PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

No. 22

- 2931

JENNIFER BINDER LE PAPE and FREDERIC LE PAPE, Individually and on behalf of Alexandre Le Pape; ALEXANDRE LE PAPE, Individually,

Appellants

v.

LOWER MERION SCHOOL DISTRICT

*(Amended pursuant to Clerk ’ s Order dated November

28, 2022 )

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (District Court No. 2

- 20

- cv

- 01416) District Judge: Honorable Karen S. Marston

Argued January 1 8, 20242 Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and AMBRO, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed June 4, 2024 )

Nicole M. Reimann (Argued)

Batchis Nestle & Reimann

7 Bala Avenue

Suite 202 Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004

Counsel for Appellants

Amy T. Brooks Michael D. Kristofco (Argued) Christina Gallagher

Wisler Pearlstine

460 Norristown Road

Suite 110 Blue Bell, PA 19422

Counsel for Appellee

Peter D. Keisler Virginia A. Seitz

1501 K Street NW Sidley Austin Washington, DC 20005

Counsel for Amicus Appellant

Communication First3 Selene A. Almazan

- Altobelli Council of Parent Attorneys and Advocates

P.O. Box 6767 Towson, MD 21285

Counsel for Amicus Appellant Council of Parent Attorneys and Advocates

OPINION OF THE COURT

AMBRO, Circuit Judge

Non

- verbal student Alexandre Le Pape (“Alex”) and his family (collectively, the “ Le Papes”) repeatedly requested that the Lower Merion School District ( the “School District” or “District”) change his educational program to include a new communication proto col. After it denied these requests and Alex left public education, the Le Papes filed an administrative special education due process complaint against the School
District seeking compensatory education, reimbursement for
tuition and services in the home , and the award of attorney fees
and costs. The f

amily alleged that the District failed to protect Alex’s rights and denied him a Free Accessible Public Education (“FAPE”) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”)

, 20 U.S.C. § 1400

, et seq

. ; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (“Section 504”)

, 29
U.S.C. § 794 ; Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”)

, 42 U.S.C. § 12131

, et seq. ; and Chapters 14 and 15 of the Pennsylvania Code, 22 Pa. Code Chs. 14

- 15

.4 An impartial administrative hearing officer ruled against them on all claims, and they filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

. In Cou nt I of their complaint , the Le Papes alleged that the District failed to provide a FAPE in violation of the IDEA, Section 504, and state law ; they sought compensatory education, reimbursement for the private program they developed for Alex following his w ithdrawal from the District, and reimbursement for the psychological evaluation of him that they coordinated. Counts II and III, seeking compensatory damages and a jury trial, alleged the District intentionally discriminated against Alex in violation of Section 504 and the

ADA

.

The District Court granted the School District’s motions for summary judgment on the ADA claim and judgment on the
administrative record for the denial

- of

- FAPE claims, in effect rolling together their ADA and Section 504 claims with their
IDEA claim. The Le Papes now appeal the Court’s grant of

summary judgment for the District on their ADA claim and of judgment on the administrative record for the District on their
ADA and Section 504 claims

. 1 Because the Court granted judgment on them without applying the summary judgment
standard to which the Le Papes were entitled under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, we reverse and remand.

I. BACKGROUND

1 They do not appeal the Court’s treatment of their denial

- of

FAPE claims under the IDEA , Section 504, and state law.5 a. Factual Background

Alex , who is now twenty

- three years old, was formerly
a student in the School District. D iagnosed with autism and speech

- language impairment

, he describes himself as a “non

speaker.” Le Pape s’ Br. at 5

. He was eligible for special
education services under the IDEA categories of Autism, Intellectual Disability, and Speech and Language Impairment

. During his time in the District, Alex used a Bluetooth keyboard and iPad, in addition to visual scripts, pointing, and identifying pictures. With these, he could communicate simple things like requests for food or to go to the restroom or the school nur se.

In July 2017, when Alex was 16, his family learned about a technique known as “Spelling to Communicate” ( “S2C” ), in which a non

- speaker points at letters on a laminated alphabet board (“letter board”) held by a communication support person. That s ummer, his family sent the School District videos illustrating the technique. The y requested that representatives from the District observe Alex using S2C, but it declined, telling Mrs. Le Pape that the technique was not evidence based. She concedes that there was
then no published research to support the method ( nor would
there be until 2019 )

. In the fall of 2017 , she nonetheless sent another email requesting the District to reconsider its de cision and make changes to Alex’s Individualized Education Plan (“ IEP ”)

, including provision for training District personnel in S2C. Shortly thereafter, the District team assigned to Alex
revised his IEP to acknowledge her request, but not to implement it . On December 10, Mrs. Le Pape again emailed the District requesting changes to his IEP, including training for S2C and to have a person trained in the method “work with Alex at school all day, every day.” App. at 541.6 Later that month , the School District finally agreed to
observe Alex at an S2C training session, and on December 28 two special education specialists from the District observed
him and his communication p artner , Emily. The specialists had
reservations about the method and shared with the IEP team that they needed to obser ve the protocol again, this time with
Alex ’s teacher present . They also spoke with Elizabeth Voseller, the inventor of S2C , as well as a practitioner trained by her . After those conversations , the District’s special education supervisor for Grades 10

- 12 emailed her supervisor on January 15, 2018, stating that “[a]fter those two phone calls, Denise [ the District’s Speech and Language Department Coordinator and Assistive Technology Coordinator for grades K to 12] and I seem to have more questions than answe rs.” App. at 3787. The supervisor outlined various concerns, including the lack of evidence for S2C, its similarity to the Rapid Prompt Method that various studies had called into question, that the American Speech

- Language

- Hearing Association (“ASHA”) did not recognize S2C as an evidence

based protocol

, the lack of individuals communicating independently using S2C, and that Alex did not , at that time,

use S 2 C at home except to complete homework

. The special education supervisor then reiterated the need to observe Alex again , this time with his teacher, and recommended that the
District purchase letter boards and use them in reading class to
collect more data.

