# Patent

## Title
Nucleic acid encoding polypeptide involved in cellular entrance of the PRRS virus

## Abstract

The present invention relates to a new polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide involved in cellular entrance of PRRSV, to a recombinant vector comprising said polynucleotide, to a cell capable of expressing said polypeptide, a method of producing said polypeptide as well as to cell culture and to a novel method of producing the PRRSV virus. The present invention further relates to a method of identifying compounds that affect the PRRSV receptor function of the polypeptide as well as to the use of the polypeptide or identified compounds in the manufacture of medicaments. The present inventors have succeeded in isolating a protein from PAM membranes that seems to play a crucial role in virus entry into the cell. The elucidated nucleotide sequence encoding the protein, as well as the amino acid sequence of the protein, were compared with sequences stored in sequence databases. Surprisingly the putative PRRSV receptor provided by the present invention showed a great deal of homology to certain proteins belonging to the Siglec family.

## Background
PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §371 as a national phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP02/08047 (filed Jul. 18, 2002, and published on Feb. 6, 2003 as International Publication No. WO 03/010200), which, in turn, claims priority to European Patent Application Nos. 01202824.7 (filed Jul. 24, 2001) and 01204220.6 (filed Oct. 31, 2001).
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
The material saved as a text document under the file name “SequenceListing” created on Apr. 10, 2007 is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a new polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide involved in cellular entrance of the PRRS virus (PRRSV), to a recombinant vector comprising said polynucleotide, to a cell capable of expressing said polypeptide, a method of producing said polypeptide as well as to a cell culture and to a novel method of producing the PRRSV virus. The present invention further relates to a method of identifying compounds that affect the PRRSV receptor function of the polypeptide as well as to the use of the polypeptide or identified compounds in the manufacture of medicaments.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was initially recognised in 1987 in the USA as a new disease of swine that causes reproductive failure in pregnant sows and respiratory failure in neonatal pigs. The disease was subsequently described in Europe and Canada. Until a causative agent had been identified the syndrome was known by various names, such as mystery swine disease, swine infertility and respiratory syndrome, blue eared pig disease, abortus blauw, etc.
An enveloped single-stranded RNA virus, the PRRS virus, causes the syndrome. PRRSV is a member of the Arterivirus family that includes lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus LDV) of mice, equine arteritis virus (EAV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV).
The predominant cell type infected by PRRSV is the macrophage. The virus was first isolated in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) but has also been reported to replicate in monocytes and in microglial cells. PRRSV has a restricted tropism for monocyte/macrophage cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Currently PRRSV replication only occurs in a few established cell lines.
Virus replication in vitro has been demonstrated in established cell lines such as monkey kidney cell line MA-104, and its permissive clone MARC-145 (Kim et al., Arch. Virol., 133, 477-483, 1993).
A process for growing PRRSV on an MA-104 derived cloned cell line, 9009B (designated as ATCC CRL 11302) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,258.
Failure of PRRSV replication in several other cell lines has been reported.
The mechanism that restricts PRRSV replication in a variety of cell lines has been investigated. It was found that PRRSV could not bind to most cell types tested. The absence of PRRSV binding to cells was suggested to be one of the determinants of PRRSV cell tropism. It was postulated that the absence of a specific cellular component might be crucial for virus entry, and that virus entry occurred by receptor mediated endocytosis (Kreutz, Virus Research, 53, 121-128, 1998.)
Receptor mediated endocytosis is known for other enveloped viruses. Receptors for some viruses have been reported. For example, the receptors for the different subgroups of avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) have been identified and cloned. (Balliet et al., J. Virol., 73(4), 3054-3061, 1999.) The cellular receptor for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) has also been identified and cloned. A vector into which the cDNA for the MHV receptor had been subcloned was used for expression of the MHV receptor in cells that were normally resistant to MHV infection (BHK line of hamster fibroblasts and the RD line of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells). This was sufficient to permit infection of these cells with MHV (Dveksler et al., J. Virology, 65(12), 6881-6891, 1991).
Some efforts to identify a PRRSV receptor have been reported as well.
In an attempt to identify the PAM receptor which may determine the susceptibility of macrophage to PRRSV two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), 41D3 and 41D5, were produced that blocked PRRSV infection of PAM. (Duan et al., in Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses, edited by Enjuanes et al, Plenum Press, New York, 81-87, 1998).
With the aid of these MAbs an attempt was made to identify the molecules which are used for virus attachment on the surface of PAM.
By using a protein biotinylation kit, all membrane proteins were labelled, and proteins from the biotinylated cell lysate were immunoprecipitated using the MAbs. Thus, a biotin-labelled protein with a molecular weight of approximately 210 kDa could be visualised after immunoprecipitation (Duan et al., J. Virol., 4520-4523, 1998.)
However, so far a characterisation of the potential receptor for PRRSV has not been reported and its actual role in cell tropism has not been elucidated.
As already explained above, PRRSV can at present only be cultured in a limited number of cell lines.
For vaccine purposes, it would be convenient if the virus could be cultured in other cells than the limited number of cell lines available at present for culturing PRRSV. Only by changing the production process of PRRSV vaccines to other cell lines, the quality, quantity and the cost price of PRRSV vaccines can be improved.
A need for more efficient culturing methods for the virus therefore exists.
If indeed a PRRSV receptor is responsible for the unique cell specificity of the virus, expression of the receptor in cells that are normally non-permissive for the virus may open routes towards more efficient ways of culturing the virus.
The present inventors have succeeded in isolating a protein from PAM membranes that seems to play a crucial role in virus entry into the cell. The present inventors succeeded for the first time to identify and isolate the pure protein in large enough quantities for it to be analysed. By way of a unique process for the identification and isolation of the protein, the present inventors were thus the first to characterise the protein and to elucidate the amino acid sequence of the protein and the corresponding gene sequence.
The elucidated nucleotide sequence encoding the protein, as well as the amino acid sequence of the protein, were compared with sequences stored in sequence databases.
Surprisingly the putative PRRSV receptor provided by the present invention showed a great deal of homology to certain proteins belonging to the Siglec family. The siglec family is a family of sialic acid binding imunnoglobulin (Ig)-like lectins.
The identified polypeptide showed 69% identity on the amino acid level and 75% identity on the nucleic acid level with a 185 kDa mouse sialoadhesin protein and its corresponding gene sequence respectively (GenBank Accession Code: Z36293, SwissProt annotated protein record: Q62230) as described by Crocker et al., EMBO J., 13(19), 4490-4503, 1994.
The polypeptide further showed 78% identity on the amino acid level and 82% identity on the nucleic acid level with a 200 kDa human sialoadhesin protein and its gene sequence respectively (GenBank accession code: AF230073), as described by Hartnell A. et al., Blood, 97(1), 288-296, 2001.
Sequences were compared with sequences in databases using a BLAST program (BLASTF 2.1.2 [Oct. 19, 2000]) (Altschul, Stephen F., Thomas L. Madden, Alejandro A. Schaffer, Jinghui Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Webb Miller, and David J. Lipman (1997) “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs”, Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389-3402). The program was used to search for sequence alignments.
The mouse and human sialoadhesins show about 72% identity on the amino acid level and about 77% identity on the nucleic acid level, with the greatest identity in the extracellular region, which comprises 171 g domains in both species. The expression pattern of human sialoadhesin and mouse sialoadhesin is similar. They are absent from monocytes and other peripheral blood leukocytes, but expressed strongly by tissue macrophages in the spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, liver, colon and lungs.
Human sialoadhesin (Sn) is a macrophage-restricted cellular interaction molecule, likely to be involved in macrophage-hemopoietic cell interactions in the bone marrow and possibly also in other cell-cell interactions.
Human Sn is a prototypic member of the Siglec (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin) family of cellular interaction molecules and was designated Siglec-I.
