file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Web Page %A Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies %D 2014 %T Consumer Products Inventory %V 2014 %N June 2 %! Consumer Products Inventory %U http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi.

%0 Government Document %A NSET %D 2014 %T National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategic Plan %U http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/2014_nni_strategic_plan.pdf

%0 Report %A ERG %D 2014 %T Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Engineered Nanomaterials in Industrial Wastewater: Literature Review and Implications for 304m %! Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Engineered Nanomaterials in Industrial Wastewater: Literature Review and Implications for 304m

%0 Journal Article %A Yong, Ken-Tye %A Law, Wing-Cheung %A Hu, Rui %A Ye, Ling %A Liu, Liwei %A Swihart, Mark T. %A Prasad, Paras N. %D 2013 %T Nanotoxicity assessment of quantum dots: from cellular to primate studies %J Chemical Society Reviews %V 42 %N 3 %P 1236-1250 %9 10.1039/C2CS35392J %! Nanotoxicity assessment of quantum dots: from cellular to primate studies %@ 0306-0012 %R 10.1039/C2CS35392J %X Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to fabricating high quality quantum dots (QDs) for applications in biology and medicine. Much of this research was pursued with an ultimate goal of using QDs in clinical applications. However, a great deal of concern has been voiced about the potential hazards of QDs due to their heavy-metal content. Many studies have demonstrated toxicity of various QDs in cell culture studies. However, in a smaller number of studies using small animal models (mice and rats), no abnormal behaviour or tissue damage was noticed over periods of months after the systemic administration of QDs. Nevertheless, the correlation of these results with the potential forfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] negative effects of QD on humans remains unclear. Many urgent questions must be answered before the QDs community moves into the clinical research phase. This review provides an overview of the toxicity assessment of QDs, ranging from cell culture studies to animal models and discusses their findings. Guidelines for using various nonhuman primate models for QD toxicity studies are highlighted. This review article is intended to promote the awareness of current developments of QD applications in biology, the potential toxicity of QDs, and approaches to minimizing toxicity. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35392J

%0 Journal Article %A Xiong, Sijing %A George, Saji %A Ji, Zhaoxia %A Lin, Sijie %A Yu, Haiyang %A Damoiseaux, Robert %A France, Bryan %A Ng, KeeWoei %A Loo, SayChyeJoachim %D 2013 %T Size of TiO2 nanoparticles influences their phototoxicity: an in vitro investigation %J Archives of Toxicology %V 87 %N 1 %P 99-109 %8 01/01 %! Size of TiO2 nanoparticles influences their phototoxicity: an in vitro investigation %Z Arch Toxicol %@ 0340-5761 %R 10.1007/s00204-012-0912-5 %K Titanium dioxide nanoparticles Phototoxicity Cytotoxicity Nanotoxicity Surface coating %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0912-5 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Xiao, Yao %A Wiesner, Mark %D 2013 %T Transport and Retention of Selected Engineered Nanoparticles by Porous Media in the Presence of a Biofilm %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 47 %N 5 %P 2246-2253 %8 2013/03/05 %! Transport and Retention of Selected Engineered Nanoparticles by Porous Media in the Presence of a Biofilm %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es304501nfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %X Column experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of aqueous C60 (aqu-nC60), fullerol, silver nanoparticles (NPs) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ag-PVP) and stabilized by citrate (Ag-CIT) in biofilm-laden porous media. Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Gram-positive Bacillus cereus (BC) biofilm-laden glass beads were selected to represent the bacterial interfaces NPs might encounter in the natural aquatic environment. The biomass distribution, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) components, electrokinetic property, and hydrophobicity of these interfaces were characterized, and the hydrophobicity was found to correlate with the quantity of proteins in EPS. The retention of NPs on glass beads coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alginate were also studied. Except for Ag-PVP, the affinity of NPs for porous medium, indicated by attachment efficiency a, increased in the presence of biofilms, BSA and alginate. For hydrophobic aqu-nC60, the larger the proteins/polysaccharides ratio, the larger the a, suggesting the hydrophobic interaction determines the attachment of aqu-nC60 to the collector surface. Uncharged PVP stabilized Ag-PVP by steric repulsion, and the attachment to glass beads was not enhanced by biofilm. The presence of divalent ion Ca2+ significantly hydrophobized biofilm, BSA, and alginate-coated glass beads and further retarded the mobility of aqu-nC60, fullerol, and Ag-CIT; while Ag-PVP was again sterically stabilized. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304501n http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304501n %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Wu, N. %A Liu, Y. %A Wyart, Y. %A Rose, J. %A Moulin, P. %D 2013 %T An overview of solid/liquid separation methods and size fractionation techniques for engineered nanomaterials in aquatic environment %J Environmental Technology %P 1-55 %! An overview of solid/liquid separation methods and size fractionation techniques for engineered nanomaterials in aquatic environment %@ 0959-3330 %R 10.1080/09593330.2013.788073 %X The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) will inevitably result in their release into natural environment and thereby lead to the exposure of living organisms. Hence, a new concern has arisen for the risk assessment of these emerging contaminants in natural environment, especially in aquatic system as an important sink and exposure source. Reducing the release of nanomaterials into water could contribute significantly to exposure reduction. Thus it is urgent to consider how to manage the wastewater containing such ultrafine nano-objects. This review provides an overview of technologies (classical and innovative) for nanomaterials separation/removal, which are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, as well as parameters affecting the removal efficiency. To investigate the occurrence and fate of ENMs in aquatic environment, the development of appropriate approaches for their separation prior to analysis is strongly needed. Finally, a brief summary of techniques for sample preparation and fractionation of ENMs in natural aquatic environment is presented. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.788073 %[2013/03/29

%0 Web Page %A Woo, Marcus %D 2013 %T A quantum dot shows its true colorsfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %B Physics %I American Physical Society %! A quantum dot shows its true colors %U http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/Physics.6.73

%0 Unpublished Work %A Wiesner, Mark %D 2013 %T Notes from telephone correspondence between Mark Wiesner, Duke University, and Eva Knoth and Kim Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research." %E ERG %8 March 13 %! Notes from telephone correspondence between Mark Wiesner, Duke University, and Eva Knoth and Kim Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research."

%0 Journal Article %A Westerhoff, Paul K. %A Kiser, Mehlika A. %A Hristovski, Kiril %D 2013 %T Nanomaterial Removal and Transformation During Biological Wastewater Treatment %J Environmental Engineering Science %V 30 %N 3 %P 109-117 %! Nanomaterial Removal and Transformation During Biological Wastewater Treatment %@ 1092-8758 1557-9018 %R 10.1089/ees.2012.0340

%0 Journal Article %A Webb, Sarah %D 2013 %T Lighting Up Nanoparticles in Complex Samples: ES&T’s Top Technology Article 2012 %J Environmental Science & Technology %! Lighting Up Nanoparticles in Complex Samples: ES&T’s Top Technology Article 2012 %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es400922g %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400922g %[2013/03/22

%0 Journal Article %A Wang, Jiafan %A Gerlach, John D. %A Savage, Nora %A Cobb, George P.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2013 %T Necessity and approach to integrated nanomaterial legislation and governance %J Science of The Total Environment %V 442 %N 0 %P 56-62 %8 1/1/ %! Necessity and approach to integrated nanomaterial legislation and governance %@ 0048-9697 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.073 %K Nanomaterials Risks Life cycle Legislation Management %X Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies to emerge in recent decades. Materials that are specially engineered to have at least one dimension that is no larger than 100 nm are now continuously manufactured and incorporated as critical components of different products that people use daily. While we are taking advantage of nanomaterials (NMs) and nano-products, they may pose a risk to humans and the broader environment. Some types of fibrous NMs such as carbon nanotubes and nano-fibers may present a risk similar to that of asbestos. Some carbon or metal based NMs may threaten the environment due to their bioaccumulative nature within food webs. In order to prevent future adverse effects from products or byproducts of nanotechnology, we suggest an integrated multi-faceted approach which includes an integrated regulation that is based upon life cycle assessment, empirically derived risk assessment. Advanced research that fills the knowledge gap regarding the understanding of NMs in scientific and social norms will be helpful in a full life cycle assessment of NMs. Emphasizing nanotechnology education to the public for an increased understanding and participation associated with media coverage will finally draw governments' attention with an integrated legislation to be instituted. Developing the optimal mix of these tools, including research, public education, media coverage, integrated legislation, will be significant to proactively manage the complexity of nanotechnology and prevent any undesirable effect due to the NMs exposure. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712012739

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2013 %T Response to Comments for the Final 2010 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan %E Water, Office of %C Washington, D.C. %@ EPA-HQ-OW-2010-0824-0196 %1 EPA

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2013 %T Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances %E EPA %C Washington, D.C. %P 18 %@ EPA-HQ-OPPT-2013-0399-0001file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2013 %T Significant New Use Rules on Certain Chemical Substances %E EPA %C Washington, D.C. %V 40 CFR Parts 9 and 721 %@ EPA-HQ-OPPT-2010-0279-0134

%0 Web Page %A U.S. EPA %D 2013 %T Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program %V 2013 %N May 20 %! Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program %U http://epa.gov/oppt/nano/stewardship.htm

%0 Web Page %A U.S. EPA %D 2013 %T Nanomaterials EPA is Assessing %V 2013 %N December 11 %! Nanomaterials EPA is Assessing %U http://www.epa.gov/nanoscience/quickfinder/nanomaterials.htm#carnan

%0 Journal Article %A Springer, F. %A Laborie, S. %A Guigui, C. %D 2013 %T Removal of SiO2 nanoparticles from industry wastewaters and subsurface waters by ultrafiltration: Investigation of process efficiency, deposit properties and fouling mechanism %J Separation and Purification Technology %V 108 %N 0 %P 6-14 %8 4/19/ %! Removal of SiO2 nanoparticles from industry wastewaters and subsurface waters by ultrafiltration: Investigation of process efficiency, deposit properties and fouling mechanism %@ 1383-5866 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.043 %K Fouling mechanisms Industry effluents Nanoparticle suspension Organic membranefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Ultrafiltration %X The novel properties of nanomaterials offer great promise of new technological breakthroughs. Consequently, their use in industry is expanding, and with it the risk of their being released in industrial effluents, and later in surface waters. This raises the problem of potential environmental hazards that are as yet unknown. The work presented in this paper evaluates the feasibility of membrane ultrafiltration for the removal of SiO2 nanoparticles (78 nm mean hydrodynamic diameter) in suspension at 0.14 wt% with the objective of treating them as pollutant compounds in industrial effluents. Regenerated cellulose membranes with two MWCOs of 10 and 100 kDa were implemented. The influence of the membrane MWCO, the TMP and the stirring rate during filtration were examined. Stirred filtrations were performed at increasing TMP so as to characterise flux behaviour and retention rates. The feasibility of membrane ultrafiltration for this application was proved since the results of the 10 kDa membrane showed the highest expectable retention rates (>99.6%) given the analytical methods used, and steady permeability results [30–40 L h-1 m-2 bar-1] independently of TMP and filtration course. Moreover, performance was shown to be sustainable as fouling was mostly reversible (>90%), being removable by simple membrane surface rinsing with ultrapure water. This was confirmed by the reconstruction of fouling mechanisms for both membranes. Unstirred and constant TMP 40, 80 and 200 kPa filtration experiments were run to study fouling phenomena and the filtration cake characteristics (compressibility and porosity). Two distinct fouling mechanisms were highlighted: the 100 kDa membrane underwent internal and sometimes irreversible fouling in the form of pore clogging before cake filtration, while the 10 kDa membrane was characterised by filtration cake only. This work proposes solutions for the predicament of nanoparticle release into the environment and opens up perspectives for efficient wastewater treatment in the context of their industrial development. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586613000658

%0 Journal Article %A Salamon, Andrew W. %D 2013 %T The Current World of Nanomaterial Characterization: Discussion of Analytical Instruments for Nanomaterial Characterization %J Environmental Engineering Science %V 30 %N 3 %P 101-108 %! The Current World of Nanomaterial Characterization: Discussion of Analytical Instruments for Nanomaterial Characterization %@ 1092-8758 1557-9018 %R 10.1089/ees.2012.0330

%0 Journal Article %A Rottman, Jeff %A Platt, Luis C. %A Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes %A Shadman, Farhang %D 2013 %T Removal of TiO2 nanoparticles by porous media: Effect of filtration media and water chemistry %J Chemical Engineering Journal %V 217 %N 0 %P 212-220 %! Removal of TiO2 nanoparticles by porous media: Effect of filtration media and water chemistry %@ 1385-8947file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %R 10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.117 %K Activated carbon Diatomaceous earth Porous media filtration Nanoparticle Sand Titanium dioxide %X The use of nanoparticles in manufacturing as well as in commercial products continues to rise despite concerns over the environmental release and potentially negative ecological and health effects. Some aqueous waste streams carry a large fraction of released nanoparticles and thus should be targeted for treatment. Conventional porous media filtration has focused on sand as the bed material with discouraging results. This study investigated the effectiveness of three different bed materials, namely, sand, activated carbon, and diatomaceous earth, on the removal of nano-TiO2 from aqueous streams. Additionally, the impact of solution chemistry (a commercial dispersant and the two organic compounds lysozyme and glycine) on nanoparticle retention by the various bed materials was evaluated. Diatomaceous earth displayed great promise in nanoparticle capture, providing full retention of a 50 mg TiO2 L-1 stream for the 30 bed volumes tested as compared to zero and only 20% TiO2 capture for sand and activated carbon, respectively. Batch isotherms showed that diatomaceous earth, with specific loading capacities exceeding 25 mg TiO2 g medium - 1 , has a high affinity for nano-TiO2. This loading capacity is 20- and 1000-fold higher compared to activated carbon and sand, respectively. The solution contaminants investigated had varying effects on nano-TiO2 retention depending on the bed material, indicating the need for investigation of co-contaminants and their role on nanoparticle filtration. This study demonstrates the superiority of diatomaceous earth as a filtration material compared to conventional sand and indicates its suitability as a new material for the removal of nanoparticles in porous media filtration. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894712016117

%0 Journal Article %A Reed, Robert B. %A Goodwin, David G. %A Marsh, Kristofer L. %A Capracotta, Sonja S. %A Higgins, Christopher P. %A Fairbrother, D. Howard %A Ranville, James F. %D 2013 %T Detection of single walled carbon nanotubes by monitoring embedded metals %J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts %V 15 %N 1 %P 204-213 %! Detection of single walled carbon nanotubes by monitoring embedded metals %@ 2050-7887 %X Detection of single walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was performed using single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICPMS). Due to the ambiguities inherent in detecting CNTs by carbon analysis, particularly in complex environmental matrices, this study focuses on using trace catalytic metals intercalated in the CNT structure as proxies for the nanotubes. Using a suite of commercially available CNTs, the monoisotopic elements Co and Y were found to be the most effective for differentiation of particulate pulses from background. The small, variable, amount of trace metal in each CNT makes separation from instrumental background challenging; multiple cut-offs for determining CNT number concentration were investigated to maximize the number of CNTs detected and minimize the number of false positives in the blanks. In simple solutions the number of CNT pulses detected increased linearly with concentration in the ng L-1 range. However, analysis of split samples by both spICPMS and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) showed the quantification of particle number concentration by spICPMS to be several orders of magnitude lower than by NTA. We postulate that this is a consequence of metal content and/or size, caused by the presence of many CNTs that do not contain enough metal to be above the instrument detection limit, resulting infile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] undercounting CNTs by spICPMS. However, since the detection of CNTs at low ng L-1 concentrations is not possible by other techniques, spICPMS is still a more sensitive technique for detecting the presence of CNTs in environmental, materials, or biological applications. To highlight the potential of spICPMS in environmental studies the release of CNTs from polymer nanocomposites into solution was monitored, showcasing the technique's ability to detect changes in released CNT concentrations as a function of CNT loading. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30717K

%0 Web Page %A Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies %D 2013 %T Consumer Products Inventory %V 2013 %N December 12 %! Consumer Products Inventory %U http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi

%0 Government Document %A OSHA %D 2013 %T Occupational Saftey and Health Administration. OSHA fact sheet: Working safely with nanomaterials %E U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Saftey and Health Administration %P 4 %U https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_FS-3634.pdf

%0 Government Document %A OSHA %D 2013 %T OSHA Fact Sheet: Working Safely with Nanomaterials %E U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Saftey and Health Administration %P 4 %U https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA_FS-3634.pdf

%0 Web Page %A NNI %D 2013 %T NSI: Nanotechnology for sensors and sensors for nanotechnology: Improving and protecting health, safety, and the environment %! NSI: Nanotechnology for sensors and sensors for nanotechnology: Improving and protecting health, safety, and the environment %U http://www.nano.gov/NSISensors

%0 Web Page %A NNI %D 2013file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %T National Nanotechnology Initiative. About the NNI %! National Nanotechnology Initiative. About the NNI %U http://nano.gov/about-nni

%0 Web Page %A NNI %D 2013 %T National Nanotechnology Initiative. Standards for nanotechnology %P 2 %! National Nanotechnology Initiative. Standards for nanotechnology %U http://nano.gov/you/standards

%0 Web Page %A NNI %D 2013 %T Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (NSI) Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment %! Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (NSI) Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment %U http://www.nano.gov/NSISensors

%0 Web Page %A NNI %D 2013 %T About the National Nanotechnology Initative (NNI) %! About the National Nanotechnology Initative (NNI) %U http://nano.gov/about-nni

%0 Web Page %A NNI %D 2013 %T What's So Special about the Nanoscale? %V 2013 %N May 24 %! What's So Special about the Nanoscale? %U http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special

%0 Government Document %A NIOSH %D 2013 %T National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Current strategies for engineering controls in nanomaterial production and downstream handling processes %E U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH)file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %C Cincinnati, OH %N (November) %@ DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2014–102

%0 Journal Article %A Mueller, Nicole C. %A Buha, Jelena %A Wang, Jing %A Ulrich, Andrea %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2013 %T Modeling the flows of engineered nanomaterials during waste handling %J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts %V 15 %N 1 %P 251-259 %! Modeling the flows of engineered nanomaterials during waste handling %@ 2050-7887 %X Little is known about the behavior of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) at the interface from the technosphere to the ecosphere. Previous modeling of ENM flows to the environment revealed that significant amounts of ENM enter the waste stream and therefore waste incineration plants and landfills. It is the aim of this study to model the flows of ENM during waste incineration and landfilling in greater depth by including a more detailed description of thedifferent processes and considering ENM-specific transformation reactions. Four substances were modeled: nanoTiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag and carbon nanotube (CNT). These ENM are representative for commonly used materials and products, illustrating a variety of ENM with different behavior. The modeling was performed for Switzerland where almost 100% of the municipal waste and sewage sludge are burned. The mass-based modeling showed that -despite several differences among the models for nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO and nano-Ag (e.g. partial dissolution of nanoZnO in acid washing of exhaust air or fly ash) - the major ENM flows go from the waste incineration plant to the landfill as bottom ash. All other flows within the system boundary (e.g. with the fly ash) were predicted to be about one magnitude smaller than the bottom ash flow. A different ENM distribution was found for CNTs that are expected to burn to a large extent (94%) so that only insignificant amounts remain in the system. The results of the modeling show that waste incineration can have a strong influence on some ENM but that still the majority of the ENM-mass is expected to end up in landfills. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30761H

%0 Journal Article %A Ma, Rui %A Levard, Clément %A Michel, F. Marc %A Brown, Gordon E. %A Lowry, Gregory Victor %D 2013 %T Sulfidation Mechanism for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and the Effect of Sulfidation on Their Solubility %J Environmental Science & Technology %8 02/2013 %! Sulfidation Mechanism for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and the Effect of Sulfidation on Their Solubility %R 10.1021/es3035347 %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3035347file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Ma, Rui %A Levard, Clément %A Judy, Jonathan D. %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Durenkamp, Mark %A Martin, Ben %A Jefferson, Bruce %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2013 %T Fate of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant and in Processed Biosolids %J Environmental Science & Technology %! Fate of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant and in Processed Biosolids %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es403646x %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es403646x %[2014/01/03

%0 Journal Article %A Liu, Xuyang %A Chen, Gexin %A Keller, Arturo A. %A Su, Chunming %D 2013 %T Effects of dominant material properties on the stability and transport of TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes in aquatic environments: from synthesis to fate %J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts %V 15 %N 1 %P 169-189 %! Effects of dominant material properties on the stability and transport of TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes in aquatic environments: from synthesis to fate %@ 2050-7887 %X Recently, increasing studies have focused on the environmental stability, transport, and fate of the anthropogenic nanomaterials in the environment, which contributes to the understanding of the potential risks when released. However, applying nanomaterials from different manufacturers and production methods tends to result in inconsistent experimental data and potentially a biased comparison. The aim of this review is to investigate the dominant material properties that determine the aggregation and deposition behavior of nanomaterials. Herein, we focus on two of the most popular anthropogenic nanomaterials, i.e., titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We start from the production methods of nanomaterials of different sources, and then examine their influence on the material properties and surface characteristics. The role of the material properties was carefully analyzed and correlated with the stability and transport in aquatic environments. These two case studies may be extended to other nanomaterials with similar surface properties, which will improve our understanding of the impact and risks of anthropogenic nanomaterials in the environment. This study highlights opportunities to design and produce "green" nanomaterials with less environmental risk and no sacrificing of the novel "nano" properties. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30625E

%0 Journal Article %A Johnson, Richard L.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Nurmi, James T. %A O’Brien Johnson, Graham S. %A Fan, Dimin %A O’Brien Johnson, Reid L. %A Shi, Zhenqing %A Salter-Blanc, Alexandra J. %A Tratnyek, Paul G. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2013 %T Field-Scale Transport and Transformation of Carboxymethylcellulose-Stabilized Nano Zero-Valent Iron %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 47 %N 3 %P 1573–1580 %7 1573–1580 %8 01/2013 %! Field-Scale Transport and Transformation of Carboxymethylcellulose-Stabilized Nano Zero-Valent Iron %R 10.1021/es304564q %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304564q

%0 Journal Article %A Holder, Amara L. %A Marr, Linsey C. %D 2013 %T Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles at the Air-Liquid Interface %J BioMed Research International %V 2013 %P 1 - 11 %8 01/2013 %! Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles at the Air-Liquid Interface %R 10.1155/2013/328934 %U http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/328934.pdf

%0 Unpublished Work %A Hochella, M.F., Jr %D 2013 %T Notes from telephone correspondence between Michael Hochella, Virginia Tech, and Eva Knoth and Kim Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research." %8 March 15 %! Notes from telephone correspondence between Michael Hochella, Virginia Tech, and Eva Knoth and Kim Wagoner, Eastern Research Group, Inc. "Request for Information on Nanomaterials Research."

%0 Journal Article %A Hendren, Christine Ogilvie %A Lowry, Michael %A Grieger, Khara D. %A Money, Eric S. %A Johnston, John M.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Beaulieu, Stephen M. %D 2013 %T Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating Environmental Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials in Support of Risk-Based Decision Making %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 47 %N 3 %P 1190–1205 %8 02/2013 %! Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating Environmental Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials in Support of Risk-Based Decision Making %R 10.1021/es302749u %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es302749u

%0 Journal Article %A Hendren, Christine Ogilvie %A Badireddy, Appala R. %A Casman, Elizabeth %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2013 %T Modeling nanomaterial fate in wastewater treatment: Monte Carlo simulation of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) %J Science of The Total Environment %V 449 %P 418 - 425 %8 4/2013 %! Modeling nanomaterial fate in wastewater treatment: Monte Carlo simulation of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.078 %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713001332http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969713001332/1-s2.0-S0048969713001332-main.pdf?_tid=6030080c-d1fa-11e2-a7ec00000aab0f26&acdnat=1370888586_1ec0268273397f75fe087c005bc62693

%0 Journal Article %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Kost, Elias %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2013 %T Engineered nanomaterials in waters and soils: A risk quantification based on probabilistic exposure and effect modeling %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %P n/a-n/a %! Engineered nanomaterials in waters and soils: A risk quantification based on probabilistic exposure and effect modeling %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.2177 %K Probabilistic species sensitivity distributions predicted environmental concentrations risk estimation engineered nanomaterial %X The production and use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasing rapidly, and therefore, the need tofile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] assess their environmental exposure and associated risks has become increasingly important. Only a handful of studies have quantified the release and environmental concentrations of ENMs, but much work has been done to investigate the effects of these materials on organisms. The aim of this study was to quantify probabilistically the environmental risks of ENMs producing species sensitivity distributions that were then compared to probability distributions of predicted environmental concentrations. Five nanomaterials (nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, carbon nanotubes [CNTs] and fullerenes) and four environmental compartments (surface water, sewage treatment plant effluents, soils, and sludge-treated soils) were considered. From 60 ecotoxicological papers, we extracted 112 single values to work with (25 values in 13 papers for nano-Ag, 17 values in 10 papers for CNTs, seven values in seven papers for fullerenes, 34 values in 23 papers for nano-TiO2, and 29 values in 17 papers for nano-ZnO). The results indicate there is only a marginal risk for these metal-based nanomaterials in surface water (0.7% risk for nano-Ag and <0.1% for nano-TiO2) and some risk in sewage treatment plant effluents (nano-Ag 39.7%, nano-TiO2 18.7%, and nano-ZnO 1.1%). Apart from a marginal value of <0.1% for nano-TiO2 in sludge-treated soils, no risks from the other evaluated ENMs in terrestrial compartments are currently predicted. The discussion of the results considers the influence of the effects of different forms of one ENM (e.g. coating, agglomeration state, mineralogy), the test conditions (e.g., dissolution, agglomeration), and transformation reactions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. © 2013 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2177 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2177/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A El Badawy, Amro %A Aly Hassan, Ashraf %A Scheckel, Kirk G. %A Suidan, Makram %A Tolaymat, Thabet %D 2013 %T Key Factors Controlling the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Porous Media %J Environmental Science & Technology %! Key Factors Controlling the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Porous Media %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es304580r %X The current study investigated the mobility of four AgNPs stabilized using different capping agents and represent the common stabilization mechanisms as well as surface charging scenarios in reactive and non-reactive porous media. The AgNPs were 1) uncoated H2-AgNPs and citrate coated AgNPs (Citrate-AgNPs) (electrostatically stabilized), 2) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) (sterically stabilized), and 3) branched polyethyleneimine coated AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs) (electrosterically stabilized). The porous media were 1) quartz sand (QS), 2) ferrihydrite-coated sand (FcS), and 3) kaolin-coated sand (KcS). The H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs were readily mobile in QS but significantly retained in FcS and KcS with more deposition achieved in the KcS media. The deposition of the H2- AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs followed the order of KcS > FcS > QS. The PVP-AgNPs breakthrough occurred more rapid as compared to the H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs but the deposition of PVP-AgNPs followed the same order of the electrostatically stabilized AgNPs (KcS > FcS > QS). The BPEI-AgNPs were readily mobile regardless of the porous media reactivity. Physicochemical interactions were the dominant filtration mechanism in the majority of the investigated cases but straining played the major role in the deposition of the electrostatically stabilized H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs in the KcS media. The results highlight the importance of both the stabilization mechanism and capping agent chemistry as key factors governing the transport of AgNPs in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304580r http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es304580r %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Doolette, C. L.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A McLaughlin, M. J. %A Kirby, J. K. %A Batstone, D. J. %A Harris, H. H. %A Ge, H. %A Cornelis, G. %D 2013 %T Transformation of PVP coated silver nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment process and the effect on microbial communities %J Chem Cent J %V 7 %N 1 %P 46 %8 Mar 4 %! Transformation of PVP coated silver nanoparticles in a simulated wastewater treatment process and the effect on microbial communities %Z Chemistry Central journal %@ 1752-153X (Print) 1752-153X (Linking) %R 10.1186/1752-153X-7-46 %M 23497481 %X BACKGROUND: Manufactured silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials in consumer goods and consequently their concentrations in wastewater and hence wastewater treatment plants are predicted to increase. We investigated the fate of AgNPs in sludge that was subjected to aerobic and anaerobic treatment and the impact of AgNPs on microbial processes and communities. The initial identification of AgNPs in sludge was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The solid phase speciation of silver in sludge and wastewater influent was then examined using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The effects of transformed AgNPs (mainly Ag-S phases) on nitrification, wastewater microbial populations and, for the first time, methanogenesis was investigated. RESULTS: Sequencing batch reactor experiments and anaerobic batch tests, both demonstrated that nitrification rate and methane production were not affected by the addition of AgNPs [at 2.5 mg Ag L-1 (4.9 g L-1 total suspended solids, TSS) and 183.6 mg Ag kg -1 (2.9 g kg-1 total solids, TS), respectively].The low toxicity is most likely due to AgNP sulfidation. XAS analysis showed that sulfur bonded Ag was the dominant Ag species in both aerobic (activated sludge) and anaerobic sludge. In AgNP and AgNO3 spiked aerobic sludge, metallic Ag was detected (~15%). However, after anaerobic digestion, Ag(0) was not detected by XAS analysis. Dominant wastewater microbial populations were not affected by AgNPs as determined by DNA extraction and pyrotag sequencing. However, there was a shift in niche populations in both aerobic and anaerobic sludge, with a shift in AgNP treated sludge compared with controls. This is the first time that the impact of transformed AgNPs (mainly Ag-S phases) on anaerobic digestion has been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Silver NPs were transformed to Ag-S phases during activated sludge treatment (prior to anaerobic digestion). Transformed AgNPs, at predicted future Ag wastewater concentrations, did not affect nitrification or methanogenesis. Consequently, AgNPs are very unlikely to affect the efficient functioning of wastewater treatment plants. However, AgNPs may negatively affect sub-dominant wastewater microbial communities. %Z Doolette, Casey L McLaughlin, Mike J Kirby, Jason K Batstone, Damien J Harris, Hugh H Ge, Huoqing Cornelis, Geert ENG 2013/03/19 06:00 Chem Cent J. 2013 Mar 4;7(1):46. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23497481 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3636095/pdf/1752-153X-7-46.pdffile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A David, Raymond M. %D 2013 %T Measuring Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment: A Consortium View of How to Address the Problem %J Environmental Engineering Science %V 30 %N 3 %P 97-100 %! Measuring Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment: A Consortium View of How to Address the Problem %@ 1092-8758 1557-9018 %R 10.1089/ees.2012.0327 %U http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/ees.2012.0327

%0 Journal Article %A Dale, Amy L. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Casman, Elizabeth A. %D 2013 %T Modeling Nanosilver Transformations in Freshwater Sediments %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 47 %N 22 %P 12920-12928 %8 2013/11/19 %! Modeling Nanosilver Transformations in Freshwater Sediments %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es402341t %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), an effective antibacterial agent, are a significant and fast-growing application of nanotechnology in consumer goods. The toxicity of AgNPs released to surface waters during the use or disposal of AgNP-containing products will depend on the chemical transformations the nanoparticles undergo in the environment. We present a simple one-dimensional diagenetic model for predicting AgNP distribution and silver speciation in freshwater sediments. The model is calibrated to data collected from AgNP-dosed large-scale freshwater wetland mesocosms. The model predicts that AgNP sulfidation will retard nanoparticle oxidation and ion release. The resultant Ag2S-coated AgNPs are expected to persist and accumulate in sediment downstream from sources of AgNPs. Silver speciation and persistence in the sediment depend on the seasonally variable availability of organic carbon and dissolved oxygen. The half-life of typical sulfidized (85% Ag2S) AgNPs may vary from less than 10 years to over a century depending on redox conditions. No significant difference in silver speciation and distribution is observed between =50% Ag2S and 100% Ag2S AgNPs. Formation and efflux of toxic silver ion is reduced in eutrophic systems and maximized in oligotrophic systems. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es402341t %[2014/01/31

%0 Journal Article %A Dahm, Matthew M. %A Evans, Douglas E. %A Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Birch, M. Eileen %A Deddens, James A. %D 2013 %T Occupational Exposure Assessment in Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Primary and Secondary Manufacturers: Mobile Direct-Reading Sampling %J Annals of Occupational Hygiene %V 57 %N 3 %P 328-344 %8 April 1, 2013 %! Occupational Exposure Assessment in Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Primary and Secondary Manufacturers: Mobile Direct-Reading Sampling %R 10.1093/annhyg/mes079 %X Research Significance: Toxicological evidence suggests the potential for a wide range of health effects from exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). To date, there has been much focus on the use of direct-reading instruments (DRIs) to assess multiple airborne exposure metrics for potential exposures to CNTs and CNFs due to their ease of use and ability to provide instantaneous results. Still, uncertainty exists in the usefulness and interpretation of the data. To address this gap, air-monitoring was conducted at six sites identified as CNT and CNF manufacturers or users and results were compared with filter-based metrics.Methods: Particle number, respirable mass, and active surface area concentrations were monitored with a condensation particle counter, a photometer, and a diffusion charger, respectively. The instruments were placed on a mobile cart and used as area monitors in parallel with filter-based elemental carbon (EC) and electron microscopy samples. Repeat samples were collected on consecutive days, when possible, during the same processes. All instruments in this study are portable and routinely used for industrial hygiene sampling.Results: Differences were not observed among the various sampled processes compared with concurrent indoor or outdoor background samples while examining the different DRI exposure metrics. Such data were also inconsistent with results for filter-based samples collected concurrently at the same sites [Dahm MM, Evans DE, Schubauer-Berigan MK et al. (2012) Occupational exposure assessment in CNT and nanofiber primary and secondary manufacturers. Ann Occup Hyg; 56: 542–56]. Significant variability was seen between these processes as well as the indoor and outdoor backgrounds. However, no clear pattern emerged linking the DRI results to the EC or the microscopy data (CNT and CNF structure counts).Conclusions: Overall, no consistent trends were seen among similar processes at the various sites. The DRI instruments employed were limited in their usefulness in assessing and quantifying potential exposures at the sampled sites but were helpful for hypothesis generation, control technology evaluations, and other air quality issues. The DRIs employed are nonspecific, aerosol monitors, and, therefore, subjectto interferences. As such, it is necessary to collect samples for analysis by more selective, time-integrated, laboratorybased methods to confirm and quantify exposures. %U http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/328.abstract http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/328 http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/328.long

%0 Journal Article %A Colman, Benjamin P. %A Arnaout, Christina L. %A Anciaux, Sarah %A Gunsch, Claudia K. %A Hochella, Michael F. %A Kim, Bojeong %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A McGill, Bonnie M. %A Reinsch, Brian C. %A Richardson, Curtis J. %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Wright, Justin P.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Yin, Liyan %A Bernhardt, Emily S. %D 2013 %T Low Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles in Biosolids Cause Adverse Ecosystem Responses under Realistic Field Scenario %J PLoS ONE %V 8 %N 2 %P e57189 %8 02/2013 %! Low Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles in Biosolids Cause Adverse Ecosystem Responses under Realistic Field Scenario %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0057189 %X A large fraction of engineered nanomaterials in consumer and commercial products will reach natural ecosystems.To date, research on the biological impacts of environmental nanomaterial exposures has largely focused on highconcentration exposures in mechanistic lab studies with single strains of model organisms. These results are difficult to extrapolate to ecosystems, where exposures will likely be at low-concentrations and which are inhabited by a diversity of organisms. Here we show adverse responses of plants and microorganisms in a replicated long-term terrestrial mesocosm field experiment following a single low dose of silver nanoparticles (0.14 mg Ag kg-1 soil) applied via a likely route of exposure, sewage biosolid application. While total aboveground plant biomass did not differ between treatments receiving biosolids, one plant species, Microstegium vimeneum, had 32 % less biomass in the Slurry+AgNP treatment relative to the Slurry only treatment. Microorganisms were also affected by AgNP treatment, which gave a significantly different community composition of bacteria in the Slurry+AgNPs as opposed to the Slurry treatment one day after addition as analyzed by T-RFLP analysis of 16S-rRNA genes. After eight days, N2O flux was 4.5 fold higher in the Slurry+AgNPs treatment than the Slurry treatment. After fifty days, community composition and N2O flux of the Slurry+AgNPs treatment converged with the Slurry. However, the soil microbial extracellular enzymes leucine amino peptidase and phosphatase had 52 and 27% lower activities, respectively, while microbial biomass was 35% lower than the Slurry. We also show that the magnitude of these responses was in all cases as large as or larger than the positive control, AgNO3, added at 4-fold the Ag concentration of the silver nanoparticles. %U http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action? uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057189&representation=PDF

%0 Electronic Article %A Bullis, Kevin %D 2013 %T Quantum Dots Get Commercial Debut in More Colorful Sony TVs %B MIT Technology Review %& January 11 %! Quantum Dots Get Commercial Debut in More Colorful Sony TVs %U http://www.technologyreview.com/news/509801/quantum-dots-get-commercial-debut-in-more-colorful-sony-tvs/

%0 Journal Article %A Bekker, Cindy %A Brouwer, Derk H. %A Tielemans, Erik %A Pronk, Anjoeka %D 2013 %T Industrial Production and Professional Application of Manufactured Nanomaterials-Enabled End Products in Dutch Industries: Potential for Exposure %J Annals of Occupational Hygienefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 57 %N 3 %P 314-327 %8 April 1, 2013 %! Industrial Production and Professional Application of Manufactured Nanomaterials-Enabled End Products in Dutch Industries: Potential for Exposure %R 10.1093/annhyg/mes072 %X Background: In order to make full use of the opportunities while responsibly managing the risks of working with manufactured nanomaterials (MNM), we need to gain insight into the potential level of exposure to MNM in the industry. Therefore, the goal of this study was to obtain an overview of the potential MNM exposure scenarios within relevant industrial sectors, applied exposure controls, and number of workers potentially exposed to MNM in Dutch industrial sectors producing and applying MNM-enabled end products in the Netherlands.Methods: A survey was conducted in three phases: (i) identification of MNM-enabled end products; (ii) identification of relevant industrial sectors; and (iii) a tiered telephone survey to estimate actual use of the products among 40 sector organizations/knowledge centres (Tier 1), 350 randomly selected companies (Tier 2), and 110 actively searched companies (Tier 3).Results: The most dominant industrial sectors producing or applying MNM-enabled end products (market penetration >5%) are shoe repair shops, automotive, construction, paint, metal, and textile cleaning industry. In the majority of the companies (76%), potential risks related to working with MNM are not a specific point of interest. The total number of workers potentially exposed to MNM during the production or application of MNM-enabled end products was estimated at approximately 3000 workers in the Netherlands. The results of this study will serve as a basis for in-depth exposure and health surveys that are currently planned in the Netherlands. In addition, the results can be used to identify the most relevant sectors for policy makers and future studies focussing on evaluating the risks of occupational exposure to MNM. %U http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/314.abstract http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/3/314.long

%0 Journal Article %A Aruguete, Deborah M. %A Kim, Bojeong %A Hochella, Michael F. %A Ma, Yanjun %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Hoegh, Andy %A Liu, Jie %A Pruden, Amy %D 2013 %T Antimicrobial nanotechnology: its potential for the effective management of microbial drug resistance and implications for research needs in microbial nanotoxicology %J Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts %V 15 %N 1 %P 93 %8 01/2012 %! Antimicrobial nanotechnology: its potential for the effective management of microbial drug resistance and implications for research needs in microbial nanotoxicology %R 10.1039/c2em30692a %X The development of antibiotics revolutionized human health, providing a simple cure for once dreaded diseasessuch as tuberculosis. However, widespread production, use, and mis-use of antibiotics have contributed to the nextgeneration concern for global public health: the emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) infectious organisms (a.k.a. “superbugs”). Recently, nanotechnology, specifically the use of nanomaterials (NMs) with antimicrobial activity, has been presented as a new de fense against MDR infectious organisms. We discuss the potential for NMs to either circumvent microbial resistance or induce its development in light of our current state of knowledge, findingfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] that this question points to a need for fundamental research targeting the molecular mechanisms causing antimicrobial activity in NMs. In the context of current microbial nanotoxicology studies, particularly reductionist laboratory studies, we offer suggestions and considerations for future research, using an illustrative example from our work with silver nanoparticles. %U http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/EM/c2em30692a

%0 Journal Article %A Armstrong, Najealicka %A Ramamoorthy, Malaisamy %A Lyon, Delina %A Jones, Kimberly %A Duttaroy, Atanu %D 2013 %T Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles Action on Insect Pigmentation Reveals Intervention of Copper Homeostasis %J PLoS One %V 8 %N 1 %P e53186 %8 1/2013 %! Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles Action on Insect Pigmentation Reveals Intervention of Copper Homeostasis %Z PloS one %@ 1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking) %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0053186 %2 3538783 %M 23308159 %K Animals Copper/*metabolism Drosophila melanogaster/*drug effects/enzymology/*growth & development/metabolism Fertility/drug effects Melanins/metabolism Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry/*toxicity Pigmentation/*drug effects Silver/chemistry/metabolism/*toxicity Superoxide Dismutase/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), like almost all nanoparticles, are potentially toxic beyond a certain concentration because the survival of the organism is compromised due to scores of pathophysiological abnormalities past that concentration. However, the mechanism of AgNP toxicity remains undetermined. Instead of applying a toxic dose, we attempted to monitor the effects of AgNPs at a nonlethal concentration on wild type Drosophila melanogaster by exposing them throughout their development. All adult flies raised in AgNP doped food showed that up to 50 mg/L concentration AgNP has no negative influence on median survival; however, these flies appeared uniformly lighter in body color due to the loss of melanin pigments in their cuticle. Additionally, fertility and vertical movement ability were compromised due to AgNP feeding. Determination of the amount of free ionic silver (Ag+) led us to claim that the observed biological effects have resulted from the AgNPs and not from Ag+. Biochemical analysis suggests that the activity of copper dependent enzymes, namely tyrosinase and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, are decreased significantly following the consumption of AgNPs, despite the constant level of copper present in the tissue. Consequently, we propose a mechanism whereby consumption of excess AgNPs in association with membrane bound copper transporter proteins cause sequestration of copper, thus creating a condition that resembles copper starvation. This model also explains the cuticular demelanization effect resulting from AgNP since tyrosinase activity is essential for melanin biosynthesis. Finally, we claim that Drosophila, an established genetic model system, can be well utilized for further understanding of the biological effects of nanoparticles. %Z Armstrong, Najealickafile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Ramamoorthy, Malaisamy Lyon, Delina Jones, Kimberly Duttaroy, Atanu

eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2013/01/12 06:00 PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053186. Epub 2013 Jan 7. %U http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action? uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0053186&representation=PDF %+ Biology Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.

%0 Journal Article %A Ali-Boucetta, Hanene %A Nunes, Antonio %A Sainz, Raquel %A Herrero, M. Antonia %A Tian, Bowen %A Prato, Maurizio %A Bianco, Alberto %A Kostarelos, Kostas %D 2013 %T Asbestos-like Pathogenicity of Long Carbon Nanotubes Alleviated by Chemical Functionalization %J Angewandte Chemie International Edition %V 52 %N 8 %P 2274-2278 %8 Feb 18 %! Asbestos-like Pathogenicity of Long Carbon Nanotubes Alleviated by Chemical Functionalization %Z Angewandte Chemie %@ 1521-3773 %R 10.1002/anie.201207664 %M 23319294 %K graphene carcinogenicity inflammation nanoparticles toxicology %X Sometimes shorter is better: The apparent similarity between multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and asbestos fibers has generated serious concerns about their safety profile. The asbestos-like pathogenicity observed for long, pristine nanotubes (NTlong, see scheme) can be completely alleviated if their effective length is decreased as a result of chemical functionalization, such as with tri(ethylene glycol) (TEG). %Z Ali-Boucetta, Hanene Nunes, Antonio Sainz, Raquel Herrero, M Antonia Tian, Bowen Prato, Maurizio Bianco, Alberto Kostarelos, Kostas

engfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Germany International ed. in English 2013/01/16 06:00 Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Feb 18;52(8):2274-8. doi: 10.1002/anie.201207664. Epub 2013 Jan 14. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201207664 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201207664/abstract %+ Nanomedicine Laboratory, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.

%0 Conference Paper %A Zimmermann, Y. %A Schaeffer, A. %A Corvini, P.F. %A Lenz, M. %D 2012 %T Organic photovoltaics: Are policies for safe disposal and recycling necessary? %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Organic photovoltaic solar cells (OPVs) are a promising renewable energy technology due to the fact that characteristics such as light-weight, semi-transparency and mechanical flexibility offer novel application possibilities. Substantial progress has been achieved during the last decade increasing power conversion efficiencies towards the crucial 10% threshold. In consideration of the anticipated forthcoming large-scale production, the environmental impact of such OPVs has to be assessed and should be compared to current best available thin film technologies. Various materials present in OPV, such as metal nanoparticles as well as fullerene-derivatives, may potentially have adverse effects in the environment. So far, no studies exist investigating a possible release of OPV components into the environment under environmentally relevant leaching-scenarios. Whereas some research has already been carried out regarding the ecotoxicity of certain single, pure OPV components (e.g. nanoparticles), other components and/or degradation products/transformation products have not been investigated at all until now. For the first time, this study systematically composes the database about OPV materials and their fate and effects in the environment. Furthermore, priority pollutants are identified. We conclude that so far there is no evidence for an alarming risk deriving from OPVs during use phase (i.e. when intact). However, during end-of-life phase (i.e. when disposed in landfills) an increased release of harmful components seems plausible, which might result in adverse effects of OPVs in the environment. Preliminary results from our lab confirm that some compounds (organic and inorganic origin) are indeed leaching from OPVs under such conditions. By means of a variety of analytical methods such as ICP-MS, accelerated solvent extraction, SEC-HPLC and qTOF, leachates were identified. It was possible to show that inorganic compounds are actually leaching from OPV under harsh environmental conditions when applying end-of-life scenarios. These results have to be introduced into policies for safe disposal and recycling of OPVs. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 663 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Zhou, Dongxu %A Bennett, Samuel W. %A Keller, Arturo A. %D 2012 %T Increased Mobility of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Due to Photo and Thermal Induced Disagglomeration %J PLoS ONEfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 7 %N 5 %P e37363 %! Increased Mobility of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Due to Photo and Thermal Induced Disagglomeration %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0037363 %X Significant advances have been made on our understanding of the fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials. One unexplored aspect of nanoparticle aggregation is how environmental stimuli such as light exposure and temperature variations affect the mobility of engineered nanoparticles. In this study, TiO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, and CeO<sub>2</sub> were chosen as model materials for investigating the mobility of nanoparticles under three external stimuli: heat, light and sonication. Sunlight and high power sonication were able to partially disagglomerate metal oxide clusters, but primary particles bonded by solid state necks were left intact. A cycle of temperature increase from 25°C to 65°C and then decrease back was found to disagglomerate the compact clusters in the heating phase and reagglomerate them as more open fractal structures during the cooling phase. A fractal model summing the pair-wise DLVO interactions between primary particles within two fractal agglomerates predicts weak attractions on the order of a few kT. Our study shows that common environmental stimuli such as light exposure or temperature variation can disagglomerate nanoparticle clusters and enhance their mobility in open waters. This phenomenon warrants attention since it is likely that metal oxide nanoparticles will experience these natural stimuli during their transport in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037363 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356249/pdf/pone.0037363.pdf

%0 Journal Article %A Zhou, Dongxu %A Abdel-Fattah, Amr I. %A Keller, Arturo A. %D 2012 %T Clay Particles Destabilize Engineered Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 14 %P 7520-7526 %8 2012/07/17 %! Clay Particles Destabilize Engineered Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es3004427 %X Given the ubiquity of natural clay minerals, the most likely interaction of nanoparticles released into an aquatic environment will be with suspended clay minerals. Thus, the transport of engineered nanoparticles in the subsurface and the water column will most likely be altered by their interaction with these minerals. We studied the interactions of two of the most produced nanoparticles, Ag and TiO2, and montmorillonite to determine how heteroaggregation can alter the stability of nanoparticle/clay mineral mixtures. Since at low pH montmorillonite has a negatively charged basal plane and positively charged edges, its interaction with these nanoparticles at different pH lead to unusual behaviors. There are six different interactions for each clay-nanoparticle pair. At pH values below the IEP of montmorillonite edge site, montmorillonite reduced the stability of both negatively charged Ag and positively charged TiO2 nanoparticles. Surprisingly this enhanced coagulation only occurs within an intermediate ionic strength range. The spillover of the montmorillonite basal plane electric double layer to the montmorillonite edge may screen the electrostatic attraction between Ag and the montmorillonite edge at low ionic strength, whereas a repulsion between TiO2 and montmorillonite face sites may restabilize the mixture. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3004427 %[2013/03/26file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Zheng, Xiong %A Su, Yinglong %A Chen, Yinguang %D 2012 %T Acute and Chronic Responses of Activated Sludge Viability and Performance to Silica Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7182-7188 %8 2012/07/03 %! Acute and Chronic Responses of Activated Sludge Viability and Performance to Silica Nanoparticles %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300777b %X Recently, the potential health and environmental risks of silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are attracting great interest. However, little is known about their possible impacts on wastewater biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In this study, the acute and chronic effects of SiO2 NPs on activated sludge viability and biological nutrient removal performance were investigated. It was found that the presence of environmentally relevant concentration (1 mg/L) of SiO2 NPs caused no adverse acute and chronic effects on sludge viability and wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus removal. However, chronic exposure to 50 mg/L SiO2 NPs induced the increase of effluent nitrate concentration, and thus depressed the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 79.6% to 51.6% after 70 days of exposure, which was due to the declined activities of denitrifying enzymes, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Wastewater phosphorus removal was insensitive to 1 and 50 mg/L SiO2 NPs after either the acute or chronic exposure, because the critical factors closely related to biological phosphorus removal were not significantly changed, such as the activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase and the intracellular transformations of polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that the bacterial community structure was changed after long-term exposure to 50 mg/L SiO2 NPs, and the quantitative PCR assays indicated that the abundance of denitrifying bacteria was decreased, which was consistent with the declined wastewater nitrogen removal. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300777b %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Xiaoran %A Kah, Melanie %A Jonker, Michiel T. O. %A Hofmann, Thilo %D 2012 %T Dispersion State and Humic Acids Concentration-Dependent Sorption of Pyrene to Carbon Nanotubes %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7166-7173 %8 2012/07/03 %! Dispersion State and Humic Acids Concentration-Dependent Sorption of Pyrene to Carbon Nanotubes %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300645m %X Sonication and humic acids (HA) are known to disperse carbon nanotube (CNT) suspensions, but potential effects on sorption of chemicals to CNTs remain poorly understood. We applied a passive sampling method to investigate the influence of dispersion/aggregation on sorption of pyrene to CNTs. Sonication broke down CNT aggregates and increased pyrene sorption affinity by up to 1.39 orders of magnitude. Sorption surfaces newly exposed by sonication remained available to pyrene even after reaggregation occurred, suggesting an irreversible effect of sonication. Thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] presence of HA decreased sorption of pyrene to CNTs, but at the highest HA concentration investigated (200 mg/L), sorption affinity was still 1.90 orders of magnitude larger than sorption of pyrene to HA alone. Specific interactions between pyrene and CNTs were thus still taking place, in spite of the presence of a HA coating on the CNTs? surface. A greater suppression of sorption by CNTs occurred when the HA addition was combined with a sonication pretreatment. Sorption isotherm fitting indicated that the maximum sorption capacity, sorption affinity, and heterogeneity of the CNT surface were all affected by sonication and the presence of HA at a concentration as low as 1 mg/L. The present results contribute to an improved understanding of the sorption behavior of CNTs in both natural and wastewater systems. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300645m %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Wen %A Crittenden, John %A Li, Kungang %A Chen, Yongsheng %D 2012 %T Attachment Efficiency of Nanoparticle Aggregation in Aqueous Dispersions: Modeling and Experimental Validation %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7054-7062 %8 2012/07/03 %! Attachment Efficiency of Nanoparticle Aggregation in Aqueous Dispersions: Modeling and Experimental Validation %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es203623z %X To describe the aggregation kinetics of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous dispersions, a new equation for predicting the attachment efficiency is presented. The rationale is that at nanoscale, random kinetic motion may supersede the role of interaction energy in governing the aggregation kinetics of NPs, and aggregation could occur exclusively among the fra ction of NPs with the minimum kinetic energy that exceeds the interaction energy barrier (Eb). To justify this rationale, we examined the evolution of particle size distribution (PSD) and frequency distribution during aggregation, and further derived the new equation of attachment efficiency on the basis of the Maxwell?Boltzmann distribution and Derjaguin?Landau?Verwey?Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The new equation was evaluated through aggregation experiments with CeO2 NPs using time-resolved-dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS). Our results show that the prediction of the attachment efficiencies agreed remarkably well with experimental data and also correctly described the effects of ionic strength, natural organic matter (NOM), and temperature on attachment efficiency. Furthermore, the new equation was used to describe the attachment efficiencies of different types of engineered NPs selected from the literature and most of the fits showed good agreement with the inverse stability ratios (1/W) and experimentally derived results, although some minor discrepancies were present. Overall, the new equation provides an alternative theoretical approach in addition to 1/W for predicting attachment efficiency. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203623z %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Shujuan %A Shao, Ting %A Kose, H. Selcen %A Karanfil, Tanjufile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2012 %T Adsorption kinetics of aromatic compounds on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 79-85 %! Adsorption kinetics of aromatic compounds on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.724 %K Adsorption kinetics Organic compound Activated carbon Carbon nanotubes %X Adsorption kinetics of two organic compounds on four types of carbonaceous adsorbents (a granular activated carbon [HD4000], an activated carbon fiber [ACF10], a single-walled carbon nanotube [SWNT], and a multiwalled carbon nanotube [MWNT]) was examined in aqueous solutions. The times needed for the adsorption to reach apparent equilibrium on the four carbons followed the order of ACF10 > HD4000 > SWNT > MWNT. Ultrasonication of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) accelerated their adsorption kinetics but had no effect on their equilibrium adsorption capacities. The pseudo-second order model (PSOM) provided good fitting for the kinetic data. The fitting of kinetic data with the intraparticle diffusion model indicated that external mass transfer controls the sorption process in the organic compound–CNT systems, whereas intraparticle diffusion dominates in the sorption of organic compounds onto activated carbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:79–85. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.724 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.724/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Lunliang %A Hou, Lei %A Wang, Lilin %A Kan, Amy T. %A Chen, Wei %A Tomson, Mason B. %D 2012 %T Transport of Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60) in Saturated Sand and Sandy Soil: Controlling Factors and Modeling %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7230-7238 %8 2012/07/03 %! Transport of Fullerene Nanoparticles (nC60) in Saturated Sand and Sandy Soil: Controlling Factors and Modeling %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es301234m %X Understanding subsurface transport of fullerene nanoparticles (nC60) is of critical importance for the benign use and risk management of C60. We examined the effects of several important environmental factors on nC60 transport in saturated porous media. Decreasing flow velocity from approximately 10 to 1 m/d had little effect on nC60 transport in Ottawa sand (mainly pure quartz), but significantly inhibited the transport in Lula soil (a sandy, low-organic-matter soil). The difference was attributable to the smaller grain size, more irregular and rougher shape, and greater heterogeneity of Lula soil. Increasing ionic strength and switching background solution from NaCl to CaCl2 enhanced the deposition of nC60 in both sand and soil columns, but the effects were more significant for soil. This was likely because the clay minerals (and possibly soil organic matter) in soil responded to changes of ionic strength and species differently than quartz. Anions in the mobile phase had little effect on nC60 transport, and fulvic acid in the mobile phase (5.0 mg/L) had a small effect in the presence of 0.5 mM Ca2+. A two-site transport model that takes intofile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] account both the blocking-affected attachment process and straining effects can effectively model the breakthrough of nC60. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es301234m %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Junling %A Wages, Mike %A Cox, Stephen B. %A Maul, Jonathan D. %A Li, Yujia %A Barnes, Melanie %A Hope-Weeks, Louisa %A Cobb, George P. %D 2012 %T Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and ultraviolet light coexposure on African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 176-183 %! Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and ultraviolet light coexposure on African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.718 %K Nanotoxicity FETAX Amphibian Titanium dioxide Ultraviolet light %X Titanium dioxide nanomaterials (nano-TiO2) exhibit stronger photochemical oxidation/reduction capacity compared with their bulk counterparts, but the effectiveness of nano-TiO2 interaction with ultraviolet (UV) light strongly depends on particle size. In this study, the dependence of nano-TiO2 toxicity on particle size and interaction with UV light were investigated. Toxicity tests with Xenopus laevis included eight concentrations of nano-TiO2 in the presence of either white light or UVA (315–400 nm). We quantified viability and growth of Xenopus laevis. Results showed that, regardless of UV light exposure, increasing TiO2 concentration decreased X. laevis survival (p < 0.05). Coexposure to 5-nm TiO2 and UVA caused near-significant decreases in X. laevis survival (p = 0.08). Coexposure to 10-nm TiO2 and UVA significantly decreased X. laevis survival (p = 0.005). However, coexposure to 32-nm TiO2 and UVA had no statistical effect on X. laevis survival (p = 0.8). For all three particle sizes, whether alone or with UV light, the nano-TiO2 concentrations significantly affected growth of tadpoles as determined by total body length, snout–vent length, and developmental stage. High-concentration TiO2 solutions suppressed tadpole body length and delayed developmental stages. Further research to explore reasons for the growth and mortality in tadpoles is still underway in our laboratory. Given the widespread application of nano-TiO2, our results may be useful in the management of nano-TiO2 released from industrial, municipal, and nonpoint sources. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:176–183. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.718 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.718/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Yang, Xinyu %A Gondikas, Andreas P. %A Marinakos, Stella M.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Auffan, Melanie %A Liu, Jie %A Hsu-Kim, Heileen %A Meyer, Joel N. %D 2012 %T Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity Is Dependent on Dissolved Silver and Surface Coating in Caenorhabditis elegans %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 2 %P 1119-1127 %8 2012/01/17 %! Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity Is Dependent on Dissolved Silver and Surface Coating in Caenorhabditis elegans %@ 0013-936X %X The rapidly increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in consumer products and medical applications has raised ecological and human health concerns. A key question for addressing these concerns is whether Ag NP toxicity is mechanistically unique to nanoparticulate silver, or if it is a result of the release of silver ions. Furthermore, since Ag NPs are produced in a large variety of monomer sizes and coatings, and since their physicochemical behavior depends on the media composition, it is important to understand how these variables modulate toxicity. We found that a lower ionic strength medium resulted in greater toxicity (measured as growth inhibition) of all tested Ag NPs to <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, and that both dissolved silver and coating influenced Ag NP toxicity. We found a linear correlation between Ag NP toxicity and dissolved silver, but no correlation between size and toxicity. We used three independent and complementary approaches to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity of differentially coated and sized Ag NPs: pharmacological (rescue with trolox and N-acetylcysteine), genetic (analysis of metal-sensitive and oxidative stress-sensitive mutants), and physicochemical (including analysis of dissolution of Ag NPs). Oxidative dissolution was limited in our experimental conditions (maximally 15% in 24 h), yet was key to the toxicity of most Ag NPs, highlighting a critical role for dissolved silver complexed with thiols in the toxicity of all tested Ag NPs. Some Ag NPs (typically less soluble due to size or coating) also acted via oxidative stress, an effect specific to nanoparticulate silver. However, in no case studied here was the toxicity of a Ag NP greater than would be predicted by complete dissolution of the same mass of silver as silver ions. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202417t

%0 Journal Article %A Xia, Tian %A Malasarn, Davin %A Lin, Sijie %A Ji, Zhaoxia %A Zhang, Haiyuan %A Miller, Robert J. %A Keller, Arturo A. %A Nisbet, Roger M. %A Harthorn, Barbara H. %A Godwin, Hilary A. %A Lenihan, Hunter S. %A Liu, Rong %A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge %A Cohen, Yoram %A Mädler, Lutz %A Holden, Patricia A. %A Zink, Jeffrey I. %A Nel, Andre E.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2012 %T Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Solve Complex Nano EHS Problems by the UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology %J Small %! Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Solve Complex Nano EHS Problems by the UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology %@ 1613-6829 %R 10.1002/smll.201201700 %K engineered nanomaterials nanotoxicology high-throughput screening predictive toxicology structure–activity relationships %X UC CEIN was established with funding from the US National Science Foundation and the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2008 with the mission to study the impact of nanotechnology on the environment, including the identification of hazard and exposure scenarios that take into consideration the unique physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Since its inception, the Center has made great progress in assembling a multidisciplinary team to develop the scientific underpinnings, research, knowledge acquisition, education and outreach that is required for assessing the safe implementation of nanotechnology in the environment. In this essay, the development of the infrastructure, protocols, and decision-making tools that are required to effectively integrate complementary scientific disciplines allowing knowledge gathering in a complex study area that goes beyond the traditional safety and risk assessment protocols of the 20th century is outlined. UC CEIN's streamlined approach, premised on predictive hazard and exposure assessment methods, high-throughput discovery platforms and environmental decision-making tools that consider a wide range of nano/bio interfaces in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, demonstrates the implementation of a 21st-century approach to the safe implementation of nanotechnology in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201201700

%0 Journal Article %A Wirth, Stacy M. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Tilton, Robert D. %D 2012 %T Natural Organic Matter Alters Biofilm Tolerance to Silver Nanoparticles and Dissolved Silver %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 22 %P 12687 - 12696 %8 11/2012 %! Natural Organic Matter Alters Biofilm Tolerance to Silver Nanoparticles and Dissolved Silver %R 10.1021/es301521p %X Motivated by the need to understand environmental risks posed by potentially biocidal engineered nanoparticles, the effects of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure on viability in single species Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms were determined via dye staining methods. AgNP dispersions, containing both particles and dissolved silver originating from the particles, negatively impacted biofilm viability in a dose-dependent manner. No silver treatments (up to 100 ppm AgNPs) resulted in 100% biofilm viability loss, even though these same concentrations caused complete viability loss in planktonic culture, suggesting some biofilm tolerance to AgNP toxicity. Colloidally stable AgNP suspensions exhibited greater toxicity to biofilms than corresponding particle-free supernatants containing only dissolved silver released from the particles. This distinct nanoparticle-specific toxicity was not observed for less stable, highly aggregated particles, suggesting that biofilms were protected against nanoparticle aggregate toxicity. In both the stable and highly aggregated dispersions, dissolved silver made a significant contribution to overall toxicity. Therefore, despite increased colloidal stability when humic acid adsorbed to AgNPs, the presence of humic acid mitigated thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] toxicity of AgNP suspensions because it bound to silver ions in solution. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301521p

%0 Journal Article %A Windler, L. %A Lorenz, C. %A von Goetz, N. %A Hungerbuhler, K. %A Amberg, M. %A Heuberger, M. %A Nowack, B. %D 2012 %T Release of titanium dioxide from textiles during washing %J Environ Sci Technol %V 46 %N 15 %P 8181-8 %8 Aug 7 %! Release of titanium dioxide from textiles during washing %Z Environmental science & technology %@ 1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking) %R 10.1021/es301633b %M 22746197 %K Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission *Textile Industry Titanium/*chemistry Ultraviolet Rays *Water %X Nano-TiO(2) has the highest production of all nanomaterials, and pigment-TiO(2) is a commodity used on the million tons/year scale. Information on the release of TiO(2) from consumer products is therefore an important part of analyzing the potential environmental exposure to TiO(2). For this study, we investigated the release of TiO(2) from six different functional textiles during washing. TiO(2) is used in textiles because of its UV-absorbing properties andas pigment. Analysis of fiber cross sections showed that the TiO(2) was contained in the fiber matrix. The sunprotection textiles had Ultraviolet Protection Factors that were between 58 and 6100 after washing and therefore above the labeled factor of 50+. Five of the textiles (sun-protection clothes) released low amounts of Ti (0.01 to 0.06 wt % of total Ti) in one wash cycle. One textile (with antimicrobial functionality) released much higher amounts of Ti (5 mg/L, corresponding to 3.4 wt % of total Ti in one wash cycle). Size fractionation showed that about equal amounts were released as particles below and above 0.45 mum. After 10 washings, only in two textiles significantly lower Ti contents were measured. Electron microscopy showed that the TiO(2) particles released into washing solution had a roundish appearance with primary particle sizes between 60 and 350 nm that formed small aggregates with up to 20 particles. The results indicate that functional textiles release some TiO(2) particles, but that the amounts are relatively low and mostly not in the nanoparticulate range. %Z Windler, L Lorenz, C von Goetz, N Hungerbuhler, K Amberg, M Heuberger, M Nowack, B

eng 2012/07/04 06:00file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 7;46(15):8181-8. doi: 10.1021/es301633b. Epub 2012 Jul 23. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22746197 %+ Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.