As the special education supervisor suggested, the District specialists and Alex ’s teacher

, Ms. Van Horn

, conducted a second observation of Alex using S2 C in late January 2018, with the specialists viewing Alex , Emily, and his
teacher from a remote monitor in a separate room. During this7 session, Emily and Alex went through review questions for
Alex ’s U

. S

. History midterm. In itially, Emily did not have the answer key

, and Alex was not answering correctly ; but once it was provided to Emily, he started answering correctly. This
troubled Alex ’s teacher as well as the specialists. After the observation, the specialists asked Mrs. Le Pape more questions
about S2C and proposed obtaining letter boards and run ning a trial i n the classroom.

In February, the Sc hool District accepted the mother’s
offer to visit Alex ’s classroom and show his teacher how to use S2C. From then on, Alex would bring his letter board to school every day and take it home with him

. A t the same time, however, the District advised the Le Pape s that

, “as we have shared with you, the reservations regarding training staff center around our belief that we have highly trained staff who have expertise and background to successfully utilize thi s tool. The
lack of research behind S2C [,] including research to drive appropriate training with fidelity [,] remains a significant
concern for the [D] istrict.” App. at 549. Mrs. Le Pape took
this to mean District staff wishe d to see research on S2C as well as a protocol for how to use it.

In March, Mrs. Le Pape came into the class room of
Alex’s teacher several times to demonstrate the use of S2C, with a special education specialist from the School District
present. His te acher had limited success attempting to use the technique with Alex

. M r s. Le Pape conceded that these trials

w ere not successful, which she ascribed to the teacher’s lack of training.

In April, the School District revised Alex ’s IEP

, agreeing for staff to train for use of S2C. M r s. Le Pape was8 still dissatisfied with this, and in mid

- July emailed the District requesting that his IEP be revised yet again , this time to incorporate the use of S2C with a trained partner, including in
Alex’s extracurricular activities. I t responded that

, “[a]s we discussed at the start of the summer, we are training for trial.
Our team needs t he opportunity to go through the training a nd then to make the most informed recommendations going
forward.” App. at 557. On August 3, the District emailed the Le Papes

, stating that “[w]hile we have agreed to train in S2C for the purposes of t rial, please remember that the District has significa nt and valid concerns with this method as it lacks research to support its use.” App. at 4050

.

That said, the training nonetheless took place over three days at the end of September 2018 , with participation by the two special education specialists from the School District , two of Alex ’s teachers, and a certified school psychologist. Alex ’s
teacher

, Mr. Borsch

, complained that the training was “kind of all over the place” and that S2C was not a communication tool
but instead “ [other peo ple] prompting [ Alex ] to the right

answer.” App. at 2162

- 63. The school psychologist raised multiple concerns about the method, including the lack of data for it, the need for an explanation why the letter board couldn’t be on a fixed structure, and the trainer’s use of the phrase “in
the neighborhood ” when describing when an individual’s response was close enough on the letter board to where the correct response would be. App. at 563

- 64.

Over this time, Alex experienced an increase in self

injurious and aggressive behaviors, including biting his hand s and pulling others’ hair. His treating psychiatrist ascribed these behaviors to an increase in anxiety due to his inability to use
the letter board in scho ol . I n the fall of 2018, she recommended9 that Alex not return to school until the School District accommodated his use of the letter board and developed a plan
to transition him back into classroom learning . Citing his
increased anxiety, Alex’s parents r emoved him from school on
October 25.

On November 28, the School District team assigned to
Alex met for the final time and announced that it would not incorporate S2C into Alex ’s program. Mrs. Le Pape later
testified that the District raised concerns about the recent

statement of the ASHA that S2C was not evidence based and “not recommended,” App. at 4755, as well as its dissatisfaction with the training.

Once Alex had been out of school for six weeks

, however, the School District revised his IEP to indicate that if he brought his own letter board and communication partner to school, it would allow him to use both as a reasonable
accommodation. It still refused to provide its own communication support person. On December 21, Alex ’s
parents r ejected the proposed IEP revisions, and Alex
continued his education from home, where private tutors met
with him and use d S2C.

In total, Alex ’s family spent 17 months, spanning two school years, making at least 33 requests to his School District
to allow him to use the letter board in school and to train staff to assist him in using it. At various times, his speech therapist, psychiatrist, and behavior analyst each wrote to the Dis trict stating that the letter board would be an effective means of
communication for him.

b. The Administrative Process10 The Le Papes filed a due process complaint with the Pennsylvania Department of Education, Office of Dispute
Resolution . They alleged that the School District failed to protect Alex’s rights and denied him a FAPE under the IDEA

, Section 504, Title II of the ADA, and state law. A h earing

o fficer heard the complaint over three sessions ; he did not
allow Alex to testify using the letter board and excluded videos of him using it. In his final decision and o rder, the o fficer
found that the School District did not deny Alex a FAPE under
the IDEA , Section 504, and state law, and did not discriminate against him in violation of Section 504 . He held that he did not have jurisdiction over the ADA discrimination claim, but that, if he did, he would hold that the Le Papes had not proven the District discriminated against Alex

.

c. The District Court Process

The Le Papes timely filed a complaint with the District

Court. As noted above, i n Count I of their complaint, filed on March 12, 2020, the y alleged that the School District failed to provide a FAPE in violation of the IDEA, Section 504, and
state law. In Counts II and III, they alleged the District intentionally discriminated against Alex in violation of the ADA and Section 504 by refusing to permit him to communicate with the letter board and failing to train staff so
he could do so. The Le Pape s sought compensatory damages and a jury trial on their intentional discrimination claims. In its answer to the Le Papes’ intentional discrimination claims,
the District did not assert either the fundamental alteration or11 undue burden exception to the ADA’s effective communication requirement

. 2 Nor did it move to strike the jury demand.

