# Patent

## Title
Automatic flow shut-off system

## Abstract

An automatic system which includes a tripper unit for actuating a device (e.g. valve-closing actuator) upon contact with water. Basically, the tripper unit is comprised of a housing having a cartridge therein which prevents a plunger from moving downward. When a leak occurs, water will flow into the housing and into contact with the cartridge which will quickly disintegrate allowing the plunger to move downward to thereby actuate the valve actuator to close the valve. The tripper unit may be a separate component of the system or both the tripper unit and the valve actuator can be incorporated into a single unit.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO EARLIER APPLICATION
The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of pending U.S. Ser. No. 11/114,748, filed Apr. 25, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,424,896.


1. TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an automatic flow shut-off system and more particularly relates to a system for automatically shutting off the water and/or gas supply to an appliance (e.g. hot water heater, commode, washer, etc.) when the appliance ruptures or springs a leak.
2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Almost everyone is familiar with the problems caused by unexpected leaks or overflows in household or commercial appliances such as hot water heaters, commodes, and the like. For example, if the tank of a hot water heater cracks or springs a leak which goes undetected for any period of time, the results can be economically devastating. That is, water will continuously flow into the leaking tank and out onto the floor until the leak is detected and the water is cut off. If the owner is away on vacation or does not promptly become aware of the leak or rupture, the premises quickly floods which, in turn, can cause extensive damage to the affected floors, rugs, etc. Sometimes, the floor surfaces and adjacent furniture are damaged to the extent that they have to be replaced which can be both very expensive and depressing.
The same type of situation may exist where a commode becomes plugged or has a defective flush system. The tank or stool can overflow thereby causing substantial damage to the floor and surrounding area before the water can be turned off. Further, washing machines, ice makers, etc. can develop leaks which, if not quickly discovered, can cause similar damage. Unfortunately, damage caused by such flooding may not be covered under some standard homeowner's insurance policies so the costs for such damages in those instances must be borne solely by the owner.
The possibility of undetected leaks occurring in such appliances has been long recognized and several different approaches have been proposed for addressing this problem. For example; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,798,503; 3,920,031; 4,305,420; 5,771,916; 6,024,116; 6,253,785 B1; 6,336,469 B1; 6,543,471 B1; and 6,354,322 B2; all of which disclose systems for shutting off the water and/or gas supply if a leak should occur in a hot water heater.
While all of these references disclose workable solutions, each require at least one of the following: (1) a pan or tray in which the hot water heater is located; (2) connections for electrical power; and/or (3) the installation of a special valve into the supply line(s) thereby making the initial cost and installation thereof relatively expensive for a “do-it-yourselfer” who wishes to retro-fit an already installed appliance.
Accordingly, a need exists for an inexpensive, automatic flow shut-off system which can easily be retro-fitted into the standard plumbing of most already installed, modern household or commercial appliances (i.e. hot water heaters, commodes, etc.) by a person with only minimal plumbing skills.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an automatic flow shut-off system for shutting off a valve in a water supply line to an appliance when a leak develops at the appliance. One modification of the present system does not require that a drain pan be used with the appliance (e.g. hot water heater) while another modification can be installed even if a pan is present. The system of the present invention requires no electricity for its operation and requires no specially-designed valves or complicated plumbing for its installation.
More specially, the system of the present invention includes a tripper unit for actuating a device (e.g. valve-closing actuator) upon contact with water such as will be present when an appliance (e.g. hot water heater, commode, etc.) develops a leak or the like. Basically, the tripper unit has a housing which is positioned in proximity of the appliance and has openings therein which allow any water surrounding the appliance to enter into the housing. A biased member (e.g. spring-biased, gravity-biased, etc.) is mounted in the housing which is prevented from moving downward by a water reactive material for so long as the material remains dry. Preferably, this material is comprised of any water-dissolvable material (e.g. starch-based biodegradable pellets, commonly-available paper towels, etc.) which is strong enough to resist the movement of the biased member when the material is dry, but which will quickly weaken and disintegrate upon contact with water.
When a leak or the like develops around the appliance, water will flow into the housing and into contact with the water-reactive material. In a very short period of time (1-2 minutes or less), the material will weaken and/or disintegrate to the point that the biased member will be propelled downward in the housing to thereby actuate the valve actuator and shut off the supply of water to the appliance. As will be recognized, this can prevent significant damage to the areas surrounding and in proximity of the appliance.
In one embodiment of the automatic shut-off system of the present invention, the tripper unit is a separate component which operates the remote valve actuator of the system. In this embodiment, which is primarily used with hot water heaters, the valve actuator is comprised of a housing, which, in turn is affixed to the water supply line over the valve. A spring in the housing is latched in a “cocked” position by a lever on the housing. One end of the lever is coupled to the biased member of the tripper unit by a length of flexible material, e.g. cord, chain. When a leak occurs and the biased member moves downward, the spring is released to thereby move the valve to its closed position. Further, this tripper unit preferably includes a switch to shut the supply of gas off to a gas-fired hot water heater when a leak occurs.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the tripper unit and the valve actuator are incorporated into a single unit. In this embodiment, which is primarily used with commodes, washers, etc., the unit is comprised of a housing which, in turn, is adapted to be positioned on the floor adjacent to the commode. The housing has openings therein for allowing flow of water into the housing. An arm is attached to the stem of a ball valve to rotate the valve between its open and closed positions.
One end of the arm is biased downward and rests on a plunger or the like in the housing which, in turn, is prevented from moving downward by a water reactive material, e.g. compressed, starch-based pellets or the like. When a leak occurs, water enters the housing and reacts to disintegrate the material which then allows the actuating member to move in the housing to thereby free the arm to rotate to close the valve.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The actual construction operation, and apparent advantages of the present invention will be better understood by referring to the drawings, not necessarily to scale, in which like numerals identify like parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective side view, partly in section, of a typical hot water heater having one embodiment of the automatic flow shut-off system of the present invention installed thereon;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged, exploded view of the tripper unit of the automatic flow shut-off system shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view, partly in section, of the valve actuator unit of the present invention for actuating a ball valve in the automatic flow shut-off system shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a perspective side view, partly in section, of a typical hot water heater having another embodiment of the valve actuator unit of the present invention installed thereon;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective view of the valve actuator unit for actuating a gate valve in the system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged perspective view of a further embodiment of the valve actuator unit for actuating a gate valve in the system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6A is an enlarged perspective view, partly in section, of a preferred embodiment of the valve actuator unit for actuating a gate valve in the system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a perspective side view, partly in section, of a typical hot water heater having another embodiment of the tripper unit of the present invention installed thereon;
FIG. 8 is an enlarged view, partly in section, of the tripper unit of FIG. 7;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a typical commode having another embodiment of the present invention installed thereon;
FIG. 10 is an enlarged, top view of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 9 with the top removed;
FIG. 11 is a cross section view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the tripper unit of FIG. 8 which includes a means for actuating a switch to shut off a gas supply line;
FIG. 13 is a perspective side view, partly in section, of a typical hot water heater having still another embodiment of the tripper unit of the present invention installed thereon;
FIG. 14 is an enlarged plan view of the tripper unit of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 is an enlarged top view of the tripper unit of FIG. 14;
FIG. 16 is an enlarged perspective view of the tripper unit of FIG. 14;
FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the cartridge of the present invention when in a partial assembled state;
FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the cartridge of FIG. 17 when fully assembled;
FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of still another embodiment of a tripper unit in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 20 is a top view of the tripper unit of FIG. 19.



