural gas infrastructure, provided they meet EPCA criteria for coverage 

# Rulemaking Process Overview11 

###  EPCA directs DOE to consider seven factors for analysis when setting technologically feasible and economically justifiable standards: 

# Rulemaking Process Overview

EPCA Requirement Corresponding DOE Analyses 1. Economic impact on consumers and manufacturers • Life

- Cycle Cost Analysis

• Manufacturer Impact Analysis 2. Lifetime operating cost savings compared to increased equipment cost • Life

- Cycle Cost Analysis
3. Total projected energy savings • National Impact Analysis
4. Impact on utility or performance • Engineering Analysis

• Screening Analysis 5. Impact of any lessening of competition • Manufacturer Impact Analysis 6. Need for national energy conservation • National Impact Analysis

7. Other factors the Secretary considers relevant • Emissions Analysis

• Utility Impact Analysis

• Employment Impact Analysis
Source: (42 U.S.C. § 6295(o)(2)(B)(i) and 42 U.S.C. § 6316(a))12 

### • TP and ECS rulemakings are separate processes but have integrated timelines

• The TP rulemaking timeline duration is about 1.5 years from start to finish

• The ECS rulemaking timeline duration is about 3 years from start to finish

• For additional information on the rulemaking process go to: http :// www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/standards

- development

- and

- revision 

## Energy Conservation Standards (ECS)

Test Procedure (TP) Framework Document Preliminary Analysis NOPR Final Rule

NOPR Final Rule 

## Test Procedure and Standard Rulemaking Timelines 

# Rulemaking Process Overview13 

## Request for Information

 Encourages early participation from interested parties
 Seeks information on a variety of topics to help inform decision

- making regarding how, if at all, to regulate a product
 Accompanying Federal Register Notice of Request for Information (RFI)

• Encourages interested parties to submit comments, data, and information 

# Rulemaking Process Overview

Today

Request for Information Framework Document Preliminary Analysis NOPR Final Rule14 

## Framework Document

 Prior to the framework document, DOE will decide whether to pursue an energy conservation standard, based on data from the RFI
 Provides an overview of the rulemaking process and encourages early participation from interested parties
 Invites comments on proposed approach and issues
 Accompanying Federal Register Notice of Public Meeting (NOPM)

• Gives notice of the public meeting and availability of the Framework Document

• Encourages interested parties to submit comments, data, and information 

# Rulemaking Process Overview

Request for Information Framework Document Preliminary Analysis NOPR Final Rule15 

## Preliminary Analysis Document

 Planned Federal Register Notice and Public Meeting (NOPM ):

• Gives notice of public meeting and availability of the Technical Support Document (TSD)

• Encourages interested parties to submit comments  Analysis: 

# Rulemaking Process Overview

Request for Information Framework Document Preliminary Analysis NOPR Final Rule

• Design options to increase efficiency (engineering analysis)

• Manufacturer

- to

- user markups

• Energy use

• Consumer life

- cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP ) • Product Shipments

• National impacts (including national energy savings (NES) and consumer net present value (NPV)

• Preliminary analysis of manufacturer impacts

• Discussion of comments received in response to the framework document16 

## Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

 Discussion of comments received in response to Preliminary Analysis TSD
 Analysis of the impacts of potential standards on consumers, manufacturers, and the Nation and weighting of these impacts
 Proposed standard levels for public comment
 Accompanying Federal Register Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR)

• Gives notice of the public meeting and availability of the revised Technical Support Document (TSD)

• Encourages interested parties to submit comments 

# Rulemaking Process Overview

Request for Information Framework Document Preliminary Analysis NOPR Final Rule17 

## Final Rule Publication

 Discuss comments received in response to the NOPR

• DOE will consider all written and oral input in preparing the final rule. 