Apart from Sn, members of the Siglec family include CD22 (Siglec-2) on B-cells, CD33 (Siglec-3) on immature myeloid cells and monocytes, and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) (Siglec-4A) on Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, and Siglecs-5, -6, -7, -8 and -9 expressed on various hemopoietic subsets. The biological functions of Sn are poorly understood.
Based on its % of identity with the above mentioned mouse- and human sialoadhesin, the identified polypeptide, that serves as the receptor for PRRSV on porcine alveolar macrophages, may be a porcine sialoadhesin (Sn).
The present invention, in one aspect, provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a porcine polypeptide, or a functional fragment of said polypeptide, said polypeptide having the following characteristics:
said polypeptide is when expressed on the surface of a cell, capable of making the cell receptive for PRRSV,
said polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 210 kD and said polypeptide is reactive with Mab 41D3.
Hybridoma 41D3 producing this Mab is deposited at the CNCM of the Institute Pasteur, Paris, France, under accession no. I-2719.
The polynucleotide according to the invention encodes a polypeptide that plays a crucial role in entry of PRRSV into cells. Because the polypeptide mediates the entry of the virus into the cells, it is postulated that it is the PRRSV receptor from porcine aveolar macrophages. Thus with the present invention polynucleotides are provided encoding an Sn like protein, that is a member of the super family of immunoglobulin-like molecules with the property that it facilitates the entry of PRRSV into a cell.
The Mab 41D3 specifically recognizes the identified polypeptide and blocks the entry of PRRSV into a cell. No membrane immunofluorescence staining with MAb 41D3 was observed on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), porcine peritoneal macrophages (PPM), ST (swine testis), SK (swine kidney), PK-15 and MARC-145 cells. Of these cells, only a faint intracellular staining was observed in some PBMC and PPM.
The polypeptide as identified has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 210 kD. The molecular weight was determined in SDS-PAGE using reducing conditions. The term “approximately” should be interpreted as meaning that the molecular weight is over 200 kD (closest marker in the gel) and in the range between 205 and 225 kD.
The sequence of the polynucleotide, as it was elucidated, by the present inventors is depicted in SEQ ID NO.: 1. The sequence of the polypeptide encoded by this polynucleotide is depicted in SEQ ID No.: 2. The sequence information as provided herein should not be so narrowly construed as to require exclusion of erroneously identified bases or natural occurring variations of the nucleotide sequence in the pig population.
Fragments of the provided nucleic acid sequence that encode a functional fragment of the polypeptide are likewise part of the present invention. A functional fragment of the polypeptide is a fragment that at least represents the part of the polypeptide, which is essential for the polypeptide to be able to serve as a receptor for PRRSV, and can fulfill this function, for example, when used alone or fused to heterologous sequences.
Thus, such polynucleotides, encoding functional fragments, may encode polypeptides that are functional per se, or the fragments may be functional when linked to other polypeptides, to obtain chimeric proteins.
For example, a polynucleotide encoding such a functional fragment of the polypeptide, may be fused to polynucleotides encoding transmembrane regions and/or signal sequences. By creating such chimeric proteins the functional site can be transferred to more abundant cell surface proteins creating cells with a higher sensitivity for PRRSV. Alternatively, to enhance the sensitivity of cells for PRRSV, multiple functional domains can be created on a single molecule or spacers of optimal length can be placed between the transmembrane region and the functional. PRRSV binding site.
The polynucleotides encoding fragments of the complete polypeptides, preferably encode fragments being at least 50 amino acids, more preferred at least 100 amino acids or at least 200 amino acids in length.
Polynucleotides according to the invention also encompass those polynucleotides that encoding variants of the identified polypeptide. With variants of the identified polypeptide, polypeptides are meant that have a PRRSV receptor activity and comprise variations of the identified amino acid sequence while still maintaining functional characteristics, in that they still play a role in viral entry of PRRSV into cells. Thus these variants are functionally equivalent to a polypeptide with the identified amino acid sequence. These polypeptides do not necessarily encompass the full length amino acid sequence as provided herein.
Variations that can occur in an amino acid sequence may be demonstrated by (an) amino acid difference(s) in the overall sequence or by deletions, substitutions, insertions, inversions or additions of (an) amino acid(s) in said sequence. Amino acid substitutions that are expected not to essentially alter biological and immunological activities have been described. Amino acid replacements between related amino acids or replacements which have occurred frequently in evolution are, inter alia Ser/Ala, Ser/Gly, Asp/Gly, Asp/Asn, Ile/Val (see Dayhof, M. D., Atlas of protein sequence and structure, Nat. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington D.C., 1978, vol. 5, suppl. 3). Based on this information Lipman and Pearson developed a method for rapid and sensitive protein comparison (Science, 1985 227, 1435-1441) and determining the functional similarity between homologous polypeptides. It will be clear that polynucleotides encoding such variants are likewise part of the invention.
Polynucleotides as defined with the present invention also include polynucleotides having variations in the nucleic acid sequence when compared to the identified nucleic acid sequence or having polymorphic sites. With “variants” polynucleotides are meant that differ from the identified nucleic acid sequence but still encode a polypeptide that has the same PRRSV receptor activity as the identified polypeptide.
Variants may be natural or non-natural variants. Non-naturally occurring variant may be introduced by mutagenesis. Natural variants may be allelic variants. An allelic variant is one of several alternate forms of a gene occupying a locus on a chromosome of an organism. Sometimes, a gene is expressed in a certain tissue as a splicing variant, resulting in an altered 5′ or 3′ mRNA or the inclusion or exclusion of one or more exon sequences. These sequences as well as the proteins encoded by these sequences all are expected to perform the same or similar functions and form also part of the invention.
An isolated cDNA sequence may be incomplete due to incomplete transcription from the corresponding mRNA, or clones may be obtained containing fragments of the complete cDNA. Various techniques are known in the art to complete said cDNA sequences, such as RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends).
Polynucleotides that have a nucleic acid sequence that is a variants of the identified nucleic acid sequence may be isolated by a method comprising the steps of: a) hybridizing a DNA comprising all or part of the identified sequence as reflected in SEQ ID NO: 1, under stringent conditions against nucleic acids being (genomic) DNA or cDNA isolated from porcine cells (preferably PAMs) which highly express the polynucleotide of interest; and b) isolating said nucleic acids by methods known to a skilled person in the art.
The hybridization conditions are preferably highly stringent.
According to the present invention the term “stringent” means washing conditions of 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at a temperature of 65° C.; highly stringent conditions refer to a reduction in SSC towards 0.3×SSC, more preferably to 0.1×SSC. Preferably the first two washings are subsequently carried out twice each during 15-30 minutes. If there is a need to wash under highly stringent conditions an additional wash with 0.1×SSC is performed once during 15 minutes. Hybridization can be performed e.g. overnight in 0.5M phosphate buffer pH7.5/7% SDS at 65° C. Such hybridization methods are disclosed in any standard textbook on molecular cloning, for example: Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd ed.; eds: Sambrook et al., CSHL press, 2001.
As an alternative the isolation method might comprise nucleic acid amplification methodology using primers and/or probes derived from the nucleic acid sequence provided with the present invention. Such primers and/or probes are oligonucleotides that are at least 15 nucleotides in length, preferred oligo's have about 25-50 nucleotides.
To test whether polynucleotides, the nucleic acid sequence of which represents a variant of the identified nucleic acid sequence, encode polypeptides that are functionally related to the identified sequence, methods as exemplified in the examples can be used. In example 6 it is disclosed how a sequence can be expressed in cells and how subsequently transfected cells can be tested for their susceptibility towards PRRSV infection.
Therefore, in a further aspect the present invention provides polynucleotides comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with the amino acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2. Preferred are polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 and more preferred are those polynucleotides encoding polyproteins having at least 97% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 wherein those encoding proteins having at least 98 or 99% are more preferred. Most preferred are polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, polynucleotides encoding an identical or substantially identical amino acid sequence may utilise different specific codons. All polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides as defined above are considered to be part of the invention.