%0 Journal Article %A Westerhoff, Paul %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2012 %T Searching for Global Descriptors of Engineered Nanomaterial Fate and Transport in the Environment %J Accounts of Chemical Research %V 46 %N 3 %P 844-853 %8 2013/03/19 %! Searching for Global Descriptors of Engineered Nanomaterial Fate and Transport in the Environment %@ 0001-4842 %R 10.1021/ar300030n %X Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a new class of environmental pollutants. Researchers are beginning to debate whether new modeling paradigms and experimental tests to obtain model parameters are required for ENMs or if approaches for existing pollutants are robust enough to predict ENM distribution between environmental compartments. This Account outlines how experimental research can yield quantitative data for use in ENM fate and exposure models. We first review experimental testing approaches that are employed with ENMs. Then we compare and contrast ENMs against other pollutants. Finally, we summarize the findings and identify research needs that may yield global descriptors for ENMs that are suitable for use in fate and transport modeling. Over the past decade, researchers have made significant progress in understanding factors that influence the fate and transport of ENMs. In some cases, researchers have developed approaches toward global descriptor models (experimental, conceptual, and quantitative). We suggest the following global descriptors for ENMs: octanol?water partition coefficients, solid-water partition coefficients, attachment coefficients, and rate constants describing reactions such as dissolution, sedimentation, and degradation. ENMs appear to accumulate at the octanol?water interface and readily interact with other interfaces, such as lipid?water interfaces. Batch experiments to investigate factors that influence retention of ENMs on solid phases are very promising. However, ENMs probably do not behave in the same way as dissolved chemicals, and therefore, researchers need to use measurement techniques and concepts more commonly associated with colloids. Despite several years of research with ENMs in column studies, available summaries tend to discuss the effects of ionic strength, pH, organic matter, ENM type, packing media, or other parameters qualitatively rather than reporting quantitative values, such as attachment efficiencies, that would facilitate comparison across studies. Only a few structure?activity relationships have been developed for ENMs so far, but such evaluations will facilitate the understanding of the reactivities of different forms of a single ENM. The establishment of predictive capabilities for ENMs in the environment would enable accurate exposure assessments that would assist in ENM risk management. Such information is also critical for understanding the ultimate disposition of ENMs and may provide a framework for improved engineering of nanomaterials that are more environmentally benign. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar300030n %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Weir, Alex %A Westerhoff, Paul %A Fabricius, Lars %A Hristovski, Kiril %A von Goetz, Nataliefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2012 %T Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 4 %P 2242-2250 %8 2012/02/21 %! Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es204168d %X Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many food, personal care, and other consumer products used by people, which after use can enter the sewage system and, subsequently, enter the environment as treated effluent discharged to surface waters or biosolids applied to agricultural land, incinerated wastes, or landfill solids. This study quantifies the amount of titanium in common food products, derives estimates of human exposure to dietary (nano-) TiO2, and discusses the impact of the nanoscale fraction of TiO2 entering the environment. The foods with the highest content of TiO2 included candies, sweets, and chewing gums. Among personal care products, toothpastes and select sunscreens contained 1% to >10% titanium by weight. While some other crèmes contained titanium, despite being colored white, most shampoos, deodorants, and shaving creams contained the lowest levels of titanium (<0.01 ?g/mg). For several high-consumption pharmaceuticals, the titanium content ranged from below the instrument detection limit (0.0001 ?g Ti/mg) to a high of 0.014 ?g Ti/mg. Electron microscopy and stability testing of food-grade TiO2 (E171) suggests that approximately 36% of the particles are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension and that it readily disperses in water as fairly stable colloids. However, filtration of water solubilized consumer products and personal care products indicated that less than 5% of the titanium was able to pass through 0.45 or 0.7 ?m pores. Two white paints contained 110 ?g Ti/mg while three sealants (i.e., prime coat paint) contained less titanium (25 to 40 ?g Ti/mg). This research showed that, while many white-colored products contained titanium, it was not a prerequisite. Although several of these product classes contained low amounts of titanium, their widespread use and disposal down the drain and eventually to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) deserves attention. A Monte Carlo human exposure analysis to TiO2 through foods identified children as having the highest exposures because TiO2 content of sweets is higher than other food products and that a typical exposure for a US adult may be on the order of 1 mg Ti per kilogram body weight per day. Thus, because of the millions of tons of titanium-based white pigment used annually, testing should focus on food-grade TiO2 (E171) rather than that adopted in many environmental health and safety tests (i.e., P25), which is used in much lower amounts in products less likely to enter the environment (e.g., catalyst supports, photocatalytic coatings). %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204168d %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Ward, C. Herb %D 2012 %T Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Thirty years later %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 1-2 %! Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Thirty years later %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.732 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.732

%0 Journal Articlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Wang, Yifei %A Westerhoff, Paul %A Hristovski, Kiril D %D 2012 %T Fate and biological effects of silver, titanium dioxide, and C60 (fullerene) nanomaterials during simulated wastewater treatment processes %J Journal of hazardous materials %V 201 %P 16-22 %! Fate and biological effects of silver, titanium dioxide, and C60 (fullerene) nanomaterials during simulated wastewater treatment processes %@ 0304-3894

%0 Journal Article %A Wang, Chao %A Bobba, Aparna Devi %A Attinti, Ramesh %A Shen, Chongyang %A Lazouskaya, Volha %A Wang, Lian-Ping %A Jin, Yan %D 2012 %T Retention and Transport of Silica Nanoparticles in Saturated Porous Media: Effect of Concentration and Particle Size %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7151-7158 %8 2012/07/03 %! Retention and Transport of Silica Nanoparticles in Saturated Porous Media: Effect of Concentration and Particle Size %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300314n %X Investigations on factors that affect the fate and transport of nanoparticles (NPs) remain incomplete to date. In the present study, we conducted column experiments using 8 and 52 nm silica NPs to examine the effects of NPs? concentration and size on their retention and transport in saturated porous media. Results showed that higher particle number concentration led to lower relative retention and greater surface coverage. Smaller NPs resulted in higher relative retention and lower surface coverage. Meanwhile, evaluation of size effect based on mass concentration (mg/L) vs particle number concentration (particles/mL) led to different conclusions. A set of equations for surface coverage calculation was developed and applied to explain the different results related to the size effects when a given mass concentration (mg/L) and a given particle number concentration were used. In addition, we found that the retained 8 nm NPs were released upon lowered solution ionic strength, contrary to the prediction by the Derjaguin?Landau? Verwey?Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The study herein highlights the importance of NPs? concentration and size on their behavior in porous media. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report of an improved equation for surface coverage calculation using column breakthrough data. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300314n http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300314n %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Articlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A von der Kammer, Frank %A Ferguson, P. Lee %A Holden, Patricia A. %A Masion, Armand %A Rogers, Kim R. %A Klaine, Stephen J. %A Koelmans, Albert A. %A Horne, Nina %A Unrine, Jason M. %D 2012 %T Analysis of engineered nanomaterials in complex matrices (environment and biota): General considerations and conceptual case studies %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 32-49 %! Analysis of engineered nanomaterials in complex matrices (environment and biota): General considerations and conceptual case studies %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.723 %K Nanomaterial Carbon nanomaterial Metal oxide nanoparticle Characterization Quantum dot %X Advances in the study of the environmental fate, transport, and ecotoxicological effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been hampered by a lack of adequate techniques for the detection and quantification of ENMs at environmentally relevant concentrations in complex media. Analysis of ENMs differs from traditional chemical analysis because both chemical and physical forms must be considered. Because ENMs are present as colloidal systems, their physicochemical properties are dependent on their surroundings. Therefore, the simple act of trying to isolate, observe, and quantify ENMs may change their physicochemical properties, making analysis extremely susceptible to artifacts. Many analytical techniques applied in materials science and other chemical/biological/physical disciplines may be applied to ENM analysis as well; however, environmental and biological studies may require that methods be adapted to work at low concentrations in complex matrices. The most pressing research needs are the development of techniques for extraction, cleanup, separation, and sample storage that introduce minimal artifacts to increase the speed, sensitivity, and specificity of analytical techniques, as well as the development of techniques that can differentiate between abundant, naturally occurring particles, and manufactured nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:32–49. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.723 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.723/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Vijayalakshmi, R. %A Rajendran, V. %D 2012 %T Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods %J Archives of Applied Science Research %V 4 %N 2 %P 1183-1190 %! Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods %@ 0975-508Xfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %U http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/aasr-vol4.../AASR-2012-4-2-1183-1190.pdf %[June 7, 2013 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron %A Zhurbich, Oksana %A Bertsch, Paul M. %A Tsyusko, Olga V. %D 2012 %T Trophic Transfer of Au Nanoparticles from Soil along a Simulated Terrestrial Food Chain %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 17 %P 9753-9760 %8 2012/09/04 %! Trophic Transfer of Au Nanoparticles from Soil along a Simulated Terrestrial Food Chain %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es3025325 %X To determine if nanoparticles (NPs) could be transferred from soil media to invertebrates and then to secondary consumers, we examined the trophic transfer of Au NPs along a simulated terrestrial food chain. Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to Au NPs in artificial soil media and fed to juvenile bullfrogs (Rana catesbeina). Earthworm Au concentrations were continuously monitored so that the cumulative dose to bullfrogs could be accurately estimated throughout the experiment. We exposed a second group of bullfrogs to equivalent doses of Au NPs by oral gavage to compare the bioavailability of NPs through direct exposure to trophic exposure. We observed accumulation of Au in liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, stomach, and intestine in both treatment groups. Tissue concentrations decreased on average of approximately 100-fold with each trophic-step. The total assimilated dose averaged only 0.09% of the administered dose for direct exposure (oral gavage), but 0.12% for the trophic exposure. The results suggest that manufactured NPs present in soil may be taken up into food chains and transferred to higher order consumers. They also suggest that Au NPs may be more bioavailable through trophic exposure than direct exposure and that trophic transfer may influence the biodistribution of particles once absorbed. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3025325 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3025325 %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Colman, Benjamin P. %A Bone, Audrey J. %A Gondikas, Andreas P. %A Matson, Cole W. %D 2012 %T Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles. Part 1. Aggregation and Dissolution %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6915 - 6924 %8 07/2012file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %! Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles. Part 1. Aggregation and Dissolution %R 10.1021/es204682q %X Abstract Image To better understand their fate and toxicity in aquatic environments, we compared the aggregation and dissolution behavior of gum arabic (GA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic microcosms. There were four microcosm types: surface water; water and sediment; water and aquatic plants; or water, sediment, and aquatic plants. Dissolution and aggregation behavior of AgNPs were examined using ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation coupled to ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, dynamic and static laser light scattering, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plants released dissolved organic matter (DOM) into the water column either through active or passive processes in response to Ag exposure. This organic matter fraction readily bound Ag ions. The plant-derived DOM had the effect of stabilizing PVP-AgNPs as primary particles, but caused GA-AgNPs to be removed from the water column, likely by dissolution and binding of released Ag ions on sediment and plant surfaces. The destabilization of the GA-AgNPs also corresponded with X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy results which suggest that 22–28% of the particulate Ag was associated with thiols and 5–14% was present as oxides. The results highlight the potential complexities of nanomaterial behavior in response to biotic and abiotic modifications in ecosystems, and may help to explain differences in toxicity of Ag observed in realistic exposure media compared to simplified laboratory exposures.

%0 Conference Paper %A Unrine, J.M. %A Bertsch, P. %A Tsyusko, O. %A Shoults-Wilson, W.A. %A Lowry, G.V. %A Colman, B.P. %A Bernhardt, E.S. %D 2012 %T Fate and effects of silver nanoparticles in terrestrial environments %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Terrestrial environments are likely to be the ultimate sink for the majority of manufactured silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). As nano-Ag products are used and particles enter wastewater streams, they ultimately partition into sewage sludge, the majority of which is used as a soil amendment in agro-ecosystems. This raises several important questions. First, how are AgNPs transformed during wastewater treatment? How do the speciation and distribution of AgNPs change over time in biosolid amended soils, and how does this affect their bioavailability and toxicity? Finally, can simple laboratory toxicity assays predict ecological consequences in realworld exposures? We have found that AgNPs are extensively transformed during wastewater treatment, with sulfidation playing the most important role. These transformations dramatically alter the behavior of AgNPs in soil pore-water, and decrease the role of the original manufactured coating. For example, for freshly synthesized particles, citrate-coated AgNPs remained stable in soil pore wa ter for up to six months while polyvinylpyrrolidonecoated AgNPs rapidly partitioned into solid phases. However, when pre-incubated with biosolids, the presence of free AgNPs in soil pore water was dramatically reduced for both coatings. Several studies have investigated the toxicity of unsulfidized AgNPs to earthworms in soil. The most sensitive endpoint measured to date was behavioral avoidance, which occurred at AgNP concentrations that were similar to estimates of Ag concentrations already present in some biosolids. Fewer toxicity studies have been conducted using exposures with sulfidized Ag MNMs, and fewer still in natural soils and sediments. Simple laboratory assays indicate that the solubility of sulfidized AgNPs is dramatically decreased as is toxicity. However, in natural soils and sediments Ag2S solubility may be enhanced, possibly due to microbial activity or redox coupling with other mineral phases. A recent mesocosm study using AgNPs pre-incubated in sewage sludge indicated that in more realistic, multi-species exposures, unpredicted indirect effects may occur, with effects on plant and microbial communities being detected at μg/kg concentrations in soil. Major efforts are currently underway regarding risks offile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] nano Ag in terrestrial environments that will help to answer these basic questions. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 390; CEINT %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Tsyusko, Olga V. %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Spurgeon, David %A Blalock, Eric %A Starnes, Daniel %A Tseng, Michael %A Joice, Greg %A Bertsch, Paul M. %D 2012 %T Toxicogenomic Responses of the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans to Gold Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 7 %P 4115 - 4124 %8 04/2012 %! Toxicogenomic Responses of the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans to Gold Nanoparticles %R 10.1021/es2033108 %X We used Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) as a model for studying particle-specific effects of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) by examining the toxicogenomic responses in a model soil organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Global genome expression for nematodes exposed to 4-nm citrate-coated Au-NPs at the LC10 level (5.9 mg·L–1) revealed significant differential expression of 797 genes. The levels of expression for five genes (apl-1, dyn-1, act-5, abu-11, and hsp-4) were confirmed independently with qRT-PCR. Seven common biological pathways associated with 38 of these genes were identified. Up-regulation of 26 pqn/abu genes from noncanonical unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and molecular chaperones (hsp-16.1, hsp-70, hsp-3, and hsp-4) were observed and are likely indicative of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Significant increase in sensitivity to Au-NPs in a mutant from noncanonical UPR (pqn-5) suggests possible involvement of the genes from this pathway in a protective mechanism against Au-NPs. Significant responses to Au-NPs in endocytosis mutants (chc-1 and rme-2) provide evidence for endocytosis pathway being induced by Au-NPs. These results demonstrate that Au-NPs are bioavailable and cause adverse effects to C. elegans by activating both general and specific biological pathways. The experiments with mutants further support involvement of several of these pathways in Au-NP toxicity and/or detoxification.

%0 Journal Article %A Tsyusko, Olga V. %A Hardas, Sarita S. %A Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron %A Starnes, Catherine P. %A Joice, Greg %A Butterfield, D. Allan %A Unrine, Jason M. %D 2012 %T Short-term molecular-level effects of silver nanoparticle exposure on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida %J Environmental Pollution %V 171 %P 249 - 255file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %8 12/2012 %! Short-term molecular-level effects of silver nanoparticle exposure on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida %R 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.003 %X Short-term changes in levels of expression of nine stress response genes and oxidative damage of proteins were examined in Eisenia fetida exposed to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NP) and AgNO3 in natural soils. The responses varied significantly among days with the highest number of significant changes occurring on day three. Similarity in gene expression patterns between Ag-NPs and AgNO3 and significant relationships of expression of CAT and HSP70 with Ag soil concentration suggest similarity in toxicity mechanisms of Ag ions and NPs. Significant increases in the levels of protein carbonyls on day three of the exposure to both ions and Ag-NPsindicate that both treatments induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that Ag ions drive short term toxicity of AgNPs in E. fetida. However, given that <15% of Ag in the NPs was oxidized in these soils, dissolution of Ag-NPs is likely to occur after or during their uptake. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749112003879

%0 Journal Article %A Thill, Antoine %A Maillet, Perrine %A Guiose, Béatrice %A Spalla, Olivier %A Belloni, Luc %A Chaurand, Perrine %A Auffan, Mélanie %A Olivi, Luca %A Rose, Jérôme %D 2012 %T Physico-chemical Control over the Single- or Double-Wall Structure of Aluminogermanate Imogolite-like Nanotubes %J Journal of the American Chemical Society %V 134 %N 8 %P 3780 - 3786 %8 02/2012 %! Physico-chemical Control over the Single- or Double-Wall Structure of Aluminogermanate Imogolite-like Nanotubes %R 10.1021/ja209756j %X It is known that silicon can be successfully replaced by germanium atoms in the synthesis of imogolite nanotubes, leading to shorter and larger AlGe nanotubes. Beside the change in morphology, two characteristics of the AlGe nanotube synthesis were recently discovered. AlGe imogolite nanotubes can be synthesized at much higher concentrations than AlSi imogolite. AlGe imogolite exists in the form of both single-walled (SW) and double-walled (DW) nanotubes, whereas DW AlSi imogolites have never been observed. In this article, we give details on the physicochemical control over the SW or DW AlGe imogolite structure. For some conditions, an almost 100% yield of SW or DW nanotubes is demonstrated. We propose a model for the formation of SW or DW AlGe imogolite, which also explains why DW AlSi imogolites or higher wall numbers for AlGe imogolite are not likely to be formed. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja209756j

%0 Journal Article %A Thiéry, A. %A Jong, L. De %A Issartel, J. %A Moreau, X.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Saez, G. %A Barthélémy, P. %A Bestel, I. %A Santaella, C. %A Achouak, W. %A Auffan, M. %A Rose, J. %A Bottero, J.Y. %D 2012 %T Effects of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Biomarkers responses in invertebrates and bacteria %J International Journal of Nanotechnology %V 9 %N Number 3–7 %P 181-203 %8 2012 %! Effects of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Biomarkers responses in invertebrates and bacteria %R 10.1504/ijnt.2012.045326 %X Although the market of nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding, the environmental and health impact of manufactured NPs and nanomaterials is still poorly understood and predictable. Hence, several laboratories of the PACA region have unified their skills to address this issue with an interdisciplinary approach. We present an outline of the ecological impact of metallic and metal oxide NPs span from the surface atoms of NPs, to unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, and organism levels. On multicellular organisms, we focus on biomarkers reporting on stress, central nervous system endpoints and antioxidative balance assessment. On bacteria, which are key players in NPs transfer, we study not only the impact of NPs on cells, at the microbial community, cell and molecular level, but also the effect of cells on NPs. Our priority is through our collaborations, to surpass case–by–case studies and develop aquatic and terrestrial mesocosms, to get information at an integrative level on the trophic links and ecosystemic consequences of NPs.

%0 Journal Article %A Tejamaya, Mila %A Römer, Isabella %A Merrifield, Ruth C. %A Lead, Jamie R. %D 2012 %T Stability of Citrate, PVP, and PEG Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Ecotoxicology Media %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7011-7017 %8 2012/07/03 %! Stability of Citrate, PVP, and PEG Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Ecotoxicology Media %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2038596 %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are present in the environment and a number of ecotoxicology studies have shown that AgNPs might be highly toxic. Nevertheless, there are little data on their stability in toxicology media. This is an important issue as such dynamic changes affect exposure dose and the nature of the toxicant studied and have a direct impact on all (eco)toxicology data. In this study, monodisperse citrate, PVP, and PEG coated AgNPs with a core size of approximately 10 nm were synthesized and characterized; their behavior was examined in standard OECD media used for Daphnia sp. acute and chronic tests (in the absence of Daphnia). Surface plasmon resonance, size, aggregation, and shape were monitored over 21 days, comparable to a chronic exposure period. Charge stabilizedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] particles (citrate) were more unstable than sterically stabilized particles. Replacement of chloride in the media (due to concerns over chloride-silver interactions) with either nitrate or sulfate resulted in increased shape and dissolution changes. PVP-stabilized NPs in a 10-fold diluted OECD media (chloride present) were found to be the most stable, with only small losses in total concentration over 21 days, and no shape, aggregation, or dissolution changes observed and are recommended for exposure studies. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2038596 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2038596 %[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Paper %A Svendsen, C. %A Diez, M. %A Crossley, A. %A Cornelis, G. %A Hassellov, M. %A Loureiro, S. %A Lofts, S. %A van Gestel, K. %A Dondero, F. %A Johnson, A. %A Williams, R. %A Walker, L. %A Spurgeon, D. %D 2012 %T Nanoparticle Fate Assessment and Toxicity in the Environment – Initial findings from phase 1 of the NanoFATE project %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X This presentation will outline the main data and findings from the first 2.5 years of the EU FP7 project NanoFATE. The project is a multi-disciplinary effort to assess the environmental risks posed by engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and test the applicability of current fate and risk methodologies and identify possible improvements required for application with ENPs. The work is undertaken using commercial ENPs from high-volume products for which recycling is not an option, e.g., fuel additive, personal care and antibacterial products (CeO2, ZnO, Ag of varying size, surface and core chemistries). These are being followed through their post-production life cycles i.e. from environmental entry as “spent product”, through waste treatment to their final environmental fates and potential toxic effects. In the initial phase, cross-disciplinary work has been use to determine how ecotox exposures (soil and aquatic) can best be set up and whether it is possible to follow current standard protocols. Material scientist, environmental chemists, exotoxicologists, fate modellers and risk assessors have worked together to; 1) assess what a realistic exposure of ENPs is likely to be and how best to reflect this in hazard testing, and;2) how spatial predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) estimates can best be made including demographic and geographical variations across Europe. Specific properties that need principal consideration during the development, adaptation and validation of environmental fate models for nanoparticles have beed identified and prioritised. Based on this initial basic fate models have been completed and the initial worst case environmental concentration estimates been supplied serving to inform exposure design. While the main focus of the talk will be detailed fate and effects results from soil experiments looking at the consequences of soil chemistry and long term behaviour of ZnO and Ag ENPs on the uptake and ecotoxicological effects observed, it will also include the current risk assessment results for all 3 ENP types in both water and soil environments including example risk maps. The main problem areas encountered with applying current “standard chemical” fate and risk assessment methodology to ENPs during the project will be highlighted in the conclusions. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 579 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G Englishfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Conference Paper %A Stevenson, L.M. %A Dickson, H. %A McCauley, E. %A Nisbet, R. %D 2012 %T Effect of silver nanoparticles on freshwater systems: environmental feedbacks and population cycles. %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Engineered nanoparticles have the potential to interrupt basic ecosystem processes and can have cascading effects on entire communities. Further, ecosystem processes can, in turn, impact rates of aggregation and dissolution of nanoparticles. The availability of organic material, especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC), drastically alters the behavior and toxicity of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to freshwater phytoplankton (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). In highdensity algal batch cultures, greater concentrations of DOC lead to larger particle sizes and mitigate toxicity of AgNPs. Experimental removal of DOC results in disassociated particles and enhanced mortality of algal cells. At certain levels of exposure, initial toxicity to algal cultures is slowly mitigated by DOC over 48-72 hours, which allows for population recovery. Algal cultures that maintain high concentrations of DOC experience a second toxic effect, possibly due to a sustained increase in silver ion concentration. DOC also has a mitigating effect on toxicity to Daphnia – 100 μg/L concentrations of AgNPs cause 100% mortality in 48-hour acute tests in synthetic freshwater media but have no effect on Daphnia when DOC is added to the media. It is crucial to understand the mitigating effect of DOC on AgNP toxicity to freshwater algae and Daphnia considering the natural population dynamics of these two species. In both laboratory mesocosms and in the field, daphnid population growth may be cyclical with pronounced peaks in both Daphnia and algal populations. On average, algal population densities are low, but productivity remains high and the rate of DOC production by algae varies during fluctuations in algal abundance. Thus, mitigation of AgNP toxicity for Daphnia may be determined by algal population dynamics. To test the effects of AgNPs on interacting populations of Daphnia and algae, we developed a flow-through system and will present preliminary results from this design. By starting with experiments on algae and Daphnia alone, we are able to tease out direct and indirect effects of these particles in a dynamic system. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 668 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Steevens, J.A. %A Kennedy, A. %A Chappell, M. %A Hill, F. %A Poda, A.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Johnson, D. %D 2012 %T Commercial Nanosilver Applications and Their Potential for Environmental Release %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Historically silver has found a wide range of applications including its use as an antimicrobial agent. More recently, nanoscale silver has been explored for use in washing machines, water treatment, catalysis, medical applications, and sensors. The antibiotic applications of nanosilver include use to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The greatest potential for commercialization exists through use of nanosilver (< 50 nm) as a component of self-decontaminating surfaces and fabrics. Many of these antibiotic applications require a composite of NP silver with other metals such as titanium dioxide for water and air purification. The mechanism of action for nanosilver is through silver ion release and surface charge interactions that result in free radical generation and membrane disruption. To understand the environmental releases of nanosilver, the technologies can be evaluated through a life-cycle approach where releases can be examined throughout development, manufacture, use, disposal, and recycling. Because nanosilver is incorporated in a surface, fabric, or composite releases must occur from the technology. The releases can occur through passive release from an unstable matrix or by release through abrasion, dissolution, thermal and chemical decomposition, or biotic transformation. Nanosilver technologies often require direct contact with water (i.e., washing, fabric, water treatment) therefore several investigators have described or quantified releases through wastewater treatment plants. The estimates made to quantitatively predict the quantity of nanoscale materials released to the environment have a high degree of uncertainty and remain very dynamic due to the increasing number of producers, applications, and unknown nature and stability of the NP in the technology. This presentation will provide an introduction to nanoscale silver technologies and describe approaches used to decrease uncertainty in the estimates of environmental release. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 389 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Son, J. %A Vavra, J. %A Li, Y. %A Seymour, M. %A Forbes, V. %D 2012 %T Effects of water quality parameters on the fate and toxicity of silver nanoparticles to deposit feeder Lumbriculus variegatus %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Accelerated production and widespread use of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in various industries have raised issues concerning their potential release into the environment and subsequent impacts on ecological systems.. Though still limited, existing results indicate that the fate and toxicity of silver NPs are influenced by a variety of environmental factors, which may interact in ways that are not yet fully understood. Given the potential variety and complexity of these interactions, it is imperative to increase our understanding of how environmental factors affect the fate and toxicity of silver NPs under a range of environmentally realistic conditions. We used a central composite circumscribed design (CCCD) to systematically explore how different realistic combinations of pH, hardness, and natural organic matter affect the surface charge (zeta potential), particle size distribution, and aggregation state of Ag NPs. The results of the CCCD study were used to predict a realistic worst-case exposure scenario for the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Bioavailability andfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] toxicity of Ag NPs were subsequently tested under this exposure scenario using a modified OECD 225 test design. The results of this study will improve our understanding of the factors affecting silver NPs in the environment and could ultimately be used to generate modeling approaches to extrapolate across different environmental conditions. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP185 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Som, Claudia %A Nowack, Bernd %A Krug, Harald F. %A Wick, Peter %D 2012 %T Toward the Development of Decision Supporting Tools That Can Be Used for Safe Production and Use of Nanomaterials %J Accounts of Chemical Research %V 46 %N 3 %P 863-872 %8 2013/03/19 %! Toward the Development of Decision Supporting Tools That Can Be Used for Safe Production and Use of Nanomaterials %@ 0001-4842 %R 10.1021/ar3000458 %X Although researchers have intentionally produced and used nanomaterials for more than a century, nanotechnology has made its mark in most areas of daily life in the past 20 years. Now thousands of products contain nanoparticles, nanofibers, or nanostructured parts. Because some chemical products have caused severe problems to human health and to the environment, we should consider the overall biological and toxicological effects of nanomaterials as we decide whether to use them in various products. We should also reflect on the mechanisms for making these decisions, which may greatly influence the development, production, and use of such products. The preselection of appropriate materials during the early product design state should allow industry and applied researchers to mitigate the risks of these new materials. However, currently the human and ecological risks of the applied nanomaterials during their life cycle are unknown. A large set of physicochemical characteristics can determine the potential human and environmental exposure to and hazards from nanomaterials. Thus, researchers will need many years to gather and analyze all the data to perform a comprehensive risk assessment for engineered nanomaterials and to develop a sound decision making process. The ideal risk assessment approach would include cost-effective screening processes to target resources toward the risks of greatest concern. The outcome of the risk assessment is only as good as the quality of the data used. Unfortunately, the actual review process of most journals that publish on nanotoxicology focuses on ? mechanistic studies and results? rather than a toxicologically relevant outcome. For example, journals often do not include studies that show no effect as worthy of publication (?no-effect-studies? dilemma), which can lead to misleading interpretations of toxicological data for hazard identification. However, even with insufficient data sets, researchers can produce a preliminary comparable risk assessment (?approximate? risk assessment). Researchers have already performed risk-based evaluations of nanomaterials grounded on the comparison of exposure concentrationswith no-effect levels (as required for chemical risk assessment), examining generic nanomaterials such as ?nanoTiO2? but not specific forms or modifications. Even though these data sets on hazard and exposure are incomplete, they already provide the basis to illustrate the current state of knowledge and uncertainties. Therefore industry and applied researchers can calculate the probability that an adverse effect might occur and begin to balance the benefits and potential risks of an innovation. Based on the increasing numbers of nanotoxicology publications and funding programs, this Account reviews the decision support approaches that already exist to safely implement engineered nanomaterials during an early phase of innovation.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar3000458 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar3000458 %[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Proceedings %A Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) %D 2012 %T SETAC Abstract Book %B SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %P 449 %8 November 11 - 15 %! SETAC Abstract Book %@ 1087-8939 %3 Abstract Book %U http://longbeach.setac.org/ %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Shen, Mohai %A Xia, Xinghui %A Wang, Fan %A Zhang, Pu %A Zhao, Xiuli %D 2012 %T Influences of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and plant residue chars on bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Chironomus plumosus larvae in sediment %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 202-209 %! Influences of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and plant residue chars on bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Chironomus plumosus larvae in sediment %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.722 %K Carbon nanotubes Black carbon Bioaccumulation Chironomus plumosus larvae Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons %X Carbonaceous materials (CMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and black carbon have been suggested as potential remediation materials for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in sediments or soils. However, the concentration-dependent and potential effects of CMs on the decrease in HOC bioavailability are not well understood. In this research, the effects of two types of multiwalled CNTs (MWNT-1 and MWNT-2) and chars (char-stalk produced from stalk and char-wood from wood) on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, in the benthic organism Chironomus plumosus larvae were studied. When CM content was 1.5% or less in sediments, biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values for PAHs decreased sharply as CM increased. However, when char and MWNT-1 content was greater than 1.5% in sediments, reduction rates of BSAF were slight. Furthermore, when MWNT-2 content was greater than 1.5%, BSAF values were elevated. This indicated that the MWNT-associated PAHs may have been absorbed by larvae through particlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] ingestion, and suggested that some CNTs may not be suitable for the remediation of HOC-contaminated sediments because they probably could increase the exposure risk of PAHs to benthic organisms, possibly because of their unique structure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:202–209. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.722 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.722/abstract

%0 Conference Proceedings %A SETAC %D 2012 %T Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting Abstract Book %C Long Beach, California %! Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. SETAC North America 33rd Annual Meeting Abstract Book %@ 1087-8939 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Servin, A. D. %A Castillo-Michel, H. %A Hernandez-Viezcas, J. A. %A Diaz, B. C. %A Peralta-Videa, J. R. %A Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. %D 2012 %T Synchrotron micro-XRF and micro-XANES confirmation of the uptake and translocation of TiO(2) nanoparticles in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants %J Environ Sci Technol %V 46 %N 14 %P 7637-43 %7 2012/06/22 %8 Jul 17 %! Synchrotron micro-XRF and micro-XANES confirmation of the uptake and translocation of TiO(2) nanoparticles in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants %Z Environmental science & technology %@ 1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking) %R 10.1021/es300955b %M 22715806 %K Biological Transport/drug effects Cucumis sativus/drug effects/growth & development/ metabolism Hydroponics Nanoparticles/ chemistry/toxicity Nitrogen/metabolism Plant Leaves/cytology/drug effects/metabolism Plant Roots/anatomy & histology/cytology/drug effects/metabolism Plant Shoots/anatomy & histology/drug effects/metabolism Reproducibility of Results Spectrometry, X-Ray Emissionfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Synchrotrons Titanium/ metabolism/toxicity X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy %X Advances in nanotechnology have raised concerns about possible effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in the environment, especially in terrestrial plants. In this research, the impacts of TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) were evaluated in hydroponically grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. Seven day old seedlings were treated with TiO(2) NPs at concentrations varying from 0 to 4000 mg L(-1). At harvest, the size of roots and shoots weremeasured. In addition, micro X- ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (microXAS), respectively, were used to track the presence and chemical speciation of Ti within plant tissues. Results showed that at all concentrations, TiO(2) significantly increased root length (average >300%). By using micro-XRF it was found that Ti was transported from the roots to the leaf trichomes, suggesting that trichomes are possible sink or excretory system for the Ti. The micro-XANES spectra showed that the absorbed Ti was present as TiO(2) within the cucumber tissues, demonstrating that the TiO(2) NPs were not biotransformed. %Z Servin, Alia D Castillo-Michel, Hiram Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A Diaz, Baltazar Corral Peralta-Videa, Jose R Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. United States Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jul 17;46(14):7637-43. doi: 10.1021/es300955b. Epub 2012 Jul 5. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300955b %+ Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States. %W NLM %G eng

%0 Journal Article %A Seda, Brandon C. %A Ke, Pu-Chun %A Mount, Andrew S. %A Klaine, Stephen J. %D 2012 %T Toxicity of aqueous C70-gallic acid suspension in Daphnia magna %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 215-220 %! Toxicity of aqueous C70-gallic acid suspension in Daphnia magna %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.727 %K Nanoparticles Fullerene Colloids Toxicity Daphnia magna %X The present study assessed the toxic effects of stable aqueous colloidal suspensions of gallic-acid-stabilized C70 fullerene on Daphnia magna. The suspensions were stabilized through noncovalent surface modification with gallic acid. In addition to whole-organism responses, changes in antioxidative processes in D. magna were quantified. Acute toxicity was observed with 96LC50 for C70-gallic acid of 0.4 ± 0.1 mg/L C70. Daphnia magna fecundity wasfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] significantly reduced in 21-d bioassays at C70-gallic aqcid concentrations below quantifiable limits. Antioxidant enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase as well as lipid peroxidation suggested that exposed organisms experienced oxidative stress. Microscopic techniques used to determine cellular toxicity via apoptosis proved unsuccessful. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:215–220. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.727 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.727/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Schlagenhauf, Lukas %A Chu, Bryan T. T. %A Buha, Jelena %A Nüesch, Frank %A Wang, Jing %D 2012 %T Release of Carbon Nanotubes from an Epoxy-Based Nanocomposite during an Abrasion Process %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7366-7372 %8 2012/07/03 %! Release of Carbon Nanotubes from an Epoxy-Based Nanocomposite during an Abrasion Process %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300320y %X The abrasion behavior of an epoxy/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite was investigated. An experimental setup has been established to perform abrasion, particle measurement, and collection all in one. The abraded particles were characterized by particle size distribution and by electron microscopy. The abrasion process was carried out with a Taber Abraser, and the released particles were collected by a tube for further investigation. The particle size distributions were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) and revealed four size modes for all measured samples. The mode corresponding to the smallest particle sizes of 300? 400 nm was measured with the SMPS and showed a trend of increasing size with increasing nanofiller content. The three measured modes with particle sizes from 0.6 to 2.5 ?m, measured with the APS, were similar for all samples. The measured particle concentrations were between 8000 and 20?000 particles/cm3 for measurements with the SMPS and between 1000 and 3000 particles/cm3 for measurements with the APS. Imaging by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that free-standing individual CNTs and agglomerates were emitted during abrasion. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300320y http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300320y %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Schierz, Ariette %A Parks, Ashley N. %A Washburn, Kathryn M. %A Chandler, G. Thomas %A Ferguson, P. Lee %D 2012 %T Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Aquatic Environment Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 22file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %P 12262 - 12271 %8 11/2012 %! Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Aquatic Environment Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy %R 10.1021/es301856a %X Near infrared fl uorescence (NIRF) spectroscopy is capable of sensitive and selective detection of semiconductive, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) using the unique electronic bandgap properties of these carbon allotropes. We reported here the first detection and quantitation of SWNT in sediment and biota at environmentally relevant concentrations using NIRF spectroscopy. In addition, we utilized this technique to qualitatively characterize SWNT samples before and after ecotoxicity, bioavailability and fate studies in the aquatic environment. Sample preparation prior to NIRF analysis consisted of surfactant-assisted high power ultrasonication. The bile salt sodium deoxycholate (SDC) enabled efficient extraction and disaggregation of SWNT prior to NIRF analysis. The method was validated using standard-addition experiments in two types of estuarine sediments, yielding recoveries between 66 ± 7% and 103 ± 10% depending on SWNT type and coating used, demonstrating the ability to isolate SWNT from complex sediment matrices. Instrument detection limits were determined to be 15 ng mL–1 SWNT in 2% SDC solution and method detection limits (including a concentration step) were 62 ng g–1 for estuarine sediment, and 1.0 μg L–1 for water. Our work has shown that NIRF spectroscopy is highly sensitive and selective for SWNT and that this technique can be applied to track the environmental and biological fate of this important class of carbon nanomaterial in the aquatic environment. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301856a

%0 Book Section %A Savage, Nora %D 2012 %T Nano Sensing Devices – Future Directions %E Vaseashta, Ashok %E Braman, Eric %E Susmann, Philip %B Technological Innovations in Sensing and Detection of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Threats and Ecological Terrorism %I Springer Netherlands %P 55-58 %& 5 %S NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology %! Nano Sensing Devices – Future Directions %@ 978-94-007-2487-7 %R 10.1007/978-94-007-2488-4_5 %K Sensors Environment Smart devices %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2488-4_5 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2488-4_5 %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Sadik, W. %A Du, N. %A Okello, V. %D 2012 %T Flexible Poly(amic) Acid Membrane Captures, Isolates & Simultaneously Detects Engineered Nanoparticlesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X The goal of this project is to develop nanocavity sensor (category II) arrays for the isolation, detection and quantitation of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in complex environmental matrices. There is urgent demand for rapid screening methods to isolate, detect, and monitor engineered nanomaterials in the environment. Conventional methods for characterizing nanomaterials such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy tend to be bulky and inadequate for field & rapid screening of free nanomaterials 1. At SUNY-Binghamton, we have developed a new class of nanostructured poly(amic acid) –PAA-membranes that are conductive and electroactive by preventing its imidization to polyimide, while retaining its carboxylic acid and amine functionalities 2-4. We have studied the effect of composition and microstructure on the optical and electrochemical properties of PAA hybrid composites. The uniqueness of PAA lies in its excellent physical and chemical properties: transparency, flexibility, electrical conductivity, and accessibility to forming large-area device. During the reporting period, our Group discovered that this new class of flexible, standalone membranes could be successfully used as both sensors and nanofilters. A new nanofilters device based on PAA membranes is hereby introduced. The nanofilters were derived from phase-inverted, copolymers of PAA and other polymers, with the surface and pore sizes systematically controlled by varying the conditions of the synthesis. This presentation will focus on the use of PAA membranes for simultaneous removal and electrochemical detection of silver nanoparticles, quantum dots and titanium dioxide nanocrystal from food supplements and environmental samples. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 23 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Reinsch, B. C. %A Levard, C. %A Li, Z. %A Ma, R. %A Wise, A. %A Gregory, K. B. %A Brown, G. E. %A Lowry, G. V. %D 2012 %T Sulfidation of Silver Nanoparticles Decreases Escherichia coli Growth Inhibition %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6992-7000 %8 2012/07/03 %! Sulfidation of Silver Nanoparticles Decreases Escherichia coli Growth Inhibition %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es203732x %X Sulfidation of metallic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) released to the environment may be an important detoxification mechanism. Two types of AgNPs?an engineered polydisperse and aggregated AgNP powder, and a laboratory-synthesized, relatively monodisperse AgNP aqueous dispersion?were studied. The particles were sulfidized to varying degrees and characterized to determine the effect of initial AgNP polydispersity and aggregation state on AgNP sulfidation, and then exposed to Escherichia coli to determine if the degree of sulfidation of pristine AgNPs affects growth inhibition of bacteria. The extent of sulfidation was found to depend on the HS?/Ag ratio. However, for the same reaction times, the more monodisperse particles were fully transformed to Ag2S, and the polydisperse, aggregated particles were not fully sulfidized, thus preserving the toxic potential of Ag0 in the aggregates. A higher Ag2S:Ag0 ratio in the sulfidized nanoparticles resulted in less growth inhibition of E. coli over 6file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] h of exposure. These results suggest that the initial properties of AgNPs can affect sulfidation products, which in turn affect microbial growth inhibition, and that these properties should be considered in assessing the environmental impact of AgNPs. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203732x http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203732x %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Reed, Robert B. %A Ladner, David A. %A Higgins, Christopher P. %A Westerhoff, Paul %A Ranville, James F. %D 2012 %T Solubility of nano-zinc oxide in environmentally and biologically important matrices %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 93-99 %! Solubility of nano-zinc oxide in environmentally and biologically important matrices %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.708 %K Nanoparticle dissolution Zinc ion release Zinc solid precipitation Cell culture media %X Increasing manufacture and use of engineered nanoparticles is leading to a greater probability for release of engineered nanoparticles into the environment and exposure to organisms. In particular, zinc oxide (ZnO) is toxic, although it is unclear whether this toxicity is due to the zinc oxide nanoparticles, dissolution to Zn2+, or some combination thereof. The goal of this study was to determine the relative solubilities of both commercially available and in-house synthesized ZnO in matrices used for environmental fate and transport or biological toxicity studies. Dissolution of ZnO was observed in nanopure water (7.18–7.40 mg/L dissolved Zn, as measured by filtration) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640) (~5 mg/L), but much more dissolution was observed in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, in which the dissolved Zn concentration exceeded 34 mg/L. Moderately hardwater exhibited low Zn solubility, likely because of precipitation of a Zn carbonate solid phase. Precipitation of a Zncontaining solid phase in RPMI also appeared to limit Zn solubility. Equilibrium conditions with respect to ZnO solubility were not apparent in these matrices, even after more than 1,000 h of dissolution. These results suggest that solution chemistry exerts a strong influence on ZnO dissolution and can result in limits on Zn solubility from precipitation of less soluble solid phases. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:93–99. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.708 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.708/abstract

%0 Conference Paper %A Quik, J. %A de Klein, J. %A Spijker, J. %A van de Meent, D. %A Koelmans, A. %D 2012 %T Aquatic exposure models for nanomaterials based on empirical datafile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Exposure modelling is an integral part of risk assessment of chemicals. Recent literature identified several nano-specific fate processes affecting their transformation and transport in the aquatic environment. The main removal processes are related to sedimentation and transformation processes such as changes in coating and heteroaggregation with natural colloids. This interaction with natural colloids is thought to have a dominant effect on the further fate of nanomaterials in aquatic systems. In this study we investigate different modelling approaches for the exposure concentration of nanomaterials in water. This is the first study to relate this to laboratory sedimentation measurements in natural water. In order to find the optimal model for estimating the exposure concentrations of nanomaterials in water we used three different modelling approaches ranging from simple first order removal rate constants to a mechanistical model linking homo and hetero aggregation kinetics based on the von Smoluchowski theory and stokes sedimentation theory. And third we use an empirical model based on laboratory sedimentation measurements of NPs in different natural waters. Preliminary results show that at low initial nanoparticle concentrations heteroaggregation is the main process resulting in removal of nanoparticles from the water phase. This varies with differences in the aggregate density. At low initial nanoparticle concentrations and with assumption that there is a much larger concentration of natural colloids present the removal from the water phase can be adequately modelled using first order removal rate constants. This general observation is in good aggreement with the laboratory measurements. Further comparison of the model results to the dataset on CeO2 nanoparticle sedimentation in natural waters resulted in estimating key parameters such as the attachment efficiency and fractal dimension of aggregates. A derivative of this model was further applied to a known water quality modelling framework, Duflow, to estimate exposure concentrations in a river catchment taking into account emissions from water treatment plants and deposition from land and air. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 669 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Qu, X. %A Li, Q. %D 2012 %T Differential Impacts of Hydroxyl Radical and Singlet Oxygen on the Surface Chemistry and Colloidal Stability of Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under solar irradiation, which was hypothesized to cause CNT photochemical transformation in aquatic systems. The resulting changes in surface chemistry are expected to greatly affect their environmental fate and transport. This study investigates the impacts of two major ROS generated by CNTs, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen, on the surface chemistry of CNTs. Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes were exposed to hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen respectively for varying periods of time. The resulting CNT samples were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in conjunction with chemical derivatization to determine the evolution of major surface oxygencontaining functional groups. Hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were found to have differential impacts on CNT surface chemistry. Hydroxyl radical preferentially reacts with the oxygen-containing functional groups, mainly carboxyl groups, resulting in reduced surface oxygen concentration. On the contrary, singlet oxygen mainly reacts with the graphitic carbon, adding oxygen on the CNT surface. Raman spectrum analyses suggest both ROS create more defects on the CNT surface. The reactions of CNTs with both ROS significantly changed the colloidal stability of CNTs in water. Hydroxyl radical reduced the stability of carboxylated CNTs, while singlet oxygen enhanced its stability as measured by sedimentation experiments. This is consistent with previous findings that CNTs with higher surface oxygen content are more negatively charged and therefore more stable in thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] aqueous phase. These results suggest that solar irradiation induced ROS, either naturally occurring (e.g., formed by NOM) or self-generated by CNTs, play an important role in the environmental fate and transport of CNTs. These reactions may lead to photochemical degradation of CNTs. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 19, Rice University %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Priester, John H. %A Ge, Yuan %A Mielke, Randall E. %A Horst, Allison M. %A Moritz, Shelly Cole %A Espinosa, Katherine %A Gelb, Jeff %A Walker, Sharon L. %A Nisbet, Roger M. %A An, Youn-Joo %A Schimel, Joshua P. %A Palmer, Reid G. %A Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A. %A Zhao, Lijuan %A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L. %A Holden, Patricia A. %D 2012 %T Reply to Lombi et al.: Clear effects of manufactured nanomaterials to soybean %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %V 109 %N 49 %P E3337 %8 December 4, 2012 %! Reply to Lombi et al.: Clear effects of manufactured nanomaterials to soybean %R 10.1073/pnas.1215763109 %U http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3337.short http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3337

%0 Journal Article %A Priester, J. H. %A Ge, Y. %A Mielke, R. E. %A Horst, A. M. %A Moritz, S. C. %A Espinosa, K. %A Gelb, J. %A Walker, S. L. %A Nisbet, R. M. %A An, Y. J. %A Schimel, J. P. %A Palmer, R. G. %A Hernandez-Viezcas, J. A.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Zhao, L. %A Gardea-Torresdey, J. L. %A Holden, P. A. %D 2012 %T From the Cover: PNAS Plus: Soybean susceptibility to manufactured nanomaterials with evidence for food quality and soil fertility interruption %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %V 109 %N 37 %P E2451-E2456 %! From the Cover: PNAS Plus: Soybean susceptibility to manufactured nanomaterials with evidence for food quality and soil fertility interruption %@ 0027-8424 1091-6490 %R 10.1073/pnas.1205431109

%0 Journal Article %A Priadi, Cindy %A Le Pape, Pierre %A Morin, Guillaume %A Ayrault, Sophie %A Maillot, Fabien %A Juillot, Farid %A Hochreutener, Rebecca %A Llorens, Isabelle %A Testemale, Denis %A Proux, Olivier %A Brown, Gordon E. %D 2012 %T X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Evidence for Amorphous Zinc Sulfide as a Major Zinc Species in Suspended Matter from the Seine River Downstream of Paris, Ile-de-France, France %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 7 %P 3712 - 3720 %8 04/2012 %! X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Evidence for Amorphous Zinc Sulfide as a Major Zinc Species in Suspended Matter from the Seine River Downstream of Paris, Ile-de-France, France %R 10.1021/es2041652 %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2041652

%0 Conference Paper %A Prasad, A. %A Lead, J. %A Baalousha, M. %D 2012 %T Quantifying Particle Number of Gold Nanoparticles by Multi-Method Approach %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X According to the EU SCENIHR [1], certain physico-chemical properties of relevant nanoparticles are anticipatedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] to have major impacts on their behaviour in the environment. Of particular relevance to this research, the appropriate metrics for characterising nanoparticles concentration as it is recognised, that the mass concentration used for conventional chemicals may be inappropriate [2]. Therefore, it is requisite to identify the most appropriate m etrics and methodology for the measurement and characterisation of nanoparticles. The appropriate metrics to use in nanoparticle studies is an important policy issue of the 19 research objectives produced by the UK government (DEFRA) [3]. PVP and citrate capped gold nanoparticles were synthesized in-house and comparative study is performed to quantify the accurate particle number concentration under different dilutions. For the comparative studies, a wide range of microscopic analyses were carried out, which are: transmission electron microscopy (JEOL 1200 and Philips TECNAI F20), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Instead of mass concentration, particle numbers were counted and compared using the above techniques in order to obtain consistent results. In future, these results were compared with a mathematical model. This will lead to, ‘reference’ NP suspensions of known particle number to be produced which could be made available for toxicological studies. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract RP278 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Pokhrel, Suman %A Nel, André E. %A Mädler, Lutz %D 2012 %T Custom-Designed Nanomaterial Libraries for Testing Metal Oxide Toxicity %J Accounts of Chemical Research %V 46 %N 3 %P 632-641 %8 2013/03/19 %! Custom-Designed Nanomaterial Libraries for Testing Metal Oxide Toxicity %@ 0001-4842 %R 10.1021/ar300032q %X Advances in aerosol technology over the past 10 years have enabled the generation and design of ultrafine nanoscale materials for many applications. A key new method is flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), which produces particles by pyrolyzing a precursor solution in the gas phase. FSP is a highly versatile technique for fast, single-step, scalable synthesis of nanoscale materials. New innovations in particle synthesis using FSP technology, including variations in precursor chemistry, have enabled flexible, dry synthesis of loosely agglomerated, highly crystalline ultrafine powders (porosity = 90%) of binary, ternary, and mixed-binary-and-ternary oxides. FSP can fulfill much of the increasing demand, especially in biological applications, for particles with specific material composition, high purity, and high crystallinity. In this Account, we describe a strategy for creating nanoparticle libraries (pure or Fedoped ZnO or TiO2) utilizing FSP and using these libraries to test hypotheses related to the particles? toxicity. Our innovation lies in the overall integration of the knowledge we have developed in the last 5 years in (1) synthesizing nanomaterials to address specific hypotheses, (2) demonstrating the electronic properties that cause the material toxicity, (3) understanding the reaction mechanisms causing the toxicity, and (4) extracting from in vitro testing and in vivo testing in terrestrial and marine organisms the essential properties of safe nanomaterials. On the basis of this acquired knowledge, we further describe how the dissolved metal ion from these materials (Zn2+ in this Account) can effectively bind with different cell constituents, causing toxicity. We use Fe?S protein clusters as an example of the complex chemical reactions taking place after free metal ions migrate into the cells. As a second example, TiO2 is an active material in the UV range that exhibits photocatalytic behavior. The induction of electron?hole (e?/h+) pairs followed by free radical production is a key mechanism for biological injury. We show that decreasing the bandgap energy increases the phototoxicity in the presence of near-visible light. We present in detail the mechanism of electron transfer in biotic and abiotic systems during light exposure. Through this example we show that FSP is a versatile technique for efficiently designing a homologous library, meaning a library based on a parent oxide doped with different amounts of dopant,file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] and investigating the properties of the resulting compounds. Finally, we describe the future outlook and state-of-the-art of an innovative two-flame system. A double-flame reactor enables independent control over each flame, the nozzle distances and the flame angles for efficient mixing of the particle streams. In addition, it allows for different flame compositions, flame sizes, and multicomponent mixing (a grain?grain heterojunction) during the reaction process. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar300032q http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar300032q %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Piccinno, Fabiano %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Seeger, Stefan %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2012 %T Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 9 %P 1-11 %8 2012/08/19 %! Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials in Europe and the world %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764 %R 10.1007/s11051-012-1109-9 %] 1109 %K Production quantities Nanomaterials Europe %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1109-9 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Piccapietra, Flavio %A Allué, Carmen Gil %A Sigg, Laura %A Behra, Renata %D 2012 %T Intracellular Silver Accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon Exposure to Carbonate Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7390-7397 %8 2012/07/03 %! Intracellular Silver Accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon Exposure to Carbonate Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300734m %X The intracellular silver accumulation ({Ag}in) upon exposure to carbonate coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP, 0.5?10 ?M, average diameter 29 nm) and silver nitrate (20?500 nM) was examined in the wild type and in the cell wallfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] free mutant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at pH 7.5. The {Ag}in was measured over time up to 1 h after a wash procedure to remove silver ions (Ag+) and AgNP from the algal cell surface. The {Ag}in increased with increasing exposure time and with increasing AgNP and AgNO3 concentrations in the exposure media, reaching steady-state concentrations between 10?5 and 10?3 mol Lcell?1. According to estimated kinetic parameters, high Ag+ bioconcentration factors were calculated (>103 L Lcell?1). Higher accumulation rate constants were assessed in the cell wall free mutant, indicating a protective role of the cell wall in limiting Ag+ uptake. The bioavailability of AgNP was calculated to be low in both strains relative to Ag+, suggesting that AgNP internalization across the cell membrane was limited. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300734m http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300734m %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Petersen, Elijah J. %A Henry, Theodore B. %D 2012 %T Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 60-72 %! Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.710 %K Nanomaterials Single-walled carbon nanotubes Multiwalled carbon nanotubes Daphnia magna Fullerenes %X The recent emergence of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) that are released into the environment and lead to exposure in organisms has accelerated the need to determine NP toxicity. Techniques for measuring the toxicity of NPs (nanotoxicology) in ecological receptors (nanoecotoxicology) are in their infancy, however, and establishing standardized ecotoxicity tests for NPs are presently limited by several factors. These factors include the extent of NP characterization necessary (or possible) before, during, and after toxicity tests such that toxic effects can be related to physicochemical characteristics of NPs; determining uptake and distribution of NPs within exposed organisms (does uptake occur or are effects exerted at organism surfaces?); and determining the appropriate types of controls to incorporate into ecotoxicity tests with NPs. In this review, the authors focus on the important elements of measuring the ecotoxicity of carbon NPs (CNPs) and make recommendations for ecotoxicology testing that should enable more rigorous interpretations of collected data and interlaboratory comparisons. This review is intended to serve as a next step toward developing standardized tests that can be incorporated into a regulatory framework for CNPs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:60–72. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.710 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.710/abstract

%0 Conference Paper %A Oostveen, E.K. %A Collin, B. %A Tsyusko, O. %A Graham, U. %A Unrine, J.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2012 %T The Role of Surface Chemistry Toxicity of CeO2 Nanoparticles to Caenorhabditis elegans %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Manufactured ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles (NP) are valued for their ability to transition easily between +3 and +4 oxidation states, rendering them a useful catalyst in various applications. Surface coatings are usually applied to NPs, promoting stability and decreasing aggregation. The molecular weight and charge of surface coatings can potentially affect CeO2’s bioaccumulation and toxicity to soil dwelling organisms. We synthesized 4 nm CeO2 coated with a neutral 10 kDa dextran (DEX) ( ζ potential =-0.731 mV in DI H2O, pH 6.88), positively charged diethylaminoethyldextran (DEAE) (+26.9 mV in DI H2O, pH 7.41) or negatively charged carboxymethyl-dextran (CM) (-29.3 mV in DI H2O, pH 6.19). The particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy as well as dynamic light scattering and phase analysis light scattering (to determine ζ potential). We exposed the model soil organism Caenorhabditis elegans to DEX-, DEAE-, and CM- coated CeO2 in reconstituted moderately hard water. DEAE-CeO2 was more lethal than both DEX- and CM-CeO2, likely due to positively charged particles interacting to a greater extent with cell membranes. We observed significant increases inmortality at DEAE-CeO2 concentrations as low as 50 mg/L while no significant mortality was observed for the DexCeO2 treatment at concentrations of up to 5000 mg/L. We observed no significant mortality for CM-CeO2 particles up to 1000 mg/L. We concluded that positively charged surface coatings dramatically increase the toxicity of CeO2 particles, while negatively charged or neutral coatings decrease particle toxicity. Effects on C. elegans reproduction are currently under investigation. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP195 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Electronic Chapter %A OECD %D 2012 %T Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials %B Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials %N 36 %8 December 18 %! Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials %U http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)40&doclanguage=en %G English