While the invention will be described in connection with its preferred embodiments, it will be understood that this invention is not limited thereto. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring more particularly to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the automatic flow shut-off system 10 of the present invention when used with a typical hot water heater 11. Water heater 11 is positioned on a substantially horizontal floor 15 and has a water supply line 12 connected thereto. It should be understood that the automatic shut-off system of the present invention can be installed at the time of the original installation of a water heater or the system may be bought as a kit and installed into already installed hot water heaters. Again, it is pointed out that it is not necessary for the hot water heater to be positioned in a pan or the like for the present invention to function as is the case with several prior art devices.
Typically, the existing plumbing for many installed water heaters include a standard type ball valve 13 for controlling the flow of water through line 12 and such a standard ball valve can easily be installed if required. As will be understood in the art, ball valve 13 remains open during normal operation to supply water to tank of water heater 11, as needed, to keep the tank at its desired capacity. Ball valve 13 typically has a lever or arm 14 attached to its stem (not shown) by which the ball can be manually rotated through a 45° arc to open and close valve 13, as will be understood in the art.
Flow shut-off system 10, as illustrated in FIG. 1, is comprised of a tripper unit 16 and a valve actuator unit 17. Tripper unit 16 is adapted to be positioned on floor 15 adjacent the lower end of water heater 11 so that it will detect any significant water that might accumulate at that point. That is, if the tank of water heater 11 should rupture or spring a leak, tripper unit 16 senses the leaking water and actuates valve actuator unit 17 to shut off the flow of water through line 12 as will be described below.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the details of one embodiment of the tripper unit 16 will now be set forth. While it should be understood that the components of tripper unit 16 may be constructed from any appropriate material (e.g. metal, other plastics, etc.), preferably they are made of PVC or like materials. More specifically, tripper unit 16 of FIG. 1 is extremely simple but highly effective and is comprised of a relatively short, elongated, cylindrical housing 18 and a readily replaceable water detection cartridge 19 within housing 18.
For example, housing 18 may be constructed of a 21⁄2 inch length of 11⁄2 inch OD schedule 40 PVC pipe or the like. Weep holes 18a are provided around the lower periphery of the housing to allow the entry of water into the housing. As illustrated in FIG. 2, cartridge 19 may be constructed of a 21⁄4 inch length of 1 inch OD schedule 40 PVC pipe so that it will removably fit within housing 18. For a purpose explained below, a water reactive material is loaded onto cartridge 19 which will quickly begin to weaken and disintegrate once it comes into contact with water.
As shown in FIG. 2, the water reactive material is comprised an absorbent paper 20 (e.g. common “paper towels”). The absorbent paper, once positioned on the cartridge 19, is of a sufficient thickness to provide the resistive force necessary to keep tripping unit 16 from “tripping” as long as the paper remains dry. While a single thickness of absorbent paper (i.e. in pad form) may be used, common paper towels work well when cut into approximately 1 inch wide strips and wrapped around the length and both ends of the cartridge (see 20 in FIG. 2).
The length of the strip 20 will depend on the numbers of layers of paper (i.e. the number of wraps, only two shown in FIG. 2) that will be required across the upper end of cartridge 21 to provide the necessary thickness (i.e. resistive force) to prevent tripping of unit 16 until the paper becomes wet. For example, an approximately 3 foot long, 1 inch wide strip of a quality paper towel (e.g. BOUNTY®), when wrapped around cartridge 19, will provide approximately 6 layers of absorbent paper across the ends of cartridge 19 which has proven to be adequate for this purpose. Once a cartridge 19 is properly prepared, it is pushed into the housing 18. It should be understood that cartridges 19 can be factory prepared and sold as replacement parts or a user can easily remove a used cartridge, rewrap, and replace it when necessary thereby making the tripper unit reusable after a leak.
While several water reactive materials can be used other than absorbent paper (e.g. sugar, salts, etc. in disk or pad form or the like), the preferred water reactive material is comprised of a mass of a water soluble material such as a starch-based, biodegradable material which instantly starts to dissolve upon contact with water. An example of such a material is the starch-based (e.g. vegetable starch, corn starch, wheat starch, etc.) pellets or “peanuts” of the type used for packing material in shipping containers and which are readily available from several commercial sources.
A typical preferred cartridge 19c (FIGS. 17 and 18) is assembled by wrapping several “peanuts” 20a (i.e. substantially cylindrical lengths) of a starch-based material in a sheet 86 of wicking material (e.g. water-absorbent paper such as a paper towel). In their normal state, peanuts 20a are highly porous and fragile so as each peanut is wrapped (see FIG. 17), the sheet 86 is pulled tightly around each peanut to compress it to remove as much air as possible, making the cartridge a substantially rigid mass when completed. Sheet 86 is of a sufficient length so that when the desired number of peanuts 20a have been tightly wrapped and compressed within the upper portion of sheet 86, the remaining length at the bottom of sheet 86 will form a wicking tail 87 for a purpose explained below. Either the preferred cartridge 19c of compressed starch peanuts or cartridge 19 can be used in the tripping unit of FIG. 16. While cartridge 19c is described as being formed of peanuts 20a, it should be recognized that the starch-based material could be molded or formed as a compressed, single unit or mass (not shown) with the wicking material wrapped thereon or formed integral therewith.