Following the conference under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 16 , the District Court sua sponte order ed briefing on whether the ADA claim was independent of the FAPE cl aim and how the resolution of that question should affect discovery and scheduling. On March 12, 2021, the Court issued an order deciding the issue and concluding that the ADA claim was subsumed by the FAPE claim

.

In arriving at that conclusion, the Court applied the
framework from Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools

, 580 U.S. 154, 170

- 71 (2017)

. T he Supreme Court there instructed
that a plaintiff must exhaust his non

- IDEA claim through an IDEA hearing only if the es sential element (“ gravamen ”) of the

non

- IDEA claim relates to the denial of a FAPE

. Applying that

case , the District Court concluded that “the crux of [ the Le Papes’] complaint remain[ed] the denial of a FAPE ,” App. at

165 ; so, under Fry , they were required to exhaust their ADA claim in an IDEA proceeding , which it concluded they did.

But the Court did not stop there. It next held that “given [its] conclusion that the ADA claim [was] in essence a denial of a FAPE, [the Le Papes were] not entitled to a jury trial on

2 The ADA “ does not require a public entity to take any action
that it can demonstrate would result [1] in a fundamental alteration in the nature of a service, program, or activity or [2] in undue financial and administrative burdens[,]” though it must still “ensure that, to the maximum extent poss ible,
individuals with disabilities receive the benefits or services provided by the public entity.” 28 C

. F

. R

. § 35.164.12 that claim.” App. at 170. However, it gave the m leave to
amend “to the extent [they] are able to plead additional facts that may show that their ADA claim does not arise out of the District’s alleged denial of a FAPE to [ Alex ].” App. at 172

.

The Le Papes did so, filing an amended complaint alleging that the School District’s refusal t o permit Alex to communicate by means of the letter board and to train staff on
its use denied him the equal opportunity to participate in and enjoy the benefits of guidance counseling services, school nurse services, extracurricular activities, academic p rograms, peer relationships, and off

- campus activities. As before, the Le Papes sought money damages and demanded a jury trial, and as before, t he District’s answer did not assert the fundamental
alter a tion or undue burden exceptions to the ADA’s effective communication requirement, nor did it move to strike the jury
demand.

On April 22, 2021, the District Court issued a Scheduling Order with “the case [] proceeding on two tracks ”: one for the administrative appeal and one for the discrimination
claims. App. at 10

. For the latter , the Court established
deadlines for fa c t and expert discovery, summary judgment,
Daubert and in limine motions, and pretrial memoranda . It
also set a trial date. On the administrative appeal, it established deadlines for motions to supplement the administrative record and for judgment thereon.

The Le Papes duly began discovery on the ir
discrimination claims . When they noticed a Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(b)(6) deposition of the School District, however, it resisted, and the Le Papes moved to compel

. The District argued that they sought to “engage in garden style discovery of matters13 which were exhausted during the due process hearing [

, ] ” with “[v]irtually everything [they] want[ed] to inquire about in the 30(b)(6) deposition involv[ing] matters which were covered during the [] hearing.” App. at 311. The Court granted the Le Papes’ motion to compel , and t he p arties conducted discovery

— includin g interrogatories , depositions, and expert discovery

— over the summer of 2021.

In parallel, the Le Papes moved to supplement the
administrative record on the administrative appeal with Alex ’s testimony, videos of him communicating by using the letter
bo ard, and peer

- reviewed research published in May 2020 in support of S2 C. The School District opposed the motion. On September 17, 2021, the District Court issued a memorandum opinion and order mostly granting the Le Papes’ requests. I t observed that

, in their amended complaint , they “raised a
revised ADA discrimination claim that differed in material respects from their original ADA claim.” App. at 352.

T herefore , it reiterated, this “set th e case on two tracks because,
if Plaintiffs stated claims for intentional discrimination unrelated to the denial of FAPE claim, they may have been entitled to a jury trial on those claims, whereas the administrative appeal was to be decided by the Court on the administrative record.” App. at 40 n.12. As to the Le Papes’ requests to supplement the record, the C ourt admitted Alex’s testimony and videos of him using the letter board to communicate , but not the peer

- reviewed study from 2020, stating that beca use the study was published after the conclusion of the administrative hearing, the h earing o fficer could not be faulted for failing to address it

. However, “[t]he

Court t [ook] no position as to whether the study [wa] s admissible as evidence with respect to Plaintiffs’ ADA claim,
which [wa] s proceeding as an independent claim filed14 originally in th [at] Court

— not as an administrative appeal.” App. at 362 n.7.

T he Le Papes moved for summary judgment on liability
for t he ADA claim, and the School District moved for summary judgment on the intentional discrimination claims under both
Section 504 and the ADA . In a ddition to their cross

- motions for summary judgment, the p arties filed cross

- motions for judgment on the administrative record as to the denial

- of

- FAPE
claims

.