###  Revise analysis of the impacts of standards, and weighting of these impacts in the final rule
 Determine the standard levels DOE will adopt
 Establish the compliance date for the adopted standards
 Final Rule will appear in the Federal Register 

# Rulemaking Process Overview

Request for Information Framework Document Preliminary Analysis NOPR Final Rule18 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks19 

## Authority and Background

 Currently no energy conservation standards for gas compressors
 The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) of 1975 (Public Law 94

- 163), as amended, established an energy conservation program for certain commercial and industrial equipment

• This program, set forth in Part C of Title III of EPCA, includes compressors as covered equipment and authorizes DOE to issue standards, test procedures and labeling requirements for them. 42 U.S.C. 6311(2)(B)( i ) 

###  DOE issued a Request for Information (RFI) on August 5, 2014 (79 FR 45377) and received comments from interested parties 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage20 

## Authority and Background (cont.)

 DOE published a Federal Register Notice and Public Meeting (NOPM) on November 28, 2014 (79 FR 70797)

• Some aspects of the RFI and the MTA document are addressed in this presentation 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage21 

## Gas Compressors for Which DOE is Considering Standards

• Gas Lift

• Gathering

• Boosting • Processing

• Transmission (pipeline)

• Storage 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage

 Natural gas compressors appear in a variety of applications including

 DOE believes the transmission and distribution of natural gas to be one of the largest applications for natural gas compressors22 

## Network Hierarchy 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage

 Upstream

• Air Drilling

• Gas Lift

• Wellhead Gas Compression

• Gathering and Boosting

• Coal Bed Methane Compression

• Advanced Recovery Processes (CO 2 , O 2 , Fire Flood)

• Acid Gas Injection

• Vapor Recovery 

###  Midstream

• Gas Processing

• Refrigeration

• Storage and Withdrawal

• Transmission

• Vapor Recovery 

###  Downstream

• Chemical Processing

• Refining

• Fuel Gas Boosting

• CNG Vehicle Fueling

• Vapor Recovery

Source: ACI Services, Inc.23 Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, Natural Gas Division, Natural Gas Transportation Information System 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage

Transmission Station Map (2008)24 

## Transmission Volume Map (2008) 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage25 

## Gas Compressors for Which DOE is Considering Standards

 DOE is exploring the energy savings opportunities for natural gas compressors  DOE has not established which, if any, compressors could be regulated
 DOE is investigating energy

- saving opportunities throughout the natural gas supply chain

– e.g. gathering, processing, transmission and storage market segments 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage26 

###  Set of equipment used to increase pressure of natural gas
 Includes , but is not limited to, the compression unit, the prime mover, and associated auxiliary hardware 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
Natural Gas Compressor Package27 

###  Natural Gas Compressor Package: A set of equipment that is used to increase the pressure of natural gas and includes, but is not limited to, the compression unit, the prime mover, and associated auxiliary hardware including controls, sensors, vents, and measures for safety and maintenance 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
Compressor Definition28 

###  Reciprocating: A natural gas compressor that performs compression on an enclosed volume of gas using a piston traveling linearly  Centrifugal: Flow enters the compressor in an axial direction (parallel with the axis of rotation) and exits in the radial direction (perpendicular to the axis of rotation). Compression is achieved by first using a rotating radial impeller to accelerate the gas and impart kinetic energy. Then a stationary diffuser is used to transform the increased kinetic energy into pressure rise  Axial: Flow enters and exits the compressor in an axial direction (parallel with the axis of rotation). Compression is achieved by first using a row of rotating airfoils to accelerate the gas and impart kinetic energy. Then a row of stationary airfoils is used to diffuse the gas and transform the increased kinetic energy into pressure rise 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
Natural Gas Compression Unit Types29 

###  Prime Mover: The assembly that consumes electrical energy, thermal energy from natural gas combustion, or another source of input energy in order to supply the mechanical power used for natural gas compression. In certain cases (e.g., integral reciprocating compressors) the compression unit and the prime mover may be part of the same assembly 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage

Prime Mover Types30 

###  Reciprocating Gas Engine: Uses pistons to harness energy from combusted gas in a trapped volume, which is then expelled using valves
 Gas Turbine: Uses rotating vanes or impellers to harness energy from a flow of combusted gas  Electric Motor: Uses electrical energy to create magnetic fields that rotate
a shaft 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage

Prime Mover Types31 

###  DOE is considering the following regulatory options depending on how compressors are defined and sold:

1. Defining and establishing standards for the compressor unit exclusive of the prime mover. This option would likely involve a metric such as isentropic efficiency of compression

2. Defining and establishing standards for packages shipped including both a compressor unit and a prime mover and, potentially, auxiliary equipment

3. Defining and establishing design requirements for compressors or compressor packages that mandate certain technology be used or avoided 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage

Compressor Systems32 

## Request for Comment

Item 3
- 1 : Given the breadth of application of natural gas compressors, DOE requests comment on where potential cost

- effective energy savings lie. Often, these exist where market forces do not incentivize the purchase of efficient equipment.
Item 3
- 2 : DOE requests comment on the scope of coverage

– specifically, whether a gas compressor energy conservation standard should be inclusive or exclusive of the prime mover. 

# Legislative History & Scope of Coverage33 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks34 

###  Compressor Unit Efficiency: Measures how much energy is expended in compressing the gas compared to how much overall energy is used by the compressor
. This relationship may be expressed as isentropic efficiency, a dimensionless parameter reflecting how close a compressor comes to the theoretical physical maximum 

# Metrics & Test Procedures
Efficiency Metrics35 

###  Thermal Efficiency: As applied to a prime mover (engine, turbine or electric motor ) that drives a compressor, thermal efficiency measures how much of the potential energy of an input fuel or electric power is converted into useful energy that can be used to drive a compressor. The majority of energy that is not converted into useful energy is considered “waste heat” in the exhaust, cooling, and lubrication systems 

# Metrics & Test Procedures
Efficiency Metrics36 

###  Heat Recovery : Both compressors and prime movers generate waste heat in compression and combustion, respectively. Using waste heat either directly or to generate electrical power may be economical, depending on compressor type and size. Heat recovery is sometimes lumped in compressor unit or prime mover efficiency values. Because the savings materialize remotely, where the heat or generated electrical power is consumed, it may be useful to consider that savings separately 

# Metrics & Test Procedures
Efficiency Metrics37 

###  Gas Efficiency: Reflects how effective a compressor is at retaining methane. Methane may escape in a variety of ways, including through seals or packing, uncombusted, in the exhaust stream, through valves, or any other hardware in the compressor package. DOE is not aware of an established metric to quantify gas efficiency. Logically, it could be represented as the mass flow of gas leaving the equipment divided by the mass flow of gas entering the equipment, discounting the gas used as fuel. Although not commonly discussed as efficiency, improving this parameter would enable a compressor to deliver more natural gas for a given energy consumption 

# Metrics & Test Procedures
Efficiency Metrics38 

###  If standards are adopted, manufacturers must use a DOE

- prescribed test procedure to:

• Establish compliance, and

• Make representations of energy efficiency for gas compressors  DOE also uses the established test procedure to subsequently verify the performance of covered equipment if standards are established 

# Metrics & Test Procedures

Test Procedures39 

###  DOE will review the following test procedures, along with others 

# Metrics & Test Procedures

Test Procedures

Test Procedure
API 617 Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander

- Compressors
ASME PTC
- 10 Performance test Code on Compressors and Exhausters
ASME PTC
- 09 Displacement Compressors, Vacuum Pumps And Blowers
ISO 1217:2009 Displacement Compressors

– Acceptance Tests
ISO 5389:2005 Turbocompressors

– Performance test code40 

## Request for Comment
– Test Procedures

Item 4
- 1 : DOE requests comment about test procedures that may be suitable for assessment of energy consumption in natural gas compressors. In addition to specifying which and how physical parameters must be measured, such a procedure should specify the conditions under which the measurements are taken and interpreted

. Item 4
- 2 : DOE requests comment about whether the test procedures in ISO 1217:2009 and ISO 5389:2005, which address the testing of displacement and turbo compressors, respectively, would be appropriate for rating gas compressors. DOE also requests information about other applicable test procedures it should consider along with any deficiencies or issues that should be addressed prior to prescribing test procedure requirements to measure energy consumption. 