%0 Report %A OECD %D 2012 %T Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials %B Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials %C Paris %I Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development %N 36 %P 93 %8 December 18 %! Guidance on Sample Preparation and Dosimetry for the Safety Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials %U http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)40&doclanguage=en %G Englishfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Nowack, Bernd %A Ranville, James F. %A Diamond, Stephen %A Gallego-Urrea, Julian A. %A Metcalfe, Chris %A Rose, Jerome %A Horne, Nina %A Koelmans, Albert A. %A Klaine, Stephen J. %D 2012 %T Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 50-59 %! Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.726 %K Nanomaterials-containing products Nanoparticles Environmental transformation Fate Transport Risk assessment %X The risks associated with exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will be determined in part by the processes that control their environmental fate and transformation. These processes act not only on ENM that might be released directly into the environment, but more importantly also on ENM in consumer products and those that have been released from the product. The environmental fate and transformation are likely to differ significantly for each of these cases. The ENM released from actual direct use or from nanomaterial-containing products are much more relevant for ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment than pristine ENM. Released ENM may have a greater or lesser environmental impact than the starting materials, depending on the transformation reactions and the material. Almost nothing is known about the environmental behavior and the effects of released and transformed ENM, although these are the materials that are actually present in the environment. Further research is needed to determine whether the release and transformation processes result in a similar or more diverse set of ENM and ultimately how this affects environmental behavior. This article addresses these questions, using four hypothetical case studies that cover a wide range of ENM, their direct use or product applications, and their likely fate in the environment. Furthermore, a more definitive classification scheme for ENM should be adopted that reflects their surface condition, which is a result of both industrial and environmental processes acting on the ENM. The authors conclude that it is not possible to assess the risks associated with the use of ENM by investigating only the pristine form of the ENM, without considering alterations and transformation processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:50–59. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.726 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.726/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Nel, Andre %A Xia, Tian %A Meng, Huan %A Wang, Xiangfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Lin, Sijie %A Ji, Zhaoxia %A Zhang, Haiyuan %D 2012%T Nanomaterial Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Use of a Predictive Toxicological Approach and HighThroughput Screening %J Accounts of Chemical Research %V 46 %N 3 %P 607-621 %8 2013/03/19%! Nanomaterial Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Use of a Predictive Toxicological Approach and HighThroughput Screening %@ 0001-4842 %R 10.1021/ar300022h %X The production of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is a sci-entific breakthrough in material design and the development of new consumer products. While the successful implementation of nanotechnology is important for the growth of the global economy, we also need to consider the possible environmental health and safety (EHS) impact as a result of the novel physicochemical properties that could generate hazardous biological outcomes. In order to assess ENM hazard, reliable and reproducible screening approaches are needed to test the basic materials as well as nanoenabled products. A platform is required to investigate the potentially endless number of biophysicochemical interactions at the nano/bio interface, in response to which we have developed a predictive toxicological approach. We define a predictive toxicological approach as the use of mechanisms-based high-throughput screening in vitro to make predictions about the physicochemical properties of ENMs that may lead to the generation of pathology or disease outcomes in vivo. The in vivo results are used to validate and improve the in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) and to establish structure?activity relationships (SARs) that allow hazard ranking and modeling by an appropriate combination of in vitro and in vivo testing. This notion is in agree ment with the landmark 2007 report from the US National Academy of Sciences, ?Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy? ( http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11970 ), which advocates increased efficiency of toxicity testing by transitioning from qualitative, descriptive animal testing to quantitative, mechanistic, and pathway-based toxicity testing in human cells or cell lines using high-throughput approaches. Accordingly, we have implemented HTS approaches to screen compositional and combinatorial ENM libraries to develop hazard ranking and structure?activity relationships that can be used for predicting in vivo injury outcomes. This predictive approach allows the bulk of the screening analysis and high-volume data generation to be carried out in vitro, following which limited, but critical, validation studies are carried out in animals or whole organisms. Risk reduction in the exposed human or environmental populations can then focus on limiting or avoiding exposures that trigger these toxicological responses as well as implementing safer design of potentially hazardous ENMs. In this Account, we review the tools required for establishing predictive toxicology paradigms to assess inhalation and environmental toxicological scenarios through the use of compositional and combinatorial ENM libraries, mechanism-based HTS assays, hazard ranking, and development of nano-SARs. We will discuss the major injury paradigms that have emerged based on specific ENM properties, as well as describing the safer design of ZnO nanoparticles based on characterization of dissolution chemistry as a major predictor of toxicity. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar300022h http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ar300022h %[2013/03/26

%0 Book %A National Research Council Of The National Academies %D 2012 %T A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials %I The National Academies Press %! A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterialsfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 9780309253284 %U http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13347

%0 Journal Article %A Mudunkotuwa, Imali A. %A Pettibone, John M. %A Grassian, Vicki H. %D 2012 %T Environmental Implications of Nanoparticle Aging in the Processing and Fate of Copper-Based Nanomaterials %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7001-7010 %8 2012/07/03 %! Environmental Implications of Nanoparticle Aging in the Processing and Fate of Copper-Based Nanomaterials %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es203851d %X Copper nanomaterials are being used in a large number of commercial products because these materials exhibit unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Metallic copper nanoparticles, which often have a thin surface oxide layer, can age in the ambient environment and become even more oxidized over time. These aged nanoparticles will then have different properties compared to the original nanoparticles. In this study, we have characterized three different types of copper-based nanoparticle (NP) samples designated as Cu(new) NPs, Cu(aged) NPs, and CuO NPs that differ in the level of oxidation. The solution phase behavior of these three copper-based nanoparticle samples is investigated as a function of pH and in the presence and absence of two common, complexing organic acids, citric and oxalic acid. The behavior of these three copper-based NP types shows interesting differences. In particular, Cu(aged) NPs exhibit unique chemistry including oxide phases that form and surface adsorption properties. Overall, the current study provides some insights into the impacts of nanoparticle aging and how the physicochemical characteristics and reactivity of nanomaterials can change upon aging. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203851d http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203851d %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Mu, Hui %A Zheng, Xiong %A Chen, Yinguang %A Chen, Hong %A Liu, Kun %D 2012 %T Response of Anaerobic Granular Sludge to a Shock Load of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles during Biological Wastewater Treatment %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 11 %P 5997-6003 %8 2012/06/05 %! Response of Anaerobic Granular Sludge to a Shock Load of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles during Biological Wastewater Treatment %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300616afile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %X The increasing use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in consumer and industrial products highlights a need to understand their potential environmental impacts. In this study, the response of anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) to a shock load of ZnO NPs during anaerobic biological wastewater treatment was reported. It was observed that the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of AGS and the methane production were not significantly influenced at ZnO NPs of 10 and 50 mg per gram of total suspended solids (mg/g-TSS), but they were decreased when the dosage of ZnO NPs was greater than 100 mg/g-TSS. The visualization of EPS structure with multiple fluorescence labeling and confocal laser scanning microscope revealed that ZnO NPs mainly caused the decrease of proteins by 69.6%. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis further indicated that the C?O?C group of polysaccharides and carboxyl group of proteins in EPS were also changed in the presence of ZnO NPs. The decline of EPS induced by ZnO NPs resulted in their deteriorating protective role on the inner microorganisms of AGS, which was in correspondence with the observed lower general physiological activity of AGS and the death of microorganisms. Further investigation showed that the negative influence of ZnO NPs on methane production was due to their severe inhibition on the methanization step. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300616a http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300616a %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Money, Eric %A Reckhow, Kenneth H. %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2012 %T The use of Bayesian networks for nanoparticle risk forecasting: model formulation and baseline evaluation %J Science of the Total Environment %V 426 %P 436-445 %8 02/2012 %! The use of Bayesian networks for nanoparticle risk forecasting: model formulation and baseline evaluation %R 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.064 %X We describe the use of Bayesian networks as a tool for nanomaterial risk forecasting and develop a baseline probabilistic model that incorporates nanoparticle specific characteristics and environmental parameters, along with elements of exposure potential, hazard, and risk related to nanomaterials. The baseline model, FINE (Forecasting the Impacts of Nanomaterials in the Environment), was developed using expert elicitation techniques. The Bayesian nature of FINE allows for updating as new data become available, a critical feature for forecasting risk in the context of nanomaterials. The specific case of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic environments is presented here (FINEAgNP). The results of this study show that Bayesian networks provide a robust method for formally incorporating expert judgments into a probabilistic measure of exposure and risk to nanoparticles, particularly when other knowledge bases may be lacking. The model is easily adapted and updated as additional experimental data and other information on nanoparticle behavior in the environment become available. The baseline model suggests that, within the bounds of uncertainty as currently quantified, nanosilver may pose the greatest potential risk as these particles accumulate in aquatic sediments. %U http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969712004676/1-s2.0-S0048969712004676-main.pdf?_tid=e78659f0-d1fa-11e2- a60b-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1370888813_6e5b77cdc7071e473cd969bc5682c8dd

%0 Journal Article %A Mitrano, Denise M. %A Lesher, Emily K. %A Bednar, Anthony %A Monserud, Jon %A Higgins, Christopher P.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Ranville, James F. %D 2012 %T Detecting nanoparticulate silver using single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 115-121 %! Detecting nanoparticulate silver using single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.719 %K Nanoparticle Quantification Wastewater Silver %X The environmental prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticulate silver (AgNP), is expected to increase substantially. The ubiquitous use of commercial products containing AgNP may result in their release to the environment, and the potential for ecological effects is unknown. Detecting engineered nanomaterials is one of the greatest challenges in quantifying their risks. Thus, it is imperative to develop techniques capable of measuring and characterizing exposures, while dealing with the innate difficulties of nanomaterial detection in environmental samples, such as low-engineered nanomaterial concentrations, aggregation, and complex matrices. Here the authors demonstrate the use of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, operated in a single-particle counting mode (SP-ICP-MS), to detect and quantify AgNP. In the present study, two AgNP products were measured by SP-ICP-MS, including one of precisely manufactured size and shape, as well as a commercial AgNP-containing health food product. Serial dilutions, filtration, and acidification were applied to confirm that the method detected particles. Differentiation of dissolved and particulate silver (Ag) is a feature of the technique. Analysis of two wastewater samples demonstrated the applicability of SP-ICP-MS at nanograms per liter Ag concentrations. In this pilot study, AgNP was found at 100 to 200 ng/L in the presence of 50 to 500 ng/L dissolved Ag. The method provides the analytical capability to monitor Ag and other metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in fate, transport, stability, and toxicity studies using a commonly available laboratory instrument. Rapid throughput and element specificity are additional benefits of SP-ICP-MS as a measurement tool for metal and metal oxide engineered nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:115–121. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.719 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.719/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A McShane, Heather %A Sarrazin, Manon %A Whalen, Joann K. %A Hendershot, William H. %A Sunahara, Geoffrey I. %D 2012 %T Reproductive and behavioral responses of earthworms exposed to nano-sized titanium dioxide in soil %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 184-193 %! Reproductive and behavioral responses of earthworms exposed to nano-sized titanium dioxide in soil %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.714 %K Earthworm Ecotoxicology Nanoparticlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Soil Titanium dioxide %X Nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is found in a number of commercial products; however, its effects on soil biota are largely unknown. In the present study, earthworms (Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida) were exposed to three types of commercially available, uncoated TiO2 nanomaterials with nominal diameters of 5, 10, and 21 nm. Nanomaterials were characterized for particle size, agglomeration, surface charge, chemical composition, and purity. Standard lethality, reproduction, and avoidance tests, as well as a juvenile growth test, were conducted in artificial soil or field soil amended with nano-TiO2 by two methods, liquid dispersion and dry powder mixing. All studies includeda micrometer-sized TiO2 control. Exposure to field and artificial soil containing between 200 and 10,000 mg nanoTiO2 per kilogram of dry soil (mg/kg) had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on juvenile survival and growth, adult earthworm survival, cocoon production, cocoon viability, or total number of juveniles hatched from these cocoons. However, earthworms avoided artificial soils amended with nano-TiO2. The lowest concentration at which avoidance was observed was between 1,000 and 5,000 mg nano-TiO2 per kilogram of soil, depending on the TiO2 nanomaterial applied. Furthermore, earthworms differentiated between soils amended with 10,000 mg/kg nano-TiO2 and micrometer-sized TiO2. A positive relationship between earthworm avoidance and TiO2 specific surface area was observed, but the relationship between avoidance and primary particle size was not determined because of the agglomeration and aggregation of nano-TiO2 materials. Biological mechanisms that may explain earthworm avoidance of nano-TiO2 are discussed. Results of the present study indicate that earthworms can detect nano-TiO2 in soil, although exposure has no apparent effect on survival or standard reproductive parameters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:184–193. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.714 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.714/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A McLaughlin, Julianne %A Bonzongo, Jean-Claude J. %D 2012 %T Effects of natural water chemistry on nanosilver behavior and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 168-175 %! Effects of natural water chemistry on nanosilver behavior and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.720 %K Nanosilver Aquatic systems Nanotoxicology Nanoparticles Natural waters %X The success of nanotechnology will undoubtedly lead to the increased introduction of nanoparticles (NPs) into natural systems, and aquatic systems will likely act as sinks for these new pollutants. Differences in the chemistry of these aquatic systems will control changes in surface properties of NPs and therefore could impact their environmental fate and toxicity. A series of batch experiments was conducted to determine the effect of natural waters with different solution chemistries on nanosilver (nAg) particle dispersion, stability, and toxicity. Toxicity assays were performed in tested natural waters as well as in traditional growth media. Briefly, nAg suspended in a natural water with a low ionic strength/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratio had an average particle size of 76.8 ± 0.4 nm and was less toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 221 ppb and median inhibition concentration [IC50] = 1,600 ppb, respectively), whereas a natural water with a high ionic strength/DOC ratio had an average particle size of 192 ± 5.1 nm and produced a much higher toxicity response (LC50 = 0.433 ppbfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]and IC50 = 22.6 ppb, respectively). These findings help to establish needed correlations between water-matrixdependent nAg particle properties and toxicity implications and indicate that the use of traditional growth media in toxicity assays concerning engineered NPs might not always be appropriate. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:168– 175. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.720 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.720/abstract

%0 Conference Paper %A Maurer-Jones, M. %A Chen, L. %A Mousavi, M. %A Gunsolus, I.L. %A Christenson, C.J. %A Buhlmann, P. %A Haynes, C.L. %D 2012 %T Monitor of Ion Dissolution from Ag Nanoparticles using Ion Selective Electrodes for the Understanding of Ag Nanoparticle Toxicity to S. oneidensis %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Increased use of silver nanoparticles in a variety of consumer products has elevated the potential of release and toxicity in the environment. Since Ag+ ion is considered to cause toxicity, it is critical to determine ion dissolution from nanoparticles in ecologically relevant conditions. In this work, weutilized ion selective electrodes with an ionophore-doped fluorous phase membrane to selectively, sensitively, and dynamically measure the concentration of Ag+ release from citrate-capped Ag nanoparticles over time in water and bacterial growth broth. Nanoparticles were characterized with TEM, zeta-potential, and UV-vis and stability of the nanoparticles were also monitored over time using dynamic light scattering. Additionally, bacterial toxicity studies, including minimum inhibitory concentration, viability and growth curve analysis, were performed with the bacteria Shewa nella oneidensis to understand the toxicity of the nanoparticles and the relevant Ag+ concentrations. Results indicate increased ion dissolution over time, though dissolution kinetics and concentration of released ions are similar between water and bacterial broth. Furthermore, Ag+ ions cause changes in S. oneidensis growth and viability, which correlates strongly with Ag nanoparticle toxicity results, indicating Ag ion as a primary cause of nanotoxicity to S. oneidensis. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract MP274 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Masion, A %A Auffan, M. %A Labille, J %A Botta, A. %A Solovitch, N. %A Rose, J. %A Bottero, J-Y %D 2012file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %T Environmental fate of nanoparticles: physical chemical and biological aspects – a few snapshots %J International Journal of Nanotechnology %V 9 %N 3 %P 167-180 %8 02/2012 %! Environmental fate of nanoparticles: physical chemical and biological aspects – a few snapshots %R 10.1504/ijnt.2012.045325 %X The environmental risk that nanomaterials can undergo is a major problem, which could prevent the commercial development of nanoproducts, especially in technology domains corresponding to large distribution: cosmetics, composite materials, civil engineering materials and leisure materials. The risk assessment is based on a complex approach, which implies the knowledge of the degradation mechanisms of the nanoproducts in aquatic media (kinetics and chemical change), the quantities that are distributed in the different ecosystem compartments and the biological effects on various targets (bacterial micro–organisms, primary and secondary predators). The paper aims at showing the unique surface properties of nanomaterials and especially when the size is decreasing largely less than 100 nm, the stability and the eventual degradation of intermediate nanomaterials, e.g., some composites used in sunscreens. The biological effects of the nanomaterials depends on their unique properties and especially the large surface tension as the size decreases, the defects within the bulk and on the surface at the origin of the production of ROS. The molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity are described especially in terms of oxidation–reduction reactions owing to surface reactivity, surface atoms dissolution, oxidative dissolution and dissolution.

%0 Conference Paper %A Marr, L.C. %A Pruden, A. %A Vejerano, E. %A Ma, Y. %A Holder, A.L. %D 2012 %T Transformation and Fate of Nanomaterials During Wastewater Treatment and Incineration %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Disposal is the final step in the product life cycle, and understanding how waste treatment processes might modify nanomaterials is critical to predicting their fate in the environment. The overall objective of this research is to characterize the transformation and fate of engineered nanomaterials and byproducts during biological wastewater treatment and incineration. We have assessed the response of a nitrifying wastewater treatment system to nanosilver and titanium dioxide. The majority of the nanomaterials partitioned to the sludge in lab-scale sequencing batch reactors. Results of RT-qPCR indicated that nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were significantly reduced in reactors containing nanosilver compared those containing ionic silver and the control. The expression of specific tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes did not change in response to the addition of nanosilver or ionic silver. We have characterized the microbial community through high-throughput pyrosequencing and used the Comet Assay to assess toxicity of the effluent. Incineration was simulated through combustion of waste samples spiked with 0.1%, 1%, and 10% by weight ceria, C60-fullerene, nickel oxide, silver, or titania in a muffle furnace. The presence of nanomaterials in the waste stream either enhanced or reduced emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), depending on the type of waste and the specific PAH. The most abundant PAH species found in the exhaust were those containing 2-3 rings, and their yields depended on the concentration of nanomaterials in the waste. Phenanthrene, fluorene, and anthracene were the dominant PAH species at nanomaterial concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 10%, respectively. Nanomaterials in the waste resulted in increased emissions of some of the 4-6 ring PAHs:file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene. The total PAH yields for the samples containing nanomaterials were ~6 times higher, on average, than for samples containing the nanomaterials’ bulk counterparts, suggesting that the high specific surface area of the nanomaterials affects PAH formation. The shift in emissions occurred mainly in the 2-3 ring PAHs and not in the larger ones. Partitioning between the ash and airborne particulate matter was assessed for the metallic nanoparticles. At most, 3% of the nanomaterials were found in particulate matter. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 119 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Manusadžianas, Levonas %A Caillet, Celine %A Fachetti, Louis %A Gylyte, Brigita %A Grigutyte, Reda %A Jurkoniene, Sigita %A Karitonas, Rolandas %A Sadauskas, Kazys %A Thomas, Fabien %A Vitkus, Rimantas %A Férard, Jean-François %D 2012 %T Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 108-114 %! Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.715 %K CuO nanoparticle ecotoxicity Nitellopsis obtusa Thamnocephalus platyurus Brachionus calyciflorus LuminoTox assay %X Toxicity effects induced by nanosuspensions of CuO (<50 nm; Sigma-Aldrich) on macrophytic algae cells of Nitellopsis obtusa (96-h median lethal concentration [LC50]), microphytic algae Chlorella (30-min median inhibitory concentration [IC50]), shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus (24-h LC50), and rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (24-h LC50) were investigated. No substantial differences between the effects of nonsonicated and sonicated nCuO suspensions were observed. The particle size distribution analysis accomplished by the laser diffraction technique at suspension concentration from 3 to 100 mg/L revealed rapid (within 5 min) reagglomeration of the particles after the sonication. The observed adverse effects on N. obtusa cells may be attributed to nanoparticles per se, but not to ionic Cu, because neither chemical analysis nor biological testing (algae survival in the supernatants of suspensions) confirmed the presence of cupric ions in toxic amounts. Contrary to ionic Cu form, nCuO delayed the initial phase of N. obtusa cell membrane depolarization. Lethality tests with rewash demonstrated that the least used 5-min exposure in 100 mg/L nCuO sonicated suspension induced 70% mortality in charophyte cells after 8 d, whereas the rewash after a short exposure to a noticeably toxic concentration of Cu2+ prevented cell mortality. The obtained data suggested the possible influence of a thick charophyte cell wall on the dynamics of nanotoxicity effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:108–114. © 2011 SETACfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.715 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.715/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Majumdar, Sanghamitra %A Peralta-Videa, Jose R. %A Castillo-Michel, Hiram %A Hong, Jie %A Rico, Cyren M. %A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L. %D 2012 %T Applications of synchrotron μ-XRF to study the distribution of biologically important elements in different environmental matrices: A review %J Analytica Chimica Acta %V 755 %N 0 %P 1-16 %8 11/28/ %! Applications of synchrotron μ-XRF to study the distribution of biologically important elements in different environmental matrices: A review %@ 0003-2670 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.050 %K Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence Biological important elements Nanoparticles Distribution X-ray absorption spectroscopy %X Environmental matrices including soils, sediments, and living organisms are reservoirs of several essential as well as non-essential elements. Accurate qualitative and quantitative information on the distribution and interaction of biologically significant elements is vital to understand the role of these elements in environmental and biological samples. Synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-SXRF) allows in situ mapping of biologically important elements at nanometer to sub-micrometer scale with high sensitivity, negligible sample damage and enable tuning of the incident energy as desired. Beamlines in the synchrotron facilities are rapidly increasing their analytical versatility in terms of focusing optics, detector technologies, incident energy, and sample environment. Although extremely competitive, it isnow feasible to find stations offering complimentary techniques like micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and micro-Xray absorption spectroscopy (μ-XAS) that will allow a more complete characterization of complex matrices. This review includes the most recent literature on the emerging applications and challenges of μ-SXRF in studying the distribution of biologically important elements and manufactured nanoparticles in soils, sediments, plants, and microbes. The advantages of using μ-SXRF and complimentary techniques in contrast to conventional techniques used for the respective studies are discussed. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267012014237

%0 Journal Article %A Ma, Rui %A Levard, Clément %A Marinakos, Stella M. %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Liu, Jie %A Michel, F. Marc %A Brown, Gordon E.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2012 %T Size-Controlled Dissolution of Organic-Coated Silver Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 2 %P 752 - 759 %8 01/2012 %! Size-Controlled Dissolution of Organic-Coated Silver Nanoparticles %R 10.1021/es201686j %X The solubility of Ag NPs can affect their toxicity and persistence in the environment. We measured the solubility of organic-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) having particle diameters ranging from 5 to 80 nm that were synthesized using various methods, and with different organic polymer coatings including poly(vinylpyrrolidone) andgum arabic. The size and morphology of Ag NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Xray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and synchrotron-based total X-ray scattering and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis were used to determine the local structure around Ag and evaluate changes in crystal lattice parameters and structure as a function of NP size. Ag NP solubility dispersed in 1 mM NaHCO3 at pH 8 was found to be well correlated with particle size based on the distribution of measured TEM sizes as predicted by the modified Kelvin equation. Solubility of Ag NPs was not affected by the synthesis method and coating as much as by their size. Based on the modified Kelvin equation, the surface tension of Ag NPs was found to be 1 J/m2, which is expected for bulk fcc (face centered cubic) silver. Analysis of XAFS, X-ray scattering, and PDFs confirm that the lattice parameter, a, of the fcc crystal structure of Ag NPs did not change with particle size for Ag NPs as small as 6 nm, indicating the absence of lattice strain. These results are consistent with the finding that Ag NP solubility can be estimated based on TEM-derived particle size using the modified Kelvin equation for particles in the size range of 5–40 nm in diameter. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es201686j

%0 Journal Article %A Lv, Jitao %A Zhang, Shuzhen %A Luo, Lei %A Han, Wei %A Zhang, Jing %A Yang, Ke %A Christie, Peter %D 2012 %T Dissolution and Microstructural Transformation of ZnO Nanoparticles under the Influence of Phosphate %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7215-7221 %8 2012/07/03 %! Dissolution and Microstructural Transformation of ZnO Nanoparticles under the Influence of Phosphate %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es301027a %X The toxicity and fate of nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to be highly dependent on the chemistry of the medium, and the effects of phosphate have tended to be ignored despite the wide existence of phosphate contamination in aqueous environments. In the present study the influence of phosphate on the dissolution and microstructural transformation of ZnO NPs was investigated. Phosphate at a low concentration rapidly and substantially reduced the release of Zn2+ into aqueous solution. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that interaction between ZnO NPs and phosphate induced the transformation of ZnO into zinc phosphate. Transmission electronic microscopy observation shows that the morphology of the particles changed from structurally uniform nanosized spherical to anomalous and porous material containing mixed amorphous and crystalline phases offile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] ZnO and zinc phosphate in the presence of phosphate. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the detailed process of phosphate-induced speciation and microstructural transformation of ZnO NPs has been analyzed. In view ofthe wide existence of phosphate contamination in water and its strong metal-complexation capability, phosphateinduced transformations may play an important role in the behaviors, fate, and toxicity of many other metal-based nanomaterials in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es301027a http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es301027a %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Gregory, Kelvin B. %A Apte, Simon C. %A Lead, Jamie R. %D 2012 %T Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6893 - 6899 %8 07/2012 %! Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment %R 10.1021/es300839e %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es300839e

%0 Journal Article %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Gregory, Kelvin B. %A Apte, Simon C. %A Lead, Jamie R. %D 2012 %T Guest Comment: Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment Focus Issue %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6891 - 6892 %8 07/2012 %! Guest Comment: Transformations of Nanomaterials in the Environment Focus Issue %R 10.1021/es3022039 %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es3022039

%0 Journal Article %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Espinasse, Benjamin P. %A Badireddy, Appala Raju %A Richardson, Curtis J. %A Reinsch, Brian C. %A Bryant, Lee D.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Bone, Audrey J. %A Deonarine, Amrika %A Chae, Soryong %A Therezien, Mathieu %A Colman, Benjamin P. %A Hsu-Kim, Heileen %A Bernhardt, Emily S. %A Matson, Cole W. %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2012 %T Long-Term Transformation and Fate of Manufactured Ag Nanoparticles in a Simulated Large Scale Freshwater Emergent Wetland %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7027-7036 %8 04/2012 %! Long-Term Transformation and Fate of Manufactured Ag Nanoparticles in a Simulated Large Scale Freshwater Emergent Wetland %R 10.1021/es204608d %X Transformations and long-term fate of engineered nanomaterials must be measured in realistic complex natural systems to accurately assess the risks that they may pose. Here, we determine the long-term behavior of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in freshwater mesocosms simulating an emergent wetland environment. AgNPs were either applied to the water column or to the terrestrial soils. The distribution of silver among water, solids, and biota, and Ag speciation in soils and sediment was determined 18 months after dosing. Most (70 wt %) of the added Ag resided in the soils and sediments, and largely remained in the compartment in which they were dosed. However, some movement between soil and sediment was observed. Movement of AgNPs from terrestrial soils to sediments was more facile than from sediments to soils, suggesting that erosion and runoff is a potential pathway for AgNPs to enter waterways. The AgNPs in terrestrial soils were transformed to Ag2S (52%), whereas AgNPs in the subaquatic sediment were present as Ag2S (55%) and Ag-sulfhydryl compounds (27%). Despite significant sulfidation of the AgNPs, a fraction of the added Ag resided in the terrestrial plant biomass (3 wt % for the terrestrially dosed mesocosm), and relatively high body burdens of Ag (0.5–3.3 μg Ag/g wet weight) were found in mosquito fish and chironomids in both mesocosms. Thus, Ag from the NPs remained bioavailable even after partial sulfidation and when water column total Ag concentrations are low (<0.002 mg/L). %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204608d

%0 Journal Article %A Louie, Stacey M. %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Small, Mitchell J. %A Tilton, Robert D. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2012 %T Parameter Identifiability in Application of Soft Particle Electrokinetic Theory To Determine Polymer and Polyelectrolyte Coating Thicknesses on Colloids %J Langmuir %V 28 %N 28 %P 10334 - 10347 %8 07/2012 %! Parameter Identifiability in Application of Soft Particle Electrokinetic Theory To Determine Polymer and Polyelectrolyte Coating Thicknesses on Colloidsfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %R 10.1021/la301912j %X Soft particle electrokinetic models have been used to determine adsorbed nonionic polymer and polyelectrolyte layer properties on nanoparticles or colloids by fitting electrophoretic mobility data. Ohshima first established the formalism for these models and provided analytical approximations (Ohshima, H. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.1995, 62, 189). More recently, exact numerical solutions have been developed, which account for polarization and relaxation effects and require fewer assumptions on the particle and soft layer properties. This paper characterizes statistical uncertainty in the polyelectrolyte layer charge density, layer thickness, and permeability (Brinkman screening length) obtained from fitting data to either the analytical or numerical electrokinetic models. Various combinations of particle core and polymer layer properties are investigated to determine the range of systems for which this analysis can provide a solution with reasonably small uncertainty bounds, particularly for layer thickness. Identifiability of layer thickness in the analytical model ranges from poor confidence for cases with thick, highly charged coatings, to good confidence for cases with thin, low-charged coatings. Identifiability is similar for the numerical model, except that sensitivity is improved at very high charge and permeability, where polarization and relaxation effects are significant. For some poorly identifiable cases, parameter reduction can reduce collinearity to improve identifiability. Analysis of experimental data yielded results consistent with expectations from the simulated theoretical cases. Identifiability of layer charge density and permeability is also evaluated. Guidelines are suggested for evaluation of statistical confidence in polymer and polyelectrolyte layer parameters determined by application of the soft particle electrokinetic theory. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la301912j

%0 Journal Article %A Lombi, Enzo %A Nowack, Bernd %A Baun, Anders %A McGrath, Steve P. %D 2012 %T Evidence for effects of manufactured nanomaterials on crops is inconclusive %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %V 109 %N 49 %P E3336 %8 December 4, 2012 %! Evidence for effects of manufactured nanomaterials on crops is inconclusive %R 10.1073/pnas.1214934109 %U http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3336.short http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3336 http://www.pnas.org/content/109/49/E3336.full.pdf

%0 Journal Article %A Liu, Wei %A Chaurand, Perrine %A Di Giorgio, Carole %A De Méo, Michel %A Thill, Antoine %A Auffan, Mélanie %A Masion, Armand %A Borschneck, Daniel %A Chaspoul, Florence %A Gallice, Philippe %A Botta, Alainfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %A Rose, Jérôme %D 2012 %T Influence of the Length of Imogolite-Like Nanotubes on Their Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity toward Human Dermal Cells %J Chemical Research in Toxicology %V 25 %N 11 %P 2513 - 2522 %8 11/2012 %! Influence of the Length of Imogolite-Like Nanotubes on Their Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity toward Human Dermal Cells %R 10.1021/tx3003214 %X Physical-chemical parameters such as purity, structure, chemistry, length, and aspect ratio of nanoparticles (NPs) are linked to their toxicity. Here, synthetic imogolite-like nanotubes with a set chemical composition but various sizes and shapes were used as models to investigate the influence of these physical parameters on the cyto- and genotoxicity and cellular uptake of NPs. The NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Imogolite precursors (PR, ca. 5 nm curved platelets), as well as short tubes (ST, ca. 6 nm) and long tubes (LT, ca. 50 nm), remained stable in the cell culture medium. Internalization into human fibroblasts was observed only for the small particles PR and ST. None of the tested particles induced a significant cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10(-1) mg·mL(-1). However, small sized NPs (PR and ST) were found to be genotoxic at very low concentration 10(-6) mg·mL(-1), while LT particles exhibited a weak genotoxicity. Our results indicate that small size NPs (PR, ST) were able to induce primary lesions of DNA at very low concentrations and that this DNA damage was exclusively induced by oxidative stress. The higher aspect ratio LT particles exhibited a weaker genotoxicity, where oxidative stress is a minor factor, and the likely involvement of other mechanisms. Moreover, a relationship among cell uptake, particle aspect ratio, and DNA damage of NPs was observed. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx3003214

%0 Journal Article %A Lin, Shihong %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Liu, Jie %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2012 %T Polymeric Coatings on Silver Nanoparticles Hinder Autoaggregation but Enhance Attachment to Uncoated Surfaces %J Langmuir %V 28 %N 9 %P 4178 - 4186 %8 03/2012 %! Polymeric Coatings on Silver Nanoparticles Hinder Autoaggregation but Enhance Attachment to Uncoated Surfaces %R 10.1021/la202884f %X The propensity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) having two different polymer coatings (poly(vinylpyrrolidone), PVP, or gum arabic, GA) to aggregate, or to deposit to a reference surface (silica), was explored as a basis for differentiating the effect of surface coating on the stability of nanoparticles in aggregation and in deposition. Surface polymeric coatings stabilize nanoparticles against aggregation as shown by either an increased critical coagulation concentration as for PVP-coated AgNPs (AgPVP) or the absence of observable aggregation even at a high ionic strength as for GA-coated AgNPs (AgGA). In experiments of AgNPs deposition in a silica porous medium, dissimilar surfaces favored deposition, such as the case where polymer coatings were present on the AgNPs but were absent on the porous medium. The increased affinity of the AgNPs for the porous medium in this case may be explained by afile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] shifted contact frontier where electrical double layer interaction is weaker. When coating polymers were introduced to the porous medium and allowed to preadsorb to the silica surfaces, the attachment efficiencies for both the AgPVP and AgGA were reduced due to steric and electrosteric stabilization, respectively. The results suggest that polymeric coatings that are usually deemed as stabilizers (as they indeed are in the case of autoaggregation) might not necessarily stabilize nanoparticles against deposition unless the collector surfaces are also coated with polymer. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la202884f

%0 Journal Article %A Li, Baolei %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Liu, Jie %A Yi, Congwen %A Brown, April S. %A Yuan, Hsiangkuo %A Vo-Dinh, Tuan %A Fischer, Martin C. %A Warren, Warren S. %D 2012 %T Direct Optical Imaging of Graphene In Vitro by Nonlinear Femtosecond Laser Spectral Reshaping %J Nano Letters %V 12 %N 11 %P 5936 - 5940 %8 11/2012 %! Direct Optical Imaging of Graphene In Vitro by Nonlinear Femtosecond Laser Spectral Reshaping %R 10.1021/nl303358p %X Nonlinear optical microscopy, based on femtosecond laser spectral reshaping, characterized and imaged graphene samples made from different methods, both on slides and in a biological environment. This technique clearly discriminates between graphene flakes with different numbers of layers and reveals the distinct nonlinear optical properties of reduced graphene oxide as compared to mechanically exfoliated or chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. The nonlinearity makes it applicable to scattering samples (such as tissue) as opposed to previous methods, such as transmission. This was demonstrated by high-resolution imaging of breast cancer cells incubated with graphene flakes. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl303358p http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672226/pdf/nihms435145.pdf

%0 Journal Article %A Levard, Clément %A Hotze, E. Matt %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Brown, Gordon E. %D 2012 %T Environmental Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles: Impact on Stability and Toxicity %J Environmental Science & Technology %P 120229163713001 %8 02/2012 %! Environmental Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles: Impact on Stability and Toxicity %R 10.1021/es2037405 %X Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) readily transform in the environment, which modifies their properties and alters their transport, fate, and toxicity. It is essential to consider such transformations when assessing the potentialfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] environmental impact of Ag-NPs. This review discusses the major transformation processes of Ag-NPs in various aqueous environments, particularly transformations of the metallic Ag cores caused by reactions with (in)organic ligands, and the effects of such transformations on physical and chemical stability and toxicity. Thermodynamic arguments are used to predict what forms of oxidized silver will predominate in various environmental scenarios. Silver binds strongly to sulfur (both organic and inorganic) in natural systems (fresh and sea waters) as well as in wastewater treatment plants, where most Ag-NPs are expected to be concentrated and then released. Sulfidation of Ag-NPs results in a significant decrease in their toxicity due to the lower solubility of silver sulfide, potentially limiting their short-term environmental impact. This review also discusses some of the major unanswered questions about Ag-NPs, which, when answered, will improve predictions about their potential environmental impacts. Research needed to address these questions includes fundamental molecular-level studies of Ag-NPs and their transformation products, particularly Ag2SNPs, in simplified model systems containing common (in)organic ligands, as well as under more realistic environmental conditions using microcosm/mesocosm-type experiments. Toxicology studies of Ag-NP transformation products, including different states of aggregation and sulfidation, are also required. In addition, there is the need to characterize the surface structures, compositions, and morphologies of Ag-NPs and Ag2S-NPs to the extent possible because they control properties such as solubility and reactivity. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2037405

%0 Book %A Leszczynski, Jerzy (Editor) %A Kroto, Harry (Series Editor) %A O'Brien, Paul (Series Editor) %A Craighead, Harold (Series Editor) %D 2012 %T Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques %I Royal Society of Chemistry %P 378 %Y Tomasz Puzyn, Jerzy Leszczynski %8 September 27, 2012 %! Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques %@ 978-1849734530 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Leng, Weinan %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2012 %T Nanoclustered Gold Honeycombs for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering %J Analytical Chemistry %V 85 %N 3 %P 1342-1349 %8 2013/02/05 %! Nanoclustered Gold Honeycombs for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering %@ 0003-2700 %R 10.1021/ac301028w %X A honeycomb-shaped gold substrate was developed for surface-enhanced Raman imaging (SERI). The honeycombs are composed of clusters of 50?70 nm gold nanoparticles and exhibit high Raman enhancement efficiency. An average surface enhancement factor (ASEF) of 1.7 ? 106 was estimated for a monolayer of l-cysteinefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] molecules adsorbed to gold via a thiol linkage. The presence of a linear relationship in the low concentration region was observed in SERI detection of malachite green isothiocyanate (MGITC). These results together with the high reproducibility and simple and cost-effective fabrication of this substrate suggest that it has utility for applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in quantitative diagnoses and analyte detection. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac301028w http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac301028w %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Leitch, Megan E. %A Casman, Elizabeth %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2012 %T Nanotechnology patenting trends through an environmental lens: analysis of materials and applications %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 12 %8 12/2012 %! Nanotechnology patenting trends through an environmental lens: analysis of materials and applications %R 10.1007/s11051-012-1283-9 %X Many international groups study environmental health and safety (EHS) concerns surrounding the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). These researchers frequently use the “Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies”(PEN) inventory of nano-enabled consumer products to prioritize types of ENMs to study because estimates of lifecycle ENM releases to the environment can be extrapolated from the database. An alternative “snapshot” of nanomaterials likely to enter commerce can be determined from the patent literature. The goal of this research was to provide an overview of nanotechnology intellectual property trends, complementary to the PEN consumer product database, to help identify potentially “risky” nanomaterials for study by the nano-EHS community. Ten years of nanotechnology patents were examined to determine the types of nano-functional materials being patented, the chemical compositions of the ENMs, and the products in which they are likely to appear. Patenting trends indicated different distributions of nano-enabled products and materials compared to the PEN database. Recent nanotechnology patenting is dominated by electrical and information technology applications rather than the hygienic and anti-fouling applications shown by PEN. There is an increasing emphasis on patenting of nano-scale layers, coatings, and other surface modifications rather than traditional nanoparticles, and there is widespread use of nano-functional semiconductor, ceramic, magnetic, and biological materials that are currently less studied by EHS professionals. These commonly patented products and the nano-functional materials they contain may warrant life-cycle evaluations to determine the potential for environmental exposure and toxicity. The patent and consumer product lists contribute different and complementary insights into the emerging nanotechnology industry and its potential for introducing nanomaterials into the environment. %U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-1283-9

%0 Journal Article %A Lee, Yong-Ju %A Kim, Jiwon %A Oh, Jeehyun %A Bae, Sujin %A Lee, Sungkyu %A Hong, In Seok %A Kim, Sang-Ho %D 2012 %T Ion-release kinetics and ecotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticlesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 155-159 %! Ion-release kinetics and ecotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.717 %K Silver nanoparticles Ecotoxicity effects Ion-release kinetics %X The environmental toxicity associated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been a major focus in nanotoxicology. The Ag+ released from AgNPs may affect ecotoxicity, although whether the major toxic effect is governed by Ag+ ions or by AgNPs themselves is unclear. In the present study, we have examined the ecotoxicity of AgNPs in aq uatic organisms, silver ion-release kinetics of AgNPs, and their relationship. The 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) values for Daphnia magna of powder-type AgNP suspensions were 0.75 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.71–0.78) total Ag and 0.37 μg/L (95% CI = 0.36–0.38) dissolved Ag. For sol-type AgNP suspension, the 48-h EC50 values for D. magna were 7.98 μg/L (95% CI = 7.04–9.03) total Ag and 0.88 μg/L (95% CI = 0.80– 0.97) dissolved Ag. The EC50 values for the dissolved Ag of powder-type and sol-type AgNPs for D. magna showed similar results (0.37 μg/L and 0.88 μg/L) despite their differences of EC50 values in total Ag. We observed that the first-order rate constant (k) of Ag+ ions released from AgNPs was 0.0734/h at 0.05 mg/L total Ag at 22°C within 6 h. The kinetic experiments and the toxicity test showed that 36% and 11% of sol-type AgNPs were converted to the Ag+ ion form under oxidation conditions, respectively. Powder-type AgNPs showed 49% conversion rate of Ag+ ion from AgNPs. We also confirmed that Ag+ ion concentration in AgNP suspension reaches an equilibrium concentration after 48 h, which is an exposure time of the acute aquatic toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:155–159. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.717 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.717/abstract

%0 Conference Paper %A Lead, J. %D 2012 %T Fate and behaviour of silver nanoparticles in aquatic systems %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Silver nanoparticles are one of the most used nanoparticles types due to anti-bacterial properties and such usage inevitably leads to environmental discharge. However, both the nature and extent of silver nanoparticle exposure and hazard are poorly understood. This talk will particularly focus on the potential environmental transformations of nanoparticles, related to aggregation, oxidation, dissolution and the formation of nanoscale coatings of natural organic macromolecules (NOM). These processes will be examined in relation to nanoparticle properties (size, capping agent) and environmental conditions (concentration and nature of NOM, pH, ionic strength, presence of specific ions). Speculations on potential timescales and ultimate fates of the nanoparticles will be given. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 120 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %+ University of Birmingham / School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Scien. %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Lead, J. %D 2012 %T nanoBEE; a joint US–UK project to model exposure, bioavailability and toxicity of nanoparticlesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X This talk will give an overview of the nanoBEE project which aims overall to validate a set of exposure, bioavailability and toxicity models so that they are both scientifically valid and usable by regulators and industry. After the scene setting, the synthesis of size and surface coating selected silver nanoparticles will be discussed. Finally, the presentation will focus on the behaviour of these nanoparticles in toxicology media over suitable time periods which mimic standard exposure times. Dynamic changes in particle properties such as aggregation, oxidation, dissolution and surface changes will be examined as will the effects of media modification. Changes in dose and the nature of the toxicant in media will be highlighted and related to toxicity studies under the same media conditions. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 204 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Kwok, Kevin WH %A Auffan, Melanie %A Badireddy, Appala R. %A Nelson, Clay M %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Chilkoti, Ashutosh %A Liu, Jie %A Marinakos, Stella M. %A Hinton, David E %D 2012 %T Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Effect of coating materials %J Aquatic Toxicology %V 120-121 %P 59 - 66 %8 9/2012 %! Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Effect of coating materials %R 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.04.012 %X Silvernanoparticles (AgNPs) with antimicrobial properties are perhaps the most deployed engineered nanomaterials in consumer products. Almost all AgNPs are coated with organic materials to enhance their dispersion in water. Contributions of coatings to the toxicity of NPs have received little attention. Studies using AgNPs with one of three different coatingmaterials (citrate (Cit), gum arabic (GA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) showed significantly different toxicity. GA AgNP proved to be the most toxic, while PVP and Cit AgNP exhibited similar and lower toxicity. However, all AgNPs were about three to ten times less toxic than AgNO3 when their toxicities were compared on a mass-concentration basis. Evidence for NP-specific toxicity was observed with longer time for initiation of toxicity and increased incidence of resultant spinal flexure of medaka exposed to AgNPs, compared to AgNO3. Hyperspectral imaging of 6 μm paraffin sections of fish exposed to AgNPs revealed AgNPs and their aggregates in tissues of fish. Gill distribution was ubiquitous, while small amounts were found in other organs, including the liver and brain. AgNPs were observed regularly in the gut lumen, but rarely in mural elements and mesentery. These results suggest that while ingestion was common, gills were the principal sites of AgNP uptake. In conclusion, AgNPs is a source of toxic Ag ions, while itself contribute partially to its toxicity to fish, and which interact with skin surface and were taken up via the gills. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X12001567

%0 Journal Articlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Kumar, Prashant %A Kumar, Arun %A Lead, Jamie R. %D 2012 %T Nanoparticles in the Indian Environment: Known, Unknowns and Awareness %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7071-7072 %8 2012/07/03 %! Nanoparticles in the Indian Environment: Known, Unknowns and Awareness %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es302308h %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302308h http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es302308h %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Kumar, Niraj %A Shah, Vishal %A Walker, Virginia K. %D 2012 %T Influence of a nanoparticle mixture on an arctic soil community %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 131-135 %! Influence of a nanoparticle mixture on an arctic soil community %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.721 %K Mixed nanoparticles Arctic soil Microbial community Fatty acid analysis Genomic profile %X Interest is growing in understanding not only the impact of individual nanoparticles (NPs) on ecosystems but also the effect of NP mixtures. In the present study, the impact of a combination of three different NPs, silver, copper, and silica (all at 0.022%, w/w), on an arctic microbial community was investigated. After adding the NPs, soil microcosms were incubated for 176 d, and subsequent estimates of microbe diversity were obtained using culture-dependent and culture-independent assessments. The treated soil appeared to show a reduction in the ability to use carbohydrate and amino acid substrates and demonstrated an altered pattern of major fatty acid peaks. Polymerase chain reaction– denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed consistent differences in the pattern of predominant rRNA gene sequences. Although this is an initial investigation of soil contaminated with mixed NPs, these results demonstrate that even at the relatively modest concentrations used such pollutants have the potential to disrupt microbial communities. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:131–135. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.721 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.721/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Kulacki, K. J.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Cardinale, B. J. %A Keller, A. A. %A Bier, R. %A Dickson, H. %D 2012 %T How do stream organisms respond to, and influence, the concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles? A mesocosm study with algae and herbivores %J Environ Toxicol Chem %V 31 %N 10 %P 2414-22 %7 2012/08/01 %8 Oct %! How do stream organisms respond to, and influence, the concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles? A mesocosm study with algae and herbivores %Z Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC %@ 1552-8618 (Electronic) 0730-7268 (Linking) %R 10.1002/etc.1962 %M 22847763 %X The biologically active properties of many nanomaterials, coupled with their rapidly expanding production and use, has generated concern that certain types of nanoparticles could have unintended impacts when released into natural ecosystems. In the present study, the authors report the results of an experiment in which they grew three common species of stream algae as monocultures and together as polycultures in the biofilms of stream mesocosms that were exposed to 0, 0.1, or 1.0 ppm nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nTiO(2) ). The nTiO(2) did not alter the growth trajectory of any algal biofilm over 10+ generations. However, Ti accrual in biofilms not only differed among the algal species but was also higher in polycultures than in the average monoculture. Variation in accrual among species compositions was readily predicted by differences in the total biomass achieved by the different biofilms. When biofilms were fed to the herbivorous snail Physa acuta at the end of the experiment, initial concentrations of nTiO(2) did not alter short-term rates of herbivory. However, because of differences in palatability among the algae, biofilm composition influenced the amount of nTiO(2) that accumulated in the herbivore tissue. The results have important implications for understanding how efficiently nTiO(2) is removed from surface waters and the potential transfer of nanomaterials to higher trophic levels. %Z Kulacki, Konrad J Cardinale, Bradley J Keller, Arturo A Bier, Raven Dickson, Helen Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. United States Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Oct;31(10):2414-22. doi: 10.1002/etc.1962. Epub 2012 Aug 24. %U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.1962/abstract %+ Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA. kkulacki@umich.edu %W NLM %G eng

%0 Journal Article %A Kulacki, Konrad J. %A Cardinale, Bradley J. %D 2012 %T Effects of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Freshwater Algal Population Dynamicsfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J PLoS ONE %V 7 %N 10 %P e47130 %! Effects of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Freshwater Algal Population Dynamics %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0047130 %X <p>To make predictions about the possible effects of nanomaterials across environments and taxa, toxicity testing must incorporate not only a variety of organisms and endpoints, but also an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie nanoparticle toxicity. Here, we report the results of a laboratory experiment in which we examined how titanium dioxide nanoparticles impact the population dynamics and production of biomass across a range of freshwater algae. We exposed 10 of the most common species of North American freshwater pelagic algae (phytoplankton) to five increasing concentrations of n-TiO<sub>2</sub> (ranging from controls to 300 mg n-TiO<sub>2</sub> L<sup> -1</sup>). We then examined the effects of n-TiO<sub>2</sub> on the population growth rates and biomassproduction of each algal species over a period of 25 days. On average, increasing concentrations of nTiO<sub>2</sub> had no significant effects on algal growth rates (<italic>p</italic> = 0.376), even though there was considerable species-specific variation in responses. In contrast, exposure to n-TiO<sub>2</sub> tended to increase maximum biomass achieved by species in culture (<italic>p</italic> = 0.06). Results suggest that titanium dioxide nanoparticles could influence certain aspects of population growth of freshwater phytoplankton, though effects are unlikely at environmentally relevant concentrations.</p> %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047130 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468504/pdf/pone.0047130.pdf

%0 Journal Article %A Kong, Lingjun %A Zepp, Richard G. %D 2012 %T Production and consumption of reactive oxygen species by fullerenes %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 136-143 %! Production and consumption of reactive oxygen species by fullerenes %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.711 %K Buckminster fullerene Fullerenol Singlet oxygen Superoxide Hydroxyl radical %X Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the most important intermediates in chemical, photochemical, and biological processes. To understand the environmental exposure and toxicity of fullerenes better, the production and consumption of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) by Buckminster fullerene (C60) and fullerenol were investigated in aqueous systems. Fullerenol exhibits higher photoproduction efficiency of singlet oxygen and superoxide than aqueous suspensions of C60 aggregates (aqu/nC60), and this higher efficiency results in higher steady-state concentrations of these two ROS. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that the C60 molecules in aqu/nC60 are much more closely packed than the C60 cages in fullerenol. These observations provide additional evidence that the lower ROS production efficiency of aqu/nC60 is attributable primarily to efficient self-quenching of C60 triplet states. Production of singlet oxygen by aqu/nC60 is accelerated by increasing oxygen concentration and in part is sensitized by fluorescent photoproducts that accumulate during irradiation. The fullerenes react slowly with singlet oxygen (second-order rate constant <4 × 105 M-1 s-1), but react rapidly with hydroxyl radicals (second-order rate constants of 5.4 × 109 and 4 × 108 M-1 s-1 for aqu/nC60 and fullerenol, respectively). These results show that environmental conditions, including light exposure and oxygen concentration, have thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] potential to impact the generation of toxic ROS by fullerenes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:136–143. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.711 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.711/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Klaine, Stephen J. %A Koelmans, Albert A. %A Horne, Nina %A Carley, Stephen %A Handy, Richard D. %A Kapustka, Larry %A Nowack, Bernd %A von der Kammer, Frank %D 2012 %T Paradigms to assess the environmental impact of manufactured nanomaterials %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 3-14 %! Paradigms to assess the environmental impact of manufactured nanomaterials %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.733 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.733 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.733/abstract http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/etc.733/asset/733_ftp.pdf? v=1&t=hhrzmopt&s=6e10f920f8d74c0cd571be133c4c72c180ef266f

%0 Journal Article %A Kiser, Mehlika A. %A Ladner, David A. %A Hristovski, Kiril D. %A Westerhoff, Paul K. %D 2012 %T Nanomaterial Transformation and Association with Fresh and Freeze-Dried Wastewater Activated Sludge: Implications for Testing Protocol and Environmental Fate %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7046-7053 %8 2012/07/03 %! Nanomaterial Transformation and Association with Fresh and Freeze-Dried Wastewater Activated Sludge: Implications for Testing Protocol and Environmental Fate %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300339x %X Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are an emerging class of contaminants entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and standardized testing protocols are needed by industry and regulators to assess the potential removal of ENMs during wastewater treatment. A United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard method(OPPTS 835.1110) for estimating soluble pollutant removal during wastewater treatment using freeze-dried, heattreated (FDH) activated sludge (AS) has been recently proposed for p redicting ENM fate in WWTPs. This study is thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] first to evaluate the use of FDH AS in batch experiments for quantifying ENM removal from wastewater. While soluble pollutants sorbed equally to fresh and FDH AS, fullerene, silver, gold, and polystyrene nanoparticles? removals with FDH AS were approximately 60?100% less than their removals with fresh AS. Unlike fresh AS, FDH AS had a high concentration of proteins and other soluble organics in the liquid phase, an indication of bacterial membrane disintegration due to freeze-drying and heat exposure. This cellular matter stabilized ENMs such that they were poorly removed by FDH AS. Therefore, FDH AS is not a suitable sorbent for estimating nanoparticle removal in WWTPs, whereas fresh AS has been shown to reasonably predict full-scale performance for titanium removal. This study indicates that natural or engineered processes (e.g., anaerobic digestion, biosolids decomposition in soils) that result in cellular degradation and matrices rich in surfactant-like materials (natural organic matter, proteins, phospholipids, etc.) may transform nanoparticle surfaces and significantly alter their fate in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300339x http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es300339x %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A King, Stephen M. %A Jarvie, Helen P. %D 2012 %T Exploring How Organic Matter Controls Structural Transformations in Natural Aquatic Nanocolloidal Dispersions %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6959-6967 %8 2012/07/03 %! Exploring How Organic Matter Controls Structural Transformations in Natural Aquatic Nanocolloidal Dispersions %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2034087 %X The response of the dispersion nanostructure of surface river bed sediment to the controlled removal and readdition of natural organic matter (NOM), in the absence and presence of background electrolyte, was examined using the technique of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Partial NOM removal induced aggregation of the mineral particles, but more extensive NOM removal restored colloidal stability. When peat humic acid (PHA) was added to a NOM-deficient sediment concentration-related structural transformations were observed: at 255 mg/L PHA aggregation of the nanocolloid was actually enhanced, but at 380 mg/L PHA disaggregation and colloidal stability were promoted. The addition of 2 mM CaCl2 induced mild aggregation in the native sediment but not in sediments with added PHA, suggesting that the native NOM and the PHA respond differently to changes in ionic strength. A first attempt at using SANS to directly characterize the thickness and coverage of an adsorbed PHA layer in a natural nanocolloid is also presented. The results are discussed in the context of a hierarchical aquatic colloidal nanostructure, and the implications for contemporary studies of the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in sustaining the transport of colloidal iron in upland catchments. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2034087 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2034087 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Kim, Hye-Jin %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Tilton, Robert D. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2012 %T Effect of kaolinite, silica fines and pH on transport of polymer-modified zero valent iron nano-particles infile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] heterogeneous porous media %J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science %V 370 %N 1 %P 1 - 10 %8 3/2012 %! Effect of kaolinite, silica fines and pH on transport of polymer-modified zero valent iron nano-particles in heterogeneous porous media %R 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.059 %X Polymer coatings on nano-sized remediation agents and subsurface heterogeneity will affect their transport, likely in a pH-dependent manner. The effect of pH on the aggregation of polymer-coated nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) and its deposition onto sand and clay (kaolinite) surfaces was studied. nZVI coatings included a high molecular weight(90 kg/mol) strong polyanion, poly(methacrylic acid)-b-(methy methacrylate)-b-(styrenesulfonate) (PMAA-PMMAPSS) and a low molecular weight (2.5 kg/mol) weak polyanion, polyaspartate. Aggregation and deposition increased with decreasing pH for both polyelectrolytes. The extent was greater for the low MW polyaspartate coated nZVI. Enhanced deposition at lower pH was indicated because the elutability of polyaspartate-modified hematite (which did not aggregate) also decreased at lower pH. The greater deposition onto clay minerals compared to similar sized silica fines is attributed to charge heterogeneity on clay mineral surfaces, which is sensitive to pH. Heteroaggregation between kaolinite particles and nZVI over the pH range 6-8 confirmed this assertion. Excess unadsorbed polyelectrolyte in solution (100mg/L) enhanced the transport of modified nZVI by minimizing aggregation and deposition onto sand and clay. These results indicate that site physical and chemical heterogeneity must be considered when designing an nZVI emplacement strategy. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979711015487

%0 Journal Article %A Kim, Bojeong %A Murayama, Mitsuhiro %A Colman, Benjamin P. %A Hochella, Michael F. %D 2012 %T Characterization and environmental implications of nano- and larger TiO2 particles in sewage sludge, and soils amended with sewage sludge %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 14 %N 4 %P 1128-1136 %9 10.1039/C2EM10809G %! Characterization and environmental implications of nano- and larger TiO2 particles in sewage sludge, and soils amended with sewage sludge %@ 1464-0325 %R 10.1039/C2EM10809G %X Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most extensively used engineered nanoparticle to date, yet its fate in the soilenvironment has been investigated only rarely and is poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted two fieldscale investigations to better describe TiO2 nano- and larger particles in their most likely route of entry into the environment, i.e., the application of biosolids to soils. We particularly concentrated on the particles in the nano-size regime due to their novel and commercially useful properties. First, we analyzed three sewage sludge products from the US EPA TNSSS sampling inventory for the occurrence, qualitative abundance, and nature of TiO2 nano- and larger particles by using analytical scanning electron microscopy and analytical (scanning) transmission electron microscopy. Nano- and larger particles of TiO2 were repeatedly identified across the sewage sludge types tested, providing strong evidence of their likely concentration in sewage sludge products. The TiO2 particles identified were as small as 40 nm, and as large as 300 nm, having faceted shapes with the rutile crystal structure, and they typically formed small, loosely packed aggregates. Second, we examined surface soils in mesocosms that had been amendedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] with Ag nanoparticle-spiked biosolids for the occurrence of TiO2 particles. An aggregate of TiO2 nanoparticles with the rutile structure was again identified, but this time TiO2 nanoparticles were found to contain Ag on their surfaces. This suggests that TiO2 nanoparticles from biosolids can interact with toxic trace metals that would then enter the environment as a soil amendment. Therefore, the long-term behavior of TiO2 nano- and larger particles in sewage sludge materials as well as their impacts in the soil environment need to be carefully considered. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2EM10809G

%0 Conference Paper %A Kennedy, A.J. %A Hull, M. %A Vikesland, P. %A Chappell, M. %A Hill, F. %A Laird, J. %A Stanley, J. %A Poda, A. %A Bednar, A. %A Steevens, J. %D 2012 %T Gaining a critical mass: considering alternative nanomaterial dose metrics and mitigating factors for whole organisms %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X If engineered nanoparticles contaminate environmental media at toxicologically relevant levels, risk assessors will require an easy to implement dosimetry standard that is predictive of effects on traditional, population level effect endpoints. Increasing evidence suggests the mass-only toxicity paradigm inadequately standardizes the implications of nanoparticles to eco-receptors. While we continue to rely on mass measurement, since direct analytical determination of particle properties at low concentration is less convenient or unavailable, mass-based conversions to other dose metrics should be considered in the interim. In this presentation, we review several dose metric calculations for nanosilver such as particle size, number, total dispersion surface area, particle number density and the dissolved fraction. Mass-based dosimetry resulted in divergent lethal median concentrations, indicating size dependent toxicity of nanosilver (20 – 100 nm) to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. Total surface area, however, better standardized observed toxicity. Examination of dose metric efficacy with increased environmental complexity suggested the total surface area metric was confounded by various factors (particle polydispersity, dissolved organic matter, UV light, ionic strength), resulting in under- or over-prediction of toxicity, depending on the factor. Nanosilver is characteristically much less toxic in environmentally relevant conditions compared to pristine laboratory media. Thus, just as water quality criteria for dissolved metals are scaled to water hardness, nanoparticle toxicity thresholds need adjustment for mitigating factors. Further, computational chemistry predicts temporal instability of citrate functional groups on nanosilver, resulting in oxidation and ion release. Empirical data indicating that the dissolved fraction and toxicity of nanosilver suspensions increases over time supports this prediction. Thus, in some cases total surface area dose metrics may co-vary with direct causes of toxicity, such as ion release from dispersions of smaller (but higher total surface area) nanosilver particles. Relating novel dose metrics to nanosilver toxicity may be impractical for dispersions with high dissolved fractions in which ions will dominate toxicity, as confirmed by similar mass-based LC50 values between particle suspensions and supernatants of the same suspension. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP187file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Keller, Arturo A. %A Garner, Kendra %A Miller, Robert J. %A Lenihan, Hunter S. %D 2012 %T Toxicity of Nano-Zero Valent Iron to Freshwater and Marine Organisms %J PLoS ONE %V 7 %N 8 %P e43983 %! Toxicity of Nano-Zero Valent Iron to Freshwater and Marine Organisms %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0043983%X <p>We tested whether three commercial forms (uncoated, organic coating, and iron oxide coating) of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) are toxic to freshwater and marine organisms, specifically three species of marine phytoplankton, one species of freshwater phytoplankton, and a freshwater zooplankton species (<italic>Daphnia magna</italic>), because these organisms may be exposed downstream of where nZVI is applied to remediate polluted soil. The aggregation and reactivity of the three types of nZVI varied considerably, which was reflected in their toxicity. Since levels of Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> increase as the nZVI react, we also evaluated their toxicity independently. All four phytoplankton species displayed decreasing population growth rates, and <italic>Daphnia magna</italic> showed increasing mortality, in response to increasing levels of nZVI, and to a lesser degree with increasing Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>. All forms of nZVI aggregated in soil and water, especially in the presence of a high concentration of calcium ions in groundwater, thus reducing their transports through the environment. However, uncoated nZVI aggregated extremely rapidly, thus vastly reducing the probability of environmental transport and potential for toxicity. This information can be used to design a risk management strategy to arrest the transport of injected nZVI beyond the intended remediation area, by injecting inert calcium salts as a barrier to transport.</p> %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043983 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431385/pdf/pone.0043983.pdf

%0 Journal Article %A Judy, Jonathan D. %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Rao, William %A Wirick, Sue %A Bertsch, Paul M. %D 2012 %T Bioavailability of Gold Nanomaterials to Plants: Importance of Particle Size and Surface Coating %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 15 %P 8467 - 8474 %8 08/2012 %! Bioavailability of Gold Nanomaterials to Plants: Importance of Particle Size and Surface Coating %R 10.1021/es3019397 %X We used the model organisms Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi (tobacco) and Triticum aestivum (wheat) to investigate plant uptake of 10-, 30-, and 50-nm diameter Au manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) coated with eitherfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] tannate (T-MNMs) or citrate (C-MNMs). Primary particle size, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electrophoretic mobility measurements, respectively. Plants were exposed to NPs hydroponically for 3 or 7 days for wheat and tobacco, respectively. Volume averaged Au concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry (ICP-MS). Spatial distribution of Au in tissue samples was determined using laser ablation ICP-MS (LAICP-MS) and scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy (μXRF). Both C-MNMs and T-MNMs of each size treatment bioaccumulated in tobacco, but no bioaccumulation of MNMs was observed for any treatment in wheat. These results indicate that MNMs of a wide range of size and with different surface chemistries are bioavailable to plants, provide mechanistic information regarding the role of cell wall pores in plant uptake of MNMs, and raise questions about the importance of plant species to MNM bioaccumulation.