Tripper unit 16 includes a plunger 22 which rests on the dry, water reactive material 20, 20a at the top of cartridge 19, 19c, respectively. As shown in FIG. 1, plunger 22 is comprised of rod or the like of a heavy material. For example, plunger 22 may be formed from a 4-foot length of a 4 inch iron or steel rod. To steady and guide plunger 22, a vertical guide strip 23 is affixed along the height of the water heater 11 by any means, e.g. commercial grade hook tape (VELCRO®) 24 (only four attachment points shown in FIG. 1). Guide strip 23 can be of any suitable material (e.g. preferably a wood strip, 1 inch by 1 inch by 5 feet long). One or more guides 25 (e.g. eye bolts, only two shown in FIG. 1) are attached to strip 23, preferably before the strip is attached to the heater 11. When assembled, plunger 22 is slidably positioned through guides 25 for a purpose discussed below.
In operation, tripper unit 16 is positioned vertically next to a water-using appliance, e.g. hot water heater 11 and may be secured thereto or to strip 23 by any appropriate means, e.g. hook tape 24a. If the appliance should leak water for any reason, the water will begin to accumulate on floor 15 and will flow through openings 18a in housing 18 and into contact with the water absorbent material 20, 20a in cartridge 19, 19a, respectively. The water will immediately begin to react with material (i.e. wick upward into all of the layers of the absorbent paper or starch peanuts) which, in turn, will quickly begin to weaken and disintegrate.
If cartridge 19 is used, the paper 20 across the upper end thereof initially resists the downward movement of plunger 22. Once the water sufficiently weakens the paper, the weight of the plunger 22 will cause the bar to break through the weakened paper 20 and drop approximately 11⁄2 inches with authority to actuate valve actuator 17, as will be described in further detail below. Where cartridge 19a is used, the tail 87 of the wicking material (i.e. sheet 86) will immediately begin to wick any water from a leak upward into contact with the peanuts 20a which, in turn, instantly begin to dissolve. Once this happens, cartridge 19a no longer has the strength to prevent downward movement of plunger 22.
As an example of how quick the tripper unit 16 will respond, it has been found that it takes only approximately 1 minute or less for unit 16 to trip once water which has accumulated only to a depth of 1⁄8 inch or less on floor 15. Further, it has been found that unit 16 will even trip within a couple of days when only slight moisture remains on the floor for an extended time. In either event, tripper unit 16 responds and the water to heater 11 is shut off before any significant damage, if any at all, can occur.
While tripper unit 16 can actuate a number of devices, one such device is valve actuator unit 17 of the present automatic flow shut-off system 10, shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 and discussed briefly above. Valve actuator unit 17 is designed to shut off a ball valve 13 in line 12. Referring now to FIG. 3, unit 17 is comprised of a housing 40 having diametrically opposed slots 41 (only one shown in FIG. 3) formed through the lower end of the wall of the housing. These slots are adapted to fit over and receive a water supply line 12 (FIG. 1) when actuator unit is placed over ball valve 13. Pipe clamps 42 or the like are secured to housing 40 adjacent to the slots 41 by which actuator 17 is secured in place onto line 12.
A shaft 43 is secured between supports 44 in housing 40 and has a torsion spring 45 positioned thereon with one end of the spring being secured to upper support 44 and the other or free end extending outward from the shaft and terminating in a 90° bend which, in turn, forms leg or impact surface 46. A latch lever 47 is rotatably mounted about pivot 47a on the side of housing 40 and has a hole 49 or the like at one end and a latching notch 48 near the other end. Notch 48 is adapted to receive and releasably latch the free end of the spring 45 after the free end of the spring has been rotated at least 90° against its bias. This compresses spring 45 and valve actuator 17 is now in its “cocked” position, as will be explained below.
In operation, slots 41 are positioned over line 12 and clamps 42 are secured around the pipe to secure housing 40 over ball valve 13. The free end of spring 45 is then rotated approximately 90° against the natural bias of the spring and lever 47 is rotated about pivot 47a to bring notch 48 down over the free end of the spring thereby effectively latching the spring in its cocked position. Arm 14 on valve 13 is then rotated, again approximately 90° in the same direction as that in which the spring was rotated to thereby move the valve to its open position.
Preferably, when the valve is in its full open position and spring 45 is in a cocked position, the leg 46 of the cocked spring 45 will not be in contact with the arm 14 but instead a small space will exist between the two, for a purpose explained below. Lever 47 is connected to plunger 22 by a connector means 50 (e.g. flexible cord, chain, etc.) which is connected at one end to the eye bolt 30 which is welded or otherwise secured on the upper end of plunger 22 and at its other end to the hole 49 in one end of the lever 47.
In routine operation, valve 13 will remain open and water will flow through line 12 into the tank of water heater 11, as needed, as will be understood in the art. However, when a leak of any kind occurs, water will flow onto floor 15 and into the housing of tripper unit 16. As fully explained above, the water causes the unit 16 to trip thereby allowing plunger 22 to rapidly move downward which, in turn, pulls the attached connector means 50 downward to rotate latch lever 47 and disengage the free end of spring 45 from its cocked position.