# Metrics & Test Procedures41 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks42 

###  Identify and characterize the natural gas compressor industry (e.g., manufacturers, industry organizations, other stakeholders)
 Estimate market share trends
 Investigate and address related regulatory and non

- regulatory initiatives

• In particular, energy efficiency improvement/energy use reduction initiatives 

# Market Assessment

Purpose43 

###  95% of new compressors supplied for compressor stations come from nine different manufacturers

 DOE is currently unaware of any manufacturers that qualify as small businesses 

# Market Assessment

Manufacturers and Small Businesses

Manufacturer Compressor Types Manufactured Reciprocating Centrifugal Ariel Corporation X Burckhardt Compression X Cameron X Dresser
- Rand Group X X G E Oil & Gas X X Howden Compressors, Inc
. X X Neuman & Esser USA, Inc. X Siemens AG X Solar Turbines, Inc. X44 

###  Two major sources for compressor packaging and installation

• Manufacturer

- Compressor purchaser works directly with manufacturer to select and design the compressor components

- Manufacturer packages component and installs them

• Independent “Integrator”

- Compressor purchaser and integrator work together to determine compressor package requirements

- Integrator selects, designs, and packages the compressor components

- Integrator or EPC (engineering, procurement, and construction) contractor installs the package 

# Market Assessment
Compressor Packaging and Installation45 

###  DOE has identified the following trade associations in the natural gas industry

Note: Not all associations include compressor manufacturers

• Gas Compressor Association (GCA): R epresents companies that manufacture, lease, and service natural gas compressors

• Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC): Research corporation focused on the effectiveness of the design, construction, and operation of mechanical and fluid systems, including natural gas compressors

• Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA): Advocates regulatory and legislative positions of importance to the natural gas pipeline industry

• American Petroleum Institute (API): Represents all aspects of the American oil and gas industry, including production, refinement, distribution, and suppliers, and works to influence public policy in support of a strong U.S. oil and gas industry

• Gas Processors Association (GPA): Represents the “midstream” pipeline industry which is primarily composed of pipelines and storage of natural gas 

# Market Assessment
Trade Associations46 

###  Regulatory Programs Currently no energy conservation regulations for natural gas compressors

• Clean Air Act: Stipulates emissions regulations that apply to natural gas compressor prime movers

• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): Federal commission with oversight of the natural gas industry

• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Requires new gas pipeline projects to undergo an Environmental Impact Analysis to evaluate alternative options that may have lower environmental impacts than the proposed plan

• USDOT Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration: Has oversight of the safety of the natural gas pipeline infrastructure 

###  Non
- regulatory Programs

• EPA Natural Gas STAR Program: Voluntary partnership with industry promoting efficiency and low methane emissions 

# Market Assessment
Regulatory & Non

- regulatory Programs47 

###  A 2014 EPA whitepaper provides estimates for the current installed base of both compressors and prime movers 1

• Compressor estimates broken down by industry segment and compressor type

• Prime mover estimates made only for transmission industry segment 

# Market Assessment
Shipments and Value

Compressor Type Industry Segment Production Processing Transmission Storage LNG Storage LNG Import Terminal Reciprocating 36,066 5,624 7,235 1,012 270 37 Centrifugal 0 906 725 99 64 7 Total 36,066 6,530 7,960 2,011 334 44
Prime Mover Type Active Units Gas Engine 1 7,235 Gas Turbine 1 725 Electric Motor 2 200 Total 8,160

1. EPA, 2014. Oil and Natural Gas Sector Compressors. Table 3

- 9. http :// www.epa.gov/airquality/oilandgas/2014papers/20140415compressors.pdf 2. INGAA , 2010. Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Efficiency. 1 November. P.42. http :// www.ingaa.org/11885/Reports/10927.aspx48 

###  EIA Natural Gas Pipeline Project Spreadsheet contains details on all new pipeline projects across the U.S., including compressor package installations 1