%0 Conference Paper %A Jefferson, B. %A Martin, B. %A Pawlett, M. %A Dorey, R. %A Rocks, S. %A Ritz, K. %A J., Harris %D 2012 %T Comparison of the fate and impact of dissolved and nanoparticle metals on sewage treatment and biosolids production %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Manufactured nanomaterials are increasingly used in consumer products with a large proportion discharged to wastewater treatment facilitiesleading to the potential transmission pathways into both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Recent estimates suggest that up to 90% of some nanomaterials may end up in sewage highlighting the importance of a clear understanding of their fate so that effective risk assessments can be developed. Whilst there is a growing intensity of studies on the topic information related to real sewages and the ageing effects of NP residence within sewage matrices remains limited. The proposed presentation will outline current activities as part of a joint UK-US consortium investigating the fate and impact of nanoparticles in sewage biosolids. Three identical pilot sewage treatment facilities have been set up to treat real raw sewage incorporating sedimentation, activated sludge, thickening, anaerobic digestion and dewatering processes to mimic the processes most likely to be encountered. A mixture of titanium, silver and zinc nanoparticles are being dosed into both the primary sludge and the activated sludge components prior to mixing and biolsolids production in anaerobic digestion and dewatering. One of the other identical lines is dosed with an equivalent concentration of dissolved metals to ascertain any NP specific effects and the final line is operated without dosing as a control. All plants are operated under standard conditions and were stabilised for three sludge ages prior to start of analysis. Comparison of the partitioning rates into the final bio-solid product revealed that in the case of titanium and zinc less total metal associated with the biosolids in the NP dosed line compared to the metal salt dosed line. In contrast, in the case of silver more of the total metal content associated to the sludge in the NP dosed line. No statistical difference between NP dosed and metal salt dosed lines could be observed in terms of organics removal, nitrification, solids destruction, biogas generation although difference in the microbial community within the NP dosed lines were apparent. Current work is fractionating the different liquid streams across the treatment lines to establish the colloidal banding of the metals and this data will also be presented. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 202 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G Englishfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Jassby, David %A Budarz, Jeffrey Farner %A Wiesner, Mark %D 2012 %T Impact of Aggregate Size and Structure on the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6934-6941 %8 2012/07/03 %! Impact of Aggregate Size and Structure on the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es202009h %X Aggregation of photocatalytic semiconductors was determined to reduce the generation of free hydroxyl radicals in aqueous suspensions in a fashion dependent on aggregate size and structure. Static light scattering measurements were used to follow temporal changes in the fractal dimension of aggregating TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles. At length scales comparable to nanoparticle size, the structure of aggregated TiO2 nanoparticles was independent of particle stability and the associated aggregation rate, consistent with the fused nature of TiO2 primary particles in the initial suspension. In contrast, ZnO aggregates were characterized by smaller fractal dimensions when ionic strength, and the resulting aggregation rate, were increased. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO and TiO2 in generating free hydroxyl radicals varied with aggregate structure and size, consistent with theory that predicts reduced reactivity as aggregates become larger and more dense. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202009h http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es202009h %[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Paper %A Jafvert, C.T %A Milani, S. Beigzadeh %A Fairbrother, D.H. %A Bitter, J.L. %A Filley, T.R. %A Berry, T. %A Gibson, C. %D 2012 %T Photochemical and Fungal Transformations of Carbon Nanotubes in the Environment %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Transformations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the environment are likely to be dominated by abiotic oxidative and extracellular microbial processes. Consequently, we are investigating photochemical and fungal mediated transformations of CNTs, both individually and sequentially. Types of CNTs investigated include pristine (unfunctionalized) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) from Carbon Solutions (AP and P2) and from SouthWest Nano Technologies (SG-65); and functionalized singlewalled nanotubes from Carbon Solutions (P3 and P7). Also studied are SG-65 nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes from NanoLab Inc that have been functionalized by acid treatment and further purified to remove metal catalysts (used in their preparation). Initial results indicate the recalcitrance of unfunctionalized SWCNTs to both solar light (after weeks) and fungal reactions. When suspended in water and exposed to solar spectrum light, both carboxylated and PEGylated SWCNTs produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Singlet oxygen and superoxide anion have been detected from these two SWCNTs. Fungal species, Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum are currently being investigated for toxicity responses to the suite of CNTs in this study and show impeded growth in culture media when exposed to some unpurified CNTs. Because reaction may lead to further oxidation of carboxyl carbon, the rate of CO2 evolution is being assessed in both sunlightfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] irradiated samples and CNT preparations exposed to white and brown rot-type wood decay fungi. As a result of exposure to 254 nm light (a positive control for potential product identification), flocculation was observed for oxidized MWCNTs and SWNTs over a range of pH values (4-10), although their ability to resist aggregation was enhanced as the pH and the degree of CNT surface oxygen increased. The rate of photo-induced aggregation wasfound to depend linearly on the photon flux. Collectively, these observations are consistent with the idea that photodecarboxylation of the oxidized CNTs is responsible for the effects of UV-irradiation. This hypothesis is currently being tested by using XPS in conjunction with chemical derivatization to assay the change in oxygen concentration and functional group distributions induced by photolysis in both the UVC and solar regions. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 117; Purdue University, Johns Hopkins University %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Hull, M. %A Kennedy, A. J. %A Detzel, C. %A Vikesland, P. %A Chappell, M. A. %D 2012 %T Moving beyond Mass: The Unmet Need to Consider Dose Metrics in Environmental Nanotoxicology Studies %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 20 %P 10881 - 10882 %8 10/2012 %! Moving beyond Mass: The Unmet Need to Consider Dose Metrics in Environmental Nanotoxicology Studies %R 10.1021/es3035285 %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es3035285

%0 Journal Article %A Hou, L. %A Li, K. %A Ding, Y. %A Li, Y. %A Chen, J. %A Wu, X. %A Li, X. %D 2012 %T Removal of silver nanoparticles in simulated wastewater treatment processes and its impact on COD and NH(4) reduction %J Chemosphere %V 87 %N 3 %P 248-52 %8 Apr %! Removal of silver nanoparticles in simulated wastewater treatment processes and its impact on COD and NH(4) reduction %Z Chemosphere %@ 1879-1298 (Electronic) 0045-6535 (Linking)file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %R 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.042 %M 22245077 %K Ammonia/analysis/*chemistry Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis Metal Nanoparticles/analysis/*chemistry Sewage/chemistry Silver/analysis/*chemistry Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/*chemistry %X The increasing utilization of silver nanoparticles in industrial and consumer products has raised concern to wastewater treatment utilities due to its antimicrobial activity. In this work, the removal of citrate stabilized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) during the wastewater treatment processes and its impact on treatment performance were examined. During simulated primary clarification, over 90% of the Ag-NPs remained in the wastewater, indicating that the majority of silver nanoparticles in sewage would enter the subsequent treatment units. During sequencing batch reactor processes, silver nanoparticles were effectively removed in each cycle throughout the 15-d experimental duration. Continuous input of silver nanoparticles into the wastewater did not significantly alter chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. NH(4) removal was reduced at the beginning of the SBR experiment but quickly recovered at the later stage of the experiment. This study demonstrated that in the near future it is unlikely that citrate-stabilized Ag-NPs released into sewage will cause significant adversary effects on the COD and NH(4) removal of activated sludge processes in municipal wastewater treatment plants. %Z Hou, Linlin Li, Kaiyang Ding, Yuanzhao Li, Yan Chen, Jian Wu, Xiaolei Li, Xiqing

eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2012/01/17 06:00 Chemosphere. 2012 Apr;87(3):248-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.042. Epub 2012 Jan 14. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245077 %+ Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.

%0 Journal Article %A Horst, AllisonM %A Ji, Zhaoxia %A Holden, PatriciaA %D 2012 %T Nanoparticle dispersion in environmentally relevant culture media: a TiO2 case study and considerations for a general approach %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 8 %P 1-14 %8 2012/07/14 %! Nanoparticle dispersion in environmentally relevant culture media: a TiO2 case study and considerations for a general approach %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %R 10.1007/s11051-012-1014-2 %] 1014 %K Nanoparticle Dispersion Agglomeration Toxicity Dynamic light scattering TiO2 %Z UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1014-2 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-1014-2 %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Hoque, E. %A Fischer, J. %A Hintelmann, H. %A Metcalfe, C.D. %D 2012 %T Carbon nanotubes as a sorbent for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of silver nanoparticles prior to analysis by ICP-MS %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Because of its antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles or nanosilver (nAg) are widely used in consumer products, such as textiles, personal care products, food containers, laundry detergents and home appliances. It is likely that nAg is discharged with wastewater from municipal and industrial sources into aquatic ecosystems. Hence, it is important to develop analytical methods to extract, preconcentrate and quantify nAg in samples of water and wastewater. In this study, we used carbon nanotubes (CNT) as a sorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) to extract nAg, and then analyzed the extracts by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The CNT surface has a strong interaction with other molecules or atoms because of its hexagonal arrays of carbon atoms in graphene sheet structure. Different types of CNTs, including NH2 and COOH functionalized material are being investigated as the solid phase. Preliminary data using a CNT-NH2 based SPE system shows that this sorbent can extract both polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and citrate capped nAg (50 nm) and dissolved Ag (dAg) from water using a 50 mL sample volume (10 ng/mL) and 5 mL of 5% HNO3 for elution. Under these conditions, the concentration enhancement factor and % recovery are 4.7 ± 0.3 (n = 5) and 55.4 ± 3.3 (n = 5), respectively. Further optimization of SPE parameters is being carried out to improve % recovery of nAg from aqueous sample. Centrifugal filtration with 3 KDa molecular weight cut-off cellulose based filter isolates nAg from its dAg fraction effectively. Developed analytical methodologies employing CNT based SPE, centrifugal filtration and ICP-MS will be utilized to investigate the fate of nAg in aquatic mesocosms as part of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS project in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) of Ontario, Canada. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP260, Trent University %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Hischier, Roland %A Walser, Tobias %D 2012 %T Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: State of the art and strategies to overcome existing gaps %J Science of The Total Environmentfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 425 %N 0 %P 271-282 %8 5/15/ %! Life cycle assessment of engineered nanomaterials: State of the art and strategies to overcome existing gaps %@ 0048-9697 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.001 %K Life Cycle Assessment LCA Engineered nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes Nanocomposite %X The use of engineered nanomaterials offers advantages as well as disadvantages from a sustainability perspective. It is important to identify such points as early as possible in order to be able to build on existing strengths, while counteracting disadvantages. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a suitable method to assess the environmental performance of a product or process. But so far studies applying LCA to the area of nanotechnology have been scarce. One reason might be that the LCA framework has a whole list of issues that need further precision in order to be applicable to nanotechnologies: system boundaries and a functional unit have to be chosen in a way that allows one to do a comparison of equal functionalities; adequate and comprehensive life cycle inventory data for engineered nanomaterials are the key on the level of inventory analysis; and the impact assessment step requires a clear definition of the degree of detail on the level of nanoparticle emissions. The LCA studies existing thus far in the area of nanotechnology have barely begun to cover all these aspects. Thus, in order to improve the current situation, the authors propose to go ahead in each of the LCA stages as far as scientific advances allow. For the inventory modelling this means e.g. that comprehensive, transparently documented and quality ensured data of the most important engineered nanomaterials should be collected and made available in a widely-accepted format. Concerning nanoparticle emissions, as many parameters as possible have to be collected pertaining to the production, use, and the disposal phase of these engineered nanomaterials. Furthermore, on the level of impact assessment, relevant physical characteristics have to be identified for a toxicity assessment of nanoparticles and a consensus has to be found for a limited but sufficient number of independent parameters influencing toxicity to be collected. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969712003324 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0048969712003324/1-s2.0-S0048969712003324-main.pdf?_tid=6ba9a29c-d1fa-11e2-8d34- 00000aab0f27&acdnat=1370888605_389e0889fd3f3ed5bb4e7da0bc8fbb40

%0 Conference Paper %A Heideman, W. %A Bar-Ilan, O. %A Peterson, R. %A Pedersen, J. %A Robert, H. %D 2012 %T TiO2 Nanoparticle Exposure and Illumination During Zebrafish Development: Mortality at Parts per Billion Concentrations %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) can be activated by photons to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exposure to TiO2NPs and illumination has the potential to produce cumulative cellular damage. To test this, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) to two commercial TiO2NP preparations at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10,000 ng/ml over a 23-day period. This short period spans all of embryogenesis, larval development, and metamorphosis into the juvenile/ adult body plan. During this exposure, some groups of exposed fish were also illuminated with a metal halide lamp that simulates solar irradiation below the surface of shallow water. TiO2NP exposure produced significant mortality at 1 ng/ml. As expected, this toxicity was photo-dependent. The LC50 values for the two TiO2NP preparations were 14 ng/mL (95% CI: 0-400), and 268 ng/mL (95% CI: 50-2803). Toxicity included stunted growth,file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] delayed metamorphosis, malformations, organ pathology, and DNA damage. TiO2NPs were found in the gills and gut, and elsewhere. Toxic responses were observed in gills, liver, and skin—where exposure to TiO2NPs is highest. The two preparations differed in particle diameter (12.1 ± 3.7 nm and 23.3 ± 9.8 nm), but produced aggregates in the 1 μm range, and both were taken up to approximately the same extent, in a dose-dependent manner. Illuminated particles produced a time-and dose-dependent increase in 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts, consistent with cumulative ROS damage. Zebrafish take up TiO2NPs from the aqueous environment even at low ng/ml concentrations, and these particles, when illuminated in the violet-near UV range produce cumulative toxicity. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 118 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Hanna, S.K. %A Miller, R.J. %A Lenihan, H.S. %D 2012 %T Fate, transport, and toxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials in a soft-sediment estuarine system %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) often possess unique physicochemical properties compared with their larger counterparts and are being incorporated into commercial and industrial products at an accelerating pace. Rising production and use of these products will lead to increased environmental release, exposure, and possible accumulation of ENMs in estuarine and marine sediments. We examined the fate, transport, and toxicity of three prevalent metal oxide ENMs, zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and nickel oxide (NiO) in estuarine microcosms containing amphipods, Leptocheirus plumulosus, as a means of estimating potential impacts of ENM exposure on an ecologically and toxicologically relevant species. Amphipods are important prey for a number of different species and are essential in sediment mixing in coastal environments. We exposed amphipods to concentrations of ENMs ranging from 100 to 2000 mg kg-1 in sediment for 10 days. We determined amphipod mortality and collected surviving amphipods as well as water and sediment samples to determine the fate and transport of the ENMs. Mortality of amphipods increased with increasing ZnO and CuO ENM concentrations but we found no similar relationship for NiO ENMs. The LC50 of ZnO and CuO ENMs were 770 and 870 mg L-1 respectively, which is comparable with that of ionic Zn found in a previous study but higher than expected for Cu. Amphipods exposed to higher concentrations of ZnO, CuO, and NiO ENMs in sediment accumulated greater amounts of Zn, Cu, and Ni, but had higher concentrations of Cu than any other metal tested. Zn, Cu, and Ni concentrations in pore water and overlying water samples also increased with increasing ENM concentrations. We found up to nine times more Zn in water samples than Cu or Ni, suggesting that ZnO ENMs dissolve more rapidly than the others. We conclude that dissolution of ENMs is the main factor contributing to toxicity in L. plumulosus but that amphipods accumulate dissolved as well as particulate metals, suggesting possible exposure pathways to higher taxa.

%Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP199 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Handy, Richard D. %A Cornelis, Geert %A Fernandes, Teresa %A Tsyusko, Olga %A Decho, Alanfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Sabo-Attwood, Tara %A Metcalfe, Chris %A Steevens, Jeffery A. %A Klaine, Stephen J. %A Koelmans, Albert A. %A Horne, Nina %D 2012 %T Ecotoxicity test methods for engineered nanomaterials: Practical experiences and recommendations from the bench %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 15-31 %! Ecotoxicity test methods for engineered nanomaterials: Practical experiences and recommendations from the bench %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.706 %K Nanoparticle Ecotoxicity test method Validation Bioaccumulation %X Ecotoxicology research is using many methods for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), but the collective experience from researchers has not been documented. This paper reports the practical issues for working with ENMs and suggests nano-specific modifications to protocols. The review considers generic practical issues, as well as specific issues for aquatic tests, marine grazers, soil organisms, and bioaccumulation studies. Current procedures for cleaning glassware are adequate, but electrodes are problematic. The maintenance of exposure concentration is challenging, but can be achieved with some ENMs. The need to characterize the media during experiments is identified, but rapid analytical methods are not available to do this. The use of sonication and natural/synthetic dispersants are discussed. Nano-specific biological endpoints may be developed for a tiered monitoring scheme to diagnose ENM exposure or effect. A case study of the algal growth test highlights many small deviations in current regulatory test protocols that are allowed (shaking, lighting, mixing methods), but these should be standardized for ENMs. Invertebrate (Daphnia) tests should account for mechanical toxicity of ENMs. Fish tests should consider semistatic exposure to minimize wastewater and animal husbandry. The inclusion of a benthic test is recommended for the base set of ecotoxicity tests with ENMs. The sensitivity of soil tests needs to be increased for ENMs and shortened for logistics reasons; improvements include using Caenorhabditis elegans, aquatic media, and metabolism endpoints in the plant growth tests. The existing bioaccumulation tests are conceptually flawed and require considerable modification, or a new test, to work for ENMs. Overall, most methodologies need some amendments, and recommendations are made to assist researchers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:15–31. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.706 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.706/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Griffitt, Robert J. %A Brown-Peterson, Nancy J. %A Savin, Daniel A. %A Manning, C. Steve %A Boube, Idrissa %A Ryan, R. A. %A Brouwer, Marius %D 2012 %T Effects of chronic nanoparticulate silver exposure to adult and juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 31 %N 1 %P 160-167 %! Effects of chronic nanoparticulate silver exposure to adult and juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.709 %K Nanoparticle Nanosilver Nanotoxicity Sheepshead minnow %X The use of nanoparticulate silver (AgNP) is increasingly widespread and recently has been shown to have a plausible release route into aquatic environments. To date, relatively little research has examined the effects of AgNP on estuarine fish. The authors present data indicating that chronic exposure to low levels of AgNP induces significant adverse effects in both juvenile and adult sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegarus; SHMs). Chronic exposure to low levels of AgNP produced significant increases in tissue burdens in both juvenile and adult SHMs, resulting in significant thickening of epithelia gill tissue and in dramatically altered gene expression profiles. The results do not appear to be attributable to the release of silver ions through particle dissolution. The alteration in gene expression was greatest in adult gonads, but no evidence of AgNP-related dysfunction was found at the tissue level. In contrast, the authors found a significant effect on gill morphology, but very little evidence of effect on gill transcription profiles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:160–167. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.709 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.709/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Grieger, Khara D. %A Laurent, Alexis %A Miseljic, Mirko %A Christensen, Frans %A Baun, Anders %A Olsen, Stig I. %D 2012 %T Analysis of current research addressing complementary use of life-cycle assessment and risk assessment for engineered nanomaterials: have lessons been learned from previous experience with chemicals? %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 7 %! Analysis of current research addressing complementary use of life-cycle assessment and risk assessment for engineered nanomaterials: have lessons been learned from previous experience with chemicals? %@ 1388-0764 1572-896X %R 10.1007/s11051-012-0958-6 %U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-0958-6

%0 Journal Article %A Gondikas, Andreas P. %A Morris, Amanda %A Reinsch, Brian C. %A Marinakos, Stella M. %A Lowry, Gregory V.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Hsu-Kim, Heileen %D 2012 %T Cysteine-Induced Modifications of Zero-valent Silver Nanomaterials: Implications for Particle Surface Chemistry, Aggregation, Dissolution, and Silver Speciation %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7037-7045 %8 2012/07/03 %! Cysteine-Induced Modifications of Zero-valent Silver Nanomaterials: Implications for Particle Surface Chemistry, Aggregation, Dissolution, and Silver Speciation %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es3001757 %X The persistence of silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments and their subsequent impact on organisms dependson key transformation processes, which include aggregation, dissolution, and surface modifications by metalcomplexing ligands. Here, we studied how cysteine, an amino acid representative of thiol ligands that bind monovalent silver, can alter the surface chemistry, aggregation, and dissolution of zero-valent silver nanoparticles. We compared nanoparticles synthesized with two coatings, citrate and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP), and prepared nanoparticle suspensions (approximately 8 ?M total Ag) containing an excess of cysteine (400 ?M). Within 48 h, up to 47% of the silver had dissolved, as indicated by filtration of the samples with a 0.025-?m filter. Initial dissolution rates were calculated from the increase of dissolved silver concentration when particles were exposed to cysteine and normalized to the available surface area of nanoparticles in solution. In general, the rates of dissolution were almost 3 times faster for citrate-coated nanoparticles relative to PVP-coated nanoparticles. Rates tended to be slower in solutions with higher ionic strength in which the nanoparticles were aggregating. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis of the particles suggested that cysteine adsorbed to silver nanoparticles surfaces through the formation of Ag(+I)?sulfhydryl bonds. Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of modifications by sulfhydryl-containing ligands that can drastically influence the long-term reactivity of silver nanoparticles in the aquatic environment and their bioavailability to exposed organisms. Our findings demonstrate the need to consider multiple interlinked transformation processes when assessing the bioavailability, environmental risks, and safety of nanoparticles, particularly in the presence of metal-binding ligands. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3001757 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es3001757 %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Glenn, J. Brad %A White, Sarah A. %A Klaine, Stephen J. %D 2012 %T Interactions of gold nanoparticles with freshwater aquatic macrophytes are size and species dependent %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 194-201 %! Interactions of gold nanoparticles with freshwater aquatic macrophytes are size and species dependent %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.728 %K Nanoparticle Aquatic macrophyte Trophic transfer Gold Sorptionfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %X The partitioning of 4- and 18-nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to aquatic macrophytes was investigated in vivo with exposure suspension in well water. Three morphologically distinct aquatic macrophytes were studied. Myriophyllum simulans Orch. and Egeria densa Planch. are submerged aquatic vascular plants, whereas Azolla caroliniana Willd. is a free-floating aquatic fern. Because aquatic plants absorb the majority of their nutrients from the water column, it is logical to hypothesize that they may absorb nanomaterials in suspension, potentially facilitating trophic transfer. Each plant was exposed to two different-sized gold nanospheres at a nominal concentration of 250 μg/L AuNPs for 24 h. Macrophytes were harvested at six time points (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h), dried, and then analyzed for gold concentration via inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Concentrations were normalized to whole-plant dry tissue mass. The present study shows that absorption of AuNPs through root uptake was size and species dependent. Electron microscopy revealed that 4- and 18-nm AuNPs adsorbed to the roots of each species. Root tissue was sectioned, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that 4-nm and 18-nm AuNPs were absorbed by A. caroliniana, whereas only 4-nm AuNPs were absorbed by M. simulans. Egeria densa did not absorb AuNPs of either size. Gold nanoparticles were confirmed in tissue by using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Absorption of AuNPs by plants may be a function of the salinity tolerance of each species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:194– 201. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.728 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.728/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Gavankar, Sheetal %A Suh, Sangwon %A Keller, ArturoF %D 2012 %T Life cycle assessment at nanoscale: review and recommendations %J The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment %V 17 %N 3 %P 295-303 %8 2012/03/01 %! Life cycle assessment at nanoscale: review and recommendations %Z Int J Life Cycle Assess %@ 0948-3349 %R 10.1007/s11367-011-0368-5 %K LCA of engineered nanomaterials LCI of engineered nanomaterials LCIA of engineered nanomaterials Nanomaterial fate Transport Toxicity %Z UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-011-0368-5 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11367-011-0368-5 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Gao, Jie %A Llaneza, Veronica %A Youn, Sejin %A Silvera-Batista, Carlos A. %A Ziegler, Kirk J.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Bonzongo, Jean-Claude J. %D 2012 %T Aqueous suspension methods of carbon-based nanomaterials and biological effects on model aquatic organisms %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 210-214 %! Aqueous suspension methods of carbon-based nanomaterials and biological effects on model aquatic organisms %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.704 %K Fullerene Single-walled carbon nanotube Dispersing agents Nanotoxicity %X The preparation of aqueous suspensions of carbon-based nanomaterials (NMs) requires the use of dispersing agents to overcome their hydrophobic character. Although studies on the toxicity of NMs have focused primarily on linking the characteristics of particles to biological responses, the role of dispersing agents has been overlooked. This study assessed the biological effects of a number of commonly used dispersing agents on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Ceriodaphnia dubia as model test organisms. The results show that for a given organism, NM toxicity can be mitigated by use of nontoxic surfactants, and that a multispecies approach is necessary to account for the sensitivity of different organisms. In addition to the intrinsic physicochemical properties of NMs, exposure studies should take into account the effects of used dispersing fluids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:210–214. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.704 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.704/abstract

%0 Conference Paper %A Galloway, T.S. %A Dogra, S. %A Larner, F. %A Dybowska, A. %A Valsami Jones, E. %A Rehkamper, M. %A Lead, J. %A Stohlpe, B. %A Tyler, C. %D 2012 %T Tracing bioavailability of metal oxide nanoparticles using stable isotope labeling %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Metal oxide nanomaterials have a wide range of uses in industrial applications and consumer products, and there is a pressing need for risk assessments for human and environmental health. For many metals, high background concentrations in natural systems hinder the interpretation of exposure studies at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations. Aim: To study the bioaccumulation and biological effects of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in a model invertebrate test species, using stable isotope tracing methods with high detection sensitivities. Methods: The amphipod Corophium volutator (mud shrimp) is an OECD test species and constituent of the marine food web. 68ZnO NPs were synthesised using wet chemistry. We exposed C. volutator in simple microcosms to DEG- 68ZnO NPs (diam 30nm), and 68ZnO in bulk and soluble forms for 10 days, and evaluated the partitioning of particles/ionic Zn between water column, sediment and body tissues. Coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), TEM and EDX helped establish the uptake and tissue distribution of particles in situ. Multiple collector ICP-MS was used to evaluate the Zn isotopic ratios in samples. Results: Our results show that uptake of 68Zn from particles into storage tissues of the organism is active, and appears to proceed through normal physiological processes. Comparable work with 109Agfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] is underway and we will also present our latest results with this material. Conclusions: Our work illustrates the sensitivity of stable isotope tracking for studying nanoparticles in complex environmental settings and offers insight into the biological methods used to detoxify metal oxides and NPs in vivo. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 206 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Gaiser, Birgit K. %A Fernandes, Teresa F. %A Jepson, Mark A. %A Lead, Jamie R. %A Tyler, Charles R. %A Baalousha, Mohammed %A Biswas, Anamika %A Britton, Graham J. %A Cole, Paula A. %A Johnston, Blair D. %A Ju-Nam, Yon %A Rosenkranz, Philipp %A Scown, Tessa M. %A Stone, Vicki %D 2012 %T Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 144-154 %! Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.703 %K Nanoparticles Nanotoxicology In vitro toxicology Aquatic toxicology Metal toxicity %X An increasing number and quantity of manufactured nanoparticles are entering the environment as the diversity of their applications increases, and this will lead to the exposure of both humans and wildlife. However, little is known regarding their potential health effects. We compared the potential biological effects of silver (Ag; nominally 35 and 600–1,600 nm) and cerium dioxide (CeO2; nominally <25 nm and 1–5 μm) particles in a range of cell (human hepatocyte and intestinal and fish hepatocyte) and animal (Daphnia magna, Cyprinus carpio) models to assess possible commonalities in toxicity across taxa. A variety of analytical techniques were employed to characterize the particles and investigate their biological uptake. Silver particles were more toxic than CeO2 in all test systems, and an equivalent mass dose of Ag nanoparticles was more toxic than larger micro-sized material. Cellular uptake of all materials tested was shown in C3A hepatocytes and Caco-2 intestinal cells, and for Ag, into the intestine, liver, gallbladder, and gills of carp exposed via the water. The commonalities in toxicity of these particle types across diverse biological systems suggest that cross-species extrapolations may be possible for metal nanoparticle test development in the future. Our findings also suggest transport of particles through the gastrointestinal barrier, which is likely to be an important uptake route when assessing particle risk. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:144–154. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.703 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.703/abstractfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Fvd, Kammer %A PL, Ferguson %A PA, Holden %A A, Masion %A KR, Rogers %A Klaine, SJ %A Koelmans AA %A Horne, M %A Unrine, JM %D 2012 %T Analysis of Engineered Nanomaterials in Complex Matrices (Environment & Biota): General Considerations Considerations and Conceptual Case Studies %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %P 32-49 %! Analysis of Engineered Nanomaterials in Complex Matrices (Environment & Biota): General Considerations Considerations and Conceptual Case Studies

%0 Conference Paper %A Furtado, L. %A E.Hoque %A Hintelmann, H. %A Metcalfe, C.D. %D 2012 %T Environmental fate of silver nanoparticles in littoral mesocosms %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in textiles and in medical applications for their antimicrobial properties. There is concern that AgNPs will be released from these products and enter aquatic ecosystems via municipal and industrial wastewaters, and these discharges will put aquatic organisms at risk. In order to accurately define these risks, the environmental fate of AgNPs once they enter a freshwater ecosystem must be understood. AgNPs discharged into water can remain as isolated particles, aggregate with other particles (homo-aggregation) or with suspended particulates (hetero-aggregation) and/or release dissolved silver (e.g. Ag+). These chemical transformations will dictate the environmental fate and resulting ecological risks associated with release of these contaminants of emerging concern. However, there are currently few analytical methods that can be used to characterize both the size and the form of AgNPs in aquatic matrixes. In laboratory experiments, we refined “cloud point extraction” as a technique to pre-concentrate AgNPs suspended in water. Using this method, we extracted AgNPs capped with different agents at efficiencies >75%, while not extracting dissolved silver present in the water. Studies are currently underway to determine whether extracted AgNPs retain their size characteristics. This cloud point extraction technique as well as ultra-filtration are being used to characterize the transformations and distribution of AgNPs in mesocosms deployed in a natural lake environment as part of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS) project in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) of northwestern Ontario. Twelve littoral mesocosms (2 m diameters x 2 m depth) were installed in Lake 239 at ELA to evaluate the fate of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) versus citrate capped AgNPs. After sample processing using both ultrafiltration and cloud point extraction, water samples are being analyzed by ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of silver in both dissolved form and nanoform. The results from this study will be presented and related to assessments of the risks associated with the release of AgNPs into the aquatic environment. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract MP272 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdffile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Fisichella, Matthieu %A Berenguer, Frederic %A Steinmetz, Gerard %A Auffan, Melanie %A Rose, Jerome %A Prat, Odette %D 2012 %T Intestinal toxicity evaluation of TiO2 degraded surface-treated nanoparticles: a combined physico-chemical and toxicogenomics approach in caco-2 cells %J Particle and Fibre Toxicology %V 9 %N 1 %P 18 %8 2012 %! Intestinal toxicity evaluation of TiO2 degraded surface-treated nanoparticles: a combined physico-chemical and toxicogenomics approach in caco-2 cells %R 10.1186/1743-8977-9-18 %X BACKGROUND: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used due to their specific properties, like UV filters in sunscreen. In that particular case TiO2 NPs are surface modified to avoid photocatalytic effects. These surface-treated nanoparticles (STNPs) spread in the environment and might release NPs as degradation residues. Indeed, degradation by the environment (exposure to UV, water and air contact ...) will occur and could profoundly alter the physicochemical properties of STNPs such as chemistry, size, shape, surface structure and dispersion that are important parameters for toxicity. Although the toxicity of surface unmodified TiO2 NPs has been documented, nothing was done about degraded TiO2 STNPs which are the most likely to be encountered in environment. The superoxide production by aged STNPs suspensions was tested and compared to surface unmodified TiO2 NPs. We investigated the possible toxicity of commercialized STNPs, degraded by environmental conditions, on human intestinal epithelial cells. STNPs sizes and shape were characterized and viability tests were performed on Caco-2 cells exposed to STNPs. The exposed cells were imaged with SEM and STNPs internalization was researched by TEM. Gene expression microarray analyses were performed to look for potential changes in cellular functions. RESULTS: The production of reactive oxygen species was detected with surface unmodified TiO2 NPs but not with STNPs or their residues. Through three different toxicity assays, the STNPs tested, which have a strong tendency to aggregate in complex media, showed no toxic effect in Caco-2 cells after exposures to STNPs up to 100 μg/mL over 4 h, 24 h and 72 h. The cell morphology remained intact, attested by SEM, and internalization of STNPs was not seen by TEM. Moreover gene expression analysis using pangenomic oligomicroarrays (4x 44000 genes) did not show any change versus unexposed cells after exposure to 10 μg/ mL, which is much higher than potential environmental concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: TiO2 STNPs, degraded or not, are not harmful to Caco-2 cells and are unlikely to penetrate the body via oral route. It is likely that the strong persistence of the aluminium hydroxide layer surrounding these nanoparticles protects the cells from a direct contact with the potentially phototoxic TiO2 core. %U http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/pdf/1743-8977-9-18.pdf

%0 Conference Paper %A Fischer, J. %A Hoque, E. %A Metcalfe, C.D. %A Hintelmann, H. %D 2012 %T A Comparison of Passive Sampling Devices for Dissolved and Nanoform Silver in the Aquatic Environmentfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X The use of silver nanoparticles in consumer products, industrial applications and health care technology is rapidly growing, due to their high catalytic activity and strong bactericidal properties. With such widespread usage, their inadvertent release into the environment is unavoidable. Since the majority of silver nanoparticles in consumer products enter sewer systems and then are potentially released through waste-water treatment plants, assessments of environmental impacts are primarily focused on exposures to silver in water. It has been shown that ng/L concentrations of silver nanoparticles and dissolved silver can inhibit the growth of bacterial communities, and may be toxic to invertebrates and fish, but there are no currently available analytical techniques that can detect these low concentrations in aquatic matrixes. To move forward with an environmental risk assessment of silver nanoparticles, it is essential to develop pre-concentration techniques that can be used to quantify trace concentrations of silver in water in nanoform and in dissolved form. We developed and tested three types of passive samplers for the selective detection of dissolved silver and silver nanoparticles in aquatic environments, including Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film (DGT) probes using chelex and thiol resins, Chemcatcher devices using chelating and anionic sorption disks, and surfaces impregnated with carboxylic and amine functionalized carbon nanotubes. Experiments in the laboratory compared the uptake of citrate- and PVP-capped nanoparticles, and dissolved silver. Studies are currently underway to field test the most promising passive sampling devices in the Grand River watershed, which receives discharges from 26 waste-water treatment plants in the Kitchener-Waterloo region of Ontario and in mesocosms deployed in a lake in the Experimental Lakes Area of Ontario as part of the Lake Ecosystem Nanosilver (LENS) project. Optimizedtechniques with passive samplers will provide estimates of time-averaged concentrations in water and will preconcentrate the analytes to levels that can be detected using ICP-MS analysis. Results from laboratory experiments and field measurements will be presented and compared. This work is an important step for risk assessment of silver nanoparticles in the environment. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP259 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Engeman, Cassandra D %A Baumgartner, Lynn %A Carr, Benjamin M %A Fish, Allison M %A Meyerhofer, John D %A Satterfield, Terre A %A Holden, Patricia A %A Harthorn, Barbara Herr %D 2012 %T Governance implications of nanomaterials companies’ inconsistent risk perceptions and safety practices %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 3 %P 1-12 %8 2012/02/09 %! Governance implications of nanomaterials companies’ inconsistent risk perceptions and safety practices %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764 %R 10.1007/s11051-012-0749-0 %] 749 %K Environmental health and safety (EH&S) practices Risk perception Regulationfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Government guidance Worker safety %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0749-0 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-0749-0 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Eckelman, Matthew J. %A Mauter, Meagan S. %A Isaacs, Jacqueline A. %A Elimelech, Menachem %D 2012 %T New Perspectives on Nanomaterial Aquatic Ecotoxicity: Production Impacts Exceed Direct Exposure Impacts for Carbon Nanotoubes %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 5 %P 2902-2910 %8 2012/03/06 %! New Perspectives on Nanomaterial Aquatic Ecotoxicity: Production Impacts Exceed Direct Exposure Impacts for Carbon Nanotoubes %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es203409a %X Environmental impacts due to engineered nanomaterials arise both from releases of the nanomaterials themselves as well as from their synthesis. In this work, we employ the USEtox model to quantify and compare aquatic ecotoxicity impacts over the life cycle of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). USEtox is an integrated multimedia fate, transport,and toxicity model covering large classes of organic and inorganic substances. This work evaluates the impacts of nonCNT emissions from three methods of synthesis (arc ablation, CVD, and HiPco), and compares these to the modeled ecotoxicity of CNTs released to the environment. Parameters for evaluating CNT ecotoxicity are bounded by a highly conservative ?worst case? scenario and a ?realistic? scenario that draws from existing literature on CNT fate, transport, and ecotoxicity. The results indicate that the ecotoxicity impacts of nanomaterial production processes are roughly equivalent to the ecotoxicity of CNT releases under the unrealistic worst case scenario, while exceeding the results of the realistic scenario by 3 orders of magnitude. Ecotoxicity from production processes is dominated by emissions of metals from electricity generation. Uncertainty exists for both production and release stages, and is modeled using a combination of Monte Carlo simulation and scenario analysis. The results of this analysis underscore the contributions of existing work on CNT fate and transport, as well as the importance of life cycle considerations in allocating time and resources toward research on mitigating the impacts of novel materials. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203409a http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203409a %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Doudrick, Kyle %A Herckes, Pierre %A Westerhoff, Paul %D 2012 %T Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices Using Programmed Thermal Analysis %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 22file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %P 12246-12253 %8 2012/11/20 %! Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices Using Programmed Thermal Analysis %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es300804f %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es300804f %[2013/12/31

%0 Journal Article %A Dotson, Aaron %A Westerhoff, Paul %D 2012 %T Character and Treatment of Organic Colloids in Challenging and Impacted Drinking Water Sources %J Journal of Environmental Engineering %V 138 %N 4 %P 393-401 %! Character and Treatment of Organic Colloids in Challenging and Impacted Drinking Water Sources %@ 0733-9372 1943-7870 %R 10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000489

%0 Journal Article %A Diagne, Fatou %A Malaisamy, Ramamoorthy %A Boddie, Vic %A Holbrook, R. David %A Eribo, Broderick %A Jones, Kimberly L. %D 2012 %T Polyelectrolyte and Silver Nanoparticle Modification of Microfiltration Membranes To Mitigate Organic and Bacterial Fouling %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 7 %P 4025 - 4033 %8 04/2012 %! Polyelectrolyte and Silver Nanoparticle Modification of Microfiltration Membranes To Mitigate Organic and Bacterial Fouling %R 10.1021/es203945v %X Membrane fouling remains one of the most problematic issues surrounding membrane use in water and wastewater treatment applications. Organic and biological fouling contribute to irreversible fouling and flux decline in these processes. The aim of this study was to reduce both organic and biological fouling by modifying the surface of commercially available poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes using the polyelectrolyte multilayer modification method with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), and silver nanoparticles (nanoAg) integrated onto the surface as stable, thin (15 nm) films. PSS increases the hydrophilicity of the membrane and increases the negative surface charge, while integration of nanoAg into the top PSS layer imparts biocidal characteristics to the modified surface. Fouling was simulated by filtering aqueous solutions of humic acid (5 and 20 mg L–1), a suspension of Escherichia coli (106 colony-forming units (CFU) mL–1), and a mixture of both foulants through unmodified and modified PES membranes under batch conditions. Filtration and cleaning studies confirmedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] that the modification significantly reduced organic and biological fouling. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203945v

%0 Journal Article %A Das, Pranab %A Xenopoulos, Marguerite A. %A Williams, Clayton J. %A Hoque, Md Ehsanul %A Metcalfe, Chris D. %D 2012 %T Effects of silver nanoparticles on bacterial activity in natural waters %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 122-130 %! Effects of silver nanoparticles on bacterial activity in natural waters %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.716 %K Nanosilver Silver Nanomaterial Bacterial production Toxicity %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may be introduced into aquatic ecosystems because of their widespread use as antimicrobial agents. However, few studies have investigated the impacts of AgNPs on natural aquatic microbial activity in an environmentally relevant context. In this study, bacterioplankton were collected from nine aquatic habitats and exposed to six concentrations of carboxy-functionalized AgNP (ViveNano, 10-nm particle size, 20% Ag w/w) over 48 h. After 1 h of exposure, bacterial production and extracellular alkaline phosphatase affinity were significantly reduced in all AgNP-exposed samples. However, across a 48-h exposure, extracellular aminopeptidase affinity was not consistently impacted by AgNPs. After 48 h, bacterial production recovered by 40 to 250% at low AgNP nominal concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 mg/L) but remained inhibited at the two highest AgNP nominal concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L). In contrast, AgNO3 additions between 0.01 to 2 mg Ag/L fully inhibited bacterial production over the 48-h exposure. At 48-h exposure, the lowest observed effective concentrations and average median effective concentration for bacterial production ranged from 8 to 66 and 15 to 276 μg Ag/L, respectively. Thus, in natural aquatic systems, AgNP concentrations in the nanogram per liter range are unlikely to negatively impact aquatic biogeochemical cycles. Instead, exposures in the low microgram per liter range would likely be required to negatively impact natural aquatic bacterioplankton processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:122–130. © 2011 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.716 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.716/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Colman, Benjamin P. %A Wang, Si-Yi %A Auffan, Melanie %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Bernhardt, Emily S. %D 2012 %T Antimicrobial effects of commercial silver nanoparticles are attenuated in natural streamwater and sediment %J Ecotoxicology %V 21file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %N 7 %P 1867 - 1877 %8 10/2012 %! Antimicrobial effects of commercial silver nanoparticles are attenuated in natural streamwater and sediment %R 10.1007/s10646-012-0920-5 %X Given the demonstrated antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and the key role that microorganisms play in performing critical ecosystem functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling, there is growing concern that AgNP pollution may negatively impact ecosystems. We examined the response of streamwater and sediment microorganisms to commercially available 21 ± 17 nm AgNPs, and compared AgNP impacts to those of dissolved-Ag added as AgNO3. We show that in streamwater, AgNPs and AgNO3 decreased respiration in proportion to dissolved-Ag concentrations at the end of the incubation (r2 = 0.78), while in sediment the only measurable effect of AgNPs was a 14 % decrease in sulfate concentration. This contrasts with the stronger effects of dissolved-Ag additions in both streamwater and sediment. In streamwater, addition of dissolved-Ag at a level equivalent to the lowest AgNP dose led to respiration below detection, a 55 % drop in phosphatase enzyme activity, and a 10-fold increase in phosphate concentration. In sediment, AgNO3 addition at a level equivalent to the highest AgNP addition led to a 34 % decrease in respiration, a 55 % increase in microbial biomass, and a shift in bacterial community composition. The results of this study suggest that, in similar freshwater environments, the short-term biological impacts of AgNPs on microbes are attenuated by the physical and chemical properties of streamwater and sediment. %U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10646-012-0920-5

%0 Conference Paper %A Coleman, J.G. %A Kennedy, A.J. %A Laird, J.D. %A Bednar, A.J. %A Ranville, J.F. %A Harmon, A. %D 2012 %T Nano Particle Dispersion, Aggregation, and Bio-concentration within Whole Body and Target Organs of Aquatic Organisms %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X As the production and applications of nanomaterials increase, it is essential to characterize the fate, transport, and effects in environmental systems and ecological receptor organisms. Our objective was to investigate the impact and target location of military-relevant nanoparticles within fish (Pimephales promelas, Danio rerio) and worms (Lumbriculus variegates) following a direct, aquatic exposure. The present study utilized multiple detection instruments including single particle detection and field flow fractionation (FFF) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and CytoViva® hyperspectralmicroscopy to determine particle location, size, and concentration in treatments and target organs such as the gills, gut, and tissue. The extensive characterization techniques werecombined to assess potential for aggregation/dispersion within in vivo systems and detect target areas of bioconcentration. Treatment suspensions with various nanoparticles were created in serial dilutions of synthetic freshwater media with bath sonication (1 hour), P. promelas and D. rerio were exposed to 23 nm nano titanium dioxide (TiO2), 20-30 nm polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated nano silver, and 41 nm bovine serum albumin (BSA) nano gold for 96 hours at 25 ppm utilizing a continuous delivery system. Lumbriculus variegates (n=3) were exposed to 30 nm and 70 nm PVP coated silver for 24 hours at a 5 ppm concentration. Post exposure, L. variegates were depurated for 0, 8, 24, and 48 hours to assess relative gut residency time and potential to cross the digestive track into body tissue. In D. rerio and P. promelas, presence of nanoparticle aggregates was confirmed in the gut and gills of exposed fish. Particle retention in L. variegates up to 48 hours was confirmed with the single particle detection-FFF and ICP-MS; hyperspectral imaging detected PVP particles within the gut compartment and potential translocation across the gut lining into tissue. Additionally, FFF of the L. variegates suggested degradation of 70 nm PVP silver, resulting in a 50- 60 nm particle, potential degradation mechanisms are being investigated. The proposed research will aide infile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] determining bioaccumulation factors for nanomaterials within aquatic organisms and provide information about how these materials may enter the food chain through trophic transfer. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 95 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Cole, B. %A Miller, R.J. %A Martin, T. %A Nesbit, R. %A Lenihan, H. %A Cherr, G. %D 2012 %T Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Marine Phytoplankton %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Potential impacts of engineered nanomaterials on the marine environment are largely unknown. Determining what these impacts may be is a complicated endeavor that is made more difficult by the nearly limitless diversity in size,shape, and composition of nanomaterials. To determine these impacts we have examined the effects of long-term lowdose exposures of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials on marine phytoplankton. Phyoplankton are fundamental to assessing ocean health as they are the basis of most marine foodwebs, so even subtle changes in growth rates can have large outcomes when scaled up to population or ecosystem levels. Endpoints examined in this study were chosen with the aim of linking cellular targets of toxicity with population and ecosystem level effects so as to provide a broad scale perspective on this issue. We have adapted a suite of fluorescence based assays for cellular targets of cytotoxicity in two species of phytoplankton. These assays can be performed in high-content screens using a fluorescence plate reader, thus facilitating rapid and inexpensive examination of a large number of nanomaterials. Specific cytotoxicity targets include reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. Additionally we have determined the population growth rates and decreases in photosystem efficiency in phytoplankton exposed to nanomaterials. These data can be modeled using dynamic energy budgets to predict ecosystem-wide impacts. In combination these assays provide a framework for testing the environmental impacts of nanomaterials on marine phytoplankton across a broad yet interdependent range of scales. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 291 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Clark, Katherine %A Tongeren, Martie %A Christensen, FransM %A Brouwer, Derk %A Nowack, Bernd %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Micheletti, Christian %A Schmid, Kaspar %A Gerritsen, Rianda %A Aitken, Rob %A Vaquero, Celina %A Gkanis, Vasileios %A Housiadas, Christosfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Ipiña, JesúsMaríaLópez %A Riediker, Michael %D 2012 %T Limitations and information needs for engineered nanomaterial-specific exposure estimation and scenarios: recommendations for improved reporting practices %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 9 %P 1-14 %8 2012/08/31 %! Limitations and information needs for engineered nanomaterial-specific exposure estimation and scenarios: recommendations for improved reporting practices %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764 %R 10.1007/s11051-012-0970-x %] 970 %K Nanomaterials Exposure assessment Risk assessment Modeling REACH Environmental and health effects %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0970-x http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-012-0970-x %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Chowdhury, Indranil %A Cwiertny, David M. %A Walker, Sharon L. %D 2012 %T Combined Factors Influencing the Aggregation and Deposition of nano-TiO2 in the Presence of Humic Acid and Bacteria %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6968-6976 %8 2012/07/03 %! Combined Factors Influencing the Aggregation and Deposition of nano-TiO2 in the Presence of Humic Acid and Bacteria %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2034747 %X This study investigates the contributions of natural organic matter (NOM) and bacteria to the aggregation and deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) in aquatic environments. Transport experiments with TNPs were conducted in a microscopic parallel plate system and a macroscopic packed-bed column using fluorescently tagged E. coli as a model organism and Suwannee River Humic Acid as a representative NOM. Notably, TNPs were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate allowing particles and cells to be simultaneously visualized with a fluorescent microscope. Results from both experimental systems revealed that interactions among TNPs, NOM, and bacteria exhibited a significant dependence on solution chemistry (pH 5 and 7) and ion valence (K+ and Ca2+), and that these interactions subsequently affect TNPs deposition. NOM and E. coli significantly reduced deposition of TNPs, with NOM having a greater stabilizing influence than bacteria. Ca2+ ions played a significant role in these interactions, promoting formation of large clusters of TNPs, NOM, and bacteria. TNPs transport in the presence of both NOM and E. colifile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] resulted in much less deposition than in the presence of NOM or E. coli alone, indicating a complex combination of interactions involved in stabilization. Generally, over the aquatic conditions considered, the extent of TNPs deposition follows: without NOM or bacteria > with bacteria only > with NOM only > combined bacteria and NOM. This trend should allow better prediction of the fate of TNPs in complex aquatic systems. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2034747 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2034747 %[2013/03/26

%0 Conference Paper %A Choi, S. %A Eichhorn, J. %A Johnston, M.V. %A Huang, C. %D 2012 %T Qualification and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in municipal wastewater systems %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X In spite of the mass effort focused on the development of engineered nanopartices (ENPs), the amount of discharge into and the effect of ENPs on the environment are still yet to be known. This mainly can be attributed to the technical difficulties involved in the isolation and detection of ENPs in water and wastewater. This lack of technique for the study of free ENPs in wastewater treatment plants has prompted us to carry out the following investigation. The main focus of the research was on developing an appropriate methodology for detecting the distribution of engineered nano particles in municipal wastewater treatment systems. Sludge was sampled from various points in several regional municipal wastewater treatment facilities including the city of Wilmington, DE, Philadelphia, PA, Baltimore, MD, and Washington DC. The sludge samples, upon collection, were first cleaned using advanced oxidation process, by autoclaving in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, to remove the organic and biological constituents. The organic-free sludge samples were further cleaned using dialysis to remove salts. The remaining materials, mostly inorganic by nature, are further characterized for physical and chemical properties as to identify and quantifying the ENPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to gain information on the type, size, and chemical composition of the ENPs. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy (ICP-OES and ICP-MS) technique were used to identify and quantified the ENPs. Additionally, scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) coupled with LiquiScan NP nebulizer and condensation particle counter (CPC) was used to classify the particle size of ENPs. Results showed the presence of titanium, zinc, iron, and aluminum nanoparticles throughout the entire wastewater treatment systems, namely, secondary influents, aeration tank, secondary effluents and sludge. Concentration of metallic ENPs up to a level of 600 mg/kg -dried sludge was observed. Results also showed that the ENPs in the sludge had an average diameter of 10-20 nm and the particle size decreased with the degree of dilution with water indicating the aggregation nature of the ENPs in the sludge matrix. The number concentration also increased as the degree of dilution increased, which confirmed the destabilization of aggregates upon dilution. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 24 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G Englishfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Conference Paper %A Chen, Y. %A Capco, D. %A Chen, Z. %D 2012 %T Development of an In Vitro Test and a Prototype Model to Predict Cellular Penetration of Nanoparticles %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Concerns regarding the safety and health effects of engineered nanomaterials arise alongside the booming nanotechnology. This year, we investigated the toxicity mechanisms of selected nanoparticles (NPs) on a variety of organisms. 1) We examined the toxicity of metal oxide NPs to E. coli cells; the results showed that the cytotoxicity was quantitatively correlated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by NPs. The ROS generation mechanism was further elucidated by comparing the electronic structures of the metal oxides with the redox potentials of various ROS generation. 2) We tested the NP toxicity on Paramecium and found that surface interactions between NPs and cell surface largely affected the toxicity of metal oxide NPs to Paramecium. 3) The toxic effects of different sized hematite NPs on intestinal epithelia were examined and the results indicated that the epithelial integrity was affected by disruption of epithelial structures (e.g. apical microvilli) and cell-cell junctions. Epithelial integrity was also affected at the genetic level as shown by differential expression of genes related to cell junction maintenance, which was assessed by microarray analysis. 4) We explored the potential genotoxicity of NPs by investigating the interactions of NPs (e.g. quantum dots, hematite and silver NPs) with single DNA molecules using scanning probe techniques. DNA conformation was altered after the exposure to NPs with the formation of DNA condensates and DNA loops. The interaction energy between NPs and DNA molecules was computed, using the surface element integration (SEI) approach, to predict the affinity of NPs to DNA. The computational predictions agreed well with the binding phenomena observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This work should provide unique insights into the toxic effects of engineered nanomaterials at the cellular level and genetic level. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 18 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Chen, Gexin %A Liu, Xuyang %A Su, Chunming %D 2012 %T Distinct Effects of Humic Acid on Transport and Retention of TiO2 Rutile Nanoparticles in Saturated Sand Columns %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 7142-7150 %8 2012/07/03file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %! Distinct Effects of Humic Acid on Transport and Retention of TiO2 Rutile Nanoparticles in Saturated Sand Columns %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es204010g %X The distinct effects of humic acid (HA, 0?10 mg L?1) on the transport of titanium dioxide (rutile) nanoparticles (nTiO2) through saturated sand columns were observed under conditions of environmental relevance (ionic strength 3? 200 mM NaCl, pH 5.7 and 9.0). Specifically, the transport of nTiO2 was dramatically enhanced in the presence of HA at pH 5.7, even at a low HA concentration of 1 mg L?1. The mobility of nTiO2 was further increased with greater concentrations of HA. In contrast, this enhancement of the nTiO2 transportability due to the presence of HA was limited at pH 9.0 because of the negligible adsorption of HA onto nTiO2, regardless of the concentrations of HA examined in this study. The distinct effects can be explained by the adsorption behaviors of HA to nTiO2 and sand surfaces and the resulting interactions between nTiO2 and sand surfaces under different conditions, which resulted in a large variation of the nTiO2 transport and deposition behaviors at various conditions. In addition, theoretical interaction energy calculations and additional elution experiments indicate that the secondary energy minimum played an important role in controlling the nTiO2 transport and deposition in porous media observed in this study. Moreover, the interaction energy calculations suggest that at pH 5.7, HA affected nTiO2 transport by increasing the negative surface charge of nTiO2 at low HA adsorption densities; whereas, combinations of increased electrostatic and steric interactions due to the presence of HA were the main mechanisms of enhanced transportability of nTiO2 at high HA adsorption densities. Overall, results from this study suggest that natural organic matter and solution pH are likely key factors that govern the stability and mobility of nTiO2 in the natural aquatic environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204010g http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204010g %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Chang, Xiaojun %A Duncan, Laura K. %A Jinschek, Joerg %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2012 %T Alteration of nC60 in the Presence of Environmentally Relevant Carboxylates %J Langmuir %V 28 %N 20 %P 7622-7630 %8 2012/05/22 %! Alteration of nC60 in the Presence of Environmentally Relevant Carboxylates %@ 0743-7463 %R 10.1021/la3005272 %X C60 forms colloidally stable nanoscale particles (nC60) when mixed with water for extended periods. Past studies have shown that macromolecules such as natural organic matter (NOM) and proteins accelerate nC60 formation and stabilize the resulting nanoparticles. To better elucidate the mechanisms underlying this behavior, nC60 was produced via extended mixing in the presence of sodium citrate and other carboxylates. Carboxyl groups are a predominant functional group in many environmentally relevant macromolecules, thus studies examining carboxyl?C60 interactions are merited. nC60 produced in the presence of citrate (cit/nC60) and other carboxylates differs from nC60 produced in water alone (aq/nC60), exhibiting enhanced negative surface charge, smaller particle size, and different spectroscopic characteristics. Importantly, the simultaneous detection of irregular nC60 nanoparticles and small, regularly shaped nC60 suggests that mixing-mediated ?top-down? and carboxyl group-mediated ?bottom-up? processes occurconcurrently when nC60 is produced in the presence of carboxylates and, by extension, in the presence of carboxylatecontaining macromolecules. The ?bottom-up? process is expected to involve molecular C60 or small clusters of C60 molecules as an important intermediate. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la3005272file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la3005272 %[2013/03/25

%0 Report %A Carr, Bob %A Hole, Patrick %A Vincent, Philip %A Warren, Jeremy %A Malloy, Andrew %A Wright, Matthew %D 2012 %T The EU Definition of Nanomaterial – Potential Measurement Methodologies %C Minton Park, Amesbury, Wiltshire SP4 7RT, UK %I NanoSight Ltd %P 8 %8 May 2012 %! The EU Definition of Nanomaterial – Potential Measurement Methodologies %U http://www.nanosight.com/applications/eu-definition-of-nanomaterials %[March 29, 2013

%0 Journal Article %A Cardinale, Bradley J %A Bier, Raven %A Kwan, Courtney %D 2012 %T Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 8 %P 1-8 %8 2012/07/14 %! Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764 %R 10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6 %] 913 %K Titanium dioxide Nanomaterials Lakes Primary production Nanobiotechnology %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Cardinale, BradleyJ %A Bier, Raven %A Kwan, Courtneyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2012 %T Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 14 %N 8 %P 1-8 %8 2012/07/14 %! Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and metabolism of three species of freshwater algae %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764 %R 10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6 %] 913 %K Titanium dioxide Nanomaterials Lakes Primary production Nanobiotechnology %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0913-6 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Brown, Gordon E. %A Calas, Georges %D 2012 %T Mineral-Aqueous Solution Interfaces and Their Impact on the Environment %J Geochemical Perspectives %P 483 - 742 %8 10/2012 %! Mineral-Aqueous Solution Interfaces and Their Impact on the Environment %R 10.7185/geochempersp.1.4 %X This Perspective describes an area of geochemistry that involves minerals, their surfaces, and the interactions of these surfaces with water and the ions and molecules present in water, some of which, like arsenic, are highly toxic to organisms. The importance of these interactions, together with those between microorganisms and mineral surfaces, cannot be overestimated, for they control the composition of our natural environment and mitigate some of the anthropogenic perturbations that are changing our environment in ways that are often unpredictable and sometimes detrimental. Following overviews of our scientific careers to date, including acknowledgments of our former and current students and research collaborators, we highlight some of the scientific contributions of Victor Goldschmidt, Irving Langmuir, Linus Pauling, Konrad Krauskopf, Werner Stumm, and others that led directly or indirectly to the evolution of this field, recalling personal interactions with some of these pioneers. In all fields of science, advances are made when new experimental methods, new characterisation and computational tools, and new theories become available. The field of mineral-water interface geochemistry is no different and has advanced significantly over the past 30-40 years due to enormous changes in molecular-level experimental methods, particularly those involving the extremely intense X-ray sources known as synchrotrons, in digital computers, and in molecular-level theories. We (GBand GC) offer our perspectives on the development of synchrotron radiation sources and their applications to mineralwater interface processes, based on our personal experiences starting in the early days of these major user facilities. We discuss some of these new methods and theories and their applications to mineral-water interface processes through various examples. Because of the complexity of mineral-water interfaces, particularly in natural Earth surface environments, where natural organic matter and microorganisms play very important roles, we adopt a reductionist approach and consider simple model systems of increasing complexity in our quest to understand the chemical processes occurring at these interfaces at the molecular level. We start with a discussion of the acid-base chemistry of metal-oxide surfaces in contact with bulk water and empirical models of the electrical double layer (EDL) that is thought to develop at solid-water interfaces. We then consider experimental and theoretical studies of the EDL, whichfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] show that the classical Helmholtz-Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model is qualitatively correct. Following a story about some of the new, controversial research on the structure of water, we discuss (1) experimental and theoretical studies of the reaction of water with metal-oxide surfaces, (2) the structure of hydrated mineral surfaces, (3) the uptake of cations and anions on metal-oxide surfaces, (4) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of lead and arsenic adsorption complexes at mineral-water interfaces, (5) the adsorption of organic molecules at mineral-water interfaces, (6) the effect of organic and microbial biofilm coatings on the reactivity of mineral surfaces, and (7) the effect of particle size on the structure and properties of nanoparticles, using ferrihydrite as an example of a natural nanomineral and silver nanoparticles as an example of an engineered nanoparticle. In keeping with the spirit of Geochemical Perspectives, we interspersed personal experiences resulting from our involvement in most of these research areas. To put this in context we end by discussing selected applications of mineral-water interface geochemistry to environmental and Earth science problems, including (1) sorption reactions in real environmental systems that were anthropogenically perturbed, focusing on lead-polluted sites in the USA and France and As-polluted areas in southern Asia and France, (2) dissolution and weathering mechanisms of silicate minerals and zircon, (3) the interaction of aluminum with diatom surfaces, (4) the interactio of cobalt with manganese oxides, (5) the role of mineral-surface reactions in isotope fractionation, (6) the role of mineral surfaces in mineral- carbonation reactions, and (7) the surface chemistry associated with alteration of nuclear waste glasses. We finish with our thoughts on what has and has not been learned about mineral-water interface processes over the past 30 years and offer our opinions about some of the exciting research opportunities in this field that await the next generation of geochemists.