In particular preferred polynucleotides according to the invention are isolated polynucleotides having at least 90% identity with the entire nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. More preferred are those polynucleotides having at least 95% identity, and yet more preferred at least 97, preferably 98% or 99% identity to the entire sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
Such polynucleotides include polynucleotides comprising the nucleic acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1. A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide with a sequence as depicted in SEQ ID No.: 2 may comprise the nucleic acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID No. 1. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the polynucleotide consists of the nucleic acid sequence as depicted in SEQ ID No: 1.
The polynucleotides according to the invention may be DNA or RNA, preferably DNA. DNA according to the invention may be obtained from cDNA. Alternatively, the coding sequence might be genomic DNA, or prepared using DNA synthesis techniques. If the polynucleotide is DNA, it may be in single stranded or double stranded form. The single strand might be the coding strand or the non-coding (anti-sense) strand.
Also included within the definition of polynucleotides are modified RNAs or DNAs. Modifications in the bases of the nucleic acid may be made, and bases such as inosine may be incorporated. Other modification may involve, for example, modifications of the backbone. With “isolated” is meant that the polynucleotide is isolated from the natural state, i.e. it has been changed or moved from its natural environment or both. The molecule is separate and discrete from the whole organism with which the molecule is found in nature.
“% Identity” defines the relation between two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides on the basis of a comparison between their aligned sequences.
Identity can be calculated by known methods. Identity percentages as mentioned herein are those that can be calculated with the GAP program, running under GCG (Genetics Computer Group Inc., Madison Wis.).
Parameters for polypeptide sequence comparison included the following:
Algorithm: Needleman and Wunch, J. Mol. Biol., 48,443-453, 1970.
As a comparison matrix for amino acid alignments the BLOSUM62 matrix is used (Hentikoff and Hentikoff, P.N.A.S. USA, 89, 10915-10919, 1992) using the following parameters:
Gap penalty: 8
Gap length penalty: 2
No penalty for end gaps.
Parameters for nucleotide comparison used:
Algorithm: Needleman and Wunch (supra).
Comparison matrix: matches=+10, mismatch=0.
Gap penalty: 50.
Gap length penalty: 3.
The DNA according to the invention will be very useful for in vivo or in vitro expression of the encoded polypeptide in sufficient quantities and in substantially pure form. When the polynucleotides according to the invention are used for expression of the encoded polypeptide, the polynucleotides may include, in addition to the coding sequence for the polypeptide or functional fragment thereof, other coding sequences, for example, leader sequences or fusion portions, such as marker sequences and the like.
A wide variety of host cell and cloning vehicle combinations may be usefully employed in cloning the nucleic acid sequence according to the invention. A polynucleotide according to the invention may be cloned into an appropriate expression system, such as a bacterial expression system (e.g. E coli DH5α), a viral expression system (e.g. Baculovirus), a yeast system (e.g. S. Cerevisiae, Pichia) or eukaryotic cells (e.g. Cos, BHK, MDCK, MDBK, HeLa, PK15 cells). In all systems the polynucleotide is first cloned into an appropriate vector under control of a suitable constitutive or inducible promoter.
In another aspect the present invention therefore relates to a recombinant vector comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention. Suitable vectors are for example cosmids, bacterial or yeast plasmids, wide host range plasmids and vectors derived from combinations of plasmid and phage or virus DNA. Vectors derived from chromosomal DNA are also included. Furthermore an origin of replication and/or a dominant selection marker can be present in the vector according to the invention. The vectors according to the invention are suitable for transforming a host cell. Examples of suitable cloning vectors are plasmid vectors such as pBR322, the various pUC, pEMBL and Bluescript plasmids.
When used in the expression of the polypeptide or functional fragments thereof, a recombinant vector according to the present invention, may further comprise an expression control sequence operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence coding for the protein.
Operably linked refers to an arrangement wherein the control sequences are configured so as to perform their usual function, in effecting the expression of the polynucleotide.
Such expression control sequences generally comprise a promoter sequence and sequences, which regulate transcription and translation and/or enhance expression levels. Not all of these control sequences need to be present in a recombinant vector as long as the desired polynucleotide is capable of being transcribed and translated. Of course expression control- and other sequences can vary depending on the host cell selected or can be made inducible. Such expression control sequences are well known in the art and extend to any eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or viral promoter or poly-A signal capable of directing gene transcription. Examples of useful promoters are the SV40 promoter (Science 222, 524-527, 1983), the metallothionein promoter (Nature, 296, 3942, 1982), the heat shock promoter (Voellmy et al., P.N.A.S. USA, 82, 4949-4953, 1985), the PRV gX promoter (Mettenleiter and Rauh, J. Virol. Methods, 30, 55-66, 1990), the human CMV IE promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,062), the Rous Sarcoma virus LTR promoter (Gorman et al., PNAS, 79, 6777-6781, 1982) or human elongation factor 1 alpha or ubiquitin promoter etc.
After the polynucleotide has been cloned into an appropriate vector, the construct may be transferred into the cell, bacteria, or yeast alone by means of an appropriate method, such as electroporation, CaCl2 transfection or lipofectins. When a baculovirus expression system is used, the transfer vector containing the polynucleotide may be transfected together with a complete baculo genome.
A recombinant virus, comprising a polynucleotide according to the invention, is likewise part of the present invention.
All these techniques are well known in the art and extensively described in protocols provided by manufactures of molecular biological materials (such as Promega, Stratagene, Clonetech, and/or Invitrogen) and in literature or reference text books, for instance in Rodriguez, R. L. and D. T. Denhadt, edit., Vectors: A survey of molecular cloning vectors and their uses, Butterworths, 1988; Current protocols in Molecular Biology, eds.: F. M. Ausbel et al., Wiley N.Y., 1995; Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 3rd ed.; eds: Sambrook et al., CSHL press, 2001 and DNA Cloning, Vol. 1-4, 2nd edition 1995, eds.: Glover and Hames, Oxford University Press).
The cells transformed with a polynucleotide or a vector according to the invention are likewise part of the present invention. Thus, in another aspect, the present invention provides a cell capable of expressing a recombinant polypeptide, characterised in that the cell comprises a polynucleotide according to the invention encoding the expressed recombinant polypeptide. The term “recombinant” in this context refers to a polypeptide that is not expressed in the cell in nature. If the host cell is of porcine origin, the polynucleotide sequence may be present in the genomic material of the cell, but is not expressed in the particular type of porcine cell in a pig. Thus, a host cell which comprises the DNA or expression vector according to the invention is also within the scope of the invention. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media which can be modified e.g. for appropriate selection, amplification or induction of transcription. The culture conditions such as temperature, pH, nutrients etc. are well known to those ordinary skilled in the art.
Cells that are transformed with a vector according to the invention may be of porcine or non-porcine origin. Cells that are of porcine origin may be PK 15 cells, SK cells or ST cells. Cells of non-porcine origin that may be transformed to express a polypeptide according to the invention are, for example, MDCK cells, BHK cells, MDBK cells, insect cells, HeLa cells or COS cells.
A transformed cell according to the invention may comprise a polynucleotide according to the invention stably integrated into the genomic material or as part of an autonomously replicating vector.
A cell culture comprising a multitude of cells according to the invention is likewise part of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment said cell culture is infected with a PRRSV. The PRRSV can be a wild-type virus or an attenuated virus. The latter is particularly suited for the preparation of vaccines. Cells according to the invention can be used to express the polypeptide and the polypeptide can be isolated from the cell culture.
In another aspect the present invention therefore provides for a method for producing a polypeptide that, when expressed on the surface of a cell, is capable of making the cell receptive for PRRSV, has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 210 kD and is reactive with MAB 41D3, comprising the steps of:

    
    
        culturing a cell according to the invention,
        isolating polypeptide containing material from the cell culture.
    
    


Preferred cells according to the invention are cells that present the polypeptide on their surface. Since the polypeptide plays a role in the entrance of PRRSV in cells, cells that are able to express a polypeptide according to the invention on their surface, become accessible to the PRRSV virus. Thus, the present invention enables the infection with PRRSV of cells that are normally non-receptive for PRRSV. In this way, new routes to culturing PRRSV are provided.
The present invention thus provides for a method for producing PRRSV wherein a cell culture comprising cells according to the invention are infected with a PRRSV and cultured, after which the virus can be harvested from the cell culture. Whereas the virus, due to its limited cell tropism could be cultured in very specific cells only, with the present invention, new routes of culturing the virus become available. With the present invention it is now possible to grow PRRSV in cells that can be cultured in animal compound free media, a feature enhancing the quality of products based on the cultured virus, for example vaccine. Also cells that can grow in suspension can now be made susceptible for PRRSV, facilitating a more optimal production process in fermentors. Cells can be made more receptive for the virus and can be selected for higher PRRSV production titres. Once the virus has been grown to high titers, it can be processed according to the intended use by means known in the art. For example, viral fluids may be Inactivated, for example with e.g. formalin, BPL, BEA or gamma-irradiation, for use in vaccines. In the alternative, the viral strain used in infection may be an attenuated strain for use in the production of live, attenuated, vaccines. Vaccines may be formulated by means known in the art. Usually this may involve the addition of an adjuvant and/or a suitable carrier.
Another advantage is related to the use of cells according to the invention in (diagnostic) testing. Cell lines that have been made more susceptible for the virus can be used in virus detection tests, whereas, with prior art methods, PAMs are needed. PAMs cells are primary non-growing cells that have to be harvested from pigs. The tedious process of harvesting PAMs is then avoided and a higher sensitivity can be obtained in such cell systems.
When porcine cells are used, these cells, may, like other cell types, be transformed with a vector comprising the genetic information for the polypeptide. However, porcine cells have, in their genomic material, already the genomic DNA sequence corresponding to the nucleic acid of the present invention. But the gene is not expressed in all porcine cells as it is in porcine alveolar macrophages. With the present invention the gene, in isolated form, and its sequence, have been elucidated. Now that this information, provided with the present invention, is available, other (other than transformation of the cell with a vector containing the gene) routes to expression of the gene in porcine cells have become available as well. Expression of the gene in porcine cells can also be achieved by “switching on” expression of the gene already present in porcine cells. With the present information the gene sequence is provided and a promoter of choice can be inserted before the start codon by homologous recombination followed by the selection of cells expressing the receptor gene. This promoter can be a constitutive mammalian promoter (e.g. HCMV, SV40 LTR) or an inducible promoter (e.g. Tet-system).
Cells expressing the polypeptide on their surface may also be used in a screening assay used in screening compound libraries for compounds that specifically bind to the polypeptide. Since the polypeptide plays a role in entrance of PRRSV into cells, such compounds may be used in treating or preventing PRRSV infection.
Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides for a method for screening compounds, which affect this function of the polypeptide. These compounds may stimulate or inhibit the function of the polypeptide.
Compounds that may be identified with the screening method of the invention may be derived from a variety of sources including chemical compound libraries or mixtures of (natural) compounds.
The screening method may involve measuring the binding of a candidate compound to the polypeptide, or to cells or membranes bearing the polypeptide, or to a fusion protein bearing only the binding domain of the full-length polypeptide. Binding may be measured directly or indirectly. Binding may be measured directly, for example, by means of label associated with the compound. Binding may also be measured indirectly. For example, indirectly measuring the binding of a candidate compound may involve competition with a (labelled) competitor. The measuring of binding of a candidate compound may, for example, also be determined in a cell-based assay, wherein it can be determined whether a candidate compound is able to block the PRRSV virus from entering a cell. In that case it can be determined whether, in the presence of the compound, cells can still be infected with PRRSV.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides for methods of treating or preventing PRRSV infection in pigs by inhibiting binding of the PRRSV virus. This may be achieved by administering an inhibitor of the polypeptide, which will block the virus from entry into cells. Such an inhibitor may be a chemical compound, which may be (a derivative of) a compound identified with the screening method of the invention. Such an inhibitor can likewise be another molecule capable of binding to the polypeptide, e.g. an antibody or antibody fragment.
Another method of inhibiting the virus uptake is by covering the virus by soluble receptors. In that way the attachment and subsequent entry of the virus into the cells will be blocked. Thus the use of the polypeptide in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment or prevention of PRRSV infection in pigs is likewise part of the present invention.
The invention further relates to the use of a compound capable of affecting the PRRSV receptor function of a polypeptide in order to modulate the pig immune system. The use of the polypeptide, preferable in solubilized form, to modulate the pig immune system is likewise incorporated.
The composition used to administer the inhibitor should be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adapted to the route of administration chosen.