For the summary judgment motions on the intentional
discrimination claims

, the Court denied the School District’s
motion on the Section 504 claim , stating that because “the hearing officer heard a nd denied that claim in the due process hearing ,” the Court would “ address it in [its] decision on the parties’ cross

- motions for judgment on the administrative record.” App. at 3 n.1. It then turned to the ADA claim, briefly reciting the relevant facts, including that “[e]ight medical and educational professionals ha [d] opined that [S2C] is an
effective means of communication for [ Alex ] .” App. at 4 n.3

. However, the Court then reasoned that the ADA claim was subsumed by the IDEA den ial

- of

- FAPE claim. “Because Plaintiffs’ ADA claim seeks a remedy for denial of a FAPE,” it
concluded , “they are not entitled to a jury trial on that claim. ” App. at 19. It the n granted the School District ’s motion for summary judgment on the ADA claim , holding that it would “consider the Plaintiffs’ ADA claim, like their IDEA and Section 504 claims, on appeal from the hearing officer’s decision.” App. at 19. Though it denied summary judgment to
the Distric t on the Section 504 discrimination claim and granted it on the ADA discrimination claim, it did so with an15 identical result: it would consider both claims as part of the administrative appeal.

Nine months later, it considered that appeal. In so doing

, it “conduct[ ed ] a ‘ modified de novo review’ of [the]
h earing o fficer’s decision” as to all claims, under which the
h earing o fficer’s factual findings were considered “ prima facie correct.” App. at 41; App. at 60

- 65. 3

On the merits , the District Court affirmed the h earing

o fficer’s conclusion that the School District had not denied
Alex a FAPE under any statute , finding that “[t]he record and

3 The Supreme Court has held that when considering administrative appeals of IDEA claims, district c ourts should accord “due weight” t o factual findings made in the administrative hearings required by that Act . Bd. of Educ. o f Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist., Westchester Cnty. v. Rowley , 458 U.S. 176 , 206 (1982). This standard, known as
modified de novo review, “requires the court to consider the ‘[f]actual findings from the administrative proceedings . . . [to be] prima facie correct’ and, if the court fails to adopt those findings, it must explain its r easons for departing from them. ” Mary T. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila

. , 575 F.3d 235, 241 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting Shore Reg’l High Sch. Bd. of Ed uc

. v. P.S. ex rel. P.S.

, 381 F.3d 194, 199 (3d Cir. 2004) (internal citation omitted) )

. Our Circuit has not yet de cided whether this standard of review applies to a d istrict co urt ’s review of hearing officers’ decisions regarding denial

- of

- FAPE claims under non

- IDEA laws. See

T.F. v. Fox Chapel Area Sch. Dist. , 589 F. App ’ x 594, 598 (3d Cir. 2014) (assuming arguendo that de novo review applies
because it would affirm the Section 504 decision in either case). As discussed below , we decline to extend modified de

novo review to such circumstances

.16 supplemental evidence support the [ h ] earing [ o ] fficer’s
conclusion that the District was no t required to implement S2C
because it was not an effective means of communication for [ Alex ].” App. at 54. In particular, the Court agreed that the
District did not need to implement S2C because “hearing officers and parents are not permitted to second guess a school district’s decision about which methodology to implement to address a disabled student’s needs.” App. at 52.

While the District Court agreed with the Le Papes that
the hearing o fficer’s credibility determinations were “sweeping and not necessarily supported by the testimonial evidence [

, ] ”

A pp. at 48, it concluded that it was “bound to adopt” them
because “the non

- testimonial evidence in the record
demonstrates that S2C is not an effective means of communication for [ Alex ].” Id. I t acknowledged his testimony

— delivered using a letter board

— that it was ef fective communication for him, as well as opinions from his
clinicians in the administrative record ; however, the Court concluded that these did not “outweigh the bulk of the evidence, which goes to the contrary.” App. at 51

. And though
it did consider the videos of Alex answering questions correctly, it found that his “communication partners are, to some degree, guiding him to the correct answer, which suggests that S2C is not [ Alex ’s] own voice and supports the
District’s decision not to imple ment the method.” Id

. The Le Papes argued that while Ridley School Dist rict v. M.R. , 680 F.3d 260 (3d Cir. 20 12 )

, does not require a school district t o apply the disabled student’s preferred method of communication if it can implement an alternative, effective method of communication, the letter board was Alex’s only
effective means of communication

. T he Court , however, rejected this contention

, finding that “the record demonstrates17 that [ Alex ] is a skilled typist.” A pp. at 53. It did so without
mention ing the testimony of Alex or his behavior specialist that he could merely type what others told him, no r did it note the additional opinions of the “ [ e ] ight medical and educational professionals” the Le Papes later presented at summary judgment. App. at 4 n.3.

The District Court then turned to the Le Papes’ ADA and
Section 504 claims for intentional discrimination , observing that the “parties agree that . . . the only dispute is whether, by refusing to allow [ Alex ] to use S2C in school, the D istrict denied [ him ] benefits of the program or otherwise subjected [him] to discrimination because of his disability.” App. at 61.

Because the Le Papes had only argued these claims on summary judgment , not the motions for judgment on the administrative record, the Court stated it would consider their
arguments made on summary judgment “to the extent [they]
are based on evidence available in the administra tive record.” App. at 61 n.19.