%0 Journal Article %A Bone, Audrey J. %A Colman, Benjamin P. %A Gondikas, Andreas P. %A Newton, Kim M. %A Harrold, Katherine H. %A Cory, Rose M. %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Klaine, Stephen J. %A Matson, Cole W. %A Di Giulio, Richard T. %D 2012 %T Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles: Part 2– Toxicity and Ag Speciation %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6925 - 6933 %8 07/2012 %! Biotic and Abiotic Interactions in Aquatic Microcosms Determine Fate and Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles: Part 2– Toxicity and Ag Speciation %R 10.1021/es204683m %X To study the effects of complex environmental media on silver nanoparticle (AgNP) toxicity, AgNPs were added to microcosms with freshwater sediments and two species of aquatic plants (Potamogeton diversifolius and Egeria densa), followed by toxicity testing with microcosm surface water. Microcosms were designed with four environmental matrices in order to determine the contribution of each environmental compartment to changes in toxicity: water only (W), water + sediment (WS), water + plants (WP), and water + plants + sediment (WPS). Silver treatments included AgNPs with two different coatings, gum arabic (GA-AgNPs) or polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP-AgNPs), as well as AgNO3. Water samples taken from the microcosms at 24 h postdosing were used in acute toxicity tests with two standard model organisms, early life stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Daphnia magna. Speciation of Ag in these samples was analyzed using Ag L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Silver speciation patterns for the nanoparticle treatments varied significantly by coating type. While PVP-AgNPs were quite stable and resisted transformation across all matrices (>92.4% Ag(0)), GA-AgNP speciation patterns suggest significantly higherfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] transformation rates, especially in treatments with plants (<69.2% and <58.8% Ag(0) in WP and WPS, respectively) and moderately increased transformation with sediments (<85.6% Ag(0)). Additionally, the presence of plants in the microcosms (with and without sediments) reduced both the concentration of Ag in the water column and toxicity for all Ag treatments. Reductions in toxicity may have been related to decreased water column concentrations as well as changes in the surface chemistry of the particles induced by organic substances released from the plants. %Z CEINT

%0 Conference Paper %A Bertsch, P.M %A McGrath, S. %A J.M. Unrin %A Tsyusko, O.V. %A Kabengi, N.J. %A McNear, D.M. %A Lowry, G.V. %A Casman, E. %A Wiesner, M. %A Liu, J. %A Neal, A. %A Jefferson, B. %A Dorey, R. %A Ritz, K. %A Harris, J. %A Rocks, S. %A Lofts, S. %A Spurgeon, D. %A Svendsen, C. %A Zhang, H. %D 2012 %T TINE: The fate, behavior, and ecotoxicology of manufactured nanomaterials in terrestrial ecosystems %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X We have developed a life cycle perspective inspired conceptual model (CM) that indicates terrestrial ecosystems as a major repository for ZnO, TiO2, and Ag manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) introduced via the land application of MNM-containing biosolids. In this project we are investigating the transport, fate, behavior, bioavailability, and effects of MNMs in(to) agroecosystems under environmentally realistic scenarios organized around three key hypotheses: Hypothesis (H1) Surface chemistry is the primary factor influencing the fate and transport of MNMs in the terrestrial environment as well as the bioavailability and effects to biological receptors; Hypothesis (H2) Once released to the environment, pristine MNM surfaces will be modified by interactions with organic and inorganic ligands (macromolecules) or via other bi ogeochemical transformations (aging effects forming a-MNMs); Hypothesis (H3) Ecoreceptors will respond to interactions with pristine metal and metal oxide MNMs, a-MNMs, and/or dissolved constituent metal ions and bulk oxides by specific ecological and toxicogenomic responses that will reflect their combined effects. The overall objectives are to: O1) Compare the transport, fate, behavior, bioavailability, and effects of MNMs, a- MNMs, and/or dissolved free metals/bulk oxides to organisms with key terrestrial ecosystem functions, as well as exposure pathways involving humans; O2) Determine MNM, surface modified MNM and a MNM interactions with important biological targets relevant to thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] BLM and pBRM models and relate these interactions to physicochemical properties; O3) Validate models with information generated from experiments designed to address O1 for MNMs introduced through a pilot scale Waste Water Treatment Process (WWTP) to key terrestrial ecoreceptors, including effects of MNMs on the WWTP itself; O4) Determine realistic MNM emission scenarios for Tier 1 MNMs in wastewater from the WWT pilot plant data and develop first generation Life-Cycle-Analysis-inspired Risk Assessment (LCA-RA) model components for terrestrial effects of Tier 1 MNMs and a-MNMS based on data generated in experiments designed to address O1, O2, & O3; and O5) Provide tools for in situ detection, monitoring, and characterization of pristine MNMs and a-MNMs in environmental media and biota. The key results from aging and toxicity studies will be presented. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract 200 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Belinga, M. %A Merrifield, R. %A Lead, J. %D 2012 %T Transport and chemistry of silver nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment Pilot Plant (Preliminary data) %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X Understanding the fate, behaviour and transportations of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in wastewater treatment plant is of great importance in today’s society due to concerns about potential human and environmental health. In this work, Ag-NPs were synthesised by reduction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydride and stabilised by citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or by poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol (PEG-SH). Ag-NPs have the average core diameter of 10 nm. A suspension of 500 ppb Ag-NPs was dispersed in OECD synthetic sewage used as feed for the system and their behaviour was investigated. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum showed a reduction of the peak height and a broadening of the peak at ca. 400 nm within 24 hours. With the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), a decreasing of the particle concentration of 45%, 42% and 20% for citrate, PEG and PVP coated Ag-NPs respectively, was observed within 24 hours after their dispersion in the media. Ag-NPs were dispersed into a wastewater treatment pilot plant and their physical and chemical transportation monitored. A multi-method approach was used and the results will be discussed. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP198 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Bandyopadhyay, Susmita %A Peralta-Videa, Jose R. %A Hernandez-Viezcas, Jose A. %A Montes, Milka O. %A Keller, Arturo A. %A Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L. %D 2012 %T Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods Applied to the Measurements of Nanoparticles in the Environment %J Applied Spectroscopy Reviews %V 47 %N 3file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %P 180-206 %8 2012/04/01 %! Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods Applied to the Measurements of Nanoparticles in the Environment %@ 0570-4928 %R 10.1080/05704928.2011.637186 %Z UC Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2011.637186 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Badireddy, Appala Raju %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Liu, Jie %D 2012 %T Detection, Characterization, and Abundance of Engineered Nanoparticles in Complex Waters by Hyperspectral Imagery with Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 18 %P 10081-10088 %8 2012/09/18 %! Detection, Characterization, and Abundance of Engineered Nanoparticles in Complex Waters by Hyperspectral Imagery with Enhanced Darkfield Microscopy %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es204140s %X We introduce a novel methodology based on hyperspectral imagery with enhanced Darkfield microscopy for detection, characterization, and analysis of engineered nanoparticles in both ultrapure water and in complex waters, such as simulated-wetland ecosystem water and wastewater. Hyperspectral imagery analysis of 12 different nanoparticle sample types, scattering the obliquely incident visible and near-infrared light (VNIR: 400?1000 nm) in an enhanced Darkfield background, showed that the sample information in terms of the spatial distribution as well as spectral characteristics unique to each nanoparticle types, at a sensitivity of single nanoparticle (size =10 nm) can be obtained. Hyperspectral imagery and Raman spectral analyses of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) revealed that the apparent hydrodynamic size of the particle increased while the primary size remained unchanged in the presence of coatings, which is further confirmed by dynamic light scattering measurements. Similar in size, AgNPs with different coatings exhibited similar spectral color (or peak position) but a red-shift in the peak positions by same amount relative to Bare AgNPs was observed. In conclusion, hyperspectral imagery with enhanced Darkfield microscopy can be a promising tool for detection and characterization of engineered nanoparticles in environmental systems, facilitating studies on fate and transformation of these particles in various types of water samples. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204140s http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204140s %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Auffan, Melanie %A Rose, Jerome %A Proux, Olivier %A Masion, Armand %A Liu, Wei %A Benameur, Laila %A Ziarelli, Fabiofile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Botta, Alain %A Chaneac, Corinne %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %D 2012 %T Is There a Trojan-Horse Effect during Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metalloid Cocontamination of Human Dermal Fibroblasts? %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 19 %P 10789 - 10796 %8 10/2012 %! Is There a Trojan-Horse Effect during Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metalloid Cocontamination of Human Dermal Fibroblasts? %R 10.1021/es302493s %X This study investigates the issue of nanoparticles/pollutants cocontamination. By combining viability assays, physicochemical and structural analysis (to probe the As speciation and valence), we assessed how γ Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles can affect the cytotoxicity, the intra- and extracellular speciation of As(III). Human dermal fibroblasts were contaminated with γ Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and As(III) considering two scenarios: (i) a simultaneous coinjection of the nanoparticles and As, and (ii) an injection of the nanoparticles after 24 h of As adsorption in water. In both scenarios, we did not notice significant changes on the nanoparticles surface charge (zeta potential ~ -10 mV) nor hydrodynamic diameters (~950 nm) after 24 h. We demonstrated that the coinjection of γ Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and As in the cellular media strongly affects the complexation of the intracellular As with thiol groups. This significantly increases at low doses the cytotoxicity of the As nonadsorbed at the surface of the nanoparticles. However, once As is adsorbed at the surface the desorption is very weak in the culture medium. This fraction of As strongly adsorbed at the surface is significantly less cytotoxic than As itself. On the basis of our data and the thermodynamics, we demonstrated that any disturbance of the biotransformation mechanisms by the nanoparticles (i.e., surface complexation of thiol groups with the iron atoms) is likely to be responsible for the increase of the As adverse effects at low doses. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es302493s

%0 Journal Article %A Auffan, M. %A Chaurand, P %A Botta, C %A Labille, J %A Masion, A %A Bottero, J.Y. %A Rose, J. %D 2012

%J Actualité Chimique %V 367-368 %P 59-62

%U http://www.lactualitechimique.org/larevue_article.php?cle=3019

%0 Journal Article %A Arnaout, Christina L. %A Gunsch, Claudia K. %D 2012 %T Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Coating on the Nitrification Potential of Nitrosomonas europaeafile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 10 %P 5387-5395 %8 May 15 %! Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Coating on the Nitrification Potential of Nitrosomonas europaea %Z Environmental science & technology %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es204540z %M 22533675 %K Cell Membrane/drug effects/ultrastructure Citric Acid/*chemistry Cysteine/pharmacology Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects Gene Silencing/drug effects Genes, Bacterial/genetics Gum Arabic/*chemistry Metal Nanoparticles/*chemistry/ultrastructure Microbial Viability/drug effects Nitrification/*drug effects Nitrites/analysis Nitrosomonas europaea/cytology/*drug effects/genetics/ultrastructure Povidone/*chemistry RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics Silver/*pharmacology Solubility/drug effects %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used as bacteriostatic agents to prevent microbial growth. AgNPs are manufactured with a variety of coatings, and their potential impacts on wastewater treatment in general are poorly understood. In the present study, Nitrosomonas europaea, a model ammonia oxidizing bacterium, was exposed to AgNPs with citrate, gum arabic (GA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). GA and citrate AgNPs inhibited nitrification most strongly (67.9 ± 3.6% and 91.4 ± 0.2%, respectively at 2 ppm). Our data indicate that Ag+ dissolution and colloid stability of AgNPs were the main factors in AgNP toxicity. In general, low amounts of dissolved Ag initially caused a post-transcriptional interruption of membrane-bound nitrifying enzyme function, reducing nitrification by 10% or more. A further increase in dissolved Ag resulted in heavy metal stress response (e.g., merA up-regulation) and ultimately led to membrane disruption. The highest effect on membrane disruption was observed for citrate AgNPs (64 ± 11% membranes compromised at 2 ppm), which had high colloidal stability. This study demonstrates that coating plays a very important role in determining Ag dissolution and ultimately toxicity to nitrifiers. More research is needed to characterize these parameters in complex growth media such as wastewater. %Z Arnaout, Christina L Gunsch, Claudia K

eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2012/04/27 06:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2012 May 15;46(10):5387-95. doi: 10.1021/es204540z. Epub 2012 May 4. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es204540z http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es204540z %+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States. %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Apul, Onur Guvenfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Shao, Ting %A Zhang, Shujuan %A Karanfil, Tanju %D 2012 %T Impact of carbon nanotube morphology on phenanthrene adsorption %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 31 %N 1 %P 73-78 %8 Jan %! Impact of carbon nanotube morphology on phenanthrene adsorption %Z Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.705 %M 22002628 %K Carbon nanotube Carbon nanotube diameter Morphology Naphtalene Phenanthrene %X The present study examined the roles of the specific surface area (SSA), diameter, and length of carbon nanotubes(CNT) on the adsorption of phenanthrene (PNT) by analyzing the adsorption isotherms obtained with several singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). At low equilibrium concentrations (e.g., 1 ppb), MWNTs with larger outer diameters exhibited higher PNT adsorption capacity on an SSA basis than those with smaller diameters. With increasing equilibrium concentration, adsorption on an SSA basis became independent of MWNT diameter, and the total surface area controlled maximum adsorption capacity. A similar analysis for the adsorption of naphthalene, a planar molecule with one less benzene ring but 20 times higher solubility than PNT, showed no correlation with respect to MWNT outer diameter. The results indicated that the surface curvature of MWNT was more important on the adsorption of PNT than on the adsorption of naphthalene. Specific surface area normalized isotherms did not show a correlation between PNT adsorption and lengths of SWNTs and MWNTs. Characterization results indicated that the morphology of CNTs plays an important role on the SSA and pore volume. Data from the manufacturer may not always represent the characteristics of CNTs in a particular batch. Therefore, accurate characterization of CNTs is critical to systematically examine the behavior of CNTs, such as adsorption and transport, in environmental systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:73–78. © 2011 SETAC %Z Apul, Onur Guven Shao, Ting Zhang, Shujuan Karanfil, Tanju

eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2011/10/18 06:00 Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Jan;31(1):73-8. doi: 10.1002/etc.705. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.705 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.705/abstract %+ Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina, USA.

%0 Conference Paper %A An, Y. %A Nam, S. %A Shin, Y. %A Yoon, S.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Lee, W. %A Kim, S. %A Kwak, J. %D 2012 %T Deriving guideline of gold nanoparticles to protect aquatic life %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California %X This study conducted a battery of bioassay for gold nanoparticles to derive guideline value to protect aquatic ecosystems. Test species were two bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis), one green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), three cladocerans (Daphnia magna, Moina macrocopa and Simocephalus mixtus), and two fish (Oryzias latipes and Danio rerio). Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) was estimated to be 0.04 mg/L for gold nanoparticles based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result to suggest water quality guideline value of gold nanoparticles to protect aquatic life. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF 2011-0015985). %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract RP143 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Conference Paper %A Alloy, M. %A Roberts, A. %D 2012 %T Photo-enhanced toxicity of nano-titanium dioxide (anatase) on freshwater zooplankton %B Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America (SETAC) 33rd Annual Meeting %C Long Beach, California%X Some engineered nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide have the potential to exert effects through photoenhanced toxicity, similar to that associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Titanium dioxide has been used for decades as a paint pigment, food coloring, sun screen, the active portion of self-cleaning surfaces, fog free mirrors, and in many more roles prior to the use of nano-scale TiO2 crystals. The first reports of TiO2 photocatalytically decomposing compounds in the aqueous phase by generating reactive oxygen species was reported in the late 1970s. Toxicology of nano TiO2 is not new, but few studies have looked at aquatic toxicity of nano TiO2 under exposure to UV light. The goals of this study were: (1) to determine if nano TiO2 was more toxic to aquatic organisms in the presence of UV light and (2) if toxicity followed patterns of reciprocity as previously described with PAHs, in outdoor microcosm exposure systems. An eight hour single exposure study using Daphnia magna adults as m odel organisms was performed to establish differences in immobility between exposures and controls under natural UV radiation. Fluoranthene, a well studied PAH phototoxicant, was used as a reference toxicant. After eight hours of natural light the organisms were removed from light exposure and immobility of thoracic appendages coupled with a lack of response to light stimulus was assessed. A significant difference in the endpoint was found between full UV and partial UV treatments (Tukey post hoc p< 0.01) and among TiO2 exposures (ANOVA F=23.54 p< 0.01 Tukey post hoc). We report that anatase nano TiO2 was photoxic under ambient solar UV in concentrations in the parts per billion range. %Z SETAC 2012 Abstract WP192 %U http://longbeach.setac.org/sites/default/files/SETAC-abstract-book-2012.pdf %G English

%0 Book %D 2012file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %T Nature's Nanostructures %I Pan Stanford Publishing %P 604 %Y Amanda S. Barnard (CSIRO, Australia), Haibo Guo %8 1/31/2012 %! Nature's Nanostructures %@ 9789814316828 %R 10.4032/9789814364218 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Zhou, W. W. %A Ding, L. %A Yang, S. %A Liu, J. %D 2011 %T Synthesis of High-Density, Large-Diameter, and Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Multiple-Cycle Growth Methods %J Acs Nano %V 5 %P 3849-3857 %8 May %! Synthesis of High-Density, Large-Diameter, and Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Multiple-Cycle Growth Methods %@ 1936-0851 %M ISI:000290826800052 %K arrays chemical-vapor-deposition circuit high density high-frequency performance horizontally aligned arrays interconnects large diameter quartz scale single-crystal quartz single-walled carbon nanotubes substrate transistors WATER %X A dense array of parallel single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as the device channel can carry higher current, be more robust, and have smaller device-to-device variation, thus Is more desirable for and compatible with applications In future highly integrated circuits when compared with single-tube devices. The density of the parallel SWNT arrays and the diameter of SWNTs both are key factors in the determination of the device performance. In this paper, we present a new multiple-cycle chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to synthesize horizontally aligned arrays of SWNTs with densities of 20-40 SWNT/mu m over large area and a diameter distribution of 2.4 +/- 0.5 nm on the quartz surface based on a methanol/ethanol CVD method. The high nucleation efficiency of catalyst particles In multiple-cycle CVD processes has been demonstrated to be the main reason for the improvements in the density of SWNT arrays. More Interestingly, we confirmed the existence of an etching effect, which strongly affects the final products in the multiple-cycle growth. This etching effect is likely the reason that only large-diameter SWNTs were obtained in the multiple-cycle CVD growth. Using these high-density and large-diameter nanotube arrays, two-file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] terminal devices with back-gates were fabricated. The performances of these devices have been greatly improved in overall resistance and on-state current, which indicates these SWNT arrays have high potential for applications such as interconnects, high-frequency devices, and high-current transistors in future micro- or nanoelectronics. %Z 767ADTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:40 %U <Go to ISI>://000290826800052

%0 Journal Article %A Zheng, Xiong %A Wu, Rui %A Chen, Yinguang %D 2011 %T Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles on Wastewater Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 7 %P 2826-2832 %8 2011/04/01 %! Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles on Wastewater Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2000744 %X With the increasing utilization of nanomaterials, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been reported to induce adverse effects on human health and aquatic organisms. However, the potential impacts of ZnO NPs on wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus removal with an activated sludge process are unknown. In this paper, short-term exposure experiments were conducted to determine whether ZnO NPs caused adverse impacts on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the unacclimated anaerobic-low dissolved oxygen sequencing batch reactor. Compared with the absence of ZnO NPs, the presence of 10 and 50 mg/L of ZnO NPs decreased total nitrogen removal efficiencies from 81.5% to 75.6% and 70.8%, respectively. The corresponding effluent phosphorus concentrations increased from nondetectable to 10.3 and 16.5 mg/L, respectively, which were higher than the influent phosphorus (9.8 mg/L), suggesting that higher concentration of ZnO NPs induced the loss of normal phosphorus removal. It was found that the inhibition of nitrogen and phosphorus removal induced by higher concentrations of ZnO NPs was due to the release of zinc ions from ZnO NPs dissolution and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which caused inhibitory effect on polyphosphate-accumulating organisms and decreased nitrate reductase, exopolyphosphatase, and polyphosphate kinase activities. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2000744 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Zheng, Xiong %A Chen, Yinguang %A Wu, Rui %D 2011 %T Long-Term Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater and Bacterial Community Shift in Activated Sludge %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 17 %P 7284-7290 %8 2011/09/01 %! Long-Term Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater and Bacterial Community Shift in Activated Sludgefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2008598 %X The expanding use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in a wide range of fields raises concerns about their potential environmental impacts. However, investigations of the potential effects of TiO2 NPs on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal and bacterial community in activated sludge are sparse. This study evaluated the influences of TiO2 NPs on biological nutrient removal in the anaerobic-low dissolved oxygen (0.15?0.50 mg/L) sequencing batch reactor. It was found that 1 and 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs had no acute effects on wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus removal after short-term exposure (1 day). However, 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs (higher than its environmentally relevant concentration) was observed to significantly decrease total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 80.3% to 24.4% after long-term exposure (70 days), whereas biological phosphorus removal was unaffected. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles showed that 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs obviously reduced the diversity of microbial community in activated sludge, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the abundance of nitrifying bacteria, especially ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, was highly decreased after long-term exposure to 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs, which was the main reason for the serious deterioration of ammonia oxidation. Further study revealed that 50 mg/L TiO2 NPs inhibited the activities of ammonia monooxygenase and nitrite oxidoreductase after long-term exposure, but had no significant impacts on the activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase, and the transformations of intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen, which were consistent with the observed influences of TiO2 NPs on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2008598 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Yin, L. Y. %A Cheng, Y. W. %A Espinasse, B. %A Colman, B. P. %A Auffan, M. %A Wiesner, M. %A Rose, J. %A Liu, J. %A Bernhardt, E. S. %D 2011 %T More than the Ions: The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %P 2360-2367 %8 Mar 15 %! More than the Ions: The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Lolium multiflorum %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000288146200046 %K cells engineered nanoparticles environment Exposure Oxidative stress Toxicity %X Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly used as antimicrobial additives in consumer products and may have adverse impacts on organisms when they inadvertently enter ecosystems. This study investigated the uptake and toxicity of AgNPs to the common grass, Lolium multiflorum. We found that root and shoot Ag content increased with increasing AgNP exposures. AgNPs inhibited seedling growth. While exposed to 40 mg L(-1) GA-coated AgNPs, seedlings failed to develop root hairs, had highly vacuolated and collapsed cortical cells and broken epidermis and rootcap. In contrast, seedlings exposed to identical concentrations of AgNO(3) or supernatants of ultracentrifugedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] AgNP solutions showed no such abnormalities. AgNP toxicity was influenced by total NP surface area with smaller AgNPs (6 nm) more strongly affecting growth than did similar concentrations of larger (25 nm) NPs for a given mass.Cysteine (which binds Ag(+)) mitigated the effects of AgNO(3) but did not reduce the toxicity of AgNP treatments. Xray spectro-microscopy documented silver speciation within exposed roots and suggested that silver is oxidized within plant tissues. Collectively, this study suggests that growth inhibition and cell damage can be directly attributed either to the nanoparticles themselves or to the ability of AgNPs to deliver dissolved Ag to critical biotic receptors. %Z 731YHTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:33 %U <Go to ISI>://000288146200046

%0 Journal Article %A Yan, Liang %A Zhao, Feng %A Li, Shoujian %A Hu, Zhongbo %A Zhao, Yuliang %D 2011 %T Low-toxic and safe nanomaterials by surface-chemical design, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and graphenes %J Nanoscale %V 3 %N 2 %P 362-382 %! Low-toxic and safe nanomaterials by surface-chemical design, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and graphenes %@ 2040-3364 %X The toxicity grade for a bulk material can be approximately determined by three factors (chemical composition,dose, and exposure route). However, for a nanomaterial it depends on more than ten factors. Interestingly, some nanofactors (like huge surface adsorbability, small size, etc.) that endow nanomaterials with new biomedical functions are also potential causes leading to toxicity or damage to the living organism. Is it possible to create safe nanomaterials if such a number of complicated factors need to be regulated? We herein try to find answers to this important question. We first discuss chemical processes that are applicable for nanosurface modifications, in order to improve biocompatibility, regulate ADME, and reduce the toxicity of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and graphenes). Then the biological/toxicological effects of surface-modified and unmodified carbon nanomaterials are comparatively discussed from two aspects: the lowered toxic responses or the enhanced biomedical functions. We summarize the eight biggest challenges in creating low-toxicity and safer nanomaterials and some significant topics of future research needs: to find out safer nanofactors; to establish controllable surface modifications and simpler chemistries for low-toxic nanomaterials; to explore the nanotoxicity mechanisms; to justify the validity of current toxicological theories in nanotoxicology; to create standardized nanomaterials for toxicity tests; to build theoretical models for cellular and molecular interactions of nanoparticles; and to establish systematical knowledge frameworks for nanotoxicology. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00647E http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/NR/c0nr00647e

%0 Journal Article %A Xiao, Yao %A Chae, Soryong %A Wiesner, Mark %D 2011 %T Quantification of Fullerene (C60) in Aqueous Samples and Use of C70 as Surrogate Standard %J Chemical ENgineering Journalfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 170 %P 555-561 %! Quantification of Fullerene (C60) in Aqueous Samples and Use of C70 as Surrogate Standard

%0 Journal Article %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Casman, Elizabeth %A Bertsch, Paul M. %A Matson, Cole W. %A Di Giulio, Richard T. %A Liu, Jie %A Hochella, Michael F. %D 2011 %T Meditations on the Ubiquity and Mutability of Nano-Sized Materials in the Environment %J ACS Nano %V 5 %N 11 %P 8466-8470 %8 2011/11/22 %! Meditations on the Ubiquity and Mutability of Nano-Sized Materials in the Environment %@ 1936-0851 %R 10.1021/nn204118p %X A wide variety of nanomaterials can be found naturally occurring in the environment, although finding and characterizing these materials remains a challenge due to their size. Recent studies in the field have shown that natural nanomaterials are common in many geochemical systems. In this issue of ACS Nano, Hutchison and co-workers make us realize that manmade nanomaterials can often be practically identical to those that spontaneously form in the environment. This Perspective discusses the prevalence of nanomaterials in nature, including anthropogenic and naturally occurring nanomaterials, and the dynamic behavior of these materials in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn204118p http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn204118p %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Wiesner, M. R. %A Bottero, J.Y. %D 2011 %T A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing %J Comptes Rendus Physique %V 12 %P 659-668 %8 Sep %! A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing %@ 1631-0705 %M WOS:000295436600007 %X Nanomaterials exhibit novel properties that enable new applications ranging from molecular electronics to energy production. Proactive consideration of the potential impacts on human health and the environment resulting from nanomaterial production and use requires methods for forecasting risk associated with of these novel materials. However, the potential variety of nanomaterials is virtually infinite and a case-by-case analysis of the risks these materials may pose is not possible. The challenge of forecasting risk for a broad number of materials is furtherfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] complicated by large degrees of uncertainty concerning production amounts, the characteristics and uses of these materials, exposure pathways, and a scarcity of data concerning the relationship between nanomaterial characteristics and their effects on organisms and ecosystems. A traditional risk assessment on nanomaterials is therefore not possibleat this time. In its place, an evolving process is needed for analyzing the risks associated with emerging nanomaterialsrelated industries. In this communication, we propose that such a process should include the following six key features: (1) the ability to generate forecasts and associated levels of uncertainty for questions of immediate concern; (2) a consideration of all pertinent sources of nanomaterials; (3) an inclusive consideration of the impacts of activities stemming from nanomaterial use and production that extends beyond the boundaries of toxicology and include full life cycle impacts; (4) the ability to adapt and update risk forecasts as new information becomes available; (5) feedback to improve information gathering; and (6) feedback to improve nanomaterial design. Feature #6 implies that the potential risks of nanomaterials must ultimately be determined as a function of fundamental, quantifiable properties of nanomaterials, so that when these properties are observed in a new material, they can be recognized as indicators of risk. Thus, the required risk assessment process for nanomaterials addresses needs that span from urgent, short-term questions dealing with nanomaterials currently in commerce, to longer-term issues that will require basic research and advances in theory. In the following sections we outline issues surrounding each of these six features and discuss. (C) 2011 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. %Z Wiesner, Mark R. Bottero, Jean-Yves %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000295436600007

%0 Journal Article %A Westerhoff, P. %A Song, G. %A Hristovski, K. %A Kiser, M. A. %D 2011 %T Occurrence and removal of titanium at full scale wastewater treatment plants: implications for TiO2 nanomaterials %J J Environ Monit %V 13 %N 5 %P 1 195-203 %8 May %! Occurrence and removal of titanium at full scale wastewater treatment plants: implications for TiO2 nanomaterials %Z Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM %@ 1464-0333 (Electronic) 1464-0325 (Linking) %R 10.1039/c1em10017c %M 21494702 %K Biodegradation, Environmental Metal Nanoparticles/*analysis/chemistry Sewage/chemistry Titanium/*analysis/chemistry/metabolism Waste Disposal, Fluid/*methods Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/chemistry/metabolism %X Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increasingly will be used in commercial products and have a high likelihood of entering municipal sewage that flows to centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Treated water (effluent) from WWTPs flows into rivers and lakes where nanoparticles may pose an ecological risk. To provide exposure data for risk assessment, titanium concentrations in raw sewage and treated effluent were determined for 10 representative WWTPs that use a range of unit processes. Raw sewage titanium concentrations ranged from 181 to 1233 microg L(- 1) (median of 26 samples was 321 microg L(-1)). The WWTPs removed more than 96% of the influent titanium, and all WWTPs had effluent titanium concentrations of less than 25 microg L(-1). To characterize the morphology and presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles in the effluent, colloidal materials were isolated via rota-evaporation, dialysis and lyophilization. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicatedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] the presence of spherical titanium oxide nanoparticles (crystalline and amorphous) on the order of 4 to 30 nm in diameter in WWTP effluents. This research provides clear evidence that some nanoscale particles will pass throughWWTPs and enter aquatic systems and offers a methodological framework for collecting and analyzing titaniumbased nanomaterials in complex wastewater matrices. %Z Westerhoff, Paul Song, Guixue Hristovski, Kiril Kiser, Mehlika A

eng DE-FG02-08ER64613/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2011/04/16 06:00 J Environ Monit. 2011 May;13(5):1195-203. doi: 10.1039/c1em10017c. Epub 2011 Apr 14. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21494702 %+ School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering Program, Ira A Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Engineering Center, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA. p.westerhoff@asu.edu

%0 Journal Article %A Weinberg, Howard %A Galyean, Anne %A Leopold, Michael %D 2011 %T Evaluating engineered nanoparticles in natural waters %J TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry %V 30 %N 1 %P 72-83 %8 1// %! Evaluating engineered nanoparticles in natural waters %@ 0165-9936 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.09.006 %K Aquatic environment Characterization Drinking water Engineered nanoparticle Fate Nanomaterial Recreational water Separation Transport Water treatment %X With the accelerating introduction of engineered nanomaterials into commercial products and their potential use in water-treatment processes, it is inevitable that these materials will ultimately reside at some level in our recreational and drinking waters, thereby creating a critical need to detect and to quantify them in those media. Much is known about the diversity of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment but almost nothing about their characterization and detection in the natural aquatic environment. There is no conventional treatment that can absolutely protect the consumer from exposure to ENPs either through recreational use or consumption of drinking waters. The question is whether this exposure poses a significant public health risk. Unfortunately, we are far from having methods to obtain data on occurrence levels, fate, and transport of ENPs in aquatic systems. Before a soundfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] analytical approach can be developed, we need a fuller understanding of the nanomaterial domain which requires an evaluation of the matrix of source materials, their transformation in the natural aquatic environment, and their physical/chemical behavior that is specific to the water medium. We review characterization techniques that are used for identifying different types of ENP, and then, by extrapolation from isolation techniques appropriate for extracting ENPs from water, suggest approaches to analyzing them in a variety of waters. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993610002773

%0 Web Page %A U.S. EPA %D 2011 %T Nanotechnology Basic Information %V 2013 %N May 24 %! Nanotechnology Basic Information %U http://epa.gov/ncer/nano/questions/

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2011 %T Screening Methods for Metal-Containing Nanoparticles in Water %E Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and %C Washington, DC %P 28 %@ EPA/600/R-11/096

%0 Journal Article %A Tsao, Tsung M. %A Chen, Yue M. %A Wang, Ming K. %D 2011 %T Origin, separation and identification of environmental nanoparticles: a review %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 13 %N 5 %P 1156-1163 %! Origin, separation and identification of environmental nanoparticles: a review %@ 1464-0325 %X The biogeochemical and ecological impacts of environmental nanoparticles (ENPs) are some of the fastest growing areas of research today. However, efficient separation and collection of ENPs in natural systems remains difficult. This review article is focused on experimental investigation of separation and identification of ENPs, including nanoparticles with size fractions in the range of <2000, 450 to 2000, 100 to 450 and 1 to 100 nm. An automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) was used successfully to overcome the problem of efficiently collecting ENPs in large quantities in red soils. A significant amount of hematite nanoparticles was present on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range of 5 to 8 nm. Synchrotron XRD technique is more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with oriented specimens and random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles, crystallinity, and particle size in red soils, particularly for the illite, kaolinite, goethite and hematite nanoparticles. The AUD apparatus can be employed to efficiently collect large quantities of soil and related ENPs for investigation of their structural characteristics andfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] surface properties, which have significant impact on weathering reaction pathways, catalysis, the fate of vital elements and environmental pollutants, and ecosystem restoration. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10013K

%0 Journal Article %A Tripathi, Shweta %A Champagne, Denis %A Tufenkji, Nathalie %D 2011 %T Transport Behavior of Selected Nanoparticles with different Surface Coatings in Granular Porous Media coated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6942-6949 %8 2012/07/03 %! Transport Behavior of Selected Nanoparticles with different Surface Coatings in Granular Porous Media coated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es202833k %X Well-controlled laboratory column experiments were conducted to understand the influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilms on the transport of selected engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in granular porous media representative of groundwater aquifers or riverbank filtration settings. To understand the importance of particle size on retention in the biofilm-coated granular (quartz sand) matrix, column experiments were carried out using nanosized (20 nm) and micrometer-sized (1 ?m) sulfate-functionalized polystyrene latex particles (designated as 20nSL and 1mSL, respectively). Additional experiments conducted with nanosized (20 nm) carboxyl-modified latex particles (20nCL) and carboxyl-modified CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) provide information on the influence of particle surface chemistry on retention. Biofilm grown on the surface of the sand was characterized by total biomass quantification, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and electrokinetic analysis. All four particles exhibit increased retention in the biofilm-coated packed bed: e.g., the attachment efficiency (a) of the 1mSL particle increases from 0.40 to 1.7, whereas a for the 20nSL particle increases from 0.04 to 0.10 in the biofilm-coated system. Particle surface chemistry can also influence the affinity of the ENPs for the biofilm coating as revealed by the greater attachment of the 20nSL particle onto the biofilm-coated sand (a = 0.10) than its carboxylated counterpart (a = 0.04). Column experiments conducted using sand coated with growth medium (LB) or extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from P. aeruginosa biofilms further reveal that particle surface chemistry influences the interaction between the different ENPs and these coated sand surfaces. Namely, coating of sand surfaces with LB medium or bacterial EPS does not affect the transport of the sulfonated nanoparticle, but the LB coating leads to decreased retention of the carboxylated latex nanoparticle. Furthermore, our results show that EPS coatings are not necessarily good surrogates for biofilm-coated sand. Electrokinetic characterization of the clean and coated sand surfaces also reveals that the extent of particle retention is not controlled by electrical double layer interactions. Future studies should thus be aimed at improving our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms (both colloidal and noncolloidal) governing nanoparticle transport and fate in biofilm-laden granular aquatic environments. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202833k http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es202833k %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Thio, Beng Joo Reginald %A Montes, Milka O. %A Mahmoud, Mahmoud A.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Lee, Dong-Woog %A Zhou, Dongxu %A Keller, Arturo A. %D 2011 %T Mobility of Capped Silver Nanoparticles under Environmentally Relevant Conditions %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6985-6991 %8 2012/07/03 %! Mobility of Capped Silver Nanoparticles under Environmentally Relevant Conditions %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es203596w %X The mobility and deposition of capped silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) on silica surfaces were characterized over a wide range of pH and ionic strength (IS) conditions, including seawater and freshwater. Two common organic capping agents (citrate and PVP) were evaluated. Both the capped Ag NPs and the silica surfaces were negatively charged under these environmentally relevant conditions, resulting in net repulsive electrostatics under most conditions. The steric repulsion introduced by the capping agents significantly reduced aggregation and deposition. In addition, the presence of natural organic matter in solution further decreased the deposition of either Ag NP on silica. Ag NPs were found to be highly mobile under these environmentally relevant conditions, with little or no deposition. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203596w http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203596w %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Theis, T. L. %A Bakshi, B. R. %A Durham, D. %A Fthenakis, V. M. %A Gutowski, T. G. %A Isaacs, J. A. %A Seager, T. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T A life cycle framework for the investigation of environmentally benign nanoparticles and products %J Physica Status Solidi-Rapid Research Letters %V 5 %P 312-317 %8 Sep %! A life cycle framework for the investigation of environmentally benign nanoparticles and products %@ 1862-6254 %M WOS:000295719100004 %X While significant advances in our understanding of the behavior of engineered nanoparticles in the environment continue, there remains a need to engage the nanoparticle research community directly in the development and evaluation of environmentally benign nanoparticles to ensure that nanomaterial-based industries emerge as tools for sustainability rather than environmental liabilities. Current research efforts aimed at understanding the environmental implications of nanotechnology emphasize existing groups of nanoparticles and products already in commercial distribution. While this is clearly necessary, this approach fails to identify and address the many tradeoffs associated with product performance and environmental quality. We believe this to be a critical gap in the ongoing exploration of nanostructured materials and their properties and applications. We posit that a number of issues are not being holistically addressed, including resource availability and allocation, manufacturing energy requirements and embodied energy, material efficiency, environmental properties of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, and wastefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] generation. An interdisciplinary approach to research, based on the life cycle paradigm and devoted to the identification, investigation, synthesis, testing, and analysis of groups of new, more environmentally conscious nanoparticles is needed. (C) 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim %Z Theis, Thomas L. Bakshi, Bhavik R. Durham, Delcie Fthenakis, Vasilis M. Gutowski, Timothy G. Isaacs, Jacqueline A. Seager, Thomas Wiesner, Mark R. %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000295719100004

%0 Journal Article %A Taurozzi, J. S. %A Hackley, V. A. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T A standardized approach for the dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biological media %J Nanotoxicology %V Submitted %! A standardized approach for the dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biological media

%0 Journal Article %A Taurozzi, J. S. %A Hackley, V. A. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Protocol for the preparation of a nanoscale TiO2 aqueous dispersion for toxicological or environmental testing %J CEINT/NIST Protocol (http://ceint.duke.edu/allprotocols) %9 Note - This is a CEINT/NIST protocol published online on the CEINT website %! Protocol for the preparation of a nanoscale TiO2 aqueous dispersion for toxicological or environmental testing

%0 Journal Article %A Taurozzi, J. S. %A Hackley, V. A. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Protocol for the preparation of nanoscale TiO2 dispersions in biological media for toxicological testing %J CEINT/NIST Protocol (http://ceint.duke.edu/allprotocols) %9 Note - This is a CEINT/NIST protocol published online on the CEINT website %! Protocol for the preparation of nanoscale TiO2 dispersions in biological media for toxicological testing

%0 Journal Article %A Taurozzi, J. S. %A Hackley, V. A. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles for environmental, health and safety assessment - issues and recommendations %J Nanotoxicology %V 5file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %P 711-729 %8 Dec %! Ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles for environmental, health and safety assessment - issues and recommendations %@ 1743-5390 %M WOS:000296633100021 %X Studies designed to investigate the environmental or biological interactions of nanoscale materials frequently rely on the use of ultrasound (sonication) to prepare test suspensions. However, the inconsistent application of ultrasonic treatment across laboratories, and the lack of process standardization can lead to significant variability in suspension characteristics. At present, there is widespread recognition that sonication must be applied judiciously and reported in a consistent manner that is quantifiable and reproducible; current reporting practices generally lack these attributes. The objectives of the present work were to: (i) Survey potential sonication effects that can alter the physicochemical or biological properties of dispersed nanomaterials (within the context of toxicity testing) and discuss methods to mitigate these effects, (ii) propose a method for standardizing the measurement of sonication power, and (iii) offer a set of reporting guidelines to facilitate the reproducibility of studies involving engineered nanoparticle suspensions obtained via sonication. %Z Taurozzi, Julian S. Hackley, Vincent A. Wiesner, Mark R. %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000296633100021

%0 Journal Article %A Taurozzi, J. S. %A Hackley, V. A. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Development of characterization approaches and test matrices for the environmental safety assessment of nanomaterials %J Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society %V 241 %8 Mar %! Development of characterization approaches and test matrices for the environmental safety assessment of nanomaterials %@ 0065-7727 %M WOS:000291982804456 %Z Taurozzi, Julian S. Hackley, Vincent A. Wiesner, Mark R.241st National Meeting and Exposition of the American-Chemical-Society (ACS)Mar 27-31, 2011Anaheim, CAAmer Chem Soc %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000291982804456

%0 Journal Article %A Song, J. E. %A Phenrat, T. %A Marinakos, S. %A Xiao, Y. %A Liu, J. %A Wiesner, M. R. %A Tilton, R. D. %A Lowry, G. V. %D 2011 %T Hydrophobic Interactions Increase Attachment of Gum Arabic- and PVP-Coated Ag Nanoparticles to Hydrophobic Surfaces %J Environmental Science & Technologyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 45 %P 5988-5995 %8 Jul 15 %! Hydrophobic Interactions Increase Attachment of Gum Arabic- and PVP-Coated Ag Nanoparticles to Hydrophobic Surfaces %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000292850200012 %K bacterial adhesion charge deposition kinetics packed-beds particles polyelectrolyte POROUS-MEDIA stabilization transport WATER %X A fundamental understanding of attachment of surface-coated nanoparticles (NPs) is essential to predict the distribution and potential risks of NPs in the environment. Column deposition studies were used to examine the effect of surface-coating hydrophobicity on NP attachment to collector surfaces in mixtures with varying ratios of octadecylichlorosilane (OTS)-coated (hydrophobic) glass beads and clean silica (hydrophilic) glass beads. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated with organic coatings of varying hydrophobicity, including citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and gum arabic (GA), were used. The attachment efficiencies of GA and PVP AgNPs increased by 2- and 4- fold, respectively, for OTS-coated glass beads compared to clean glass beads. Citrate AgNPs showed no substantial change in attachment efficiency for hydrophobic compared to hydrophilic surfaces. The attachment efficiency of. PVP, GA-, and citrate-coated AgNPs to hydrophobic collector surfaces correlated with the relative hydrophobicity of the coatings. The differences in the Observed attachment efficiencies among AgNPs could not be explained by classical DLVO, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions between AgNPs and OTS-coated glass beads were responsible for the increase in attachment of surface-coated AgNPs with greater hydrophobicity. This study indicates that the overall attachment efficiency of AgNPs will be influenced by the hydrophobicity of the NP coating and the fraction of hydrophobic surfaces in the environment. %Z 793UUTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:42 %U <Go to ISI>://000292850200012

%0 Journal Article %A Silbergeld, E. K. %A Contreras, E. Q. %A Hartung, T. %A Hirsch, C. %A Hogberg, H. %A Jachak, A. C. %A Jordan, W. %A Landsiedel, R. %A Morris, J. %A Patri, A. %A Pounds, J. G. %A Ruiz, A. D. %A Shvedova, A. %A Tanguay, R. %A Tatarazako, N. %A van Vliet, E. %A Walker, N. J.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Wiesner, M. %A Wilcox, N. %A Zurlo, J. %D 2011 %T Nanotoxicology: "The End of the Beginning" - Signs on the Roadmap to a Strategy for Assuring the Safe Application and Use of Nanomaterials %J Altex-Alternatives to Animal Experimentation %V 28 %P 236-241 %! Nanotoxicology: "The End of the Beginning" - Signs on the Roadmap to a Strategy for Assuring the Safe Application and Use of Nanomaterials %@ 1868-596X %M WOS:000295573100006 %X In October 2010, a group of experts met as part of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t(4)) to exchange ideas about the current status and future of safety testing of nanomaterials. At present, there is no widely accepted path forward to assure appropriate and effective hazard identification for engineered nanomaterials. The group discussed needs for characterization of nanomaterials and identified testing protocols that incorporate the use of innovative alternative whole models such as zebrafish or C. elegans, as well as in vitro or alternative methods to examine specific functional pathways and modes of action. The group proposed elements of a potential testing scheme for nanomaterials that works towards an integrated testing strategy, incorporating the goals of the NRC report Toxicity Testing in the 21(st) Century: A Vision and a Strategy by focusing on pathways of toxic response, and utilizing an evidence-based strategy for developing the knowledge base for safety assessment. Finally, the group recommended that a reliable, open, curated database be developed that interfaces with existing databases to enable sharing of information. %Z Silbergeld, Ellen K. Contreras, Elizabeth Q. Hartung, Thomas Hirsch, Cordula Hogberg, Helena Jachak, Ashish C. Jordan, William Landsiedel, Robert Morris, Jeffery Patri, Anil Pounds, Joel G. de Vizcaya Ruiz, Andrea Shvedova, Anna Tanguay, Robert Tatarazako, Norihasa van Vliet, Erwin Walker, Nigel J. Wiesner, Mark Wilcox, Neil Zurlo, Joanne %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000295573100006

%0 Journal Article %A Shoults-Wilson, W. A. %A Zhurbich, O. I. %A McNear, D. H. %A Tsyusko, OV %A Bertsch, PM %A Unrine, JM %D 2011 %T Evidence for avoidance of Ag nanoparticles by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) %J Ecotoxicology %V 20 %P 385-96 %7 2011/01/14 %8 Mar %! Evidence for avoidance of Ag nanoparticles by earthworms (Eisenia fetida) %@ 1573-3017 (Electronic)0963-9292 (Linking) %M 21229389 %X Silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, ideally acting as antimicrobial agents. Silver exposure has long been known to cause toxic effects to a wide variety of organisms, making large scale production of silver nanoparticles a potential hazard to environmental systems. Here we describe the first evidence that an organism may be able to sense manufactured nanoparticles in a complex, environmentally relevant exposure and that the presence of nanoparticles alters the organism's behavior. We found that earthworms (Eisenia fetida) consistently avoid soils containing silver nanoparticles and AgNO(3) at similar concentrations of Ag.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] However, avoidance of silver nanoparticles occurred over 48 h, while avoidance of AgNO(3) was immediate. It was determined that avoidance of silver nanoparticles could not be explained by release of silver ions or any changes in microbial communities caused by the introduction of Ag. This leads us to conclude that the earthworms were in some way sensing the presence of nanoparticles over the course of a 48 h exposure and choosing to avoid exposure to them. Our results demonstrate that nanoparticle interactions with organisms may be unpredictable and that these interactions may result in ecologically significant effects on behavior at environmentally relevant concentrations. %Z Shoults-Wilson, W AZhurbich, Oksana IMcNear, David HTsyusko, Olga VBertsch, Paul MUnrine, Jason MResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.United StatesEcotoxicology (London, England)Ecotoxicology. 2011 Mar;20(2):385-96. Epub 2011 Jan 13.

%0 Journal Article %A Shoults-Wilson, W. A. %A Reinsch, B. C. %A Tsyusko, OV %A Bertsch, PM %A Lowry, G. V. %A Unrine, JM %D 2011 %T Role of particle size and soil type in toxicity of silver nanoparticles to earthworms %J Soil Science Society of America Journal %V 75 %P 365-377 %8 Mar-Apr %! Role of particle size and soil type in toxicity of silver nanoparticles to earthworms %@ 0361-5995 %M ISI:000288827000005 %X Silver nanoparticles (NPs) are an emerging contaminant of concern due to their increased use. The earthworm Eisenia fetida was exposed to a range of concentrations of AgNO3 and two polyvinylpyrolidone coated Ag NPs with different particle size distributions. They were exposed in two different soils: a naturally occurring sandy loam and a standardized artificial soil. The AgNO3 significantly reduced E. fetida growth and reproduction at 7.41 +/- 0.01 mg kg(-1) Ag in the sandy loam but only reproduction was affected at concentrations of 94.1 +/- 3.2 mg kg(-1) in the artificial soil. In the artificial soil, significant (alpha = 0.05) reproductive toxicity was only observed in organisms exposed to the Ag NPs at concentrations approximately eight times higher than those at which the effects from ionic Ag were observed. Eisenia fetida exposed to either AgNO3 or Ag NPs in the sandy loam accumulated significantly (alpha = 0.05) higher concentrations of Ag than those exposed in the artificial soil and had higher bioaccumulation factors. Earthworms exposed to AgNO3 also accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Ag than those exposed to Ag NPs. No differences in toxicity were observed between the two size distributions. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy analysis of the soils indicated that the Ag was approximately 10 to 17% Ag(1), suggesting that Ag ions may be responsible for effects on growth and development caused by exposure to Ag NPs. Our results also suggest that soil type is a more important determinant of Ag accumulation from Ag NPs than particle size. %Z Shoults-Wilson, W. Aaron Reinsch, Brian C. Tsyusko, Olga V. Bertsch, Paul M. Lowry, Greg V. Unrine, Jason M. %U <Go to ISI>://000288827000005

%0 Journal Article %A Shawky, H. A. %A Chae, S. R. %A Lin, S. H. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %T Synthesis and characterization of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite membrane for water treatment %J Desalination %V 272 %P 46-50 %8 May %! Synthesis and characterization of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite membrane for water treatment %@ 0011-9164 %M WOS:000289708200006 %X Multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/aromatic polyamide (PA) nanocomposite membranes were synthesized by a polymer grafting process. Surface morphology, roughness, and mechanical strength of the resultant nanocompositemembranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and microstrain analysis, respectively. SEM and AFM images showed that MWCNTs were well dispersed in the PA matrix. Measurements of mechanical properties of this composite showed increasing membrane strength with increasing MWCNT content with monotonic increases in Young's modulus, toughness, and tensile strength. The addition of MWCNTs also improved the rejection of both salt and organic matter relative to the 10% PA membrane base case. The nanocomposite membrane synthesized with 15 mg/g MWCNT in a 10% PA casting solution rejected NaCl and humic acid by factors of 3.17 and 1.67 respectively relative to the PA membrane without MWCNTs, while membrane permeability decreased by 6.5%. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. %Z Shawky, Hosam A. Chae, So-Ryong Lin, Shihong Wiesner, Mark R. %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000289708200006

%0 Journal Article %A Sengül, Hatice %A Theis, Thomas L. %D 2011 %T An environmental impact assessment of quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) from raw material acquisition through

use %J Journal of Cleaner Production %V 19 %N 1 %P 21-31 %8 1// %! An environmental impact assessment of quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) from raw material acquisition through

use %@ 0959-6526 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.08.010 %K Life cycle assessment Quantum dots Nanophotovoltaics Quantum dot photovoltaic modules Solar energy Renewable energy Sustainable technology development %X Some emerging technologies are expected to be pivotal for solving many of the environmental challenges faced today, especially those related to energy. However, many of these technologies may incur significant environmental impacts over their life cycle, while having environmental benefits during their use. This paper presents results of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a proposed type of nanophotovoltaic, quantum dot photovoltaic (QDPV) module. The LCA is confined to the stages of raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, and use. The impacts of QDPV are compared with other types of PV modules and energy sources – both renewable and nonrenewable. To provide a comprehensive comparative assessment, QDPV modules were compared with mature as well as emerging PV types for which data are available. Comparative assessment with other types of energy sources includes coal, oil, lignite, natural gas, diesel, nuclear, wind, and hydropower. QDPV modules may have the potential to overcome two current barriersfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] of solar technology: low efficiencies and high manufacturing costs. If higher efficiencies are realized, QDPV modules could pave the way to large scale implementation of solar energy, helping nations move toward greater energy independence. On the other hand, candidate materials as quantum dots for solar cell applications are mostly compound semiconductors such as cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, and lead sulfide which may be toxic and for which renewable options are limited. Toxic effects of these materials may be exacerbated by their nanoscale features. The LCA was carried out using the software SimaPro, and the Ecoinvent Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database supplemented with available literature and patent information. Our results indicate that while QDPV modules have shorter Energy PayBack Time (EPBT), lower Global Warming Potential (GWP), SOx and NOx emissions than other types of PV modules, they have higher heavy metal emissions, underscoring the need for investigation of emerging technologies, especially nano-based ones, from a life cycle perspective. QDPV modules are better in all impact categories assessed than carbon-based energy sources but they have longer EPBT than wind and hydropower and higher GWP. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652610003252

%0 Journal Article %A Roebben, G. %A Ramirez-Garcia, S. %A Hackley, V. A. %A Roesslein, M. %A Klaessig, F. %A Kestens, V. %A Lynch, I. %A Garner, C. M. %A Rawle, A. %A Elder, A. %A Colvin, V. L. %A Kreyling, W. %A Krug, H. F. %A Lewicka, Z. A. %A McNeil, S. %A Nel, A. %A Patri, A. %A Wick, P. %A Wiesner, M. %A Xia, T. %A Oberdorster, G. %A Dawson, K. A. %D 2011 %T Interlaboratory comparison of size and surface charge measurements on nanoparticles prior to biological impact

assessment %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 13 %P 2675-2687 %8 Jul %! Interlaboratory comparison of size and surface charge measurements on nanoparticles prior to biological impact

assessment %@ 1388-0764 %M WOS:000291746600001 %X The International Alliance for NanoEHS Harmonization (IANH) organises interlaboratory comparisons of methods used to study the potential biological impacts of nanomaterials. The aim of IANH is to identify and reduce or remove sources of variability and irreproducibility in existing protocols. Here, we present results of the first IANH round robin studies into methods to assess the size and surface charge of suspended nanoparticles. The test materials usedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] (suspensions of gold, silica, polystyrene, and ceria nanoparticles, with [primary] particles sizes between 10 nm and 80 nm) were first analysed in repeatability conditions to assess the possible contribution of between-sample heterogeneity to the between-laboratory variability. Reproducibility of the selected methods was investigated in an interlaboratory comparison between ten different laboratories in the USA and Europe. Robust statistical analysis was used to evaluate within- and between-laboratory variability. It is shown that, if detailed shipping, measurement, and reporting protocols are followed, measurement of the hydrodynamic particle diameter of nanoparticles in predispersed monomodal suspensions using the dynamic light scattering method is reproducible. On the other hand, measurements of more polydisperse suspensions of nanoparticle aggregates or agglomerates were not reproducible between laboratories. Ultrasonication, which is commonly used to prepare dispersions before cell exposures, was observed to further increase variability. The variability of the zeta potential values, which were also measured, indicates the need to define better surface charge test protocols and to identify sources of variability. %Z Roebben, G. Ramirez-Garcia, S. Hackley, V. A. Roesslein, M. Klaessig, F. Kestens, V. Lynch, I. Garner, C. M. Rawle, A. Elder, A. Colvin, V. L. Kreyling, W. Krug, H. F. Lewicka, Z. A. McNeil, S. Nel, A. Patri, A. Wick, P. Wiesner, M. Xia, T. Oberdoerster, G. Dawson, K. A. %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000291746600001

%0 Journal Article %A Rezic, Iva %D 2011 %T Determination of engineered nanoparticles on textiles and in textile wastewaters %J TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry %V 30 %N 7 %P 1159-1167 %! Determination of engineered nanoparticles on textiles and in textile wastewaters %@ 01659936 %R 10.1016/j.trac.2011.02.017 %X Textile materials with engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have excellent properties as they are antibacterial, antimicrobial, water resistant and protective. The textile industry has recognized the importance and the advantages of ENPs, so they comprise one of the fastest developing branches of processing.

The most important sources of ENPs released to the environment from textiles are textile-industry wastewaters and waters from large hospital or hotel laundries. In addition, waste textile materials coated with ENPs present a threat to the environment, if such materials are not properly handled and disposed of after use.

Currently, the toxicity and the potential harm of ENPs widely applied on textiles are not thoroughly investigated and/or eliminated. Consequently, there is an urgent need to define the most appropriate analytical methods for monitoring ENPs on textiles.

This review presents the most important techniques for monitoring ENPs on textile materials and in textile-wastewater samples, from the perspective of protecting the environment and human health.