FIGURES
FIG. 1. Expression of the p210 in recombinant PK-15 cells stably transfected with plasmid pcDNA3.1D/V5-His-TOPO containing the p210 cDNA (clone 80.2). An indirect immunofluorescence staining using MAb 41D3 (directed against the p210) and FITC labeled goat serum anti-mouse Ig was performed on methanol-fixed (A) or unfixed (B) cells. Porcine alveolar macrophages fixed with methanol were stained using the same protocol and included as a positive control (C).
FIG. 2. Co-localization of PRRSV nucleocapsid and p210 in recombinant PK-15 cells expressing the p210 and infected with the Lelystad Virus. A double indirect immunofluorescence staining using MAb A27 (directed against the PRRSV nucleocapsid) and FITC labeled goat serum anti-mouse Ig followed by staining with biotinylated MAb 41D3 (directed against the p210) and Texas-Red labelled streptavidin was performed on methanol-fixed cells. Image (A) shows FITC signal, image (B) shows Texas Red signal and image (3), obtained by merging (A) and (B) gives a yellow signal when (A) and (B) co-localize.
FIG. 3: Identified genomic nucleic acid sequence (exons) of the p210 gene (SEQ ID NO.: 1) and the encoded amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.: 2).
FIG. 4: Identified cDNA nucleic acid sequence of a clone that expresses a functional p210 PRRSV receptor (SEQ ID NO.: 3) and the encoded amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.: 4).