When unlatched, the free end of spring 45 begins to accelerate towards it relaxed position with substantial force. The small space deliberately left between leg 45 and arm 14 allows the spring to build up momentum which, in turn, produces an “impact” effect when leg 45 actually contacts arm 14 of the valve. This sudden impact aids in insuring that the valve will be moved to its full closed position as spring 45 rotates back to its original position and pushes arm 14 on the valve ahead of it.
While the automatic flow shut-off system 10, as described above, shuts off the flow of water upon the development of a water leak, in gas-fired water heaters, it is also necessary to shut-off the gas at the same time the water is cut off. As is well known in the art, the circuitry for a typical gas-fired water heater includes a pilot light, a thermocouple, and an electrically-operated valve for controlling the flow of gas. As long as the pilot light continues to burn, the heat on the thermocouple generates a charge (i.e. a millivolt) to keep the valve open. If the light goes out, the valve closes and the gas supply is shut off.
Tripper unit 16, as shown in FIG. 1, is capable of shutting the flow of gas to a pilot light at the same time the water is shut off to heater 11. To do this, a switch 55 (FIG. 1) is affixed the side of heater 11, preferably affixed to guide strip 23 before the strip is affixed to the water heater. Switch 55 is appropriately wired into the circuitry for the pilot light. A collar 54 or the like is affixed onto rod 22 to move downward therewith to contact and move a throw 57 on switch 55 downward to open the switch. This breaks the circuit, which then closes the gas supply valve just as if the pilot light had gone out.
Valve actuator unit 17 is adapted to close a standard-type ball valve such as those commonly found in the water supply lines to many previously installed water heaters. In another embodiment of the present invention, FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate a valve actuator unit 17A that is adapted to close a standard-type gate valve 13a, also commonly found in water supply lines to some installed hot water heaters. Valve actuator unit 17A is comprised of a spool (e.g. 4 inch pulley 32) which is adapted to be fitted onto the stem 13b of valve 13a after the standard handle 35 (shown only in dotted lines in FIG. 6) of the valve has been removed. While any type of adapter can be used to affix pulley 32 to the stem, preferably, the pulley has a non-round recess which is adapted to fitted directly over the non-round stem of the valve so that the stem will rotate when the pulley is rotated.
A latch support 36 is secured onto supply line 12 by clamps 36a or the like and has a latch arm 37 pivotably mounted thereon. One end of arm 37 is attached to a flexible connection means 50a (e.g. cord, chain, etc.) and the other end of arm 37 is adapted to engage a detent 32a on the upper surface of pulley 32 when the arm is in its unrotated or latched position for a purpose described later. A flexible member 38 (e.g. a length of lawnmower starter pull cord) has one end connected to spool 32 and its other end connected to one end of a bias means 39 (e.g. tension spring of the type used on screen doors). The other end of spring 39 is anchored to floor 15 by any appropriate means. For example, one leg 40a of an L-shaped, metal bracket 40 can be slid under the bottom of water heater 11, the weight of which will hold the bracket in place. The lower end of spring 39 is then connected to the other leg 40b of the bracket to anchor the spring to the floor 15.
To aid in the smooth movement of flexible member 38, member 38 can be passed over idler pulley 38a which, in turn, can be secured to heater 11 by any appropriate means, i.e. adhesive, hook tape, etc.) as shown in the FIGS. If desired, a similar idler pulley (not shown) can be affixed to top of heater at the other side thereof to aid in movement of flexible means 50a. 
In operation, the handle is removed from gate valve 13a and pulley 32 is mounted thereon. Using spool 32, close gate valve 13a and then rotate knob 35 counterclockwise three complete turns to open the valve. Next, wind four revolutions of power cord 38 onto spool 32 and latch spool 32 against clockwise rotation by engaging latch arm 37 against detent 32b on spool 32. Extend spring 39 and attach it to power cord 38. The actuator 17A is now in a “cocked” position. When any water accumulates on floor 15, the water reactive material (e.g. paper) 20 begins to immediately weaken and tripper unit 16 trips as explained above. As rod 22 drops under gravity, it pulls means 50a downward which, in turn, rotates arm 37 out of engagement with detent 32a. This allows the bias of spring 39 to pull cord 38 downward to rotate spool 32 to close gate valve 13a. The cord 38, spring 38, etc. are sized to insure at least 3 rotations of knob 35 on valve 13a. 
FIG. 6 illustrates a further embodiment for attaching pulley 32a to the stem of valve 13a. Pulley 32b has a shaft 32c which is positioned into the top end of an elastic coupling 33 (e.g. a short length of a rubber radiator hose) and is secured therein by hose clamp 34. The lower end of coupling 33 is adapted to be frictionally fitted over the standard handle 35 of gate valve 13a in water supply line 12. Coupling 33 is further secured against rotation with respect to handle 35 by hose clamp 34a. The operation of the valve actuator 17B in FIG. 6 is otherwise identical to that described above in relation to the embodiment of FIG. 5.