In this context, t he Court did not acknowledge evidence developed through months of discovery, including the expert testimony and opinions it had referenced in its earlier ruling on summary judgment. It reasoned that it had already determined
the intentional discrimination claims were denial

- of

- FAPE claims, and it had just rejected all of the latter claims, so, logically, “Plaintiffs [we] re not entitled to relief under Section 504 or the ADA.” App. at 61

- 62. In the alternative, the Court
concluded that even if these were not denial

- of

- FAPE claims, the Le Papes had failed to establish that Alex was discriminated against because they “ha[d] not adduced evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of the S2C method, partic ularly in light of the credible testimony of District staff who observed18 [ Alex ] using the method and believed that [ he ] was being guided or prompted while using the methodology,” App. at 64

n.20 . Moreover, “neither Section 504 nor the ADA requires
schools to implement an unproven, ineffective means of communication, even if it is the student’s preferred method.” App. at 65.

The Le Pape s timely appealed the District Court’s grant of summary judgment for the School District on their ADA
claim as well as the Court’s entry of judgment on the
administrative record for the District on both their ADA and
Section 504 claims

. 4 Council of Parent Attorneys and

A dvocates 5 and Communication F irst 6 each filed amicus curiae briefs (respectively, “Amicus Br. 1” and “Amicus Br. 2”) in
support of the Le Papes

.

4 As mentioned, the family is no longer pursuing their claims
under the IDEA and state law

. 5 “The Council of Parent Attorneys and Advocates is a not

- for

profit organization for parents of children with disabilities, their attorneys [,] and advocates [,] ...[and ] provides resources, training, and information for parents, advocates, and attorneys to assist in obtaining [] free appropriate public education ... under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act[.]”
Amicus Br. 1 at 1.

6 “Communication First is a national, disability

- led nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting and advancing the human, civil, and communication rights of the estimated 5 million children and adults in the United States who, due to disability or other condition, cannot rely on s peech alone to be heard and
understood.” Amicus Br. 2 at 1.19 II. JURISDICTION & STANDARD OF REVIEW

The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

We apply plenary review to the District Court’s grant of summary judgment, “applying the same standard that the lower court should have appli ed

. ” Chisolm v. McManimon , 275 F.3d 315, 321 (3d Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is appropriate “ if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56( a ). We review all facts in the light
most favorable to the non

- moving party and draw “all justifiable inferences

. . . in [its] favor.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

III. ANALYSIS

a. The IDEA, ADA, and Section 504 generally

The IDEA, ADA, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act all provide protections for students with disabilities. 7 But

7 Section 1412 of the IDEA provides in part : A State is eligible for assistance ... if [it] ... has in effect policies and procedures to ensure that [it] meets each of the following conditions [, inter alia ,]: A free appropriate public education is available to all children with disabilities residing in the State between the ages of 3 and 21[.] 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)(A).20 h ow do these overlapping laws interact? For a brief time following the Supreme Court’s decision in Smith v. Robinson

, 468 U.S. 992, 100 9 (1984), the IDEA was “the exclusive avenue through which a plaintiff [could] assert an equal protection claim to a publicly financed special education[,]” precluding claims asserting the right to a FAPE under other laws, such as Section 504 . Congress, h owever, promptly
“overturned Smith ’s preclusion of non

- IDEA claims while also adding a carefully defined exhaustion requirement[,]” Fry , 580 U.S. at 161, per the Handicapped Children’s Protection Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99

- 372, 100 Stat. 796, which amended the IDEA to add Section 1415(l). It “‘ reaffirm [ ed ] the viability’ of federal statutes like the ADA or Rehabilitation Act ‘as separat e vehicles,’ no less integral than the IDEA[.]” 580 U.S. at 161

Section 202 of the ADA provides: Subject to the provisions of this subchapter , no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity. 42 U.S.C. § 12132.

Section 504 of the R ehabilitation Act provides: No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States ... shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance[.] 29 U.S.C. § 794(a).21 (quoting H.R. Rep. 99

- 296 at 4 (1985)). Under Section 1415(l),

[n]othing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict or limit the rights, procedures, and remedies available
under the Con stitution, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, title V of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, or other Federal laws protecting the rights of children with disabilities, except that before the filing of a civil action under such laws seeking relief tha t is also available under this subchapter, the procedures under subsections (f) 8 and (g) 9 shall be exhausted to the same extent as would be required had the action been brought under this subchapter.

20 U.S.C. § 1415(l). As mentioned above, in Fry the Supreme Court held that a plaintiff is required to exhaust his non

- IDEA claims in a hearing under the procedures in the IDEA only if his “suit [] seek[s] relief for the denial of a FAPE, because that is the only ‘relief’ the IDEA makes ‘available.’” Id. The Court reserved the question of whether exhaustion is required when a plaintiff seeks to remedy a denial of a FAPE with a form of
relief that is not available under the IDEA. 580 U.S. at 165 n.4. Recently, however, it answered this question in Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools

, 598 U.S. 142 (2023), reemphasizing

8 Subsection (f) sets out the procedure for impartial due process hearings. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f).

9 Subs ection (g) prescribes the procedure for appeals of hearing

- officer decisions to state educational agencies. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(g).22 the ADA’s independence from the IDEA. The Sixth Circuit
had affirmed a district court’s dismissal of an ADA claim based
on the denial of a FAPE because the plaintiff had failed to exhaust his claim through an IDEA hearing. In r eversing, the Supreme Court held that the IDEA’s exhaustion requirement did not apply because the plaintiff sought compensatory damages, not equitable rel ief, and § 1415(l) “applies only to suits that ‘see[k] relief . . . also available under’ [the] IDEA.”
Id. at 147 (emphasis in original) ( also noting that “everyone agrees [the] IDEA does not provide” compensatory damages).

The text of § 1415(l) makes clear that, besides this exhaustion requirement, the IDEA places no restrictions on
ADA and Section 504 claims . Once he has exhausted those
claim s in an IDEA hearing , a plaintiff may pursue them as he
otherwise would in a district court. The court then must examine the claim for sufficiency of pleading or evidence as applicable to the motion in front of it.