• Provides method for estimating compressor package shipments

• Annual Estimated Compressor Package Shipments from 2009

- 2013 

# Market Assessment
Shipments and Value

Primary Driver Gas Engine Gas Turbine Electric Motor Compressor Technology Reciprocating Centrifugal Centrifugal

Annual Unit

Shipments 2009 42 28 6 2010 34 23 4 2011 7 21 10 2012 16 12 9 2013 5 8 7 Cumulative Market Share 45% 40% 16% Total Units 104 92 36

1. EIA, 2014. EIA Natural Gas Pipeline Projects, EIA. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/pipelines/EIA

- NaturalGasPipelineProjects.xls49 • Estimated Compressor Package Shipments by HP Range from 2009

- 2013 1 

# Market Assessment
Shipments and Value

Primary Driver Gas Engine Gas Turbine Electric Motor Compressor Technology Reciprocating Centrifugal Centrifugal

Shipments by Horsepower Ranges 1,000
- 2,500 20 2 3 2,501
- 5,000 57 7 1 5,001
- 7,500 2 9 2 7,501
- 10,000 25 7 7 10,001
- 15,000 0 41 7 15,001
- 20,000 0 17 4 20,001
- 30,000 0 9 9 30,001
- 50,000 0 0 3 Average Horsepower 4,880 12,022 16,203 Total Units 104 92 36

1. EIA, 2014. EIA Natural Gas Pipeline Projects, EIA. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/pipelines/EIA

- NaturalGasPipelineProjects.xls50 

## Request for Comment

- Shipments

Item 5
- 1 : DOE is seeking both present and historical shipments data (specifically from 2003

- 2013) for gas compressors, with further breakdowns, where available, including, but not limited to, equipment type (both compression principle and driver type), equipment size, and application. DOE is also interested in comments regarding how gas compressors are manufactured and shipped as original equipment from the manufacturer, for example, as a package (i.e., with both compressor and prime mover), or as a separate component, or both

. Item 5
- 2 : DOE requests shipment information on upstream and gathering natural gas compressors, and how their numbers compare to those of natural gas compressors in other applications

. Item 5
- 3 : DOE seeks comment on how an energy conservation standard for gas compressors might impact future equipment shipments

. 

# Market Assessment51 

## Request for Comment
– Equipment Type and Size

Item 5
- 4 : DOE is seeking comment about the types of equipment used in gas compressors. Specifically, DOE is interested in information regarding the compression principles (e.g., positive

- displacement or dynamic compressors) and primary driver types (e.g., natural gas or steam turbines or electric motors) used in gas compressors, as well as what design, construction, and performance characteristics would be attributed to each type. DOE is also interested in information regarding the compression principles and driver types used in gas compressors based on application type

. Item 5
- 5 : DOE is also seeking comment about how gas compressors are sized (e.g., by brake horsepower, input/output pressure, or delivered gas volume) and the general sizes of gas compressors based on both equipment and application type

. 

# Market Assessment52 

## Request for Comment
– Equipment Type and Size

Item 5
- 6 : DOE requests input on ways to characterize gas compressor sizing and selection practices for different equipment and end use applications.

Item 5
- 7 : DOE requests comment on the degree of gas compressor oversizing that is prevalent under current industry practices. Specifically, the degree to which this oversizing may be a factor for different end

- use applications. 

# Market Assessment53 

## Request for Comment
– Product Differentiation

Item 5
- 8 : Are gas compressors marketed and sold on the basis of efficiency? Do certain customers tend to purchase certain compressor types or efficiency levels? What makes compressors more or less efficient ? 

# Market Assessment54 

## Request for Comment
– Voluntary Efforts

Item 5
- 9 : DOE seeks information on any voluntary efforts by manufacturers that are already in place to improve the energy efficiency of gas compressors and what type of voluntary efforts to improve efficiency, if any, are likely to occur in the near future. 