FIG. 6A discloses another but a simplified, preferred embodiment of a valve actuator unit 17B that is adapted to close a standard-type gate valve 13a such as that described above. Valve actuator unit 17B is comprised of a housing 100 which is adapted to be positioned over water supply line 12 and secured thereto by clamps 36b or the like. A shaft 102 is rotatably mounted through the top 104 of housing 100. Shaft 102 is preferably made in two segments, 102a and 102b which are coupled together by a link 102c which, in turn, has pins 102d thereon which slide vertically within slots 102e in the respective segments. By making shaft 102 in segments, it allows vertical adjustment for varying heights of the stem 13b of different gate valves 13a. 
Shaft 102 has a first plate 105 attached to the lower end thereof which has a opening (e.g. square) therethrough which, in turn, is configured to fit over stem 13b of gate valve 13a whereby the stem is rotated with plate 105. A coiled spring 106 surrounds shaft 102 and has one end connected to shaft 102 by screw 107 or the like and the other end connected to housing 100 by screw 108 or the like. Preferably, spring 106 is a sturdy, clock spring capable of generating sufficient torque (e.g. about 25 foot-pounds) to easily rotate stem 13a upon actuation of unit 17B. Such springs are available from clock-spring manufacturers, e.g. Associated Spring, Milwaukee, Wis.
A second or stop plate 111 is affixed shaft 102 for rotation therewith and has a stop 112 on its upper surface. A guide slot 109 is affixed to the inside of the upper end of housing 100 and has a detent 110 slidably positioned therein. Detent 110 is slidably connected to latch arm 37a which, in turn, is connected to tripper unit 16 (see FIG. 4) by flexible means 50a. The lower end of detent 110 has a cam surface as does one side of stop 112 for a purpose described below.
In operation, the handle (not shown) is removed from the stem 13b of gate valve 13a and unit 17B is placed over the valve 13a when the valve is in its fully closed position. The opening in plate 105 is positioned onto stem 13b after which housing 100 is secured onto water supply line 12. Due to the two-piece construction of shaft 102, the positioning of plate 105 can be easily adjusted for the height of stem 13b of a particular gate valve 13a. Shaft 102 and hence, plate 105 are then rotated counterclockwise several turns (e.g. four) to move valve 13a to its fully open position. A removable crank 113 is preferably inserted through openings in the upper end of shaft 102 to aid in rotating the shaft.
As shaft 102 is rotated to open the valve against the bias of spring 106, the cam surface of stop 112 will contact the cam surface of detent 110 on each rotation to thereby lift the detent and allow continued counterclockwise rotation of the shaft. Once the valve has been moved to its open position, the force on crank 113 is relaxed and spring 106 will bias shaft 102 in a clockwise direction until the vertical surface on stop 112 engages the vertical surface of detent 110 which latches the valve in its open position. When a leak actuates tripper unit 16, the plunger therein will pull flexible means 50a downward to cause arm 37a to move detent 110 upward to thereby release plate 111 for rotation. This allows the bias of spring 106 to rotate shaft 102 and attached plate 105 in a clockwise direction to close gate 13b. 
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate another embodiment 16A of tripper unit of the present invention. Unit 16A is comprised of a housing 18a which in turn, is comprised of a first cylindrical portion 21 (e.g. PVC tubing, approximately 8 inches long and having a 1.5 inch ID) which runs the entire length of the housing. Housing 18a preferably includes a larger diameter, second portion 21a (e.g. PVC tubing having a 2.5 inch ID) which is secured concentrically around the lower end of first portion 21 by any appropriate means (e.g. PVC reducer 21b, gluing, etc.). The wider diameter of second portion 21a of the housing acts as a base for stabilizing tripper unit 16A when it is stood up in its operable vertical position adjacent hot water heater 11 (FIG. 1). Openings (e.g. radially-spaced slots 21b, 21c, FIGS. 1 and 2A) are provided in lower ends of first and second portions 21, 21a, respectively, to allow any water on floor 15 adjacent heater 11 to flow into the interior of housing 18a for a purpose described below.
Water detection cartridge 19a is preferably comprised of a short length of tubing (e.g. approximately 2.5 to 3 inch length of PVC tubing having a 1 inch ID) and is adapted to easily slide into and out of the lower end of first portion 21 of housing 18a. The inside of hollow cartridge 19a forms a chamber 19b for a purposed described below. A retaining means (e.g. wire 24, a screw(s), or the like) extends into or across the bottom of first portion 21 keeps cartridge 19a in position and prevents it from passing on through the housing. For a purpose explained below, a water reactive material (e.g. absorbent paper, not shown) is loaded onto cartridge 19a which will quickly begin to weaken and disintegrate once it comes into contact with water in the same manner as explained above. Again, a properly-sized, cartridge 19c comprised of starch peanuts can be used instead of cartridge 19a without departing from the present invention.
Plunger 22a is comprised of a cylindrical, hollow shaft 26 which is sized to telescope within first portion 20 of housing 18a and slide easily therein. Rod 27 (preferably constructed from steel or the like) extends up through shaft 26 and is secured in place by a eye bolt 30a which, in turn, passes through the top of cap 28 and is threaded into the top of rod 27. Rod 27 depends from the bottom of shaft 26 and has a reduced diameter that will easily enter and slide through chamber 19b in cartridge 19a when tripper unit 16 is tripped.