This is essential because a plaintiff may be able to make
out an intentional discrimi nation claim under the ADA even if
he receives a FAPE under the IDEA

. A key difference between the IDEA’s FAPE obligation and the ADA’s effective communication requirement

— and one central to the Le Papes’

claim

— is the emphasis that the public entity must place on the disabled student’s preference when deciding what accommodations to provide. For example, u nder the IDEA the

IEP team for a deaf or hard

- of

- hearing child must consider, among other factors, “the child ’ s language and
communication needs, ” “ opportunities for direct communications with peers and professional[s] in the child ’ s language and communication mode,” and “whether the
child needs assistive technology devices and services.” 2023 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(3)(B)(iv) & (v) . It “does not require that parental preferences be implemented, so long as the IEP is reasonably calculated to provide some educational benefit.”
Bradle y ex rel. Bradley v. Ark. Dep’t of Educ. , 443 F.3d 965, 975 (8th Cir. 2006).

But the ADA , by regulation, adds another requirement: the public entity must “give primary consideration to the requests of [the] individual[] with disabilities.” 28 C

. F

. R

. § 35.160(b)(2) (emphasis added). This difference can determine what auxiliary aids and services a child receives. Under the ADA, “[t]he public entity shall honor the choice [of the individual with a disability] unless it can dem onstrate that
another effective means of communication exists or that use of the means chosen would not be required under § 35.164.” 28 C.F.R. Part 35, App. A.

b. The District Court’s Decision

In this context, w hen considering the parties’ cross

motions for summary judgment, the District Court should have performed the inquiry demanded by Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 for the
ADA and Section 504 claims

— determining whether

, viewing
all facts in the light most favorable to the non

- moving party, there exists any genuine issue of material fact . Instead, it postponed its merits analysis on both claims. It denied summary judgment to the School District on the Section 504 discrimination claim, stating it would consider that cl aim on appeal from the administrative record. Then, it found that the
ADA discrimination claim was subsumed by the Le Papes’
denial

- of

- FAPE claim and held that because this was an

“ equitable injury

, ” the Le Papes w ere not entitled to a jury trial

on their ADA claim

, despite seeking compensatory damages.24 App. at 19 (emphasis in original). As with the Section 504 discrimination claim, the Court considered the claim on the administrative record (though it granted summar y judgment in
favor of the School District on the ADA discrimination claim
while denying it on Section 504 discrimination). App. at 3

n.1

. 10

Ruling for the School District on the ADA
discrimination claim without any examination of the factual
record that had been developed over the course of months of discovery

, the District Court went too far in its application of Fry

. Having conducted its inquiry under that case and found that the “gravamen” of Le Pape ’s ADA claim was the denial of

a FAPE, App. at 14, it grant ed summary judgment for the
School District and decide d the claim on the parties’ motions for judgment on the administrative record

. However, the only
effect of finding that the gravamen of an ADA claim is denial
of a FAPE should be that the claim must be exhaust ed through an IDEA hearing , which the District Court correctly found the Le Papes had done

.

But to exhaust an ADA claim in no way extinguishes its independent existence. As the Fifth Circuit recently noted under similar circumstances, “ Fry ’s ‘gravamen’ of the complaint test speaks only to § 1415(l)’s exhaustion requirement and does not prohibit standalone ADA claims, as evidenced by Perez .” Lartigue v. Northside Indep. Sch. Dist.

, 2024 WL 1261291, at *9 (5th Cir. Mar. 26, 2024). As a result,

10 Further adding to the confusion, the Court did so despite stating that “the remedies, procedures, and rights under the ADA are the same as those under Section 504.” App. at 18

- 19

.25 a party may have “viable, standalone ADA claims notwithstanding the presence of a FAPE.” Id.

The exhaustion requirement does not change that;
ins tead, it is crafted to preserve those independent avenues of
relief. “Pr ovided that a plaintiff satisfies the exhaustion requirement of the IDEA”

— which per Perez may not have applied to the Le Papes ’ ADA claim 11

— “a plaintiff may assert claims for relief for the denial of a FAPE under multiple federal

statutes.” E.E. v. Ridgefield Park Bd. of Educ.

, 2020 WL 3097473, at *8 (D.N.J. June 11, 2020), aff ’ d sub nom. Esposito v. Ridgefield Park Bd. of Educ.

, 856 F. App ’ x 367 (3d Cir. 2021). As did the court in E.E. , where “Defendant appear[ed] to argue that Plaintiffs’ Section 504 and ADA claims [were] subsumed into their IDEA claims,” the District Court here ought to have “conduct[ed] an independent analysis under each statute” and “analyze[ d the Le Papes’] Section 504 and ADA claims separately from the IDEA claims.” Id. To do otherwise

runs afoul of § 1415(l)’s explicit preservation of the rights of
children with disabilities under the ADA and the Rehabilitation

Act.