# Market Assessment55 

## Request for Comment
– Sales and Distribution

Item 5
- 10 : DOE requests comment on how compressors are marketed, sold, shipped, and assembled, and on the various distribution channels through which gas compressors pass through from the manufacturer to the final end

user
. Item 5
- 11 : DOE seeks comment on the different agents involved in the sale and installation of a typical gas compressor for each distribution channel.

Item 5
- 12 : DOE seeks comment on the share of industry shipments for each different distribution channel, and any differences in gas compressor design that may apply. 

# Market Assessment56 

## Request for Comment
– Consumers

Item 5
- 13 : DOE seeks comment of what consumer populations would be disproportionately affected if DOE were to adopt new energy conservation standards. 

# Market Assessment57 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks58 

###  Understand equipment and technologies used in natural gas compressors
 Understand how energy is used by natural gas compressors
 Investigate technology changes that may improve natural gas compressor efficiency 

# Technology Assessment

Purpose59 

# Technology Assessment Prime Mover Efficiency (Lower Heating Value) Vs. Rated Horsepower 1

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000Efficiency (Lower Heating Value)

Rated Horsepower Reciprocating Centrifugal

1. Manufacturer catalog data. GE (https://www.ge

- distributedpower.com/products/gas

- compression

- mechanical

- drive). Solar (https://mysolar.cat.com/). Caterpilla r (https://catoilandgas.cat.com/). 2014 December60 

###  Compressor package efficiency depends upon efficiency of both primary components

– compressor and prime mover 1 

# Technology Assessment
Compressor Package Efficiency

Compressor Unit Prime Mover Heat Recovery CU Efficiency (%) PM Efficiency (%) Combined Efficiency (%) LSR LSR None 80
- 92 30
- 43 24
- 40 LSR SEM None 80
- 92 25
- 46 20
- 42 MSR MSR None 75
- 90 32
- 46 24
- 39 HSR HSR None 70
- 82 32
- 43 22
- 35 SCC SGT None 75
- 88 24
- 31 18
- 27 MCC MGT None 75
- 88 27
- 36 20
- 32 LCC LGT None 80
- 88 29
- 40 23
- 35 LCC LGT Organic Rankine 80
- 88 33
- 47 26
- 41 LCC LGT Steam Rankine 80
- 88 34
- 55 26
- 48 LCC SEM None 80
- 88 25
- 46 20
- 40

1. INGAA , 2010. Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Efficiency. 1 November. Table B

- 1. http :// www.ingaa.org/11885/Reports/10927.aspx61 

###  Reciprocating compressors:

• Valve losses

- Gas leakage, flow restrictions, and valve actuation energy are the most common type of losses reciprocating compressors

• Passage losses

- Losses arise from gas travel through parts of the compressor other than valves. This could include sections of pipe connecting the cylinders to the pipeline, or travel through the cylinder itself

• Pulsation losses

- Pressure waves develop in gas during suction and discharge, reflect back on the cylinder, and can reduce efficiency, depending on wave timing

• Heat transfer losses

- Majority of input energy used for compression is lost and converted to heat

- Heat generated during compression can, in turn, heat gas on the suction end of the cylinder, further reducing overall efficiency

• Leakage losses

- Gas leaks from the compression chamber past the piston rings resulting in lost energy and capacity

• Flow control losses

- Different methods of flow control (e.g., suction pressure throttling or gas recycling) result in significant losses 

# Technology Assessment Compressor Losses62 

###  Centrifugal compressors:

• Internal losses

- Incidence loss

– Difference in inlet flow and impeller blade angles

- Blade loading loss

– Particle build

- up on impeller blades

- Skin friction loss

– Friction between fluid and channel surfaces

- Clearance loss

– Gas leaks through clearance between impeller and casing

- Mixing loss/Slip

– Mixing of primary and secondary flows

• Parasitic losses

- Disc friction loss

– Frictional torque on the back surface of the rotor

- Seal loss

– Gas leakage through seals

- Bearing loss

– Friction in bearings

- Recirculation loss

– High pressure air recirculates back into the impeller region from the diffuser

• Flow control losses

- Different methods of flow control (e.g., suction pressure throttling or gas recycling) result in significant losses 