To assemble tripper unit 16A, a prepared cartridge 19a or 19c is dropped into housing 18a and pushed downward until it comes to rest at the bottom of the housing (e.g. on retaining means 24). Plunger 22a is then slid into housing 18a until the lower end of rod 27 comes to rest on the water absorbent means (e.g. paper towel-like material, not shown). Next, a bias means is provided between plunger 22a and housing 18a to normally bias the plunger downward with respect to the housing. The bias means is selected so that its downward force is not sufficient to rupture the water absorbent material (i.e. paper, compressed peanuts, etc.) when the material is dry but is sufficient to quickly and dependably force the plunger downward into chamber 19b shortly after the material comes into contact with water. While such bias means may take various forms, preferably the bias means, as shown, is comprised of springs 31 (4 shown) which are attached to cap 28 and second portion of housing 18a between screws 29, respectively.
The embodiment 16B of the tripper unit shown in FIG. 12 is basically of the same construction as unit 16A except unit 16B is also capable of shutting off the flow of gas to a pilot light at the same time the water is shut off to a hot water heater. Tripper unit 16B includes a switch 55a which is affixed to housing 18a. The switch is electrically connected into the circuitry of the pilot light (not shown) with the switch normally being in closed position to complete the circuit. As plunger 22a moves downward, an actuator element 56, which is connected to the cap 28 of the plunger, contacts and moves a throw 57a on switch 55a downward to open the switch. This breaks the circuit, which then closes the gas valve as if the pilot light had gone out. To insure smooth movement of actuator rod 56 in relation to switch 55a, rod 56 is passed through one or more guides 58 (only one shown) which are mounted on housing 18a. 
FIGS. 9-11 illustrate an embodiment of the automatic valve shut-off system of the present wherein both the tripper unit and the valve actuator are combined into a single unit 10a. As illustrated in FIG. 9, system 10a is installed to shut-off the flow of water to a standard commode 155 which is positioned on floor 15 and to which water is supplied through supply line 12a. Again, it should be recognized that unit 10a can equally be used to shut off the water supply to other water-using appliances, e.g. washing machines, dish washers, ice makers, etc.
As will be understood in the art, a standard shut-off valve 56 (e.g. gate valve) is normally provided in line 12a to shut off the water, if a need arises. However, in some instances, a leak or overflow can occur that can cause damage or unpleasantness before valve 56 can be manually actuated. In accordance with the present invention, the water line from valve 56 to commode 155 is removed when retrofitting a previously installed commode and is replaced with flexible flow line 57, unit 10a, and flexible flow line 58.
Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, automatic flow shut-off system 10A is comprised of a housing 60 (e.g. a 3 inch length of 4 inch ID, PVC pipe) having openings 61 spaced around the lower end thereof. The upper end of housing 60 is closed by a plate 62 that has a slot 62a therein. Plate 62 can be made from any appropriate material (e.g. metal, plastic, plywood) and is secured in place by any appropriate means (e.g. screws 63).
Ball valve 64 is mounted on plate 62 and is securely affixed thereto by U-bolts 65 or the like. Valve 64 is adapted to be connected between lines 57 and 58 to control flow of water to commode 155. Arm 66 is substantially aligned with slot 62a and is connected to shaft 67 of valve 64 which, when rotated, will open and close the valve. A tension spring 67a is connected at one end to housing 60 and at its other end to one end of arm 66 as shown in FIG. 11.
The tripping unit of system 10a is comprised of a water detection cartridge 68 which, in turn, is comprised of a short length of tubing (e.g. approximately 1.5 inch length of PVC tubing having a 1⁄2 inch ID). Cartridge 68 is secured in the lower end of housing 60 by wing-screws 69 or the like for easy assembly and removable. The inside of hollow cartridge 68 forms a chamber 68a for a purposed described below. As before, a water reactive material 69 is loaded onto cartridge 68 which will quickly begin to weaken and disintegrate once it comes into contact with water. Again, a water absorbent paper (e.g. common “paper towels”) is preferred since this material is both inexpensive and readily available. The absorbent paper, once wrapped onto the cartridge 68 as described above, is of a sufficient thickness to provide the resistive force necessary to keep the unit from “tripping” as long as the paper remains dry. Also, it should be recognize that cartridge 19c of compressed, starch-based peanuts can be substituted from cartridge 68 without departing from the present invention.
Plunger 70 is comprised of a cylindrical rod (e.g. 21⁄2 inch length of 1⁄2 inch round stock) which is sized to easily enter and slide through chamber 68a in cartridge 68 when tripper unit is tripped. Plunger 70 is slidably positioned within a guide tube 71 which, in turn, is secured inside housing 60 by screws 72.
In operation, arm 66 is rotated counterclockwise as viewed in FIG. 6 to move valve 64 to its open position. This counterclockwise rotation puts spring 67a in tension. To assist in holding arm 66 against the bias of spring 67a during installation, a releasable latch 75 (e.g. hook and eye) is mounted on plate 62; the hook of which can be extended across one end of arm to cooperate with the eye on the other side of the arm to hold the arm in the desired position. Cartridge 68 is wrapped with an absorbent paper and is secured into housing 60 by wing-screws 69. Plunger 70 is positioned into guide 71 and so that the lower end of the plunger rests and is supported on the absorbent paper. Latch 75 is released so that one end of arm 66 is biased by spring 67a downward into contact with the top of plunger 70. A cover 80 (FIG. 4) is secured to the top of housing to complete the assembly. Cover 80 has diametrically opposed slots 81 to allow the cover to fit over lines 57, 58, respectively.