11 The Le Papes argue that

, in light of Perez , they were not required to ex haust their ADA and Section 504 claims seeking compensatory damages . First, we point out that the District
Court found the claims were exhausted and did not dismiss them for failure to exhaust. Second, the Le Pape s also sought
the a ward of attorney fees and costs, remedies which are also
available under the IDEA. Perez did not address this situation, but our case law states that a request for attorney fees is a request for relief available under the IDEA. Batchelor v. Rose
Tree Med ia Sch. Dist. , 759 F.3d 266, 276

- 77 (3d Cir. 2014).26 We reiterate that the IDEA ’s FAPE requirement and the

ADA / Section 504’s effective communication requirement provide for different inquiries. As mentioned, the effective communication requirement imposes a greater obligation of equal access than does the FAPE requirement : “[T]he requirement that a State provide specialized educational services to handicapped children [under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act , the predecessor to the IDEA

, ]

gen erates no additional requirement that the services so provided be sufficient to maximize each child ’ s potential ‘commensurate with the opportunity provided other children[,]’” and its legislative history does “not

. . . imply a congressional intent to achi eve strict equality of opportunity or
services.” Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist., Westchester Cnty. v. Rowley , 458 U.S. 176, 198 (1982)

. Because the ADA and Section 504’s effective communication requirement is so specific , a school may s till be in violation of
those laws even when a child is able to make educational progress sufficient for a FAPE under the IDEA

. For example

, if a child is achieving passing marks and advancing from grade to grade, he is presumed to be receiving a FAPE. Rowley , 458

U.S. at 204 . But th at does not mean he is being provided with

“ equal opportunity to participate in, and enjoy the benefits of,

a service, program, or activity of a public entity.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.160(b)(1) (emphasis added). Nor does it mean that, as the effective communication requirement instructs , the school has “give[n] primary consideration to the requests of [ the ]
individual [] with disabilities.” § 35.160(b)(2) (emphasis added)

. These are separate question s from whether Alex was denied a FAPE, and the District Court should not have collapsed these inquiries. “[T]he provision of [a] FAPE u nder the IDEA does not limit a student’s right to effective
communication [under the ADA .]” U.S. Dept. of Just. & U.S.27 Dept. of Educ., Frequently Asked Questions 1 5 (Nov. 2014). There is no “indication that Congress intended [the ADA and the IDEA] to interact in a mechanical fashion in the school [] context, automatically pretermitting any Title II [of the ADA] claim where a school’s IDEA obligation is satisfied [

, ] ” and
there is no basis to conclude that “the success or failure of a student’s IDEA claim dictates, as a matter of law, the success
or failure of her [ ADA ] claim.” K.M. ex rel. Bright v. Tustin Unified Sch. Dist. , 725 F.3d 1088, 1092 , 1101 (3d Cir. 2013)

.

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 allows a district court to grant summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” In assessing this, a court “view[s ] the facts in the light most favorable to the non

moving party,” and a “judge’s function at the summary judgment stage is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine
issue for trial.” Tse v

. Ventana Med. Sys., Inc

. , 297 F.3d 210, 218 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett

, 477 U.S. 317 (1986), and Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249). We don’t know
from the District Court’s opinion whether there existed genuine issues of material fact preclu ding entry of summary judgment.

It addressed only whether the Le Papes ’ previously pled ADA claim was independent from their FAPE claims. Finding that
the former was FAPE

- based, the Court decided to grant summary judgment for the School District on the ADA claim
and “consider [it] , like [the Le Papes’] IDEA and Section 504 claims, on appeal from the hearing officer’s decision.” App. at

19. Rule 56 disallows such a grant of summary judgment
without examination of the factual record.28 That inquiry immediately reveals a disputed issue of
material fact: the efficacy of the letter board compared to other
forms of communication . There is no dispute that the letter
board is Alex ’s preferred method of communication, which is to be the “primary considera tion” under the ADA in a public entity’s determination of what types of auxiliary aids and services are necessary for effective communication. 28 C.F.R. § 35.160(b)(2). Public entities are exempt from acquiescing to the disabled person’s preference if th ey can provide an alternative, effective means of communication ; but

“ [g] enerally, the effectiveness of auxiliary aids and/or services is a question of fact precluding summary judgment.” Chisolm

, 275 F.3d at 327.

There is ample evidence from which a reasonable jury
could conclude that that School District violated the ADA’s effective communication requirement by denying Alex his preferred method of communication without providing an
effective alternative. He testified that the l etter board is
effective for him and remains his preferred communication
method. H e is a non

- speaker who for the first 16 years of his life had “very minimal communication,” was able to say only
a few words

, and was unable to communicate clearly and as he wished. App. at 1264. By typing, he could transcribe the speech of others but could not communicate his own thoughts

. For example , he could not communicate with the school nurse or the guidance counselor about his college plans, course selection, testi ng, and accommodations; nor could he participate in class

, extracurricular activities, or community

based instruction. In addition to Alex ’s own testimony, seven treating clinicians and Dr. Barry Prizant

— a speech pathologist and psycholinguist who has bee n awarded ASHA’s highest honors, has practiced for nearly 50 years , and reviewed29 approximately 185 minutes of Alex communicating with the
letter board and interviewed him

— testified that the letter board
is effective communication for him

. And Alex ’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Manley Ghaffari, who is board

- certified in child and adolescent psychiatry and focuses her practice on neurodiverse patients, testified that the lett er board was “extremely effective in allowing [ Alex ] to express his thoughts and feelings.” App. at 1635

. Meanwhile , Vanessa von Hagen,
a board

- certified behavior analyst and the lead clinician on
Alex ’s home team for several years, testified that he can not orally communicate in sentences and can only type what he hears, not his own thoughts. She also testified that the letter
board was effective communication for Alex

. Indeed, as the
School District’s initial denial of the letter board turned almost

ex clusively on its concerns about the auxiliary aid’s efficacy,
that was the most material fact at issue

.