%0 Journal Article %A Powers, Christina M. %A Slotkin, Theodore A. %A Seidler, Frederic J. %A Badireddy, Appala R. %A Padilla, Stephanie %D 2011 %T Silver nanoparticles alter zebrafish development and larval behavior: Distinct roles for particle size, coating andfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] composition %J Neurotoxicology and Teratology %8 02/2011 %! Silver nanoparticles alter zebrafish development and larval behavior: Distinct roles for particle size, coating and composition %R 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.02.002 %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036211000092

%0 Journal Article %A Pidgeon, Nick %A Harthorn, Barbara %A Satterfield, Terre %D 2011 %T Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions and Communication: Emerging Technologies, Emerging Challenges %J Risk Analysis %V 31 %N 11 %P 1694-1700 %! Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions and Communication: Emerging Technologies, Emerging Challenges %@ 1539-6924 %R 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01738.x %X Nanotechnology involves the fabrication, manipulation, and control of materials at the atomic level and may also bring novel uncertainties and risks. Potential parallels with other controversial technologies mean there is a need to develop a comprehensive understanding of processes of public perception of nanotechnology uncertainties, risks, and benefits, alongside related communication issues. Study of perceptions, at so early a stage in the development trajectory of a technology, is probably unique in the risk perception and communication field. As such it also brings new methodological and conceptual challenges. These include: dealing with the inherent diversity of the nanotechnology field itself; the unfamiliar and intangible nature of the concept, with few analogies to anchor mental models or risk perceptions; and the ethical and value questions underlying many nanotechnology debates. Utilizing the lens of social amplification of risk, and drawing upon the various contributions to this special issue of Risk Analysis on Nanotechnology Risk Perceptions and Communication, nanotechnology may at present be an attenuated hazard. The generic idea of “upstream public engagement” for emerging technologies such as nanotechnology is also discussed, alongside its importance for future work with emerging technologies in the risk communication field. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01738.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01738.x/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Petersen, Elijah J. %A Zhang, Liwen %A Mattison, Nikolai T. %A O’Carroll, Denis M. %A Whelton, Andrew J. %A Uddin, Nasir %A Nguyen, Tinh %A Huang, Qingguo %A Henry, Theodore B. %A Holbrook, R. David %A Chen, Kai Loon %D 2011 %T Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, And Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 23 %P 9837-9856 %8 2011/12/01 %! Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, And Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubes %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es201579y %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201579y %[2014/01/09

%0 Government Document %A NSET %D 2011 %T The National Nanotechnology Initiative Strategy for Nanotechnology-Related Environmental, Health, and Safety Research %P 136 %U http://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/nni_2011_ehs_research_strategy.pdf %[12/31/13

%0 Journal Article %A Nowack, Bernd %A Krug, Harald F. %A Height, Murray %D 2011 %T Reply to Comments on ”120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers” %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 17 %P 7593-7595 %8 2011/09/01 %! Reply to Comments on ”120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers” %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2017895 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2017895 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2017895 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Nowack, Bernd %A Krug, Harald F. %A Height, Murray %D 2011 %T 120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 4 %P 1177-1183file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %8 2011/02/15 %! 120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es103316q %X Nanosilver is one nanomaterial that is currently under a lot of scrutiny. Much of the discussion is based on the assumption that nanosilver is something new that has not been seen until recently and that the advances in nanotechnology opened completely new application areas for silver. However, we show in this analysis that nanosilver in the form of colloidal silver has been used for more than 100 years and has been registered as a biocidal material in the United States since 1954. Fifty-three percent of the EPA-registered biocidal silver products likely contain nanosilver. Most of these nanosilver applications are silver-impregnated water filters, algicides, and antimicrobial additives that do not claim to contain nanoparticles. Many human health standards for silver are based on an analysis of argyria occurrence (discoloration of the skin, a cosmetic condition) from the 1930s and include studies that considered nanosilver materials. The environmental standards on the other hand are based on ionic silver and may need to be re-evaluated based on recent findings that most silver in the environment, regardless of the original silver form, is present in the form of small clusters or nanoparticles. The implications of this analysis for policy of nanosilver is that it would be a mistake for regulators to ignore the accumulated knowledge of our scientific and regulatory heritage in a bid to declare nanosilver materials as new chemicals, with unknown properties and automatically harmful simply on the basis of a change in nomenclature to the term ?nano?. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103316q %[2013/03/26

%0 Report %A Netherlands, Health Council of the %D 2011 %T Nanomaterials in waste. %I The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands %P 49 %7 publication no. 2011/14E. %! Nanomaterials in waste. %@ 978-90-5549-874-1 %U http://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/publications/environmental-health/nanomaterials-waste

%0 Journal Article %A Neal, A. %A Kabengi, N.J. %A Grider, A. %A Bertsch, PM %D 2011 %T Can the Soil Bacterium Cupriavidus necator sense ZnO Nanomaterials and Aqueous Zn2+ Differentially? %J Nanotoxicology %! Can the Soil Bacterium Cupriavidus necator sense ZnO Nanomaterials and Aqueous Zn2+ Differentially? %R 10.3109/17435390.2011.579633 %X Synthetic metal oxide nanomaterials exert toxicity via two general mechanisms: Release of free ions at concentrations which exert toxic effects upon the target cell, or specific surface-mediated physicochemical processes leading to the formation of hydroxyl free radicals and other reactive oxygen species which act to disrupt cell membranes and organelles. From a regulatory standpoint this presents a potential problem since it is not trivial to detect free metal ions in the presence of nanoparticles in biological or natural media. This makes efforts to identify the route of uptake difficult. Although in vitro studies of zinc oxide nanoparticles suggest that toxicity to the soil bacterium Cupriavidus necator is exerted in a similar manner to zinc acetate, we found no free Zn ion is associated withfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] nanoparticle suspensions. The proteome of cells subjected to equal concentrations of either the nanoparticle or zincacetate suggest that the mode of toxicity is quite different for the two forms of Zn, with a number of membraneassociated proteins up-expressed in response to nanoparticle exposure. Our data suggests that nanoparticles act to interrupt cell membranes thereby causing cell death rather than exerting a strictly toxic effect. We also identify potentially useful genes to serve as biomarkers of membrane disruption in toxicogenomic studies with nanoparticles or to engineer biosensor organisms. %U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390.2011.579633

%0 Journal Article %A Musee, Ndeke %A Thwala, Melusi %A Nota, Nomakhwezi %D 2011 %T The antibacterial effects of engineered nanomaterials: implications for wastewater treatment plants %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 13 %N 5 %P 1164-1183 %! The antibacterial effects of engineered nanomaterials: implications for wastewater treatment plants %@ 1464-0325 %X Nanotechnology is currently at the forefront of scientific research and technological developments that have resulted in the manufacture of novel consumer products and numerous industrial applications using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). With the increasing number of applications and uses of ENMs comes an increasing likelihood of nanoscale materials posing potential risks to the environment and engineered technical systems such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Recent scientific data suggests that ENMs that are useful in, for example, medical applications due to their novel physicochemical properties, may also cause adverse effects to the bacterial populations used in wastewater treatment systems. In this review, the toxicological effects of titanium nanoparticles (nTiO2), zinc oxide (nZnO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes (C60) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to bacteria wereexamined. The results suggest that the potential ENMs risks to bacteria are non-uniform (need to be assessed case-bycase), and are dependent on numerous factors (e.g. size, pH, surface area, natural organic matter). Currently available data are therefore insufficient for evaluating the risks that ENMs pose in WWTPs. To fill these knowledge gaps, we recommend scenario specific studies aimed at improving our understanding on: (i) estimated volumes of ENMs in effluents, (ii) the antibacterial sensitivity of cultures within WWTPs towards selected ENMs, and (iii) processes improving the stability of ENMs in solutions. Two factors that merit consideration for elucidating the potential risks systematically are the toxicity mechanisms of ENMs to bacteria, and the influencing factors based on inherent physicochemical properties and environmental factors. Furthermore, the complexity of behaviour and fate of ENMs in real WWTPs requires case studies for assessing the ENMs risks to bacteria in vivo. The current laboratory results derived using simplified exposure media do not reflect actual environmental conditions. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10023H http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em10023h

%0 Journal Article %A Musee, N. %D 2011 %T Nanotechnology risk assessment from a waste management perspective: are the current tools adequate? %J Hum Exp Toxicol %V 30 %N 8 %P 820-35 %8 Augfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %! Nanotechnology risk assessment from a waste management perspective: are the current tools adequate? %Z Human & experimental toxicology %@ 1477-0903 (Electronic) 0960-3271 (Linking) %R 10.1177/0960327110384525 %M 20921061 %K Ecotoxicology *Hazardous Waste/adverse effects/analysis/prevention & control Nanotechnology/*standards Risk Assessment *Waste Management/methods/standards %X The burgeoning nanotechnology industry is rapidly generating new forms of waste streams generically referred herein as nanowastes. However, little is known about the fate and behavior of these waste streams and their impacts thereof in different ecological systems despite their increasingly widespread dispersion into the environment through production, distribution, handling, and nanomaterials (NMs) incorporation into bulk products processes. In this paper, risk assessment of nanotechnology from a waste management perspective was examined to elucidate potential new forms of challenges nanowastes may likely pose to the current legislative and waste management systems. This was through the identification of several knowledge gaps that merit urgent attention in order to increase our collective understanding of managing nanowastes safely, responsibly, and sustainably. The paper presents the identified gaps and consequently proposes a qualitative risk assessment of nanowastes to address some of the current challenges. The applicability of the proposed model is illustrated through several examples. In addition, the first nanowastes classification protocol presented in this article show that a given nanomaterial may result in generating nanowaste streams of different forms with variant hazard levels ranging from benign to extremely being hazardous waste streams - a dramatic phenomenon from the conventional waste streams due to macroscale chemicals. The study shows that it is in the early days to draw broad generic classification of different nanowastes, and each stream may require their risk profile be assessed on a case-by-case basis. We conclude by presenting several recommendations on what needs to be done in dealing with nanowastes as means of avoiding unintended long-term consequences of nanotechnology. %Z Musee, Ndeke

eng England 2010/10/06 06:00 Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011 Aug;30(8):820-35. doi: 10.1177/0960327110384525. Epub 2010 Oct 4. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921061 http://het.sagepub.com/content/30/8/820 %+ Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. museen2001@yahoo.com

%0 Journal Article %A Musee, N. %D 2011 %T Nanowastes and the environment: Potential new waste management paradigm %J Environment International %V 37 %N 1 %P 112-128 %8 Jan %! Nanowastes and the environment: Potential new waste management paradigm %@ 1873-6750 (Electronic) 0160-4120 (Linking) %R 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.005 %M 20832119 %K Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/toxicity Industrial Waste/analysisfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Nanostructures/*analysis/toxicity Waste Management/*methods %X Recent exponential growth in the development of nanomaterials (NMs) and nanoproducts is premised on the provision of novel benefits to the society-through the exploitation of their unique industrial and biomedical applications like medical imaging, fabrics in textiles, tissue engineering, nanocomposites, bioremediation, and biomedicine. These NMs and nanoproducts have increased in quantity and volume from few kilograms to thousands of tonnes over the last fifteen to twenty years, and their uncontrolled release into the environment is anticipated to grow dramatically in future. However, their potential impacts to the biological systems are unknown. Among the key present challenges in the waste management sector include the emergence of nanowastes; however, the effectiveness and the capability of the current systems to handle them are yet to be established. Because of limited studies on nanowastes management, in this paper, three-fold objectives are pursued, namely; (i) to raise conce rns related to the alarming increases of uncontrolled releases of NMs into the environment through nanowastes, (ii) examine the unique challenges nanowastes pose to the waste management systems-both from technological and legislative perspectives, and (iii) summarize results of the first nanowastes classification formalism in order to elucidate the potential challenges of waste streams containing nanoscale dimension materials to the present waste management paradigm. Finally, the article closes by summarizing several proactive steps of enhancing effective long-term and responsible management of

nanowastes. %Z Musee, N

eng Netherlands 2010/09/14 06:00 Environ Int. 2011 Jan;37(1):112-28. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.005. Epub 2010 Sep 15. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20832119 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412010001558 %+ Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. nmusee@csir.co.za

%0 Journal Article %A Mudunkotuwa, Imali A. %A Grassian, Vicki H. %D 2011 %T The devil is in the details (or the surface): impact of surface structure and surface energetics on understanding the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 13 %N 5 %P 1135-1144 %! The devil is in the details (or the surface): impact of surface structure and surface energetics on understanding the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment %@ 1464-0325 %X Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials are found in many consumer products for use in a wide range of applications including catalysis, sensors and contaminant remediation. Because of the extensive use of metal-based nanomaterials, there are concerns that these materials have the potential to get into the environment sometime during production, distribution, use and/or disposal. In particular, there exists the potential that they will make their way into water systems, e.g. drinking water systems, ground water systems, estuaries and lakes. In this review, some of the uncertainties in understanding nanoparticle behavior, which is often due to a lack of fundamental knowledge of the surface structure and surface energetics for very small particles, are discussed. Although classical models may provide guidance for understanding dissolution and aggregation of nanoparticles in water, it is the detailed surface structure and surface chemistry that are needed to accurately describe the surface free energy, a large component of the total free energy, in order to fully understand these processes. Without this information, it is difficult to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the fate, transport and potential toxicity of nanomaterials. Needed research areas to fill this void are discussed. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM00002Kfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em00002k

%0 Journal Article %A Maynard, A. D. %A Warheit, D. B. %A Philbert, M. A. %D 2011 %T The new toxicology of sophisticated materials: nanotoxicology and beyond %J Toxicol Sci %V 120 Suppl 1 %P S109-29 %8 Mar %! The new toxicology of sophisticated materials: nanotoxicology and beyond %Z Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology %@ 1096-0929 (Electronic) 1096-0929 (Linking) %R 10.1093/toxsci/kfq372 %2 3145386 %M 21177774 %K Animals Drug Interactions Humans Nanostructures/chemistry/*toxicity *Nanotechnology Particle Size Physicochemical Phenomena Risk Assessment Toxicity Tests/*methods *Toxicology %X It has long been recognized that the physical form of materials can mediate their toxicity--the health impacts of asbestiform materials, industrial aerosols, and ambient particulate matter are prime examples. Yet over the past 20 years, toxicology research has suggested complex and previously unrecognized associations between material physicochemistry at the nanoscale and biological interactions. With the rapid rise of the field of nanotechnology and the design and production of increasingly complex nanoscale materials, it has become ever more important to understand how the physical form and chemical composition of these materials interact synergistically to determine toxicity. As a result, a new field of research has emerged--nanotoxicology. Research within this field is highlighting the importance of material physicochemical properties in how dose is understood, how materials are characterized in a manner that enables quantitative data interpretation and comparison, and how materials move within, interact with, and are transformed by biological systems. Yet many of the substances that are the focus of current nanotoxicology studies are relatively simple materials that are at the vanguard of a new era of complex materials. Over the next 50 years, there will be a need to understand the toxicology of increasingly sophisticated materials that exhibit novel, dynamic and multifaceted functionality. If the toxicology community is to meet the challenge of ensuring the safe use of this new generation of substances, it will need to move beyond "nano" toxicology and toward a new toxicology of sophisticated materials. Here, we present a brief overview of the current state of the science on the toxicology of nanoscale materials and focus on three emerging toxicology-based challenges presented by sophisticated materials that will become increasingly important over the next 50 years: identifying relevant materials for study, physicochemical characterization, and biointeractions. %Z Maynard, Andrew D Warheit, David B Philbert, Martin A

eng ES 2R01 ES08846/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2010/12/24 06:00 Toxicol Sci. 2011 Mar;120 Suppl 1:S109-29. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq372. Epub 2010 Dec 22. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21177774 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145386/pdf/kfq372.pdf %+ Risk Science Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, USA.

%0 Journal Article %A Mashford, Benjamin %A Baldauf, Julia %A Nguyen, Tich-Lam %A Funston, Alison M. %A Mulvaney, Paul %D 2011 %T Synthesis of quantum dot doped chalcogenide glasses via sol-gel processing %J Journal of Applied Physics %V 109 %N 9 %P - %! Synthesis of quantum dot doped chalcogenide glasses via sol-gel processing %R doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3579442 %K passivation oxidation chalcogenide glasses photoluminescence sol-gel processing semiconductor quantum dots zinc compounds semiconductor growth II-VI semiconductors wide band gap semiconductors %U http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/109/9/10.1063/1.3579442

%0 Journal Article %A MacCuspie, Robert I. %A Rogers, Kim %A Patra, Manomita %A Suo, Zhiyong %A Allen, Andrew J. %A Martin, Matthew N. %A Hackley, Vincent A. %D 2011 %T Challenges for physical characterization of silver nanoparticles under pristine and environmentally relevant conditions %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 13 %N 5 %P 1212-1226file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %! Challenges for physical characterization of silver nanoparticles under pristine and environmentally relevant conditions %@ 1464-0325 %X The reported size distribution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is strongly affected by the underlying measurement method, agglomeration state, and dispersion conditions. A selection of AgNP materials with vendor-reported diameters ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm, various size distributions, and biocompatible capping agents including citrate, starch and polyvinylpyrrolidone were studied. AgNPs were diluted with either deionized water, moderately hard reconstituted water, or moderately hard reconstituted water containing natural organic matter. Rigorous physico-chemical characterization by consensus methods and protocols where available enables an understanding of how the underlying measurement method impacts the reported size measurements, which in turn provides a more complete understanding of the state (size, size distribution, agglomeration, etc.) of the AgNPs with respect to the dispersion conditions. An approach to developing routine screening is also presented. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10024F http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em10024f

%0 Journal Article %A Lin, S. H. %A Cheng, Y. W. %A Bobcombe, Y. %A Jones, K. L. %A Liu, J. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from Surface Composition Analysis %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %P 5209-5215 %8 Jun 15 %! Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from Surface Composition Analysis %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000291422200023 %K colloid deposition electrical double-layer expressions KINETICS NANOMATERIALS particle deposition transport %X The transport of uncoated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a porous medium composed of silica glass beads modified with a partial coverage of iron oxide (hematite) was studied and compared to that in a porous medium composed of unmodified glass beads (GB). At a pH lower than the point of zero charge (PZC) of hematite, the affinity of AgNPs for a hematite-coated glass bead (FeO-GB) surface was significantly higher than that for an uncoated surface. There was a linear correlation between the average nanoparticle affinity for media composed of mixtures of FeO-GB and GB collectors and the relative composition of those media as quantified by the attachment efficiency over a range of mixing mass ratios of the two types of collectors, so that the average AgNPs affinity for these media is readily predicted from the mass (or surface) weighted average of affinities for each of the surface types. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to quantify the composition of the collector surface as a basis for predicting the affinity between the nanoparticles for a heterogeneous collector surface. A correlation was also observed between the local abundances of AgNPs and FeO on the collector surface. %Z 774YHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:27file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %U <Go to ISI>://000291422200023

%0 Journal Article %A Lin, Shihong %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Bobcombe, Yohan %A L. Jones, Kimberly %A Liu, Jie %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2011 %T Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from Surface Composition Analysis %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 12 %P 5209-5215 %8 2011/06/15 %! Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media: Predicting Affinity from Surface Composition Analysis %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2002327 %X The transport of uncoated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a porous medium composed of silica glass beads modified with a partial coverage of iron oxide (hematite) was studied and compared to that in a porous medium composed of unmodified glass beads (GB). At a pH lower than the point of zero charge (PZC) of hematite, the affinity of AgNPs for a hematite-coated glass bead (FeO-GB) surface was significantly higher than that for an uncoated surface. There was a linear correlation between the average nanoparticle affinity for media composed of mixtures of FeO-GB and GB collectors and the relative composition of those media as quantified by the attachment efficiency over a range of mixing mass ratios of the two types of collectors, so that the average AgNPs affinity for these media is readily predicted from the mass (or surface) weighted average of affinities for each of the surface types. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to quantify the composition of the collector surface as a basis for predicting the affinity between the nanoparticles for a heterogeneous collector surface. A correlation was also observed between the local abundances of AgNPs and FeO on the collector surface. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2002327 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2002327 %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Levard, Clément %A Reinsch, Brian C. %A Michel, F. Marc %A Oumahi, Camella %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Brown, Gordon E. %D 2011 %T Sulfidation Processes of PVP-Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution: Impact on Dissolution Rate %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 12 %P 5260-5266 %8 2011/06/15file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %! Sulfidation Processes of PVP-Coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution: Impact on Dissolution Rate %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es2007758 %X Despite the increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in nanotechnology and their toxicity to invertebrates, the transformations and fate of Ag-NPs in the environment are poorly understood. This work focuses on the sulfidation processes of PVP-coated Ag-NPs, one of the most likely corrosion phenomena that may happen in the environment. The sulfur to Ag-NPs ratio was varied in order to control the extent of Ag-NPs transformation to silver sulfide (Ag2S). A combination of synchrotron-based X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure spectroscopy shows the increasing formation of Ag2S with an increasing sulfur to Ag-NPs ratio. TEM observations show that Ag2S forms nanobridges between the Ag-NPs leading to chain-like structures. In addition, sulfidation strongly affects surface properties of the Ag-NPs in terms of surface charge and dissolution rate. Both may affect the reactivity, transport, and toxicity of Ag-NPs in soils. In particular, the decrease of dissolution rate as a function of sulfide exposure may strongly limit Ag-NPs toxicity since released Ag+ ions are known to be a major factor in the toxicity of Ag-NPs. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2007758 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2007758 %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Levard, Clement %A Michel, F. Marc %A Wang, Yingge %A Choi, Yongseong %A Eng, Peter %A Brown, Gordon E., Jr %D 2011 %T Probing Ag nanoparticle surface oxidation in contact with (in)organics: an X-ray scattering and fluorescence yield approach %J Journal of Synchrotron Radiation %V 18 %P 871-878 %! Probing Ag nanoparticle surface oxidation in contact with (in)organics: an X-ray scattering and fluorescence yield approach %@ 0909-0495 %K corrosion processes environmental interfaces SILVER NANOPARTICLES thin films %X Characterizing interfacial reactions is a crucial part of understanding the behavior of nanoparticles in nature and for unlocking their functional potential. Here, an advanced nanostructure characterization approach to study the corrosion processes of silver nanoparticles (Ag-Nps), currently the most highly produced nanoparticle for nanotechnology, is presented. Corrosion of Ag-Nps under aqueous conditions, in particular in the presence of organic matter and halide species common to many natural environments, is of particular importance because the release of toxic Ag+ from oxidation/dissolution of Ag-Nps may strongly impact ecosystems. In this context, Ag-Nps capped with polyvinolpyrrolidone (PVP) in contact with a simple proxy of organic matter in natural waters [polyacrylic acid (PAA) and Cl- in solution] has been investigated. A combination of synchrotron-based X-ray standing-wavefluorescence yield- and X-ray diffraction-based experiments on a sample consisting of an approximately singleparticle layer of Ag-Nps deposited on a silicon substrate and coated by a thin film of PAA containing Cl revealed the formation of a stable AgCl corrosion product despite the presence of potential surface stabilizers (PVP and PAA). Diffusion and precipitation processes at the Ag-Nps-PAA interface were characterized with a high spatial resolution using this new approach. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S090904951103843Xfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S090904951103843X

%0 Journal Article %A Lee, Joohyung %A Donahue, Neil M. %D 2011 %T Secondary Organic Aerosol Coating of Synthetic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %P 4689-4695 %8 2011/06/01 %9 doi: 10.1021/es104147z %! Secondary Organic Aerosol Coating of Synthetic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles %@ 0013-936X %X Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the Œ±-pinene + ozone reaction readily coats TiO2 and CeO2 me tal? oxide nanoparticles in smog-chamber experiments under atmospherically relevant conditions. Otherwise identical experiments compared bare nanoparticles and nanoparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The PAA-coated particles result in significantly higher new-particle formation rates, suggesting that the SOA vapors coat bare metal oxide more readily than the PAA. After particles begin to grow via SOA coating, however, all particles, independent of size or the presence of a metal?oxide core, grow with a rate proportional to their surface area, modified to account for gas-phase diffusion in the transition regime between the kinetic and bulk-flow regimes. This suggests that SOA condensational growth may be modeled based on the size distribution of the condensational sink in the atmosphere. %Z doi: 10.1021/es104147z %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es104147z

%0 Journal Article %A Kirschling, Teresa L. %A Golas, Patricia L. %A Unrine, Jason M. %A Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof %A Gregory, Kelvin B. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Tilton, Robert D. %D 2011 %T Microbial Bioavailability of Covalently Bound Polymer Coatings on Model Engineered Nanomaterials %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 12 %P 5253-5259 %8 2011/06/15 %! Microbial Bioavailability of Covalently Bound Polymer Coatings on Model Engineered Nanomaterials %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es200770z %X By controlling nanoparticle flocculation and deposition, polymer coatings strongly affect nanoparticle fate, transport, and subsequent biological impact in the environment. Biodegradation is a potential route to coating breakdown, but it is unknown whether surface-bound polymers are bioavailable. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that polymer coatings covalently bound to nanomaterials are bioavailable. Model poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)brush-coated nanoparticles (densely cross-linked bottle brush copolymers) with hydrophobic divinyl benzene crosslinked cores and hydrophilic PEO brush shells, having ?30 nm hydrodynamic radii, were synthesized to obtain a nanomaterial in which biodegradation was the only available coating breakdown mechanism. PEO-degradingfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] enrichment cultures were supplied with either PEO homopolymer or PEO brush nanoparticles as the sole carbon source, and protein and CO2 production were monitored as a measure of biological conversion. Protein production after 90 h corresponded to 14% and 8% of the total carbon available in the PEO homopolymer and PEO brush nanoparticle cultures, respectively, and CO2 production corresponded to 37% and 3.8% of the carbon added to the respective system. These results indicate that the PEO in the brush is bioavailable. Brush biodegradation resulted in particle aggregation, pointing to the need to understand biologically mediated transformations of nanoparticle coatings in order to understand the fate and transport of nanoparticles in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200770z http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200770z %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Key, Catherine Silver %A Reaves, Denise %A Turner, Fran %A Bang, John J. %D 2011 %T Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Ingestion on Pigmentation and Developmental Progression in Drosophila %J Atlas Journal of Biology %V 1 %P 52-61 %! Impacts of Silver Nanoparticle Ingestion on Pigmentation and Developmental Progression in Drosophila %@ 21589151 %K development Drosophila Exposure pigmentation SILVER NANOPARTICLES %X In recent years, the advent of nanomaterial use has increased exposure rates and raised health concerns. However, the toxicology profiles of many nanomaterials are far from complete for various reasons. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster, commonly called fruit flies, were exposed to one of the most widely used nanomaterials, silver nanopowder (Ag NP), to assess its toxicity and determine if D. melanogaster would be a good model organism for nanotoxicology studies. Comparison of developmental progression amongst groups of flies ingesting different Ag NP concentrations (0.05%/~90 ppm-5.0%/~9000 ppm), revealed that hatch rates were unaffected, but that larval progression was impeded at any dosage of Ag NP. At 0.3% Ag NP an approximate LD50 was observed. Additionally, a distinctive phenotype was observed among emergent adults (F1 generation) that arose from larvae exposed to Ag NP which included reduced body pigmentation accompanied by shortened life span and abnormal climbing behavior. The phenotype prompted speculation that Ag NPs may affect the dopamine and/or the stress response pathway(s).

%0 Journal Article %A Kent, Ronald D. %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2011 %T Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopy %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 46 %N 13 %P 6977-6984 %8 2012/07/03 %! Controlled Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Using Atomic Force Microscopyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es203475a %X Incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into an increasing number of consumer products has led to concern over the potential ecological impacts of their unintended release to the environment. Dissolution is an important environmental transformation that affects the form and concentration of AgNPs in natural waters; however, studies on AgNP dissolution kinetics are complicated by nanoparticle aggregation. Herein, nanosphere lithography (NSL) was used to fabricate uniform arrays of AgNPs immobilized on glass substrates. Nanoparticle immobilization enabled controlled evaluation of AgNP dissolution in an air-saturated phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 25 °C) under variable NaCl concentrations in the absence of aggregation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to monitor changes in particle morphology and dissolution. Over the first day of exposure to =10 mM NaCl, the in-plane AgNP shape changed from triangular to circular, the sidewalls steepened, the in-plane radius decreased by 5?11 nm, and the height increased by 6?12 nm. Subsequently, particle height and in-plane radius decreased at a constant rate over a 2-week period.Dissolution rates varied linearly from 0.4 to 2.2 nm/d over the 10?550 mM NaCl concentration range tested. NaClcatalyzed dissolution of AgNPs may play an important role in AgNP fate in saline waters and biological media. This study demonstrates the utility of NSL and AFM for the direct investigation of unaggregated AgNP dissolution. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es203475a http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203475a %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Karn, Barbara %D 2011 %T Inside the radar: select elements in nanomaterials and sustainable nanotechnology %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 13 %N 5 %P 1184-1189 %! Inside the radar: select elements in nanomaterials and sustainable nanotechnology %@ 1464-0325 %X Rare earth elements and several metals formerly uncommon in commerce are being introduced into new products, particularly as nanoscaled materials. Until recently, little attention has been paid to their sustainability issues. This perspective addresses these elements, their commercial uses, health and environment issues, sustainability, and suggests a path forward. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1EM10049A http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c1em10049a

%0 Journal Article %A Judy, JD %A Unrine, JM %A Bertsch, PM %D 2011 %T Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %P 776-781 %8 Jan 15 %! Evidence for Biomagnification of Gold Nanoparticles within a Terrestrial Food Chain %@ 0013-936X %K absorption iron-oxidefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] metals NANOMATERIALS plants translocation web %X Nanoparticles from the rapidly increasing number of consumer products that contain manufactured nanomaterials are being discharged into waste streams. Increasing evidence suggests that several classes of nanomaterials may accumulate in sludge derived from wastewater treatment and ultimately in soil following land application as biosolids. Little research has been conducted to evaluate the impact of nanoparticles on terrestrial ecosystems, despite the fact that land application of biosolids from wastewater treatment will be a major pathway for the introduction of manufactured nanomaterials to the environment To begin addressing this knowledge gap, we used the model organisms Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi and Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) to investigate plant uptake and the potential for trophic transfer of 5, 10, and 15 nm diameter gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). Samples were analyzed using both bulk analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as well as spatially resolved methods such as laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (mu XRF). Our results demonstrate trophic transfer and biomagnification of gold nanoparticles from a primary producer to a primary consumer by mean factors of 6.2, 11.6, and 9.6 for the 5, 10, and 15 nm treatments, respectively. This result has important implications for risks associated with nanotechnology, including the potential for human exposure. %Z 704YBTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:37 %U <Go to ISI>://000286090500067

%0 Journal Article %A Jassby, D. %A Wiesner, M. %D 2011 %T Characterization of ZnS Nanoparticle Aggregation using Photoluminescence %J Langmuir %V 27 %P 902-908 %8 Feb %! Characterization of ZnS Nanoparticle Aggregation using Photoluminescence %@ 0743-7463 %M WOS:000286485600009 %X Aggregation of uncoated ZnS nanoparticles was determined to have an unexpected impact on the particle's photoluminescent properties. Aggregation had significant consequences to both band-edge and trap-site photoluminescence, increasing the former and decreasing the latter. The onset of changes to photoluminescence was influenced by aggregation rate. Results suggest that aggregate structure plays an important role in determining the extent to which changes to photoluminescence occur. Strong evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that aggregation-induced changes to surface tension are responsible for the observed photoluminescence behavior. We show that changes in photoluminescence can be used to predict the attachment coefficient, in lieu of dynamic light scattering. Additionally, our data indicate that the particle size distribution of aggregating ZnS nanoparticles is invariant across electrolyte concentrations, at a given standard deviation away from the maximum rate of photoluminescence change. %Z Jassby, David Wiesner, Mark %U <Go to ISI>://WOS:000286485600009

%0 Journal Article %A Hull, Matthew S. %A Chaurand, Perrine %A Rose, Jeromefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Auffan, Melanie %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %A Jones, Jason C. %A Schultz, Irvin R. %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2011 %T Filter-Feeding Bivalves Store and Biodeposit Colloidally Stable Gold Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 15 %P 6592-6599 %8 2011/08/01 %! Filter-Feeding Bivalves Store and Biodeposit Colloidally Stable Gold Nanoparticles %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es200809c %X Nanoparticles resistant to salt-induced aggregation are continually being developed for biomedical and industrial applications. Because of their colloidal stability these functionalized nanoparticles are anticipated to be persistent aquatic contaminants. Here, we show that Corbicula fluminea, a globally distributed clam that is a known sentinel of aquatic ecosystem contamination, can uptake and biodeposit bovine serum albumin (BSA) stabilized gold nanoparticles. Nanoparticle clearance rates from suspension were dictated by diameter and concentration, with the largest particles cleared most quickly on a mass basis. Particle capture facilitates size-selective ?biopurification? of particle suspensions with nanoscale resolution. Nanoparticles were retained either within the clam digestive tract or excreted in feces. Our results suggest that biotransformation and biodeposition will play a significant role in the fate and transport of persistent nanoparticles in aquatic systems. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200809c http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200809c %[2013/03/25

%0 Government Document %A Holdren, J.P. %A Sunstein, C.R. %A Siddiqui, I.A %D 2011 %T Memorandum for Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies. Policy Principles for the U.S. Decision-Making Concerning Regulation and Oversight of Applications of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials. %E Office of Science and Technology Policy %E President, Executive Office of the %U www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/for-agencies/nanotechnology -regulation-and-oversight-principles.pdf %[March 29, 2013

%0 Journal Article %A Hendrickson, O. D. %A Safenkova, I. V. %A Zherdev, A. V. %A Dzantiev, B. B. %A Popov, V. O. %D 2011 %T Methods of detection and identification of manufactured nanoparticlesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J Biophysics %V 56 %N 6 %P 961-986 %8 2011/12/01 %! Methods of detection and identification of manufactured nanoparticles %Z BIOPHYSICS %@ 0006-3509 %R 10.1134/S0006350911060066 %K nanomaterials manufactured nanoparticles nanobiosafety methods of detection %X The actual methods of detection and identification of manufactured nanoparticles in both simple and complex multi-component matrix for assessing biological effects and safety of nanotechnology products have been reviewed. The detection of priority species of biologically active nanoparticles, which include fullerenes, singleand multi-walled carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles of silver, gold, titanium oxide, aluminum, cerium, zinc and silicon, has been given a special attention. The requirements for sample preparation have been discussed. The results of the successful application for the detection of manufactured nanoparticles in biosamples with methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, size exclusion chromatography, field-flow fractionation, electrophoretic, light scattering, spectrophotometry, fluorescent spectroscopy, X-ray and other spectrometry, mass spectrometry, “particle counters”, immunochemistry have been reviewed. The possibilities and limitations of different techniques, and their complementarity have been analyzed. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0006350911060066 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS0006350911060066 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Hendren, C. O. %A Mesnard, X. %A Droge, J. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Estimating Production Data for Five Engineered Nanomaterials As a Basis for Exposure Assessment %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %P 2562-2569 %8 Apr 1 %! Estimating Production Data for Five Engineered Nanomaterials As a Basis for Exposure Assessment %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000288841500012 %K environment Nanoparticles RISK silver water suspensions %X The magnitude of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) being produced and potentially released to the environment is a crucial and thus far unknown input to exposure assessment. This work estimates upper and lower bound annual United States production quantities for 5 classes of ENMs. A variety of sources were culled to identify companies producing source ENM products and determine production volumes. Using refining assumptions to attribute production levels from companies with more reliable estimates to companies with little to no data, ranges of U.S.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] production quantities were projected for each of the 5 ENMs. The quality of data is also analyzed; the percentage of companies for which data were available (via Web sites, patents, or direct communication) or unavailable (and thus extrapolated from other companies' data) is presented. %Z 741CUTimes Cited:3Cited References Count:41 %U <Go to ISI>://000288841500012

%0 Journal Article %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2011 %T The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 13 %N 5 %P 1145-1155 %! The release of engineered nanomaterials to the environment %@ 1464-0325 %X There is scientific agreement that engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production, use and disposal lead to environm ental release of ENM. However, very little is known on emissions of ENM to the environment. Currently, techniques are lacking to quantitatively monitor ENM emissions to and concentrations in the environment, and hence data on emissions and environmental concentrations are scarce. One of the few available studies reports the detection of nano-TiO2 in water leaching from exterior facades. Some experimental evidence is available on the release of nanosized materials from commercial textiles during washing. A handful of modeling studies have investigated ENM release to the environment. These studies modeled either the release of ENMs to the environment from ENMcontaining products during the consumer usage, or the release throughout the whole life cycle of ENM and ENMcontaining products. Sewage sludge, wastewater, and waste incineration of products containing ENM were shown to be the major flows through which ENMs end up in the environment. However, reliable data are particularly lacking on release during ENM production and on the application amounts and empirical information on release coefficients for all life cycle stages and environmental compartments. Quantitative data linking occupational exposure measurements and ENM emission flows into the environment are almost completely missing. Besides knowing the amounts of ENM released into the environment, it is equally important to investigate in what form ENMs are released. First results show that much of the ENM released from products is present in matrix-bound form, but that also some fraction is released as single, dispersed nanoparticles. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C0EM00547A http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/EM/c0em00547a

%0 Journal Article %A Glover, Richard D. %A Miller, John M. %A Hutchison, James E. %D 2011 %T Generation of Metal Nanoparticles from Silver and Copper Objects: Nanoparticle Dynamics on Surfaces and Potential Sources of Nanoparticles in the Environment %J ACS Nano %V 5 %N 11 %P 8950-8957 %8 2011/11/22 %! Generation of Metal Nanoparticles from Silver and Copper Objects: Nanoparticle Dynamics on Surfaces and Potential Sources of Nanoparticles in the Environmentfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 1936-0851 %R 10.1021/nn2031319 %X The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in antimicrobial applications, including a wide range of consumer goods and apparel, has attracted attention because of the unknown health and environmental risks associated with these emerging materials. Of particular concern is whether there are new risks that are a direct consequence of their nanoscale size. Identifying those risks associated with nanoscale structure has been difficult due to the fundamental challenge of detecting and monitoring nanoparticles in products or the environment. Here, we introduce a new strategy to directly monitor nanoparticles and their transformations under a variety of environmental conditions. These studies reveal unprecedented dynamic behavior of AgNPs on surfaces. Most notably, under ambient conditions at relativehumidities greater than 50%, new silver nanoparticles form in the vicinity of the parent particles. This humiditydependent formation of new particles was broadly observed for a variety of AgNPs and substrate surface coatings. We hypothesize that nanoparticle production occurs through a process involving three stages: (i) oxidation and dissolution of silver from the surface of the particle, (ii) diffusion of silver ion across the surface in an adsorbed water layer, and (iii) formation of new, smaller particles by chemical and/or photoreduction. Guided by these findings, we investigated non-nanoscale sources of silver such as wire, jewelry, and eating utensils that are placed in contact with surfaces and found that they also formed new nanoparticles. Copper objects display similar reactivity, suggesting that this phenomenon may be more general. These findings challenge conventional thinking about nanoparticle reactivity and imply that the production of new nanoparticles is an intrinsic property of the material that is not strongly size dependent. The discovery that AgNPs and CuNPs are generated spontaneously from manmade objects implies that humans have long been in direct contact with these nanomaterials and that macroscale objects represent a potential source of incidental nanoparticles in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn2031319 %[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article %A Fairbairn, Elise A. %A Keller, Arturo A. %A Mädler, Lutz %A Zhou, Dongxu %A Pokhrel, Suman %A Cherr, Gary N. %D 2011 %T Metal oxide nanomaterials in seawater: Linking physicochemical characteristics with biological response in sea urchin development %J Journal of Hazardous Materials %V 192 %N 3 %P 1565-1571 %8 9/15/ %! Metal oxide nanomaterials in seawater: Linking physicochemical characteristics with biological response in sea urchin development %@ 0304-3894 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.080 %K Seawater Engineered nanomaterial Sea urchin embryo Metal oxide nanoparticles Aggregation %X The fate and behavior of nanomaterials (NMs) in environmental media has important consequences for toxicity. The majority of aquatic research to date has focused on NM behavior in freshwater systems. However, pH and salinity differences of seawater affect dissolution and aggregation of NMs. In this study, physical characteristics of metal oxide NMs in seawater were linked with their toxicity to developing sea urchins. The metal oxide NMs TiO2 andfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] CeO2 up to 10 mg/L were not toxic to the embryos of the white sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus). In contrast, ZnO NM was highly toxic to these embryos (EC50 = 99.5 μg/L). The toxicity of ZnO NM was not significantly different from bulk ZnO or soluble Zn2+ (from ZnSO4·7H2O), suggesting that the toxicity of ZnO NM can be attributed to soluble Zn2+. Furthermore, solubility data indicate that at the concentrations used in our sea urchin embryo experiments, ZnO NM was rapidly and completely solubilized in seawater. The present study also demonstrated that Fe-doped NMs were less soluble in seawater compared to pure ZnO NMs, but there was no concomitant reduction in toxicity. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389411008557

%0 Journal Article %A Fabrega, Julia %A Luoma, Samuel N. %A Tyler, Charles R. %A Galloway, Tamara S. %A Lead, Jamie R. %D 2011 %T Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment %J Environment International %V 37 %N 2 %P 517-531 %8 2// %! Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment %@ 0160-4120 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.012 %K Marine Freshwater Fate Ecotoxicology Nanotechnology Organisms %X This review summarises and evaluates the present knowledge on the behaviour, the biological effects and the routes of uptake of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to organisms, with considerations on the nanoparticle physicochemistry in the ecotoxicity testing systems used. Different types of Ag NP syntheses, characterisation techniques and predicted current and future concentrations in the environment are also outlined. Rapid progress in this area has been made over the last few years, but there is still a critical lack of understanding of the need for characterisation and synthesis in environmental and ecotoxicological studies. Concentration and form of nanomaterials in the environment are difficult to quantify and methodological progress is needed, although sophisticated exposure models show that predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for Ag NPs in different environmental compartments are at the range of ng L- 1 to mg kg- 1. The ecotoxicological literature shows that concentrations of Ag NPs below the current and future PECs, as low as just a few ng L- 1, can affect prokaryotes, invertebrates and fish indicating a significant potential, though poorly characterised, risk to the environment. Mechanisms of toxicity are still poorly understood although it seems clear that in some cases nanoscale specific properties may cause biouptake and toxicity over and above that caused by the dissolved Ag ion. This review concludes with a set of recommendations for the advancement of understanding of the role of nanoscale silver in environmental and ecotoxicological research. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201000228X

%0 Journal Article %A Erickson, Britt %D 2011 %T NANOTECH Europe moves toward harmonized regulations by defining a nanomaterialfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J Chemical & Engineering News Archive %V 89 %N 44 %P 9 %8 2011/10/31 %! NANOTECH Europe moves toward harmonized regulations by defining a nanomaterial %@ 0009-2347 %R 10.1021/cen-v089n044.p009a %X The European Commission, the administrative arm of the European Union has defined the term ?nanomaterial,? opening the door for future regulations on nanoscale particles in consumer products sold in the EU. The chemical industry and consumer groups both welcomed and criticized the action. The definition is intended to help EU regulators and industry determine which products contain nanomaterials and therefore might need special safety provisions, such as risk assessments or ingredient labeling. Under the definition, a nanomaterial is made up of natural or manufactured particles that are unbound or aggregated. Of these particles, at least 50% must have one or more dimensions between 1 nm and 100 nm. Consumer and environmental groups welcomed the definition as a first step toward more uniform nanotechnology legislation, but they characterized it as ?too narrow,? arguing that numerous products will escape regulation. Many groups were disappointed that the threshold was raised from 1% of the particles in the draft ... %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v089n044.p009a %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Deonarine, A. %A Lau, B.L.T. %A Aiken, G.R. %A Ryan, J. N. %A Hsu-Kim, H. %D 2011 %T Effects of humic substances on precipitation and aggregation of zinc sulfide nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %P 3217-3223 %! Effects of humic substances on precipitation and aggregation of zinc sulfide nanoparticles

%0 Journal Article %A Costanza, Jed %A El Badawy, Amro M. %A Tolaymat, Thabet M. %D 2011 %T Comment on “120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers” %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 17 %P 7591-7592 %8 2011/09/01 %! Comment on “120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers” %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es200666n %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200666n http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es200666nfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Chowdhury, Indranil %A Hong, Yongsuk %A Honda, Ryan J. %A Walker, Sharon L. %D 2011 %T Mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle transport in porous media: Role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle concentration, and flowrate %J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science %V 360 %N 2 %P 548-555 %8 8/15/ %! Mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle transport in porous media: Role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle concentration, and flowrate %@ 0021-9797 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.111 %K Titanium dioxide Transport Porous media Mechanisms Nanoparticle concentration Hydrodynamic effects %X The role of solution chemistry, nanoparticle concentration and hydrodynamic effects in the transport and deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles through porous media has been systematically investigated. Two solution chemistry variables, pH and ionic strength (IS), showed a significant influence on the transport due to their involvement in the aggregation of the nanoparticles and interaction with quartz sand. An electrostatically unfavorable condition for deposition existed at pH 7, at which the greatest retention occurred in the column, likely due to aggregation (>1000 nm) and straining effects. Under electrostatically favorable conditions (pH 5) significant elution from the column was observed and attributed to smaller aggregate size (~300 nm) and blocking effects. Nanoparticle concentration was found to contribute to the increased breakthrough of nanoparticles at pH 5 due to blocking and subsequent particle– particle repulsion. Increased flowrate resulted in greater elution of nanoparticles due to hydrodynamic forces acting on aggregates and subsequently contributed to blocking. Overall, a combination of mechanisms including straining, blocking, and DLVO-type forces were involved over the range of solution chemistry and nanoparticle concentrations tested. Consideration of these mechanisms is necessary for improved removal of TiO2 nanoparticles via filtration and reliable prediction of transport of these potentially problematic nanoparticles through the subsurface. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979711005819

%0 Journal Article %A Cho, Jinhyun %A Lin, Qiubao %A Yang, Sungwoo %A Simmons, Jay G %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Lin, Erica %A Yang, Jianqiu %A Foreman, John V %A Everitt, Henry Ofile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Yang, Weitao %A Kim, Jungsang %A Liu, Jie %D 2011 %T Sulfur-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanostars: Synthesis and simulation of growth mechanism %J Nano Research %V 5 %P 20-26 %8 Nov 12 %! Sulfur-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanostars: Synthesis and simulation of growth mechanism %U http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s12274-011-0180-3

%0 Journal Article %A Cheng, Y. W. %A Yin, L. Y. %A Lin, S. H. %A Wiesner, M. %A Bernhardt, E. %A Liu, J. %D 2011 %T Toxicity Reduction of Polymer-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles by Sunlight %J Journal of Physical Chemistry C %V 115 %P 4425-4432 %8 Mar 24 %! Toxicity Reduction of Polymer-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles by Sunlight %@ 1932-7447 %M ISI:000288401200010 %K GOLD metal nanostructures nanocrystals nanoprisms shape-controlled synthesis size WATER %X The environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials are becoming important topics of research in recent years. The unique advantages offered by these nanomaterials in wide range of applications cannot be realized until these concerns are resolved. Among all the nanomaterials, Ag nanoparticles, due to their existing extensive uses in commercial products, demand immediate attention. Since the nanoparticle suspensions will be exposed to environmental conditions different from a research lab setting, many factors, including light, temperature, salinity, etc., are suspected to affect the stability of the nanoparticle and also their toxicity. In this study, we examined the effect of sunlight on the stability and toxicity of 6 and 25 nm Ag nanoparticles coated with gum arabic (GA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Under sunlight irradiation, all of these nanoparticles irreversibly aggregated to different degrees depending on the surface coating. The UV content of the sunlight is identified to be the driving force of nanoparticle aggregation, and the strong oscillating dipole dipole interaction is believed to be the origin of the destabilization. Toxicity examinations of the nanoparticles to a wetland plant, Lolium multiflorum, indicate that their toxicity is greatly reduced after sunlight irradiation. %Z 735GKTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:35 %U <Go to ISI>://000288401200010file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Chen, Jiawei %A Xiu, Zongming %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Alvarez, Pedro J. J. %D 2011 %T Effect of natural organic matter on toxicity and reactivity of nano-scale zero-valent iron %J Water Research45 %V 45 %P 1995-2001 %! Effect of natural organic matter on toxicity and reactivity of nano-scale zero-valent iron %Z CEINT

%0 Journal Article %A Chang, Xiaojun %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2011 %T UV–vis Spectroscopic Properties of nC60 Produced via Extended Mixing %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 23 %P 9967-9974 %8 2011/12/01 %! UV–vis Spectroscopic Properties of nC60 Produced via Extended Mixing %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es201229a %X Colloidally stable C60 suspensions produced via extended mixing in water (aq/nC60) are highly heterogeneous with respect to particle size and morphology. Ultraviolet?visible (UV?vis) absorption spectra of aq/nC60 are often used as a supplemental tool to dynamic light scattering (DLS), trans mission electron microscopy (TEM), and other analytical methods to characterize aq/nC60. In the present study, the UV?vis spectra provide information about the average particle size and the interactions between C60 and water. We report that the decrease in relative absorption in the 240?290 nm range is a function of magnetic stirring time, that the average size (Zave) of an aq/nC60 suspension determines the position of absorbance maximum of its 360 nm band, and that the methods used to prepare and fractionate nC60 affect the extent of the blue shift in this band that occurs due to a decrease in Zave. We also confirm that the broad absorption band in the 400?600 nm region is a result of C60 aggregation. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es201229a http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es201229a %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Chae, S. R. %A Watanabe, Y. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Comparative photochemical reactivity of spherical and tubular fullerene nanoparticles in water under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation %J Water Research %V 45 %P 308-314 %8 Janfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %9 Article %! Comparative photochemical reactivity of spherical and tubular fullerene nanoparticles in water under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation %@ 0043-1354 %M ISI:000286027300029 %K 2-Chlorophenol degradation ACID c-60 Carbon nanotubes Colloidal aggregates Fullerene nanoparticles organic-compounds oxidation

oxygen reactive oxygen species suspensions %X Fullerene nanomaterials are finding an increasing number of applications in energy and environmental technologies. However, substantial production and use of fullerenes will likely lead to environmental exposure with unknown consequences. In this study, aqueous suspensions of three types of fullerenes nanoparticles, C-60 fullerene, single-wall (SW) and multi-wall (MW) carbon nanotubes (CNT) were prepared by sonication and tested for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidation of benchmark organic compounds under ultraviolet (UV)-A irradiation. All three fullerenes formed colloidal aggregates in water. SWCNTs showed the highest ROS production and 2-chlorophenol degradation followed by MWCNT, and fullerene. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 704BYTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 16Chae, So-Ryong Watanabe, Yoshimasa Wiesner, Mark R.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under NSF, Center for the Environmental Implications of Nano Technology (CEINT) [EF-0830093]; National Science Foundation (NSF)This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under NSF Cooperative Agreement EF-0830093, Center for the Environmental Implications of Nano Technology (CEINT). Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF or the EPA. This work has not been subjected to EPA review and no official endorsement should be inferred.Pergamon-elsevier science ltdOxford %U <Go to ISI>://000286027300029 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135410005488

%0 Journal Article %A Chae, S. R. %A Therezien, M. %A Budarz, J. F. %A Wessel, L. %A Lin, S. H. %A Xiao, Y. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2011 %T Comparison of the photosensitivity and bacterial toxicity of spherical and tubular fullerenes of variable aggregate size %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 13 %P 5121-5127 %8 Oct %! Comparison of the photosensitivity and bacterial toxicity of spherical and tubular fullerenes of variable aggregate size %@ 1388-0764file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %M ISI:000295609700067 %X Nanomaterials such as fullerene C(60), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and other fullerenes show unique electrical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties that are not well understood in the context of the environmental behavior of this class of carbon-based materials. In this study, aqueous suspensions of three fullerenes nanoparticles, C(60), single-wall (SW) and multi-wall (MW) CNTs were prepared by sonication and tested for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inactivation of Vibrio fischeri, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, under ultraviolet (UV)-A irradiation. We show that ROS production and microbial inactivation increases as colloidal aggregates of C(60), SWCNT, and MWCNT are fractionated to enrich with smaller aggregates by progressive membrane filtration. As the quantity and influence of these more reactive fractions of the suspension may increase with time and/or as the result of fractionation processes in the laboratory or the environment, experiments evaluating photo-reactivity and toxicity endpoints must take into account the evolution and heterogeneity of nanoparticle aggregates in water. %U <Go to ISI>://000295609700067

%0 Journal Article %A Cerrato, José M. %A Knocke, William R. %A Hochella, Michael F. %A Dietrich, Andrea M. %A Jones, Andrew %A Cromer, Thomas F. %D 2011 %T Application of XPS and Solution Chemistry Analyses to Investigate Soluble Manganese Removal by MnO <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> (s)-Coated Media %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 23 %P 10068 - 10074 %8 12/2011 %! Application of XPS and Solution Chemistry Analyses to Investigate Soluble Manganese Removal by MnO <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> (s)-Coated Media %R 10.1021/es203262n %X X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to investigate Mn(II) removal by MnOx(s)-coated media under experimental conditions similar to the engineered environment of drinking water treatment plants in the absence and presence of chlorine. Macroscopic and spectroscopic results suggest that Mn(II) removal at pH 6.3 and pH 7.2 in the absence of chlorine was mainly due to adsorption onto the MnOx(s) surface coating, while removal in the presence of chlorine was due to a combination of initial surface adsorption followed by subsequent surface-catalyzed oxidation. However, Mn(III) was identified by XPS analyses of the Mn 3p photoline for experiments performed in the absence of chlorine at pH 6.3 and pH 7.2, suggesting that surface-catalyzed Mn oxidation also occurred at these conditions. Results obtained at pH 8.2 at 8 and 0.5 mg·L–1 dissolved oxygen in the absence of chlorine suggest that Mn(II) removal was mainly due to initial adsorption followed by surface-catalyzed oxidation. XPS analyses suggest that Mn(IV) was the predominant species in experiments operated in the presence of chlorine. This study confirms that the use of chlorine combined with the catalytic action of MnOx(s) oxides is effective for Mn(II) removal from drinking water filtration systems. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203262n

%0 Journal Article %A Brasuel, Murphy %A Wise, Kelsey %D 2011 %T The current state of engineered nanomaterials in consumer goods and waste streams: the need to developfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] nanoproperty-quantifiable sensors for monitoring engineered nanomaterials %J Nanotechnology, Science and Applications %P 73 %! The current state of engineered nanomaterials in consumer goods and waste streams: the need to develop nanoproperty-quantifiable sensors for monitoring engineered nanomaterials %@ 1177-8903 %R 10.2147/nsa.s9039 %U http://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=10444

%0 Journal Article %A Bang, John %A Yeyeodu, Susan %A Gilyazova, Naila %A Witherspoon, Sam %A Ibeanu, Gordon %D 2011 %T Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on a Neuronal Cell Model In Vitro %J Atlas Journal of Biology %V 1 %P 70-77 %! Effects of Carbon Nanotubes on a Neuronal Cell Model In Vitro %K NeuroScreen-1, Carbon nanotubes, Hypodiploid, Neuronal viability, Pheochromocytoma, Pathway Finder %X As the use of nanomaterials continues to flourish in industrial and biomedical applications so does the concern that these materials may have unanticipated and undesirable effects on human health and the environment. Inhaled or ingested nanoparticles have been detected in the brain, among other organs, raising the question as to their effect on neuronal viability. The effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the viability of NeuroScreen-1 (NS-1) cells, a neuronal cell model, were studied. Resazurin reduction and in situ Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI) double staining indicated MWCNTs reduce cell viability. Caspase 3/7 activity on par with etoposide-induced apoptosis was not observed until 72 hours and was only 20-30% higher than controls. However, increased levels of annexin V in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membranes after 24 hours and a minimum two-fold increase in relative mitochondrial depolarization after 48 hours both suggested MWCNTs promoted apoptosis in this neuronal cell model.

%0 Conference Proceedings %A Arnaout, C.L. %A Gunsch, C.K. %D 2011 %T Measuring the antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles %B Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors Meeting, Tampa, FL (July 10-12, 2011). %! Measuring the antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles

%0 Journal Article %A Aiken, G.R. %A Hsu-Kim, H. %A Ryan, J. N. %A Alvarez, P. %D 2011 %T Guest comment: nanoscale metal-organic matter interactions %J Environmental Science & Technologyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 45 %P 3194-3195 %! Guest comment: nanoscale metal-organic matter interactions

%0 Journal Article %A Aiken, G. R. %A Hsu-Kim, H. %A Ryan, J. N. %D 2011 %T Influence of dissolved organic matter on the environmental fate of metals, nanoparticles, and colloids %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 8 %P 3196-3201 %8 Apr 15 %! Influence of dissolved organic matter on the environmental fate of metals, nanoparticles, and colloids %Z Environmental science & technology %@ 1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking) %R 10.1021/es103992s %M 21405118 %K Colloids/chemistry Ecological and Environmental Processes Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants/*chemistry Humic Substances/analysis Kinetics Metals/*chemistry Nanoparticles/*chemistry Photochemical Processes %Z Aiken, George R Hsu-Kim, Heileen Ryan, Joseph N

eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2011/03/17 06:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Apr 15;45(8):3196-201. doi: 10.1021/es103992s. Epub 2011 Mar 15. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21405118 %+ U.S. Geological Survey , 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States. graiken@usgs.gov

%0 Standard %A (ISO), International Organization for Standardization %D 2011 %T Nanotechnologies %B Part 4: Nanostructured materials %I ISO/TC 229 %V ISO/TS 80004 %8 2011-11-21 %@ ICS 07.030, 01.040.07 %U https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:80004:-4:ed-1:v1:en:term:2.2file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %[6/06/13 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Xiu, Z. M. %A Jin, Z. H. %A Li, T. L. %A Mahendra, S. %A Lowry, G. V. %A Alvarez, P. J. J. %D 2010 %T Effects of nano-scale zero-valent iron particles on a mixed culture dechlorinating trichloroethylene %J Bioresource Technology %V 101 %P 1141-1146 %8 Feb %! Effects of nano-scale zero-valent iron particles on a mixed culture dechlorinating trichloroethylene %@ 0960-8524 %M ISI:000272071800005 %X Nano-scale zero-valent iron particles (NZVI) are increasingly being used to treat sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. This study investigated the effect of NZVI on dechlorinating microorganisms that participate in the anaerobic bioremediation of such sites, NZVI can have a biostimulatory effect associated with water-derived cathodic H-2 production during its anaerobic corrosion (730 +/- 30 mu mol H-2 Was produced in 166 h in abiotic controls with 1 g/L NZVI) or an inhibitory effect upon contact with cell surfaces (assessed by transmission electron microscopy). Methanogens, which are known to compete for H-2 with dechlorinators, were significantly biostimulated by NZVI and methane production increased relative to NZVI-free controls from 58 +/- 5 to 275 +/- 2 mu mol. In contrast, bacteria dechlorinating TCE were inhibited by NZVI, and the first-order degradation rate coefficient decreased from 0.115 +/- 0.005 h(-1) (R-2 = 0.99) for controls to 0.053 +/- 0.003 h(-1) (R-2 = 0.98) for treatments with 1 g/L NZVI. Ethene production from TCE was initially inhibited by NZVI, but after 331 h increased to levels observed for an NZVI-free system (7.6 +/- 0.3 mu mol ethene produced in 502 h compared to 11.6 +/- 0.5 mmol in the NZVI-free system and 3.8 +/- 0.3 mu mol ethene for NZVI alone). Apparently, cathodic H-2 was utilized as electron donor by dechlorinating bacteria, which recovered following the partial oxidation and presumably passivation of the NZVI. Overall, these results suggest that reductive treatment of chlorinated solvent sites with NZVI might be enhanced by the concurrent or subsequent participation of bacteria that exploit cathodic depolarization and reductive dechlorination as metabolic niches. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. %U <Go to ISI>://000272071800005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852409012632

%0 Journal Article %A Xiu, Z. M. %A Gregory, K. B. %A Lowry, G. V. %A Alvarez, P. J. J. %D 2010 %T Effect of Bare and Coated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron on tceA and vcrA Gene Expression in Dehalococcoides spp %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %P 7647-7651 %8 Oct %! Effect of Bare and Coated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron on tceA and vcrA Gene Expression in Dehalococcoides sppfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000282209700075 %X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) can be used to dechlorinate trichloroethylene (TCE) in contaminated aquifers. Dehalococcoides spp. is the only microbial genus known to dechlorinate TCE to ethene as a respiratory process. However, little is known about how NZVI affects the expression of genes coding for reductive dechlorination. We examined a high-rate TCE-dechlorinating mixed culture which contains organisms similar to known Dehalococcoides to study the effects of NZVI on the expression of two model genes coding for reductive dehalogenases (tceA and vcrA). A novel pretreatment approach, relying on magnetic separation of NZVI prior to reverse transcription qPCR (to avoid RNA adsorption by NZVI), was developed and used with relative quantification (relative to 16S rRNA as endogenous housekeeping gene) to quantify reductive dehalogenase gene expression. Both tceA and vcrA were significantly down-regulated (97- and 137-fold, respectively) relative to baseline (time 0) conditions after 72-h exposure to chlorinated ethenes (0.12 +/- 0.03 mg/L cis-DCE, 0.69 +/- 0.11 mg/L t-DCE, and 0.54 +/- 0.16 mg/L VC) and bare-NZVI (1 g-NZVI/L). However, coating NZVI with an olefin maleic acid copolymer (a common approach to enhance its mobility in aquifers) overcame this significant inhibitory effect, and both tceA and vcrA were up-regulated (3.0- and 3.5-fold, respectively) after 48-h exposure. Thus, NZVI coating might enhance the expression of dechlorinating genes and the concurrent or sequential participation of Dehalococcoides spp. in the remediation process. %Z Sp. Iss. SI %U <Go to ISI>://000282209700075

%0 Journal Article %A Wiesner, M. R. %A Chae, S. R. %D 2010 %T Nanoparticle aggregation state and aging: Implications for reactivity and toxicity testing %J Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta %V 74 %P A1131-A1131 %8 Jun %9 Meeting Abstract %! Nanoparticle aggregation state and aging: Implications for reactivity and toxicity testing %@ 0016-7037 %M ISI:000283941400302 %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 676TLTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 0Wiesner, M. R. Chae, S. R.Conference on Goldschmidt 2010 - Earth, Energy, and the EnvironmentJun 13-18, 2010Knoxville, TNPergamon-elsevier science ltdOxfordSuppl. 1 %U <Go to ISI>://000283941400302

%0 Journal Article %A Unrine, JM %A Tsyusko, OV %A Hunyadi, SE %A Judy, JD %A Bertsch, PM %D 2010 %T Effects of particle size on chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to copper nanoparticles %J J Environ Qual %V 39 %P 1942-53 %7 2011/02/03file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %8 Nov-Dec %! Effects of particle size on chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to copper nanoparticles %@ 0047-2425 (Print)0047-2425 (Linking) %M 21284291 %K Animals Biological Availability Copper/ chemistry/ pharmacokinetics Metal Nanoparticles/ chemistry Oligochaeta/ drug effects/ metabolism Particle Size %X To investigate the role of particle size on the oxidation, bioavailability, and adverse effects of manufactured Cu nanoparticles (NPs) in soils, we exposed the earthworm Eisenia ferida to a series of concentrations of commercially produced NPs labeled as 20- to 40-nm or < 100-nm Cu in artificial soil media. Effects on growth, mortality, reproduction, and expression of a variety of genes associated with metal homeostasis, general stress, and oxidative stress were measured. We also used X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning X-ray fluorescence microscopy to characterize changes in chemical speciation and spatial distribution of the NPs in soil media and earthworm tissues. Exposure concentrations of Cu NPs up to 65 mg kg(-1) caused no adverse effects on ecologically relevant endpoints. Increases in metallothionein expression occurred at concentrations exceeding 20 mg kg(-1) of Cu NPs and concentrations exceeding 10 mg kg(-1) of CuSO4. Based on the relationship of Cu tissue concentration to metallothionein expression level and the spatial distribution and chemical speciation of Cu in the tissues, we conclude that Cu ions and oxidized Cu NPs were taken up by the earthworms. This study suggests that oxidized Cu NPs may enter food chains from soil but that adverse effects in earthworms are likely to occur only at relatively high concentrations (> 65 mg Cu kg(-1) soil). %Z Unrine, Jason MTsyusko, Olga VHunyadi, Simona EJudy, Jonathan DBertsch, Paul MResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.United StatesJournal of environmental qualityJ Environ Qual. 2010 Nov-Dec;39(6):1942-53.