Again, the water reactive material is of such a strength, when dry, which will support the plunger against the bias of spring 67a. However, when a leak occurs, water on floor 15 will flow through openings 61 in housing 60 and into contact with the water reactive material of the cartridge. The water “wicks” up into contact with the material and immediately begins to weaken and disintegrate the material. Within a relatively, very short period (1-2 minutes or less), the material is weaken or dissolved to a point that the stored energy in spring 67a will force plunger 70 downward to trip the tripping unit thereby freeing arm 66 to rotate clockwise 90° to thereby close valve 64. This shuts off flow of water to commode 155 thereby limiting any water damage, if any at all, to floor 15 and the surrounding area.
FIGS. 13-16 illustrate a much simpler and preferred embodiment of the tripping unit of the present invention. This unit is constructed to fit into the narrow confines of a pan 90 which is sometimes present in many existing hot water installations. Tripper unit 120 is comprised of two arcuate-like plates 121, 122 which are curved to fit the general outer configuration of a typical hot water heater (see FIG. 13). A cylindrical guide 123 is mounted to back plate 121 and is adapted to receive cartridge 19c (see FIGS. 17 and 18 and related description above). A threaded pin 123a (FIGS. 14, 16) prevents cartridge 19c from being pushed through the lower end of guide 123. A short plunger 124 (solid metal cylinder) is slidably mounted in guide 123 and rests on the top of cartridge 19c. 
A slightly bent, basically L-shaped trip arm 125 is pivotably mounted to the back plate 121 about axis 126. One leg 127 of arm 125 rests on plunger 124 when unit 120 is in a “cocked” position while the other leg 128 is connected to a biasing means, i.e. tension spring 129. A switch 55b is mounted in unit 120 for shutting off the flow of gas to a pilot light at the same time the water is shut off to a hot water heater. This switch is electrically connected to a thermocouple interrupter 130 (e.g. HONEYWELL part No. 392451-1) which, in turn, is positioned between the control valve 131 in a gas supply line (not shown) and the original thermocouple 132 (see FIG. 14). Switch 55b is normally in a closed position to complete the circuit.
In operation, arm 125 is drawn back against the bias of spring 129 and plunger 124 and cartridge 19c of compressed starch peanuts is loaded into guide 123 and are supported on pin 123a. Arm 125 is allowed to rotate slightly forward until leg 127 rests on plunger 124 which, in turn, can not move downward in guide 123 due to the resistance of the compressed starch peanuts. Tripper unit 120 can then be attached to hot water heater 11 (FIG. 13) by any appropriate means. For example, hook tape (VELCRO®) can be supplied with unit 120 which can be secured to the heater at the appropriate position which, in turn, cooperates with hook tape preinstalled (not shown) on unit 120. Unit 120 will be positioned to leave a short distance between the unit and the floor or the bottom of pan 90 so that water can easily flow under the plates 121, 122.
Leg 128 of arm 125 is connected to the valve actuator (e.g. 17) by a length of connecting means 50a (e.g. cord, wire, chain, or the like). When a leak occurs, water will flow into unit 120 and into contact with wicking material 86 on cartridge 19c which, in turn, conveys the water into contact with the starch peanuts 20a. Immediately upon contact with water, the peanuts begin to dissolve and shortly thereafter, cartridge 19c can no longer support plunger 124. As plunger 124 moves downward in guide, spring 129 strongly rotates arm 125 about pivot 126. This, in turn, pulls cord 50a downward to trip valve actuator 17 as described above. At the same time, leg 127 continues to rotate until it contacts the throw 55d on switch 55b (see dotted lines in FIG. 14) to break the thermocouple circuit to shut off the gas supply to the heater.
FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate still another embodiment of a tripper unit 140 in accordance with the present invention. Unit 140 is comprised of a housing 141 which has weep holes 141a around the lower circumference and a cylindrical guide tube 142 therein. Cartridge 19c is removably positioned in the guide and is supported on pin 143. A short plunger 144 rests on and is supported by cartridge 19c. 
Trip arm 145 is pivotably mounted in the housing about pivot 146 and has one leg 147 which is supported on plunger 144 when the unit is in a “cocked” position. Leg 148 of arm 145 is attached to tension spring 149 and also to connecting means 50c. Switch 55e, which is electrically connected into the thermocouple circuit (see above description), is positioned on housing 141 so that it will be closed by leg 148 after arm 145 rotates about its pivot when unit 140 is tripped.
In operation, when a leak occurs, water enters weep holes 141a and contacts the wicking material of cartridge 19c to convey the water into contact with the starch peanuts in the cartridge. The peanuts immediately begin to dissolve which allows plunger 144 to move downward in guide 142 which, in turn, allows the bias of spring 147 to forcefully rotate arm 145 and trip the unit.
In each embodiment of the present tripping unit, the cartridge used therein can easily and quickly be replaced once the unit has been tripped with only a minimum of time and expense involved. This allows the unit to be used over and over again while other known units can only be used once. Further, the water reactive material used is highly, ecologically friendly and posed no health or disposal problem with its use.
While the tripper units of the present invention have been illustrated in conjunction with valve actuators, it should be recognized that the tripper unit, itself, and the principles involved therewith can be used to trigger other devices, e.g. an actuator for setting off an alarm, etc., upon the unwanted presence of water.