We need not resolve this dispute now, nor was it proper
for the District Court to do so. Under the Constitution’s Seventh Amendment, t he Le Papes were entitled to have a jury
evaluate the effectiveness of the communication supports for
Alex , and this precluded summary judgment where there existed a disputed issue of material fact. See Chisolm , 275 F.3d

at 326

- 32. Critically, the Court’s role on summary judgment

was not to decide that issue. Still less was its role to defer the question and then decide it by a judgment on the administrative
record under the modified de novo standard of review

.

The School District contends that the Le Papes merely attempt to side

- step issue preclusion; by its argument, the hearing officer’s denial

- o f

- FAPE decision precludes subsequent ADA or Section 504 discrimination claims because the factual issues underlying those discrimination claims are30 identical to those already determined by the hearing officer in the administrative process

. We disagree . A s a preliminary

matter

, the School District did not argue to the District Court
that the hearing officer ’s decision should stop independent inquiries, and this argument is thus forfeited. But even if not

, it would fail because “[w]hen exhausting an administrative process is a prerequisite to suit in court,” we do not give

“ preclusive effect to the agency’s determination . . . [. ]” B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Indus

. , Inc

. , 575 U.S. 138, 152 (2015)

. Additionally, “t he legal standards under the IDEA and the ADA in this context are significantly different, barring application of issue preclusion to [the Le Papes’] federal ADA
claim .” Lartigue , 2024 WL 1261291, at *8.

Because there exists at least one disputed issue of material fact, we reverse the Court’s grant of summary judgment for the School District on the Le Papes’ ADA claim.

c. The District Court’s Decision on the

Administrative Record

With the legal understanding set out above, we
comment further on how it affects the District Court’s decision on the parties’ cross

- motions based on the administrative
record. Though the Court correctly set the case “on two tracks,” App. 10, with the intentional discrimination claims to
be resolved on summary judgment and the IDEA administrative appeal on the administrative record, it ultimately resolved all three claims based on the administrative record without any discussion of the discovery record

. By doing so, it went off course in three respects.31 First, it acknowledged that, under the modified de novo standard, it presumed that the h earing o fficer’s findings we re prima facie correct. If it had limited the administrative review to the IDEA claim, that would have been fine. But the
ADA/Section 504 claims could not be resolved on the administrative record alone. They needed to be resolved at least on summary jud gment, whereby a court is to construe all facts in the light most favorable to the non

- moving party and draw “all justifiable inferences

. . . in [its] favor

, ” Anderson

, 477 U.S. at 255 , which would mean applying a de novo
standard of review. This case has a strange procedural history;
but even had the Le Papes moved for judgment on the
administrative record on th o se claims, the Supreme Court has required district courts to apply modified de novo review only
in their review of IDEA claims, Rowley

, 458 U.S. at 206, and
we decline to extend that review to claims under the ADA and
Section 504. Applying modified de novo review to th o se claims curtailed the Le Papes’ rights and remedies under non

IDEA federal law, as forb idden by § 1415(l), and arrogated jury functions to the Court in violation of the Seventh
Amendment

.

Next, the District Court left out the factual and expert evidence that had been developed for summary judgment
consideration. Though the Le Papes did not argue their intentional discrimination claims when briefing for judgment
on the administrative record, the Court sua sponte interposed the arguments they had made at summary judgment. App. at
61 n.19. Ye t in assessing their intentional discrimination
claims

, the Court limited which arguments (as well as what evidence) it would consider to only “those arguments [which]
are bas ed on evidence available in the administrative record.”
Id. In effect, this disregarded the extensive discovery the Le32 Papes conducted after filing their amended complaint for non

FAPE

- related intentional discrimination. The Court instead resolved the claims on the record from a proceeding where they had not even pursued an intentional discrimination claim, indeed, one where they had argued that the hearing offi cer had no jurisdiction over the ADA claim. 12

Finally, applying that modifi ed de novo standard of review and failing to consider the discovery record , the Court concluded that the Le Papes’ evidence “[did] not outweigh the bulk of the [other] evidence,” App. at 51, and resolved any discrepancies by deferring to the h earing o fficer’s determinations. The snag is that the Court, in deciding judgment on the administrative record, weighed the evidence
and determined the truth of the matter , decidin g disputed issues of material fact that were plainly for a jury

. For example, in addressing the School District’s email that it would allow the
use of a letter board

— but not provide a communication
partner

— “as a reasonable accommodation under [the] ADA,” App. at 1263, the Court dismissed the suggestion that this might reflect the District’s recognition t hat t he letter board was effective, which would be relevant to whether it acted in violation of the ADA when it failed to “honor the choice [of the individual with a disability ]. ” 28 C.F.R. Part 35, App. A

. It
instead stated that this did not “ change the analysis” and adopted the District’s explanation that “using the spelling to
communicate was detrimental [,] but it was more detrimental

12 We note that it is strange that the Le Papes did not argue the same for their Section 504 claim, when the claims were almost legally indistinguishable and both sought compensatory damages.33 for [ Alex ] not to be in school.” App. at 64

. That issue is best
left for a jury.

* * * *

We clarify some muddled law in our Circuit

. A denial

of

- FAPE claim under the IDEA can be resolved through an administrative appeal, bu t ADA and Section 504
discrimination claims seeking compensatory damages, even if
on the same facts

, should be resolved through summary judgment and, possibly, trial

. See Chisolm , 275 F.3d at 326

- 32

. We therefore reverse the District Court’s grant for th e School District of summary judgment on the Le Papes’ ADA
discrimination claim as well as judgment on the administrative
record for their discrimination claims under both that law and Section 504, 13 and we remand for further proceedings.

13 To repeat , the Le Papes do not appeal the District Court’s
treatment of their denial

- of

- FAPE claim under Section 504

, only their discrimination claim under that law.