EXAMPLES
Example 1
Identification of the PRRSV Receptor
1) Monoclonal Antibody Production:
To identify the receptor which may determine the macrophage tropism of PRRSV, a monoclonal antibody (41D3) was produced. This Mab completely blocked PRRSV infection of PAM (Duan et al., J. Virol, 72, 4520-4523, 1998; Duan et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 440, 81-88, 1998). Mab 41D3 reduced the attachment of PRRSV to PAM and immunoprecipitated a 210 kDa protein from PAM. This protein was detected on the cell membrane of PAM by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence staining was absent on the membranes of PRRSV-nonpermissive cells including PBMC, porcine peritoneal macrophages, ST, SK, and PK15 cells. Cells from a PRRSV-permissive cell line, MARC-145 were also negatively stained with Mab 41D3.
Example 2
Purification of p210
Materials & Methods:
1) PAM Membrane Purification
PAM were obtained from 4- to 6-week-old conventional Belgian Landrace pigs from a PRRSV-negative herd according to the method previously described by Wensvoort et al. (Vet. Q., 13,121-130, 1991).
PAM were maintained in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin, and 1% Kanamycin. Twenty-four hours after planting at a density of 50×106 cells/175 cm2, fresh medium supplemented with 50 U/ml of recombinant porcine interferon α (rPo IFN-α1, Lefevre et al., J. Gen. Virol., 71, 1057-1063, 1990) was added and PAM were maintained in this medium for an additional 48-72 hours. Non-adherent PAM were collected in medium by low speed centrifugation and adherent PAM were dislodged in PBS by manual agitation. Cells were pooled, washed three times with PBS and collected by centrifugation (7 min 700 g 4° C.). Cell pellet was resuspended in buffer A (10 mM Tris-HCl pH7.4, CompleteTM protease inhibitor cocktail (Boehringer)) and lysed using a Douncer homogeneizer B1. Cell nuclei were pelleted by centrifugation (10 min 800 g 4° C.) and supernatant was further centrifuged (1 h 100,000 g 4° C.) to pellet the membrane fraction. This fraction was subsequently resuspended in 70% saccharose in buffer A and submitted to a 60%-30%-0% saccharose step gradient (1 h 100,000 g 4° C.). The 60-30% interface was collected, diluted 3 times in buffer A and pelleted by centrifugation (1 h 100,000 g 4° C.). The purified membrane fraction corresponding to 3×175 cm2 of PAM was resuspended in 1 ml buffer A and frozen at −70° C.
2) Purification of p210 by Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE.
Protein-G sepharose (100 microliter, Pharmacia) was incubated for 1 h at 20° C. with 20 μl rabbit anti-mouse polyclonal serum (Dako), washed with PBS, and further incubated for 1 hr at 20° C. with 20 μl MAb 41D3. After washing with PBS, 400 μl of solubilized membrane fraction was added and incubated 16 h at 4° C. The solubilized membrane fraction was obtained by treating the purified membrane fraction of PAM with 0.1% Triton X-100 in 25 mM Tris-HCl pH7.4 for 1 h at 37° C. and centrifuging (30 min, 13600 g, 4° C.) to pellet non-solubilized products. Immunocomplexes were washed four times with PBS-0.1% Tween20 and once with water. To allow efficient recovery of p210 and allow its subsequent concentration to give a final volume compatible with SDS-PAGE, a modified Laemmli buffer (15.5 mM Tris-HCl pH6.8, 1% SDS, 1.25% 2-mercaptoethanol) was added to the immunocomplexes before boiling for 3 min. After centrifuging 1 min at 13000 g, the supernatant was concentrated 8 times using a vacuum centrifuge (Jouan R C 10.10.), 10% glycerol was added, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE using 7% acrylamid gel and reducing conditions. The 210 kDa band corresponded to p210. Three preparations of p210 purified from 8×175 cm2 of PAM (corresponding approximately to the quantity of PAM extracted from one pig) were pooled and analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Results:
It was observed that treatment of PAM for 72 h with porcine interferon resulted in an increased surface expression of p210 by a factor of 4 approximately as determined by FACS analysis using MAb 41D3. MAb41D3 was found to be conformation-dependant because no recognition of p210 in Western blot occurred under reducing conditions. Many difficulties were encountered regarding recognition of the antigen by MAb 41D3 after detergent solubilisation. Consequently, the solubilisation and immunoprecipitation conditions allowing an efficient recovery of p210 were empirically determined. The type of detergent (ionic, non-ionic), its concentration, the incubation temperature, the solubilisation buffer were critical parameters affecting the recognition of p210 by MAb 41D3. Another critical problem was caused by the migration of the antibodies in the gel, under non-reducing conditions, just below p210, preventing an efficient separation. After labelling p210 (see below) and immunoprecipitation with MAb 41D3, we could determine the apparent molecular weight of the reduced glycoprotein and use reducing conditions to separate it from the reduced antibody molecules. Using the described conditions, we could purify 2-4 pmoles of p210 that were necessary to perform internal sequencing.
Example 3
Protein Sequence Analysis
Overnight in gel tryptic digestion was performed on the excised 210 kDa protein band in the presence of 2M urea, 0.1M Tris-HClpH8.2. The resulting peptides were extracted and prepared to load them on a short reversed phase column (1 mm I.D.×100 mm-C18) in a 0.1% (v/v) TFA water/acetonitrile mobile phase system. The eluted peptides were collected automatically in 18 fractions of 50 μl. Aliquots of 0.5 μl of each fractions were taken and mixed with 0.5 μl matrix solution (a cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic/2.5-dimethyl benzoic add ratio 1⁄4 by weight) and analyzed by reflectron mode. Peptides could be detected only in fractions 16 and 17. Maldi-T of mass spectrometry revealed in fraction 16 peptides with molecular monoisotopic masses of 956.1 Da, 1676.34 Da, 1853.51 Da, 1870.57 Da and in fraction 17,1790.47 Da respectively, Fractions 7 to 14 and fractions 15, 17 and 18 were pooled. The pooled fractions and fraction 16 were lyophilised. Capillary Chromatography was performed on a PepMap C18 reversed phase column (0.3 mm I.D.×250 mm) in a 0.05% (v/v) formic acid water/acetonitrile mobile phase system at flow about 3 microliter/min. The eluted peptides were manually collected in fractions of 2 to 5 microliter. Aliquots of relevant peaks were loaded in gold coated needles and subjected to nanospray ESI-TOF-MS. The most intensive ions were selected for fragmentation.
Results:
The amino acid sequence of 7 peptides was determined (Table 1). After searches of protein databases (BLAST 2.0.9., Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 3389-3402, 1997) with the amino acid sequence of these peptides, sequence identities ranging form 75% to 91% to mouse sialoadhesin (Crocker et al., EMBO J., 13, 4490-4503, 1994) were found with peptides 1-5. No significant homology with any proteins were observed for peptides 6 and 7. Clearly the p210 is the porcine ortholog of mouse sialoadhesin.







TABLE 1







Sequence of the peptides derived from the p210 and comparison with mouse sialoadhesin.










Peptide
Sequence of the p210 peptides
Sequence deduced from cDNA
Sequence of mouse sialoadhesin





PEP1
FSWYR
FSWYL
FSWYL



(SEQ ID NO.: 5)
(SEQ ID NO.: 12)
(SEQ ID NO.: 19)


PEP2
PPAQLQLIHR
PPAQLRLLHG
PPAQLQLFHR



(SEQ ID NO.: 6)
(SEQ ID NO.: 13)
(SEQ ID NO.: 20)


PEP3
ASSTAASVP
ASSTAASVP
ASSTEASVP



(SEQ ID NO.: 7)
(SEQ ID NO.: 14)
(SEQ ID NO.: 21)


PEP4
WLQEGSAASLSF
WLQEGSAASLSF
WLQEGPASSLQF



(SEQ ID NO.: 8)
(SEQ ID NO.: 15)
(SEQ ID NO.: 22)


PEP5
DAVLSSFWDSR
DAVLSSFWDSR
DAVLSSFRDSR



(SEQ ID NO.: 9)
(SEQ ID NO.: 16)
(SEQ ID NO.: 23)


PEP6
ALLLGQVEQR
ALLLGQVEQR
/



(SEQ ID NO.: 10)
(SEQ ID NO.: 17)


PEP7
QATLTTIMDSGLGR
QATLTTLMDSGLGR
/



(SEQ ID NO.: 11)
(SEQ ID NO.: 18)