# Technology Assessment Compressor Losses63 

###  Reciprocating compressors:

• Improved valve design

- Larger valves reduce flow restriction during suction and discharge

• Actively

- tuned manifolds

- Optimizes internal pressure

- wave timing to match with cylinder cycle to improve performance

• Speed reduction

- Slower speed reciprocating compressors are more efficient

• Efficient pulsation controls

- Reduction in pressure drop over pulsation controls using various methods 

# Technology Assessment
Technology Options for Improving Efficiency64 

###  Centrifugal compressors:

• Variable vane geometry

- Vanes with adjustable angle of incidence are installed at inlet/exhaust to help control flow at off

- peak operating points

• Dry gas shaft seals

- Shaft seals that replace oil with high

- pressure air/inert gas for sealant significantly reduce overall gas leakages 

###  Universal compressor options:

• Multi

- staging

- Compression process is separated into multiple stages with intercooling between each to increase efficiency 

# Technology Assessment
Technology Options for Improving Efficiency65 

###  Reciprocating gas engines:

• Turbocharging

- Utilizing the engine’s exhaust for power, a small compressor pre

- compresses the engine’s inlet air to increase overall efficiency

• Higher speed

- Higher speed reciprocating engines are more efficient than their slow speed counterparts

• Advanced ignition systems

- Ignition systems that could ignite higher air/fuel ratios would reduce overall fuel consumption 

###  Gas turbines:

• Inlet air cooling

- Cooling of inlet air increases overall turbine efficiency 

###  Universal prime mover options:

• Air/fuel controls

- Allows combustion engines to operate more efficiently over a wide range of operating conditions 

# Technology Assessment
Technology Options for Improving Efficiency66 

###  Heat recovery:

• Gas compression loses 75

- 80% of the input energy to heat generation

• Heat recovery systems use heat generated by both compressor and prime mover for several possible applications

- Space heating

– not generally needed in compressor station applications

- Water heating

- Electricity generation

– heat used to create high temperature/pressure steam that powers a steam turbine 

# Technology Assessment
Technology Options for Improving Efficiency67 

## Request for Comment

- Applications

Item 6
- 1 : DOE is aware that an important application of gas compressors is in the transportation, production, and processing of natural gas. DOE seeks comment on other major applications (e.g., injection, withdrawal, lifting, or filling) in which gas compressors are used

. Item 6
- 2 : DOE also seeks information regarding any particular characteristics or features that are unique to each of these different applications. 

# Technology Assessment68 

## Request for Comment
– Gas Leakage

Item 6
- 3 : DOE seeks input on gas leakage by equipment type, and on data that may help characterize the amount of leakage by specific source

. Item 6
- 4 : DOE seeks input on technologies available to reduce gas leakage , including the cost effectiveness and applicability of each

. Item 6
- 5 : DOE requests specific comment on compressor blowdown, including estimated leak volume, technologies able to reduce blowdown frequency and capture the gas blown down. 

# Technology Assessment69 

## Request for Comment
– Energy Use

Item 6
- 6 : DOE seeks comment regarding the typical energy use of gas compressors broken down by, where available, application type, equipment type, and equipment size

. Item 6
- 7 : DOE seeks recommendations on sources of data, or analysis methods that would provide demand profiles for gas compressors and their end

- use applications. Further, DOE seeks comment on what gas compressor design features would affect their typical demand profile.
Item 6
- 8 : DOE seeks recommendation or sources of data or analysis on the fraction of time, in hours, per year that gas compressors spend at off

- design (efficiencies other than the specified design point) operation under normal operating conditions. 

# Technology Assessment70 

## Request for Comment
– Operation

Item 6
- 9 : DOE seeks comment on the types, and rate of adoption, of different control systems that are employed to adjust a gas compressor’s output to meet end

- use application demands during off

- design operation. 