%0 Journal Article %A Unrine, JM %A Hunyadi, SE %A Tsyusko, OV %A Rao, W. %A Shoults-Wilson, W. A. %A Bertsch, PM %D 2010 %T Evidence for bioavailability of Au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (Eisenia fetida) %J Environ Sci Technol %V 44 %P 8308-13 %7 2010/10/01 %8 Nov 1 %! Evidence for bioavailability of Au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (Eisenia fetida) %@ 1520-5851 (Electronic)0013-936X (Linking) %R 10.1021/es101885w %M 20879765 %K Animals Biological Availability Environmental Monitoring Gold/ metabolism/toxicity Metal Nanoparticles/ analysis/toxicity Metallothionein/genetics/metabolism Oligochaeta/genetics/growth & development/ metabolismfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Particle Size Reproduction Soil Pollutants/ metabolism/toxicity %X Because Au nanoparticles (NPs) are resistant to oxidative dissolution and are easily detected, they have been used as stable probes for the behavior of nanomaterials within biological systems. Previous studies provide somewhat limited evidence for bioavailability of Au NPs in food webs, because the spatial distribution within tissues and the speciation of Au was not determined. In this study, we provide multiple lines of evidence, including orthogonal microspectroscopic techniques, as well as evidence from biological responses, that Au NPs are bioavailable from soil to a model detritivore (Eisenia fetida). We also present limited evidence that Au NPs may cause adverse effects on earthworm reproduction. This is perhaps the first study to demonstrate that Au NPs can be taken up by detritivores from soil and distributed among tissues. We found that primary particle size (20 or 55 nm) did not consistently influence accumulated concentrations on a mass concentration basis; however, on a particle number basis the 20 nm particles were more bioavailable. Differences in bioavailability between the treatments may have been explained by aggregation behavior in pore water. The results suggest that nanoparticles present in soil from activities such as biosolids application have the potential to enter terrestrial food webs. %Z Unrine, Jason MHunyadi, Simona ETsyusko, Olga VRao, WilliamShoults-Wilson, W AaronBertsch, Paul MResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.United StatesEnvironmental science & technologyEnviron Sci Technol. 2010 Nov 1;44(21):8308-13. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101885w

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2010 %T Nanomaterial Case Studies: Nanoscale Titanium Dioxide in Water Treatment and in Topical Sunscreen %E Division, Office of Research %E Development/National Center for Environmental Assessment–, R. T. P. %C Washington, D.C %P 204 %@ EPA/600/R-09/057F %1 US EPA

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2010 %T Characterizing Concentrations and Size Distributions of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles in Waste Water %C Washington, DC %I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development %P 56 %@ EPA/600/R-10/117 %X Nanomaterials containing metals are finding increasing use in consumer, industrial, and medical products, and they are subsequently being released into the environment. Methods for detecting, quantifying, and characterizing these materials in complex matrices are critical for the eventual understanding of their implications to environmental quality and human health. This report describes recent progress in the development of new metrology tools. Single particle – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICPMS) is used to analyze complex aqueous samples. SP-ICPMS simultaneously quantifies the concentration of nanoparticles containing an analyte metal and measures the metal mass in individual nanoparticles. The accuracy of SPICPMS is assessed over a range of nanoparticle sizes. The utility of the technique in a number of applications is examined. Nanoparticles containing the analyte element can be measured accurately and precisely in the presence of a 10,000-fold greater concentration of other nanoparticles. SP-ICPMS is used to assess transformation of nanoparticles induced by changes in ionic strength. A screening-level assessment of metal-containing nanoparticles in urban runoff using SP-ICPMS is demonstrated, and preliminary studies of couplingfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] SP-ICPMS with online nanoparticle size separation methods are presented. %[04/15/2013 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Stone, Vicki %A Nowack, Bernd %A Baun, Anders %A van den Brink, Nico %A von der Kammer, Frank %A Dusinska, Maria %A Handy, Richard %A Hankin, Steven %A Hassellöv, Martin %A Joner, Erik %D 2010%T Nanomaterials for environmental studies: classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physicochemical characterisation %J Science of the Total Environment %V 408 %N 7 %P 1745-1754%! Nanomaterials for environmental studies: classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physicochemical characterisation %@ 0048-9697

%0 Journal Article %A Song, Guixue %A Wang, Jun %A Chiu, Chao-An %A Westerhoff, Paul %D 2010 %T Biogenic Nanoscale Colloids in Wastewater Effluents %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 21 %P 8216-8222 %8 2010/11/01 %! Biogenic Nanoscale Colloids in Wastewater Effluents %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es101208b %X The size, surface area, metal complexation capacity, organic pollutant sorption potential, reactivity with disinfectants, and elevated nitrogen content of biogenic organic nanoscale material (BONM) can potentially affect aquatic environments. BONM in effluents from 11 full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which use arange of biological processes, were characterized in two ways. First, BONM was measured by hydrodynamic sizeexclusion chromatography coupled with an online organic carbon and UV detector. Second, BONM was isolated from the wastewater using rotary evaporation and dialysis and then characterized by elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The wastewaters contained 6?10 mg/L of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). BONM accounted for 5%?50% of the DOC in wastewater effluent organic matter, and thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] largest size fraction (>10 kDa) of organic carbon correlated with the organic carbon content determined after rotary evaporation and dialysis. Membrane bioreactor WWTPs had the lowest fraction of BONM (<10% of the DOC), followed by conventional activated sludge (10% to 30% of the DOC), with other processes (e.g., trickling filters, aerated lagoons) containing larger BONM percentages. BONM had a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio (6.2 ± 1.7) compared with the literature values for humic or fulvic acids, exhibited chemical bonds that were indicative of amides and polysaccharides, and contained fibril entangled networks. This work has important implications for operations efficiency of WWTPs, including controlling membrane fouling and release of organic nitrogen into sensitive environments. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101208b http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101208b %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Solovitch, Natalia %A Labille, Jérôme %A Rose, Jérôme %A Chaurand, Perrine %A Borschneck, Daniel %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %D 2010 %T Concurrent Aggregation and Deposition of TiO2 Nanoparticles in a Sandy Porous Media %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 13 %P 4897-4902 %8 2010/07/01 %! Concurrent Aggregation and Deposition of TiO2 Nanoparticles in a Sandy Porous Media %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es1000819 %X The possibility of simultaneous particle aggregation and deposition in a porous medium was examined for the case of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). While potential for particle aggregation is typically assumed to be negligible in porous media due to favored interactions with porous media surfaces (collectors), we show that nanoscale particle dimensions may favor aggregation kinetics, thus altering the transport and retention of these materials in saturated porous media. When surface chemistry favors nanoparticle?nanoparticle attachment (app) over nanoparticle-collector attachment (apc), the rate of particle aggregation within pores may be comparable to that of deposition at ratios of collector to nanoparticle surface areas as high as 40. Aggregation of NPs in the porous media enhances NP deposition, however aggregates that are not removed will sample a smaller portion of the available pore network within the column due to size exclusion. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1000819 %[2014/08/13

%0 Journal Article %A Shoults-Wilson, W. A. %A Reinsch, B. C. %A Tsyusko, OV %A Bertsch, PM %A Lowry, G. V. %A Unrine, JM %D 2010file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %T Effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) %J Nanotoxicology %V 5 %N 3 %P 432-444 %7 2010/12/15 %8 Dec 13 %! Effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) %@ 1743-5404 (Electronic)1743-5390 (Linking) %M 21142839 %X Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) soil. Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to AgNO(3) and Ag NPs with similar size ranges coated with either polyvinylpyrrolidone (hydrophilic) or oleic acid (amphiphilic) during a standard sub-chronic reproduction toxicity test. No significant effects on growth or mortality were observed within any of the test treatments. Significant decreases in reproduction were seen in earthworms exposed to AgNO3, (94.21 mg kg(-1)) as well as earthworms exposed to Ag NPs with either coating (727.6 mg kg(-1) for oleic acid and 773.3 mg kg(-1) for polyvinylpyrrolidone). The concentrations of Ag NPs at which effects were observed are much higher than predicted concentrations of Ag NPs in sewage sludge amended soils; however, the concentrations at which adverse effects of AgNO(3) were observed are similar to the highest concentrations of Ag presently observed in sewage sludge in the United States. Earthworms accumulated Ag in a concentration-dependent manner from all Ag sources, with more Ag accumulating in tissues from AgNO(3) compared to earthworms exposed to equivalent concentrations of Ag NPs. No differences were observed in Ag accumulation or toxicity between earthworms exposed to Ag NPs with polyvinylpyrrolidone or oleic acid coatings. %Z NanotoxicologyNanotoxicology. 2010 Dec 13.

%0 Journal Article %A Scheckel, Kirk G. %A Luxton, Todd P. %A El Badawy, Amro M. %A Impellitteri, Christopher A. %A Tolaymat, Thabet M. %D 2010 %T Synchrotron Speciation of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Aged in a Kaolin Suspension %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 4 %P 1307-1312 %8 2010/02/15 %! Synchrotron Speciation of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Aged in a Kaolin Suspension %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es9032265 %X Assessments of the environmental fate and mobility of nanoparticles must consider the behavior of nanoparticles in relevant environmental systems that may result in speciation changes over time. Environmental conditions may act on nanoparticles to change their size, shape, and surface chemistry. Changing these basic characteristics of nanoparticles may result in a final reaction product that is significantly different than the initial nanomaterial. As such, basing long-term risk and toxicity on the initial properties of a nanomaterial may lead to erroneous conclusions if nanoparticles change upon release to the environment. The influence of aging on the speciation and chemical stability of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles in kaolin suspensions was examined in batch reactors for up to 18 months. Silver nanoparticles remained unchanged in sodium nitrate suspensions; however, silver chloride was identified with the metallic silver nanoparticles in sodium chloride suspensions and may be attributed to an in situ silver chloride surfacefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM]coating. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were rapidly converted via destabilization/dissolution mechanisms to Zn2+ innersphere sorption complexes within 1 day of reaction and these sorption complexes were maintained through the 12 month aging processes. Chemical and physical alteration of nanomaterials in the environment must be examined to understand fate, mobility, and toxicology. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9032265 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9032265 %[2013/03/26

%0 Report %A Roco, Mihail C. %A Mirkin, Chad A. %A Hersam, Mark C. (eds.) %D 2010 %T Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook %I WTEC

%Y Springer %8 September 30, 2010 %! Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook %U http://www.wtec.org/nano2/Nanotechnology_Research_Directions_to_2020/Nano_Resarch_Directions_to_2020.pdf %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Reinsch, Brian C. %A Forsberg, Brady %A Penn, R. Lee %A Kim, Christopher S. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2010 %T Chemical Transformations during Aging of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles in the Presence of Common Groundwater Dissolved Constituents %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 9 %P 3455-3461 %8 2010/05/01 %! Chemical Transformations during Aging of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles in the Presence of Common Groundwater Dissolved Constituents %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es902924h %X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) that was aged in simulated groundwater was evaluated for alterations in composition and speciation over 6 months to understand the possible transformations NZVI could undergo in natural waters. NZVI was exposed to 10 mN of various common groundwater anions (Cl?, NO3?, SO42?, HPO42?, and HCO3?) or to dissolved oxygen (saturated, ?9 mg/L). Fresh and exposed NZVI samples, along with Fe-oxide model compounds, were then analyzed using synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to yield both relative oxidation state, using the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and quantitative speciation information regarding the types and proportions of mineral species present, from analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Over 1 month of aging the dissolved anions inhibited the oxidation of the NZVI to varying degrees. Aging for 6 months, however, resulted in average oxidation states that were similar to each otherfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] regardless of the anion used, except for nitrate. Nitrate passivated the NZVI surface such that even after 6 months of aging the particles retained nearly the same mineral and Fe0 content as fresh NZVI. Linear least-squares combination fitting (LCF) of the EXAFS spectra for 1 month-aged samples indicated that the oxidized particles remain predominantly a binary phase system containing Fe0 and Fe3O4, while the 6 month aged samples contained additional mineral phases such as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O) and iron sulfate species, possibly schwertmannite (Fe3+16O16(OH,SO4)12?13·10?12H2O). The presence of these additional mineral species was confirmed using synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (XRD). NZVI exposed to water saturated with dissolved oxygen showed a rapid (<24 h) loss of Fe0 and evolved both magnetite and maghemite (?-Fe2O3) within the oxide layer. These findings have implications toward the eventual fate, transport, and toxicity of NZVI used for groundwater remediation. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es902924h http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902924h %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Powers, Christina M. %A Badireddy, Appala R. %A Ryde, Ian T. %A Seidler, Frederic J. %A Slotkin, Theodore A. %D 2010 %T Silver Nanoparticles Compromise Neurodevelopment in PC12 Cells: Critical Contributions of Silver Ion, Particle Size, Coating, and Composition %J Environmental Health Perspectives %V 119 %N 1 %P 37 - 44 %8 09/2010 %! Silver Nanoparticles Compromise Neurodevelopment in PC12 Cells: Critical Contributions of Silver Ion, Particle Size, Coating, and Composition %R 10.1289/ehp.1002337

%0 Journal Article %A Plathe, K. L. %A von der Kammer, F. %A Hassellov, M. %A Moore, J. %A Murayama, M. %A Hofmann, T. %A Hochella, M. F. %D 2010 %T Using FlFFF and aTEM to determine trace metal-nanoparticle associations in riverbed sediment %J Environmental Chemistry %V 7 %P 82-93 %! Using FlFFF and aTEM to determine trace metal-nanoparticle associations in riverbed sediment %@ 1448-2517 %M ISI:000274732200009%X Analytical transmission electron microscopy (aTEM) and flow field flow fractionation (FlFFF) coupled to multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) and high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (HR-ICPMS) were utilised to elucidate relationships between trace metals and nanoparticles in contaminated sediment. Samplesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] were obtained from the Clark Fork River (Montana, USA), where a large-scale dam removal project has released reservoir sediment contaminated with toxic trace metals (namely Pb, Zn, Cu and As) which had accumulated from a century of mining activities upstream. An aqueous extraction method was used to recover nanoparticles from the sediment for examination; FlFFF results indicate that the toxic metals are held in the nano-size fraction of the sediment and their peak shapes and size distributions correlate best with those for Fe and Ti. TEM data confirms this on a single nanoparticle scale; the toxic metals were found almost exclusively associated with nano-size oxide minerals, most commonly brookite, goethite and lepidocrocite. %Z Plathe, K. L. von der Kammer, F. Hassellov, M. Moore, J. Murayama, M. Hofmann, T. Hochella, M. F., Jr. %U <Go to ISI>://000274732200009

%0 Journal Article %A Phenrat, T. %A Song, J. E. %A Cisneros, C. M. %A Schoenfelder, D. P. %A Tilton, R. D. %A Lowry, G. V. %D 2010 %T Estimating Attachment of Nano- and Submicrometer-particles Coated with Organic Macromolecules in Porous Media: Development of an Empirical Model %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %P 4531-4538 %8 Jun %! Estimating Attachment of Nano- and Submicrometer-particles Coated with Organic Macromolecules in Porous Media: Development of an Empirical Model %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000278617000027 %X Assessing the environmental transport and fate of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) and potential exposure risks requires models for predicting attachment of NPs coated with organic macromolecules in porous media. The objective of this study was to determine the properties of coated nanoparticles that control their attachment behavior. Deposition data for a variety of nanoparticles with different types of anionic organic coatings, including natural organic matter (NOM)-coated latex and hematite nanoparticles, and poly(styrenesulfonate)-, carboxymethylcellulose-, and polyaspartate-coated hematite and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (80 data points), were used to develop an empirical correlation between measurable NP properties and their sticking coefficient (a) under a variety of electrolyte conditions and flow velocities. Available semiempirical correlations used to predict the attachment efficiency of electrostatically stabilized (uncoated) NPs overestimate the attachment efficiency of nanoparticles coated with NOM or synthetic polyelectrolytes because the correlations neglect electrosteric repulsions and the decreased friction afforded by such coatings that can inhibit attachment to surfaces. Adding a dimensionless parameter (N-LEK) representing steric repulsions and the decreased friction force afforded by adsorbed NOM or anionic polyelectrolytes in the correlation significantly improves the correlation. This establishes the importance of including the adsorbed NOM- or polyelectrolyte layer properties for estimating the attachment efficiency of NPs in the environment. The form of NLEK suggests that limiting unintended transport and exposure to NPs could be achieved by using coatings with the smallest adsorbed mass and polymer density, shortest extended layer thickness, and largest molecular weight that would still afford the desired functionality of the coating. %U <Go to ISI>://000278617000027

%0 Journal Article %A Phenrat, T. %A Cihan, A.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Kim, H. J. %A Mital, M. %A Illangasekare, T. %A Lowry, G. V. %D 2010 %T Transport and Deposition of Polymer-Modified Fe-0 Nanoparticles in 2-D Heterogeneous Porous Media: Effects of Particle Concentration, Fe-0 Content, and Coatings %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %P 9086-9093 %8 Dec %! Transport and Deposition of Polymer-Modified Fe-0 Nanoparticles in 2-D Heterogeneous Porous Media: Effects of Particle Concentration, Fe-0 Content, and Coatings %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000284523400048 %X Concentrated suspensions of polymer-modified Fe-0 nanoparticles (NZVI) are injected into heterogeneous porous media for groundwater remediation. This study evaluated the effect of porous media heterogeneity and the dispersion properties including particle concentration, Fe-0 content, and adsorbed polymer mass and layer thickness which are expected to affect the delivery and emplacement of NZVI in heterogeneous porous media in a two-dimensional (2-D) cell. Heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity had a significant impact on the deposition of NZVI. Polymer modified NZVI followed preferential flow paths and deposited in the regions where fluid shear is insufficient to prevent NZVI agglomeration and deposition. NZVI transported in heterogeneous porous media better at low particle concentration (0.3 g/L) than at high particle concentrations (3 and 6 g/L) due to greater particle agglomeration at high concentration. High Fe-0 content decreased transport during injection due to agglomeration promoted by magnetic attraction. NZVI with a flat adsorbed polymeric layer (thickness similar to 30 nm) could not be transported effectively due to pore clogging and deposition near the inlet, while NZVI with a more extended adsorbed layer thickness (i.e., similar to 70 nm) were mobile in porous media. This study indicates the importance of characterizing porous media heterogeneity and NZVI dispersion properties as part of the design of a robust delivery strategy for NZVI in the subsurface. %U <Go to ISI>://000284523400048

%0 Book Section %A Nowack, Bernd %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Mueller, Nicole C. %A Som, Claudia %D 2010 %T Life-Cycle Concepts for Sustainable Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Nanoproducts %B Handbook of Green Chemistry %I Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA %! Life-Cycle Concepts for Sustainable Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Nanoproducts %@ 9783527628698 %R 10.1002/9783527628698.hgc102 %K engineered nanomaterials nanoproducts life-cycle exposure monitoring safer chemicals green chemistry %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527628698.hgc102 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527628698.hgc102/abstractfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Meyer, Joel N. %A Lord, Christopher A. %A Yang, Xinyu Y. %A Turner, Elena A. %A Badireddy, Appala R. %A Marinakos, Stella M. %A Chilkoti, Ashutosh %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Auffan, Melanie %D 2010 %T Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans %J Aquatic Toxicology %V 100 %N 2 %P 140 - 150 %8 10/2010 %! Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans %R 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.016 %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X1000264X

%0 Journal Article %A Lynn Ko, Wen Yin %A Bagaria, Hitesh G. %A Asokan, Subashini %A Lin, Kuan-Jiuh %A Wong, Michael S. %D 2010 %T CdSe tetrapod synthesis using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and heat transfer fluids %J Journal of Materials Chemistry %V 20 %N 12 %P 2474-2478 %9 10.1039/B922145J %! CdSe tetrapod synthesis using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and heat transfer fluids %@ 0959-9428 %R 10.1039/B922145J %X The synthesis of CdSe tetrapod-shaped quantum dots using phenyl-based heat transfer fluids as inexpensive alternatives to octadecene solvent was studied. The CdSe tetrapods were synthesized using the hot-injection method, in which the trioctylphosphine selenide precursor and the shape-inducing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant were injected into a cadmium oleate-containing solvent at 190 [degree]C. At a synthesis temperature of 160 [degree]C, the resulting quantum dot particles were found to grow more slowly in heat transfer fluids and pure phenyl-type solvents than in octadecene. With synthesis time, the selectivity to tetrapods increased, and the arms grew proportionally in width and length. The use of heat transfer fluids provides a convenient means to control growth of shaped nanoparticles. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B922145J

%0 Journal Article %A Lowry, G. V.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Hotze, E. M. %A Bernhardt, E. S. %A Dionysiou, D. D. %A Pedersen, J. A. %A Wiesner, M. R. %A Xing, B. S. %D 2010 %T Environmental Occurrences, Behavior, Fate, and Ecological Effects of Nanomaterials: An Introduction to the Special Series %J Journal of Environmental Quality %V 39 %P 1867-1874 %8 Nov-Dec %9 Editorial Material %! Environmental Occurrences, Behavior, Fate, and Ecological Effects of Nanomaterials: An Introduction to the Special Series %@ 0047-2425 %M ISI:000283897200001 %K ACID AGGREGATION DECREASE FULLERENE C-60 MANUFACTURED NANOMATERIALS Nanoparticles RISK Toxicity WATER ZEROVALENT IRON %X The release of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into the biosphere will increase as industries find new and useful ways to utilize these materials. Scientists and engineers are beginning to assess the material properties that determine the fate, transport, and effects of ENMs; however, the potential impacts of released ENMs on organisms, ecosystems, and human health remain largely unknown. This special collection of four review papers and four technical papers identifies many key and emerging knowledge gaps regarding the interactions between nanomaterials and ecosystems. These critical knowledge gaps include the form, route, and mass of nanomaterials entering the environment; the transformations and ultimate fate of nanomaterials in the environment; the transport, distribution, and bioavailability of nanomaterials in environmental media; and the organismal responses to nanomaterial exposure and effects of nanomaterial inputs on ecological communities and biogeochemical processes at relevant environmental concentrations and forms. This introductory section summarizes the state of knowledge and emerging areas of research needs identified within the special collection. Despite recent progress in understanding the transport, transformations, and fate of ENMs in model environments and organisms, there remains a large deed for fundamental information regarding releases, distribution, transformations and persistence, and bioavailability of nanomaterials. Moreover, fate, transport, bioaccumulation, and ecological impacts research is needed using environmentally relevant concentrations and forms of ENMs in real field materials and with a broader range of organisms. %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 676FUTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 41 %U <Go to ISI>://000283897200001

%0 Journal Article %A Li, Z. Q. %A Greden, K. %A Alvarez, P. J. J. %A Gregory, K. B. %A Lowry, G. V.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2010 %T Adsorbed Polymer and NOM Limits Adhesion and Toxicity of Nano Scale Zerovalent Iron to E. coli %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %P 3462-3467 %8 May %9 Article %! Adsorbed Polymer and NOM Limits Adhesion and Toxicity of Nano Scale Zerovalent Iron to E. coli %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000277067000044 %K ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY CYTOTOXICITY DECHLORINATION ESCHERICHIA-COLI FULLERENE WATER SUSPENSION NATURAL ORGANIC-MATTER SEDIMENTATION SILVER NANOPARTICLES SURFACE TCE ZERO-VALENT IRON %X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) is used for groundwater remediation. Freshly synthesized bare, i.e. uncoated NZVI is bactericidal at low mg/L concentration, but the impact of surface modifiers and aging (partial oxidation) on its bactericidal properties have not been determined. Here we assess the effect that adsorbed synthetic polymers andnatural organic matter (NOM) and aging (partial oxidation) have on the bactericidal properties of NZVI to the gramnegative bacterium, Escherichia coli. Exposure to 100 mg/L of bare NZVI with 28% Fe-0 content resulted in a 2.2-log inactivation after 10 min and a 5.2-log inactivation after 60 min. Adsorbed poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), poly(aspartate) (PAP), or NOM on NZVI with the same Fe-0 content significantly decreased its toxicity, causing less than 0.2-log inactivation after 60 min. TEM images and heteroaggregation studies indicate that bare NZVI adheres significantly to cells and that the adsorbed polyelectrolyte or NOM prevents adhesion, thereby decreasing NZVI toxicity. The 1.8-log inactivation observed for bare NZVI with 7% Fe-0 content was lower than the 5.2-log inactivation using NZVI with 28% Fe-0 after 1 h; however, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) after 24 h was 5 mg/L regardless of Fe-0 content. The MIC of PSS, PAP, and NOM coated NZVI were much higher: 500 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and 100 mg/L, respectively. But the MIC was much lower than the typical injection concentration used in remediation (10 g/L). Complete oxidation of Fe-0 in NZVI under aerobic conditions eliminated its bactericidal effects. This study indicates that polyelectrolyte coatings and NOM will mitigate the toxicity of NZVI for exposure concentrations below 0.1 to 0.5 g/L depending on the coating and that aged NZVI without Fe-0 is relatively benign to bacteria. %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 588JXTimes Cited: 6Cited Reference Count: 49 %U <Go to ISI>://000277067000044

%0 Journal Article %A Latkoczy, Christopher %A Kagi, Ralf %A Fierz, Martin %A Ritzmann, Mathias %A Gunther, Detlef %A Boller, Markus %D 2010 %T Development of a mobile fast-screening laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) system for field-based measurements of nanometre sized particles in aqueous solutions %J Journal of Environmental Monitoringfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 12 %N 7 %P 1422-1429 %9 10.1039/C002020F %! Development of a mobile fast-screening laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) system for field-based measurements of nanometre sized particles in aqueous solutions %@ 1464-0325 %R 10.1039/C002020F %X Laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is a promising method to detect trace amounts of nanoparticles (NP, <100 nm) in aqueous suspensions. Based on available systems, we developed a mobile LIBD, designed for on-site and on-line measurements. We used the energy ratio of every laser pulse before and after passing the laser beam through the aqueous sample as a new method to detect laser-induced plasma events. The particle s ize and the particle number density are derived from recorded energy curves. Our LIBD is operated with a Nd:YAG laser at 100 Hz significantly reducing the measurement times compared to other LIBD systems operated at 20 Hz and increasing the capabilities for monitoring purposes. Long-term experiments on water samples revealed losses of NP up to 75% in 15 mL and 35% in 5 L sample containers after 3 months. The size of the particles remained constant (5 L) or slightly decreased (15 mL) indicating significant adsorption of NP to the walls of the sampling containers. Furthermore, we monitored the NP content of water after different purification steps at a drinking water plant (Maennedorf, Lake Zurich, Switzerland). Activated carbon filtration resulted in an increase of the particle size from [similar]20 nm to [similar]75 nm possibly caused by the release of organic fragments derived from the biology within the activated carbon tank. After the final ultrafiltration step the particle size was around 10 nm in agreement with the nominal cutoff of 100 kDa of the membrane. The results underline the strength of a fast-screening LIBD to detect relative changes in NP size and concentration. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C002020F

%0 Journal Article %A Labille, Jérôme %A Feng, Jinghuan %A Botta, Céline %A Borschneck, Daniel %A Sammut, Magali %A Cabie, Martiane %A Auffan, Mélanie %A Rose, Jérôme %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %D 2010 %T Aging of TiO2 nanocomposites used in sunscreen. Dispersion and fate of the degradation products in aqueous environment %J Environmental Pollution %V 158 %N 12 %P 3482 - 3489 %8 12/2010 %! Aging of TiO2 nanocomposites used in sunscreen. Dispersion and fate of the degradation products in aqueous environment %R 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.012 %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749110000734

%0 Journal Article %A Kirschling, Teresa L.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Gregory, Kelvin B. %A Minkley, Jr Edwin G. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Tilton, Robert D. %D 2010 %T Impact of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron on Geochemistry and Microbial Populations in Trichloroethylene Contaminated Aquifer Materials %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 9 %P 3474-3480 %8 2010/05/01 %! Impact of Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron on Geochemistry and Microbial Populations in Trichloroethylene Contaminated Aquifer Materials %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es903744f %X Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles are a promising technology for reducing trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination in the subsurface. Prior to injecting large quantities of nanoparticles into the groundwater it is important to understand what impact the particles will have on the geochemistry and indigenous microbial communities. Microbial populations are important not only for nutrient cycling, but also for contaminant remediation and heavy metal immobilization. Microcosms were used to determine the effects of NZVI addition on three different aquifer materials from TCE contaminated sites in Alameda Point, CA, Mancelona, MI, and Parris Island, SC. The oxidation and reduction potential of the microcosms consistently decreased by more than 400 mV when NZVI was added at 1.5 g/L concentrations. Sulfate concentrations decreased in the two coastal aquifer materials, and methane was observed in the presence of NZVI in Alameda Point microcosms, but not in the other two materials. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed significant shifts in Eubacterial diversity just after the Fe0 was exhausted, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses showed increases of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (dsrA) and Archaeal 16s rRNA genes, indicating that reducing conditions and hydrogen created by NZVI stimulate both sulfate reducer and methanogen populations. Adding NZVI had no deleterious effect on total bacterial abundance in the microcosms. NZVI with a biodegradable polyaspartate coating increased bacterial populations by an order of magnitude relative to controls. The lack of broad bactericidal effect, combined with the stimulatory effect of polyaspartate coatings, has positive implications for NZVI field applications. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es903744f http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es903744f %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Kim, Bojeong %A Park, Chee-Sung %A Murayama, Mitsuhiro %A Hochella, Michael F. %D 2010 %T Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 19 %P 7509 - 7514 %8 10/2010 %! Discovery and Characterization of Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in Final Sewage Sludge Products %R 10.1021/es101565j %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101565jfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Kennedy, A. J. %A Hull, M. S. %A Bednar, A. J. %A Goss, J. D. %A Gunter, J. C. %A Bouldin, J. L. %A Vikesland, P.J. %A Steevens, J. A. %D 2010 %T Fractionating Nanosilver: Importance for Determining Toxicity to Aquatic Test Organisms %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %P 9571-9577 %8 Dec %! Fractionating Nanosilver: Importance for Determining Toxicity to Aquatic Test Organisms %@ 0013-936X %M ISI:000285266900052 %X This investigation applied novel techniques for characterizing and fractionating nanosilver particles and aggregates and relating these measurements to toxicological endpoints. The acute toxicity of eight nanosilver suspensions of varying primary particle sizes (10-80 nm) and coatings (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, EDTA, proprietary) was assessed using three aquatic test organisms (Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). When 48-h lethal median concentrations (LC50) were expressed as total silver, both D. magna and P. promelas were significantly more sensitive to ionic silver (Ag+) as AgNO3 (mean LC50 = 1.2 and 6.3 mu g/L, respectively) relative to a wide range in LC50 values determined for the nanosilver suspensions (2-126 mu g/L). However, when LC50 values for nanosilver suspensions were expressed as fractionated nanosilver (Ag+ and/or <4 nm particles), determined by utiracentrifugation of particles and confirmed field-flow-fractograms, the LC50 values (0.3-5.6 mu g/L) were comparable to the values obtained for ionic Ag+ as AgNO3. These results suggest that dissolved Ag+ plays a critical role in acute toxicity and underscores the importance of characterizing dissolved fractions in nanometal suspensions.

%0 Journal Article %A Kemsley, Jyllian %D 2010 %T Lax about nanomaterial handling %J Chemical & Engineering News Archive %V 88 %N 6 %P 13 %8 2010/02/08 %! Lax about nanomaterial handling %@ 0009-2347 %R 10.1021/cen-v088n006.p013 %X AS MANY AS one-quarter of researchers handling nanomaterials do not use any lab protection measures, such as fume hoods, and half do not use masks or respirators to prevent inhalation of particles, according to an international survey of research laboratories by a team of Spanish researchers (Nat. Nanotechnol., DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.1). "We don't know a lot about the consequences of long-term exposure to nanoparticles," comments Kristen Kulinowski, director of external affairs at Rice University's Center for Biological & Environmental Nanotechnology and director of the International Council on Nanotechnology. Consequently, much of the available guidance for handling nanomaterials safely focuses on minimizing exposure. "It sounds like that message has not gotten down to the research community," Kulinowski says. The survey team, led by Jesus Santamaria of the Nanoscience Institute of Aragon at thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] University of Zaragoza, used a Web of Science literature search for keywords such as "nanoparticle" and "nanotube" to identify researchers working with nanomaterials. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v088n006.p013 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v088n006.p013 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Kahru, Anne %A Dubourguier, Henri-Charles %D 2010 %T From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology %J Toxicology %V 269 %N 2 %P 105-119 %! From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology %@ 0300-483X

%0 Book %A Johnston, John M %D 2010 %T State-of-the-Science Report on Predictive Models and Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating Exposure to Nanomaterials %I National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Ecosystems Research Division %! State-of-the-Science Report on Predictive Models and Modeling Approaches for Characterizing and Evaluating Exposure to Nanomaterials

%0 Journal Article %A Jassby, D. %A Chae, S. R. %A Hendren, Z. %A Wiesner, M. %D 2010 %T Membrane filtration of fullerene nanoparticle suspensions: Effects of derivatization, pressure, electrolyte species and concentration %J Journal of Colloid and Interface Science %V 346 %P 296-302 %8 Jun %9 Article %! Membrane filtration of fullerene nanoparticle suspensions: Effects of derivatization, pressure, electrolyte species and concentration %@ 0021-9797 %M ISI:000277482200003 %K AGGREGATION aqueous suspensions c-60 filmsfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Fullerene Fullerol Ionic bridging NANOMATERIALS Stability Transmembrane pressure WATER %X Particle aggregation is induced in derivatized fullerene (fullerol) suspensions by introducing different counter-ion species (Na+ Ca2+ and Mg2+) and concentrations. The suspensions are filtered through 20 nm ceramic membranes under different transmembrane pressures, and the removal efficiency is compared. In all cases, the averagehydrodynamic radius far exceeded the average pore diameter of the membrane. In the case of mono-valent counterions, removal efficiency is influenced by transmembrane pressure, with higher removal efficiencies achieved at lower pressures. In contrast, removal efficiencies of fullerol suspensions destabilized with di-valent ions are insensitive to transmembrane pressure, similar to what was found in the case of non-derivatized fullerene. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of post-filtration membranes indicate that fullerol aggregates destabilized with Mg2+ ionsdeform and partially penetrate the membrane, but are ultimately trapped. The proposed mechanism suggests that divalent ions act as bridges between fullerol aggregates, forming strong bonds that were not broken under the experimental conditions. These strong bonds may allow aggregated fullerol particles to deform under high pressure, and partially penetrate the membrane. Mono-valent ions are incapable of functioning as bridges, and subsequently, when sufficient pressure is applied, fullerol aggregates will break apart and pass through the membrane. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 593SYTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 28Jassby, David Chae, So-Ryong Hendren, Zachary Wiesner, MarkCenter for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology ; National Science Foundation ; US Environmental Protection AgencyFinancial support for this work was provided by the Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, and is greatly appreciated. The National Science Foundation and the US Environmental Protection Agency jointly fund the Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology.Academic press inc elsevier scienceSan diego %U <Go to ISI>://000277482200003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979710003188

%0 Journal Article %A Hou, Ye %A Cheng, Yingwen %A Hobson, Tyler %A Liu, Jie %D 2010 %T Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO2 Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes %J Nano Letters %V 10 %N 7 %P 2727 - 2733 %8 07/2010 %! Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO2 Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes %R 10.1021/nl101723g %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl101723g

%0 Journal Article %A Hotze, E. M.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Phenrat, T. %A Lowry, G. V. %D 2010 %T Nanoparticle Aggregation: Challenges to Understanding Transport and Reactivity in the Environment %J Journal of Environmental Quality %V 39 %P 1909-1924 %8 Nov-Dec %! Nanoparticle Aggregation: Challenges to Understanding Transport and Reactivity in the Environment %@ 0047-2425 %M ISI:000283897200005 %X Unique forms of manufactured nanomaterials, nanoparticles, and their suspensions are rapidly being created by manipulating properties such as shape, size, structure, and chemical composition and through incorporation of surface coatings. Although these properties make nanomaterial development interesting for new applications, they also challenge the ability of colloid science to understand nanoparticle aggregation in the environment and the subsequenteffects on nanomaterial transport and reactivity. This review briefly covers aggregation theory focusing on DerjaguinLandau-Verwey-Overbeak (DLVO)-based models most commonly used to describe the thermodynamic interactions between two particles in a suspension. A discussion of the challenges to DLVO posed by the properties of nanomaterials follows, along with examples from the literature. Examples from the literature highlighting the importance of aggregation effects on transport and reactivity and risk of nanoparticles in the environment are discussed. %U <Go to ISI>://000283897200005

%0 Journal Article %A Hotze, E. M. %D 2010 %T Theoretical Framework for Nanoparticle Reactivity as a Function of %J Langmuir %V 26 %P 11170-11175 %8 Jul %! Theoretical Framework for Nanoparticle Reactivity as a Function of %@ 0743-7463 %M ISI:000279239900103 %X Theory is developed that relates the reactivity of nanoparticles to the

%0 Journal Article %A Halvorson, R. %A Vikesland, P.J. %D 2010 %T Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Environmental Analyses %J Environmental Science and Technology %V 44 %P 7749-7755 %! Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for Environmental Analyses

%0 Journal Article %A Gottschalk, Fadrifile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Sonderer, Tobias %A Scholz, Roland W. %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2010 %T Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic material flow analysis %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 29 %N 5 %P 1036-1048 %! Possibilities and limitations of modeling environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials by probabilistic material flow analysis %@ 1552-8618 %R 10.1002/etc.135 %K Probabilistic material flow analysis Engineered nanomaterials Exposure assessment Predicted environmental concentrations Predicted-no-effect concentrations %X Information on environmental concentrations is needed to assess the risks that engineered nanomaterials (ENM)may pose to the environment. In this study, predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) were modeled for nanoTiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nano-Ag for Switzerland. Based on a life-cycle perspective, the model considered as input parameters the production volumes of the ENMs, the manufacturing and consumption quantities of products containing those materials, and the fate and pathways of ENMs in natural and technical environments. Faced with a distinct scarcity of data, we used a probabilistic material flow analysis model, treating all parameters as probability distributions. The modeling included Monte Carlo and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations as well as a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. The PEC values of the ENMs in the different environmental compartments vary widely due to different ENM production volumes and different life cycles of the nanoproducts. The use of ENM in products with high water relevance leads to higher water and sediment concentrations for nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag, compared to CNTs, where smaller amounts of ENM reach the aquatic compartments. This study also presents a sensitivity analysis and a comprehensive discussion of the uncertainties of the simulation results and the limitations of the used approach. To estimate potential risks, the PEC values were compared to the predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNEC) derived from published data. The risk quotients (PEC/PNEC) for nano-TiO2 and nano-Ag were larger than one for treated wastewater and much smaller for all other e nvironmental compartments (e.g., water, sediments, soils). We conclude that probabilistic modeling is very useful for predicting environmental concentrations of ENMs given the current lack of substantiated data. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1036–1048. © 2010 SETAC %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.135 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.135/abstract

%0 Journal Article %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Scholz, Roland W. %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2010 %T Probabilistic material flow modeling for assessing the environmental exposure to compounds: Methodology and an application to engineered nano-TiO2 particles %J Environmental Modelling & Software %V 25 %N 3 %P 320-332 %8 3// %! Probabilistic material flow modeling for assessing the environmental exposure to compounds: Methodology and anfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] application to engineered nano-TiO2 particles %@ 1364-8152 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.08.011 %K Probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA) Monte Carlo (MC) Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Uncertainty Engineered Nanoparticles (NP) Exposure assessment Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) %X An elementary step towards a quantitative assessment of the risks of new compounds or pollutants (chemicals, materials) to the environment is to estimate their environmental concentrations. Thus, the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) builds the basis of a first exposure assessment. This paper presents a probabilistic method to compute distributions of PECs by means of a stochastic stationary substance/material flow modeling. The evolved model is basically applicable to any substance with a distinct lack of data concerning environmental fate, exposure, emission and transmission characteristics. The model input parameters and variables consider production, application quantities and fate of the compounds in natural and technical environments. To cope with uncertainties concerning the estimation of the model parameters (e.g. transfer and partitioning coefficients, emission factors) as well as uncertainties about the exposure causal mechanisms (e.g. level of compound production and application) themselves, we utilized and combined sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, Monte Carlo simulation and Markov Chain Monte Carlo modeling. The combination of these methods is appropriate to calculate realistic PECs when facing a lack of data. The proposed model is programmed and carried out with the computational tool R and implemented and validated with data for an exemplary case study of flows of the engineered nanoparticle nano-TiO2 in Switzerland. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815209002394

%0 Journal Article %A Golas, P. L. %A Louie, S. %A Lowry, G. V. %A Matyjaszewski, K. %A Tilton, R. D. %D 2010 %T Comparative Study of Polymeric Stabilizers for Magnetite Nanoparticles Using ATRP %J Langmuir %V 26 %P 16890-16900 %8 Nov %9 Article %! Comparative Study of Polymeric Stabilizers for Magnetite Nanoparticles Using ATRP %@ 0743-7463 %M ISI:000283837800039 %K AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS FE-0 NANOPARTICLES GOLD IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES Nanoparticles POROUS-MEDIA Surface modification TCE DECHLORINATION TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATIONfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] ZEROVALENT IRON %X A series of polyelectrolytes with controlled molecular weight, a narrow chain-length distribution, and systematic structural differences were synthesized using atom-transfer radical polymerization and investigated as stabilizers for magnetite nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions. Structural differences include the degree of polymerization, the chain architecture, and the identity of the charged functional unit. The synthesized polymers are sulfonated poly(2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate), a block copolymer of the former with poly(n-butyl methacrylate). poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), poly(sodium acrylate), and poly(sodium vinylphosphonate). The colloidal stability is assessed by measuring the fraction of particles, based on turbidity, that sediment alter a period or time at increasing ionic strength. Sedimentation results are complimented by dynamic light scattering determinations of the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles that remain suspended. When adsorption and sedimentation are conducted at high pH, poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium vinylphosphonate) yield the most stable suspensions because of their strong coordinative interactions with the iron oxide surface. At tow pH, the polymers that retain pendant negative charges (each of the sulfonated polymers) yield high stable fractions at all ionic strengths investigated up to 100 mM (NaCl), whereas polyelectrolytes that become protonated with decreasing pH, poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium vinylphosphonate). lose their stabilizing capacity even at low ionic strengths. The chain-length distribution profoundly alters a polymer's stabilization tendencies. Two poly(sodium acrylate) samples with the same number-average molecular weight hut widely different chain-length distributions proved to have opposite tendencies, with the polydisperse sample being a good stabilizer and the low polydispersity one being a strong flocculant. This investigation provides guidelines for the design or polymeric stabilizers for magnetite nanoparticles according to the pH and ionic strength of the intended application. %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 675NQTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 82 %U <Go to ISI>://000283837800039

%0 Journal Article %A Ganesh, Rajagopalan %A Smeraldi, Josh %A Hosseini, Turaj %A Khatib, Leila %A Olson, Betty H. %A Rosso, Diego %D 2010 %T Evaluation of Nanocopper Removal and Toxicity in Municipal Wastewaters %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 20 %P 7808-7813 %8 2010/10/15 %! Evaluation of Nanocopper Removal and Toxicity in Municipal Wastewaters %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es101355k %X Bench scale studies were performed to evaluate removal and toxicity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and copper ions in activated sludge biomass. The data indicated that, under the test conditions, copper nanoparticles were removed more effectively (?95%) than copper ions (30?70%) from the wastewater. Mechanisms of CuNP removal were further investigated by equilibrating CuNP and copper ion in activated sludge filtrate (0.45 ?m). The predominant mechanisms of copper removal appear to be aggregation and settling (CuNP) or precipitation (copper ion) rather than biosorption. Most probable number (MPN) test data indicated that addition of 10 mg/L of copper ion was toxic to both coliform and ammonia oxidizing bacteria in the wastewater while no inhibitory effects were observed with the addition of the same amount of copper nanoparticles. Respirometry data indicated a 55% decrease in respiration rate when 10 mg/L ionic copper was added. However, no significant decrease in respiration rate was observed in the presence of copper nanoparticles. The toxicity of copper to activated sludge microorganisms appears to be a function of the concentration and characteristics of copper remaining in solution/suspension. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101355kfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101355k %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A El Badawy, Amro M. %A Silva, Rendahandi G. %A Morris, Brian %A Scheckel, Kirk G. %A Suidan, Makram T. %A Tolaymat, Thabet M. %D 2010 %T Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 45 %N 1 %P 283-287 %8 2011/01/01 %! Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es1034188 %X As a result of the extensive number of applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), their potential impacts, once released into the environment, are of concern. The toxicity of AgNPs was reported to be dependent on various factors such as particle size, shape and capping agent. Although these factors may play a role in AgNPs toxicity, the results presented herein suggest that surface charge is one of the most important factors that govern the toxicity of AgNPs. In the current study, the toxicity of four AgNPs representing various surface charging scenarios ranging from highly negative to highly positive was investigated. These AgNPs were (1) uncoated H2?AgNPs, (2) citrate coated AgNPs (Citrate-AgNPs), (3) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs), and (4) branched polyethyleneimine coated AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs). Our results clearly demonstrate that the AgNPs exhibited surface charge-dependent toxicity on the bacillus species investigated. Furthermore, ultrafiltration membranes were utilized to purify the AgNPs suspensions from residual impurities prior to the introduction to the microbes. This step was crucial in determining the true AgNPs toxicity and is either missing or not explicitly mentioned in most of the reported toxicity studies. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1034188 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es1034188 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Choi, W. Y. %D 2010 %T Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant photocatalytic %J Water Science and Technology %V 62 %P 963-971 %! Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant photocatalytic %@ 0273-1223 %M ISI:000281602000029 %X A self-organized nano-structured, photocatalytic TiO2 membrane with

%0 Journal Articlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Chae, So-Ryong %A Badireddy, Appala R. %A Farner Budarz, Jeffrey %A Lin, Shihong %A Xiao, Yao %A Therezien, Mathieu %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2010 %T Heterogeneities in Fullerene Nanoparticle Aggregates Affecting Reactivity, Bioactivity, and Transport %J ACS Nano %V 4 %N 9 %P 5011-5018 %8 2010/09/28 %! Heterogeneities in Fullerene Nanoparticle Aggregates Affecting Reactivity, Bioactivity, and Transport %@ 1936-0851 %R 10.1021/nn100620d %X Properties of nanomaterial suspensions are typically summarized by average values for the purposes of characterizing these materials and interpreting experimental results. We show in this work that the heterogeneity in aqueous suspensions of fullerene C60 aggregates (nC60) must be taken into account for the purposes of predicting nanomaterial transport, exposure, and biological activity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), microbial inactivation, and the mobility of the aggregates of the nC60 in a silicate porous medium all increased as suspensions were fractionated to enrich with smaller aggregates by progressive membrane filtration. These size-dependent differences are attributed to an increasing degree of hydroxylation of nC60 aggregates with decreasing size. As the quantity and influence of these more reactive fractions may increase with time, experiments evaluating fullerene transport and toxicity end points must take into account the evolution and heterogeneity of fullerene suspensions. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn100620d http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn100620d %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Chae, S. R. %A Hotze, E. M. %A Xiao, Y. %A Rose, J. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2010 %T Comparison of Methods for Fullerene Detection and Measurements of Reactive Oxygen Production in Cosmetic Products %J Environmental Engineering Science %V 27 %P 797-804 %8 Sep %9 Article %! Comparison of Methods for Fullerene Detection and Measurements of Reactive Oxygen Production in Cosmetic Products %@ 1092-8758 %M ISI:000281666300010 %K aging ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY c-60 fullerene c-70file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] commercial creams extraction Fullerene NANOMATERIALS Nanoparticles oxygen species performance liquid-chromatography production of reactive quantitative-analysis water suspensions %X Numerous commercial products incorporate novel engineered nanomaterials such as gold, silica, zinc oxide, and fullerenes in complex matrices such as polymer composites, creams, and textiles. Analytical methods for detecting nanomaterials in complex matrices are not well developed. Moreover, nanomaterial content and properties of these commercial products are typically unknown and protected for proprietary reasons. This study had two primary aims: detection of C-60 within commercial face creams to establish a baseline concentration in these products (the first time this has been performed) and detection of residual C-60 reactivity remaining in the products aged in water under various light conditions with a view toward environmental exposure assessment. To achieve these aims, three commercial creams advertised as containing the fullerene nanomaterials were investigated using a range of analytical techniques. Among the detection methods tested, only extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography was able to detect fullerenes in these products. The measured quantities of C-60 in these creams represented <0.005% (w/w) with an unknown yield because total amounts added to the creams were unknown. Production of reactive oxygen species from these face creams was measured after aging them in water as well as exposing them to solar spectrum illumination or ultraviolet light, or storage in the dark. Singlet oxygen generated in the products after 48 h of aging was correlated with the amounts of C-60 extracted from preaged samples, indicating residual photochemical reactivity and pointing toward the long-term impacts of utilizing these materials in commercial products. %Z ISI Document Delivery No.: 648BVTimes Cited: 0Cited Reference Count: 28Chae, So-Ryong Hotze, Ernest M. Xiao, Yao Rose, Jerome Wiesner, Mark R.National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under NSF [EF-0830093]; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnologyThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under NSF Cooperative Agreement EF-0830093, Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology. The authors thank Dr. Hiroshi Yamamura at Hokkaido University and Armand Masion at CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University for help with SEM-EDX and <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR analysis, respectively. Additionally, the authors acknowledge support from Dr. Fabio Ziarelli and the Spectropole, the Analytical Facility of Aix-Marseille University, by allowing special access to the instruments purchased with European funding (FEDER OBJ2142-3341).Mary ann liebert incNew rochelle %U <Go to ISI>://000281666300010

%0 Journal Article %A Bottero, J.Y. %D 2010 %T Considerations in evaluating the physicochemical properties and %J Nanomedicine %V 5 %P 1009-1014 %8 Aug %! Considerations in evaluating the physicochemical properties and %@ 1743-5889 %M ISI:000282264800019 %X Nanomaterials and the technologies they enable are often presented as %U http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fm/nnm/2010/00000005/00000006/art00016? token=00511887d58601b87b76504c48663c256a497b6c787a344d7c6a332b25757d5c4f6d4e227af21ee14file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Bernhardt, E. S. %A Colman, B. P. %A Hochella, M. F. %A Cardinale, B. J. %A Nisbet, R. M. %A Richardson, C. J. %A Yin, L. Y. %D 2010 %T An Ecological Perspective on Nanomaterial Impacts in the Environment %J Journal of Environmental Quality %V 39 %P 1954-1965 %8 Nov-Dec %! An Ecological Perspective on Nanomaterial Impacts in the Environment %@ 0047-2425 %M ISI:000283897200009 %X Growing concerns over the potential for unintended, adverse consequences of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment have generated new research initiatives focused on understanding the ecological effects of ENPs. Almost nothing is currently known about the fate and transport of ENPs in environmental waters, soils, and sediments or about the biological impacts of ENPs in natural environments, and the bulk of modern nanotoxicogical research is focused on highly controlled laboratory studies with single species in simple media. In this paper, we provide an ecological perspective on the current state of knowledge regarding the likely environmental impacts of nanomaterials and propose a strategy for making rapid progress in new research in ecological nanoscience %Z Bernhardt, Emily S. Colman, Benjamin P. Hochella, Michael F., Jr. Cardinale, Bradley J. Nisbet, Roger M. Richardson, Curtis J. Yin, Liyan %U <Go to ISI>://000283897200009

%0 Journal Article %A Benn, Troy %A Cavanagh, Bridget %A Hristovski, Kiril %A Posner, Jonathan D. %A Westerhoff, Paul %D 2010 %T The Release of Nanosilver from Consumer Products Used in the Home %J J. Environ. Qual. %V 39 %N 6 %P 1875-1882 %8 2010/11 %! The Release of Nanosilver from Consumer Products Used in the Home %R 10.2134/jeq2009.0363 %X Nanosilver has become one of the most widely used nanomaterials in consumer products because of its antimicrobial properties. Public concern over the potential adverse effects of nanosilver's environmental release has prompted discussion of federal regulation. In this paper, we assess several classes of consumer products for their silver content and potential to release nanosilver into water, air, or soil. Silver was quantified in a shirt, a medical mask and cloth, toothpaste, shampoo, detergent, a towel, a toy teddy bear, and two humidifiers. Silver concentrations ranged from 1.4 to 270,000 μg Ag g product-1 Products were washed in 500 mL of tap water to assess the potential release of silver into aqueous environmental matrices (wastewater, surface water, saliva, etc.). Silver was released in quantitiesfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] up to 45 μg Ag g product-1, and size fractions were both larger and smaller than 100 nm. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nanoparticle silver in most products as well as in the wash water samples. Four products were subjected to a toxicity characterization leaching procedure to assess the release of silver in a landfill. The medical cloth released an amount of silver comparable to the toxicity characterization limit. This paper presents methodologies that can be used to quantify and characterize silver and other nanomaterials in consumer products. The quantities of silver in consumer products can in turn be used to estimate real-world human and environmental exposure levels. %U https://www.agronomy.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/39/6/1875

%0 Journal Article %A Badawy, Amro M. El %A Luxton, Todd P. %A Silva, Rendahandi G. %A Scheckel, Kirk G. %A Suidan, Makram T. %A Tolaymat, Thabet M. %D 2010 %T Impact of Environmental Conditions (pH, Ionic Strength, and Electrolyte Type) on the Surface Charge and Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles Suspensions %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 4 %P 1260-1266 %8 2010/02/15 %! Impact of Environmental Conditions (pH, Ionic Strength, and Electrolyte Type) on the Surface Charge and Aggregation of Silver Nanoparticles Suspensions %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es902240k %X The impact of capping agents and environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and background electrolytes) on surface charge and aggregation potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) suspensions were investigated. Capping agents are chemicals used in the synthesis of nanoparticles to prevent aggregation. The AgNPs examined in the study were as follows: (a) uncoated AgNPs (H2?AgNPs), (b) electrostatically stabilized (citrate and NaBH4?AgNPs), (c) sterically stabilized (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-AgNPs), and (d) electrosterically stabilized (branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI)-AgNPs)). The uncoated (H2?AgNPs), the citrate, and NaBH4-coated AgNPs aggregated at higher ionic strengths (100 mM NaNO3) and/or acidic pH (3.0). For these three nanomaterials, chloride (Cl?, 10 mM), as a background electrolyte, resulted in a minimal change in the hydrodynamic diameter even at low pH (3.0). This was limited by the presence of residual silver ions, which resulted in the formation of stable negatively charged AgCl colloids. Furthermore, the presence of Ca2+ (10 mM) resulted in aggregation of the three previously identified AgNPs regardless of the pH. As for PVP coated AgNPs, the ionic strength, pH and electrolyte type had no impact on the aggregation of the sterically stabilized AgNPs. The surface charge and aggregation of the BPEI coated AgNPs varied according to the solution pH. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es902240k http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902240k %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Auffan, M. %A Pedeutour, M %A Rose, J. %A Masion, Afile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Ziarelli, F %A Borschneck, D %A Chaneac, C %A Botta, C %A Chaurand, P %A Labille, J %A Bottero, J-Y %D 2010 %T Structural Degradation at the Surface of a TiO2 -Based Nanomaterial Used in Cosmetics %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 44 %N 7 %P 2689 - 2694 %8 04/2010 %! Structural Degradation at the Surface of a TiO2 -Based Nanomaterial Used in Cosmetics %R 10.1021/es903757q %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es903757q

%0 Journal Article %A Auffan, M. %A Bottero, J.Y. %A Chaneac, C %A Rose, J. %D 2010 %T Inorganic manufactured nanoparticles: How their physico-chemical properties influence their biological effects in aqueous environments %J Nanomedicine %V 5 %P 999-1007 %! Inorganic manufactured nanoparticles: How their physico-chemical properties influence their biological effects in aqueous environments %U http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fm/nnm/2010/00000005/00000006/art00015? token=0059187fe26e286b39412f415d763f257370232b602a385138253048296a7c2849266d656c9a88150468d1875

%0 Journal Article %A Aruguete, D. M. %A Hochella, M. F. %D 2010 %T Bacteria-nanoparticle interactions and their environmental implications %J Environmental Chemistry %V 7 %P 3-9 %! Bacteria-nanoparticle interactions and their environmental implications %@ 1448-2517 %M ISI:000274732200002 %X Part of the responsible use of nanotechnology will be to better delineate the potential impact of nanomaterials released into the environment. A key aspect of understanding this impact is to examine the interaction between nanomaterials and microorganisms, which are not only highly abundant in nature but critical for global environmental processes. In this Highlight, current knowledge about the interaction between bacteria and industrially-relevant nanoparticles is reviewed. Important areas for further study are discussed.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %Z Aruguete, Deborah M. Hochella, Michael F., Jr. %U <Go to ISI>://000274732200002

%0 Journal Article %A Aruguete, D. M. %A Guest, J. S. %A Yu, W. W. %A Love, N. G. %A Hochella, M. F. %D 2010 %T Interaction of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots and Pseudomonas aeruginosa %J Environmental Chemistry %V 7 %P 28-35 %! Interaction of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots and Pseudomonas aeruginosa %@ 1448-2517 %M ISI:000274732200004 %X Polymer-encapsulated CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots, which closely model commercially-available quantum dots, were tested for toxic effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The size, aggregation state, and dissolution of the quantum dots were characterised before and after exposure to bacteria. The physical association of quantum dots with bacterial cells was also examined. The quantum dots were found to have no effect upon bacterial viability. They remained chemically stable and dispersed in solution even with bacterial exposure. It is suggested that the absence of toxicity is the result of the stability of the quantum dots due to their protective polymer coatings, and their apparent lack of association with bacterial cells. The stability of the quantum dots, even in the presence of the bacteria, as well as their non-toxicity has implications for their environmental behaviour and ultimate fate. %Z Aruguete, Deborah M. Guest, Jeremy S. Yu, William W. Love, Nancy G. Hochella, Michael F., Jr. %U <Go to ISI>://000274732200004

%0 Journal Article %A Arnaout, C.L. %A Gunsch, C.K. %D 2010 %T Impacts of Silver Nanoparticles on the Growth and Composition of Microbial Communities Found in Wastewater %J Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials: 2010, Clemson, SC (August 22-26, 2010) %! Impacts of Silver Nanoparticles on the Growth and Composition of Microbial Communities Found in Wastewater

%0 Journal Article %A Zeyons, Ophélie %A Thill, Antoine %A Chauvat, Franck %A Menguy, Nicolas %A Cassier-Chauvat, Corinne %A Oréar, Cédric %A Daraspe, Jean %A Auffan, Mélanie %A Rose, Jérôme %A Spalla, Olivier %D 2009file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %T Direct and indirect CeO2 nanoparticles toxicity for Escherichia coli and Synechocystis %J Nanotoxicology %V 3 %N 4 %P 284 - 295 %8 12/2009 %! Direct and indirect CeO2 nanoparticles toxicity for Escherichia coli and Synechocystis %R 10.3109/17435390903305260 %X Physico-chemical interactions between nanoparticles and cell membranes play a crucial role in determining the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles, which may thereby vary depending on the nature of the target microorganisms. We investigated the responses of two different models of unicellular bacteria to cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles. These organisms are: Synechocystis PCC6803 a representative of environmentally important cyanobacterial organisms (producer of biomass for aquatic food chains), and Escherichia coli a representative of intestine-colonizing bacteria. Coupling physico-chemical (adsorption isotherms and electrophoretic mobility), biological (survival tests), microscopical (SEM, TEM and EDS) and spectroscopic (XANES) methods, we enlightened two distinct mechanisms for the CeO2 nanoparticles toxicological impact: A ‘direct’ mechanism that requires a close contact between nanoparticles and cell membranes, and an ‘indirect’ influence elicited by the acidity of nanoparticles stabilizing agents. We showed that E. coli is sensitive to the ‘direct’ effects of nanoparticles, whereas Synechocystis being protected by extracellular polymeric substances preventing direct cellular contacts is sensitive only to the ‘indirect’ mechanism. Consequently, our findings demonstrate the importance of the ‘direct/indirect’ effects of nanoparticles on cell fitness, a phenomenon that should be systematically investigated with appropriate techniques and dose metrics to make meaningful environmental and/or health recommendations. %U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17435390903305260

%0 Journal Article %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Jones, Kimberly L. %A Hochella, Jr Michael F. %A Di Giulio, Richard T. %A Casman, Elizabeth %A Bernhardt, Emily S. %D 2009 %T Decreasing uncertainties in assessing environmental exposure, risk, and ecological implications of nanomaterials %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 17 %P 6458-6462 %8 2009/09/01 %! Decreasing uncertainties in assessing environmental exposure, risk, and ecological implications of nanomaterials %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es803621k %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803621k %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Jones, Kimberly L. %A Hochella, Jr Michael F.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Di Giulio, Richard T. %A Casman, Elizabeth %A Bernhardt, Emily S. %D 2009 %T Decreasing Uncertainties in Assessing Environmental Exposure, Risk, and Ecological Implications of Nanomaterials†‡ %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 17 %P 6458-6462 %8 2009/09/01 %! Decreasing Uncertainties in Assessing Environmental Exposure, Risk, and Ecological Implications of Nanomaterials†‡ %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es803621k %X Determining the fate and interactions of nanomaterials in complex environmental contexts is required to assess exposure and possible harm as well as to inform regulation. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803621k %[2013/03/26

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2009 %T Nanomaterial Research Strategy %E (ORD), Of fi ce of Research and Development %C Washington, D.C. %@ EPA 620/K-09/011 %U http://www.epa.gov/ncer/nano/publications/nano_strategy_june2009.pdf

%0 Journal Article %A Sirk, Kevin M. %A Saleh, Navid B. %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Kim, Hye-Jin %A Dufour, Bruno %A Ok, Jeongbin %A Golas, Patricia L. %A Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Tilton, Robert D. %D 2009 %T Effect of Adsorbed Polyelectrolytes on Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Particle Attachment to Soil Surface Models %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %P 3803-3808 %9 doi: 10.1021/es803589t %! Effect of Adsorbed Polyelectrolytes on Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Particle Attachment to Soil Surface Models %@ 0013-936X %Z doi: 10.1021/es803589t %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803589tfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Rose, J. %A Levard, C. %A Masion, A. %A Cortalezzi, M. M. %A Barron, A. R. %A R., Wiesner M. %A Bottero, J. Y. %D 2009 %T Ceramic membranes formed from nanoparticles: an environmental technology %J Actualite Chimique %N 331 %P 36-40 %! Ceramic membranes formed from nanoparticles: an environmental technology %X Membranes, which are used commercially for the last 50 years, are more and more employed since the last ten years. They can be used at the industrial level for liquid, solid or gaseous separations down to the microscopic scale. In spite of all the advantages of the ceramic membranes (chemical stability, resistance in organic solvents, extreme pH, of high pressures) with regard to organic membranes, their development has been quite long mainly due to strong synthesis difficulties and high cost to produce crack and defect free membranes. Metallic oxides nanoparticles show themselves perfectly adapted to synthesize ceramic membranes, with various advantages. Their small size allows to realize membranes with very reduced sizes of pores. Moreover their high surface reactivity may enable the synthesis of reactive membranes or even catalytic membranes. This paper presents some examples of nanoparticles used in the synthesis of ceramic membranes like the Ferroxane (R) nanoparticles obtained by reaction of an iron base mineral and acetic acid. All the characterizations indicate that the obtained membranes are adapted to the ultrafiltration. But the most important point concerns their surface reactivity allowing them to sorb certain soluble pollutants. Furthermore they appear as candidates of choice for fuel cells.