Example 4
Biochemical Characterization of p210
Materials & Methods
To characterize p210, surface proteins of 7×106 PAM cells were labelled by biotinylation using the recommended protocol (protocol D 2, ECL protein biotinylation module, RPN2202, Amersham). The cell pellet was lysed in 100 μl of Tris 25 mM pH7.4, 0.1% Triton-X-100 and CompleteTM protease inhibitor cocktail for 1 h at 37° C. After centrifugation (30 min, 13000 g, 4° C.), 30 μl of supernatant was added to 20 μl of protein G-sepharose preincubated with 2 μl Mab 41D3 and incubated for 2 h at 20° C. Immunocomplexes were washed four times with PBS-0.1% Tween20 and once with water. Treatments with endoglycosidases H and F, neuraminidase, O-glycosidase (Boehringer) and heparinase I (Sigma) were subsequently performed. EndoF treatments (16 h at 37° C.) were performed after denaturation using the endoF deglycosylation kit (Boehringer, cat. no 1836552) and 2.54 U endoF (Boehringer, cat. no 1 365 169) or without predenaturation, in PBS. EndoH treatment (16 h at 37° C.) was performed in NaAc 50 mM pH5.5, 0.02% SDS, 0.1M 2-mercaptoethanol and 10 mU endoH (Boehringer 1088726). Neuraminidase treatment (16 h at 37° C.) in 50 mM NaAc pH5.5, 4 mM CaCl2, 100 μg/ml BSA, 2 mU neuraminidase (Boehringer 1080725) was followed by 2 mU O-glycosidase (Boehringer 1347101) incubation in PBS for 16 h at 37° C. A combined endoglycosidases digestion was also performed using endoF (2.5 U), neuraminidase (2 mU) and O-glycosidase (2 mU) in PBS for 16 h at 37° C. Heparinase I (Sigma H2519) digestion was performed at 37° C. for 16 h in PBS using 5 U of the enzyme, like in Keil et al., 1996, J. Virol. 70, 3032-3038. Western blotting was carried out as recommended (Amersham) except the detection step that was performed using DAB (Sigma) reagent (Sambrook J. et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).
Results:
MAb 41D3 could not bind to p210 in a Western blot under reducing conditions. Therefore, we labelled p210 with biotin, and after immunoprecipitation with MAb 41D3, a Western blot experiment was performed using streptavidin conjugated to horse radish peroxidase. Different treatments were performed on the immunoprecipitated, biotin-labelled p210.
1) Migration Under Reducing and Non-Reducing Conditions:
In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, the biotinylated p210 migrated as a single band of 220 kDa. In non-reducing conditions, a major diffuse band migrating as a 180 kDa protein was observed together with a minor band of much higher apparent molecular weight. As no other proteins could be detected, we suggested that p210 occurred as a multimer (minor band, probably a dimer) and monomer (major band) that were linked by intermolecular disulphide bridges, resulting in a single band after reduction. In addition, our data also suggest the presence of intramolecular disulphide bridges because the reduced protein migrated much slower than the non-reduced monomer.
2) Treatment with Endoglycosidase H, F and Heparinase I
To analyze the glycosylation of p210, we treated the immunoprecipitated protein with endoglycosidases H (endoH) or F (endoF). The lack of sensitivity to endoH suggested that p210 did not contain hybrid or high mannose glycans and that the n-glycans present on p210 were of the complex type. An important shift of approximately 30 kDa was observed in the presence of endoF, yielding a protein of 180 kDa in reducing conditions. In non-reducing conditions, we observed a shift in molecular weight of both the dimer and the monomer, resulting in the appearance of two bands of higher mobilities. These results indicated that p210 was highly modified with N-linked glycans and provided additional indication that the dimer was a complex of p210.
Because it was shown that the binding of PRRSV to MARC cells was inhibited when these cells were treated with heparinase I, we also assessed the heparinase I sensitivity of p210. No shift in SDS-PAGE were observed, indicating the absence of heparan-like moieties sensitive to heparinase I on p210.
3) Treatment with O-Glycosidase and Neuraminidase
Immunoprecipitated p210 was treated with Neuraminidase to detect the presence of sialic acid residues. No shift in SDS-PAGE was observed, indicating the lack of major amounts of sialic acid residues on p210. Also, subsequent treatment with O-glycosidase did not result in a shift of apparent molecular weight, indicating the lack of O-glycans sensitive to cleavage by O-glycosidase on p210.
Example 5
Cloning and Sequencing of the p210 cDNA
DNA was prepared from pig whole blood as described in Innis et al. (in PCR protocols. A guide to methods and applications., Academic Press Inc., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1990) and served as initial target for PCR experiments using non-degenerate oligonucleotides based on the peptides 3 and 4. The degenerated nucleotide codes in the primers were chosen similar to the nucleotide sequence corresponding of the p210 peptides in mouse (accession number: EMBL Z36293) or in human (accession number: EMBL AL 109804). Two primers derived from mouse (forward 5′ TCCTCAACTGCAGCCTCTGT 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 24) and reverse 5′ AGTGAGGCAGCCGTTCCCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 25 amplified a 340 nt fragment corresponding to the end of exon 14, an intron, and exon 15 of the mouse sialoadhesin gene.
Specific porcine oligonucleotides were derived from this first sequence and used to screen a swine BAC library (Rogel-Gaillard et al., Cytogenet Cell genet., 85, 205-211, 1999) by PCR. One clone (BAC634C10) could be selected and was used for further sequence analysis of the pig p210 gene. Using standard techniques sequence information from exon 4 to 18 of the p210 gene was obtained.
To determine the sequence of exons 1-4 and exons 18-21, a 5′ and 3′ RACE was performed using total pig alveolar macrophage RNA according to the manufacturer's instructions (GibcoBRL, RACE protocols for GC rich cDNA).
For the 5′RACE, the first strand cDNA was synthethised using a reverse primer derived from exon4 (5′ TCTGGTCTTTGAGCTTCGTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 26)) and TdT tailed with dCTP. Second-strand synthesis was performed using supplied 5′-RACE Abridged Anchor primer and a nested primer derived from exon4 (5′ ACCTGAGGGTTGCTGCTATT 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 27)). A semi-nested PCR was performed using supplied Abridged Universal Amplification Primer (AUAP) and a nested primer also derived from exon4 (5′ cacctggcagctgagggtgaccagatc 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 31).
For the 3′RACE the supplied Adapter Primer for making the first strand cDNA was used and a forward primer derived from exon 18 (5′ GACGCCCACCATGACTGTTTTTG 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 28)) together with supplied primer AUAP for the semi-nested PCR.
The full DNA sequence of the exons corresponding to the p210 coding sequence was assembled from the data of the PCR, RT-PCR, 5′RACE and 3′RACE (FIG. 3 and SEQ ID 1-2).
For sequencing of the p210 cDNA and cloning it in an eukaryotic expression vector total RNA was isolated from macrophages first.