# Technology Assessment71 

## Request for Comment
– Energy Efficiency Levels

Item 6
- 10 : DOE is interested in information about the typical range in efficiency levels of gas compressors broken down by equipment type and size, and why the range exists. For example, do more efficient compressors incorporate particular design features? 

# Technology Assessment72 

## Request for Comment
– Efficiency Trends and Improvement

Item 6
- 11 : DOE seeks comment about how gas compressor efficiency is likely to change over time in the absence of standards

. Item 6
- 12 : DOE is interested in what opportunities, if any, for improving gas compressor energy efficiency are possible. 

# Technology Assessment73 

## Request for Comment
– Customer Utility

Item 6
- 13 : DOE requests comment about any compressor features that represent usefulness to the user, such as pressure, flow, fuel type, physical size, portability, serviceability, emissions, and acoustic noise, and on applications in which particular forms of utility may be especially important . Additionally, how would an effort to increase energy efficiency of a compressor affect these features? 

# Technology Assessment74 

## Request for Comment
– Installation

Item 6
- 14 : DOE seeks comment about whether installation costs for gas compressors changes with higher efficiency equipment. If so, DOE seeks comment about the reasons for, and the amount of such an increase. 

# Technology Assessment75 

## Request for Comment
– Maintenance

Item 6
- 15 : DOE seeks comment about whether maintenance costs for gas compressors changes with higher efficiency equipment. If so, DOE seeks comment about the reasons for, and the amount of such a change.

Item 6
- 16 : DOE seeks comment about whether repair costs for gas compressors changes with higher efficiency equipment. If so, DOE seeks comment about the reasons for, and the amount of such a change. 

# Technology Assessment76 

## Request for Comment
– Lifetime

Item 6
- 17 : DOE recognizes that gas compressors can have a very long mechanical lifetime (hours of operation). While many factors contribute equipment lifetimes, DOE seeks data about the mechanical lifetimes for gas compressors under typical operating conditions. Further, DOE seeks comment about whether differences in equipment design, or capacity would affect gas compressor lifetimes

. Item 6
- 18 : DOE seeks recommendations of sources of data or analysis methods correlating gas compressor maintenance and repair with gas compressor lifetime and efficiency. 

# Technology Assessment77 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks78 

###  Screen out technology options that DOE will not consider in the engineering analysis for gas compressors based on statutory criteria
 DOE documents reasons for eliminating technologies during the screening analysis 

# Screening Analysis

Purpose79 

###  Technological feasibility

• Screen out technology not commercially available 

###  Practicability to manufacture, install and service

• Screen out technology that can not be manufactured, installed or serviced on a scale needed to serve the market 

###  Impacts on product utility or availability to consumers

• Screen out technology that has an adverse impact on equipment availability and utility, including reliability, features, size, capacities, and volumes currently available 

###  Impacts on health or safety

• Screen out technology that has an adverse impact on health or safety 

# Screening Analysis

Criteria80 

## Request for Comment

Item 7
- 1 : DOE is interested in how these efficiency improvements would impact equipment performance, features, utility or safety. 

# Screening Analysis81 

# Public Meeting Slides Topics

1 Introduction
2 Rulemaking Process Overview
3 Legislative History & Scope of Coverage
4 Metrics & T est Procedures
5 Market Assessment
6 Technology Assessment
7 Screening Analysis
8 Closing Remarks82 

## Instructions for Submitting Comments

 In all correspondence, please refer to this Gas Compressors rulemaking:

• Docket # EERE

- 2014

- BT

- STD

- 0051 , and/or RIN 1904

- AD40  Electronic: GasCompressors2014STD0051@ee.doe.gov OR www.regulations.gov  Postal Mail: Ms . Brenda Edwards U.S . Department of Energy Building Technologies Program, Mailstop EE

- 5B 1000 Independence Avenue, SW

. Washington , D.C. 20585

- 0121  Courier: Ms. Brenda Edwards, 950 L’Enfant Plaza, SW., 6 th Floor
 Phone: (202) 586

- 2945 

# Closing Remarks

Comment period closes January 12, 2015