## Claims

1. An automatic flow shut-off system for closing a valve in a water supply line to shut off the flow of water to an appliance when a leak develops at said appliance; said system comprising:
a valve actuator adapted to be connected to said valve to close said valve when said valve actuator is actuated; and
a tripper unit responsive to said leak for actuating said valve actuator; said tripper unit comprising:
a housing adapted to be positioned on a surface adjacent said appliance when in an operable position, said housing being positioned to allow the flow of water from said surface into said housing;
a cartridge mounted in said housing, said cartridge being comprised of a water reactive material which will disintegrate when contacted by water; wherein said water reactive material said cartridge comprises a plurality of compressed peanuts of a starch-based material wrapped tightly in a water-wicking material;
actuating means in said housing which is supported by said cartridge of said water reactive material when said material is dry, said means being free to move when said water reactive material comes into contact with water; and
means for connecting said actuating means to said valve actuator whereby said valve actuator is actuated upon movement of said actuating means in said housing of said tripper unit.

2. The automatic flow shut-off system of claim 1 wherein said appliance is a hot water heater with a vertical, cylindrical tank and wherein said housing of said tripper unit comprises:
a two-spaced, arcuate-like plates which are curved to fit the general outer configuration of said vertical tank; and wherein said actuating means comprises:
a substantially L-shaped arm pivotably mounted in said housing having one leg supported by said cartridge to prevent rotation of said arm when said material is dry; and
a bias means connected to the other leg of said L-shaped arm whereby said bias means will cause said arm to rotate when said cartridge is contacted by water, said other leg of said L-shaped arm being connected to said valve actuator whereby said valve actuator is actuated upon rotation of said L-shaped arm in said housing of said tripper unit when said cartridge is contacted by water.

3. The automatic flow shut-off system of claim 2 wherein said tripper unit includes:
hook tape for securing said housing of said tripper unit to the lower end of said tank.

4. The automatic flow shut-off system of claim 2 wherein said tripper unit includes:
a guide in said housing adapted to receive said cartridge; and
a plunger slidably positioned in said guide and supported by said cartridge wherein said one leg of said L-shaped arm will rest on and be supported by said plunger when said cartridge is dry.

5. The automatic flow shut-off system of claim 2 including:
a switch mounted in said housing and being positioned to be actuated by said one leg of said L-shaped arm when said arm is rotated in said housing, said switch adapted to open the circuit of a thermocouple to thereby prevent the flow of gas to said hot water heater when a leak occurs and said tripper unit is actuated.

6. A tripper unit for actuating a value actuator upon contact with water, said tripper unit comprising:
a housing adapted to be positioned on a surface adjacent said appliance when in an operable position, said housing being positioned to allow the flow of water from said surface into said housing;
a cartridge mounted in said housing, said cartridge being comprised of a water reactive material which will disintegrate when contacted by water; wherein said water reactive material comprises a plurality of compressed peanuts of a starch-based material;
actuating means in said housing which is supported by said cartridge of said water reactive material when said material is dry, said means being free to move when said water reactive material comes into contact with water; and
means for connecting said actuating means to said valve actuator whereby said valve actuator is actuated upon movement of said actuating means in said housing of said tripper unit.

7. The tripper of claim 6 wherein said appliance is a hot water heater with a vertical, cylindrical tank and wherein said housing of said tripper unit comprises:
a two spaced, arculate-like plates which are curved to fit the general outer configuration of said vertical tank; and wherein said actuating means comprises:
a substantially L-shaped arm pivotably mounted in said housing having one leg supported by said cartridge to prevent rotation of said arm when said material is dry; and
a bias means connected to the other leg of said L-shaped arm whereby said bias means will cause said arm to rotate when said cartridge is contacted by water, said other leg of said L-shaped arm adapted to be connected to a valve actuator whereby said valve actuator is actuated upon rotation of said L-shaped arm in said housing of said tripper unit when said cartridge is contacted by water.

8. The tripper unit of claim 7 wherein said tripper unit includes:
a guide in said housing adapted to receive said cartridge; and
a plunger slidably positioned in said guide and supported by said cartridge wherein said one leg of said L-shaped arm will rest on and be supported by said plunger when said cartridge is dry.

9. The tripper unit system of claim 7 including:
a switch mounted in said housing and being positioned to be actuated by said one leg of said L-shaped arm when said arm is rotated in said housing, said switch adapted to open the circuit of a thermocouple to thereby prevent the flow of gas to said hot water heater when a leak occurs and said tripper unit is actuated.

10. A cartridge for use with a tripper unit of an automatic flow shut-off system, said cartridge being formed by tightly wrapping a plurality of individual starch-based peanuts in a sheet of wicking material.

11. The cartridge of claim 10 including:
a wicking material in contact with said mass of water-soluble, biodegradable material to aid in conveying water to said material.