To isolate the total RNA and to obtain optimal amounts of the p210 encoding RNA, 5×107 macrophages were lysed directly in the culture vessel and the RNA extracted using the Rneasy kit (Quiagen). The first strand was made using SuperScript II RNase H-Reverse Transcriptase (GibcoBRL) and 2.5 μM random nonamers (Sigma) following the instructions of the manufacturer (GibcoBRL). For the PCR, 0.4 μM of forward primer 5′. CACCATGGACTTCCTGCTCCTGCTCCTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 29) and 0.4 μM of reverse primer 5′ CTTGGGGTTTGAAGCTAGGTCATAA 3′ (SEQ ID NO.: 30) were mixed with 200 μM of each dNTP, 1 U of ThermalAce DNA polymerase and ThermalAce reaction buffer (Invitrogen). Thermal cycling was performed as follows: 3 min at 95° C. then 30 cycles of {20 sec at 95° C., 30 sec at 65° C. and 5.3 min at 74° C.} and finally 10 min at 74° C. Using these parameters the total 5.2 kb p210 cDNA was amplified. The amplified DNA was purified from an agarose gel (GeneClean) and TOPO cloned in the eukaryotic expression vector (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After transformation (E. coli TOP10 strain, Invitrogen), 9 colonies were selected for the presence of the cloned gene in the expected orientation. In this vector the coding sequence is expressed as a non-fusion protein from the CMV promoter. Finally the clone that rendered a functional p210 gene was sequenced and the cDNA sequence of the p210 gene determined (FIG. 4).
Example 6
Transfection of PK-15 Cells and Detection of Expression of the P210 PRRSV Receptor and Culturing of PRRSV
PK-15 cells at 50% confluency were transfected with purified pcDNA3.1D/V5-His-TOPO plasmid containing the p210 cDNA using the Calcium Phosphate technique (CellPhect transfection kit, Pharmacia). Transfected cells were trypsinized 72 h post-transfection and cultivated in the presence of 1 mg/ml geneticin (GibcoBRL). Ten days post geneticin addition, colonies of geneticin resistant cells were isolated using sterile 3 MM filter papers soaked in trypsin. After culture of these colonies for 2 additional weeks in the presence of geneticin, the expression of the recombinant p210 was checked.
To check the expression of p210, cells were fixed with methanol for 10 min at 4 C, rehydrated in PBS, and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with MAb p210 (ascites diluted 1/300 in PBS supplemented with 10% decomplemented goat serum). After washing with PBS, cells were incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with a FITC labeled goat serum anti-mouse Ig (Molecular Probes) diluted 1/100 in PBS supplemented with 10% decomplemented goat serum. After washing with PBS and water, cells were dried and observed under a fluorescent microscope.
Positive staining of groups of cells was detected in monolayers derived from the transfections made with 3 of the 9 selected plasmids.
To assess surface expression of the p210, the same staining protocol as described above was used except that cells were not fixed, PBS was replaced by culture medium (MEM without additives), 0.1% sodium azide was added to the antibodies and incubation steps were performed at 4° C. to block antibody endocytosis. From the 9 plasmids used, only 1 showed surface expression of the p210 in groups of cells.
To check whether the expression of p210 would make the cell permissive for PRRS the cells were infected in a minimum culture volume with different PRRSV strains at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 TCID50/cell. After 1 h incubation, culture medium was added and cells incubated at 37° C. for a further 20 h. After washing with PBS, cells were fixed with methanol, washed with PBS and incubated for 1 h at 37 C with MAb A27 specific for PRRSV (hybridoma supernatant supplemented with 10% decomplemented goat serum). After washing with PBS, cells were incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with a FITC labeled goat serum anti-mouse Ig (Molecular Probes) supplemented with 10% decomplemented goat serum. After washing with PBS and water, cells were dried and observed under a fluorescent microscope (FITC filter). Cells were then washed in PBS and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with biotinylated Mab 41D3 in PBS. After washing with PBS, cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with Texas-Red labelled streptavidin (Molecular Probes) diluted in PBS. After washing with PBS and water, cells were dried and observed under a fluorescent microscope (Texas-Red filter).
Positive, infected cells were observed only in cells transfected with p210 where the p210 was displayed on the cell surface. Furthermore, all virus strains incubated on this cell (LV strain, VR2332 and two Belgium wild type PRRSV strains) were able to infect the p210-expressing cell.
Example 7
Transfection of the Human Cell Line HEK293T, Detection of Expression of the p210 PRRSV Receptor and Culturing of PRRSV
HEK293T cells were transfected at 25% confluency with the QiagenpcDNA3.1D/V5-His-TOPO (Invitrogen) plasmid containing the p210 cDNA using the Calcium Phosphate technique (Cellphect transfection kit, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Sixteen hours post-transfection, the cells were inoculated with the American type PRRSV VR-2332 (grown on Marc-145 cells), with the European type PRRSV Lelystad virus (grown on porcine alveoalar macrophages) and with the Belgian isolate 94V360 (grown on Marc-145 cells). Eight hours post infection, the cells were fixed with methanol for 10 minutes at 4° C., rehydrated in PBS, and both infected cells and cells expressing the p210 were identified using a double immunofluorescence staining. To detect PRRSV infection, the cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with Mab A27 (culture supernatant diluted 1/100 in PBS) which recognizes the PRRSV nucleocapsid protein. Cells were washed with PBS and incubated with FITC labeled goat-anti-mouse serum diluted 1/100 in PBS. HEK293T cells expressing the p210 protein were detected by incubating the cells for 1 hour at 37° C. with biotinylated Mab 41D3 (ascites diluted 1/200 in PBS), which is directed against the p210 protein. After washing with PBS, the cells were further incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. with streptavidin Texas Red, diluted 1/50 in PBS. Finally the cells were washed with PBS and mounted in a buffered glycerin solution containing 2.5% DABCO (Janssen Chimica). PRRSV infected cells (green) and cells expressing the p210 (red) were visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The transfected HEK293T cells could be infected both with the American type and the two European types of PRRSV.

## Claims

1. An isolated polynucleotide, comprising:
a nucleic acid sequence encoding the porcine polypeptide given as SEQ ID NO: 2.

2. The polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is as depicted in SEQ ID NO: 1.

3. A recombinant vector, comprising: the polynucleotide according to claim 1.

4. The recombinant vector according to claim 3, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to an expression control sequence.

5. A recombinant virus, comprising: the polynucleotide according to claim 1.

6. A method for producing a polypeptide, encoded by the polynucleotide according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
culturing cells infected with a recombinant virus comprising the polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein the
polynucleotide is operably linked to a promoter, and isolating the polypeptide from the cell culture.

7. A method of transforming cells comprising transfecting cells with a recombinant vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the porcine polypeptide given as SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter.

8. A method of producing transformed cells comprising
a) transfecting a culture of cells with a recombinant vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the porcine polypeptide given as SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter; and
b) culturing the transfected cells thereby producing transformed cells.

9. A method for producing PRRSV, comprising:
a) transfecting a culture of cells with a recombinant vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the porcine polypeptide given as SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a promoter, thereby making transformed cells;
b) infecting the transformed cells with a PRRSV;
c) culturing the infected transformed cells; and
d) harvesting the PRRSV from the cell culture.