%0 Journal Article %A Robichaud, Christine Ogilvie %A Uyar, Ali Emre %A Darby, Michael R. %A Zucker, Lynne G. %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2009 %T Estimates of Upper Bounds and Trends in Nano-TiO2 Production As a Basis for Exposure Assessment %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %P 4227-4233 %9 doi: 10.1021/es8032549 %! Estimates of Upper Bounds and Trends in Nano-TiO2 Production As a Basis for Exposure Assessment %@ 0013-936X %Z doi: 10.1021/es8032549 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8032549

%0 Journal Article %A Plata, D. L. %A Hart, A. J.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Reddy, C. M. %A Gschwend, P. M. %D 2009 %T Early evaluation of potential environmental impacts of carbon nanotube synthesis by chemical vapor deposition %J Environ Sci Technol %V 43 %N 21 %P 8367-73 %8 Nov 1 %! Early evaluation of potential environmental impacts of carbon nanotube synthesis by chemical vapor deposition %Z Environmental science & technology %@ 0013-936X (Print) 0013-936X (Linking) %R 10.1021/es901626p %M 19924971 %K *Environment Environmental Pollution/analysis Hydrogen/chemistry Industry Nanotubes, Carbon/*chemistry Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/chemical synthesis Safety Temperature Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry Volatilization %X The carbon nanotube (CNT) industry is expanding rapidly, yet little is known about the potential environmental impacts of CNT manufacture. Here, we evaluate the effluent composition of a representative multiwalled CNT synthesis by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in order to provide data needed to design strategies for mitigating any unacceptable emissions. During thermal pretreatment of the reactant gases (ethene and H(2)), we found over 45 side-products were formed, including methane, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This finding suggests several environmental concerns with the existing process, including potential discharges of the potent greenhouse gas, methane (up to 1.7%), and toxic compounds such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene (up to 36000 ppmv). Extrapolating these laboratory-scale data to future industrial CNT production, we estimate that (1) contributions of atmospheric methane will be negligible compared to other existing sources and (2) VOC and PAH emissions may become important on local scales but will be small when compared to national industrial sources. As a first step toward reducing such unwanted emissions, we used continuous in situ measures of CNT length during growth and sought to identify which thermally generated compounds correlated with CNT growth rate. The results suggested that, in future CNT production approaches, key reaction intermediates could be delivered to the catalyst without thermal treatment. This would eliminate the most energetically expensive component of CVD synthesis (heating reactant gases), while reducing the formation of unintended byproducts. %Z Plata, Desiree L Hart, A John Reddy, Christopher M Gschwend, Philip M

eng 2009/11/21 06:00 Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Nov 1;43(21):8367-73. doi: 10.1021/es901626p. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19924971 %+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. dplata@alum.mit.edu

%0 Journal Articlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Long, Thomas C. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Veronesi, Bellina %D 2009 %T Partial Oxidation (“Aging”) and Surface Modification Decrease the Toxicity of Nanosized Zerovalent Iron %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 1 %P 195 - 200 %8 01/2009 %! Partial Oxidation (“Aging”) and Surface Modification Decrease the Toxicity of Nanosized Zerovalent Iron %R 10.1021/es801955n %X Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a “redox”-active nanomaterial used in the remediation of contaminated groundwater. To assess the effect of “aging” and surface modification on its potential neurotoxicity, cultured rodent microglia (BV2) and neurons (N27) were exposed to fresh nZVI, “aged” (>11 months) nZVI, magnetite, and polyaspartate surface-modified (SM) nZVI. Increases in various measures of oxidative stress indicated that BV2 microglia responded to these materials in the following rank order: nZVI > “aged” nZVI > magnetite = SM nZVI. Fresh nZVI produced morphological evidence of mitochondrial swelling and apoptosis. In N27 neurons, ATP levels were reduced in the following rank order: nZVI > SM-nZVI >“aged” nZVI = magnetite. Ultrastructurally, nZVI produced a perinuclear floccular material and cytoplasmic granularity. Both SM-nZVI produced intracellular deposits of nanosize particles in the N27. The physicochemical properties of each material, measured under exposure conditions, indicated that all had electronegative zeta potentials. The iron content of nZVI (35%) and SM-nZVI (25%) indicated high “redox” activity while that of “aged” and magnetite was neglibile. Sedimentation and agglomeration occurred in the following rank order: nZV > “aged” nZVI > magnetite SM-nZVI. Correlating these properties with toxicity indicated that partial or complete oxidation of nZVI reduced its “redox” activity, agglomeration, sedimentation rate, and toxicity to mammalian cells. Surface modification decreased nZVI toxicity by reducing sedimentation which limited particle exposure to the cells. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801955n

%0 Journal Article %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Liu, Yueqiang %A Tilton, Robert D. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2009 %T Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Coatings Decrease Fe0 Nanoparticle Reactivity with TCE in Water: Conceptual Model and Mechanisms %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %P 1507-1514 %9 doi: 10.1021/es802187d %! Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Coatings Decrease Fe0 Nanoparticle Reactivity with TCE in Water: Conceptual Model and Mechanisms %@ 0013-936X %Z doi: 10.1021/es802187d %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802187d

%0 Journal Article %A Phenrat, Tanaponfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Kim, Hye-Jin %A Fagerlund, Fritjof %A Illangasekare, Tissa %A Tilton, Robert D. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2009 %T Particle Size Distribution, Concentration, and Magnetic Attraction Affect Transport of Polymer-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Sand Columns %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %P 5079-5085 %9 doi: 10.1021/es900171v %! Particle Size Distribution, Concentration, and Magnetic Attraction Affect Transport of Polymer-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Sand Columns %@ 0013-936X %Z doi: 10.1021/es900171v %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900171v

%0 Journal Article %A Meyer, David E. %A Curran, Mary Ann %A Gonzalez, Michael A. %D 2009 %T An Examination of Existing Data for the Industrial Manufacture and Use of Nanocomponents and Their Role in the Life Cycle Impact of Nanoproducts %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 5 %P 1256-1263 %8 2009/03/01 %! An Examination of Existing Data for the Industrial Manufacture and Use of Nanocomponents and Their Role in the Life Cycle Impact of Nanoproducts %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es8023258 %X Potential environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of major groups of nanocomponents are examined. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8023258 %[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article %A Lubick, Naomi %D 2009 %T Silica nanoparticles flow in (and out of) waste %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 23 %P 8708-8709 %8 2009/12/01 %! Silica nanoparticles flow in (and out of) waste %@ 0013-936Xfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %R 10.1021/es9031024 %X New research highlights some of the issues swirling around nanomaterials in wastewater, but no answers are forthcoming. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9031024 %[2014/06/02

%0 Journal Article %A Lowry, G. V. %A Wiesner, M. %A Rose, J. %A Bottero, J.Y. %D 2009 %T CEINT and iCEINT: An international collaboration to assess the environmental implications of nanotechnology %J Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta %V 73 %N 13 %! CEINT and iCEINT: An international collaboration to assess the environmental implications of nanotechnology

%0 Journal Article %A Liu, Juan %A Aruguete, Deborah M. %A Murayama, Mitsuhiro %A Hochella, Michael F. %D 2009 %T Influence of Size and Aggregation on the Reactivity of an Environmentally and Industrially Relevant Nanomaterial (PbS) %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 21 %P 8178 - 8183 %8 11/2009 %! Influence of Size and Aggregation on the Reactivity of an Environmentally and Industrially Relevant Nanomaterial (PbS) %R 10.1021/es902121r %X Rarely observed nanoparticle dissolution rate data have been collected and explained for an environmentally and industrially relevant nanomaterial (PbS, the mineral galena) as a function of its particle size and aggregation state using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and solution analysis. Under identical anoxic acidic conditions (pH 3 HCl), it has been determined that the dissolution rate of PbS galena varies by at least 1 order of magnitude simply as a function of particle size, and also due to the aggregation state of the particles (dissolution rates measured are 4.4 × 10-9 mol m-2 s-1 for dispersed 14 nm nanocrystals; 7.7 × 10-10 mol m-2 s-1 for dispersed 3.1 μm microcrystals; and 4.7 × 10-10 mol m-2 s-1 for aggregated 14 nm nanocrystals). The dissolution rate difference between galena microparticles and nanoparticles is due to differences in nanotopography and the crystallographic faces present. Aggregate vs. dispersed dissolution rates are related to transport inhibition in the observed highly confined spaces between densely packed, aggregated nanocrystals, where self-diffusion coefficients of water and ions decrease dramatically. This study shows that factors at the nanometer scale significantly influence the release rate of aqueous, highly toxic and bioavailable Pb in natural or industrial environments during galena dissolution. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es902121rfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Lim, Jit Kang %A Majetich, Sara A. %A Tilton, Robert D. %D 2009 %T Stabilization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Core‚àíGold Shell Nanoparticles in High Ionic Strength Media %J Langmuir %V 25 %P 13384-13393 %9 doi: 10.1021/la9019734 %! Stabilization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Core‚àíGold Shell Nanoparticles in High Ionic Strength Media %@ 0743-7463 %Z doi: 10.1021/la9019734 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9019734

%0 Journal Article %A Labille, Jérôme %A Masion, Armand %A Ziarelli, Fabio %A Rose, Jérôme %A Brant, Jonathan %A Villiéras, Frédéric %A Pelletier, Manuel %A Borschneck, Daniel %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %D 2009 %T Hydration and Dispersion of C60 in Aqueous Systems: The Nature of Water-Fullerene Interactions %J Langmuir %V 25 %P 11232-11235 %9 doi: 10.1021/la9022807 %! Hydration and Dispersion of C60 in Aqueous Systems: The Nature of Water-Fullerene Interactions %@ 0743-7463 %Z doi: 10.1021/la9022807 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9022807

%0 Journal Article %A Kovochich, Michael %A Espinasse, Benjamin %A Auffan, Melanie %A Hotze, Ernest M. %A Wessel, Lauren %A Xia, Tian %A Nel, Andre E. %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2009 %T Comparative Toxicity of C60 Aggregates toward Mammalian Cells: Role of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Decomposition %J Environmental Science & Technologyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 43 %N 16 %P 6378 - 6384 %8 08/2009 %! Comparative Toxicity of C60 Aggregates toward Mammalian Cells: Role of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) Decomposition %R 10.1021/es900990d %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es900990d

%0 Journal Article %A Koelmans, A. A. %A Nowack, B. %A Wiesner, M. R. %D 2009 %T Comparison of manufactured and black carbon nanoparticle concentrations in aquatic sediments %J Environmental Pollution %V 157 %P 1110-1116 %9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.006 %! Comparison of manufactured and black carbon nanoparticle concentrations in aquatic sediments %@ 0269-7491 %K Black carbon Carbon-based nanoparticles Exposure Sediment Soil Toxicity %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-4TSC41P-2/2/a80fe86fb4cc796afcf64d4b5fd2baee http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108004570

%0 Journal Article %A Kiser, M. A. %A Westerhoff, P. %A Benn, T. %A Wang, Y.

%A Hristovski, K. %D 2009 %T Titanium Nanomaterial Removal and Release from Wastewater Treatment Plants %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 17 %P 6757-6763 %8 2009/09/01 %! Titanium Nanomaterial Removal and Release from Wastewater Treatment Plants %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es901102n %X Titanium (Ti) occurs naturally in soils and as highly purified titanium dioxide (TiO2) in many commercial products that have been used for decades. We report for the first time the occurrence, characterization, and removal of nano- and larger-sized Ti at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). At one WWTP studied in detail, raw sewage contained 100 to nearly 3000 ?g Ti/L. Ti larger than 0.7 ?m accounted for the majority of the Ti in raw sewage, andfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] this fraction was well removed by WWTP processes. Ti concentrations in effluents from this and several other WWTPs ranged from <5 to 15 ?g/L and were nearly all present in the <0.7 ?m size fraction. As Ti was removed, it accumulated in settled solids at concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 ?g Ti/mg. Ti-containing solids were imaged in sewage, biosolids, and liquid effluent as well as in commercial products containing engineered TiO2. Single nanoparticles plus spherical aggregates (50 nm to a few hundred nanometer in size) composed of sub-50 nm spheres of Ti and oxygen only (presumably TiO2) were observed in all samples. Significantly larger silicate particles containing a mixture of Ti and other metal atoms were also observed in the samples. To support the field work, laboratory adsorption batch and sequencing batch reactor experiments using TiO2 and activated sludge bacteria verified that adsorption of TiO2 onto activated sludge biomass occurs. Monitoring for TiO2 in the environment where WWTP liquid effluent is discharged (rivers, lakes, oceans) or biomass disposed (landfills, agriculture and soil amendments, incinerator off-gas or residuals) will increase our knowledge on the fate and transport of other nanomaterials in the environment. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901102n %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Kim, Hye-Jin %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Tilton, Robert D. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2009 %T Fe0 Nanoparticles Remain Mobile in Porous Media after Aging Due to Slow Desorption of Polymeric Surface Modifiers %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 10 %P 3824-3830 %8 2009/05/15 %! Fe0 Nanoparticles Remain Mobile in Porous Media after Aging Due to Slow Desorption of Polymeric Surface Modifiers %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es802978s %X The rate and extent of desorption of polyelectrolyte coatings used to stabalize nZVI and implications regarding its use for groundwater remediation is studied. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802978s http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802978s %[2013/03/25

%0 Journal Article %A Jarvie, Helen P. %A Al-Obaidi, Hisham %A King, Stephen M. %A Bowes, Michael J. %A Lawrence, M. Jayne %A Drake, Alex F. %A Green, Mark A. %A Dobson, Peter J. %D 2009 %T Fate of Silica Nanoparticles in Simulated Primary Wastewater Treatment %J Environmental Science & Technologyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 43 %N 22 %P 8622-8628 %8 2009/11/15 %! Fate of Silica Nanoparticles in Simulated Primary Wastewater Treatment %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es901399q %X Through novel application of small-angle neutron scattering, we examined the fate of silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) during simulated primary wastewater treatment, by measuring, in real time, the colloidal behavior of SiO2NPs in wastewater (sewage). We examined the effects of surface functionality on SiO2NP fate in wastewater, by comparing both unfunctionalized (uncoated or ?bare?) SiO2NPs and SiO2NPs functionalized with a thin coating of a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20), which is widely used in personal care and household product formulations containing engineered oxide nanoparticles. Our results show new evidence that the surface functionality of SiO2NPs plays a crucial role in their flocculation and sedimentation behavior in wastewater, and thus the likely efficacy of their removal from the effluent stream during primary wastewater treatment. Uncoated SiO2NPs did not flocculate in wastewater over typical residence times for primary treatment. Conversely, surface-functionalized (Tween-coated) SiO2NPs underwent rapid flocculation in wastewater. Our results show that the surface-functionalized SiO2NPs are likely to be removed by sedimentation to sewage sludge (typically recycled to land), whereas uncoated SiO2NPs will continue through the effluent stream. While nanoparticle design is driven by use purpose, this study shows new potential for exploiting surface functionalization of nanoparticles to modify their environmental pathways. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901399q http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es901399q %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Isaacson, Carl W. %A Kleber, Markus %A Field, Jennifer A. %D 2009 %T Quantitative Analysis of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Environmental Systems: A Critical Review %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 17 %P 6463-6474 %8 2009/09/01 %! Quantitative Analysis of Fullerene Nanomaterials in Environmental Systems: A Critical Review %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es900692e %X The increasing production and use of fullerene nanomaterials has led to calls for more information regarding the potential impacts that releases of these materials may have on human and environmental health. Fullerene nanomaterials, which are comprised of both fullerenes and surface-functionalized fullerenes, are used in electronic, optic, medical, and cosmetic applications. Measuring fullerene nanomaterial concentrations in natural environments is difficult because they exhibit a duality of physical and chemical characteristics as they transition from hydrophobic topolar forms upon exposure to water. In aqueous environments, this is expressed as their tendency to initially (i) selfassemble into aggregates of appreciable size and hydrophobicity, and subsequently (ii) interact with the surrounding water molecules and other chemical constituents in natural environments thereby acquiring negative surface charge. Fullerene nanomaterials may therefore deceive the application of any single analytical method that is applied with the assumption that fullerenes have but one defining characteristic ( e.g., hydrophobicity). Our findings include the following: (1) Analytical procedures are needed to account for the potentially transitory nature of fullerenes in natural environments through the use of approaches that provide chemically explicit information including molecular weight and the number and identity of surface functional groups. (2) Sensitive and mass-selective detection, such as that offered by mass spectrometry when combined with optimized extraction procedures, offers the greatest potential tofile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] achieve this goal. (3) Significant improvements in analytical rigor would result from an increased availability of well characterized authentic standards, reference materials, and isotopically labeled internal standards. Finally, the benefits of quantitative and validated analytical methods for advancing the knowledge on fullerene occurrence, fate, and behavior are indicated. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es900692e %[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article %A Hull, Matthew S. %A Kennedy, Alan J. %A Steevens, Jeffery A. %A Bednar, Anthony J. %A Weiss, Jr Charles A. %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2009 %T Release of Metal Impurities from Carbon Nanomaterials Influences Aquatic Toxicity %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 11 %P 4169-4174 %9 doi: 10.1021/es802483p %! Release of Metal Impurities from Carbon Nanomaterials Influences Aquatic Toxicity %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es802483p%X Few studies have considered the environmental impacts of impurities and byproducts associated with lowefficiency nanomanufacturing processes. Here, we study the composition and aquatic toxicity of low-purity, asproduced fullerenes (C60) and metallofullerene waste solids, both of which were generated via arc-discharge synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were used to characterize the metals composition of the solid test materials and of aqueous leachates prepared by mixing test materials with waters of varying pH, hardness, and salinity. The aquatic toxicity of the leachates was determined using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended aquatic bioassay protocols with two standard test organisms-Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Results indicated that metals associated with the solid test materials became mobilized in our test system upon interaction with waters of circumneutral pH and reached concentrations sufficient to induce toxicity in both test species. Acute (48 h) LC50 values for P. promelas and C. dubia exposed to leachates prepared from metallofullerene waste solids were 54 and 5% (as % leachate in diluent), respectively. Toxicity was eliminated after adding the chelator EDTA to the leachates, implicating divalent transition metals as the toxicity source. Our results demonstrate the aquatic toxicity of metals mobilized from products and byproducts of nanomanufacturing, and they emphasize the need for a global review of nanomanufacturing wastes and low-purity products. %Z doi: 10.1021/es802483p %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es802483p http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es802483p

%0 Journal Article %A Hotze, Ernest M. %A Badireddy, Appala Raju %A Chellam, Shankararaman %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2009 %T Mechanisms of Bacteriophage Inactivation via Singlet Oxygen Generation in UV Illuminated Fullerol Suspensionsfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %P 6639-6645 %9 doi: 10.1021/es901110m %! Mechanisms of Bacteriophage Inactivation via Singlet Oxygen Generation in UV Illuminated Fullerol Suspensions %@ 0013-936X %X Nonenveloped viruses are shown to be inactivated by singlet oxygen (1O2) produced in UVA photosensitized aqueous suspensions of a polyhydroxylated fullerene (C60(OH)22‚àí24; fullerol, 40 ŒoM). Experiments were performed with MS2, a ssRNA bacteriophage, as well as two dsDNA phages: PRD1, which has an internal lipid membrane, and T7, which entirely lacks lipids. MS2 was highly susceptible to inactivation, having a rate constant of 0.034 min‚àí1 with UVA alone, which increased to 0.102 min‚àí1 with photoactivated fullerol. PRD1 and T7 were not susceptible to UVA alone but were photoinactivated by fullerol with rate constants of 0.026 and 0.035 min‚àí1, respectively. The role of 1O2 was demonstrated by three independent observations: (i) viruses that were insensitive to UVA alone were photoinactivated by rose bengal in the absence of fullerol, (ii) Œ=-carotene reduced (but did not eliminate) photoinactivation rates, and (iii) singlet oxygen sensor green fluorescence spectroscopy directly detected 1O2 in UVA illuminated fullerol suspensions. Qualitative evidence is also presented that fullerol aggregates were closely associated with viruses allowing efficient transfer of 1O2 to their capsids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed significant oxidative modifications to capsid proteins but comparatively minor changes to the DNA and (phospho)lipids. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggested 1O2 induced cross-linking of proteins. Hence, phage inactivation by photoactivated fullerol nanoparticles appears to be caused by cross-linking of capsid protein secondary structures by exogenous 1O2 and consequent impairment of their ability to bind to surface receptors of their bacterial hosts (loss of infectivity) rather than by direct reactions with fullerol. %Z doi: 10.1021/es901110m %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901110m

%0 Journal Article %A Gottschalk, Fadri %A Sonderer, Tobias %A Scholz, Roland W. %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2009 %T Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 24 %P 9216-9222 %8 2009/12/15 %! Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es9015553 %X Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are already used in many products and consequently released into environmental compartments. In this study, we calculated predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) based on aprobabilistic material flow analysis from a life-cycle perspective of ENM-containing products. We modeled nanoTiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and fullerenes for the U.S., Europe and Switzerland. The environmental concentrations were calculated as probabilistic density functions and were compared to data from ecotoxicological studies. The simulated modes (most frequent values) range from 0.003 ng L?1 (fullerenes) to 21 ng L?1 (nano-TiO2) for surface waters and from 4 ng L?1 (fullerenes) to 4 ?g L?1 (nano-TiO2) for sewage treatment effluents. For Europe and the U.S., the annual increase of ENMs on sludge-treated soil ranges from 1 ng kg?1 for fullerenes to 89 ?g kg?1 for nano-TiO2. The results of this study indicate that risks to aquatic organisms may currentlyfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] emanate from nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, and nano-ZnO in sewage treatment effluents for all considered regions and for nano-Ag in surface waters. For the other environmental compartments for which ecotoxicological data were available, no risks to organisms are presently expected. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9015553 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9015553 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Deonarine, Amrika %A Hsu-Kim, Heileen %D 2009 %T Precipitation of Mercuric Sulfide Nanoparticles in NOM-Containing Water: Implications for the Natural Environment %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %P 2368-2373 %9 doi: 10.1021/es803130h %! Precipitation of Mercuric Sulfide Nanoparticles in NOM-Containing Water: Implications for the Natural Environment %@ 0013-936X %Z doi: 10.1021/es803130h %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803130h

%0 Journal Article %A Chang, Xiaojun %A Vikesland, Peter J. %D 2009 %T Effects of carboxylic acids on nC60 aggregate formation %J Environmental Pollution %V 157 %P 1072-1080 %9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.052 %! Effects of carboxylic acids on nC60 aggregate formation %@ 0269-7491 %K Aggregates C60 Carboxylic acids Fullerene %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-4V28T1X-1/2/549c9fba2d1f1aadf3d3a62a4d82fdb7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108004934

%0 Journal Article %A Chae, S. R. %A Wang, Shuyi %A Hendren, Zachary D. %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Watanabe, Yoshimasa %A Gunsch, Claudia K.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2009 %T Effects of fullerene nanoparticles on Escherichia coli K12 respiratory activity in aqueous suspension and potential use for membrane biofouling control %J Journal of Membrane Science %V 329 %P 68-74 %9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.023 %! Effects of fullerene nanoparticles on Escherichia coli K12 respiratory activity in aqueous suspension and potential use for membrane biofouling control %@ 0376-7388 %K Anti-fouling Bacterial inhibition Escherichia coli K12 Fullerene C60 Microfiltration (MF) membranes %U http://198.81.200.2/science/article/B6TGK-4V70NC5-3/2/e9fcd0f420f29c6fd21c881988836455

%0 Journal Article

%A Lyon, Delina Y. %A Hotze, Ernest M. %A Alvarez, Pedro J. J. %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2009 %T Comparative Photoactivity and Antibacterial Properties of C60 Fullerenes and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 43 %N 12 %P 4355 - 4360 %8 06/2009 %! Comparative Photoactivity and Antibacterial Properties of C60 Fullerenes and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles %R 10.1021/es803093t %X The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by aqueous suspensions of fullerenes and nano-TiO2 (Degussa P25) was measured both in ultrapure water and in minimal Davis (MD) microbial growth medium. Fullerol (hydroxylated C60) produced singlet oxygen (1O2) in ultrapure water and both 1O2 and superoxide (O2-•) in MDmedium, but no hydroxyl radicals (OH•) were detected in either case. PVP/C60 (C60 encapsulated with poly(Nvinylpyrrolidone)) was more efficient than fullerol in generating singlet oxygen and superoxide. However, two other aggregates of C60, namely THF/nC60 (prepared with tetrahydofuran as transitional solvent) and aqu/nC60 (prepared by vigorous stirring of C60 powder in water), were not photoactive. Nano-TiO2 (also present as aggregates) primarily produced hydroxyl radicals in pure water and superoxide in MD medium. Bacterial (Escherichia coli) toxicity tests suggest that, unlike nano-TiO2 which was exclusively phototoxic, the antibacterial activity of fullerene suspensions was linked to ROS production. Nano-TiO2 may be more efficient for water treatment involving UV or solar energy, to enhance contaminant oxidation and perhaps for disinfection. However, fullerol and PVP/C60 may be useful as water treatment agents targeting specific pollutants or microorganisms that are more sensitive to either superoxide or singlet

oxygen. %U http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es803093t

%0 Journal Article %A Bose, S %A Hochella, M. F.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Gorby, Y %A Kennedy, D %A McCready, D %A Madden, A %A Lower, B %D 2009 %T Bioreduction of hematite nanoparticles by the dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 %J Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta %V 73 %N 4 %P 962 - 976 %8 02/2009 %! Bioreduction of hematite nanoparticles by the dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 %R 10.1016/j.gca.2008.11.031 %X We examined the reduction of different size hematite (a-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (average diameter of 11, 12, 30, 43, and 99 nm) by the dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRB), Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, to determine how S.oneidensis MR-1 may utilize these environmentally relevant solid-phase electron acceptors. The surface-areanormalized-bacterial Fe(III) reduction rate for the larger nanoparticles (99 nm) was one order of magnitude higher than the rate observed for the smallest nanoparticles (11 nm). The Fe(III) reduction rates for the 12, 30, and 43 nm nanoparticles fell between these two extremes. Whole-cell TEM images showed that the mode of Fe2O3 nanoparticle attachment to bacterial cells was different for the aggregated, pseudo-hexagonal/irregular and platey 11, 12, and 99 nm nanoparticles compared to the non-aggregated 30 and 43 nm rhombohedral nanoparticles. Due to differences in aggregation, the 11, 12, and 99 nm nanoparticles exhibited less cell contact and less cell coverage than did the 30 and 43 nm nanoparticles. We hypothesize that S. oneidensis MR-1 employs both indirect and direct mechanisms of electron transfer to Fe(III)-oxide nanoparticles and that the bioreduction mechanisms employed and Fe(III) reduction rates depend on the nanoparticles’ aggregation state, size, shape and exposed crystal faces. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703708006972

%0 Journal Article %A Auffan, Mélanie %A Rose, Jérôme %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %D 2009 %T Chemical stability of metallic nanoparticles: A parameter controlling their potential cellular toxicity in vitro %J Environmental Pollution %V 157 %P 1127-1133 %9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.10.002 %! Chemical stability of metallic nanoparticles: A parameter controlling their potential cellular toxicity in vitro %@ 0269-7491 %K Metallic Nanoparticles Oxidative stress Redox Toxicity %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VB5-4TXDXN7-2/2/64c80162aaf1b74217c2efc11b8b2801 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749108005010

%0 Journal Articlefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Auffan, Melanie %A Rose, Jerome %A Orsiere, Thierry %A De Meo, Michel %A Thill, Antoine %A Zeyons, Ophelie %A Proux, Olivier %A Masion, Armand %A Chaurand, Perrine %A Spalla, Olivier %A Botta, Alain %A Wiesner, Mark R. %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %D 2009 %T CeO2 nanoparticles induce DNA damage towards human dermal fibroblasts in vitro %J Nanotoxicology %V 3 %N 2 %P 161 - 171 %8 01/2009 %! CeO2 nanoparticles induce DNA damage towards human dermal fibroblasts in vitro %R 10.1080/17435390902788086 %X Cerium dioxide nanoparticles have been proposed for an increasing number of applications in biomedicine, cosmetic, as polishing materials and also as byproducts from automotive fuel additives. The aim of this study was to examine the potential in vitro cyto- and genotoxicity of nano-sized CeO2 (7 nm) on human dermal fibroblasts. By combining a physico-chemical and a (geno)toxicological approach, we defined the causal mechanisms linking the physico-chemical properties of nano-CeO2 with their biological effects. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we observed a reduction of 21±4% of the Ce4+ atoms localized at the surface of CeO2 nanoparticles due to the interactions with organic molecules present in biological media. These particles induced strong DNA lesions and chromosome damage related to an oxidative stress. These genotoxic effects occurred at very low doses, which highlighted the importance of a genotoxicological approach during the assessment of the toxicity of nanoparticles. %U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17435390902788086

%0 Journal Article %A Auffan, Melanie %A Rose, Jerome %A Bottero, Jean-Yves %A Lowry, Gregory V. %A Jolivet, Jean-Pierre %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2009 %T Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective %J Nat Nano %V 4 %P 634-641 %9 10.1038/nnano.2009.242 %! Towards a definition of inorganic nanoparticles from an environmental, health and safety perspective %@ 1748-3387 %R 10.1038/nnano.2009.242 %Z CEINT %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.242file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Yang %A Chen, Yongsheng %A Westerhoff, Paul %A Hristovski, Kiril %A Crittenden, John C. %D 2008 %T Stability of commercial metal oxide nanoparticles in water %J Water Research %V 42 %N 8–9 %P 2204-2212 %! Stability of commercial metal oxide nanoparticles in water %@ 0043-1354 %R 10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.036 %K Nanoparticles Disaggregate Aggregate Stability Removal %X The fate of commercial nanoparticles in water is of significant interest to health and regulatory authorities. This research investigated the dispersion and stability of metal oxide nanoparticles in water as well as their removal by potable water treatment processes. Commercial nanoparticles were received as powder aggregates, and in water neither ultrasound nor chemical dispersants could break them up into primary nanoparticles. Lab-synthesized hematite was prepared as a primary nanoparticle (85 nm) suspension; upon drying and 1-month storage, however, hematite formed aggregates that could not be dispersed completely as primary nanoparticles in water. This observation may explain why it is difficult to disperse dry commercial nanoparticles. Except for silica, other nanoparticles rapidly aggregated in tap water due to electric double layer (EDL) compression. The stability of silica in tap water is related to its low Hamaker constant. For all these nanoparticles, at an alum dosage of 60 mg/L, coagulation followed by sedimentation could remove 20–60% of the total nanoparticle mass. Filtration using a 0.45 μm filter was required to remove more than 90% of the nanoparticle mass. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135407007294

%0 Journal Article %A Wiesner, M. R. %A Hotze, E. M. %A Brant, J. A. %A Espinasse, B. %D 2008 %T Nanomaterials as possible contaminants: the fullerene example %J Water Sci Technol %V 57 %N 3 %P 305-10 %7 2008/03/01 %! Nanomaterials as possible contaminants: the fullerene example %Z Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research %@ 0273-1223 (Print) 0273-1223 (Linking) %R 10.2166/wst.2008.800file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %M 18309205 %K Environmental Pollutants/ chemistry/ toxicity Fullerenes/ chemistry/ toxicity Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Macromolecular Substances/chemistry Organic Chemicals/chemistry Osmolar Concentration Oxygen/chemistry Reactive Oxygen Species/chemistry Risk Suspensions Water/chemistry %X An assessment of the potential risks posed by nanomaterials will require case-by-case evaluations of the processes controlling exposure and hazards such as toxicity. Factors that control fullerene transport and transformation in aqueous environments and their relationship to toxicity are discussed. Natural organic matter is observed to either increase or decrease nanoparticle stability while trends in reactive oxygen generation run counter to proposed mechanisms of possible fullerene toxicity. %Z Wiesner, M R Hotze, E M Brant, J A Espinasse, B England Water Sci Technol. 2008;57(3):305-10. doi: 10.2166/wst.2008.800. %+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, PO Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0287, USA. wiesner@duke.edu %W NLM %G eng

%0 Journal Article %A Saleh, Navid %A Kim, Hye-Jin %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof %A Tilton, Robert D. %A Lowry, Gregory V. %D 2008 %T Ionic Strength and Composition Affect the Mobility of Surface-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Water-Saturated Sand Columns %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 42 %P 3349-3355 %9 doi: 10.1021/es071936b %! Ionic Strength and Composition Affect the Mobility of Surface-Modified Fe0 Nanoparticles in Water-Saturated Sand Columns %@ 0013-936X %Z doi: 10.1021/es071936b %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071936b

%0 Journal Article %A Powell, Maria Cfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Griffin, MartinP A. %A Tai, Stephanie %D 2008 %T Bottom-Up Risk Regulation? How Nanotechnology Risk Knowledge Gaps Challenge Federal and State Environmental Agencies %J Environmental Management %V 42 %N 3 %P 426-443 %8 2008/09/01 %! Bottom-Up Risk Regulation? How Nanotechnology Risk Knowledge Gaps Challenge Federal and State Environmental Agencies %Z Environmental Management %@ 0364-152X %R 10.1007/s00267-008-9129-z %K Nanotechnology Risk assessment Government regulation Data gaps %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9129-z %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Plata, D. L. %A Gschwend, P. M. %A Reddy, C. M. %D 2008 %T Industrially synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes: compositional data for users, environmental risk assessments, and source apportionment %J Nanotechnology %V 19 %N 18 %P 185706 %8 May 7 %! Industrially synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes: compositional data for users, environmental risk assessments, and source apportionment %Z Nanotechnology %@ 0957-4484 (Print) 0957-4484 (Linking) %R 10.1088/0957-4484/19/18/185706 %M 21825702 %X Commercially available single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) contain large percentages of metal and carbonaceous impurities. These fractions influence the SWCNT physical properties and performance, yet their chemical compositions are not well defined. This lack of information also precludes accurate environmental risk assessments for specific SWCNT stocks, which emerging local legislation requires of nanomaterial manufacturers. To address these needs, we measured the elemental, molecular, and stable carbon isotope compositions of commercially available SWCNTs. As expected, catalytic metals occurred at per cent levels (1.3-29%), but purified materials also contained unexpected metals (e.g., Cu, Pb at 0.1-0.3 ppt). Nitrogen contents (up to 0.48%) were typically greater in arc-produced SWCNTs than in those derived from chemical vapor deposition. Toluene-extractable materials contributed less than 5% of the total mass of the SWCNTs. Internal standard losses during dichloromethane extractions suggested that metals are available for reductive dehalogenation reactions, ultimately resulting in the degradation of aromatic internal standards. The carbon isotope content of the extracted material suggested that SWCNTs acquiredfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] much of their carbonaceous contamination from their storage environment. Some of the SWCNTs, themselves, were highly depleted in (13)C relative to petroleum-derived chemicals. The distinct carbon isotopic signatures and unique metal 'fingerprints' may be useful as environmental tracers allowing assessment of SWCNT sources to the environment. %Z Plata, D L Gschwend, P M Reddy, C M

eng England 2008/05/07 00:00 Nanotechnology. 2008 May 7;19(18):185706. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/18/185706. Epub 2008 Apr 2. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21825702 %+ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.

%0 Journal Article %A Phenrat, Tanapon %A Saleh, Navid %A Sirk, Kevin %A Kim, Hye-Jin %A Tilton, Robert %A Lowry, Gregory %D 2008 %T Stabilization of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions by anionic polyelectrolytes: adsorbed anionic polyelectrolyte layer properties and their effect on aggregation and sedimentation %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 10 %P 795-814 %! Stabilization of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions by anionic polyelectrolytes: adsorbed anionic polyelectrolyte layer properties and their effect on aggregation and sedimentation %K capping %X Abstract  Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles are 5‚Äì40 nm sized Fe0/Fe-oxide particles that rapidly transform many environmental contaminants to benign products and are a promising in situ remediation agent. Rapid aggregation and limited mobility in water-saturated porous media limits the ability to deliver NZVI dispersions in the subsurface. This study prepares stable NZVI dispersions through physisorption of commercially available anionic polyelectrolytes, characterizes the adsorbed polymer layer, and correlates the polymer coating properties with the ability to prevent rapid aggregation and sedimentation of NZVI dispersions. Poly(styrene sulfonate) with molecular weights of 70 k and 1,000 k g/mol (PSS70K and PSS1M), carboxymethyl cellulose with molecular weights of 90 k and 700 k g/mol (CMC90K and CMC700K), and polyaspartate with molecular weights of 2.5 k and 10 k g/mol (PAP2.5K and 10K) were compared. Particle size distributions were determined by dynamic light scattering during aggregation. The order of effectiveness to prevent rapid aggregation and stabilize the dispersions was PSS70K(83%) >  ‚âàPAP10K(82%) > PAP2.5K(72%) > CMC700K(52%), where stability is defined operationally as the volume percent of particles that do not aggregate after 1 h. CMC90K and PSS1M could not stabilize RNIP relative to bare RNIP. A similar trend was observed for their ability to prevent sedimentation, with 40, 34, 32, 20, and 5 wt%, of the PSS70K, PAP10K, PAP2.5K, CMC700K, and CMC90K modified NZVI remaining suspended after 7 h of quiescent settling, respectively. The stable fractions with respect to both aggregation and sedimentation correlate well with the adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass and thickness of the adsorbed polyelectrolyte layers as determined by Oshima‚Äôs soft particle theory. A fraction of the particles cannot be stabilized by any modifier and rapidly agglomerates to micron sized aggregates, as is also observed for unmodified NZVI. This non-dispersible fraction is attributed to strong magnetic attractions among the larger particles present in thefile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] polydisperse NZVI slurry, as the magnetic attractive forces increase as r6. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-007-9315-6

%0 Journal Article %A Mueller, Nicole C. %A Nowack, Bernd %D 2008 %T Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 42 %N 12 %P 4447-4453 %8 2008/06/01 %! Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es7029637 %X Exposure modeling shows that the expected concentrations of different engineered nanoparticles in the environment are strongly determined by product life cycles. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es7029637 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es7029637 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Mahendra, Shaily %A Zhu, Huiguang %A Colvin, Vicki L. %A Alvarez, Pedro J. %D 2008 %T Quantum Dot Weathering Results in Microbial Toxicity %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 42 %N 24 %P 9424-9430 %8 2008/12/15 %! Quantum Dot Weathering Results in Microbial Toxicity %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es8023385 %X Quantum dots (QDs) are increasingly being used for electronics, solar energy generation, and medical imaging applications. Most QDs consist of a heavy metal core/shell coated with amphiphilic organics that stabilize the nanoparticles and allow conjugation with biological molecules. In this study, QDs were evaluated for their effects on bacterial pure cultures, which serve as models of cell toxicity and indicators of potential impact to ecosystem health. QDs with intact surface coatings decreased growth rates of Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram negative Escherichia coli but were not bactericidal. In contrast, weathering of various types of QDs under acidic (pH = 4) or alkaline (pH = 10) conditions significantly increased bactericidal activity due to the rapid (<1 min) release of cadmium and selenite ions following QD destabilization upon loss of the organic coating. Toxicity was mitigated by humic acids, proteins, and other organic ligands that reduced metal bioavailability. The best available science, which is limited, suggests that QDs are potentially safe materials when used in their intended applications at near-neutral pH. These results forewarn us that even moderately acidic or alkaline conditions could lead to significant and localized organism effects due to toxic exposure to dissolved heavy metals. Thus, biocompatibility and ecotoxicity tests for QDs should consider in vivo and/or in situ transformations to fully characterize the potential risks to environmental health.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8023385 %[2014/06/02

%0 Journal Article %A Liu, Juan %A Aruguete, Deborah M. %A Jinschek, Joerg R. %A Donald Rimstidt, J. %A Hochella, Michael F., Jr %D 2008 %T The non-oxidative dissolution of galena nanocrystals: Insights into mineral dissolution rates as a function of grain size, shape, and aggregation state %J Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta %V 72 %P 5984-5996 %9 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.010 %! The non-oxidative dissolution of galena nanocrystals: Insights into mineral dissolution rates as a function of grain size, shape, and aggregation state %@ 0016-7037 %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V66-4TPPF52-2/2/d7d78062ff8344e59adfce6441ca652c

%0 Journal Article %A Limbach, Ludwig K. %A Bereiter, Robert

%A Krebs, Rolf

%A Stark, Wendelin J. %D 2008 %T Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant: Influence of Agglomeration and Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 42 %N 15 %P 5828-5833 %8 2008/08/01 %! Removal of Oxide Nanoparticles in a Model Wastewater Treatment Plant: Influence of Agglomeration and Surfactants on Clearing Efficiency %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es800091f %X The clearing efficiency of stabilized and unstabilized cerium oxide nanoparticles is investigated in a model wastewater treatment plant. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800091f http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es800091f %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Köhler, Andreas R.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Som, Claudia %A Helland, Aasgeir %A Gottschalk, Fadri %D 2008 %T Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle %J Journal of Cleaner Production %V 16 %N 8–9 %P 927-937 %8 5// %! Studying the potential release of carbon nanotubes throughout the application life cycle %@ 0959-6526 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.04.007 %K Nanotechnology Nanoparticles Nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes CNT Release Exposure Textiles Battery Human health Environment Occupational Life cycle assessment LCA Risk assessment %X Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are expected to be applied in a wide range of industrial applications and consumer products. As a consequence of widespread usage and their supposed persistence against degradation, human and environmental exposure to CNT is likely to increase. There are still many open questions regarding the effects of human or ecological exposure. However, the results of toxicological studies suggest that nanotubes may affect human health. Here we study possible sources of CNT-release on the basis of two case studies. In order to investigate whether and under which conditions CNT may be released from applications, we track the CNT throughout their life cycle as part of two types of consumer products: lithium-ion secondary batteries and synthetic textiles. The findings of the case studies suggest that a release of nanotubes can occur not only in the production phase, but also in the usage and disposal phases of nanotube applications. The likelihood and form of release is determined by the way CNT are incorporated into the material. A considerable part of all CNT used may finally be dispersed somewhere in the technosphere or the environment, e.g. by cross-product contamination during recycling. As long as potential adverse effects of CNT cannot be ruled out, we recommend implementing precautionary measures along the value chain (including the end-of-life treatment) in order to reduce the release and possible negative environmental or human health effects of CNT. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652607001126 %[2008/6//

%0 Journal Article %A Klaine, Stephen J %A Alvarez, Pedro JJ %A Batley, Graeme E %A Fernandes, Teresa F %A Handy, Richard D %A Lyon, Delina Yfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %A Mahendra, Shaily %A McLaughlin, Michael J %A Lead, Jamie R %D 2008 %T Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects %J Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry %V 27 %N 9 %P 1825-1851 %! Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects %@ 1552-8618

%0 Journal Article %A Hochella, M. F., Jr. %A Lower, S. K. %A Maurice, P. A. %A Penn, R. L. %A Sahai, N. %A Sparks, D. L. %A Twining, B. S. %D 2008 %T Nanominerals, mineral nanoparticles, and Earth systems %J Science %V 319 %N 5870 %P 1631-5 %8 Mar 21 %! Nanominerals, mineral n anoparticles, and Earth systems %Z Science %@ 1095-9203 (Electronic) 0036-8075 (Linking) %R 10.1126/science.1141134 %M 18356515 %K Atmosphere Biology Geologic Sediments/chemistry Humans *Minerals/chemistry/metabolism *Nanoparticles Oceans and Seas Particle Size Solubility Thermodynamics %X Minerals are more complex than previously thought because of the discovery that their chemical properties vary as a function of particle size when smaller, in at least one dimension, than a few nanometers, to perhaps as much asseveral tens of nanometers. These variations are most likely due, at least in part, to differences in surface and nearsurface atomic structure, as well as crystal shape and surface topography as a function of size in this smallest of size regimes. It has now been established that these variations may make a difference in important geochemical and biogeochemical reactions and kinetics. This recognition is broadening and enriching our view of how minerals influence the hydrosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. %Z Hochella, Michael F Jr Lower, Steven Kfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] Maurice, Patricia A Penn, R Lee Sahai, Nita Sparks, Donald L Twining, Benjamin S

eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review New York, N.Y. 2008/03/22 09:00 Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1631-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1141134. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356515 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/319/5870/1631 %+ Center for NanoBioEarth, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061-0420, USA. hochella@vt.edu

%0 Journal Article %A Healy, Meagan L. %A Dahlben, Lindsay J. %A Isaacs, Jacqueline A. %D 2008 %T Environmental Assessment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Processes %J Journal of Industrial Ecology %V 12 %N 3 %P 376-393 %! Environmental Assessment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Processes %@ 10881980 15309290 %R 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x %U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x/asset/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x.pdf? v=1&t=hhrzk57c&s=43d047d53831c9160387006be7a2182585b4d355

%0 Journal Article %A Handy, Richard D %A von der Kammer, Frank %A Lead, Jamie R %A Hassellöv, Martin %A Owen, Richard %A Crane, Mark %D 2008 %T The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles %J Ecotoxicology %V 17 %N 4 %P 287-314 %! The ecotoxicology and chemistry of manufactured nanoparticles %@ 0963-9292 %U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10646-008-0199-8file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Report %A ERG %D 2008 %T Eastern Research Group, Inc. Sampling and analysis of nanomaterials in the environment: A state-of-the-science review [Final Report] %I Prepared for U.S. EPA, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division %8 August 29, 2008 %! Eastern Research Group, Inc. Sampling and analysis of nanomaterials in the environment: A state-of-the-science review [Final Report] %+ 10200 Alliance Road Suite 190 Cincinnati, OH 45242 %G English

%0 Report %A ERG %D 2008%T Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Sampling and Analysis of Nanomaterials in the Environment: A State-OfThe-Science Review [Final Report] %I Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division %8 August 29, 2008%! Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Sampling and Analysis of Nanomaterials in the Environment: A State-OfThe-Science Review [Final Report] %Z EPA Contract No. EP-C-05-059 Task Order # 66 %+ 10200 Alliance Road Suite 190 Cincinnati, OH 45242 %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Ding, Lei %A Yuan, Dongning %A Liu, Jie %D 2008 %T Growth of High-Density Parallel Arrays of Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Quartz Substrates %J Journal of the American Chemical Society %V 130 %P 5428-5429 %9 doi: 10.1021/ja8006947 %! Growth of High-Density Parallel Arrays of Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Quartz Substrates %@ 0002-7863 %Z doi: 10.1021/ja8006947 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8006947file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Book %A Breggin, Linda K %A Porter, Read D %D 2008 %T Application of the Toxics Release Inventory to Nanomaterials %I Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars %! Application of the Toxics Release Inventory to Nanomaterials

%0 Journal Article %A Benn, Troy M. %A Westerhoff, Paul %D 2008 %T Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 42 %N 11 %P 4133-4139 %8 2008/06/01 %! Nanoparticle Silver Released into Water from Commercially Available Sock Fabrics %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es7032718 %X Manufacturers of clothing articles employ nanosilver (n-Ag) as an antimicrobial agent, but the environmental impacts of n-Ag release from commercial products are unknown. The quantity and form of the nanomaterials released from consumer products should be determined to assess the environmental risks of nanotechnology. This paper investigates silver released from commercial clothing (socks) into water, and its fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Six types of socks contained up to a maximum of 1360 μg-Ag/g-sock and leached as much as 650 μg of silver in 500 mL of distilled water. Microscopy conducted on sock material and wash water revealed the presence of silver particles from 10 to 500 nm in diameter. Physical separation and ion selective electrode (ISE) analyses suggest that both colloidal and ionic silver leach from the socks. Variable leaching rates among sock types suggests that the sock manufacturing process may control the release of silver. The adsorption of the leached silver to WWTP biomass was used to develop a model which predicts that a typical wastewater treatment facility could treat a high concentration of influent silver. However, the high silver concentration may limit the disposal of the biosolids as agricultural fertilizer. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es7032718 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Zhang, Yang %A Chen, Yongsheng %A Westerhoff, Paul %A Crittenden, John C. %D 2007 %T Stability and Removal of Water Soluble CdTe Quantum Dots in Water %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 42 %N 1 %P 321-325 %8 2008/01/01 %! Stability and Removal of Water Soluble CdTe Quantum Dots in Waterfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es0714991 %X Quantum dots exhibit unique behavior and fate in water, which is related to chemical properties of capping ligands bounded on surface of the quantum dots. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0714991 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Wigginton, Nicholas S. %A Haus, Kelly L. %A Hochella Jr, Michael F. %D 2007 %T Aquatic environmental nanoparticles %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 9 %N 12 %P 1306-1316 %! Aquatic environmental nanoparticles %@ 1464-0325 %X Researchers are now discovering that naturally occurring environmental nanoparticles can play a key role in important chemical characteristics and the overall quality of natural and engineered waters. The detection of nanoparticles in virtually all water domains, including the oceans, surface waters, groundwater, atmospheric water, and even treated drinking water, demonstrates a distribution near ubiquity. Moreover, aquatic nanoparticles have the ability to influence environmental and engineered water chemistry and processes in a much different way than similar materials of larger sizes. This review covers recent advances made in identifying nanoparticles within water from a variety of sources, and advances in understanding their very interesting properties and reactivity that affect the chemical characteristics and behaviour of water. In the future, this science will be important in our vital, continuing efforts in water safety, treatment, and remediation. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B712709J

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 2007 %T Method 6010c: Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry %E (ORD/EMSL), Office Of Research And Development Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory %P 34 %1 EPA

%0 Journal Article %A Nowack, Bernd %A Bucheli, Thomas D %D 2007 %T Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment %J Environmental Pollution %V 150 %N 1 %P 5-22 %! Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environmentfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %@ 0269-7491 %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749107002734

%0 Journal Article %A Mulfinger, Lorraine %A Solomon, Sally D %A Bahadory, Mozghan %A Jeyarajasingam, Aravindan V %A Rutkowsky, Susan A %A Boritz, Charles %D 2007 %T Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles %J Journal of chemical education %V 84 %N 2 %P 322 %! Synthesis and study of silver nanoparticles %@ 0021-9584

%0 Journal Article %A Foss Hansen, Steffen %A Larsen, Britt H. %A Olsen, Stig I. %A Baun, Anders %D 2007 %T Categorization framework to aid hazard identification of nanomaterials %J Nanotoxicology %V 1 %N 3 %P 243-250 %! Categorization framework to aid hazard identification of nanomaterials %@ 1743-5390 1743-5404 %R 10.1080/17435390701727509 %U http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17435390701727509

%0 Government Document %A ERG %D 2007 %T Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). Nanotechnology & Nanomaterials An Overview %E for:, Prepared %E Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division %E Management, Office of Administration and Resource %E Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection %E 20460, Washington D.C. %P 25 %1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency %X Engineered nanomaterials have unique properties that make them the subject of much research and investigation.file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] These properties can make them very useful, but also raise concerns about impacts on health, safety, and the environment. To provide background on this issue, this paper presents an overview of nanotechnology and nanomaterials. %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Englert, Brian Carl %D 2007 %T Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement %J Journal of Environmental Monitoring %V 9 %N 11 %P 1154-1161 %! Nanomaterials and the environment: uses, methods and measurement %@ 1464-0325 %R 10.1039/B705988D %X Nanotechnology has emerged as a field of science and engineering which offers many new product possibilities and potential solutions for a variety of problems. Nanomaterials come in many shapes and forms and contribute to potential products that do everything from sense analytes on a molecular level to function as self cleaning surfaces. With new and significant applications, it is likely that nanomaterial containing products may replace many of the products we use on a daily basis, leading to an increased presence of these materials in the environment. This will result in new needs and requirements from detection tools. It is likely that the analytical methods used to monitor nanomaterials in the environment will be very different than those used in risk assessment and exposure studies. This paper briefly outlines the history, impacts, and uses of nanomaterials and discusses possible methods of detection and quantification for environmental samples. The discussions in this article are specific to those matrices relating to wastewaters and sludge. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B705988D http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2007/EM/b705988d

%0 Journal Article %A Boxall, ABA %A Chaudhry, Q %A Sinclair, C %A Jones, A %A Aitken, R %A Jefferson, B %A Watts, C %D 2007 %T Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles %J Central Science Laboratory, Department of the Environment and Rural Affairs, London, UK %! Current and future predicted environmental exposure to engineered nanoparticles %U http://hero.epa.gov/index.cfm?action=reference.details&reference_id=196111

%0 Journal Article %A Asokan, Subashini %A Krueger, Karl M %A Colvin, Vicki L %A Wong, Michael Sfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %D 2007 %T Shape-Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Tetrapods Using Cationic Surfactant Ligands %J Small %V 3 %N 7 %P 1164-1169 %! Shape-Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Tetrapods Using Cationic Surfactant Ligands %@ 1613-6829 %R 10.1002/smll.200700120 %K cadmium selenide nanoparticles quantum dots surfactants tetrapods %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700120

%0 Journal Article %A Madden, Andrew S. %A Hochella Jr, Michael F. %A Luxton, Todd P. %D 2006 %T Insights for size-dependent reactivity of hematite nanomineral surfaces through Cu2+ sorption %J Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta %V 70 %N 16 %P 4095-4104 %8 8/15/ %! Insights for size-dependent reactivity of hematite nanomineral surfaces through Cu2+ sorption %@ 0016-7037 %R http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1366 %X Macroscopic sorption edges for Cu2+ were measured on hematite nanoparticles with average diameters of 7 nm, 25 nm, and 88 nm in 0.1 M NaNO3. The pH edges for the 7 nm hematite were shifted approximately 0.6 pH units lower than that for the 25 nm and 88 nm samples, demonstrating an affinity sequence of 7 nm > 25 nm = 88 nm. Although, zeta potential data suggest increased proton accumulation at the 7 nm hematite surfaces, changes in surface structure are most likely responsible for the preference of Cu2+ for the smallest particles. As Cu2+ preferentially binds to sites which accommodate the Jahn–Teller distortion of its coordination to oxygen, this indicates the relative importance of distorted binding environments on the 7 nm hematite relative to the 25 nm and 88 nm particles. This work highlights the uniqueness of surface reactivity for crystalline iron oxide particles with decreasing nanoparticle diameter. %U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703706018254

%0 Journal Article %A Aitken, R. J. %A Chaudhry, M. Q. %A Boxall, A. B. A. %A Hull, M. %D 2006 %T Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends %J Occupational Medicine %V 56file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %N 5 %P 300-306 %8 August 2006 %! Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends %Z Occupational medicine %@ 0962-7480 (Print) 0962-7480 (Linking) %R 10.1093/occmed/kql051 %M 16868127 %K Environmental Exposure/adverse effects Great Britain Nanostructures/*utilization Nanotechnology/methods/*trends %X This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and

consumers. %Z Aitken, R J Chaudhry, M Q Boxall, A B A Hull, M

eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review England Oxford, England 2 006/07/27 09:00 Occup Med (Lond). 2006 Aug;56(5):300-6. %U http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/300.abstract http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/5/300.full.pdf %+ Strategic Consulting, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK. rob.aitken@iom-world.org

%0 Journal Article %A Thomas, K. %A Sayre, P. %D 2005 %T Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I: evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials %J Toxicol Scifile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %V 87 %N 2 %P 316-21 %8 Oct %! Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I: evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials %Z Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology %@ 1096-6080 (Print) 1096-0929 (Linking) %R 10.1093/toxsci/kfi270 %M 16049265 %K Animals *Environmental Health Humans Nanostructures/*toxicity *Nanotechnology Research United States %X Nanotechnology has the potential to dramatically improve the effectiveness of a number of existing consumer and industrial products and could have a substantial impact on the development of new products ranging from disease diagnosis and treatment to environmental remediation. The broad range of possible nanotechnology applications could lead to substantive changes in industrial productivity, economic growth, and international trade. A continuing evaluation of the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials will be essential before the commercial benefits of these materials can be fully realized. The purpose of this article is to review the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials in the context of a toxicological risk evaluation, the current scope of U.S. Federal research on nanoscale materials, and selected toxicological studies associated with nanoscale materials to note emerging research in this area. %Z Thomas, Karluss Sayre, Philip

eng Review 2005/07/29 09:00 Toxicol Sci. 2005 Oct;87(2):316-21. Epub 2005 Jul 27. %U http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049265 %+ ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, USA. kthomas@ilsi.org

%0 Journal Article %A Robichaud, Christine Ogilvie %A Tanzil, Dicksen %A Weilenmann, Ulrich %A Wiesner, Mark R. %D 2005 %T Relative Risk Analysis of Several Manufactured Nanomaterials: An Insurance Industry Context %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 39 %N 22 %P 8985-8994 %8 2005/11/01 %! Relative Risk Analysis of Several Manufactured Nanomaterials: An Insurance Industry Context %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es0506509file:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %X A relative risk assessment is presented for the industrial fabrication of several nanomaterials. The productionprocesses for five nanomaterials were selected for this analysis, based on their current or near-term potential for largescale production and commercialization:? single-walled carbon nanotubes, bucky balls (C60), one variety of quantum dots, alumoxane nanoparticles, and nano-titanium dioxide. The assessment focused on the activities surrounding the fabrication of nanomaterials, exclusive of any impacts or risks with the nanomaterials themselves. A representative synthesis method was selected for each nanomaterial based on its potential for scaleup. A list of input materials, output materials, and waste streams for each step of fabrication was developed and entered into a database that included key process characteristics such as temperature and pressure. The physical-chemical properties and quantities of the inventoried materials were used to assess relative risk based on factors such as volatility, carcinogenicity, flammability, toxicity, and persistence. These factors were first used to qualitatively rank risk, then combined using an actuarial protocol developed by the insurance industry for the purpose of calculating insurance premiums for chemical manufacturers. This protocol ranks three categories of risk relative to a 100 point scale (where 100 represents maximum risk):? incident risk, normal operations risk, and latent contamination risk. Results from this analysis determined that relative environmental risk from manufacturing each of these five materials was comparatively low in relation to other common industrial manufacturing processes. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0506509 %[2013/04/12

%0 Journal Article %A Hochella, Michael F %A Kasama, Takeshi %A Putnis, Andrew %A Putnis, Christine V %A Moore, Johnnie N %D 2005%T Environmentally important, poorly crystalline Fe/Mn hydrous oxides: Ferrihydrite and a possibly new vernaditelike mineral from the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex %J American Mineralogist %V 90 %N 4 %P 718-724%! Environmentally important, poorly crystalline Fe/Mn hydrous oxides: Ferrihydrite and a possibly new vernaditelike mineral from the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex %@ 0003-004X

%0 Journal Article %A Diallo, Mamadou S %A Savage, Nora %D 2005 %T Nanoparticles and Water Quality %J Journal of Nanoparticle Research %V 7 %N 4-5 %P 325-330 %8 2005/10/01 %! Nanoparticles and Water Quality %Z J Nanopart Res %@ 1388-0764 %R 10.1007/s11051-005-8543-x %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-8543-xfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11051-005-8543-x %G English

%0 Journal Article %A Chow, Judith C. %A Watson, John G. %A Savage, Nora %A Solomon, C. Jack %A Cheng, Yung-Sung %A McMurry, Peter H. %A Corey, Lisa M. %A Bruce, Gretchen M. %A Pleus, Richard C. %A Pleus, Richard C. %A Biswas, Pratim %A Wu, Chang-Yu %D 2005 %T Nanoparticles and the Environment %J Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association %V 55 %N 10 %P 1411-1417 %8 2005/10/01 %! Nanoparticles and the Environment %@ 1096-2247 %R 10.1080/10473289.2005.10464743 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464743 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464743 %[2013/03/26

%0 Journal Article %A Stook, Kristin %A Tolaymat, Thabet %A Ward, Marnie %A Dubey, Brajesh %A Townsend, Timothy %A Solo-Gabriele, Helena %A Bitton, Gabriel %D 2004 %T Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 39 %N 1 %P 155-163 %8 2005/01/01 %! Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es0493603 %X Size-reduced samples of southern yellow pine dimensional lumber, each treated with one of five different waterborne chemical preservatives, were leached using 18-h batch leaching tests. The wood preservatives includedfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] chromated copper arsenate (CCA), alkaline copper quaternary, copper boron azole, copper citrate, and copper dimethyldithiocarbamate. An unpreserved wood sample was tested as well. The batch leaching tests followed methodology prescribed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The wood samples were first size-reduced and then leached using four different leaching solutions (synthetic landfill leachate, synthetic rainwater, deionized water, and synthetic seawater). CCA-treated wood leached greater concentrations of arsenic and copper relative to chromium, with copper leaching more with the TCLP and synthetic seawater. Copper leached at greater concentrations from the arsenic-free preservatives relative to CCA. Arsenic leached from CCA-treated wood at concentrations above the U.S. federal toxicity characteristic limit (5 mg/L). All of the arsenic-free alternatives displayed a greater degree of aquatic toxicity compared to CCA. Invertebrate and algal assays were more sensitive than Microtox. Examination of the relative leaching of the preservative compounds indicated that the arsenic-free preservatives were advantageous over CCA with respect to waste disposal and soil contamination issues but potentially posed a greater risk to aquatic ecosystems. %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0493603 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0493603 %[2013/03/26

%0 Government Document %A Roco, M.C. %A Williams, S. %A Alivisatos, P. (eds.) %D 1999 %T Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for Nanotechnology in the Next Decade IWGN Workshop Report %E Council, National Science and Technology %E Technology, Committee on %E Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN) %I WTEC, Loyola College in Maryland %1 National Science and Technology Council %U http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Research.Directions/

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 1994 %T Method 200.8: Determination Of Trace Elements In Waters And Wastes By Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry %E (ORD/EMSL), Office Of Research And Development Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory %C Cincinnati, OH %P 57 %1 EPA

%0 Government Document %A U.S. EPA %D 1994 %T Method 200.7: Determination Of Metals And Trace Elements In Water And Wastes By Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry %E (ORD/EMSL), Office Of Research And Development Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory %C Cincinnati, OH %P 58 %1 EPAfile:///Q|/304m/Record/Electronic%20Project%20File/OW-2014-0170/FINAL%202014/ERG_ENM_Reference_Library_082814.txt [4/29/2015 11:46:32 AM] %0 Journal Article %A O'Melia, Charles R. %D 1980 %T ES Features: Aquasols: the behavior of small particles in aquatic systems %J Environmental Science & Technology %V 14 %N 9 %P 1052-1060 %8 1980/09/01 %! ES Features: Aquasols: the behavior of small particles in aquatic systems %@ 0013-936X %R 10.1021/es60169a601 %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60169a601 %[2013/04/12

%0 Web Page %A The Silver Institute %T The Silver Institute %V 2013 %N April 12, 2013 %! The Silver Institute %U http://www.silverinstitute.org/site/ %G English